GT Cung Cap Dien

Gio trnh Cung cp in http://www.ebook.edu.
vn

Bin son: Nh Trng 3
LI NI U

t nc Vit Nam trong cng cuc cng nghip ho - hin i ho, nn
kinh t ang trn pht trin. Yu cu s dng in v thit b in ngy cng
tng. Vic trang b kin thc v h thng in nhm phc v cho nhu cu sinh
hot ca con ngi, cung cp in nng cho cc thit b ca kh vc kinh th,
cc khu ch xut, cc x nghip l rt cn thit.
Vi mt vai tr quan trng nh vy v xut pht t yu cu, k hoch o
to, chng trnh mn hc ca Trng Cao ng Ngoi ng - Cng ngh
Vit Nht. Chng ti bin son cun gio trnh Cung cp in gm 5
chng vi nhng ni dung c bn sau:
- Chng 1: Tnh ton ph ti in
- Chng 2: Tnh ton tn tht in p, tn tht cng sut.
- Chng 3: La chn cc thit b in trong li cung cp in.
- Chng 4: Nng cao h s cng sut.
- Chng 5: Tnh ton chiu sng.
Gio trnh cung cp in c bin son phc v cho cng tc ging dy
ca gio vin v l ti liu hc tp ca hc sinh.
Do chuyn mn v thi gian c hn nn khng trnh khi nhng thit st,
vy rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca ng nghip v bn c cun
sch t cht lng cao hn.
TC GI

Gio trnh Cung cp in http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Bin son: Nh Trng 4
GII THIU CHUNG V CUNG CP IN
1. LI IN V LI CUNG CP IN
H thng in bao gm ba khu: ngun in, truyn ti in v tiu th
in
Ngun in l cc nh my in (thu in, nhit in, in nguyn t )
v cc trm pht in (izen, in mt tri).
Tiu th in bao gm tt c cc i tng s dng in nng trong cc
lnh vc kinh t v i sng: cng nghip, nng nghip, lm nghip, giao thng
vn ti, thng mi, dch v, phc v sinh hot
truyn ti in t ngun pht n cc h tiu th ngi ta s dng li
in. Li in bao gm ng dy ti in v trm bin p. Li in nc ta
hin c nhiu cp in p: 0,4KV, 6KV, 10KV, 22KV, 35KV, 110KV, 220KV
v 500KV. Mt s chuyn gia cho rng trong tng lai li in Vit nam ch
nn tn ti nm cp in p: 0,4KV, 22KV, 110KV, 220KV v 500KV.
C nhiu cch phn loi li in:
Cn c vo tr s ca in p, chia ra li in siu cao p (500KV), li
in cao p (220KV, 110KV), li trung p (35KV, 22KV, 10KV, 6KV) li
in h p (0,4KV).
Cn c vo nhim v, chia ra li cung cp (500KV, 220KV, 110KV),
li phn phi (35KV, 22KV, 10KV, 6KV, 0,4KV).
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cch chia khc, V d cn c vo phm vi cp in,
chia ra li khu vc, li a phng: cn c vo s pha, chia ra li mt pha,
hai pha, ba pha; cn c vo i tng cp in chia ra li cng nghip, li
nng nghip, li th
2. NHNG YU CU I VI PHNG N CUNG CP IN
Bt k mt phng n (hoc d n) cung cp in no cng phi tho mn
4 yu cu c bn sau:
2.1. tin cy cung cp in
l mc m bo lin tc cung cp in tu thuc vo tnh cht ca h
dng in.

Bin son: Nh Trng 5
H loi 1: l nhng h rt quan trng khng c mt in, nu xy ra
mt in s gy ra hu qu nghim trng.
- Lm mt an ninh chnh tr, mt trt t x hi. l sn bay, cng hang
hi, khu qun s, khu ngoi giao on, cc i s qun, nh ga, bn xe, trc giao
thng chnh trong thnh ph
- Lm thit hi ln i vi nn kinh t quc dn. l khu cng
nghip, khu ch xut, du kh, luyn kim, nh my c kh ln, trm bm nng
nghip ln Nhng h ny ng vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn.
- Lm nguy hi n tnh mng con ngi.
H loi 2: bao gm cc x nghip ch to hang tiu dng (nh xe p,
vng bi, bnh ko, nha ) v thng mi, dch v (khch sn, siu th,
trung tm thng mi ln). Vi nhng h ny nu mt in s b thua thit v
kinh t nh dn cng,gy th phm, ch phm ph v hp ng cung cp
nguyn liu hoc sn phm cho khch hang, lm gim st doanh s v li xut
H loi 3: l nhn h khng quan trng cho php mt in tm thi khi
cn thit. l h nh sang sinh hot th v nng thn.
2.2. Cht lng in
Cht lng in c th hin hai ch tiu: tn s (f) v in p (U).
Mt phng n cp in c cht lng tt l phng n m bo tr s tn s v
in p nm trong gii hn cho php. C quan Trung tm iu Quc gia chu
trch nhim iu chnh tn s chung cho h thng in. Vic m bo cho in
p ti mi im nt trn li trung p v h p nm trong phm vi cho php l
nhim v ca k s thit k v vn hnh li cung cp in.
m bo cho cc thit b dng in (ng c, n, qut, t lnh, ti
vi) lm vic bnh thng yu cu in p t vo cc cc thit b dng in
khng c chnh lch qu 5% so vi tr s in p nh mc. chnh lch
in p so vi tr s nh mc gi l chnh lch in p, k hiu l U.
U = U U
m

Yu cu: U 5%U
m

2.3. Kinh t
Tnh kinh t ca mt phng n cp in th hin qau hai ch tiu: vn
du t v ph tn vn hnh.

Bin son: Nh Trng 6
Vn u t mt cng trnh in bao gm tin mua vt t, thit b, tin vn
chuyn, tin th nghim, th nghim, tin mua t ai, b hoa mu, tin kho
st thit k, tim lp t, nghim thu.
Ph tn vn hnh bao g cc khon tin phi chi ph trong qu trnh vn
hnh cng trnh in: Tin lng cn b qun l, cn b k thut, cng nhn vn
hnh, tin bo dng nh k, tin sa cha, trung i tu, tin th nghim, th
nghim, tin tn tht in nng trn cng trnh in.
Thng th hai khon kinh ph ny lun mu thun nhau, nu vn u t
ln th ph tn vn hnh nh v ngc li. V d: nu chn tit din dy dn nh
th tin mua t i nhng tin tn tht in nng li tng ln do in tr dy ln
hn. V d: nu mua thit b in loi tt th t nhng gim c ph tn vn
hnh do t phi sa cha, bo dng
2.4. An ton
An ton l vn quan trng, thm ch phi t ln hang u khi thit k,
lp t, vn hnh cng trnh in. An ton cho cn b vn hnh, an ton cho
thit b, cng trnh in, an ton cho ngi dn v cc cng trnh dn dng ln
cn.
Ngi thit k v vn hnh cng trnh in phi nnghim chnh tun th
trit cc quy nh, ni quy an ton, v d khon cch an ton gia cng trnh
in v cng trnh dn dng, khong cch an ton t dy dn ti mt t
3. MT S K HIU TRN S CP IN

TT Thit b in K hiu trn bn v

My pht in
F,
Trm bin p
Trm phn phi

My bin p 2 cun dy, 3 cun dy

My ct in

Dao cch ly, cu dao

Bin son: Nh Trng 7

Dao ct ph ti, my ct ph ti

Cu ch

My bin dng in

Dy dn

Dy dn ghi r s dy

p t mt

Khi ng t

ng c in

n si t

n tup

Ni t

ng h ampe, vn

A
V

Bin son: Nh Trng 8
Chng 1: TNH TON PH TI IN
1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Ph ti in l s liu u tin v quan trng nht tnh ton thit k h
thng cung cp in. Xc nh ph ti in qu ln so vi thc t s dn n
chn thit b in qu ln lm tng vn u t. Xc nh ph ti in qu nh
dn ti chn thit b in qu nh s b qu ti gy chy n h hi cng trnh,
lm mt in.
Xc nh chnh xc ph ti in l vic lm kh. Cng trnh in thng
phi c thit k, lp t trc khi c i tng s dng in. V d: cn thit
k v lp t trm bin p trung gian cp in cho khu ch xut ngay t giai
on xy dng c s h tng (ng giao thng, in, nc), sau mi mi
cc x nghip vo mua t xy dng nh my. Khi thit k lp t ng dy
cao p v trm bin p trung gian cp in cho khu ch xut ngi thit k ch
bit thng tin rt t: din tch khu ch xut v tnh cht ca cc x nghip s xy
dng ti (cng nghip nng, nh).
Ph ti cn xc nh trong giai on tnh ton thit k h thng cung cp
in gi l ph ti tnh ton. Cn lu phn bit ph ti tnh ton v ph ti thc
t khi cc nh my i vo hot ng. Ph ti tnh ton l ph ti gn ng ch
dng tnh ton thit k h thng cung cp in cn ph ti thc t l ph ti
chnh xc c th xc nh c bng cc ng h o in trong qu trnh vn
hnh.
C nhiu phng php xc nh ph ti in. Cn cn c vo lng thng
tin thu nhn c qua tng gai on thit k la chn phng php thch hp.
Cng c nhiu thng tin v i tng s dng cng la chn c phng php
chnh xc.
2.2. XC NH PH TI IN KHU VC NNG THN
Nng thn c nhiu i thng s dng in, ph bin nht vn l trm
bm, trng hc v nh sng sinh hot.
2.2.1. Ph ti in trm bm
Cc my bm nng nghip thng c cc thang cng sut 14KW, 20KW,
33KW, 45KW, 55KW, 75KW, 100KW. Vi my bm cng sut nh s dng

Bin son: Nh Trng 9
in h p, my bm cng sut ln 100KW tr ln thng dng in 6KV hoc
10KV.
Trm bm chia lm 2 loi: trm bm ti v trm bm tiu. Trm bm
ti lm vic hu nh quanh nm. Trm bm tiu ch lm vic t ngy vo
nhng dp ng lt.
Ph ti trm bm c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

.tg P Q
P k . k P
tt tt
n
1 i
dmi ti dt tt
=
=

=

Trong : P
tt
, Q
tt
- ph ti tc dng v phn khng tnh ton ca trm
bm
k
t
- h s ng thi, ly theo tc t

n
n
k
lv
dt
=
vi n - tng s my bm t trong trm
n
lv
- s my bm lm vic.
Vi trm bm ti t nhiu my bm ngi ta thng cho mt my bm
thay phin nhau ngh bo dng.
Vi trm bm tiu, do tnh cp bch ca vic chng l lt bo v hoa mu,
cn cho 100% my bm lm vic
K
t
- h s ti
vi trm bm ti ly theo thc t.
vi trm bm tiu cho my ti 100% cng sut.
Nh vy vi trm bm tiu trong nhng ngy lm vic phi cho 100%
my bm vn hnh y ti, ngha l:
K
t
= k
t
= 1
Khi ph ti in ca trm bm tiu s l:
P
tt
=
=
n
1 i
dmi
k
Tr s cos ca trm bm ly nh sau:
vi trm bm tiu cos = cos
m
0,8 (k
t
= 1)
vi trm bm ti cos = 0,6 0,7 tu theo k
t


Bin son: Nh Trng 10
2.2.2. Ph ti in trng hc
Hin nay nng thn trng hc pht trin mnh m v u khp, mi x
c trng hc tiu hc, trng ph thng c s, mi huyn c 1, 2 thm ch 3, 4
trng ph thng trung hc.
Vi cc trng ph thng, in ch dng chiu sang v qut mt, v th
ph ti in c xc nh theo din tch.
thit k cp in cho trng cn xc nh ph ti in tng phng hc,
c nh hc v ton trng.
Ph ti in mt phng hc xc nh theo cng thc:
P
tt
= P
o
.S
Trong :
S - Din tch phng hc (m
2
). Mt phng hc ca trng ph thng
thng c din tch S = 8x10 = 80m
2
.
P
o
- Sut ph ti trn n v din tch P
o
= (15 20) (W/m
2
).
Q
p
= P
p
.tg
h s cng sut cos ca phng hc ly nh sau:
Nu l n tup + qut: cos = 0,8
Nu l n si t + qut: cos = 0,9
Ph ti tnh ton mt tng nh gm n phng hc:
P
T
= k
t
.
=
n
1 i
p
P
Trong : k
t
- h s ng thi. Nu cc phng hc thng xuyn s
dng ht th k
t
= 1.
V d 2.2: Yu cu xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca mt trng ph thng c
s ca x bao gm nh hc 2 tng, mi tng 6 phng hc mi phng c din tch
80m
2
v khu nh thng trc, hiu trng, phng hp, gio vin c tng din
tch 100m
2
.
GII
Ph ti mt phng hc vi P
o
= 15 (W/m
2
)
P
p
= P
o
.S = 15.80 = 1200 (W) = 1,2 (kW)
Ph ti tng gm 6 tng hc ging nhau:
P
T
= 6.P
p
= 6.1,2 = 7,2 (kW)
Ph ti c nh hc 2 tng:

Bin son: Nh Trng 11
P
N
= 2.7,2 = 14,4 (KW)
Ph ti khu nh thng trc, phng hp:
P
H
= 20.100 = 2000 (W) = 2 (kW)
Tng ph ti in ton trng
P
= P
N
+ P
H
= 14,4 + 2 = 16,4 (kW)
Gi thit dng n tup, cos = 0,8, xc nh c ph ti ton phn
5 , 20
8 , 0
4 , 16
cos
= =

P
S (kVA)
2.2.3. Ph ti nh sng sinh hot
y l ph ti in ca cc h gia nh. nng thn, cc gia nh dng
in khng chnh lch nhau lm.
Ph ti tnh ton ca mt thn, xm hoc lng c xc nh nh sau:
P
tt
= P
o
.H
Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg
Trong : H - s h dn trong thn, lng
P
o
- sut

ph ti tnh ton cho 1 h, thng ly P
o
= (0,5
0,8) (kW/h).
vi 0,5 dnh cho khu vc thun nng
0,6 0,8 dnh cho khu vc c ngh ph hoc lng xm ven ng.
phc v sinh hot cc h thng dng nhiu loi thit b in gia dng
khc nhau nh: n, qut, tivi, radio, bn l, t lnh v.vtrong tnh ton cung
vp in thng ly h s cng sut chung l cos = 0,85.
Ph ti tnh ton ton x bao g cc thng xm, trng hc, trm bm
v.v l:
P
X
= k
t
.

=
n
1 i
tti
P
Q
X
= k
t
.

=
n
1 i
tti
Q
2
x
Q
2
x
P
x
S + =
k
t
- h s ng thi
vi n = 1, 2 k
t
=1
n = 3, 4 k
t
=0,9 0,95

Bin son: Nh Trng 12
n = 5, 6, 7 k
t
=0,8 0,85
V d 2.3. Yu cu xc nh ph ti in cho 1 x nng nghip bao gm:
Thn 1: 300 h dn, thun nng
Thn 2: 200 h dn, thun nng
Thn 3: 120 h dn, bm mt ng lin x
Trng PTCS: 12 lp hc + 100m
2
khu hnh chnh
Trm bm: 1x33 (kW)
GII
xc nh ph ti in ton x cn xc nh ph ta cho tng khu vc:
Ph ti in thn 1: l thn thun nng ly P
o
= 0,5 (kW/h)
P
1
= 0,5.300 = 150 (kW)
Q
1
= 150.0,527 = 79 (kVAr) (cos = 0,85 tg = 0,527)
Ph ti thn 2:
P
2
= 0,5.200 = 100 (kW)
Q
2
= 100.0,527 = 52,7 (kVAr)
Ph ti thn 3 vi P
o
= 0,8 (kW/h)
P
3
= 0,8.120 = 96 (kW)
Q
3
= 96.0,527 = 50,59 (kVAr)
Ph ti trng hc tnh v d 2.2
P
T
= 16,4 (kW)
Q
T
= 16,4.0,75 = 24,75 (kVAr)
Ph ti trm bm vi k
t
= 1
P
B
= 33 (kW)
Q
B
= 33.0,75 = 24,75 (kVAr)
Ly h s ng thi k
t
= 0,8, xc nh c ph ti in ton x
P
X
= k
t
.(P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
+ P
T
+ P
B
)
P
X
= 0,8.(150 + 100 + 96 + 16,4 + 33) = 316 (kW)
Q
X
= 0,8.(79 + 52,7 + 50,6 + 12,5 + 24,7) = 219 (kVAr)
S
X
=
2 2
219 316 + = 385 (kVA)

Bin son: Nh Trng 13
2.3. X C NH PH TI IN KHU VC CNG NGHIP
2.3.1. Trong giai on d n kh thi
Trong giai oanny cc nh my, hoc khu cng nghip cha xy dng.
Cn xc nh ph ti in chun b ngun in, thit k v xy dng ng
dy cao p v trm bin p trung gian. Thng tin thu nhn c giai on d
n kh thi rt t, ch l din tch hoc sn lng.
Cng thc xc nh ph ti in cho khu ch xut hoc khu cng nghip
thng cn c vo din tch:
S
tt
= s
0
.D
Trong : s
0
- sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch (ha)
D - din tch khu ch xut hoc khu cng nghip (ha).
Tr s ca s
o
ly nh sau:
- Vi khu cng nghip nh (dt, may, giy dp, ko bnh)
s
o
= 100 200 (kVA/ha)
- Vi khu cng nghip nng (luyn kim, c kh, ho cht)
s
o
= 300 400 (kVA/ha)
Vi mt s x nghip, trong giai on d n kh thi thng bit sn lng,
cng thc xc nh ph ti in nh sau:
max
tt
T
a.M
P =
Trong :
a - sut in nng chi ph sn xut 1 sn phmm (kWh/1sp)
M - sn lng, ngha l s sn phm mt nm
T
max
- thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht
Tr s ca a v T
max
tra bng.
V d 2.4. Yu cu xc nh ph ti in cho mt khu ch xut trong giai
on d n kh thi, d nh s xy dng sau 5 nm, bit rng khu ch xut c
xy dng trn din tch 80 (ha) v l khu cng nghip nng.
GII
V ch bit duy nht thng tin l din tch, ph ti in ca khu ch xut
xc nh theo cng thc S
tt
= s
0
.D. Gi thit cc nh my trong khu u c
trang b my mc hin i, cng ngh cao, dy chuyn sn xut tin tin, chn
sut ph ti s
0
= 400 (kVA/ha), ph ti in ca khu ch xut l:

Bin son: Nh Trng 14
S
tt
= s
0
.D = 400.800 = 32000 (kVA).
V d 2.5. Yu cu xc nh ph ti in cho xi nghp sn xut xe p, sn
lng mt vn chic/nm, d nh xy dng sau 3 nm.
GII
Thng tin v nh my tng lai l sn lng, ta phi p dng cng thc
max
tt
T
a.M
P =
Tra cm nang vi nh my sn xut xe p a
o
= 200 (kWh/xe) v T
max
=
5000 (h), xc nh c ph ti in;
400
5000
10 . 200
T
a.M
P
4
max
tt
= = = (kW)
Tip tc tra cm nang c cos = 0,6 tg = 1,33
Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg = 400.1,33 = 533 (kVAr)
667
6 , 0
400
cos
= = =
tt
P
S (kVA)
2.3.2. Trong giai on xy dng nh xng
giai on ny, thng tin m ngi thit k in nhn c l cng sut
t ca tng phn xng v din tch ca cc phn xng.
Ph ti in ca tng phn xng xc nh theo cng thc:
P
tt
= k
nc
.P

Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg
Trong : k
nc
- h s nhu cu
P
cng sut t ca phn xng (kW)

P
=
=
n
1 i
P
mi

vi P
m
cng dut nh mc ca tng my (ng c)
n - s my (ng c) t trong phn xng.
Hai cng thc trn xc inh ph ti in ca cc my mc t trong phn
xng, cn gi l ph ti ng lc.
Ph ti in chiu sng phn xng c xc nh theo din tch
P
cs
= P
o
.D
Trong : D - din tch phn xng (m
2
)
P
o
Cng sut chiu sang trn n v din tch (W/m
2
)

Bin son: Nh Trng 15
Tu theo yu cu,tnh cht lm vic ca cc phn xng m ly tr s P
0

thch hp:
vi cc phn xng c kh, luyn kim P
0
= 12 15 (W/m
2
)
vi cc phn xng dt, may, ho cht P
0
= 15 20 (W/m
2
)
vi kho bi P
0
= 5 15 (W/m
2
)
vi xng thit k P
0
= 25 30 (W/m
2
)
vi nh hnh chnh P
0
= 20 25 (W/m
2
)
Ph ti chiu sng phn khng ca phn xng xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
cs
= P
cs
.tg
Nu dng n si t cos = 1 tg = 0 Q
cs
= 0
Nu dng n tup cos = 0,8 tg = 0,75
Ph ti in ton phn xng
P
PX
= P
tt
+ P
cs

Q
PX
= Q
tt
+ Q
cs

2
PX
2
PX PX
Q P S + =

PX
PX
PX
Q
P
cos =
Sau khi ln lt tnh ton ph ti in cc phn xng, ta xc nh c
ph ti in ton x nghip bao gm n phn xng:
P
XN
= k
t
.
=
n
1 i
PXi
P
Q
XN
= k
t
.
=
n
1 i
PXi
Q
T y s tnh c ph ti ton phn v cos ca x nghip:

2
PX
2
PX PX
Q P S + =

PX
PX
PX
Q
P
cos =
V d 2.6. Mt xng sa cha t c cng sut t 200kW, din tch
xng 2040 = 800m
2
. Yu cu xc nh ph ti in
GII
Xng sa cha t t cc my cng c nh phay, tin, dp, khoan,
mi thc cht l mt xng c kh.

Bin son: Nh Trng 16
Tra PL 2 vi xng c kh k
nc
= 0,2 0,3. V l xng sa cha, my mc
lm vic khng lin tc, khng ti c nh nh sn xut dy chuyn ly k
nc
=
0,3, ph ti tnh ton ng lc:
P
tt
= k
nc
.P
= 0,3.200 = 60 (kW)
Ph ti chiu sng vi P
0
= 12 (W/m
2
)
P
cs
= P
o
.D = 12.800 = 9600 (W) = 9,6 (kW)
Ph ti ton xng
P
X
= P
tt
+ P
cs
= 60 + 9,6 = 69,6 (kW)
Xng dng n si t
Q
cs
= 0 Q
XN
= Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg
Tra s tay c cos = 0,5 0,6. V l xng sa cha ly cos = 0,5.
Xc nh c ph ti in phn khng
Q
X
= Q
tt
= 60.1,73 = 103,8 (kVAr)
Ph ti in ton phn
S
X
= 69,6 + j103,8 (kVA)
S
X
=
2 2
103,8 69,6 + = 125 (kVA)
cos = 56 , 0
125
6 , 69
S
P
X
X
=
2.3.3. Trong giai on thit k chi tit
y l cng on cui cng trong qu trnh thit k cp in cho x nghip
cng nghip. giai on ny bit ht thng tin v i tng s dng in:
cng dut, chng loi ng c, v tr t trong phn xng v c tnh k thut,
cng ngh ca chng. Nhim v ca ngi thit k l phi ra phng n cp
in hp l cho cc phn xng v thit k mng h p phn xng a in
n tng ng c.
xc nh ph ti in phn xng, ta chia ra thnh cc nhm my cho
cc ng c t gn nhau, mi nhm khong 8 12 my, sau xc nh ph
ti in cho tng nhm my v cui cng cho c phn xng.
Ph ti tnh ton cho mt nhm n my xc nh theo cng thc cn c vo
cng sut trung bnh P
tb
v h s cc i k
max
.
P
tt
= k
max
.P
tb
= k
max
.k
sd
.
=
n
i 1
P
mi


Bin son: Nh Trng 17
Q
tt
= P
tt
.tg
Trong : P
tb
cng sut trung bnh ca nhm my trong thi gian kho st,
thng ly l 1 ca hoc 1 ngy m.
P
m
cng sut nh mc ca my
k
sd
- h s s dng
cos - h s cng sut ca nhm my cng c, tra PL1 vi nhm
my cng c cos = 0,5 0,6.
k
max
- h s cc i, tra PL5 (theo k
sd
v n
hq
)
n
hq
- s thit b dng in hiu qu. N
hq
l s thit b gi tng c
cng sut bng nhau, c cng ch lm vic v gy ra mt ph ti tnh ton
ng bng ph ti tnh ton do nhm thit b thc t gy ra.
ngha ca n
hq
l ch: mt nhm my bt l bao gm nhiu my c
cng sut khc nhau, c tnh k thut khc nhau, ch lm vic, qu trnh
cng ngh khc nhau rt kh tnh chnh xc ph ti in Ngi ta a vo i
lng trung gian n
hq
nhm gip cho vic xc nh ph ti in ca nhm my d
dng tin li m sai s phm phi l cho php.
Trnh t xc nh n
hq
nh sau:
1. Xc nh n
1
- s ng c c cng sut ln hn hay bng mt na cng
sut ng c c cng sut ln nht.
2. Xc nh P
n1
cng sut ca n
1
ng c trn.

=
=
n
1 i
n
1
P P
mi

3. Xc nh cc t s:
=
=
=
= =
n
1 i
dmi
n
1 i
dmi
n
*
1
*
P
P
P
P
P ,
n
n
n
1

4. Tra ph lc 4 (theo n
*
v P
*
) tm c n
hq*

5. Xc nh n
hq
theo biu thc
n
hq
= n.n
hq*

Ghi ch:
1. Nu trong nhm my c thit b mt pha th phi quy i v 3 pha theo
cc biu thc:
- Dng in p pha:
P
q
= 3P
*
m

- Dng in p dy

Bin son: Nh Trng 18
P
q
= 3 P
m

2. Nu trong nhm ny c ng c lm vic ch ngn hn lp i lp li
th phi quy i v di hn:
P
q
= P
m
.
% k
d

k
d
% - h s ng in phn trm, ly theo thc t
k
% = Thi gian lm vic (ng my)/Thi gian kho st

Cc ng c lm vic ch ngn hn lp li l cn cu, my nng, cu
trc, bin p hn. Ring bin p hn thng ch to mt pha u vo in p
dy, khi xc nh ph ti in phi quy i.
V d: Yu cu xc nh ph ti in ca nhm my cng c c cc s
liu cho theo bng:
TT Tn my P
m
(kW) c im S lng
1. Cu trc 14 k
d
% = 36% 1
2. Bin p hn 12 U
d
, k
d
% = 49% 1
3. My mi th 10 2
4. My mi tinh 7 2
5. My tin 5,5 3
6. My khoan 4,5 3
7. Qut gi 1,7 U
f
1

GII
Trc ht phi quy i cc thit b v 3 pha v di hn
Cu trc:
P
q
= P
m
.
% k
d
= 14. 36% = 8,4 (kW)
Bin p hn
P
q
= 3 P
m
.
% k
d
= 3 12. 49% = 14,57 (kW)
Qut gi
P
q
= P
m
= 3.1,7 = 5,1 (kW)
Sau khi quy i, cn sp xp li th t cc my theo ln cng sut
TT Tn my S lng P
m
(kW)
1. Bin p hn 1 14,57

Bin son: Nh Trng 19
2. My mi th 2 10
3. Cu trc 1 8,4
4. My mi tinh 2 7
5. My tin 3 5,5
6. Qut gi 1 5,1
7. My khoan 3 4,5

Xc nh s thit b dng in hiu qu:
1. Thit b c cng sut ln nht l bin p hn 14,57 (kW), mt na cng
sut l 7,28 (kW). Vy c 4 thit b c cng sut ln hn tr s ny l bin p
hn (1), my mi th (2) v cu trc (1). n
1
= 4
2. Tng cng sut ca n
1
my: P
n1
= (14,57 + 2.10 + 8,4) = 42,97 (kW)
3. Xc nh n
*
, P
*

0,3
13
4
n
n
n
1
*
= = =
0,47
3.4,5 5,1 3.5,5 2,7 42,97
42,97
P
*
=
+ + + +
=
4. Tra s tay vi n
*
= 0,3 v k
sd
= 0,88
5. Tnh c
n
hq
= n.n
hq*
= 13.0,88 = 11,44
Tip theo, tra s tay vi n
hq
= 11,44 v k
sd
= 0,2 c k
max
= 1,8
T y xc nh c ph ti in ca nhm
P
tt
= k
max
.P
tb
= k
max
.k
sd
.
=
n
i 1
P
mi
= 1,8.0,2.92,37= 33,25 (kW)
Tra cm nang c cos = 0,6 tg = 1,33
Q
tt
= 33,25.1,33 = 44,22 (kVAr)
Vy ph ti in ca nhm my l: S
tt
= 33,25 + j44,22 (kVA)
BI TP CHNG 1
Bi tp 1. Yu cu xc nh ph ti in cho mt trng dy ngh, bao gm:
1 nh ging ng 3 tng 5 lp hc
1 nh 2 tng:
- tng di hi trng 200m
2


Bin son: Nh Trng 20
- tng trn th vin 200m
2

1 xng thc tp c kh 300m
2
, cng sut t P
= 150kW
1 k tc x 3 tng 12 phng. Mi phng 10 hc sinh.
Bi tp 2. Mt khu vn phng i din gm:
1 nh 4 tng, mi tng 8 phng hc 24m
2
1 nh 2 tng, mi tng 6 phng hc 40m
2

Yu cu xc nh ph ti in cn cp cho khu vn phng.

Bin son: Nh Trng 21
Chng 2: TNH TON TN THT IN P, TN THT
CNG SUT, TN THT IN NNG
2.1. S THAY TH LI CUNG CP IN
Thng dng 2 loi s : s nguyn l v s thay th.
S nguyn l l s chp ni cc phn t ca li cung cp in
(MBA, ng dy, my ct, attomat, cu dao, cu ch) nhm m t cch thc
cp in t ngun n cc ph ti.
S thay th l s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton li cung cp in,
trn ngi ta thay th cc phn t ca li bng cc i lng c trng
cho qu trnh truyn ti in.
2.1.1. S thay th ng dy ti in
S thay th y ca mt on ng dy ti in l s hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1. S nguyn l v s thay th on
ng dy ti in di l (km) tit din F
Ba i lng c trng cho qu trnh truyn ti in trn ng dy l Z,
G v B
Trong : Z - tng tr ca on dy, l i lng phc: Z = R + jX
vi R - in tr on ng dy:
F
l
R =
- in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy
C 3 loi vt liu lm dy: nhm (A), ng (M) v thp (C), trong A,
M dn in, C lm tng bn c.
A
= 31,5 (mm
2
/km),
M
= 18,8 (mm
2
/km).
l, F
1
S
&

A 1
2
G

2
G

2
B

2
B

Z
A 1
1
S
&


Bin son: Nh Trng 22
R tng trng cho tn tht cng sut tc dng do pht nng dy dn.
X tng trng cho tn tht cng sut phn khng do t ho dy dn.
Trong tnh ton thc t ngi ta lp sn cc bng tra r
o
(/km) v x
o

(/km) trong Ph lc, khi tng tr on ng dy l (km) l:
Z = r
o
l + jx
o
l
Mun tra x
o
, ngoi bit tit din dy cn bit cch treo dy trn x xc
nh khong cch trung bnh hnh hc D gia cc dy.
Trong tnh ton s b, c th cho php ly x
o
= 0,4 (/km)
Vi cp, nu khng c bng tra, ly gn ng x
o
= 0,08 0,1 (/km).
G - in dn ca on ng dy, tng trng cho tn tht cng sut tc
dng do r in qua s, ct v do vng quang in. Vng quang in l hin
tng khi l cng in trng trn b mt dy dn ln lm ion ho lp
khng kh xung quanh to nn mt vng sng xung quanh dy dn, mt thg c
th nhn thy c vo nhng m m t cui thng ti tri, lm tn hao cng
sut.
G =
2
vq
U
P

Tn tht do cng sut tc dng do vng quang thc t ch xy ra ng
dy trn khng in p >220kV.
B Dung dn ca on ng dy. Khi dy dn ti in, gia cc dy t
gn nhau v gia dy vi t hnh thnh nhng bn cc, kt qu l to ra mt
cng sut phn khng Q
c
phng ln ng dy. Vi ng dy cao p (110,
220KV) nhiu khi hin tng ny c li v n b li lng cng sut Q tn tht
trn in khng X ca ng dy, nhng li rt nguy him nhng ng dy
siu cao c bit khi khng ti v non ti, lm cho in p cui ng dy tng
cao vt qu tr s cho php.
B = b
o
.l
vi: b
o
l dung dn trn 1km ng dy; l l chiu di ng dy.
Lng Q
c
do ng dy sinh ra t l vi bnh phng in p ti in,
viin p n dy U 35 (kV) lng Q
c
ny nh, c th b qua.
Cng v in p trung v h p tn tht vng quang v r in rt nh,
ngi ta cho php b qua i lng G trn s thay th.
Tng dn ng dy
2
B
j +
2
G
=
2
Y


Bin son: Nh Trng 23
Tm li, vi li cung cp in cho php s dng s thay th n gin
ch bao gm tng tr cc on ng dy.

Hnh 2.2. S nguyn l v s thay th ng dy trung p v h p
3.1.2. S thay th my bin p
My bin p l thit b in lm nhim v bin i in p v truyn ti
cng sut.

Hnh 2.3. S thay th my bin p hai cun dy
a) s thay th chnh xc my bin p; b) s thay th gn ng my bin p
My bin p lm vic theo nguyn tc cm ng in t, gm 3 b phn
chnh l cun dy 1, cun dy 2 v li thp non c dn t cao. c trng
cho cc i lng tn tht trn 3 phn t trong qu trnh ti in ngi ta
dng s thay th hnh T vi 3 phn i lng Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
o
. S ny tnh ton
kh. Ngi ta thng s dng s thay th gn ng hnh .
Tng tr MBA: Z
B
= R
B
+ jX
B

Trong : R
B
- in tr hai cun dy, tng trng cho tn tht cng sut
tc dng do pht nng 2 cun dy.
X
B
- in khng hai cun dy, tng trng cho tn tht cng
sut phn khng do t ho hai cun dy.
Vi my bin p nh ch to cho 4 thng s sau:
P
o
(W, kW) - tn hao khng ti
1
S
&

A
A
1 2
1 2
1
S
&

2
S
&

2
S
&

l
A1
, F
A1
l
12
, F
12
Z
A1 Z
12
1

Z
1
Z
2
Z
0
1

o
S
&

Z
o
a)
b)

Bin son: Nh Trng 24
P
N
(W, kW) - tn hao ngn mch, chnh l tn hao nh mc trong 2
cun dy.
I
o
(%) dng in khng ti (%)
U
N
(%) - in p ngn mch (%)
T 4 thng s sny ta c th xc nh c cc i lng trn s thay
th my bin p:
.10
S
U U
j .10
S
U P
Z
dmB
2
dmB N 3
2
dmB
2
dmB N
B
+ = ()
Trong cng thc ny:
U
dmB
(kV) - inp nh mc ca bin p. Nu tnh Z
B
v pha cao p th
ly U
dmB
pha cao, nu tnh Z
B
v pha h th ly U
dmB
pha h.
S
dmB
cng sut nh mc ca MBA
U
N
(%) nh ch to
S
o
- tn tht cng sut trong li thp cn gi l tn tht khng ti v
khng ph thuc vo tr s ca cng sut ti qua bin p. Tr s S
o
khng i
trong sut ti gian ng my vo li in.
S
o
= P
o
+ jQ
o

Trong : P
o
nh ch to cho, tng trng cho tn tht cng sut tc
dng do pht nng li thp.
Q
o
- tn tht cng sut phn khng do t ho li thp, xc
nh theo cng thc:
100
S I
Q
dmB o
o
= .
Nu hai my bin p lm vic song song
.10
2S
U U
j .10
2S
U P
Z
dmB
2
dmB N 3
2
dmB
2
dmB N
B
+ = ()
V S
o
= 2P
o
+ j2Q
o
.
2.2. TNH TON TN THT IN P
Tn tht i p l i lng phc (vc t phc) U j U U + =
&
. Trong li
cung cp in, ngi ta ch quan tm n tr s ca tn tht in p, tr s sny
c ln xp x ln ca thnh phn thc U.

Bin son: Nh Trng 25
Nhn trn hnh 2.4 nhn thy tr s ( ln) ca vct U
&
: U
&
=OA OB
(tr s ca thnh phn thc U). V th, n gin trong tnh ton, c th tnh
tn tht in p theo tr s ca hnh phn thc.

Hnh 2.4. Vc t tn tht U
&
v thnh phn U
Tn tht in p (thnh phn thc) l do cng sut tc dng gy nn in
tr R v cng sut phn khng gy trn X.
dm dm dm
U
QX PR
U
QX
U
PR
U
+
= + =
Nu P(kW), Q(kVAr), R, X(), U
dm
(kV) th U(V)
2.2.1. ng dy 1 ph ti

Hnh 2.5: S nguyn l v s thay th ng dy 1 ph ti
Trn s thay th, tnh tn tht in p theo cng thc
dm dm dm
U
QX PR
U
QX
U
PR
U
+
= + = dng Scos v dng P + jQ
Tn tht in p trn on ng dy A1 l:
dm
A1 1 A1 1
A1
U
X Q R P
U
+
=
Trong : Z
A1
= R
A1
+ jX
A1
= r
o
l
A1
+ jx
o
l
A1

V sin
1
jS cos
1
S
1
S
A1
S + = =
& &
.
0
A
B
U
&

U
jU

l, F
1
S
&

A 1
Z
A1
1
S
&

P
1
+ jQ
1
A 1

Bin son: Nh Trng 26
V d 2.1: ng dy trn khng 10(kV) (Vit tt l DK 10 kV) cp
in cho x nghip c cc s liu ghi trn hnh v. Yu cu xc nh tn tht in
p trn ng dy.

Hnh 2.6. DK 10 (kV) cp in cho x nghip
GII
Trc ht cn v s thay th ng dy. Tra Ph lc 25 vi dy AC
50 c r
o
= 0,64 (/km), x
o
= 0,4 (/km)
Z
A1
= 0,64.5 + j0,4.5 = 3,2 + j2 ()
j600 800 j1000.0,6 1000.0,8 0,8 1000
1
S
A1
S + = + = = =
& &
(kVA)

Hnh 2.7. S thay th ng dy ca v d 2.1
in p tn tht trn ng dy cp cho x nghp:
376
10
600.2 800.3,2
U
A1
=
+
= (V)
2.2.2. ng dy n ph ti
Vi ng dy lin thng cp in cho 3 ph ti, tn tht in p bng
tng tn tht in p trn 3 on ng dy
U
= U
max
= U
A123
= U
A1
+ U
12
+ U
23

Hnh 2.8. S nguyn l v s thay th ng dy
lin thng cp in cho 3 ph ti
AC 50, 5km A 1
1000 0,8
3,2 + j2 ()
A 1
800 + j600 (kVA)
A
1
2
1
S
&

2
S
&

l
A1
, F
A1
l
12
, F
12
3
S
&

3
l
23
, F
23
Z
A1
Z
12
A 1 2 3
Z
23
P
1
+ jQ
1
P
2
+ jQ
2
P
3
+ jQ
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
2
S
3
S
3

Bin son: Nh Trng 27
Vi li in trung v h p, tnh ton tn tht in p cho php coi
inp ti mi im trn ng dy bng U
m
v cho php coi dng cng sut
chy trn cc on ng dy bng cng sut ph ti, ngha l cho php b qua
tn tht in p v tn tht cng dut trn cc on ng sau khi tnh tn tht
trn on ng dy trc. V d khi tnh ton on 12, l ra cng sut chy trn
on 12 bao gm ph ti 2, 3 (
2
S
&
,
3
S
&
) v tn tht trn on 2, 3 nhng cho php
b qua lng tn tht ny,
3
S
2
S
12
S
& & &
+ =
in p tn tht trn cc on nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
dm
A1 3 2 1 A1 3 2 1
A1
dm
12 3 2 12 3 2
23
dm
23 3 23 3
23
U
X Q Q Q R P P P
U
U
X Q Q R P P
U
U
X Q R P
U
+ + + + +
=
+ + +
=
+
=

T y xc nh c tn tht in p trn ton b tuyn dy
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
dm
23 3 23 3
dm
12 3 2 12 3 2
dm
A1 3 2 1 A1 3 2 1
123
U
X Q R P
U
X Q Q R P P
U
X Q Q Q R P P P
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+ + + + +
= =
A
U U

Tng qut
dm
n
1
n
1
ij ij ij ij
U
X Q R P
U

+
=

Trong : n - s on ng dy
P
ij
, Q
ij
cng sut tc dng v phn khng chy trn on
ng dy ij. V d:
Cng sut chy trn on A1: P
A1
= P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3

Q
A1
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3

Cng sut chy trn on 1, 2: P
12
= P
2
+ P
3

Q
12
= Q
2
+ Q
3

Cng sut chy trn on 2, 3: P
23
= P
3

Q
23
= Q
3

V d 2.2. DK 10kV cp in cho 2 x nghip, ton b ng dy dng
AC 50, cc s liu khc cho trn hnh v. Yu cu:
1. Kim tra tn tht in p
2. Bit U
1
= 10,250 (kV), cn xc nh U
2
, U
A


Bin son: Nh Trng 28
BI GII
S thay th ng dy:

Hnh 2.9. S nguyn l v s thay th DK 10(kV) ca v d 2.2
j1 1,6
2
j0,4.5 0,64.5
Z
A1
+ =
+
= ()
Z
12
= 0,64.2 + 0,4.2 = 1,28 + j0,8 ()
1
S
&
= 1000 0,8 = 800 + j600 (kVA)
2
S
&
=5000,7 = 350 + j350 (kVA)
Cn xc nh U ca ng dy v so snh vi tr s cho php xem c
tho mn hay khng. Cc biu thc so snh nh sau:
- Khi ng dy lm vic bnh thng: U
U
cp
= 5%U
m

- Khi ng dy c s c: U
U
cp
= 10%U
m

Vi ng dy trong v d ny, tn tht in p khi ng dy lm vic
bnh thng l:
( ) ( )
351,8 72,8 279
10
350.0,8 350.1,28
10
1 350 600 1,6 350 800
U = + =
+
+
+ + +
=
V
Khi s c 1 ng dy trn on A1, ng dy l kp ch cn l n,
tng tr tng gp i nn U cng tng gp i.
U
sc
= 2.279 + 72,8 = 630,8 (V)
Kt qu kim tra:
U
= 351,8 (V) < U

cp
= 5%.10 000 = 500 (V)
U
sc
= 630,8 (V) < U
cp
= 10%.10 000 = 1000 (V)
Vy ng dy m bo yu cu (hoc tho mn yu cu) v tn tht in
p.
AC 50, 5km A 2
500 0,7(kVA)
1
AC 50, 2km
1000 0,8(kVA)
1,6 + j1 ()
A 2
350 + j350 (kVA)
1,28 + j0,8()
1
800 + j600 (kVA)

Bin son: Nh Trng 29
2. Xc nh in p cc im khi bit U
1
= 10,250 (kV)
U
2
= U
1
- U
12
= 10,250 - 0,073 = 10,177 (kV)
U
A
= U
1
+U
A1
= 10,250 + 0,279 = 10,529 (kV)
2.2.3. ng dy phn nhnh
l
,
F
2
S
&
3
S
&
1
S
&

Hnh 2.10. ng dy phn nhnh

Trn li cung cp in nhiu khi gp ng dy phn nhnh, ngha l
n 1 nt no th ng dy r ra thnh 2, 3 tuyn theo hng khc nhau.
kim tra tn tht in p trn ng dy phn nhnh cn lu rng: tn tht
in p l tn tht trn tng tuyn dy t ngun n i nt xa nht ca
tuyn. V d vi ng dy phn nhnh trn hnh 2.10 cn kim tra U theo 2
tuyn dy: tuyn A12 v tuyn A13, tuyn c tr s U ln phi nh hn U
cp
.
cp
A13
A12
max
U
U
U
MAX U
)
`
=
2.3. TNH TON TN THT CNG SUT
2.3.1. Tn tht cng sut
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l mt i lng phc
Q j P S + =
&

Trong : P - tn tht cng sut tc dng do pht nng trn in tr
ng dy
Q - tn tht cng sut phn khng do t ho ng dy.

Bin son: Nh Trng 30
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy xc nh theo biu thc:
jX) (R
U
Q P
Z
U
S
Z I S
dm
2 2
2
dm
2
2
+
+
= = =
&

Nu S (kVA), P(kW), Q(KVAr), Z, X, Y () v U
dm
(kV) th S
&
(VA).
n v cng sut v tn tht cng sut thng dng li cung cp in l
(kVA) cn phi nhn vi 10
-3
.
1. ng dy 1 ph in

Hnh 2.11. ng dy 1 ph ti v s thay th
Vi ng dy 1 ph ti, cng sut chy qua tng tr Z
12
chnh l ph ti
S
1
. Vy:
A1 A1 A1
2
dm
2
1
A1
2
dm
2
A1
A1
j P Z
U
S
Z
U
S
S + = = =
&

V d 2.3. DK 10 (kV) cp in cho x nghip c kh c ph ti in
2000 (kV), cos = 0,6. Dy dn AC 70, di 5km. Yu cu xc nh tn tht
cng sut trn ng dy.
GII
S thay th ng dy

Hnh 2.12. ng dy 10 (kV)cp in cho x nghip v s thay th
Tra bng c r
o
= 0,46 (/km), x
o
= 0,4 (/km)
Z
A1
= 0,46.5 + j0,4.5 = 2,3 + j2 ()
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy:
l, F
1
S
&

A 1
Z
A1
A 1
AC 70, 5km A 1
2000 0,6
2,3 + j2 ()
A 1
92000 + j80000 (kVA)

Bin son: Nh Trng 31
( ) ( ) ( ) kVA j80 92 VA j80000 92000 j2 2,3
10
2000
S
2
2
A1
+ = + = + =
&

2. ng dy n ph ti

Hnh 3.13. S nguyn l v s thay th
ng dy cp in cho 2 ph ti
Cng tng t nh khi tnh ton U, khi tnh S
&
coi in p cc im
bng U
m
v coi cng sut gy S
&
trn cc on ch l cng sut ti (b qua S
&

ca on sau)
( ) ( )
12
Z
2
dm
U
2
2
S
A1
Z
2
dm
U
2
2
Q
1
Q
2
2
P
1
P
S
S S S S
12 A1 A12
+
+ + +
+ = =
=
&
& & & &

Tng qut vi ng dy n ti
( )
2
dm
n
1
ij
2
ij
2
ij
2
dm
n
1
ij
2
ij
U
Z Q P
U
Z S
S

+
= =
&

Trong :
n - s on ng dy hoc s ph ti
S
ij
, P
ij
, Q
ij
- cng sut S, P, Q chy trn on ng dy ij
Z
ij
- tng tr ca on ng dy ij
U
dm
- in p nh mc ca ng dy.
V d 2.4. ng dy trn khng 10 (kV) cp in cho 3 ph ti, ton b
dng dy AC 50. Chiu di cc on ng dy v s liu ph ti cho trn
hnh v. Yu cu xc nh tng tn tht cng sut trn ng dy.
GII
1
S
&

A
A
1 2
1 2
1
S
&

2
S
&

2
S
&

l
A1
, F
A1
l
12
, F
12
Z
A1 Z
12

Bin son: Nh Trng 32
Trc ht ta cn v s thay th ng dy, dng cng thc tnh tng
tr quen thuc v cc cng thc bin i cng sut S sang P, Q c cc thng
s ca s thay th.

Hnh 2.14. S nguyn l v s thay th ng dy
Tng tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l:
( ) ( )
13
Z
2
dm
U
2
3
S
12
Z
2
dm
U
2
2
S
A1
Z
2
dm
U
2
3
Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
3
P
2
P
1
P
S S S S
13 12 A1
+ +
+ + + + +
= + + =
& & & &

Thay s vo ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) kVA j39,46 63,56
j1,92 3,07 j2 3 j35,54 56,86
j1,2 1,92
3
10
2
10
2
400
j0,8 1,28
3
10
2
10
2
500
j 1,6
3
10
2
10
2
240 300 700
2
320 400 700
S
+ =
+ + + + + =
= +
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
=
&

2.3.2. Tn tht cng sut trong tm bin p
1. Trm 1 bin p

Hnh 2.15. S nguyn l v s thay th trm bin p
AC 50, 5km A 2
500 0,8(kVA)
1
AC 50, 2km
400 0,8(kVA)
1,6 + j1 ()
A 2
400 + j300 (kVA)
1,28 + j0,8()
1
1,92+j1,20 (kVA)
AC 50, 3km
320 + j240 (kVA)
320 + j240 (kVA)
3
3
1
S
&
1
S
&
0
S
&

S
dmB


Bin son: Nh Trng 33
Tn tht cng sut trong trm bin p ch l tn tht trong cc my bin p
t trng trm, cc thit b in khc nh my ct, dao cch ly c tng tr nh
gn nh bng 0, tn tht cng sut trn chng l khng ng k.
Tn tht cng sut trong my bin p bao gm tn tht trong li thp v
tn tht trn hai cun dy. Tn tht trong my bin p l mt i lng phc:
B
Q
B
P
cu
S
0
S S j
B
+ = + =
& & &

Trong :
100
dmB
S
o
I
j
o
P
B
Q j
o
P
o
S + = + =
&

cu
S
&
- tn tht trn 2 cun dy c th xc nh theo 2 cch
Theo tng tr bin p:
B
2
dm
2
cu
Z
U
S
S =
&

Theo P
N
v U
N

2
dmB
S
S
100
dm
S
N
U
j
2
dmB
S
S
N
P
cu
Q j
cu
P
cu
S
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
= + =
&

Trong : P
N
, U
N
l s liu nh ch to cho vi ti nh mc, cn quy
i v ti S bt k bng cch nhn vi bnh phng h s ti.
Nh vy, nu tnh ton tn tht cng sut trn 2 cun dy theo tng tr
bin p th:
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
2
100
dmB
dmB o
B
dm
o B
U
S S I
j R
U
S
P S
&

Nu tnh
cu
S
&
theo P
N
, U
N
th
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
2
100 100
dmB
dmB N dmB o
dm
N o B
U
S S U S I
j
U
S
P P S
&

V d 3.5. Trm bin p cp in cho x nghip c kh t 1 bin p
1000(kV) 10/0,4 (kV) c cc s liu k thut P
o
= 5 (kW), P
N
= 12 (kW),
I
o
% = 3 (%), U
N
(%) = 5 (%). Ph ti nh my l 8000,6 (kVA) hnh v. Yu
cu xc nh tn tht cng sut trong trm.
GII

1x1000(kVA)
10(kV)
0,4(kV)
8000,6 (kVA)
5 + j30 (kVA)
1,2 + j5 (kVA)
8000,6 (kVA)

Bin son: Nh Trng 34

Hnh 2.16. S nguyn l v s thay th trm bin p
ca x nghip c kh
( )
( ) + = + = +
=
+ = + = + =
5 2 , 1 10
1000
2
10 . 5
3
10
2
1000
2
10 . 12
10
2
3
10
2
2
30 5
100
1000 . 3
5
100
dmB
S
o
I
j
o
P
o
S
j j
dm
S
dmB
U
N
U
j
dmB
S
dmB
U
N
P
B
Z
kVA j j
&

Xc nh
cu
S
&
theo Z
B
:
( ) ( ) kVA j j Z
U
S
S
cu
32 68 , 7 10 5 2 , 1
10
800
3
2
2
2
2
+ = + = =

&

Trng hp ny tn tht trong trm bin p
cu
S
&
= (5 + 7,68) + j(30 + 32) = 12,68 + j62 (kVA)
2. Trm bin p t 2 my

Hnh 2.17. S nguyn l v s thay th trm bin p t 2 my
Vi trm bin p t 2 my, so vi trm 1 my, tng tr gim i mt na
cn
0
S
&
tng gp i.
100
dmB
S
o
2I
j
o
P 2
B
Q j 2
o
P 2
o
S + = + =
&

10
2
2
3
10
2
2
2
dm
S
dmB
U
N
U
j
dmB
S
dmB
U
N
P
B
Z +
=
Tn tht cng sut trong trm 2 my:
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
2
100 2
1
100
2
2
1
2
dmB
dmB N dmB o
dm
N o B
U
S S U S I
j
U
S
P P S
&

1
S
&
1
S
&
0
S
&

2S
dmB

Z
B

Bin son: Nh Trng 35
V d 2.6. X nghip luyn kim t hai my bin p do Cng ty thit b
in ng anh ch to 2x1000(kVA) 22/0,4 (kV). Ph ti x nghip S = 1500
(kVA), cos = 0,9. Yu cu xc nh tn tht trong 2 trm bin p.
GII
Tra ph lc 6 vi bin p 1000 (kVA) 22/0,4 (kV) do cng ty thit b
in ng Anh ch to ta c:
P
o*
= 1570 (W), P
N
= 9500 (W), I
o
(%) = 1,32 %, U
N
% = 5%
p dng cng thc ta c:
( ) kVA j82,25 13,38 S
1000
1500
100
5.1000
2
1
100
2.1,3.1000
j
1000
1500
9,5
2
1
2.1,57 S
U
S
100
S U
2
1
100
S 2I
j
U
S
P
2
1
2 S
B
2
2
2
2
B
2
dmB
2
dmB N dmB o
2
dm
2
N o B
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ =
&
&
&

BI TP CHNG 2
Bi tp 1. ng dy 10kV cp in cho 3 ph ti, ton b dng dy AC 70
cc s liu cho trn hnh v. Yu cu:
2. Cho bit U
2
= 10.18kV, hy xc nh tr s in p U
A
, U
1
, U
3
.

Bi tp 2. ng dy phn nhnh cp in cho 4 ph ti, ton b dng dy AC
50, c s liu cho trn hnh v. Yu cu:
2. Bit U
3
= 9,850kV, Yu cu xc nh U
A
, U
1
, U
3
, U
4
.
4km
A 2
500 0,7(kVA)
1
3km
800 0,8(kVA)
300 0,8(kVA)
2km
3

Bin son: Nh Trng 36
Chng 3: LA CHN CC THIT B IN TRONG LI
CUNG CP IN
H thng in bao gm cc thit b in c chp ni vi nhau theo mt
nguyn tc cht ch to nn mt c cu ng b, hon chnh. Mi thit b in
cn c la chn ng thc hin tt chc nng trong s cp in v gp
phn lm cho h thng cung cp in vn hnh m bo cc ch tiu k thut,
kinh t v an ton.
3.1. LA CHN MY BIN P
Trong s cp in, my bin p c vai tr rt quan trng, lm nhim v
bin i in p v truyn ti cng sut.
Ngi ta ch to ra my bin p rt a dng, nhiu kiu cch, kch c,
nhiu chng loi. Ngi thit k cn c vo c im ca i tng dng in
(khch hng) la chn hp l my bin p.
Thng k hiu my bin p nh sau:
Kiu my cng sut U
1
/U
2

V d: 4JB 5444 3LA 250 24/0,4 l my bin p phn phi do Siemens ch
to, kiu 4JB 4LA, cng sut 250 kVA, in p U
1
=24 kV, U
2
= 0,4 kV.
Cng c khi k hiu n gin hn: Kiu Cng sut/in p
V d: 8CB8 400/35 l bin p phn phi kh, cng sut 400 kVA, in
p 35/0,4 kV do ChongQing ch to.
La chn my bin p bao gm la chn s lng, cng sut, chng loi,
kiu cch v cc tnh nng khc ca bin p.
S lng bin p t trong mt trm ph thuc vo tin cy cung cp
in cho ph ti ca trm .
- Vi ph ti quan trng khng c php mt in, phi t hai bin
p.
- Vi cc x nghip hng tiu dng, khch sn, siu th (h loi 2)
thng t 1 bin p cng vi my d phng.
- Vi c h nh sng sinh hot thng ch t trm 1 my.
Cng sut my bin p c chn theo cc cng thc sau:
Vi trm 1 my: S
dmB
S
tt

Vi trm 2 my:
1,4
S
S
tt
dmB


Bin son: Nh Trng 37
Trong : S
dmB
cng sut nh mc ca my bin p, nh ch to cho
S
tt
cng sut tnh ton, ngha l cng sut yu cu ln nht ca
ph ti
1,4 - h s qu ti k = 1,4
Cn lu rng h s qu ti ph thuc thi gian qu ti. Ly k
qt
= 1,4 l
ng vi iu kin thi gian nh sau: qu ti khng qu 5 ngy m, mi ngy
qu ti khng qu 6 gi. Nu khng tho mn iu kin thi gian trn phi tra
th tm k
qt
trong s tay cung cp in hoc khng cho qu ti.
Hai cng th trn ch dng chn my bin p ch to trong nc hoc
vi my bin p ngoi nhp nhit i ho.
Khi s dng my ngoi nhp cha nhit i ho cn phi a vo cng
thc h s hiu chnh nhit k
hc
k n s chnh lch nhit gia mi trng
ch to v mi trng s dng my.
100

1 k
2 1
hc
=
Trong :
1
- nhit mi trng s dng (
o
C)

2
- nhit mi trng ch to (
o
C)
V d: Nu dng my bin p Nga Vit nam th
81 , 0
100
5 24
1 k
hc
=
=
Vi 24 - nhit trung bnh H Ni
5 - nhit trung bnh Mtcva.
Khi cng sut my bin p c tnh theo cng thc:
hc
tt
dmB
k
S
S v
hc
tt
dmB
1,4k
S
S
Cng cn lu l my bin p rt t xy ra s c, nu nh kho st thng
k c trong h loi 1 c mt s phn trm no h loi 3 c th ct in khi
cn thit vi thi gian k trn th khi 1 bin p s c, bin p cn li ch cn cp
in cho h loi 1. Kt qu l s la chn c c my nh hn, hp l hn.
Cng thc chn cng sut my cho 2 trm my s l:
1,4
S
S
1
dmB

V d 3.1. Yu cu chn my bin p cho khu chung c c ph ti in S
tt

= 300 kVA, in p trung p 22 KV.

Bin son: Nh Trng 38
GII
V cp in cho khu chung c, trm t 1 my
Ta c: S
dmB
300 kVA
Chn my 315 kVA do ABB ch to: 315 22/0,4
V d 3.2. Yu cu chn my bin p cho trm bin p nh my luyn kim
c ph ti in S
B
= 1200 (kVA) trong hai trng hp: khng bit s % ph ti
loi 3 v bit ph ti loi 3 l 20%.
GII
Trm cp in cho nh my luyn kim phi t 2 my bin p.
Khi khng bit s ph ti loi 3 ca nh my, khi s c 1 my bin p,
my cn li phi cp cng sut 1200 (kVA).
( ) kVA 857
4 , 1
1200
1,4
S
S
tt
dmB
= =
Chn dng 2 my bin p do Cng tu thit b in ng Anh ch to,
cng sut 1000 (kVA), 2x1000 22/0,4
Trng hp kho st thng k c tron gnh my c 20% ph ti loi 3
(v d nh kho, nh hnh chnh, phn xng sa cha)
( ) kVA 685
4 , 1
1200 %. 80
1,4
S
S
1
dmB
= =
Chn dng 2 my bin p do Cng ty thit b in ng Anh ch to,
cng sut 750 (kVA), 2x750 11/0,4
So snh hai phng n chn my:
Phng n chn 2 my 1000 (kVA) c li l khi 1 my s c khng phi
ct in ph ti loi 3 nhng c hi l vn u t ln, h s ti nh.
6 , 0
2000
1200
2
1
= = =
dmB
tt
S
S
K
Phng n chn 2 my 750 (kVA) c li l vn u t nh, h s ti cao
8 , 0
1500
1200
2
1
= = =
dmB
tt
S
S
K
Tuy nhin, khi c s c 1 my, my cn li cho php ti 1,4 s phi ct 1
lng ti loi 3 l:
1200 1,4.750 = 150 (kVA)
S % phi ct:

Bin son: Nh Trng 39
% 5 , 12 100 .
1500
1200
=
Ngha l khng cn ct ht 20% ph ti loi 1.
3.2. LA CHN MY CT IN
My ct in, k hiu l MC l thit b ng ct mch in cao p (trn
1000V). Ngoi nhim v ng, ct in ph ti phc v cho cng tc vn hnh,
my ct cn c chc nng ct dng in ngn mch bo v cc phn t ca
h thng cung cp in.
My ct cng c ch to nhiu chng loi, nhiu kiu cch, mu m. C
my ct t du, my ct nhiu du, my ct khng kh, my ct chn khng, my
ct kh SF
6
.
My ct hp b (MCHB) l loi my ct ch to thnh t, trong t sn
my ct v hai dao cch ly, loi my dng rt tin li cho cc trm bin p hoc
trm phn phi kiu trong nh.
My ct ph ti (MCPT) bao gm dao ct ph ti dng kt hp vi cu
ch, trong dao ct ph ti dng ng ct dng ph ti cn cu ch (CDPT -
CC) ct dng ngn mch. My ct ph ti r tin hn nhng lm vic khng
chc chn, tin cy bng my ct.
My ct in c chn v kim tra theo cc iu kin ghi trong bng
Bng 3.1. CC IU KIN CHN V KIM TRA MY CT

Cc iu kin chn v kim tra iu kin
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmMC
U
dmL

Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmMC
I
cb
Dng ct nh mc (kA) I
Cdm
I
N

Cng sut ct nh mc (MVA) S
Cdm
S
N

Dng in n nh ng (kA) I
od
i
xk

Dng in n nh nhit (kA)
I
onh

nh.dm
qd
t
t
. I


Bin son: Nh Trng 40
Bng 3.2. IU KIN CHN V KIM TRA MY CT PH TI
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmMC
U
dmL

Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmMC
I
cb
Dng n nh ng (kA) I
od
i
ck

Dng n nh nhit (kA)

I
onh

nh.dm
qd
t
t
. I

Dng in nh mc ca cu ch (A) I
mcc
I
cb

Dng ct nh mc ca cu ch (kA) I
cn
I
Cng sut ct nh mc ca cu ch (MVA) S
cm
S

Trong 2 bng trn:
U
mL
- in p nh mc ca li in (kV)
I
cb
dng in cng bc, ngha l dng in lm vic ln nht i qua
my ct, xc nh theo s c th.
I
, I dng ngn mch v cng v siu qu trong tnh ton ngn mch
li cung cp in, coi ngn mch l xa ngun, cc dng ny bng nhau v bng
dng ngn mch chu k.
I
xk
dng in ngn mch xung kch, l tr s tc thi ln nht ca dng
ngn mch.
I
xk
= 1,8. 2 I
N

S cng sut ngn mch
S = 3 U
tb
I
t
nh.

m
thi gian n nh nhit nh mc, nh ch to cho tng ng vi
I
nh.m
(I
onh
).
t
q
- thi gian quy i, xc nh bng cch tnh ton v tra th. Trong
tnh ton thc t li trung p, ngi ta cho php ly t
q
bng thi gian tn ti
ngn mch, ngha l bng thi gian ct ngn mch.
Vy: I
cm
= I
nh.dm

nh.dm
c
t
t


Bin son: Nh Trng 41
Cc thit b in c I
m
> 1000 (A) khng cn kim tra n nh nhit.
V d 3.1. Trm bin p phn phi 1000 (kVA) 22/0,4 (kV) cp in cho
khch sn dng my ct ph ti (DCPT - CC) 22 (kV). Bit dng ngn mch sau
cu ch trung p I = 8 (kA), yu cu la chn my ct ph ti cho TBAPP.
GII
Dng cng bc qua my ct chnh l dng nh mc ca bin p vi gi
thit khng cho bin p qu ti th I
qt
= 1,25I
dmB
(trm 1 my), I
qt
= 1,4I
dmB
(trm
2 my)
I
cb
= I
dmB
= ( ) A 27 , 26
22 . 3
1000
=
Chn dng dao ct ph ti ca ABB kt hp vi b cu ch ng ca
Siemens c cc thng s k thut ghi trong bng
Bng 3.3. THNG S K THUT CA DAO CT PH TI DO ABB
CH TO
Loi dao ct ph
ti
U
dm
(kV) I
dm
(A) I
Nmax
(kA) I
N3s
(kA)
NPS 24 B1/A1 24 400 40 10

Bng 3.4. THNG S K THUT CA CU CH NG DO SIEMENS
CH TO
Loi cu ch ng U
dm
(kV) I
dm
(A) I
Nmax
(kA) I
N3s
(kA)
3GD1 406 4B 24 32 31,5 27

Cn c vo dng ngn mch cho, lp bng kim tra b DCTT CC
Bng 3.5. BNG KIM TRA DCTT CC CHO
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmMC
= 24 U
dmL
= 22
Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmMC
= 400 I
cb
= 16,27
Dng n nh ng (kA) I
od
= 40 i
ck
= 2 .1,8.8 = 20,3
Dng n nh nhit (kA)

I
onh
= 10 13 , 4
3
8 , 0
8
t
t
. I
nh.dm
qd
= =


Bin son: Nh Trng 42
Dng in nh mc ca cu ch (A) I
mcc
= 32 I
cb
= 26,27
Dng ct nh mc ca cu ch (kA) I
cn
= 40 I = 8
Cng sut ct nh mc ca cu ch
(MVA)
S
cm
= 3 .24.40 S = 3 .8.23

3.3. LA CHN CU CH, DAO CCH LY
Cu ch l phn t yu nht trong h thng cung cp in do ngi thit
k to ra nhm ct t mch in khi c dng in ln qu tr s cho php i
qua. V th chc nng ca cu ch l bo v qu ti v ngn mch. Cn lu l
dy ch ch to rt kh ng nht tit din v kh kh ht tp cht nn lm vic
khng c tin cy lm, khng ct dng tht chnh xc, v th chc nng ch
yu l bo v ngn mch, cu ch ch lm d phng bo v qu ti cho ptmt
hoc khi ng t.
Dao cch ly (cn gi l cu dao) c nhim v ch yu l cch ly phn c
in v phn khng c in to khong cch an ton trng thy phc v cho
cng tc sa cha, kim tra, bo dng. S d khng cho php dao cch ly ng
ct mch khi ang mang ti v khng c b phn dp h quang. Tuy nhin, c
th cho php dao cch ly ng, ct khng ti bin p khi cng sut my khng
ln (thng nh hn 1000 kVA)
Cu ch v dao cch ly c ch to vi mi cp in p.
Trong li cung cp in, cu ch c th dng ring r, nhng thng
dng kt hp vi dao cch ly hoc dao ct ph ti. Dao cch ly cng c th dng
ring r, nhng thng dng kt hp vi my ct v cu ch.
3.2.1. La chn dao cch ly, cu ch cao p
Trong li in cao p, cu ch thng dng cc v tr sau:
- Bo v my bin in p
- Kt hp vi dao ct ph ti thnh b my ct ph ti trung p bo
v cc ng dy.
Cu ch c ch to nhiu loi, nhiu kiu, in p trung ph bin nht
l cu ch ng. in p trung ngi ta cn dng cu ch t ri (CCTR) thay
cho b cu dao - cu ch (CD - CC).

Bin son: Nh Trng 43
Trong li cung cp in trung v cao p, dao cch ly t dng ring r,
thng dng kt hp.
- Kt hp vi my ct trong t my ct hoc trong b MC DCL
- Kt hp vi cu ch trung p t ti cc trm BAPP
Cu ch v cu dao cch ly trung, cao p c chn v kim tra theo cc
iu kin ghi trong bng 3.6, 3.7.
Bng 3.6. CC IU KIN CHN V KIM TRA DAO CCH LY
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmDCL
U
dmL

Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmDCL
I
cb
d.
i
xk

I
nh.m

nh.dm
qd
t
t
. I

Bng 3.7. CC IU KIN CHN V KIM TRA CU CH
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmCC
U
dmL

Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmCCL
I
cb
Dng ct nh mc (kA) I
m
I
Cng sut ct nh mc (MVA) S
cm
S

V d 3.2. Trm bin p ca mt x nng nghip t 1 my bin p 320
(kVA) in p 110/0,4 (kV), Bit rng trm c cp in t TBATG 35/10
(kV) ca huyn cch 3km bng DK 10, dy AC 35. My ct du ng
dy l ca Lin x (c) mt Catalog. Yu cu chn DCL CC 10 (kV) cho
trm.
GII
Dng in ln nht qua dao cch ly v cu ch chnh l dng qu ti my
bin p. cc my bin p cp in cho nng thn, do non ti sut ngy, bui
ti c th cho php qu ti vi k
rt
= 1,25.

Bin son: Nh Trng 44
Dng cng bc qua DCL CC l:
I
cb
= I
qtB
= 1,25I
dmB
= 1,25
10 . 3
320
= 27,75 (A)
Cn c vo I
cb
= 27,75 (A) chn dao cch l 3DC in p 12kV v cu ch ng
3GD do Siemens ch to c cc thng s k thut ghi trong bng:
BNG CHN DAO CCH LY
Loi DCL U
dm
(kV) I
dm
(A) I
Nmax
(kA) I
N3
(kA)
3DC 12 400 40 10

BNG CHN CU CH
Loi CC U
dm
(kV) I
dm
(A) I
Nmax
(kA) I
N3
(kA)
3GD1 - 120 - 2B 12 100 80 40

kim tra n nh in ng dao cch ly cn tnh tr s dng ngn mch
xung kch: i
xk
= 1,8 2 I
N
= 1,8. 2 .1,9 = 4,79 (kA).
KT QU KIM TRA DAO CCH LY
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmDCL
=12 U
dmL
= 10
Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmDCL
= 400 I
cb
= 27,75
d.
= 40 i
xk
= 4,79
I
nh.m
= 10
3
8 , 0
9 , 1
t
t
. I
nh.dm
qd
=

BNG KT QU KIM TRA CU CH
in p nh mc (kV) U
dmCC
= 12 U
dmL
= 10
Dng in nh mc (A) I
dmCCL
= 100 I
cb
= 27,75
Dng ct nh mc (kA) I
m
= 80 I = 1,9
Cng sut ct nh mc (MVA)
S
cm
= 3 .12.80 S = 3 .10,5.1,9


Bin son: Nh Trng 45
3.3.2. La chn cu dao, cu ch h p
li h p thng gi dao cch ly l cu dao. Ngi ta ch to cu dao
1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha vi s cc khc nhau: 1 cc, 2 cc, 3 cc, 4 cc. V kh
nng ng ct, cu dao c ch to gm hai loi:
- Cu dao (thng, khng ti) ch lm nhim cch ly, ng ct khng
ti hoc dng nh
- Cu dao ph ti lm nhim v cch ly v ng ct dng ph ti.
Cu ch h p cng c ch to gm 3 loi:
- Cu ch thng thng (khng lm nhim v cch ly, ct ti).
- Cu ch cch ly c mt u c nh, 1 u m ra c nh dao cch ly
lm nhim v cch ly nh cu dao.
- Cu ch ct ti l cu ch cch ly c th ng ct dng ph ti nh cu
dao ph ti.
Ngi ta cng ch to b cu dao cu ch theo loi:
- B cu dao cu ch thng thng
- B cu dao ph ti - cu ch
Bng 3.5 ch ra k hiu, s v chc nng ca tng loi cu dao, cu ch h p.
Cu ch h p c c trng bi 2 i lng:
I
dc
- dng nh mc ca dy chy cu ch (A)
I
v
- dng nh mc ca v cu ch (bao gm c v np).
Khi la chn cu ch h p phi la chn c I
dc
v I
v
. Thng chn I
v

I
dc
vi cp khi dy chy t v qu ti, ngn mch hoc khi cn tng ti ta ch
cn thay dy chy ch khng cn thay v. K hiu y cu ch h p cho trn
hnh v.

Hnh 3.1. K hiu y cu ch h p v cc v d
Cng cn lu l:
Khi ni cu ch 100 (A) phi hiu cu ch c I
v
= 100 (A)
Khi ni b cu dao - cu ch 100 (A) phi hiu l I
CD
= I
vCC
= 100 (A)
( )
( ) A I
A I
dc
vo

15
30
100
200

200
500


Bin son: Nh Trng 46
Trong li h p cu ch v cu dao thng c t kh xa ngun
(TBAPP) v th dng ngn mch qua chng d nh, nn khng cn kim tra cc
i lng lin quan n dng ngn mch.
Bng 3.8. CC LOI CU DAO, CU CH H P
Loi K hiu Chc nng
Cu dao (dao cch
ly)
Cch ly, ng ct dng
nh
Cu dao ph ti
(dao ct ti)
Cch ly, ng ct dng
ph ti
Cu ch

Bo v qu ti v ngn
mch
Cu ch cch ly

Bo v qu ti ngn
mch, cch ly
Cu ch ct ti

Bo v qu ti v ngn
mch, ng ct dng
in ph ti
B cu dao - cu
ch

Bo v qu ti v ngn
mch, cch ly
B cu dao ph ti
- cu ch

Bo v qu ti v ngn
mch, ng ct dng
in ph ti

1. La chn cu dao h p
Cu dao h p c chn theo 2 iu kin:
U
dmCD
U
dmL

I
dmCD
I
tt

Trong : U
dmCD
- in p nh mc ca cu dao, thng ch to 220V,
230V, 250V, 380V, 400V, 440V, 500V, 690V.
U
dmL
- in p nh mc ca li in h p, c tr s 220V
(in p pha), hoc 380V (in p dy)
CD(DCL)
CDPT
CC
CCCL
CCCT
CDPT - CC
CD - CC

Bin son: Nh Trng 47
Ngoi ra, cn phi ch n s pha, s cc, kh nng ct ti, trong nh,
ngoi tri
2. La chn cu ch h p
a) Trong li in thp sang, sinh hot
Cu ch c chn theo 2 iu kin
U
dmCD
U
dmL

I
dc
I
tt

Trong : U
dmCC
- in p nh mc ca cu ch, ch to cc c in p nh
vi cu dao.
I
dc
dng in nh mc ca dy chy (A) nh ch to cho
I
b
dng in tnh ton, l dng lu di ln nht chy qua dy chy
cu ch (A)
- Vi ph ti 1 pha (v d cc thit b gia dng)

cos U
P
I I
pdm
dm
dm tt
= =
Trong :
U
pdm
- in p pha nh mc, bng 220V
cos - h s cng sut
vi n si t, bn l, bp in, bnh nng lnh, cos = 1
vi qut, t lnh, iu ho, n tup, cos = 0,8
vi cn h gia nh cos = 0,83
vi lp hc dng qut + n si t cos = 0,9
vi lp hc dng qut + n tup cos = 0,8
- Vi ph ti 3 pha:

cos U 3
P
I
dm
tt
tt
=
Trong :
U
dm
- in p dy inh mc, bng 380V
cos - ly theo ph ti
b) Trong li in cng nghip
Ph ti ch yu ca li cng nghp l cc my mc cng c, cc ng
c. S cp in cho cc ng c gii thiu trn hnh v.

Bin son: Nh Trng 48

Hnh 3.2. Cu ch bo v 1 ng c (CC2, CC3),
bo v 2 ng c (CC1) v c nhm ng c (CCT)
- Cu ch bo v 2, 3 ng c
Trong thc t, cm 2, 3 ng c nh hn hoc 1 ng c ln cng 1, 2
ng c nh gn c th c cp in chung 1 ng dy v c bo v
chng bng 1 cu ch (nh
1
,
2
trn hnh 3.2)
Trng hp ny cu ch c chn theo 2 iu kin sau:
I k I
I
I k I
1 n
1
dmi ti mmmax
dc
n
1 i
dmi ti dc
=
+

ly theo tnh cht ca ng c m my.
- Cu ch tng bo v nhm ng c
Cu ch tng c chn theo 3 iu kin
I
dc
I
tt

I
I
mm
dc

Hai iu kin trn l iu kin chn lc, ngha l CTT ch chy khi c
ngn mch trn thanh ci t in, cn khi xy ra ngn smch ti ng c no
hoc dy dn no th ch cu ch nhnh chy, m bo cho c nh khng b
mt in. Mun vy, ngi ta quy c phi chn I
dc
ca cu ch tng ln hn t
nht l 2 cp so vi I
dc
ca cu ch nhnh ln nht.
V d 3.3. Yu cu la chn cu ch bo v bng n si t 100 (W)
GII
4
CCT
CC1
CC2
CC3
KT
KT
KT
KT

Bin son: Nh Trng 49
Bng n si t dng in p 220V v cos = 1, cu ch chn theo cng
thc:
0,45A
220
100
cos U 3
P
I I
dm
tt
tt dc
= = =

Vy chn cu ch h p c I
dc
= 2A, I
v
= 5A
3.4. LA CHN PTMT
ptmt l thit b ng ct h p c chc nng bo v qu ti v ngn
mch.
Do c u im hn hn cu ch l kh nng lm vic chc chn, tin cy, an
ton, ng ct ng thi 3 pha v c kh nng t ng ho cao nn ptmt mc
d c gi t hn vn ngy cng c dng rng ri trong li in h p cng
nghip, dch v cng nh li in sinh hot.
ptmt c ch o vi in p khc nhau: 400V, 440V, 500V, 600V,
690V.
Ngi ta cng ch to cc loi ptmt 1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha vi s cc
khc nhau: 1 cc, 2 cc, 3 cc, 4 cc. K hiu ptmt cho bng di dy:

K
hiu

S cc 1 cc 1 cc +TT 2 cc 3 cc 3 cc + TT 4 cc

Ngoi ptmt thng thng, ngi ta cn ch to loi ptmt chng r
in. ptmt chng r t ng ct mch in nu dng r c tr s 30mA, hoc
300mA tu loi.
ptmt c chn theo 3 iu kin:
U
dmA
U
dmL

I
dmA
I
B
I
cmA
I
N


Bin son: Nh Trng 50
V d 3.4. Yu cu chn ptmt tng cho cn h gia nh c cng sut t
l 6kW.
GII
Ph ti tnh ton cn h
P
tt
= k
t.
P
= 0,8.6 = 4,8 kW
Cn h dng in p 220V, cos = 0,85
25,66A
0,22.0,85
4,8
I
B
= =
C th chn ptmt 32A, y d phng pht trin ph ti, chn
pttmt 1 pha G4CB 1040 do Clipsal ch to c I
dm
= 40A, I
cm
= 6 kA.
3.4. LA CHN DY DN V CP
3.4.1. Gii thiu chung v cc phng php v phm vi p dng.
C 3 phng php la chn tit din dy dn v cp.
1. Chn tit din theo mt kinh t ca dng in
J
kt
(A/mm2) l s ampe ln nht trn 1mm
2
tit din chn theo phng
php ny s c li v kinh t.
Phng php chn tit din dy theo J
kt
p dng vi in c in p U
110kV, bi v trn li ngy khng c thit b s dng in trc tip u vo,
vn in p khng cp bch, ngha l yu cu khng cht ch.
Li trung p th v x nghip ni chung khong cch ti in ngn,
thi gian s dng cng sut ln cng c chn theo Jkt.
2. Chn tit din theo in p cho php Ucp
Phng php la chn tit din ny ly ch tiu cht lng in lm iu
kin tin quyt. Chnh v th n c p dng la chn tit din dy cho li
in nng thn, thng ng dy ti in kh di, ch tiu in p rt d b vi
phm.
3. Chn dy dn theo dng pht nng lu di cho php.
Phng php ny tn dng ht kh nng ti ca dy dn v cp, p dng
cho li h p th, cng nghip v sinh hot.
Bng 3.9. PHM VI P DNG CC PHNG PHP LA CHN TIT
DIN DY DN V CP.
Li in J
kt
U
cp
I
cp


Bin son: Nh Trng 51
Cao p Mi i tng - -
Trung p th, cng nghip Nng thn -
H p - Nng thn th, cng
nghip

Tit din d chn theo phng php no cng phi tho mn cc iu
kin k thut sau y:
U
bt
U
btcp

U
sc
U
sccp

I
sc
I
cp

Trong :
U
bt
, U
sc
l tn tht in p lc ng dy lm vic bnh thng v
khi ng dy b s c nng n nht (t 1 ng dy trong l kp, t on
dy trong mch kn).
U
btcp
, U
sccp
- tr s U cho php lc bnh thng v s c.
vi U 110kV: U
btcp
= 10%U
m

U
sccp
= 20%U
m

Vi U 35kV: U
btcp
= 5%U
m

U
sccp
= 10%U
m

I
sc
, I
cp
dng in s c ln nht qua dy dn v dng in pht nng lu
di cho php.
Ngoi ra, tit din dy dn ng dy trn khng phi tho mn cc iu
kin bn c hc v tn tht vng quang in.
Ring vi cp mi cp in p phi tho mn iu kin n nh nhit
dng ngn mch.
qd
t . .I F

Trong : - h s, vi nhm = 11, vi ng = 6
t
q
- thi gian quy i, vi ngn mch trung, h p cho php
ly t
q
= t
c
(thi gian ct ngn mch), thng t
c
= (0,5 1)s.
3.4.2. La chn tit din theo J
kt

Trnh t la chn tit din theo phng php ny nh sau:

Bin son: Nh Trng 52
1. Cn c vo loi dy nh dng (dy dn hoc cp) v vt liu lm dy
(nhm hoc ng) v tr s T
max
tra bng chn tr s J
kt
.
Bng 3.10. TR S J
kt
THEO T
max
V LOI DY DN
T
max
(h)
Loi dy
<3000 3000 5000 >5000
Dy ng 2,5 2,1 1,8
Dy A, AC 1,3 1,1 1
Cp ng 3,5 3,1 2,7
Cp nhm 1,6 1,4 1,2

Nu ng dy cp in cho nhiu ph ti c T
max
khc nhau th xc nh
tr s trung bnh ca T
max
theo biu thc:
=
=
=
=
=
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
maxi i
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
maxi i
maxtb
P
T P
S
T S
T
Trong : S
i
, P
i
l ph ti in (ph ti tnh ton) ca h tiu th
2. Xc nh tr s dng in ln nht chy trn cc on dy
cos U 3 n
P
U 3 n
S
I
dm
ij
dm
ij
ij
= =
Vi n - s l ng dy (l n n = 1, l kp n = 2)
3. Xc nh tit din kinh t tng on
ij
ij
ktij
J
I
F =
Cn c vo tr s F
ij
tnh c, tra s tay tm tit din tiu chun nht nht
b hn.
4. Kim tra tit din chn theo cc iu kin k thut. Nu khng tho
mn phi nng tit din ln 1 cp v th li.
V d3.5: Yu cu la chn dy dn cho ng dy t 10kV cp in cho
2 x nghip nh hnh v. Cc s liu ph ti cho trong bng.
Ph ti S (kVA) cos T
max
(h)
X nghip 1 2000 0,8 5200
X nghip 2 1000 0,7 4000

Bin son: Nh Trng 53

Hnh 3.3. ng dy 10kV cp in cho 2 x nghip
GII
V ng dy cp in cho x nghip (c chiu di ngn, T
max
ln) chn
tit din theo J
kt
, dy AC.
( ) h 4800
1000 2000
1000.4000 2000.5200
T
maxtb
=
+
+
=
T T
max
= 4800h v dy AC tra bng c J
kt
= 1,1 (A/mm
2
)
Tr s dng in trn cc on:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) A 86,4
10 3. 2
710 1200 700 1600
U 3. 2
Q Q P P
I
A 57,8
.10 3
1000
U 3
S
I
2 2
dm
2
2 1
2
2 1
A1
dm
2
12
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
= = =

Tit din kinh t mi on:
( )
( )
2
1
2
12
5 , 78
1 , 1
4 , 86
5 , 52
1 , 1
8 , 57
mm F
mm F
A
= =
= =

Tra bng tit din tiu chun chnj dy gn nht b hn
on 12 chn AC 50 c x
o
= 0,65 (/km); r
o
= 0,368 (/km)
on A1 chn 2AC 70 c x
o
= 0,46 (/km); r
o
= 0,36 (/km)
Tn tht in p ln nht lc bnh thng (khng dy no b t)
U
max
= U
A12
= U
A1
+ U
12

( ) ( )
( ) V U 8 , 561
10
368 , 0 . 710 64 , 0 . 700
10 . 2
36 , 0 710 1200 46 , 0 700 1600
max
=
+
+
+ + +
=
U
max
= 561,8V > U
btcp
= 5%U
dm
= 500V
Cn tng tit din on A1 ln 95mm
2
c x
o
= 0,33 (/km); r
o
= 0,34 (/km)
( ) ( )
( ) V 494,5
10
710.0,368 700.0,64
2.10
0,34 710 1200 0,33 700 1600
U
max
=
+
+
+ + +
=
U
max
= 494,5V < U
btcp
= 5%U
dm
= 500V
A
1 2
4km

3km


Bin son: Nh Trng 54
Khi s c mt dy trn dy kp A1, dng in trn ng cn li tng gp
i.
I
sc
= 2I
A1
= 2.86,4 =172,8A
I
sc
= 172,8A < I
cp
= 325A
Vy chn dy dn cho ton b ng dy nh sau:
on A1: 2AC 95
on 12: AC 50
3.4.3. Chn tit din dy dn theo U
cp

Xut pht t nhn xt: khi tit din dy dn thay i th in tr thay i
theo cn in khng rt t thay i, tra s tay thy x
o
(/km) c gi tr x
o
= 0,33
0,45 bt k c dy dn v khong cch gia cc pha. V th cho mt tr s x
o

ban u nm trong khong gi tr trn th sai s l khng ln.
Tn tht in p c xc nh theo biu thc bit
U U
U
QX
U
PR
U
QX PR
U
dm dm dm
+ = + =
+
=
Khi cho gi tr x
o
tnh c:
dm
o
dm
U
Ql
x
U
QX
U = =
T y xc nh c
U = U
cp
- U
Mt khc
dm
o
dm
F.U
.l P.
x
U
PR
U

= =
Suy ra:
dm
o
.U U
.l P.
F
=

Vy trnh t xc nh tit din dy theo phng php ny nh sau:
1. Cho mt tr s ln cn 0,4 (/km), trng hp tng qut ng dy n ti,
tnh c: l
n
i
. Q
U
x
U
1
ij
dm
o
=
=
2. Xc nh thnh phn U :
U = U
cp
- U
3. Xc nh tit din tnh ton theo U
cp


Bin son: Nh Trng 55
l . P
.U U

F
dm
o

=
Chn tit din tiu chun gn nht ln hn,
4. Kim tra li tit din chn theo cc tiu chun k thut
Trong cc cng thc trn:
Q(kVAr), P(kW), l(km), U(V), U
m
(kV)
V d 3.6. DK 10 kV cp in cho 2 ph ti (hnh v). Cho bit tn
tht in p cho php t im r A n ph ti 2 l 3%U
m
. Yu cu xc nh
tit din dy dn cho ng dy.

Hnh 3.4. ng dy cp in cho 2 ph ti
GII
Dy c chn theo U
cp
, loi dy AC
Chn x
o
= 0,35 (/km),
( ) [ ] ( ) V 75,6 200.0,6.3 .5 200.0,65 400.0,6
10
0,35
U = + + =
U = 3%U
m
- U = 300 75,6 = 224,4 (V)
Tit din tnh ton:
( ) [ ]
2
40,43mm 200.0,8.3 5 200.0,8 400.0,8
10.224,4
31,5
F = + + =
Chn tit din tiu chun 50mm
2
AC 50
Kim tra li:
Tra s tay vi dy AC 50, treo trn nh tam gic u cch 2m c x
o
= 0,393
(/km); r
o
= 0,64 (/km).

Hnh 3.5. S thay th ng dy 10kV
Z
A1
= 064.5 + j0,393.5 = 3,2 + j1,965 ()
Z
12
= 064.3 + j0,393.3 = 1,92 + j1,179 ()
A
1 2
5km

3km

4000,8 kVA 2000,8 kVA
A
1 2
3,2 + j1,965()

1,92 + j1,179()

320 + j240()

160 + j120()


Bin son: Nh Trng 56
( ) ( )
( ) V ,2 69 2
10
120.1,179 160.1,192
10
1,965 120 240 3,2 0 16 320
U
A12
=
+
+
+ + +
=
U
A12
= 269,2V < U
cp
= 300V
Vy chn dy AC 50 cho ton tuyn l hp l.
Cng thc xc nh tit din theo I
cp
rt n gin
K
1
K
2
I
cp
I
tt
(*)
Trong :
K
1
- h s hiu chnh nhit k n s chnh lch nhit mi trng
ch to v mi trng t dy, tra s tay.
K
2
- h s hiu chnh nhit , k n s lng cp t chung mt rnh,
tra s tay.
I
cp
dng pht nng cho php, nh ch to cho ng vi tng loi dy,
tng tit din dy, tra s tay.
I
tt
dng in lm vic ln nht (di hn) qua dy.
Tit din dy sau khi chn theo (*) phi th li mi iu kin k thut,
ngoi ra cn phi kim tra iu kin kt hp vi cc thit b bo v.
Nu bo v bng cu ch:
K
1
K
2
I
cp

I
dc

= 3 vi mch ng lc (cp in cho cc my)
= 0,8 vi mch sinh hot
Nu bo v bng ptmt
K
1
K
2
I
cp

1,5
1,25I
dmA

Vi 1,25I
dmA
l dng khi ng nhit (I
k.nh
) ca ptmt, trong 1,25 l h s
ct qu ti ca ptmt.
V d 3.7. Yu cu la chn dy dn cp in cho ng c my mi c s liu
k thut cho theo bng di dy, bit rng dy dn i chung mt rnh vi 5 dy
khc, nhit mi trng +30
o
C, dy c bo v bng cu ch c I
dc
= 50A.
ng c P
m
(kW) cos k
mm
My mi 10 0,8 5 0,9

GII
Dng in lu di ln nht qua my mi l dng nh mc:

Bin son: Nh Trng 57
21,125A
0,9 .0,38.0,8. 3
10
I I
dmD tt
= = =
Tra bng chn cp ng 4 li PVC (3.2,5 + 1.2,5) c I
cp
= 36A
T nhit mi trng tra s tay c K
1
= 0,94
Vi 6 cp i chung mt rnh tra s tay c K
2
= 0,75.
K
1
K
2
I
cp
= 0,94.0,75.36 = 25,38A > 21,125A
Th li iu kin kt hp cu ch bo v:
K
1
K
2
I
cp
= 25,38A > A 67 , 16
3
50
3
I
dc
= =
Khng cn kim tra U v ng dy ngn.
Khng cn kim tra n nh nhit dng ngn mch v xa ngun.
BI TP CHNG 3
Bi tp 1. Yu cu la chn b CD CCT v cc cu ch nhnh t trong t
ng lc cp in cho mt nhm my cng c c cc s liu cho trong bng
di y
ng c P
m
(kW) cos K
mm
K
t
My mi 12 0,8 5 0,8 0,9
My khoan 7,5 0,8 5 0,8 0,9
My tin 1 5 0,8 5 0,8 0,9
My tin 2 4 0,8 5 0,8 0,9
Qut gi 1,7 0,8 5 0,8 0,9

Bi tp 2. Cho mt ng dy 10kV cp in cho ph ti cho trn hnh v. Bit
khong cch trung bnh gia cc pha l 1m. Yu cu la chn tit din dy dn
theo J
kt
.

Bi tp 3. Mt ng dy 10kV cp in cho 3 ph ti (hnh v), bit khong
cch trung bnh gia cc pha l 0,8.Yu cu la chn tit din dy dn theo hao
tn in p cho php. U
cp
= 5%.

3km
A 2
500 0,8(kVA)
1
2km
800 0,6(kVA)
200 0,8(kVA)
2km
3
3km
A 2
18 0,85(kVA)
1
4km
20 0,8(kVA)
15 0,8(kVA)
6km
3

Bin son: Nh Trng 58
Chng 4. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT
4.1. H S CNG SUT V NGHA CA VIC NNG CAO H S
CNG SUT
4.1.1. Khi nim chung
in nng l nng lng ch yu ca cc x nghip. Cc x nghip ny
tiu th khong 70% lng in nng xn xut ra. V th vn s dng hp l
v tit kim in nng trong cc x nghip c ngha rt ln.
V mt sn xut in nng, vn t ra l phi tn dng ht kh nng ca
c nh my sn xut ra c nhiu in nng, ng thi v mt dng in
phi ht sc tit kim in nng, gim tn tht in nng n mc thp nht,
phn u 1kWh in nng ngy cng lm ra nhiu sn phm hoc chi ph
in nng trn mt n v sn phm ngy cng gim.
Tnh ton trong ton h thng in, tn tht in nng trong qu trnh
truyn ti v phn phi chim khong 10 15%, trong tn tht in nng cho
mng 1 10kV (mng in x nghip) chim ti 64,4% tng tn tht in nng.
Nguyn nhn l mng in x nghip thng dng in p tng i thp,
ng dy ti v phn tn gy ra tn tht ln. V th cc bin php tit kim in
nng trong x nghp c ngha rt quan trng khng nhng c li cho bn than
x nghip m cn c li cho nn kinh t quc dn.
H s cos l mt ch tiu nh gi x nghip dng in c hp l v
tit kim khng. Do nh nc ban hnh cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc x
nghip nng cao h s cos . H s cos ca cc x nghip ni chung l thp
khong 0,6 0,7%, chng ta phi phn u nng cao h s cos ln 0,9.
Tit kim in nng v nng cao h s cos khng phi l bin php tm
thi i ph m l bin php lu di vi mc ch pht huy hiu qu cao nht
trong qu trnh truyn ti, phn phi v s dng in nng.
4.1.2. Cc bin php tit kim in nng
- To thi quen tt cc thit b in khi ra khi phng
- Bo tr tt cc thit b in
i vi thit b in, cc ng c in phi c bo ng theo nh k

Bin son: Nh Trng 59
i vi thit b chiu sng phi thng xuyn lau chi bi bn bm vo
b ngoi tng hiu qu pht sng.
- Nng cao h s cos
- S dng cc thit b in c hiu sut cao: n compact, ng c in
c hiu sut cao.
4.1.3. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos
4.1.3.1 Cc nh ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos
* H s cos tc thi: l h s cng sut ti mt thi im no o
c nh dng c o cos hoc nh dng c o cng sut, in p.
I U
P
. . 3
cos =
Do ph ti lun bin i nn cos tc thi lun bin i. V th h s
cos thc thi khng c gi tr trong tnh ton.
* H s cos trung bnh: l h s cos trong mt khong thi gian no
(mt ca, mt ngy em, mt thng)
tb
tb
P
Q
artg cos cos =
H s cos dng nh gi mc s dng in tit kim v hp l ca
x nghip.
* H s cos t nhin: l h s cos
tb
tnh cho c nm khi khng c thit
b b. H s cos t nhin dng lm cn c tnh ton, nng cao h s cng
sut b v cng sut phn khng.
4.1.3.2. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos
Nng cao h s cos l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng tit
kim in nng. Phn ln cc thit b in u s dng cng sut phn khng Q
v cng sut tc dng P. Nhng thit b tiu th nhiu cng sut phn khng l:
- ng c khng ng b: chng tiu th khong 60 65% tng cng
sut phn khng ca mng.
- My bin p tiu th khong 20 25%
- ng dy trn khng, in khng v cc thit b khc tiu th
khong 10%.

Bin son: Nh Trng 60
Cng sut tc dng P l cng sut bin thnh c nng hoc nhit nng
trong cc thit b b in.
Cng sut phn khng: l cng sut t ho trong cc my in xoay chiu,
n khng sinh ra cng. Qu trnh trao i cng sut ph khng gia my in v
h dng in l mt qu trnh dao ng. Mi k ca dng in Q i chiu 4
ln, gi tr trung bnh trong mt na chu k ca dng in bng khng. Cho nn
vic to ra cng sut phn khng khng i hi tiu tn nng lng ca lng c
s cp quay my pht in. Mt khc cng sut phn khng cung cp cho cc h
tiu th khng nht thit phi ly t ngun. V vy trnh vic truyn ti mt
lng cng sut phn khng ln trn ng dy, ngi ta t gn cc h tiu th
cc thit b sinh ra Q (t b, my b ng b) cung cp trc tip cho ph ti.
Lm nh vy gi l b cng sut phn khng. Khi b cng sut phn khng th
gc lch pha l:
P
Q
artg =
Khi lng P khng i nh c b cng sut phn khng lng Q truyn
ti trn ng dy gim gim cos tng.
H s cos tng s a n hiu qu sau:
- Gim c tn tht cng sut trn mng in
( ) ( ) Q
Q R R R + = + =
+
=
P
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
P
U
Q
U
P
U
Q P
P
Khi Q gim s gim c P
(Q)

- Gim c tn tht in p trong mng in
( )
( ) ( ) Q p
U U
U
QX
U
PR
X R
U
Q P
U + = + = +
+
=
Khi Q truyn ti trn ng dy gim th U
(Q)
gim.
- Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p. Kh nng
truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p ph thuc vo iu kin pht nng tc
l ph thuc vo I
CP
. Dng in truyn ati trong dy dn v trong my bin p
c tnh theo cng thc:
U
Q P
U
S
I
3 3
2 2
+
= =

Bin son: Nh Trng 61
Biu thc trn cho ta thy nu cng mt iu kin pht nng ca dy
dn v ca my bin p, chng ta c th tng kh nng truyn ti cng sut tc
dng P ca chng bng cch gim cng sut Q.
V nhng l do trn m vic nng cao h s cos, b cng sut phn
khng tr thnh vn quan trng cn phi quan tm ng mc khi thit k
cng nh vn hnh h thng cung cp in.
4.2. CC BIN PHP NNG CAO H S cos T NHIN
Nng cao h s cos t nhin l tm cc bin php cc h dng in
gim bt c lng cng sut phn khng Q nh: p dng cc qu trnh cng
ngh tin tin, s dng hp l cc thit b in.
Nh vy nng cao h s cos t nhin rt c li v a li hiu qu kinh
t m khng phi t thm cc thit b b. V th ki xt n cc vn nng cao
h s cos bao gi cng xt n c bin php nng cao h s cos t nhin
trc sau mi xt n bin php b.
1. Thay i v ci tin quy trnh cng ngh cc thit b lm vic ch
hp l nht.
Cn c vo iu kin c th cn sp xp quy trnh cng ngh mt cch
hp l nht. Vic gim bt cc ng tc, nhng nguyn cng tha v p dng
cc bin php gia cng tin tin u a n hiu qu tit kim in nng
gim bt in nng tiu th cho mt n v sn phm. Trong cc x nghip, cc
thit b cng sut ln thng l ni tiu th nhiu in nng. V th nghin cu
cc thit b vn hnh ch kinh t v tit kim in nht.
V d: cc nh my c kh, my nn kh thng tiu th khong 30
40% in nng cung cp ton nh my. V vy vic nh ch vn hnh hp
l cho my nn kh c nh hng ln n vn tit kim in nng. Qua kinh
nghim vn hnh khi h s ca my nn kh xp x bng 1 th in nng tiu hao
cho mt n v sn phm s gim ti mc thi thiu. V vy cn b tr cho cc
my nn kh lun lm vic ch y ti, lc ph ti ca x nghip nh c th
ct bt my nn kh.
2.Thay th ng c khng ng b lm vic non ti bng ng c c cng
sut nh hn
Khi lm vic ng c khng ng b tiu th lng cng sut phn khng
bng:

Bin son: Nh Trng 62
( )
2
pt
.k
o
Q
dm
Q
O
Q Q + =
Trong : Q
o
lc ng c lm vic khng ti
Q
dm
cng sut phn khng lc ng c lm vic ch
nh mc
K
pt
- h s ph ti
Cng sut phn khng Q
o
= (60 70)% Q
dm

H s cng sut ca ng c c tnh theo cng thc sau:
( )
( ) *
.
1
1
cos
1
1
cos
2
2
0
2 2 2
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
\
|
+
=
+
= =
dm
pt O dm
P
k Q Q Q
P
Q
Q P
P
S
P

Biu thc (*) cho ta thy: nu ng c lm vic non ti th cos s thp.
V d: Nu ng c c k
pt
= 1 th cos = 0,8
K
pt
= 0,3 th cos = 0,51
Nhn xt: thay th ng c lm vic non ti bng ng c c cng sut
nh hn s tng h s mang ti do nng cao c h s cos .
iu kin kinh t cho php thay th ng c l vic thay th ng c
phi gim c cng sut tc dng trong mng v trong ng c. Nu m bo
c iu kin trn th vic thay th ng c mi c li.
- Nu k
pt
< 0,45 th vic thay th bao gi cng c li
- Nu 0,45 < k
pt
< 0,7 th phi so snh kinh t k thut mi xc nh
c vic thay th ng c c li hay khng.
iu kin k thut cho php thay th ng c l: vic thay th phi m
bo nhit, m bo iu kin m my v lm vic n inh.
3. Gim in p ca nhng ng c lm vic non ti.
Bin php ny c dng khi khng c iu kin thay th ng c lm
vic non ti bng ng c c cng sut nh hn.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc bin php sau y gim in
p t vo ng c lm vic non ti:
- i ni dy qun Stato t Y. Khi thay i dy qun t tam gic
sang sao th in p t ln mt pha ca ng c s gim i 3 ln, do cos

Bin son: Nh Trng 63
v hiu sut ca ng c cng tng ln. ng thi mmen cc i ca ng c
s gim i 3 ln so vi trc v vy phi kim tra li kh nng m my v iu
kin lm vic n nh ca ng c. Bin php ny thng dng cho cc ng c
c in p nh hn 1000V v k
pt
nm trong khong 0,35 0,4.
- Thay cch phn nhm ca dy qun stato. Bin php ny thng c
dng vi ng c c cng sut ln v c nhiu mch nhnh song song trong mt
pha. Bin php ny kh thc hin v phi tho ng c ra mi thay i c
cch u cc cun dy ca stato.
- Thay i u phn p ca my bin p h thp in p ca mng
in phn xng. Bin php ny ch c thc hin khi tt c cc ng c trong
phn xng u lm vic ch non ti v phn xng khng c cc thit b
yu cu cao v mc in p. Trong thc t bin php ny t c s dng.
4. Hn ch ng c chy khng ti
Bin php ny c thc hin theo hai hng:
- Vn ng cng nhn hp l ho cc thao tc, hn ch n mc thp
nht thi gian my chy khng ti.
- t b hn ch chy khng ti trong s khng ch ng c. Thng
thng nu ng c chy khng ti qu thi gian chnh nh no th ng c
b ngt ra khi mng in.
5. Dng ng c ng b thay th ng c khng ng b
V ng c ng b c mt s u im r rt sau y so vi ng c
khng ng b.
- H s cng sut cao, khi cn c th lm vic ch qu kch thch
tr thnh my b cung cp cng sut phn khng cho mng.
- Mmen quay t l bc nht vi in p, v vy t ph thuc vo ph ti
do nng sut lm vic ca my cao hn.
Khuyt im: cu to phc tp, gi thnh cao. V vy ng c ng b ch
chim khong 20%.
6. Nng cao cht lng sa cha ng c
Do cht lng sa cha ng c khng tt nn sau khi sa cha tnh nng
ca ng c thng km hn trc: tn tht trong ng c tng ln, h s cos
gim V vy cn ch n khu nng cao cht lng sa cha ng c gp
phn ci thin vn h s cos ca x nghp.

Bin son: Nh Trng 64
4.3. CC BIN PHP NNG CAO H S cos NHN TO
4.3.1. Khi qut
Bng cch t cc thit b b gn cc h tiu th cung cp cng sut
phn khng, ta gim c cng sut phn khng truyn ti trn ng dy v do
cos ca mng tng ln. Bin php b khng gim c cng sut phn
khng ca c h m ch gim c cng sut phn khng truyn ti. V vy sau
khi thc hin cc bin php nng cao h s cos t nhin m vn khng t yu
cu th mi xt n cc bin php b.
Cn ch thm b cng sut phn khng Q ngoi mc ch l nng cao h
s cng sut cos tit kim in, n cn c tc dng khng km phn quan
trng l iu chnh v n nh in p cung cp.
B cng sut phn khng a li hiu qu kinh t nhng tn km thm v
mua sm thit b b v chi ph vn hnh cho chng. V vy quyt nh phng
n b phi da trn c s tnh ton v so snh kinh t, k thut.
4.3.2. Chn cc thit b b
1. T in
L loi thit b in tnh, lm vic vi dng in vt trc nh p c th
sinh ra cng sut phn khng cung cp cho mng.
* u im:
- Tn tht cng sut b, khng c phn t quay nn lp rp bo qun d
dng
- T in c ch to thnh tng n v cng sut nh, v th c th
tu theo s pht trin ca ph ti trong qu trnh sn xut l chng ta ghp dn
t in vo mng do hiu sut s dng cao v khng phi b nhiu vn u
t ngay mt lc.
* Nhc im:
- Rt nhy cm vi inp t ln t: Q
c
= 3U
2
..C.10
-3

- T in c cu to km chc chn, d b ph hng khi b ngn mch.
Khi in p tng ln 110%U
m
th t in b chc thng.
- Khi ng t in vo mng s c dng in xung, cn khi ngt t ra
khi mng trn cc ca t in vn cn in p d c th gy nguy him cho
ngi vn hnh.

Bin son: Nh Trng 65
* ng dng:
T in c s dng rt rng ri trong cc x nghip c cng sut trung
bnh v nh. Thng thng nu dung lng b 5000kVr th ngi ta dng t,
cn dng lng > 5000kVr th phi so snh gia dng t v my b ng b.
2. My b ng b
L mt ng c ng b lm vic ch khng ti. Do khng c ph
ti nn my b ng b c ch to gn nh v r hn my my b cng cng
sut. ch qu kch thch my b ng b sn xut ra cng sut phn khng
cho mng. cn ch thiu kch thch my b l thit b rt tt iu chnh
in p trong mng.
* Nhc im:
- Gi thnh cao
- My b c phn t quay nn lp rp, bo qun, vn hnh kh khn.
* ng dng:
- c s dng nhng ni quan trng hoc nhng ni tp trung vi
lng b ln.
3. ng c khng ng b dy qun c ng b ho
Khi cho dng in mt chiu vo rto, ng c s lm vic nh ng c
ng b v sinh ra cng sut phn khng.
* Nhc im:
Hao tn cng sut kh ln, kh nng qu ti ln v vy ng c ch lm
vic 75% cng sut nh mc.
* ng dng:
ng c khng ng b dy qun c ng b ho rt t c s dng.
Ngoi ra c th to ra cng sut phn khng bng cch:
- Dng ng c ng b lm vic ch qu kch thch
- Dng my pht lm vic ch b.
4.4. XC NH DUNG LNG B
Dung lng b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
b
= P(tg
1
- tg
2
).
Trong : P cng sut tc dng ca ph ti tnh ton

1
gc tng ng vi cos
tb1
trc khi b.

2
gc tng ng vi cos
tb2
sau khi b

Bin son: Nh Trng 66
cos
tb2
c ly bng h s cng sut do c quan qun l h thng in
quy nh, thng ly bng 08 0,95.
: H s tnh n kh nng nng cao h s cos bng phng php t
nhin, thuc khong 0,9 1,0.
* Thng ngi ta xc nh theo dung lng b ti u
Do khi b c th tit kim c dung lng cng sut tc dng:
P
tk
= k
kt
.Q
b
k
b
.Q
b
= Q
b
(k
kt
k
b
)
Trong : k
kt
- ng lng kinh t ca cng sut phn khng kW/kVAr
K
b
- sut tn tht cng sut tc dng trong thit b b, kW/kVAr
k
kt
c xc nh nh sau:
Trc khi b Q gy ra tn tht cng sut tc dng:
R
U
Q
P
2
2
1
=
Sau khi b mt lng Q gy ra tn tht cng sut tc dng l:
R
U
) Q - (Q
P
2
2
bu
2
=

Vy lng cng sut tc dng tit kim c l:
R
U
) Q - (Q
- R
U
Q
P P P
2
2
bu
2
2
2 1
= =
Theo nh ngha ta c:
|
|
\
|
= =
Q
Q
2
U
QR
Q
P
k
bu
2
bu
kt
(Kw/kVAr)
Nu dung lng Q
b
nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut phn khng truyn ti
trn ng dy Q (iu ny thng xy ra trong thc t), tc l c th coi
0 =
Q
Q
bu
, lc ny ng lng kinh t ca cng sut phn khng c tnh theo
cng thc n gin sau:
2
kt
U
QR
2 k =
Nu Q v R cng ln th k
kt
cng ln, ngha l nu ph ti phn khng
cng ln v cng xa ngun th vic b cng c hiu qu kinh t.
Dung lng b ti u
Q
b t.u
= Q -
2R
U
2
k
b
(*)

Bin son: Nh Trng 67
Dung lng b ti u
Q
b. t.u
= Q -
2R
R U
2
(**)
T (*) v (**) ta c: Q
b t.u
|
|
\
|
=
kt
k
bu
k
1 Q

4.5. PHN PHI DUNG LNG B TRONG MNG IN
4.5.1. V tr t thit b b
1. t t b pha cao p ca x nghip: t ti v tr ny c li l gi t
cao p thng r hn t h p, tuy nhin ch lm gim tn tht in nng t v tr
t t b tr ln li in, khoong gim c tn tht in nng trong mng
bin p v li h p x nghip.
2. t t b ti thanh ci h p ca TBA x nghip. T in t ti v tr
ny lm gim tn tht in nng trong trm bin p v cng khng lm gim tn
tht in nng trn li h p x nghip.
3. t t b ti cc t ng lc. t t b ti cc im nu lm gim c
tn tht in nng trn cc ng dy t t phn phi ti cc t ng lc v
trong trm bin p x nghip.
4. t t b ti cc ca tt c ng c. t b ti cc ng c c li nht
v gim tn tht in nng, tuy nhin vn u t s cao v tng chi ph qun l,
vn hnh, bo dng t.
Trong thc t b cos cho x nghip, tu theo quy m ca x nghip v
kt cu ca li in x nghip, ngi ta tin hnh b nh sau:
1. Vi 1 xng sn xut hoc x nghip nh nn t tp trung t b ti
thanh ci h p trm bin p x nghip
2. Vi x nghip loi va c 1 trm bin p v mt s phn xng vi
cng sut kh ln v kh xa trm bin p, gim tn tht in nng trn cc
ng dy t TBA n cc phn xng c th t phn tn t b ti cc t phn
phi phn xng v ti cc ng c c cng sut ln (50 70kW).
3. Vi x nghip quy m ln bao gm hng chc phn xng, thng li
in kh phc tp gao gm trm phn phi trung tm v nhiu trm bin p phn
xng, khi xc nh v tr v cng sut b thng tnh theo 2 bc:

Bin son: Nh Trng 68
- Bc 1: xc nh cng sut b t ti thanh ci h p tt c cc TBA
phn xng.
- Bc 2: phn phi cng sut b ca tng trm ( xc nh c t
bc 1) cho cc phn xng m trm bin p cp in.
4. Cng c th xt t b ton b pha cao p, hoc 1 phn b bn cao, 1
phn b bn h p tu thuc vo chnh lch gi t cao v h p.
Trong trng hp b t nhiu im (trng hp 2 v 3), cng sut b ti
u ti im i no xc nh theo biu thc:
Q
b i
= Q
i
(Q
- Q
b
)
i
R
td
R

Trong : Q
i
cng sut phn khng yu cu ti nt i
Q
- tng cng sut phn khng yu cu, Q
=
=
n
1 i
i
Q
Q
b
- tng cng sut b, xc nh theo bc 1 ca trng hp 3
R
i
- in tr nhnh n v tr nt i
R
t
- in tr tng ng ca li in
R
t

n 2 1
R
1
...
R
1
R
1
1
+ + +
=
V d 4.1. Mt xng c kh nng nghip cng sut 100kW, cos = 0,6.
Yu cu xc nh cng sut b t b nng cos = 0,9.
GII
Vi cos = 0,6 tg = 1,33
Vi cos = 0,9 tg = 0,48
Tng cng sut b t b l:
Q
b
= P(tg
1
- tg
2
) = 100(1,33 0,48) = 85kVAr
V d 4.2. X nghip c kh gm 3 phn xng c mt bng v s liu ph
ti cho trn hnh v. Yu cu t t b bn cnh cc t phn phi ca 3 phn
xng cos = 0,95.

3
S
&
= 50 + j70kVA

2
S
&
= 50 + j50kVA
1
S
&
= 50 + j120kVA
PX1
PX2 PX3

Bin son: Nh Trng 69
Cc ng cp t TBA v 3 phn xng c cc s liu cho trong bng
ng dy Loi cp l(km) r
o
(/km) R()
TBA PX1 PVC(3x50+1,35) 50 0,387 0,0194
TBA PX2 PVC(3x25+1,16) 70 0,727 0,0509
TBA PX3 PVC(3x16+1,10) 100 1,15 0,115

GII
Tng cng sut tnh ton ca x nghip
j240kVA 180 S S S
3 2 1
+ = + +
& & &

0,33 tg 0,95 cos
1,33
180
240
P
Q
1
tg
2 2
= =
= = =

Tng cng sut phn khng cn b ti 3 phn xng nng cos ca x
nghip ln 0,95 l:
Q
b
= P(tg
1
- tg
2
) = 180(1,33 0,33) = 180kVAr
S thay th v s tng ng li in h p dng xc nh Q
b i

in tr tng ng ca li in h p x nghip
R
t
( ) =
+ +
=
+ + +
= 0126 , 0
115 , 0
1
0505 , 0
1
0194 , 0
1
1
R
1
...
R
1
R
1
1
n 2 1

p dng cng thc:
Q
b i
= Q
i
(Q
- Q
b
)
i
R
td
R

Xc nh c cng sut cc t t b t ti 3 phn xng:
TBA
Q
1
Q
b1
Q
2
Q
b2
Q
3
Q
b3
R
1
R
2
R
3
Q
Q
b
R
t
TBA

Bin son: Nh Trng 70
Q
b1
= 120 (240 - 180

)
0,0194
0,0126
= 81kVAr
Q
b2
= 50 (240 - 180

)
0,0509
0,0126
= 35kVAr
Q
b3
= 70 (240 - 180

)
0,115
0,0126
= 64kVAr.
BI TP CHNG 4
Bi tp 1. Mt siu th ln, c ph ti tnh ton P = 600kW, cos = 0,9.
Yu cu la chn t b t ti thanh ci h p TBA siu th nng cos = 0,9.
Bi tp 2. Mt trm bm cao p 10kV t 5 my bm 200kW, cos =
0,7. Yu cu la chn t b 10kV cho trm bm cos = 0,9.
Bi tp 3. Mt mng hnh tia c 4 nhnh, in p 6kV, in tr v ph ti
phn khng ca tng nhnh nh sau:
r
1
= 0,1, Q
1
= 400KVAr
r
2
= 0,05, Q
1
= 400KVAr
r
3
= 0,06, Q
1
= 500KVAr
r
1
= 0,2, Q
1
= 200KVAr
Dung lng b ca mng Q
b
= 1200 kVAr. Hy tnh dung lng b ca tng
nhnh.

Bin son: Nh Trng 71
Chng 5. TNH TON CHIU SNG
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG
Chiu sng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong i sng sinh hot cng
nh trong sn xut cng nghip. Nu nh sng thit s gy hi mt, hai sc kho,
lm gim nng sut lao ng, gy ra th phm ph phm, gy tai nn lao ng
c bit, c nhng cng vic khng th tiwns hnh c nu thiu nh sng
hoc nh sng khng tht (ngha l khng ging nh sng ban ngy) nh b
phn kim tra cht lng my, b phn pha ch ho cht, b phn nhum my
C nhiu cch phn loi c hnh thc chiu sng.
- Cn c vo i thng cn chiu sng chia ra chiu sng dn dng v
chiu sng cng nghip. Chiu sng dn dng bao gm chiu sng cho cn h
gi nh, cc c quan, trng hc, bnh vin, khch sn Chiu sng cng
nghip nhm cung cp nh sng cho cc khu vc sn xut nh nh xng, kho
bi
- Cn c vo mc ch chiu sng chia ra chiu sng chung, chiu sng
cc b, chiu sng s c, chiu sng chung to nn sng ng u trn ton
b din tch cn chiu sng (phng khch, hi trng, nh hng, phn xng).
Chiu sng cc b l hnh thc tp trung nh sng vo 1 im hoc 1 din tch
hp (bn lm vic, chi tit cn gia cng chnh xc nh tin, khoan, ng ch
my khu). Chiu sng s c l hnh thc chiu sng d phng khi xy ra mt
in li nhm mc ch an ton cho con ngi trong cc khu vc sn xut hoc
ni tp trung ng ngi (nh ht, hi trng).
- Ngoi ra cn chia ra chiu sng trong nh, ngoi tri, chiu sng trang
tr, chiu sng bo v
Mi hnh thc chiu sng c yu cu ring, c im ring, dn ti
phng php tnh ton, cch s dung loi n, b tr n khc nhau.
5.2. MT S I LNG DNG TRONG TNH TON CHIU SNG.
5.2.1. Quang thng
Nng lng do mt ngun sng pht ra qua mt in tch trong mt n v
thi gian gi l thng lng ca quang nng. Nhng nh sng ca ngun quang
pht ra gm nhiu song in t c di song khc nhau, do nng lng ca
ngun quang in biu th bng biu thc:

Bin son: Nh Trng 72
=
2
1
2 1

d e E
Trong : e
- hm phn b nng lng

- bc sng
E
12
thng lng ca quang nng t
1
n
2

Thng lng ton phn:
=
0
d e E
Trong ngun quang c cng sut kh ln, nhng c cc bc song khc
nhau, s gy cho mt ta cm gic nhau. Do , ngi ta a thm vo khi nim
r, k hiu V
.
Cui cng ngi ta nh ngha quang thng l tch phn ca thng lng
quang nng v hm r V
=
0

d e V F
n v ca quang thng l Lumen (lm).
5.2.2. Cng nh sng
Nu c mt ngun sng S bc x theo mi phng, trong gc c d n
truyn i mt quang thng dF th i lng
d
dF
gi l cng nh sng ca
ngun sng trong phng :
d
dF
I =
Nu dF tnh bng Lumen, gc c tnh bng st-ra-i-an th cng nh
sng tnh bng nn quc t, gi tt l Nn, k hiu l Cd, 1Cd = 1lm/1sr.
5.2.3. trng v ri
Mt ngun sng c kch thc gii hn, trn ly mt din tch dS,
quang thng bc x theo mi phng ca gc c 2 gi l dF th trng ca
ngun sng c nh ngha:
dS
dF
R = (*)

Bin son: Nh Trng 73
Nh vy trng l quang thng bc x trn mt n v din tch ca
ngun.
Ngc li, ri l phn quang thng thi trn mt n v din tch dS.
ri k hiu l E.

Hnh 5.1. Hnh minh ho xc nh ri
Gi thit c ngun sng C, din tch c chiu sng dS c phng php
tuyn N (hnh v), thng lng ca ngun C i qua din tch dS l dF = ld.
2
r
dScos
d

=
r l khong cch t C n tm dS
Thay vo cng thc (*) ta c:
dS r
ldScos
dS
dF
E
2
= =
Vy ri ca ngun sng t l thun vi cng nh sng v t l
nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun ti tm din tch c chiu
sng, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo hng ti ca ngun.
Tm li, ngi ta nh ngha mt quang thng ri trn mt b mt gi
l ri, n v l lux (vit tt l lx)
S
F
E =
Trong : F quang thng ca ngun sng (lm)
S - din tch chiu sng (m
2
)
5.3. CC LOI N
to ngun sng ngi ta thng dng cc loi n in, thng dng
nht l n si t v n tup.
C
dS
d

r
N

Bin son: Nh Trng 74
5.3.1. n si t
n si t cn gi l n dy tc c dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
do cu to n gin, lp t d dng. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n si t da
trn c s bc x nhit. Khi dng in i qua si dy tc, dy tc s pht sng
v pht quang. Vt liu lm dy tc l Vnfram, Tungsten vn xon c hoc
thng mc dch dc trn cc cc ph v hai cc chnh trong bng n. Nhit
ca dy tc trong bng c th ln ti 200 3000
o
C. Trong bng c th cha kh
tr hoc chn khng. Thng bong cng sut nh th ht chn khng, bng cng
sut ln (trn 75W) th np kh tr.
u im ca n si t:
- Ni trc tip vo li in
- Kch thc nh
- R tin
- Bt sng ngay
- To ra mu sc m p
- cos cao (bng 1)
Nhc im ch yu l tn in v pht nng. Ngoi ra, tnh nng ca n
thay i ng k theo bin thin in p ngun. Mi bin thin in dn ti bin
thin dng in v do bin thin si t nng l nh hng n quan thng
v tui th ca n. V d, nu in p gim i 10% tui th n l 3700h, khi
qu in p 5% tui th ca n nh hn 500h.
5.3.2. n tup
n tup cn gi l n hunh quang. Nguyn tc pht quang ca loi n
ny da trn c s phng in ca cc cht kh. Sau khi rt chn khng ngi ta
np vo trong bng mt t kh argon v thu ngn. Pha mt trong ng bi mt t
bt hunh quang. Hai in cc t hai u ng. Hai in cc t hai u
ng. S ni dy n tup cho trn hnh 5.2. Khi dng in hai u cc ca
Stc-te c in th kh ln lm cho Stcte phng in, mch in c ni lin.
Hai in cc A v B ca bng c t nng. S t nng ny l cn thit cho
s phng in trong n. Khi stcte phng in th in th trn hai cc ca
n gim xung, nhit lng trn stcte cng gim, tip im ca stcte m ra.
Hin tng qu trong mch in xy ra lm cho n phng in t cc A
sang cc B. Cc sng in t phng t A sang B v ngc li c tn s ln, cc

Bin son: Nh Trng 75
song ny p vo mn hunh quang vch bng v pht ra cc tia bc x th
cp ln 2 cc bc sng ny mt ngi ta mi cm thy c.

Hnh 5.2. S ni dy n tup
1. bng n; 2. chn lu; 3. Stcte; 4. t in b cos
a) Vai tr ca cun dy chn lu (chn lu in cm)
Chn lu in cm cho php san bng dng song dng in. Dng in
khng cn hnh sin na
b) Chn lu in t
Do s pht trin ca k thut in t nn ngi ta nghin cu v thay
th cc chn lu kiu cun dy li thp bng mt mch bn dn nh hn v
tiu th in nng t hn.
Vn c bn ddaay l bin i tn s t 50Hz ln khong 20kHz bng
b chnh lu - nghch lu. Chn lu in t c kch thc nh hn nhiu so vi
cc loi chn lu cun dy li thp v loi tr c hiu ng nhp nhy
c) u im n tup:
- Hiu sut nh sng ln, dng ni cn ri ln.
- Tui th cao
- Din tch pht quang ln
- Khi in p thay i trong phm vi cho php, quang thng gim t
(1%)
d) Nhc im:
- Ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao, cos thp

Bin son: Nh Trng 76
- Quang thng ph thuc vo nhit , pham vi pht quang cng ph
thuc nhit . Khi nhit di 15
o
C th stcte lm vic kh khn.
- Khi ng in n khng sng ngay.
Ngoi hai loi n si t v hunh quang cn dng cc n khc nh:
n kh natri p sut thp, n kh natri p sut cao, n halogen kim loi
5.3.3. Cc loi chao n
Chao n l b phn bao bc ngoi bng n. N c dng phn phi
li quang thng ca bng n mt cch hp l v theo yu cu nht nh.
Chao n cn c tc dng lm cho mt khi b chi, bo v cho bng khi
va p, bi bn hoc khi ph hu bi cc kh n mn
Theo cch phn b quang thng, chao n c chia ra lm 3 loi: chao
n chiu trc tip, chao n phn x v chao n khuch tn. Chao n chiu
trc tip c th tp trung hn 90% quang thng ca ngun sng xung pha
di. Ngc li, chao n phn x tp trung ghn 90% quang thng ca ngun
sng ln pha trn ri phn x tr xung. Chao n khuch tn to ra nh sng
khuch tn ch khng thiu nh sng trc tip.
5.4. THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG
Chiu sng dn dng bao gm chiu sng cho cc khu vc nh sng sinh
hot nh nh , hi trng, trng hc, c quan, vn phng i din, ca hng,
siu th, bnh vin v.v nhng khu vc ny yu cu chiu sng chung, khng
i hi tht chnh xc tr s ri cng nh cc thng s k thut khc.
Trong chiu sng dn dng, tu theo kh nng kinh ph, ttu theo mc
yu cu m quan c th s dng mi loi n: n si t, n tup, n
halogen, n natri cao, thp p.
Trnh t thit k chiu sng dn dng nh sau:
1. Cn c vo tnh cht ca i tng cn chiu sng, chn sut ph ti
chiu sng P
o
(W/m
2
) thch hp, t y tnh c tng cng sut chiu sng cho
khu vc c din tch S (m
2
). P
cs
= P
o
.S
2. Chn loi n, cng sut n P
, xc nh tng s bng n cp lp trong

khu vc:
d
cs
P
P
n =

Bin son: Nh Trng 77
3. Cn c vo din tch cn chiu sng, vo s lng bng n, vo tnh
cht yu cu s dng nh sng m chn cch b tr n thch hp (b tr di u
hay thnh rnh, thnh cm, s lng bng trong mi cm)
4. V s u dy t bng in n tng bng n. l bn v mt
bng cp in chiu sng.
5. V s nguyn l li in chiu sng.
6. La chn v kim tra cc phn t trn s (ptomat, cu ch, thanh
ci, dy dn).
Ghi ch: Trong tnh ton chiu sng dn dng th bao gm c tnh ton
thit k cho qut. Trong trng hp ny c 2 cch lm:
- Ly sut ph ti cung cho c chiu sng v qut, sau tr i cng
sut qut (ly thoe thc t) tm c cng sut chiu sng.
- Ly ring sut ph ti cho chiu sng tnh ton thit k chiu sng,
cn qut ly theo thc t, tnh ton ring.
V d 5.1. Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho 1 siu th nh, din tch
10x10m.
GII
Siu th in thoi yu cu mc chiu sng cao. Chn sut chiu sng;
P
o
= 30W/m
2
.
Tng cng sut cn cp cho chiu sng siu th
P = P
o
.S = 30(10x10) = 3000W
Chn dng n tup di 1,2m, cng sut 40W. S lng bng n cn dng l
75
40
3000
= = n bng
s lng ny c b tr thnh 5 dy, mi dy 15 bng chia lm 3 cm, mi
cm 3 bng.
5.5. THIT K CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP
Vi cc nh xng sn xut cng nghip thng l chiu sng chung khi
cn tng cng nh sng ti im lm vic c chiu sng cc b.
V l phn xng sn xut, yu cu kh chnh xc v ri ti mt bn
cng tc, nn thit k chiu sng cho khu vc ny thng dng phng php
h s s dng.
Trnh t tnh ton theo phng php ny nh sau:

Bin son: Nh Trng 78
1. Xc nh treo cao n H = h h
1
h
2

Trong : h - cao ca nh xng
h
1
- khong cch t trn n bng n
h
2
- cao mt bn lm vic
L
L
L L
L
L
H
h
2
h
h
1

Hnh 5.2. B tr n trn mt bng v mt ng
2. Xc nh khong cch gia 2 n k nhau (L) theo t s hp l L/H tra
theo bng 5.1
Bng 5.1. T S L/H HP L CHO CC I TNG CHIU SNG

L/H b tr nhiu
dy
L/H b tr 1 dy
Loi n v ni s dng
Tt
nht
Max cho
php
Tt
nht
Max cho
php
Chiu rng
gii hn ca
nh xng b
tr 1 dy
Chiu sng nh xng
dng chao m hoc st
trng men
2,3 3,2 1,9 2,5 1,3H
Chiu sng nh xng
dng chao vn nng
1,8 2,5 1,8 2,0 1,2H
Chiu sng c quan vn
phng
1,6 1,8 1,5 1,8 1,0H

3. Cn c vo s b tr n trn mt bng, mt ct xc nh h s phn x
ca tng (
tg
%), trn (
tr
%).
4. Xc nh ch s ca phng (c kch thc ab)
( ) b a H
b a
=

Bin son: Nh Trng 79
5. T
tg
,
tr
, tra bng tm h s s dng k
sd

6. Xc nh quang thng ca n
sd
dt
n.k
E.S.Z k
F = (lm)
Trong : k
dt
- h s d tr, tra bng 5.2
E - ri (lx) theo yu cu ca nh xng
S - din tch nh xng (m
2
)
Z - h s tnh ton Z = 0,8 1,4
n - s bng n c xc nh chnh xc sau khi b tr n
trn mt bng
7. Tra s tay tm cng sut bng c F F tnh ton tnh theo cng thc
bc 6
8. V s cp in chiu sng trn mt bng
9. V s nguyn l cp in chiu sng
10. La chn cc phn t trn s nguyn l.
Bng 5.2. H S D TR

H s d tr
Tnh cht mi trng
S ln lau bng
t nht mt thng n tup n si t
Nhiu bi khi, tro, m hng 4 2 1,7
Mc khi, bi, m hng
trung bnh
3 1,8 1,5
t bi khi, tro, m hng 2 1,5 1,3

V d 5.2. Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho phn xng c kh c a =
20m, b = 50m, cao = 4,5m, h
2
= 0,8m, h
1
= 0,7m
GII
1. Xc nh s lng, cng sut bng
Ni dung phn ny bao gm cc hng mc t 1 n 7 trong trnh t tnh
ton nu trn.
V l xng sn xut, d nh dng n si t cos = 1
Chn ri cho chiu sng chung l E = 30lx
treo cao n

Bin son: Nh Trng 80
H = 4,5 - 0,8 - 0,7 = 3m
Tra bng n si t, bng vn nng c L/H = 1,8. Xc nh c khong
cch gia cc n
L = 1,8.H = 1,8.3 = 5,4m
Cn c vo b rng phng (20m) chn L = 5m
n s c b tr lm 4 dy cch nhau 5, cch tng 2,4m tng cng 36
bng, mi dy 9 bng.
Xc nh ch s phng
( ) ( )
5
50 20 3
50 . 20
b a H
b a
+
=
=
Ly h s phn x tng 50%, trn 30%, tra s ta tm c h s s dng k
sd
=
0,48.
Ly k
dt
= 1,3, h s tnh ton Z = 1,1 xc nh c quang thng mi n
l:
2483
48 , 0 . 36
1 , 1 . 1000 . 30 . 3 , 1
n.k
E.S.Z k
F
sd
dt
= = = (lm)
Tra bng chn bng si t 200W c F = 2528lm.
Tng cng sut chiu sng ton xng:
P = 36.200 = 7200W = 7,2kW.
BI TP CHNG 5
Bi tp 1. Yu cu thit k chiu sng v qut cho 1 lp hc kch thc
810m.
Bi tp 2. Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho 1 phng lm vic ca vn
phng i din nc ngoi kch thc 46m.
Bi tp 3. Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho mt hi trng c din tch
1220m.
Bi tp 4. Yu cu thit k h thng chiu sng chung cho phn xng
may xut khu kch thc 1530m. Yu cu ri 100lx.


Bin son: Nh Trng 81
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cung cp in (NXB KHKT), Nguyn Xun Ph, Nguyn Cng Hin,
Nguyn Bi Kh...
2. Gio trnh cung cp in (NXB i hc v THCN), Nguyn Cng Hin,
ng Ngc Dinh...
3. Mng cung cp v phn phi in (NXB KHKT), Bi Ngc Th
4. Li in v H thng in (NXB KHKT), Trn Bch
5. Gio trnh cung cp in (NXB GD), Ng Hng Quang

Bin son: Nh Trng 82
PH LC
PL1 Tr s trung bnh k
sd
v cos ca cc nhm thit b in
Nhm thit b k
sd
cos

Nhm my gia cng kim loi (tin, ca, bo, khoan...) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7
- Phn xng c kh 0,14 0,2 0,5 0,6
- Phn xng sa cha c kh 0,5 0,6 0,7
Nhm my phn xng rn 0,25 0,35 0,6 0,7
Nhm my ca phn xng c 0,3 0,35 0,6 0,7
Nhm ng lm vic lin tc (qut gi, my bm,
my nn kh)
0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8
Nhm ng c lm vic ch ngn hn lp li (cu
trc, cn cu...)
0,05 0,1 0,4 0,5
Nhm my vn chuyn lm vic lin tc (bng ti,
bng chuyn)
0,6 0,7 0,65 0,75
Nhm l in (l in tr, l sy)
- L in tr lm vic lin tc 0,7 0,8 0, 9 0,95
- L cm ng 0,75 0,3 0,4
L cao tn 0,5 06 0,7
Nhm my hn
- Bin p hn h quang 0,3 0,35
- Thit b hn hi, hn ng, nung tn inh 0,35 0,4 0,5 0,6
Nhm my dt 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,8


Bin son: Nh Trng 83
PL2. Tr s trung bnh k
nc
v cos ca cc phn xng
Tn phn xng k
nc
cos
Phn xng c kh lp rp 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
Phn xng nhit luyn 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,9
Phn xng rn, dp 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7
Phn xng c 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8
Phn xng sa cha c kh 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,6
Phn xng nhum, ty, hp 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9
Phn xng nn kh 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8
Phn xng mc 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Phng th nghim, nghin cu khoa hc 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,8
Nh hnh chnh, qun l 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9

PL3. Tr s trung bnh T
max
v cos ca cc x nghip
Tn phn xng T
max
(h) cos
X nghip c kh ch to my 4500 5000 0,6 0,7
X nghip ch to bng bi 5000 5500 0,7 0,75
X nghip ch to dng c 3000 4000 0,62 0,7
X nghip gia cng g 3000 3500 0,65 0,7
X nghip ho cht 5500 6000 0,8 0,84
X nghip ng 1800 5200 0,7 0,8
X nghip luyn kim 5000 5500 0,75 0,88
X nghip bnh ko 5000 - 5300 0,7 0,75
X nghip t my ko 4000 4500 0,72 0,8
X nghip in 3000 3500 0,75 0,82
X nghip dt 4800 5500 0,7 0,8

Bin son: Nh Trng 84
MC LC
Li ni u Trang
GII THIU CHUNG V CUNG CP IN
1. Li in v li cung cp in 4
2. Nhng yu cu i vi phng n cung cp in 4
3. Mt s k hiu trn s cp in 6
Chng 1: TNH TON PH TI IN 8
1.1. Khi nim chung 8
2.2. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc nng thn 8
2.3. Xc nh ph ti in khu vc cng nghip 13
BI TP CHNG 1 19
Chng 2: TNH TON TN THT IN P, TN THT CNG SUT,
N THT IN NNG
2.1. S thay th li cung cp in 21
2.2. Tnh ton tn tht in p 24
2.3. Tnh ton tn tht cng sut 29
BI TP CHNG 2 35
Chng 3: LA CHN CC THIT B IN TRONG LI CUNG CP
IN
3.1. La chn my bin p 36
3.2. La chn my ct in 39
3.3. La chn cu ch, dao cch ly 42
3.4. La chn aptmt 49
3.4. La chn dy dn v cp 50
BI TP CHNG 3 57
Chng 4. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT
4.1. H s cng sut v ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut 58
4.2. Cc bin php nng cao h s cos t nhin 61
4.3. Cc bin php nng cao h s cos nhn to 64
4.4. Xc nh dung lng b 65
4.5. Phn phi dung lng b trong mng in 67
BI TP CHNG 4 70
Chng 5. TNH TON CHIU SNG
5.1. Khi nim chung v chiu sng 71
5.2. Mt s i lng dng trong tnh ton chiu sng. 71
5.3. Cc loi n 73
5.4. Thit k chiu sng dn dng 76
5.5. Thit k chiu sng cng nghip 77
BI TP CHNG 5 80

GT Cung Cap Dien

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GT Cung Cap Dien

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Gio trnh Cung cp in http://www.ebook.edu.

cng sut t ca phn xng (kW)

% = Thi gian lm vic (ng my)/Thi gian kho st

= 351,8 (V) < U

& & & &

- tng cng sut phn khng yu cu, Q

- hm phn b nng lng

, xc nh tng s bng n cp lp trong

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