thiết kế bài giảng hóa tap10

Cao c gic
Thit k bi ging
ha hc

Nh xut bn H ni
tp mt

h tr cho vic dy hc mn Ha hc 10 theo chng trnh sch
gio khoa mi p dng t nm hc 2006 2007, chng ti bin son cun Thit
k bi ging Ha hc 10 tp 1, 2. Sch gii thiu cch thit k bi ging theo
tinh thn i mi phng php dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc nhn thc
ca hc sinh.
V ni dung : Sch bm st ni dung SGK Ha hc 10 theo chng trnh
chun ca B Gio dc v o to ban hnh. mi tit dy u ch r mc tiu
v kin thc, k nng, thi , cc cng vic cn chun b ca gio vin v hc
sinh, cc phng tin tr ging cn thit nhm m bo cht lng tng bi, tng
tit ln lp. Ngoi ra sch cn m rng, b sung thm mt s ni dung lin quan
n bi ging bng nhiu hot ng nhm cung cp thm t liu cc thy,
c gio tham kho vn dng ty theo i tng v mc ch dy hc.
V phng php dy hc : Sch c trin khai theo hng tch cc ha
hot ng ca hc sinh, ly c s ca mi hot ng l nhng vic lm ca hc
sinh di s hng dn, gi m ca thy, c gio. Sch cng a ra nhiu hnh
thc hot ng hp dn, ph hp vi c trng mn hc nh : th nghim, quan
st vt tht hay m hnh, tho lun, thc hnh, nhm pht huy tnh c lp,
t gic ca hc sinh. c bit sch rt ch trng ti khu thc hnh trong
bi hc, ng thi cng ch r tng hot ng c th ca gio vin v hc sinh
trong mt tin trnh dy hc, coi y l hai hot ng cng nhau trong c
hc sinh v gio vin u l ch th.
Chng ti hi vng cun sch ny s l ti liu tham kho hu ch, gp phn
h tr cc thy, c gio ang trc tip ging dy mn Ha hc 10 trong vic nng
cao cht lng bi ging ca mnh. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc
thy, c gio v bn c gn xa cun sch c hon thin hn.
tc gi
Li ni u

Tit 1 n tp
A. Mc tiu
1. Gip HS h thng li cc kin thc ho hc c bn c hc THCS c
lin quan trc tip n chng trnh lp 10.
2. Phn bit c cc khi nim c bn v tru tng : Nguyn t, nguyn t
ho hc, phn t, n cht, hp cht, nguyn cht v hn hp.
3. Rn luyn k nng lp cng thc, tnh theo cng thc v phng trnh phn
ng, t khi ca cht kh.
4. Rn luyn k nng chuyn i gia khi lng mol (M), khi lng cht
(m), s mol (n), th tch kh ktc (V), v s mol phn t cht (A).
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My chiu, giy trong, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi .
HS : n tp cc kin thc thng qua hot ng gii bi tp.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1 (15 pht)
I. n tp cc khi nim c bn
1. Cc khi nim v cht
GV : Yu cu HS nhc li cc khi
nim : Nguyn t, phn t, nguyn t
ho hc, n cht, hp cht, nguyn
cht v hn hp. Ly v d.
HS : Pht biu a ra v d.
GV : Chiu ln mn hnh s phn bit cc khi nim :

Nguyn t
Nguyn t
n cht
Hp cht
Phn t
Nguyn
cht
Hn
hp
Cng loi
Khc loi
Cng loi
Khc loi

2. Mi quan h gia khi lng cht (m), khi lng mol (M), s mol cht
(n), s phn t cht (A) v th tch cht kh ktc (V)
GV : Yu cu HS a ra cc mi quan
h :
Khi lng cht (m) khi lng
mol (M)
Khi lng cht (m) s mol (n)
Khi lng mol (M) s mol (n)
S mol kh (n) Th tch kh (V)
S mol (n) s phn t, nguyn t
(A)
HS : Ghi cc cng thc :
m
n =
M

=
m n. M
m
M
n

=

Kh
V( )
n
22, 4

= V 22, 4. n
(V l th tch kh o ktc)
= =
A
n A N. n
N

(N = 6. 10
23
phn t, nguyn t)
GV : Chiu ln mn hnh s :

3. T khi hi ca kh A so vi kh B
GV : T mi quan h gia n v V trong
s ta c :
= =
A B A B
cng iu kin
T, P
V V n n

GV : Yu cu HS nhc li nh ngha v
t khi ca cht kh.
HS : Ghi cng thc :

= = =
A A A A
A
B
B B B B
m M .n M
d
m M .n M

(m
A
, m
B
l khi lng kh A v B do
cng th tch, nhit v p sut)
GV : Bit khng kh cha 20%
2
O
V v
80%
2
N
V tnh
A
KK
d ?
+
= =
g
KK
mol
32.20 28.80
M 29
100
=
A
A
KK
M
d
29

Hot ng 2 (25 pht)
II. mt s bi tp p dng

GV : Chng ta s luyn tp mt s dng
bi tp vn dng c bn c hc
lp 8, 9.

GV : Chiu ln mn hnh
Bi tp 1 : a) Hy in vo trng ca
bng sau cc s liu thch hp :
S p S n S e
Nguyn t 1 19 20
Nguyn t 2 18 17
Nguyn t 3 19 21
Nguyn t 4 17 20

HS : in vo bng nh sau :
S p S n S e
Nguyn t 1 19 20 19
Nguyn t 2 17 18 17
Nguyn t 3 19 21 19
Nguyn t 4 17 20 17
Nguyn t 1 v 3 thuc cng mt
nguyn t ho hc v c cng s p l
19 (nguyn t kali)
b) Trong 4 nguyn t trn, nhng cp
nguyn t no thuc cng mt nguyn
t ho hc ? V sao ?
c) T 4 nguyn t trn c kh nng to
ra c nhng n cht v hp cht ho
hc no ?
Nguyn t 2 v 4 thuc cng mt
nguyn t ho hc v c cng s p l
17 (nguyn t clo)
n cht : K, Cl
2

Hp cht : KCl.
Bi tp 2 : Xc nh khi lng mol ca
cht hu c X, bit rng khi ho hi 3gX
thu c th tch hi ng bng th tch
ca 1,6g O
2
trong cng iu kin.
GV : Gi HS s dng mi quan h
gia V (kh hoc hi) v s mol n.
HS : = =
2 2
X O X O
V V n n
= =
X
X
3 1, 6
M 60
M 32

Bi tp 3 : Xc nh
2
A
H
d bit ktc
5,6 lt kh A c khi lng 7,5g ?
HS : = =
A
5, 6
n 0, 25 (mol)
22, 4

= =
A
7, 5
M 30
0, 25

GV : Tnh
2
A
H A A
n M d
= =
2
A
H
30
d 15
2

Bi tp 4 : Mt hn hp kh A gm SO
2

v O
2
c =
4
A
CH
d 3. Trn V lt O
2
vi
20 lt hn hp A thu c hn hp B c
=
4
B
CH
d 2, 5 . Tnh V ?
GV : Tnh A B M M V

HS : = = A M 3.16 48
+
= = =
+
B
32. V 48.20
M 16. 2, 5 40
V 20

V = 20 (lt).
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh
GV : Nhc HS ni dung s luyn tp tit 2 v yu cu HS n tp cc ni dung sau :
1. Cch tnh theo cng thc v tnh theo phng trnh phn ng trong bi
ton ho hc.
2. Cc cng thc v dung dch : tan, nng C%, nng C
M
, ...

GV : Cho HS ghi mt s BT thuc dng sau v nh chun b bi c tt hn.
Bi 1. Mt hn hp kh A gm 0,8 mol O
2
; 0,2 mol CO
2
v 2 mol CH
4
.
a) Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp A.
b) Cho bit kh A nng hn hay nh hn khng kh ? bao nhiu ln ?
c) Tnh % th tch v % khi lng mi kh trong A ?
Bi 2. Phi dng bao nhiu gam tinh th CaCl
2
.6H
2
O v bao nhiu gam nc
iu ch c 200 ml dung dch CaCl
2
30% ?
Bi 3. C bao nhiu gam tinh th NaCl tch ra khi lm lnh 600 g dung dch
NaCl bo ho t 90
0
C xung O
0
C. Bit rng :
S
NaCl
(O
0
C) = 35 g v S
NaCl
(90
0
C) = 50 g.
Bi 4. Cho m g CaS tc dng vi m
1
g dung dch axit HBr 8,58% thu c m
2
g
dung dch trong mui c nng 9,6% v 672ml kh H
2
S (ktc).
a) Tnh m, m
1
, m
2
?
b) Cho bit dung dch HBr dng hay d ? Nu cn d hy tnh nng
C% HBr d sau phn ng ?
Bi 5. Ngm mt l nhm ( lm sch lp oxit) trong 250 ml dung dch AgNO
3

0,24M sau mt thi gian ly ra (ra nh, lm kh) thy khi lng l nhm tng
thm 2,97g.
a) Tnh lng Al phn ng v lng Ag bm vo l nhm ?
b) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng ?
Bit th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k.

Tit 2 n tp (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc rn luyn k nng tnh theo cng thc v tnh theo phng trnh
phn ng m lp 8, 9 cc em lm quen.

2. n tp li cc khi nim c bn v dung dch v s dng thnh tho cc
cng thc tnh tan, nng C%, nng C
M
, khi lng ring ca
dung dch.
GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi .
HS : n tp cc ni dung m GV nhc nh tit trc v gii mt s
bi tp vn dng theo ngh ca GV.
C. Tin trnh Dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
I. n tp cc khi nim v cng thc v dung dch
GV : Yu cu cc nhm HS h thng
li cc khi nim v cng thc thng
dng khi gii cc bi tp v dung dch.
HS : Tho lun nhm (3 pht).
GV : Chiu ln mn hnh cc ni dung
m HS tho lun (lu li gc bng
tin s dng) :
HS : Ghi cc kt qu trn mn hnh
vo v hc.

1.
= +
dd t dm
2
Cht tan (rn, lng, kh)
Dung dch m m m
Dung mi (H O)

t dm
t
dm
2. tan (S) : m ho tan trong m
m
S .100(g)
m S(g) ho tan trong 100gdm

a s cc cht rn : S tng khi t
o
tng.
Vi cht kh : S tng khi t
o
gim, p tng.
3. Phn loi dung dch da vo gi tr tan :
Nu m
t
= S dung dch bo ho.
Nu m
t
< S dung dch cha bo ho.
Nu m
t
> S dung dch qu bo ho.
4. Cc loi cng thc tnh nng dung dch :

a) Nng phn trm C% S gam cht tan trong 100g dung dch.
dd
t
t
dd t
dd
m . C%
m
m
100
C% .100(%)
m m .100
m
C%

b) Nng mol C
M
S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch (1000 ml).
=
= =

=
M ( )
M
( )
M
n C . V
n n.1000
C
n
V V( ) V(ml)
C

5. Mi quan h gia C% v C
M
.
t
dd
M
M
dd
t
m (g)
C% .100
m (g)
n.1000
C
C%.10. d
V(ml)
C
M
m (g)
d
(Ml khi lng mol cht tan)
V(ml)
m (g)
M
n

Hot ng 2 (30 pht)
ii. hng dn gii mt s dng bi tp
GV : Chiu bi tp 1 ln mn hnh
HS theo di.

Bi tp 1. Tnh khi lng mui NaCl
tch ra khi lm lnh 600g dung dch
NaCl bo ho t 90
0
C xung 0
0
C ? Bit
S
NaCl
(0
0
C) = 35g
S
NaCl
(90
0
C) = 50g.
HS : Suy ngh 3 pht.
GV : Gi mt HS nhc li tan ca
NaCl thay i nh th no khi gim t
0

dung dch ?
HS : tan gim.
GV : Lm th no tnh c khi
lng cht tan NaCl v khi lng
dung mi H
2
O trong 600g dung dch
NaCl bo ho 90
0
C ?
HS : S
NaCl
(90
0
C) = 50 g/100g H
2
O
90
0
C :
50g NaCl + 100g H
2
O 150g dd
200g NaCl 400g H
2
O 600g dd
GV : Nu gi m l khi lng NaCl
tch ra khi lm lnh dung dch t
90
0
C 0
0
C th ti O
0
C m
t
v m
dm
l
bao nhiu ?
HS : Gi m l khi lng NaCl tch ra
0
0
C : m
t
= (200 m)g
m
dm
= 400g
GV : p dng cng thc tnh tan
NaCl 0
0
C phng trnh bc nht
n m m ?
GV : Nhn xt v chm im, ng
thi nhc li cc bc lm chnh.
(c th HS lp lun theo cch khc).
GV : Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn hnh :
HS :
= =
0
NaCl
200 m
S (0 C) .100 35
400

m = 60g.
Bi tp 2. 12
0
C c 1335g dung dch
CuSO
4
bo ho. un nng dung dch
ln 90
0
C. Hi phi thm vo dung dch
bao nhiu gam CuSO
4
c dung
dch bo ho 90
0
C ?

HS : Suy ngh 3 pht.

Bit
=
=
4
4
0
CuSO
0
CuSO
S (12 C) 33, 5g
S (90 C) 80g

GV : Tng t NaCl, tan ca CuSO
4

s thay i nh th no khi tng nhit
?
HS : tan tng.
GV : Tng t bi tp 1 hy ngh
cch tnh khi lng cht tan CuSO
4
v
khi lng dung mi H
2
O trong 1335g
dung dch bo ho 12
0
C ?
HS : =
4
0
CuSO
S (12 C) 33, 5g
12
0
C :
33,5g CuSO
4
+ 100g H
2
O 133,5g dd
335g CuSO
4
1000g H
2
O 1335g dd
GV : 12
0
C dung dch trng thi
bo ho, vy khi un nng dung dch
ln 90
0
C, trng thi dung dch s nh
th no ?
HS : Ti 90
0
C dung dch s cha
bo ho.
GV : Nu gi m l khi lng CuSO
4

cn thm vo thu c dung dch
bo ho ti 90
0
C th ti 90
0
C m
t
v m
dm

l bao nhiu ?
HS : Gi m l khi lng CuSO
4
thm
vo
90
0
C : m
t
= (335 + m)g
m
dm
= 1000g.
GV : p dng cng thc tnh tan
CuSO
4
90
0
C phng trnh bc
nht n m m ?
HS :
+
= =
4
0
CuSO
335 m
S (90 C) .100 80
1000

m = 465g.
GV : Nhn xt v chm im, ng
thi nhc li cc bc lm chnh. Kt
hp vi li gii bi tp 1. GV c th rt
ra cc bc gii tng qut cho bi ton
"tnh lng cht tan cn thm vo
hoc tch ra khi thay i nhit
dung dch bo ho cho sn".
HS : Cc nhm tho lun cch lm cho
dng bi tp ny.
Bi tp 3. Cho m gam CaS tc dng vi
m
1
gam dung dch HBr 8,58% thu c
m
2
gam dung dch trong mui c
nng 9,6% v 672ml kh H
2
S (ktc).
a) Tnh m, m
1
, m
2
?
b) Cho bit dung dch HBr dng
hay d ? Nu cn d hy tnh nng
C% HBr d sau phn ng ?
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Vit phng trnh phn ng khi
ho tan CaS vo dung dch HBr ? Tnh
s mol H
2
S ?
HS : CaS + 2HBr CaBr
2
+ H
2
S
nH
2
S = 672 : (22,4 . 100) = 0,03 (mol)
GV : Nu CaS tan ht (HBr hoc d)
hy tnh s mol cc cht trong phng
trnh phn ng theo s mol H
2
S ?
HS : CaS + 2HBr CaBr
2
+ H
2
S
0,03 0,06 0,03 0,03
GV : T hy xut cch tnh m,
m
1
, m
2
?
HS : m = m
CaS
= 72. 0,03 = 2,16 (g).
= =
2
CaBr
m 200. 0, 03 6(g)
m
2
= =
6.100
62, 5(g)
9, 6

GV : Lm th no tnh c m
1
?
HS : p dng LBTKL :

m + m
1
= m
2
+
2
H S
m
m
1
= 62,5 + 34.0,03 2,16 = 61,36 (g)
GV : Lm th no chng t HBr d
chp nhn gi thit CaS tan ht ?
HS : = =
HBr b
61, 36.8, 58
m 5, 26(g)
100

Theo phn ng :
m
HBr
p = 81.0,06 = 4,86 (g)
HBr d gi thit CaS tan ht l
ng.
GV : Tnh C% HBr d ? HS : m
HBr d
= 5,26 4,86 = 0,4 (g)
C% (HBr d) = =
0, 4
.100 0, 64%
62, 5
.
GV : Nhn xt v chm im. Gii p
thc mc ca HS. Nu r nhng ch
khi tnh ton theo C%.

Bi tp 4. Cho 500ml dung dch
AgNO
3
1M (d = 1,2 g/ml) vo 300 ml
dung dch HCl 2M (d = 1,5 g/ml).
Tnh nng mol cc cht to thnh
trong dung dch sau pha trn v nng
C% ca chng ? Gi thit cht rn
chim th tch khng ng k.
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Tnh s mol AgNO
3
v HCl ban
u ?
HS :
3
AgNO
n 0, 5.1 0, 5mol = =
n
HCl
= 0,3. 2 = 0,6 mol
GV : Vit phng trnh phn ng xy
ra khi trn 2 dung dch ?
HS : AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl + HNO
3
(1)
0,5 < 0,6 0,5 0,5
GV : Xc nh li thnh phn ca cht
tan trong dung dch sau phn ng ?
HS :

(Ch loi cc cht kt ta).
dd sau phn ng
3
HNO : 0, 5mol
HCl : 0,1mol

GV : tnh c C
M
cn phi bit V ? HS : V
dd
= 0,5 + 0,3 = 0,8 lit

M 3
0, 5
C (HNO ) 0, 625M
0, 8
= =
M
0,1
C (HCl) 0,125M
0, 8
= =
GV : tnh c C% cn phi tnh
khi lng dd sau khi trn ?
HS : = =
3
ddAgNO
m 500.1, 2 600(g)
m
dd HCl
= 300. 1,5 = 450 (g)
(1) m
AgCl
= 0,5. 143,5 = 71,75 (g)
m
dd sau p
=
3
ddAgNO ddHCl
m m +
AgCl

= 600 + 450 71,75 = 978,25 (g)

3
63. 0, 5
C%(HNO ) .100 3, 22%
978, 25
= =
36, 5. 0,1
C%(HCl) .100 0, 37%
978, 25
= =
GV : Nhn xt v chm im. Nu r
cch p dng cc cng thc tnh C
M
,
C% v LBTKL.

Hot ng 3
dn d bi tp v nh (5 pht)
GV : Yu cu HS n li mt s kin thc trng tm c bn ca lp 8, 9 chun
b cho chng trnh lp 10. C th yu cu HS v nh lm mt s bi tp sau
cng c kin thc :

Bi tp 1. Ho tan 15,5g Na
2
O vo nc thu c 0,5 lt dung dch A.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh C
M
dung dch A ?
b) Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% (d = 1,14 g/ml) cn dng trung ho
ht dung dch A ?
c) Tnh C
M
cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng trung ho ?
Bi tp 2. Cho 50ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH
thu c dung dch A lm qu tm ho . dung dch A khng lm i mu
qu tm ngi tan phi thm vo 20ml dung dch KOH 0,5 M.
Tnh nng C
M
ca dung dch NaOH dng ?
Bi tp 3. Kh hon ton 10,23g hn hp 2 oxit l CuO v PbO bng kh CO
nhit cao. Ton b lng kh CO
2
sinh ra c dn qua bnh ng dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 11g kt ta.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ?
b) Tnh th tch kh CO (ktc) tham gia phn ng ?
c) Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp ?
Bi tp 4. Ho tan a gam mt kim loi M va trong 200g dung dch HCl
7,3% thu c dung dch X trong nng ca mui M to thnh l 11,96%
(theo khi lng).
Tnh a v xc nh kim loi M ?

Chng 1
nguyn t
Tit 3 thnh phn nguyn t
A. Mc tiu

1. Gip HS lm quen vi cc loi ht c bn cu thnh nguyn t : proton (p),
electron (e), v ntron (n). T hiu c s lc v cu to nguyn t
gm lp v electron ca nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t.
2. Hiu v s dng cc n v o lng v khi lng, in tch v kch thc
ca nguyn t nh : u, tv, nm,
o
A.
3. Tp pht hin v gii quyt vn qua cc th nghim kho st v cu trc
nguyn t.
GV : Thit k th nghim m phng v ng tia m cc ca Tm-xn hoc
phng to hnh 1.3 (SGK).
GV v HS : C th tham kho phn mm Elements hoc Atoms, Bonding
and Structures (2003) ti website : www.rayslearning.com vi phin bn
mi nht.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
i. thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t (30 pht)
GV t vn : T trc CN n th k XIX ngi ta cho rng cc cht u
c to nn t nhng ht cc k nh b khng th phn chia c na gi l
nguyn t. Ngy nay, ngi ta bit rng nguyn t c cu to phc tp : gm c
ht nhn mang in tch dng v lp v electron mang in tch m.
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
1. Eelectron
a) S tm ra electron
GV hng dn HS tm hiu th nghim
minh ho hnh 1.3 (SGK) theo
phng php dy hc t v gii quyt
vn .

GV : Khi phng in vi mt ngun
in ( 15kV) gia 2 in cc bng
kim loi gn vo 2 u mt ng thu
tinh kn trong cn rt t khng kh
(gn nh chn khng) thy thnh
ng thu tinh pht sng mu lc nht
chng t iu g ?
HS : Phi c chm tia khng nhn thy
c pht ra t cc m p vo thnh
ng.
GV : Ngi ta gi chm tia l nhng
tia m cc (pht ra t cc m).
HS : Chm tia khng nhn thy pht ra
t cc m gi l tia m cc.
GV : Trn ng i ca tia m cc nu
ta t mt chong chng nh thy
chong chng quay chng t iu g ?
HS : Tia m cc l mt chm ht
chuyn ng rt nhanh.
GV : Ht vt cht trong tia m cc c
mang in hay khng ? Mang in dng
hay m ? Lm th no chng minh
c iu ny ?
HS : C th t ng phng tia m cc
gia 2 bn in cc mang in tri du.
Nu tia m cc mang in th n
phi lch v pha bn in cc mang
in ngc du
GV : Minh ho qua th nghim m
phng hoc m t Tia m cc lch
v pha bn in cc dong.
Vy tia m cc l chm ht mang in
dng hay m ?
HS : Tia m cc l chm ht mang
in m.
GV kt lun : Ngi ta gi nhng ht
to thnh tia m cc l electron (k
hiu l e). Electron c mt mi cht,
n l mt trong nhng thnh phn cu
to nn nguyn t ca mi nguyn t
ho hc.
HS : Tia m cc l chm ht electron
(e).
Electron to nn lp v nguyn t
ca mi nguyn t ho hc.
b) Khi lng v in tch ca electron
GV : Yu cu HS c v ghi khi lng
v in tch electron vo v.
HS : m
e
= 9,1. 10
31
kg
= 9,1. 10
28
g 0,00055u.

GV : biu th khi lng ca
nguyn t v cc tiu phn ca n,
ngi ta dng n v khi lng
nguyn t, k hiu l u (atomic mass
unit) : Mt u l
1
12
khi lng ca mt
nguyn t ng v cacbon 12 (c gi
tr l 19,9265. 10
27
kg).
1u =
27
19, 9265.10 kg
12

= 1,6605. 10
27
kg
= 1,6605. 10
24
g.

GV : Electron c in tch m v c gi
tr q
e
= 1,602. 10
19
culng, l in
tch nh nht nn c dng lm in
tch n v (tv) : q
e
= 1
HS : q
e
= 1,602. 10
19
C = 1
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t
GV t vn : trn chng ta bit nguyn t cha cc ht electron mang
in tch m m nguyn t th trung ho v in. Vy chc chn phi cha
nhng phn t mang in tch dng. chng minh iu ny, chng ta tin
hnh tm hiu th nghim ca R-d-pho c minh ho hnh 1.4 (SGK).
GV : M t th nghim hnh 1.4 (s
dng hnh v phng to hoc m phng
th nghim bng my tnh) : S dng
cht phng x rai phng ra mt chm
ht nhn anpha () mang in tch
dng, c khi lng gp khong 7500
HS : Nghin cu cc thit b ca th
nghim v mc ch ca chng.

ln khi lng ca electron, qua khe h
nh v pha tm bia bng vng mng,
xung quanh l mn hunh quang hnh
vng cung, ph ZnS quan st cc
ht bn v cc pha (mn s lo sng
khi c ht bn vo).

GV thng bo kt qu th nghim.
Hu ht cc ht xuyn qua tm
vng mng.
Mt s t ht (khong 1/10000 tng
s ht ) b bt tr li.
Kt qu ny chng t iu g ?
HS : Hu ht cc ht xuyn qua tm
vng mng chng t nguyn t
khng phi l nhng ht c kht m
c cu to rng.
Cc ht tch in dng, chng b
lch ng i hoc b bt tr li
chng n gn cc phn t tch in
dng nn b y.
GV hng dn HS kt lun :
Nguyn t c cu to rng, ht nhn
ca nguyn t mang in dng nm
tm ca nguyn t v c kch thc
nh b so vi kch thc ca nguyn t.
Xung quanh ht nhn c cc electron
to nn v nguyn t khi lng nguyn
t hu nh tp trung ht nhn.
V ch c mt phn rt nh cc ht
b lch hng cc ht tch in
dng trong nguyn t gy nn va
chm ch chim mt th tch rt nh
trong nguyn t.

HS : Ghi kt lun.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t
GV t vn : Ht nhn nguyn t cn phn chia c na khng, hay n
c cu to t nhng ht nh no ?
a) S tm ra proton

GV : M t th nghim ca R-d-pho
nm 1918 : Khi bn ph ht nhn
nguyn t nit bng ht , ng
thy xut hin ht nhn nguyn t oxi v

mt loi ht c khi lng 1,6726.10
27
kg
mang mt n v in tch dng, l
proton.

GV : Kt lun: Ht proton (p) l mt
thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn
nguyn t.
HS : Ghi kt lun v nhn xt
Ht proton (p) l mt thnh phn cu
to ca ht nhn nguyn t.
GV : Khi lng v in tch ht nhn
proton l bao nhiu ?
(ht my chiu cc thng tin v ht proton)
q
p
= 1,602 . 10
19
C = e
0
= 1+
m
p
= 1,6726 . 10
27
kg 1u
b) S tm ta ntron
GV : Nm 1932, Chat-uch dng ht
bn ph ht nhn nguyn t Beri thy
xut hin mt loi ht mi khng mang
in : ht ntron.
HS : Nghe v ghi thng tin.
GV : Ht my chiu thng tin v ht
ntron :

Ntron cng l mt thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t. q
n
= 0 ;
m
n
= 1,6748 . 10
27
kg u.
c) Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t
GV : Vy t cc th nghim trn, hy kt
lun v cu to ht nhn nguyn t ?
HS : Nu kt lun (SGK tr 7).
ii. kch thc v khi lng nguyn t (10 pht)
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
1. Kch thc

GV : Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc
nhau c kch thc khc nhau. Nu
HS : n v o kch thc nguyn
t v cc ht p, n, e l nanomet (nm)
hnh dung nguyn t nh mt qu cu
trong c cc electron chuyn ng
rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn, th n
c ng knh khong 10
10
m con s ny
hoc angstron () :
1nm = 10
9
m = 10
1 = 10
10
m = 10
8
cm
l rt nh, nn ngi ta thng dng
n v nanomet (nm) hay angstrom ()
biu din kch thc ca nguyn t
v cc ht p, n, e. Ch :
1nm = 10
9
m = 10
1 = 10
10
m = 10
8
cm

GV thng bo :
ng knh nguyn t khong 10
1
nm.
ng knh ca ht nhn nguyn t
khong 10
5
nm.
ng knh ca electron, proton vo
khong 10
8
nm.
HS : Ghi cc kt lun thng bo ca
GV.
Kt lun : Cc electron c kch thc
rt nh b chuyn ng xung quanh
ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca
nguyn t.
Hot ng 5 (5 pht)
2. Khi lng

GV : Cn phn bit khi lng nguyn
t tuyt i v tng i :
a) Khi lng tuyt i l khi lng
thc ca mt nguyn t, bng tng
khi lng ca tt c cc ht trong
nguyn t :
m = m
p
+ m
n
+ m
e
.
HS : Khi lng nguyn t tuyt i l
khi lng thc ca mt nguyn t
m = m
p
+ m
n
+ m
e
.
V d : Khi lng nguyn t H l :
m
H
= 1,67. 10
24
g
Khi lng nguyn t C l :
m
C
= 19,92. 10
24
g
HS : Ghi v d.
b) Khi lng tng i ca mt
nguyn t l khi lng tnh theo n
v nguyn t (u) vi quy c :
1u =
1
12
khi lng tuyt i ca mt
nguyn t
12
C.
HS : Khi lng tng i ca mt
nguyn t l khi lng tnh theo n
v nguyn t (u).
GV : Vy 1u bng bao nhiu gam ?
GV : Cng thc (1) dng chuyn
n v gia u v g hoc ngc li.
HS : 1u =
24
19, 92.10
12

= 1,66. 10
24
g (1)
V d : Tnh khi lng nguyn t
tng i ca nguyn t H bit
m
H
= 1,67. 10
24
g.
HS : Theo (1) ta c :
KLNT (H) =
24
24
1, 67.10
1u
1, 66.10
.
Ch : Khi lng nguyn t dng
trong bng tun hon chnh l khi
lng tng i gi l nguyn t khi.
HS : Ghi ch .

Hot ng 6 (5 pht)
cng c bi

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK).
D. t liu tham kho
Nm 1901, Perrin xut m hnh hnh tinh : "Mi nguyn t gm hai
phn : mt phn l mt hay nhiu khi tch in dng rt mnh, kiu nh Mt
Tri dng m in tch rt ln, cn phn kia l nhng ht nh, kiu nh
nhng hnh tinh m, nhng khi ny chuyn ng do tc dng ca nhng lc
in v in tch m tng cng bng ng in tch dng, do nguyn t l
mt h trung ho in".
Nm 1903, Thomson xut m hnh tiu cu : "Nguyn t l mt qu cu
nh c in tch dng, nhng electron chuyn ng bn trong qu cu ny".
Nm 1911, Rutherford lm th nghim tn x ht bi l vng mng. Kt
qu cho thy m hnh Thomson l khng ng. Do Rutherford sa i
Nguyn t
Proton
(p)
Ntron
(n)
trung ho in
V (cc electron)
mang in m
q
e
= q
p
= 1,6. 10
19
C = 1 = e
0
m
e
= 9,1. 10
28
g 0,00055u
Li (ht nhn)
mang in dng
q
p
= +1,6. 10
19
C = 1+ =e
0
m
p
= 1,67. 10
24
g 1u
q
n
= 0 (khng mang in)
m
n
= m
p
= 1u

m hnh hnh tinh nh sau : "Mt ht nhn trung tm duy nht tch in
dng, cc electron quay quanh ht nhn theo nhng qu o trn".
Nhng m hnh c in ny khng nht qun. Khi chuyn ng trn nhng
qu o trn, cc electron c gia tc php tuyn khc khng, m theo vt l c
in, th ht tch in c gia tc s pht nng lng lin tc, dn n nng lng
ca nguyn t gim lin tc v electron dn dn s ri vo ht nhn Nguyn t
l mt h khng bn vng.
Nm 1913, Bohr khc phc tnh khng nht qun ca m hnh
Rutherford bng cch vn dng thuyt lng t ho ca Plank v chp nhn
mun cho qu o trn l bn vng th bn knh r ca qu o v vn tc v ca
electron phi tho mn h thc :
m
e
. v. r = n. vi n N
*
v
h
2
=
gi l hng s Plank rt gn.

Chun ca vect vn tc v lin h vi bn knh r theo h thc :
2
o e
e 1
v .
4 m r
=

(
o
l lng t nng lng tnh theo h thc
o
= h).
iu kin lng t ho m
e
vr = n dn n h thc :
2 2
2 2 o o
2 2
e e
4
r n . n .
m .e .m .e

= =

i lng
2 2
o o
2 2
e e
4
m .e .m .e

=

ny ng nht vi di, nn theo truyn
thng, n c gi l bn knh Bohr v k hiu l a
o
:
2 2
o o
o 2 2
e e
4
a
m .e .m .e

= =

Nhng qu o bn vng ca electron l nhng vng trn c bn knh r sao
cho r = n
2
.a
o
.

C th suy ra nhng gi tr tng ng ca nng lng ton phn E ca
nguyn t. V r b lng t ho bi n nn E cng b lng t ho bi n theo
biu thc :
4 2
e
n 2 2 2 2
o o o
m .e 1 e 1
E . .
8. .h n 8. . .a n

= =

T nhng mc nng lng ca m hnh Bohr v t gi thuyt Einstein v
nng lng ca photon vi tn s V, c th suy ra dng v ca ph nguyn t hiro.
Tuy nhin m hnh Bohr khng th gii thch c ph ca nhng nguyn t khc
nguyn t hiro. y l mt hn ch ln ca m hnh ny.
Nhiu d kin thc nghim khc (v d hiu ng Comptom) thc y
cc nh vt l m rng lng tnh sng ht ra cho tt c cc vi ht nh lm vi
photon v mn c hc sng ca de Broglie xut hin trong hon cnh . Cng
trnh ca de Broglie c b sung bng nhng cng trnh ca Schrodinger,
Heisenberg, Pauli v Dirac v thng c gi ph bin l Vt l lng t v
m ra cho ho hc mt lnh vc l th l Ho hc lng t.
e. hng dn gii bi tp trong sgk
1. Cu ng l B.
2. Cu ng l D.
3. Cu ng l C.
4. T s v khi lng ca electron so vi proton.
31
27
9,1095.10 kg 1
1, 6726.10 kg 1836

T s v khi lng ca electron so vi ntron :
31
27
9,1095.10 kg 1
1, 6748.10 kg 1839
.
5. a) Khi lng ring ca cht rn tnh theo cng thc :
3
3
m(g)
d (g / cm )
V(cm )
= .

Th tch ca 1 nguyn t Zn l :
3
4
V r
3
=
r = 1,35. 10
1
nm = 1,35. 10
8
cm

=
8 3
4
V .3,14(1, 35.10 )
3
= 10,29. 10
24
cm
3
.
Khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Zn l :
65. 1,66. 10
24
= 107,9. 10
24
g
3
24
g
Zn 24 3 cm
107, 9.10 g
d 10, 48
10, 29.10 cm
= =
Ch : Gi tr khi lng ring ny tng ng vi gi thit tt c cc nguyn
t Zn c xp kht vo nhau sao cho khng cn ch trng no trong tinh th (tinh
th c kht). Thc t, trong tinh th, cc nguyn t Zn ch chim hn 70% th
tch, phn cn li l rng nn thc t khi lng ring ca Zn l 7,3 g/cm
3
.

b) Tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t Zn :
Th tch ht nhn nguyn t Zn l
3
4
V r
3
=
r = 2. 10
6
nm = 2. 10
13
cm

= = =
3 13 3 39 3
4 4
V r .3,14.(2.10 ) 33, 49.10 cm
3 3

Thc t, hu nh ton b khi lng ca nguyn t tp trung ht nhn nn
khi lng ca ht nhn l :
65. 1,66. 10
24
= 107,9. 10
24
g
Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t Zn l :
3
24
15 g
39 3 cm
107, 9.10 g
3, 22.10
33, 49.10 cm
=

Tit 4 ht nhn nguyn t
nguyn t ho hc. ng v

a. mc tiu
Gip HS hiu c cc khi nim in tch ht nhn, s khi, nguyn t
khi v cch tnh.
T hiu c nh ngha nguyn t ho hc v k hiu nguyn t ca
nguyn t.
b. chun b ca GV v HS
My tnh, my chiu, bt d, giy trong.
M hnh hoc hnh v cu to ht nhn ca mt s nguyn t.
c. tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
kim tra bi c v cha bi tp v nh
GV : Yu cu 1 HS trnh by tm tt
thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t v
cho bit in tch, khi lng cc ht
c bn (p, n, e).
HS : Phi trnh by c nguyn t
gm 2 phn :
Ht nhn (p, n)
p
n
p n
q 1
q 0
m m 1u
= +
= =

Lp v electron (e)
e p
e
q q 1
m 0, 00055u
= =
GV : Gi 1 HS khc lm nhanh bi tp
trc nghim 1, 2, 3 (SGK) v 2 HS
khc ln bng lm bi tp 4, 5 (SGK).
GV : Nhn xt v cho im.
HS : Lm bi tp.

i. ht nhn nguyn t (10 pht)
Hot ng 2 (5 pht)
1. in tch ht nhn
GV : bi trc cc em bit ht
nhn nguyn t gm p v n nhng ch
c p mang in. Mi ht p mang in
tch 1+. Vy suy ra s n v in tch
ca ht nhn phi bng s ht no
trong ht nhn ?
GV : Nu ht nhn c Z proton th in
tch ca ht nhn bng Z+ v s n v
in tch ht nhn bng Z.
HS : S n v in tch ca ht nhn
bng s proton (p).
GV : in tch ca mi ht e l 1 m
nguyn t trung ho v in, vy c
nhn xt g v s p v s e trong
nguyn t ?
HS : S p = s e.
p dng : Cho in tch ht nhn ca
nguyn t N l 7+. Hi nguyn t N c
bao nhiu p v bao nhiu e ?
HS : S p = s e = 7
GV : Biu thc lin h gia s n v
in tch ht nhn Z, s proton v s
electron :
S n v in tch ht nhn Z = s
proton = s electron.
HS : Z = s p = s e.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
2. S khi

GV : Nu nh ngha v s khi A
Cng thc : A = Z + N
Nhn xt v s khi A ?
HS : Ghi nh ngha v cng thc :
A = Z + N
Z : s n v in tch ht nhn
(s ht proton)
N : s ht ntron
S khi A l mt s nguyn.
GV : Tnh s khi ca Li bit ht nhn
Li c 3 proton v 4 ntron ?
HS : A = 3 + 4 = 7.
GV kt lun : S n v in tch ht
nhn Z v s khi A c trng cho
ht nhn v cng c trng cho nguyn
t, v khi bit Z v A ca mt nguyn
t s bit c s proton, s electron
v c s ntron (N = A Z) trong
nguyn t .
HS : Ghi kt lun.
p dng : Trong nguyn t Na bit
A = 23, Z = 11. Tnh s ht c bn p, n
v e trong nguyn t Na ?
HS : Na c 11p, 11e v 23 11 = 12n.
ii. nguyn t ho hc (12 pht)
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
1. nh ngha
GV t vn : Tnh cht ho hc ca
mt nguyn t ph thuc vo s electron
v do ph thuc vo s n v
in tch ht nhn Z ca nguyn t
cc nguyn t c cng s n v in
tch ht nhn Z th c cng tnh cht
ho hc.

GV chiu ln mn hnh nh ngha :
Nguyn t ho hc l nhng nguyn t
c cng in tch ht nhn.
HS : Ghi nh ngha.
GV : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng s
n v in tch ht nhn l 11 u
thuc nguyn t natri. Chng u c
11p v 11e.

GV : Cho n nay, ngi ta bit khong
92 nguyn t ho hc c trong t nhin
v khong 18 nguyn t nhn to c
tng hp trong cc phng th nghim
ht nhn.
(GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh).

Hot ng 5 (2 pht)
2. S hiu nguyn t
GV : Chiu ln mn hnh nh ngha :
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn
t ca mt nguyn t gi l s hiu
nguyn t ca nguyn t , k hiu l Z.
HS : Ghi nh ngha
GV : Tm s hiu nguyn t ca
nguyn t Natri ?
HS : Z
1Na
= 11
Hot ng 6 (5 pht)
3. K hiu nguyn t
GV : Chiu ln mn hnh, k hiu mt
nguyn t :
HS : Ghi k hiu nguyn t.

A
Z
X : K hiu ho hc ca
nguyn t
X Z : S hiu nguyn t (s
n v in tch ht nhn)
A : S khi (A = Z + N)

GV : Nguyn t Na c 11p, 11e v 12n.
Hy cho bit k hiu nguyn t Na ?
HS : A = 11 + 12 = 23
23
11
Na
GV : K hiu nguyn t oxi :
16
8
O
HS : Nguyn t O c 8p, 8e v 8n.
Hy cho bit nguyn t O c bao nhiu
p, n, e ?

iii. ng v
Hot ng 7 (10 pht)
GV : Hy tnh s p, s n, ca cc
nguyn t sau :
1
1
H
(Proti)
2
1
H
(teri)
3
1
H
(Triti)

HS : Tr li
Proti : Ch c 1p, khng c n.
teri : 1p, 1n.
Triti : 1p, 2n.
GV : Hy cho bit im chung ca cc
nguyn t trn ?
GV : Cc nguyn t trn c khi lng
nh th no ? Ti sao ?
HS : u c cng proton (1p) nn c
cng in tch ht nhn.
HS : Chng c khi lng khc nhau
v ht nhn ca chng c s ntron
khc nhau.
GV : Cc nguyn t trn thuc cng
mt nguyn t ho hc (nguyn t
HS : ng v l nhng nguyn t ca
cng mt nguyn t ho hc c cng

hiro) gi l cc ng v. Vy mt em
hy cho bit khi nim ng v ?
GV : Hiro trong t nhin l hn hp
ca 3 ng v :
1
1
H (99,984 s nguyn t)
2
1
H (0,016 s nguyn t)
3
1
H (rt t)
s proton nhng khc nhau v s
ntron nn s khi (A) ca chng khc
nhau.
Hot ng 8 (3 pht)
cng c bi tp v nh
Bi tp : 1, 2 (SGK)
Tit 5 ht nhn nguyn t
nguyn t ho hc. ng v (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu c khi nim ng v.
2. Bit cch tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ho hc.
GV : Phng to hnh 1.4 (SGK).
HS : n li khi nim ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn t ho hc.
c. tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1 (5 pht)
kim tra bi c v cha bi tp

GV : Gi 3 HS lm bi tp s 1, 2 v 4
(SGK).
HS : Ln bng lm bi tp.
IV. nguyn t khi v cc nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca cc nguyn t ha hc
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
1. Nguyn t khi
GV : Nu nh ngha v nguyn t khi
theo SGK : Nguyn t khi ca mt
nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca
nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln
n v khi lng nguyn t (u).
HS : Ghi nh ngha.
GV : Bit nguyn t Mg c 12p, 12n v
12e. Tnh nguyn t khi ca Mg v t
s khi lng ca electron trong nguyn
t so vi khi lng ton nguyn t ?
HS : m
12p
= 1,6726. 10
27
kg 12 =
= 20,0712. 10
27
kg.
m
12n
= 1,6748. 10
27
kg 12 =
= 20,0976. 10
27
kg.
m
12e
= 9,1095. 10
31
kg 12 =
= 0,0109. 10
27
kg.
Khi lng nguyn t
Mg = m(12p + 12n + 12e) =
= 40,1797. 10
27
kg.
Khi lng nguyn t Mg tnh ra u :

27
27
40,1797.10 kg
24,197u
1, 6605.10 kg

Nguyn t khi ca Mg :

=
24, 2039u
24, 2039
1u

T s :
=
Khi lng cc e
Khi lng nguyn t Mg

=
27
27
0, 0109.10 kg
40,1797.10 kg

= 0,00027 0,0003
GV kt lun :
Khi lng ca e qu nh b
(khong 3 phn vn ca khi lng
ton nguyn t) Khi lng ca
nguyn t Khi lng ca ht nhn
= m
p
+ m
n
.
V khi lng ca mi ht proton
hoc ntron u xp x 1 u Nguyn
t khi coi nh bng s khi (khi
khng cn chnh xc cao).
HS : Ghi kt lun.
p dng : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca
photpho (P), bit Z = 15 v N = 16.
HS : Khi lng ca mt nguyn t l
15 + 16 = 31 u.
Nguyn t khi ca P l 31.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
GV : Hu ht nguyn t ho hc l hn
hp ca nhiu ng v nn nguyn t
khi ca mt nguyn t l nguyn t
khi trung bnh ca hn hp cc ng

v tnh theo phn trm s nguyn t
ca mi ng v.
GV : Nu gi A
1
, A
2
, ... A
i
l nguyn t
khi ca cc ng v v x
1
, x
2
, ... x
i
l
% s nguyn t ca cc ng v tng
ng. Hy tnh nguyn t khi trung
bnh () ?
HS :
1 1 2 2 i i
1 2 i
A x A x ... A x
A
x x ... x
+ + +
=
+ + +

=
1 1 2 2 i i
A x A x ... A x
100
+ + +

p dng : Trong t nhin Clo tn ti 2
ng v :
35
17
Cl chim 75,77% s nguyn t.
37
17
Cl chim 24,23% s nguyn t.
Tnh nguyn t khi ca Clo ?
HS :
Cl
35. 75, 77 37. 24, 23
A 35, 5
100
+
=
Hot ng 4
cng c bi hng dn gii bi tp (20 pht)
GV : Hng dn HS lm cc bi tp 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK).
Bi tp v nh : Trong t nhin nguyn t clo c hai ng v
35
Cl v
37
Cl c % s
lng nguyn t tng ng l 75% v 25%. Nguyn t ng c 2 ng v trong
63
Cu chim 73% s lng nguyn t. Bit ng v clo to c hp cht CuCl
2

trong Cu chim 47,228% khi lng. Xc nh ng v th hai ca ng ?
d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. p n C.
2. p n D.
3. p n B
4. Th d :
7
3
Li cho ta bit :

S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t Li l 3, in tch ht nhn nguyn t l 3+,
trong ht nhn c 3 proton v (7 3 = 4 ntron).
V nguyn t Li c 3 eletron.
Nguyn t khi ca Li l 7u.
5. Gi x l % s lng nguyn t ca ng v
65
Cu.
65x 63(100 x)
100
+
= 63,54 x = 27%
65
Cu 73%
63
Cu.
6. Trong nc nguyn cht cha ch yu ng v
1
1
H v
2
1
H.
Gi x l % s nguyn t ng v
2
1
H ta c :
2x 1.(100 x)
100
+
= 1,008 x = 0,8
2
g
ml H O
d 1 = 1ml H
2
O c khi lng 1g.
2
g
mol H O
M 18 = 1g H
2
O c s mol l
1
18
mol H
2
O.
1mol phn t H
2
O c 6,02. 10
23
phn t H
2
O.
1ml H
2
O hay
1
18
mol H
2
O c
23
6, 02.10
18
phn t H
2
O.
1 phn t H
2
O c 2 nguyn t H s nguyn t H ca c 2 ng v c trong
1ml H
2
O hay
23
6, 02.10
18
phn t H
2
O l
23
2. 6, 02.10
18
.
s nguyn t ca ng v
2
1
H l
23
20
2. 6, 02.10 0, 8
. 5, 35.10
18 100
= (nguyn t).
7. Theo t l bi, ta c :
16
O
17
O
18
O

99,757 nguyn t 0,039 nguyn t 0,204 nguyn t
? 1 nguyn t ?
S nguyn t
16
O l
99, 757
2558
0, 039
= nguyn t.
S nguyn t
18
O l
0, 204
5
0, 039
= nguyn t.
8. Ta c :
Ar
40. 99, 6 38. 0, 063 36. 0, 337
A 39, 98
100
+ +
= =
Khi lng mol nguyn t Ar l 39,98g.
ktc th 1mol Ar hay 39,98g c th tch l 22,4 lt.
20g Ar c th tch ktc l :
22, 4. 20
11, 205
39, 98
= l.
E. t liu tham kho
Theo h thc thc Anhxtanh : E = m. C
2
th khi tng hp ht nhn t nhng
proton v ntron lun lun c hin tng ht khi lng v khi lng ht ny l
ng k v nng lng gii phng l rt ln. V vy khng nn ni mt cch khng
nh l khi lng ca ht nhn bng tng khi lng ca cc proton v cc ntron
to thnh.
iu ny cho php gii thch ti sao oxi c 3 ng v
16
O,
17
O, v
18
O nhng
nguyn t khi trung bnh li l 15,993 < 16 ?
Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v vi % s nguyn t nh sau :
16
O (99,762%),
17
O (0,038%),
18
O (0,200%). Trn thc t, khi lng ht nhn nh hn tng khi

lng ca proton v ntron to nn ht nhn v hin tng ht khi. Do , khi
xc nh bng thc nghim khi lng cc ng v ca oxi nh sau :
16
O l
15,99491 u ;
17
O l 16,99914 u v
18
O l 17, 99916 u. V vy nguyn t khi
trung bnh ca oxi l :
15, 99491. 99, 762 16, 99914. 0, 038 17, 99916. 0, 200
A
100
+ +
=
= 15,9993 u.
Cng da vo hin tng ht khi c th gii thch c thc mc : Ti sao
nguyn t cacbon c cu to bi 6 proton, 6 ntron v 6 electron m mi proton
cng nh ntron u c khi lng ln hn 1u th nhng nguyn t cacbon li c
khi lng chnh xc bng 12u ?
iu ny cng gii thch v sao mt tri to ra mt nng lng khng l v c
th coi nh vnh cu, v l nng lng ca phn ng nhit hch : S kt hp
tng cp 2 ht nhn nguyn t
2
1
H to ra ht nhn nguyn t
4
2
He .
Tit 6 luyn tp : thnh phn nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc v : Thnh phn cu to nguyn t, ht nhn nguyn t,
kch thc, khi lng, in tch ca cc ht, nh ngha nguyn t ho hc,
k hiu nguyn t, ng v, nguyn t khi, nguyn t khi trung bnh.
2. Rn luyn k nng xc nh s electron, proton, ntron v nguyn t khi
khi bit k hiu nguyn t, tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh khi bit % s
nguyn t cc ng v v ngc li.

GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi .
HS : n tp cc kin thc v thnh phn nguyn t thng qua hot ng
gii bi tp.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
a. kin thc cn nm vng
GV : Kim tra 3 HS.
1. Cho bit thnh phn cu to nguyn
t v khi lng, in tch ca cc ht
to nn nguyn t ?
HS : Nguyn t bao gm ht nhn
mang in tch dng (p, n) v
electron mang in tch m (e) :
m
p
= m
n
1u
q
p
= 1+ v q
n
= 0
m
e
0,00055u
q
e
= 1
2. Mi quan h cc ht trong nguyn
t vi s n v in tch ht nhn Z ?
HS : Z = s p = s e
3. Trnh by k hiu nguyn t ? nh
ngha nguyn t ho hc ? ng v ?
Cng thc tnh nguyn t khi trung
bnh ca cc ng v ?
HS : Tr li theo SGK.
Hot ng 2 (32 pht)
b. bi tp p dng
GV : Chiu bi tp 1 :
Bi 1.
a) Hy tnh khi lng (kg) ca
nguyn t nit (gm 7p, 7n, 7e).
HS : Chun b 2 pht

b) Tnh t s khi lng ca e trong
nguyn t nit so vi khi lng ca
ton nguyn t.
GV : T s liu bng 1 c th tnh khi
lng ca 7p, 7n v 7e
Khi lng (kg) ca nguyn t
nit ?
HS : m
7p
= 1,6726. 10
27
kg 7 =
= 11,7082. 10
27
kg
m
7n
= 1,6748. 10
27
kg 7 =
= 11,7236. 10
27
kg
m
7e
= 9,1094. 10
31
7 =
= 0,0064. 10
27
kg
m
N
= 23,4382. 10
27
kg
GV : Hy lp t s gia khi lng cc
e so vi khi lng ca nguyn t nit
Nhn xt ?
HS :
27
e
27
N
m 0, 0064.10 kg
m 23, 4382.10 kg
=
= 0,00027 0,0003.

Nhn xt : Khi lng cc e qu nh
b khi lng nguyn t coi bng
khi lng ca ht nhn (b qua khi
lng e).
GV : Chiu bi tp 2 :

Bi 2. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca nguyn t K bit rng trong t
nhin thnh phn % cc ng v ca K
l 93,258%
39
19
K ; 0,012%
40
19
K v
6,730%
41
19
K.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.

GV : p dng cng thc tnh
K
A v
cho bit gi tr trung bnh gn vi s
khi no nht ? Ti sao ?
HS :
K
39.93, 258 40.0, 012 41.6, 730
A
100
+ +
=

= 39,13484 39
(% ng v
39
K l ln nht).
GV : Chiu bi tp 3 :
Bi 3. a) nh ngha nguyn t ho hc.
b) K hiu nguyn t cho bit nhng
c trng g ca nguyn t ca mt
nguyn t ho hc, ly v d nguyn t
kali.

HS : Chun b 2 pht
39
19
19p
K 19e
20n

Z = 19, A = 39, N = 20.
GV : Chiu bi tp 4 :
Bi 4. Cn c vo u m ngi ta bit
chc chn rng gia nguyn t H (Z =
1) v nguyn t urani (Z = 92) ch c
90 nguyn t ?
GV : Chiu bi tp 5 :
HS : Mi gi tr Z ch c 1 nguyn t
t Z = 1 n Z = 92 c 90 gi tr Z
c 90 nguyn t c Z t 2 n 91.
Bi 5. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca
nguyn t canxi bit th tch ca 1 mol
canxi tinh th bng 25,87cm
3
. Bit
trong tinh th, cc nguyn t canxi ch
chim 74% th tch, cn li l khe trng.
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Trong tinh th canxi, thc t cc
nguyn t canxi ch chim 74% th
tch, cn li l khe trng. Vy th tch
thc ca 1 mol nguyn t canxi l bao
nhiu ?
HS : V
1 mol nguyn t Ca
=
74
25, 87.
100
=
= 19,15(cm
3
).

GV : Theo nh lut Avogadro, 1 mol
nguyn t canxi c 6.10
23
nguyn t.
Vy th tch ca nguyn t Ca l bao
nhiu ?
HS :
=
23 3
23
19,15
V 3.10 (cm )
6.10

GV : Nu coi nguyn t Ca l mt qu
cu th bn knh ca n l bao nhiu ?
HS :
23
3 3
3V 3.3.10
r
4 4.3,14
= =

1,93. 10
8
(cm).
GV : Chiu bi tp 6 :
Bi 6. Vit cng thc cc loi phn t
ng (II) oxit, bit rng ng v oxi c
cc ng v sau :
65 63 16 17 18
29 29 8 8 8
Cu, Cu, v O, O, O.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : Bit cng thc ng (II) oxit l
CuO. Hy vit cng thc CuO vi cc
ng v
65 63
29 29
Cu, Cu vi cc ng v
16 17 18
8 8 8
O, O, O ?
HS : C 6 cng thc :
65
Cu
16
O,
65
Cu
17
O,
65
Cu
18
O.

63
Cu
16
O,
63
Cu
17
O,
63
Cu
18
O.
Hot ng 3 (3 pht)
bi tp v nh
Bi tp :
1. Oxi c 3 ng v
16 17 18
8 8 8
O, O, O vi thnh phn % s lng cc ng v tng
ng l x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tho mn x
1
= 15x
2
v x
1
x
2
= 21x
3
.
Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca oxi ? (S :
O
A 16,14 = ).
2. Mage c 2 ng v l X v Y. Nguyn t khi ca X bng 24. ng v Y hn
X mt ntron. S nguyn t ca X v Y t l 3 : 2.
Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mage ? (S :
Mg
A 24, 4 = ).

Tit 7 cu to v nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
HS hiu c trong nguyn t, electron chuyn ng quanh ht nhn to
nn v electron ca nguyn t.
HS hiu c cu to n gin v v electron ca nguyn t : Khi nim
lp, phn lp electron, obitan nguyn t.
GV : Phng to hnh 1.6 (SGK), phn mm obital viewer, my chiu.
HS : Chun b bi c thm : Khi nim v obital nguyn t (tr. 22, SGK).
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
GV : Kim tra bi c 1 HS : Thnh
phn cu to nguyn t ?
HS : Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v
electron.
GV : Gi 2 HS ln cha bi 1 v 2. HS1 : Bi 1.
x
1
x
2
= 15x
2
x
2
= 14x
2
= 21x
3

3 2 2
14 2
x x x
21 3
= =
A
1
= 16, A
2
= 17, A
3
= 18.

2 2 2
0
2 2 2
2
16.15x 17x 18. x
3
A
2
15x x x
3
+ +
=
+ +

= 16,14

HS2 : Bi 2.
Gi x
1
, x
2
l thnh phn % s nguyn
t ca 2 ng v X v Y.
x
1
: x
2
= 3 : 2
2 1
2
x x
3
=
A
1
= 24, A
2
= 24 + 1 = 25

1
1
Mg
1
1
2x
24x 25.
3
A
2x
x
3
+
= =
+

=
24.3 25.2
24, 4
5
+
=
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
i. s chuyn ng ca cc electron
trong nguyn t
GV : Gii thiu m hnh nguyn t ca
R-d-pho, Bo v Xom-m-phen (Hnh
1.6 SGK). Hng dn HS c SGK
rt ra kt lun :
HS : Ghi cc kt lun.
M hnh hnh tinh nguyn t ca
R-d-pho, Bo v Xom-m-phen c tc
dng rt ln n s pht trin l thuyt
cu to nguyn t, nhng khng y
gii thch mi tnh cht ca
nguyn t.

Ngy nay, ngi ta bit cc e

chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh
ht nhn nguyn t khng theo nhng
qu o xc nh to nn v electron
ca nguyn t.
S electron v electron ca
nguyn t ca mt nguynt ng
bng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn
t v cng bng s th t Z ca
nguyn t nguyn t trong bng
tun hon.

Khu vc khng gian xung quanh
ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt
electron l ln nht (khong 90%) gi
l Obitan nguyn t, k hiu l AO
(Atomic Orbital). Mi AO cha ti a
2e.

Hot ng 3 (20 pht)
ii. lp electron v phn lp electron

GV : Trong v nguyn t, cc electron
chu lc ht bi ht nhn. Do electron
chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn c
th gn hay xa nhn m nng lng
cn cung cp tch eclectron phi
khc nhau. Nhng e gn ht nhn
nht, lin kt vi ht nhn cng mnh,
bn cng cao (kh tch ra khi
nguyn t), ta ni chng c mc nng
lng thp. Ngc li, nhng e cng
xa nhn, lin kt vi ht nhn cng
yu, bn cng thp (cng d b tch
ra khi nguyn t), ta ni chng c
nng lng cng cao.

By gi ta tm hiu xem cc e trong
nguyn t sp xp theo quy lut no ?

1. Lp electron
GV : Tu theo mc nng lng cao hay
thp m cc electron trong v nguyn
t c phn b theo tng lp electron :
HS : Ghi khi nim lp v k hiu lp
electron.
Lp electron gm nhng electron
c nng lng gn bng nhau.
C ti a 7 lp c nh s t
trong ra ngoi v gi theo th t :
Lp e (n) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn lp K L M N O P Q

Cc lp c sp xp theo th t
nng lng tng dn t thp n cao
tng ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, ...
Trong mi lp cc electron c
nng lng gn bng nhau.
2. Phn lp electron
GV : Hng dn HS c SGK rt ra
nhn xt.
HS : Ghi cc nhn xt :
Mi lp e li phn chia thnh cc
phn lp.

Cc electron trn cng mt phn
lp c mc nng lng bng nhau.
Electron phn lp no c tn ca
phn lp y. Cc phn lp c k hiu
bng cc ch s, p, d, f, ...
S phn lp trong mi lp bng s
th t ca lp .
GV : Hy cho bit s phn lp v k
hiu phn lp ca cc lp n = 1 3 ?
HS :
Lp th nht (lp K, n = 1) :
c 1 phn lp k hiu l 1s
Lp th hai (lp L, n = 2) :
c 2 phn lp k hiu l 2s v 2p.
Lp th 3 (lp M, n = 3) :
c 3 phn lp k hiu 3s, 3p v 3d.
GV : S lng cc AO trong mt phn
lp ph thuc vo c im ca phn
lp. C th :
Phn lp s c 1 AO
Phn lp p c 3 AO
Phn lp d c 5 AO
Phn lp f c 7 AO
HS :
Phn lp s p d f
S AO 1 3 5 7

Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
cng c bi tp v bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS nm vng :
Khi nim v k hiu lp, phn lp electron.
Khi nim AO v s lng cc AO trong mt phn lp.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2 (SGK).

Tit 8 cu to v nguyn t (tip)
A. Mc tiu
Tnh c s electron ti a trong mt AO, phn lp v lp electron.
Vit c s s phn b electron trn cc lp ca mt s nguyn t
GV : Phng to hnh 1.7 (SGK), my chiu, my tnh.
HS : n li khi nim AO, lp, phn lp v k hiu.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
GV : Kim tra 1 HS v khi nim v k
hiu AO, phn lp v lp electron.
HS : Tr li theo ni dung tit trc.

GV : Gi 2 HS khc ln gii bi tp 1,
2 (SGK).
HS1 : (Bi 1)
Nguyn t M c 75e Z = 75
c 110n A = 75 + 110 = 185.
K hiu ca nguyn t M l :
185
75
M (p n A).
HS2 : (Bi 2)
19p v 20n A = 39
p n B :
39
19
K.
GV : Nhn xt v cho im
Hot ng 2 (20 pht)
iii. s electron ti a trong mt phn lp, mt lp
GV : Hy cho bit s electron ti a
trong 1 AO ?
HS : 2 electron
GV : S AO trong cc phn lp s, p, d,
f ?
HS :
Phn lp s p d f
S AO 1 3 5 7

GV : Da vo s e ti a trong 1 AO
s e ti a trong 1 phn lp v
trong 1 lp (xt 3 lp u n = 1 3).

GV : in s e ti a ca phn lp v
ca lp vo bng sau :
HS : in vo bng :

Lp
K
n = 1
L
n = 2
M
n = 3
Phn lp s s p s p d
S AO 1 1 3 1 3 5
S e
ti a ca
phn lp

S e ti a
ca lp

Lp
K
n = 1
L
n = 2
M
n = 3
Phn lp s s p s p d
S AO 1 1 3 1 3 5
S e
ti a ca
phn lp
2 2 6 2 6 10
S e ti a
ca lp
2 8 18

GV : T kt qu bng trn c th suy ra
s e ti a ca lp n bng bao nhiu ?
HS : S electron ti a ca lp n l 2n
2
.
GV : T cng thc tnh hy suy ra
s e ti a ca lp th t (lp N, n = 4)
l bao nhiu ?
HS : n = 4 s e ti a ca lp N l
2.4
2
= 32 electron.
GV : Hy cho bit s phn b electron
trn cc phn lp ?
HS : in vo ch trng ca bng :
Lp S e ti a
ca lp
Phn b e
trn cc
phn lp
K (n = 1) 2 1s
2
L (n = 2) 8
M (n = 3) 18

Lp S e ti a
ca lp
Phn b e
trn cc
phn lp
K (n = 1) 2 1s
2
L (n = 2) 8 2s
2
2p
6
M (n = 3) 18 3s
2
3p
6
3d
10

Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
th d p dng
GV : Hng dn HS lm th d trong
SGK (GV chiu ln mn hnh) :
V d : Xc nh s lp e ca cc
nguyn t sau
14 24
7 12
N v Mg

GV : Hy cho bit nguyn t N c bao
nhiu p, n, e ?
HS : Z = 7 N c 7e, 7p, v 14 7 =
7n.
GV : Hy cho biy s phn b cc e
trong lp v ca nguyn t N trn cc
lp.
HS : 7e trong lp v c phn b nh
sau : 2e trn lp K (n = 1) v 5e trn
lp L (n = 2).
GV : Hng dn HS v s phn b
e trn cc lp ca nguyn t N.
HS : Quan st hnh 1.7 v v vo v.

GV : Hng dn tng t cho HS vi
nguyn t Mg.

Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
cng c bi bi tp v nh
7+

Trng tm : Cch tnh s e ti a trong 1 phn lp v 1 lp.
Bi tp : 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK)
1. p n : A
2. p n : B
3. p n : B
4. p n : D
5. Theo SGK
6. a) Z = 18 Ar c 18p v 40 18 = 22n 18e
b) S phn b electron trn cc lp : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Tit 9 cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
3. Gip HS hiu c quy lut sp xp cc electron trong v electron.
4. Bit vn dng vit cu hnh electron nguyn t thuc 20 nguyn t u
bng tun hon.
GV : Phng to hnh 1.10 v bng cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t
u bng (tr. 26 SGK), my chiu.
HS : n li khi nim lp v phn lp electron.
c. tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (3 pht)
kim tra bi c
GV : Gi 2 HS yu cu tr li :

1. Khi nim AO, lp v phn lp
electron.
HS1 : Tr li theo SGK.
2. S phn b electron trong 1 lp v
phn lp vi nguyn t oxi.
HS2 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
.
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
i. th t cc mc nng lng trong nguyn t
GV : Chiu ln bng : S phn b
mc nng lng ca cc lp v cc
phn lp.
GV : Cc electron trong nguyn t ln
lt chim cc mc nng lng nh
th no ?
HS : Quan st.

HS : Theo th t t thp n cao.
GV : T hy sp xp dy th t cc
mc nng lng trong nguyn t ?
GV : Mc nng lng ca cc lp tng
theo th t t 1 n 7 k t ht nhn,
v ca cc phn lp tng theo th t s,
p, d, f. Khi in tch ht nhn tng, c
s chn mc nng lng lm cho
mc nng lng phn lp 3d > 4s,
5d > 4f > 6s v 6d > 5f > 7s.
HS : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p
6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p ...
Hot ng 3 (30 pht)
ii. cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
GV : Chiu ln bng : Cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u bng
tun hon.
HS : Quan st.
GV cho bit : Cu hnh electron nguyn
t biu din s phn b electron trn
HS : Ghi nh ngha cu hnh electron.

phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
GV trnh by cc quy c vit cu hnh
electron.
HS : Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh
electron nh sau :
S th t lp electron c ghi bng
ch s (1, 2, 3, ...).
Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci
thng (s, p, d, f).
S electron c ghi bng s pha
trn bn phi ca phn lp (s
2
, p
6
, ...).
GV : Vit mu cu hnh electron
nguyn t H minh ho quy c trn.
Hng dn HS vit cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t He, Li, Cl. Sau GV
cho HS t mnh chn ly v d, t vit
ri t sa sai theo bng (tr. 26 SGK).
GV : Electron cui cng ca nguyn t
Li in vo phn lp s Li l nguyn
t s.
Electron cui cng ca nguyn t Cl
in vo phn lp p.
Cl l nguyn t p.
HS :
H ( Z = 1) : 1s
1
.
He (Z = 2) : 1s
2
( bo ho).
Li (Z = 3) : 1s
2
2s
1
.
Cl (Z = 17) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
hay [Ne]
3s
2
3p
5
.
GV : Trnh by cc bc vit cu hnh
electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ?
HS : Cc bc vit cu hnh e :
Xc nh s e ca nguyn t (Z).
Sp xp cc e theo th t tng dn
nng lng :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
...
Sp xp theo cu hnh e : theo th t
tng lp (1 7), trong mi lp theo
th t tng phn lp (s p d f).

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca Fe (Z = 26).
HS : Z = 26 Fe c 26e.
Th t nng lng :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
.
Suy ra cu hnh e :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
hay [Ar] 3d
6
4s
2
.
GV nhn xt : Electron cui cng ca
nguyn t Fe in vo phn lp d
Fe l nguyn t d. Tuy nhin electron
lp ngoi cng phi biu din theo
ngha cu hnh electron c ngha l 4s
2

ch khng phi l 3d
6
.

2. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u
GV : Cho HS t chn cc nguyn t t
Z = 1 20 vit cu hnh electron.
Sau chiu bng (tr. 26 SGK) HS
nhn xt v t sa nu sai.
HS : Vit cu hnh electron ca cc
nguyn t c Z = 1 20.
Quan st bng v sa li nu sai.
3. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng
GV : Hng dn HS nghin cu bng
trn v cho bit nguyn t ch c th
c ti a bao nhiu electron lp
ngoi cng ?
GV : Cc nguyn t c 8 electron
ngoi cng (ns
2
np
6
) u rt bn vng,
chng khng tham gia vo cc phn
ng ho hc (t mt s trng hp c
bit). l cc kh him.
HS : i vi cc nguyn t ca tt c
cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c
nhiu nht l 8 electron (tr He).

GV : Hy vit cu hnh electron ca
cc kim loi Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca v cho
bit c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi
cng ?
HS : Na, K c 1e lp ngoi cng.
Mg, Ca c 2e lp ngoi cng.
Al c 3e lp ngoi cng.
GV : Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc
phi kim N, O, F, P, S, Cl v cho bit c
bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ?
HS : N, P c 5e lp ngoi cng
O, S c 6e lp ngoi cng.
F, Cl c 7e lp ngoi cng.
GV : Hng dn HS rt ra kt lun. Kt lun :
Nhng nguyn t kim loi thng
c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng.
Nhng nguyn t phi kim thng
c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
Nhng nguyn t kh him c 8
electron lp ngoi cng (tr He).
GV b sung : Cc nguyn t c 4
electron ngoi cng c th l kim loi
(nu thuc chu k ln) hoc phi kim
(nu thuc chu k nh).

Hot ng 4 (2 pht)
cng c bi bi tp v nh

Yu cu HS phi :
Bit cch vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khi bit gi
tr ca Z.
Bit cch biu din cu hnh electron theo obitan.
Da vo s electron lp ngoi cng d on tnh cht kim loi, phi kim ca
mt nguyn t.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK).
1. p n A.
2. p n C.
3. p n D.
4. Ta c : Z + N + E = 2Z + N = 13 N = 13 2Z
T nguyn t Z = 2 82 trong bng tun hon lun c :
N
1 1, 5
Z

Z N 1,5Z
Z 13 2Z 1,5Z
3,7 Z 4,33 Z = 4 N = 13 4 4 = 5.
a) Nguyn t khi : A = 4 + 5 = 9.
b) Z = 4 : 1s
2
2s
2
.

5. Vit cu hnh electron :
Z = 3 : 1s
2
2s
1
c 1e lp ngoi cng.
Z = 6 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
c 4e lp ngoi cng.
Z = 9 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
c 7e lp ngoi cng.
Z = 18 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
c 8e lp ngoi cng.
6. a) Z = 1 : 1s
1
Phi kim.
Z = 3 : 1s
2
2s
1
Kim loi.
b) Z = 8 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
Phi kim.
Z = 16 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
Phi kim.
c) Z = 7 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
Phi kim.
Z = 9 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
Phi kim.
s phn b mc nng lng
ca cc lp v cc phn lp

7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4
5
6
7
E

S phn b electron trn cc lp v cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u
S electron
S hiu
nguyn
t Z
Tn
nguyn t
K
hiu
n = 1
(K)
n = 2
(L)
n = 3
(M)
n = 4
(N)
Cu hnh
electron ca
nguyn t

1 hiro H 1 1s
1
2 heli He 2 1s
2
3 liti Li 2 1 1s
2
2s
1
4 beri Be 2 2 1s
2
2s
2
5 bo B 2 3 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
6 cacbon C 2 4 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
7 nit N 2 5

1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
8 oxi O 2 6 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
9 flo F 2 7 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

10 neon Ne 2 8 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

11 natri Na 2 8 1 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
12 magie Mg 2 8 2 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

13 nhom Al 2 8 3 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
14 silic Si 2 8 4 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2

15 photpho P 2 8 5 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3

16 lu hunh S 2 8 6 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

17 clo Cl 2 8 7 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

18 agon Ar 2 8 8 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

19 kali K 2 8 8 1 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
20 canxi Ca 2 8 8 2 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

Tit 10 luyn tp
cu to v nguyn t
A. Mc tiu
5. Cng c kin thc v : Lp, phn lp electron. Th t cc phn lp
electron theo chiu tng ca nng lng trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t.
6. Rn luyn k nng gii mt s bi tp c bn v vit cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t khi bit gi tr Z v xc nh c s electron lp ngoi cng
ca nguyn t 20 nguyn t u, t suy ra tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t. Da
vo s electron ti a trong mt AO tnh s electron ti a trong mt phn lp,
mt lp.
GV : Phng to bng 3 v 4 (SGK), n chiu.
HS : Chun b cc bi luyn tp (SGK).
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (15 pht)
GV : Yu cu 1 HS in vo cc
trng ca bng sau y :
HS : in thng tin vo bng.

Lp n = 1
(K)
n = 2
(L)
n = 3
(M)
n = 4
(N)
S phn lp
K hiu
phn lp

S e ti a
phn lp

S e ti a
lp

GV : Chiu bng 3 (SGK) ln mn
hnh HS i chiu v sa cha
nhng sai st trn bng va in.
HS : Nghin cu bng 3 (SGK) v t
sa cha (nu sai).
GV : Yu cu HS khc in vo cc
trng ca bng sau y :
HS : in thng tin vo bng.
Cu hnh e
lp ngoi
cng
ns
1

ns
2

ns
2
np
1

ns
2
np
2
ns
2
np
3
ns
2
np
4
ns
2
np
5
ns
2
np
6

He: 1s
2
S e lp
ngoi cng

D on loi
nguyn t

Tnh cht c
bn ca
nguyn t

hnh HS i chiu v sa cha
nhng sai st trn bng va in.
HS : Nghin cu bng 4 (SGK) v t
sa cha (nu sai).
Hot ng 2 (28 pht)
B. gii bi tp sgk

GV t chc hng dn HS gii bi tp
trong SGK, khuyn khch em no lm
xong trc ln bng trnh by. Sau
hng dn HS khc nhn xt bi gii.
GV : Chiu bi 1 ln mn hnh.

Bi 1. Th no l nguyn t s, p, d, f ?
Ly v d nguyn t s, p, d.
HS 1 :
Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m
nguyn t c e cui cng in vo
phn lp s.

V d : Z = 11 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
.
HS 2 :
Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m
nguyn t c electron cui cng c
in vo phn lp p.
V d : Z = 8 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
.
HS 3 :
Nguyn t d l nhng nguyn t m
in vo phn lp d.
V d : Z = 26 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
HS 4 :
GV : Electron cui cng l electron
c in sau cng vo phn lp c
nng lng cao nht.
V d trong nguyn t Fe, electron
cui cng c hiu l electron th
su trn phn lp 3d.
GV : Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn hnh.
Nguyn t f l nhng nguyn t m
in vo phn lp f.

Bi 2. Cc electron thuc lp K hay L
lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch hn ? V
sao ?
GV : Minh ho qua hnh v sau:

HS : Cc electron thuc lp K lin kt
vi ht nhn cht ch hn v gn ht
nhn hn v mc nng lng thp hn.

Bi 3. Trong nguyn t, nhng
electron ca lp no quyt nh tnh
cht ho hc ca nguyn t nguyn t
? Cho v d.
HS : Trong nguyn t, nhng electron
lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht
ho hc ca nguyn t nguyn t.
V d : Mg c 2e, Ca cng c 2e lp
ngoi cng u th hin tnh cht
ca phi kim.
Bi 4. V electron ca 1 nguyn t c
20 electron. Hi :
a) Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp
electron ?
b) Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu
electron ?
c) Nguyn t l kim loi hay phi
kim ?

HS : Chun b 2 pht.
E
K L M

GV : Nguyn t c 20e Z = 20.
Vit cu hnh electron ?
HS : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
.
GV : Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp
electron ?
HS : 4 lp e.
GV : Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu
electron ? thuc phn lp no ?
HS : 2 electron thuc phn lp 4s.
GV : Da vo s e ngoi cng hy kt
lun kim loi hay phi kim ?
HS : Kim loi.
Hot ng 3 (2 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh
Bi tp : 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK).
Tit 11 luyn tp
cu to v nguyn t (tip)
A. Mc tiu
Tip tc rn luyn k nng : Vit cu hnh electron t suy ra s lp electron,
lp e ngoi cng, s electron trn phn lp v lp, d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.
GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp SGK v cu hi gi .
HS : n tp cc kin thc thng qua hot ng gii bi tp.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (40 pht)
b. gii bi tp sgk

Bi 5. Cho bit s electron ti a cc
phn lp sau :
a) 2s ; b) 3p ; c) 4s ; d) 3d.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : Cho bit s AO ca phn lp s, p
v d.
HS : Phn lp s c 1 AO.
Phn lp p c 3 AO.
Phn lp d c 5 AO.
GV : Mi Ao c ti a 2e. Vy phn
lp s, p, d c ti a bao nhiu e ?
HS : Phn lp s c ti a 2e.
Phn lp p c ti a 6e.
Phn lp d c ti a 10e.
GV : Ghi s electron ti a ln cc
phn lp 2s, 3p, 4s v 3d.
HS : a) 2s
2
; b) 3p
6
; c) 4s
2
; d) 3d
10
.
Bi 6. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
photpho l :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
. Hi :
a) Nguyn t P c bao nhiu e ?
b) S hiu nguyn t ca P l bao
nhiu ?
c) Lp electron no c mc nng
lng cao nht ?
d) C bao nhiu lp e, mi lp c bao
nhiu e ?
e) P l nguyn t kim loi hay phi
kim ? V sao ?
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Yu cu mi HS chun b mt
cu tr li. i vi HS yu c th
gi thm v cch tnh s e ? S hiu
nguyn t ? S lp e ? S e trn mi
lp ? Tnh cht nguyn t ?
HS :
a) Nguyn t P c 15e.
b) S hiu nguyn t P l 15.
c) Lp th ba (lp M) c nng lng
cao nht.

d) C 3 lp, s e trn mi lp: 2, 8, 5.
e) C 5e lp ngoi cng P l phi
kim.
Bi 7. Cu hnh electron nguyn t cho
ta bit nhng thng tin g ? Cho th d.
GV : C th yu cu HS ly mt v d
v cu hnh electron ca 20 nguyn t
u.
V d : S (Z = 16) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : T cu hnh e c th bit nhng
thng tin g ?
HS : S phn b e trn cc lp v phn
lp D on tnh cht c bn ca
nguyn t nguyn t. (S l phi kim).
GV : Yu cu HS phn tch tip mt s
cu hnh khc.

Bi 8. Vit cu hnh electron y
cho cc nguyn t c lp electron
ngoi cng l :
a) 2s
1
; b) 2s
2
2p
3
; c) 2s
2
2p
6
;
d) 3s
2
3p
3
; e) 3s
2
3p
5
; f) 3s
2
3p
6
.

HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Electron ang in vo lp
ngoi cng, chng t cc lp bn
trong c s e nh th no ?
HS : Cc lp bn trong c s e ti a
(bo ho).

GV : T suy ra cu hnh electron
y ?
GV : C th yu cu HS tr li thm v
cc nguyn t l kim loi, phi kim
hay kh him ?
Bi 9 : Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu
nguyn t ca :
HS :
a) 1s
2
2s
1
Kim loi.
b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
Phi kim.
c) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Kh him.
d) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Phi kim.
e) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
Phi kim.
f) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Kh him.
a) 2 nguyn t c s e lp ngoi cng
l ti a ;
b) 2 nguyn t c 1 electron lp
ngoi cng ;
c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp
ngoi cng.
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : Hng dn HS s dng bng cu
hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u
(tr. 26 SGK) tm nguyn t tho
mn bi.
GV : Nhn xt v vic chun b bi tp
v cch trnh by ca cc HS trong
lp. Cho im.
HS : a)
20 40
10 18
Ne ; Ar.
b)
23 39
11 19
Na K.
c)
19 35
9 17
F Cl.
Hot ng 2 (5 pht)
dn d chun b cho bi sau
GV : Yu cu cc em gii li cc bi tp ny vo v bi tp v n tp li cc
kin thc c bn ca chng 1 chun b cho tit sau nghin cu chng 2.

Chng 2
bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
v nh lut tun hon
Tit 12 bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu :
Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t ho hc vo bng tun hon.
Cu to ca bng tun hon ( nguyn t, chu k, nhm nguyn t).
2. Rn luyn k nng vn dng : T v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon
suy ra cu hnh electron v ngc li.
GV : Bng tun hon v chn dung Men--l-p (phng to).
HS : Bng tun hon (c nh).
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
s lc v s pht minh ra bng tun hon

GV : Chiu bng tun hon v nh chn
dung . I. Men--l-p ln mn hnh,
ri cho HS nghin cu SGK (c qua
phn ch nh) bit r s lc
v s pht minh ra bng tun hon.
HS : Quan st bng tun hon v c
SGK.
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
i. nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong
bng tun hon
GV : Chiu bng tun hon ln mn
hnh, cho HS quan st, ri rt ra
nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t
trong bng tun hon.
HS : Quan st bng tun hon.
GV : in tch ht nhn nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun
hon thay i nh th no ?
HS : Tng dn.
GV : Cc nguyn t trong cng mt
hng c c im g ging nhau ?
HS : C cng s lp electron trong
nguyn t.
GV : Cc nguyn t trong cng mt
ct c c im g ging nhau ?
HS : C cng s electron lp ngoi
cng trong v electron ca nguyn t.
GV : y l 3 nguyn tc c bn
sp xp cc nguyn t vo bng tun
hon.
HS : Cc nguyn t ho hc c sp
xp vo bng tun hon theo ba nguyn
tc sau :
GV : Chiu 3 nguyn tc ln mn
hnh v gii thch :
Electron ho tr l nhng electron c
kh nng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt
ho hc. Chng thng nm lp
ngoi cng v c th c phn lp st
ngoi cng cha bo ho.
1. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo
chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t.
2. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp
electron trong nguyn t c sp xp
thnh mt hng.
3. Cc nguyn t c s electron ho tr
trong nguyn t nh nhau c sp xp
thnh mt ct.

Hot ng 3 (20 pht)
ii. cu to ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
1. nguyn t
GV : Chiu mt nguyn t bt k
trong bng tun hon (v d s 13,
nguyn t Al) ln mn hnh. Sau gii
HS : Quan st.
thiu cho HS bit cc thng tin c
ghi trong nh : s hiu nguyn t
(13), k hiu ho hc (Al), tn nguyn
t (nhm), nguyn t khi (26,98),
m in (1,61), cu hnh electron
([Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
) v s oxi ho (+3).

GV : Chn mt s trong 20 nguyn
t u bng tun hon ri yu cu HS
nhn vo trnh by cc thng tin
m HS thu nhn c.
GV : Cc thng tin ny rt quan trng
gip chng ta tm hiu cu to, tnh
cht ca nguyn t.
HS : Quan st v tr li.
GV cn nhn mnh HS bit cc
nh khoa hc xc nh c s th
t ca ng bng s hiu nguyn t
ca nguyn t . V vy khi bit s
th t ca nguyn t trong bng tun
hon th c th suy ra s n v in
tch ht nhn nguyn t, s proton, s
electron.
HS : S th t nguyn t = s n v
in tch ht nhn (Z) = s proton = s
electron trong nguyn t.
2. Chu k
13 26,98
Nhm
[Ne] 3s
2
3p
1
1,61
+3
Al
Nguyn t khi
trung bnh
m in
Cu hnh e
S oxi ho
Tn nguyn t
K hiu ho hc
(S th t ca )
S hiu nguyn t

hnh v ch vo v tr ca tng chu k
v rt ra nhn xt.
HS :
Chu k l dy nhng nguyn t m
nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp
electron.
S th t ca chu k bng
s lp electron trong
nguyn t.
Chu k no cng c bt u bng
mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng
mt kh him (tr chu k 1).
GV cho HS nghin cu tng chu k
(t 1 7).

GV : Chu k 1 c bao nhiu nguyn t ?
M u l nguyn t no ? Kt thc l
nguyn t no ? C bao nhiu lp
electron ? Mi lp bao nhiu electron ?
HS : Chu k 1 gm 2 nguyn t l H
(Z = 1) 1s
1
v He (Z = 2) 1s
2
. Nguyn
t ca 2 nguyn t ny ch c 1 lp e,
l lp K.
GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 2 ? HS : Chu k 2 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u
t Li (Z = 3) 1s
2
2s
1
v kt thc l
Ne (Z = 10) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 2
lp electron : Lp K (gm 2 electron)
v lp L (c s e tng t 1 8).
GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 3 ? HS : Chu k 3 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u
t Na (Z = 11) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
v kt thc
l Ar (Z = 18) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 3
lp electron : lp K (2e), lp L (8e) v
lp M (c s e tng t 1 8).

GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 4 ? HS : Chu k 4 gm 18 nguyn t, bt
u t K (Z = 19) [Ar] 4s
1
v kt thc
l Kr (Z = 36) [Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
.
GV : Chu k 6 ? HS : Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t, bt
u t Cs (Z = 55) [Xe] 6s
1
v kt thc
l kh him Rn (Z = 86) [Xe]
4f
14
5d
10
6s
2
6p
6
.
GV b sung : Chu k 7 cha y ,
d on c 32 nguyn t tng t chu
k 6 :
Cc chu k 1, 2, 3 c gi l chu k
nh.

Cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 c gi l chu
k ln.
Ch : 14 nguyn t ng sau La (Z
= 57) thuc chu k 6 c gi l cc
nguyn t thuc h lantan. 14 nguyn
t thuc chu k 7 sau Ac (Z = 89) gi
l cc nguyn t thuc h actini. Hai
h ny c cu hnh electron tng qut:
(n - 2) f (n - 1) d n s
2

v c xp ring thnh 2 hng
phn cui bng.

Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
cng c bi tp v nh
GV cng c ton b tit th nht, lu HS hai :
Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
Cc c im ca chu k.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).

Tit 13 Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc nghin cu cu to bng tun hon : Nhm nguyn t.
2. Da vo cu hnh e ca nguyn t nguyn t kt lun nguyn t thuc
nhm A hay B.
3. Rn luyn k nng xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
GV : Bng tun hon, my chiu.
HS : Bng tun hon.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
GV : Yu cu 1 HS trnh by c im
ca chu k trong bng tun hon ?
HS :
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong
cng mt chu k c cng s lp
electron.
S th t ca chu k bng s lp
electron trong nguyn t.
Chu k no cng c bt u bng
mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng
mt kh him (tr chu k 1).
GV : Yu cu 4 HS tr li 4 bi tp
trc nghim 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).

Bi 1. Cc nguyn t chu k 6 c s
lp electron trong nguyn t l :
A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
HS 1 : p n C.
Bi 2. Trong bng tun hon cc
nguyn t, s chu k nh v s chu k
ln l :
A. 3 v 3 B. 3 v 4
C. 4 v 4 D. 4 v 3
HS 2 : p n B.
Bi 3. S nguyn t trong chu k 3 v
5 l :
A. 8 v 18 B. 18 v 8
C. 8 v 8 D. 18 v 18
HS 3 : p n A.
Bi 4. Trong bng tun hon, cc
nguyn t c sp xp theo nguyn tc :
A. Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn
B. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp
electron trong nguyn t c xp
thnh 1 hng.
C. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron
ho tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh
1 ct.
D. C A, B, C.
HS 4 : p n D.
Hot ng 2 (30 pht)
3. Nhm nguyn t
hnh v ch vo v tr ca tng nhm v
nhn mnh c im :

Nhm nguyn t gm cc nguyn t
c cu hnh electron nguyn t lp
ngoi cng tng t nhau do tnh
cht ho hc gn ging nhau c xp
thnh mt ct.
Bng tun hon c 18 ct c chia
thnh 8 nhm A (nh s t I A n
VIII A) v 8 nhm B (nh s t III B
n II B)
Mi nhm l 1 ct, ring nhm VIII
B gm 3 ct.
a) Xc nh s th t nhm A
GV : xc nh s th t ca nhm
cn da vo cu hnh electron ho tr.

GV : Yu cu 1 HS cho bit cu hnh
electron ho tr tng qut ca cc nhm
A ?
HS : Nhm A ns
a
np
b

a, b l s electron trn lp s v p :
1 a 2 v 0 b 6
GV : Cch xc nh STT ca nhm ?
STT nhm A = a + b.
GV : Da vo s electron ho tr c th
d on tnh cht nguyn t ?
HS : Nu a + b 3 Kim loi
Nu a + b = 4 Kim loi / Phi kim
Nu 5 a + b 7 Phi kim
Nu a + b = 8 Kh him
GV : Cc nguyn t nhm A bao gm
nhng nguyn t no ? V d ?
HS : Cc nhm A bao gm cc nguyn
t s v p. V d :
Na (Z = 11) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
I A
O (Z = 8) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
VI A
b) Xc nh s th t nhm B

GV : Cc nguyn t nhm B bao gm
nhng nguyn t d (t nhm III B n
VIII B) v nguyn t f (h lantan v
actini). y ta ch gii hn xc nh
STT nhm B ca cc nguyn t d.

GV : Cho bit cu hnh electron ho tr
ca cc nguyn t d dng tng qut.
HS : Nhm B bao gm nguyn t d v
f. Cu hnh electron ho tr ca nguyn
t d : (n 1) d
a
ns
b

iu kin : b = 2, 1 a 10
Nu a + b < 8 STT nhm = a + b
Nu a + b = 8, 9, 10 STT nhm = 8
Nu a + b > 10 STT nhm = (a +
b) 10
GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t c
Z = 26 v cho bit v tr ca nguyn t
trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm
A/B) ?
HS : Z = 26 [Ar] 3d
6
4s
2

V tr
chu k 4
(Fe)
nhm VIII B

GV : Cc nguyn t d gi l cc kim
loi chuyn tip.

GV : Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca nguyn t c Z = 29.
HS : Z = 29 [Ar] 3d
9
4s
2

GV : Phn lp 3d
9
ch thiu 1e l t
phn lp bo ho bn vng 3d
10
, do
1e phn lp 4s s nhy vo to ra
hin tng bo ho gp. Vy cu
hnh electron ng phi l th no ?
Suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng
tun hon ?
HS : [Ar] 3d
10
4s
1

V tr
chu k 4
(Cu)
nhm I B

GV : Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca nguyn t c Z = 24.
HS : Z = 24 [Ar] 3d
4
4s
2

GV : Phn lp 3d
4
ch thiu 1e l t
phn lp na bo ho 3d
5
bn vng, do
1e phn lp 4s s nhy vo to
ra hin tng na bo ho gp. Vy
cu hnh electron ca nguyn t phi
nh th no ? Suy ra v tr ca nguyn
t trong bng tun hon ?
HS : [Ar] 3d
5
4s
1

V tr
chu k 4
(Cr)
nhm VI B

GV : Vy khi vit cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t d cn ch ngoi l no ?
HS : b = 2, a = 9 b = 1, a = 10
b = 2, a = 4 b = 1, a = 5
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
cng c v bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS cn nm vng cch xc nh s th t nhm A v nhm B t
suy ra v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon da vo cu hnh
electron ho tr.
Bi tp v nh : 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK).
D. hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. p n C.
2. p n B.
3. p n A.
4. p n D.
5. p n C.
6. Nh SGK.
7. Nh SGK.
8. S th t nhm A = tng s electron ho tr.
9.
Chu k 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

S e lp ngoi cng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
e. t liu tham kho
Vo thng 8 1997, ti Geneve (Thu S), trong mt hi ngh gm cc thnh
vin ca 40 nc tham gia IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry) thng nht cch t tn cho cc nguyn t ho hc t 104 n 118
thuc chu k 7 nh sau :
Nguyn t 104 c t tn l Rutherfordium k hiu l Rf mang tn nh
bc hc Rutherford, ngi pht hin ra ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ny
khng cn mang tn Kursatovium (Ku) m trc y Lin X (c), cc nc
Scandinave vn dng tn vinh nh bc hc Kusatp, cha ra nn nguyn
t hc X Vit.
Nguyn t 105 : Dubnium (Db) mang tn a danh Dubna (Nga) ni c phng
th nghim Dubna. Trc y c nc gi nguyn t ny l Nibsbohrium (Ns).
Nguyn t 106 : Seaborgium (Sg) mang tn nh bc hc Gleen Seaborg,
ngi lnh o ti ba phng th nghim Berkeley (M), ni tng hp
c hng lot nguyn t siu urani. y l trng hp cha tng c i vi
mt nh khoa hc khi cn sng.
Nguyn t 107 : Bohrium (Bh) mang tn nh bc hc Nils Bohr (an
Mch), ngi c cng t nn mng cho l thuyt cu to nguyn t.
Nguyn t 108 : Hassium (Hs) mang tn a danh Hass (c), ni c trung
tm nghin cu cc nguyn t siu nng.
Nguyn t 109 : Meitnerium (Mt) mang tn nh bc hc Lise Meitner (c),
ngi cng tc vi Otto Hahn trong cng trnh phn ng phn chia ht nhn.
Cc nguyn t 110 n 118 tm thi t tn theo h thng cc con s (nil
l 0, un l 1, bi l 2, tri l 3, quad l 4, ...) thm tip v ng ium. Ngha l :
Nguyn t 110 c tn l Ununnilium (Uun)
Nguyn t 111 c tn l Unununium (Uuu)

Nguyn t 112 c tn l Ununbiium (Uub)
Nguyn t 113 c tn l Ununtriium (Uut)
Nguyn t 114 c tn l Ununquadium (Uuq)
Nguyn t 115 c tn l Ununpentium (Uup)
Nguyn t 116 c tn l Ununhexium (Uuh)
Nguyn t 117 c tn l Ununseptium (Uus)
Nguyn t 118 c tn l Ununoctium (Uuo)
Tit 14 s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc
A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu c s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t.
2. Hiu c s electron ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca cc
nguyn t thuc nhm A.
3. T v tr ca nguyn t trong mt nhm A suy ra c s electron ho tr
ca n v d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.
GV : Phng to bng 5 (SGK) Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A.
HS : Bng tun hon.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (5 pht)

kim tra bi c
GV : Trnh by cc nguyn tc sp xp
cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon ?
HS : 3 nguyn tc.
GV : Th no l nguyn t s, p, d v f ?
Ly v d nguyn t s, p.
GV : Nhn xt, cho im.
HS : Theo SGK
Hot ng 2 (15 pht)
i. s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
hnh v yu cu HS nhn xt v s
bin thin ca s electron lp ngoi
cng ca nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
trong cc nhm A qua cc chu k ?
HS : Lp i lp li Bin i mt
cch tun hon.
GV : Hy cho bit s electron lp
ngoi cng c quan h nh th no vi
s th t ca nhm A ?
HS : S th t cc nguyn t trong
nhm A = s electron lp ngoi cng
(s electron ho tr).
GV : B sung : S bin i tun hon
cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch
ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn
nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh
cht ca cc nguyn t.

Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
II. cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A
1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A
GV hng dn HS quan st bng 5
(SGK) tr li cc cu hi.

GV : Hy nhn xt v s electron lp
ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t thuc
HS : Trong cng mt nhm A cc
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c cng

cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A ? s electron ngoi cng (electron ho tr).
GV : Cho bit cu hnh electron lp
ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn
t nhm A thuc chu k n ? V ch ra
s electron lp ngoi cng ?

HS : ns
a
np
b

(1 a 2, 0 b 6)
GV : S electron lp ngoi cng ca
cc nguyn t nhm A c gi l s
electron ho tr.
S electron lp ngoi cng = a + b
GV : Cho bit electron ho tr ca cc
nguyn t nhm IA v IIA thuc phn
lp no ?
HS : Phn lp s cc nguyn t s.
GV : Electron ho tr ca cc nguyn
t nhm IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA v
VIIIA thuc phn lp no ?
HS : Phn lp s v p cc nguyn t
p.
Hot ng 4 (13 pht)
hng dn gii bi tp (SGK)
GV : Chiu bi tp 1 (SGK) ln mn
hnh :

Bi 1. Cc nguyn t thuc cng mt
nhm A c tnh cht ho hc tng t,
v v electron nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t nhm A c :
A. S electron nh nhau.
B. S lp electron nh nhau.
C. S electron lp ngoi cng nh
nhau.
D. Cng s electron s v p.
hnh :
HS : p n C.

Bi 2. S bin thin tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t thuc chu k sau li c
lp li tng t nh chu k trc l do :

A. S lp li tnh cht kim loi ca cc
nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k
trc.
B. S lp li tnh cht phi kim ca cc
nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k
trc.
C. S lp li cu hnh electron lp
t chu k sau so vi chu k trc (
ba chu k u).
hnh.
HS : S bin thin tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t thuc chu k sau li c
lp li ging nh chu k trc v c s
bin i tun hon s electron lp
t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn
p n C.
Bi 3. Nhng nguyn t thuc nhm A
no l cc nguyn t s, nguyn t p ? S
electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong
nguyn t ca nguyn t s v p khc
nhau th no ?
HS : Cc electron ho tr ca cc
nguyn t thuc nhm IA, IIA l
electron s cc nguyn t s.
Cc electron ho tr ca cc nguyn t
thuc nhm IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA,
VIIA v VIIIA l cc electron s v p
cc nguyn t p.
S electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s l 1 v
2. S electron thuc lp ngoi cng
trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t p l
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Hot ng 5 (2 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh

Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK).

Tit 15 s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc tm hiu s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t thuc nhm A.
2. Nghin cu mt s nhm A tiu biu. Gii thch s bin i tun hon tnh
cht cc nguyn t.
3. T cu hnh electron d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.
GV : My chiu, giy trong, bng 5 (SGK).
HS : Bng tun hon.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
2. Mt s nhm A tiu biu
Hot ng 1 (7 pht)
a) Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him
GV : Chiu bng 5 ln mn hnh v gii
thiu : Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him
bao gm cc nguyn t heli (He), neon
(Ne) agon (Ar), kripton (Kr), xenon
(Xe), raon (Rn).

GV : Yu cu 1 HS nhn xt v s
electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t
cc nguyn t trong nhm ? Vit cu
hnh electron lp ngoi cng dng
HS : Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
trong nhm (tr He) u c 8 electron
lp ngoi cng.
cu hnh ns
2
np
6
.

tng qut ?
(tr He : 1s
2
).
GV : Cu hnh lp v ngoi cng ns
2
np
6

l rt bn vng hu ht cc kh him
u khng tham gia cc phn ng ho
hc (tr mt s trng hp c bit)
ngi ta cn gi cc kh him l nhng
kh tr.
HS : Hu ht cc kh him u khng
tham gia phn ng ho hc.
GV b sung : iu kin thng, cc
kh him u trng thi kh v phn
t ch gm mt nguyn t.
HS : iu kin thng, cc kh him
u trng thi kh v phn t ch
gm mt nguyn t.
Hot ng 2 (7 pht)
b) Nhm IA l nhm kim loi kim
HS : Quan st. GV : Chiu bng 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh
v gii thiu : Nhm IA l nhm kim loi
kim gm cc nguyn t liti (Li), natri
(Na), Kali (K), rubii (Rb), xesi (Cs)
v Franxi (Fr).

GV yu cu 1 HS nhn xt : Cu hnh
electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t
cc nguyn t ny ?
HS : ns
1
ch c 1 electron lp ngoi
cng.
GV nhn xt : V nguyn t ch c 1
electron lp ngoi cng nn trong cc
phn ng ho hc, nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t kim loi kim c khuynh
hng nhng ng i 1 electron
t n cu hnh electron bn vng
ca kh him. Do , trong cc hp
cht cc nguyn t kim loi kim ch
c ho tr 1.
HS : Ghi nhn xt.

GV hng dn HS c SGK bit v cc
tnh cht ho hc c bn ca kim loi
kim v yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng.
HS : Kim loi kim c mt s tnh
cht ho hc c bn sau :
Tc dng mnh vi oxi oxit
4Na + O
2
2Na
2
O
4Li + O
2
2Li
2
O
Tc dng mnh vi nc to thnh
dung dch baz :
Na + H
2
O NaOH + 1/2 H
2

K + H
2
O KOH + 1/2 H
2

Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc to
thnh mui :
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
2K + S K
2
S
Hot ng 3 (7 pht)
c) Nhm VIIA l nhm halogen
GV chiu bng 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh
v gii thiu : Nhm VIIA l nhm
halogen gm cc nguyn t flo (F),
Clo (Cl), brom (Br), iot (I), atatin (At).
HS : Quan st.
GV yu cu 1 HS nhn xt : S electron
lp ngoi cng v cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t cc nguyn t ny.
HS : C 7e ngoi cng
ns
2
np
5
.
GV nhn xt : Nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t halogen c 7e lp ngoi
cng do trong cc phn ng ho
hc, cc nguyn t halogen c khuynh
hng thu thm 1e t cu hnh e
bn vng ca kh him (8e) trong
GV : Ghi nhn xt.

cc hp cht vi kim loi, halogen c
ho tr 1.
GV b sung : dng n cht, cc
phn t halogen gm 2 nguyn t : F
2
,
Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
. l nhng phi kim in
hnh (At l nguyn t phng x).
HS : Phn t halogen gm 2 nguyn t :
F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
.
GV hng dn HS c SGK bit cc
tnh cht c bn ca halogen v vit
cc phng trnh phn ng.
HS : Halogen c mt s tnh cht ho
hc c bn sau :
Tc dng vi kim loi mui :
2Al + 3Cl
2
2AlCl
3

2K + Br
2
2KBr
Tc dng vi hiro hiro halogenua
F
2
+ H
2
2HF
Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl
Br
2
+ H
2
2HBr
I
2
+ H
2
2HI
Hiroxit ca cc halogen l nhng
axit : HClO, HClO
3
, ...
Hot ng 4 (20pht)
hng dn gii bi tp SGK
GV chiu bi tp 4 ln mn hnh :
Bi 4. Nhng nguyn t no ng u
cc chu k ? Cu hnh electron nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t c c im g
HS : Chun b 2 pht.

chung ?
GV chiu bng tun hon cho HS quan
st.
HS : Nhng nguyn t kim loi kim
ng u cc chu k (tr chu k 1). Cu
hnh electron ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t kim loi kim c 1 electron
lp ngoi cng ns
1
(n = 2 7).
Bi 5. Nhng nguyn t no ng cui
cc chu k ? Cu hnh electron nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t c c im g
chung ?
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : Chiu bng tun hon cho HS
quan st.
HS : Nhng nguyn t kh him ng
cui cc chu k. Cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t kh him u
c 8e lp ngoi cng (tr He l 2e)
ns
2
np
6
.
Bi 6. Mt nguyn t chu k 3, nhm
VIA trong bng tun hon cc nguyn
t ho hc. Hi :
a) Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c
bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ?
b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp
electron th my ?
c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t nguyn t trn ?
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV : T v tr ca nguyn t trong
bng tun hon (chu k 3, nhm VIA)
c th cho bit : c bao nhiu lp
electron ? Lp ngoi cng c bao
nhiu electron ?
HS : C 3 lp electron, lp th ba
(ngoi cng) c 6 electron.

GV : Suy ra cu hnh electron ?
HS : 1s
2
2
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
.
Bi 7. Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh
electron ca nguyn t nh sau :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
;
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
.
a) Hy xc nh s electron ho tr ca
tng nguyn t.
b) Hy xc nh v tr ca chng (Chu
k, nhm) trong bng tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc.
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
GV gi : Nhn vo cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t cc nguyn t cho trong
bi tp hy suy ra :
S lp electron s th t chu k.
Electron ngoi cng l s v p u
l nguyn t p nhm A.
S electron lp ngoi cng s th
t ca nhm.
GV nhn xt cc bi gii v cho im.
HS :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
chu k 2, nhm VIA.
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
chu k 2, nhm VA
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
chu k 3, nhm IIIA
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
chu k 3, nhm
VIIA.
Hot ng 5 (4 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh

GV cho HS lm thm bi tp sau :
Bi tp : Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4 nhm VIIA.
a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ?
b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp electron th my ?
c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Br ?
Tit 16 s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc
nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon
a. mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu c tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, m in v s bin i
tnh cht ny theo mt chu k v mt nhm A.
2. T hiu c tnh cht ca mt nguyn t bin i tun hon theo
chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
3. C kh nng vn dng qui lut gii thch cho cc chu k v nhm A c th.
GV : My chiu, giy trong, hnh 2.1 (SGK), bng 6 (SGK), bng tun hon.
HS : Chun b bi theo SGK.
c. tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (5 pht)
kim tra bi c cha bi tp v nh
GV gi 1 HS ln bng yu cu tr li :
Xt mt chu k khi i t tri qua phi
HS : Lp i lp li sau mi chu k
bin i tun hon.

cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t bin i nh th no ?
GV gi 1 HS khc ln cha bi tp v
nh. GV chiu bi tp ln mn hnh
Bi tp : Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu
k 4 nhm VIIA.
a) Nguyn t Br c bao nhiu electron
lp ngoi cng ?
b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp
th my ?
c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t Br ?
GV nhn xt, cho im.
HS : Nguyn t Br
a) Thuc nhm VIIA c 7e ngoi
cng ns
2
np
5
.
b) Chu k 4 lp th 4 l lp ngoi
cng 4s
2
4p
5
.
c) [Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
.
Hot ng 2 (5 pht)
i. tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim
GV chiu ln mn hnh ni dung tnh
kim loi, tnh phi kim.
HS ghi chp cc khi nim :
Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d mt
electron tr thnh ion dng.
Nguyn t cng d mt electron th
tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh.
Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt
nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d thu
electron tr thnh ion m. Nguyn t
cng d thu electron th tnh phi kim
ca nguyn t cng mnh.
GV Chiu bng tun hon ln mn
hnh v gii thch thm :
Ranh gii tng i gia nguyn t kim

loi, phi kim trong bng tun hon c
phn cch bng ng dch dc in m.
Pha phi l cc nguyn t phi kim, pha
tri l cc nguyn t kim loi.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
1. S bin i tnh cht trong mt chu k
GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh
v cho HS c SGK tho lun v s
bin i tnh cht kim loi, phi kim
trong chu k 3 theo chiu tng in
tch ht nhn.

GV : Hy nhn xt v s bin i tnh
kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn
t trong chu k 3 theo chiu tng ca
in tch ht nhn ?
GV lu cho HS : Quy lut no c
lp i lp li i vi mi chu k.
HS : Tnh kim loi gim dn v tnh
phi kim tng dn.
GV chiu ln mn hnh phn nhn xt
v s bin i tnh cht trong mt chu
k : Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng
dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim
loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ng
thi tnh phi kim mnh dn.
HS : Ghi nhn xt vo v.
GV chiu hnh 2.1 (SGK) ln mn hnh
v ngh HS quan st s bin i bn
knh nguyn t theo chu k.
HS : Bn knh nguyn t gim dn.
GV gii thch : Trong mt chu k. Khi
i t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn
tng dn nhng s lp electron ca
nguyn t cc nguyn t bng nhau
lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron
HS : Nghe ging.

lp ngoi cng tng ln khong
cch gia ht nhn vi electron lp
ngoi cng gim dn bn knh
nguyn t gim dn.
GV gii thiu trn hnh 2.1, bn knh
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong chu
k gim dn theo chiu tng in tch
ht nhn, c hin th tng trng
kch thc cc qu cu gim dn. S
gim bn knh nguyn t c lp i
lp li qua cc chu k.

GV : Khi bn knh nguyn t gim th
kh nng nhng v thu electron ca
nguyn t tng hay gim ?
HS : Bn knh nguyn t cng gim
kh nng nhng e ca nguyn t
gim v kh nng thu electron ca
nguyn t tng.
GV kt lun : Nh vy trong mi chu
k bn knh nguyn t gim dn
theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn
lm cho tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn
t yu dn, ng thi tnh phi kim
mnh dn.
HS : Ghi kt lun.
Hot ng 4 (10 pht)
2. S bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm A
GV chiu ln bng tun hon ln mn
hnh v cho HS c SGK tho lun
v s bin i tnh cht kim loi, phi
kim trong nhm IA v nhm VIIA
theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn (t
trn xung di).

GV : Hy nhn xt s bin i tnh
kim loi (nhm IA) v tnh phi kim
(nhm VIIA) khi i t trn xung di ?
HS : Trong nhm IA tnh kim loi tng
dn (xesi l nguyn t kim loi mnh
nht). Trong nhm VIIA, tnh phi kim
gim dn (Flo l nguyn t phi kim

mnh nht).
GV lu cho HS : Quy lut ny c
lp i lp li i vi mi nhm A.

GV chiu ln mn hnh phn nhn xt
v s bin i tnh cht trong mt
nhm A : Trong mt nhm A. theo
chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh
kim loi ca cc nguyn t mnh dn,
ng thi tnh phi kim yu dn.
HS : Ghi nhn xt vo v.
GV chiu hnh 2.1 (SGK) ln mn hnh
v ngh HS quan st s bin i bn
knh nguyn t trong nhm A khi i t
trn xung di ?
HS : Bn knh nguyn t tng nhanh
dn.
GV gii thch : Trong mt nhm A, khi
i t trn xung di, in tch ht
nhn tng nhng ng thi s lp
electron cng tng vt mnh hn lm
cho bn knh nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t tng nhanh.
HS : Nghe ging.
GV gii thiu trn hnh 2.1, kch thc
ca cc qu cu tng nhanh trong mi
nhm A, hin th bn knh nguyn t
tng nhanh. S tng nhanh bn knh
nguyn t c lp i lp li qua mi
nhm A.
HS : Quan st hnh v.
GV : Khi bn knh nguyn t tng th
kh nng nhng v thu electron ca
nguyn t tng hay gim ?
HS : Bn knh nguyn t tng kh
nng nhng e cng d v thu electron
cng kh.
GV kt lun : Trong mt nhm A, theo
chiu t trn xung di, bn knh
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng nhanh
nn kh nng nhng electron ca cc
nguyn t tng ln tnh kim loi tng,
kh nng nhn electron ca cc nguyn
HS : Ghi kt lun.

t gim tnh phi kim gim.
GV b sung : Nguyn t Cs c bn knh
nguyn t ln nht nn d nhng
electron hn c, n l kim loi mnh
nht. Nguyn t F c bn knh nguyn
t nh nht nn d nhn thm electron
hn c, n l phi kim mnh nht.

Hot ng 5 (10 pht)
3. m in
a) Khi nim
GV chiu khi nim m in ln
mn hnh : m in ca mt
nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht
electron ca nguyn t khi hnh
thnh lin kt ho hc.
HS : Ghi khi nim vo v.
GV : m in c nh hng g n
tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca mt
nguyn t ?
HS : m in ca mt nguyn t
cng ln th tnh phi kim ca n cng
mnh v ngc li.
b) Bng m in
GV chiu bng 6 (SGK) ln mn hnh
v gii thiu : Trong ho hc, c nhiu
thang m in khc nhau do cc tc
gi tnh ton trn nhng c s khc
nhau. Trong SGK l bng gi tr m
in do nh ho hc Pau-linh thit lp
nm 1932. V nguyn t flo l phi kim
mnh nht, Pau-linh quy c ly
m in ca n lm chun xc nh
m in tng i ca cc nguyn
t nguyn t khc nhau.
HS : Quan st.
GV : Hy nhn xt s bin thin gi tr
m in theo chu k v nhm A ?
HS : Nhn xt :
Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang
phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht

nhn, gi tr m in ca cc
nguyn t ni chung l tng dn.
Trong mt nhm A, khi i t trn
xung di theo chiu tng ca in
tch ht nhn, gi tr m in ca
cc nguyn t ni chung l gim dn.
GV : Quy lut bin i gi tr m
in ph hp vi s bin i tnh kim
loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong
mt chu k v trong mt nhm A m ta
xt trn.

GV kt lun : Tnh kim loi, tnh phi
kim ca cc nguyn t bin i tun
hon theo chiu tng ca in tch
ht nhn.
HS : Ghi kt lun.
Hot ng 6 (5 pht)
cng c bi tp v nh
Hng dn HS gii bi tp 1, 2 (SGK)
Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Tit 17 s bin i tun hon tnh cht cc
nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon (tip)
a. mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu c s bin i tun hon ho tr cao nht vi oxi ca
nguyn t trong oxit v ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro.
2. Nm c s bin thin tnh cht oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm
A. Trn c s hiu c nh lut tun hon.
3. Rn luyn k nng suy lun trong gii bi tp.

GV : Bng tun hon, bng 7, bng 8 (SGK), my chiu.
HS : n li tit trc v chun b cc bi tp giao.
c. tin trnh bi ging
Hot ng 1 (20 pht)
kim tra bi tp v nh
GV : Gi ln lt 7 HS tr li cc bi tp
4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 (SGK). Yu cu cc
bn cn li nhn xt v GV nhn xt, cho
im.
(Tham kho li gii mc D).
HS : Chun b tr li cc bi tp.
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
ii. ho tr ca cc nguyn t
GV chiu bng 7 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho
HS quan st.
GV : Nhn vo bng bin i ho tr ca
cc nguyn t chu k 3 trong oxit cao
nht v trong hp cht kh vi hiro, em
pht hin ra quy lut bin i g theo
chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn ?
HS : Quan st.

HS nhn xt :
Trong chu k 3, i t tri sang phi,
ho tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t
trong oxit tng ln lt t 1 n 7 cn
ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro
ca cc phi kim gim t 4 n 1.
GV b sung : S bin i ho tr ca cc
nguyn t trong cc chu k khc cng
din ra tng t nh chu k 3.

Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
iii. oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm a
GV chiu bng 8 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho
HS quan st.
HS : Quan st.
GV : Nhn vo bng 8 v s bin i tnh
axit bz ca hp cht oxit v hiroxit ca
cc nguyn t nhm A thuc chu k 3,
em c nhn xt g ?
HS : Tnh baz ca cc axit v
hiroxit tng ng yu dn, ng
thi tnh axit ca chng mnh dn.
GV : Na
2
O l mt oxit c tnh baz mnh,
tan trong nc cho dung dch baz mnh
(kim).
Vit phng trnh phn ng ?
HS : Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH
GV : MgO l mt oxit c tnh baz yu
hn Na
2
O do khng tan trong nc m
ch tan trong dung dch axit to thnh mui
v nc. Vit phng trnh phn ng ?
HS : MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O
GV : Tng t Mg(OH)
2
cng l mt
baz yu khng tan trong nc ch tc
dng vi axit mnh. Vit phng trnh
phn ng ?
HS :
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
GV : So vi Na
2
O m MgO th Al
2
O
3
c tnh
baz yu hn v bt u th hin c tnh
axit, Al
2
O
3
c coi l oxit lng tnh, c
kh nng phn ng trong axit mnh v baz
mnh. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng ?
HS : Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH 2NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O
GV : Tng t Al(OH)
3
l mt hiroxit
lng tnh, khng tan trong nc, nhng
tan trong axit mnh v baz mnh.
HS :
Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O

Vit phng trnh phn ng ?
GV : SiO
2
khng cn th hin tnh baz
m bt u th hin tnh axit yu ch tan
c trong baz mnh c nng. Hiroxit
tng ng H
2
SiO
3
l mt axit yu. GV gi
cho HS vit phng trnh phn ng :
o
t
2 2 3 2
SiO 2NaOH Na SiO H O + +
H
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
O
HS :
+
2
SiO 2NaOH
0
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
H
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
O
GV : P
2
O
5
l mt oxit axit mnh hn
SiO
2
, tan trong nc to ra hiroxit
H
3
PO
4
l mt axit trung bnh. GV gi
HS vit phng trnh phn ng ?
HS : P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

GV : So vi SiO
2
v P
2
O
5
th SO
3
l mt
oxit ca axit mnh, tan tt trong nc to
axit mnh H
2
SO
4
tng ng. Vit phng
trnh phn ng ?
HS : SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

GV : Oxit ca nguyn t cui cng trong
chu k 3 l Cl
2
O
7
c tnh axit mnh nht,
khi tan trong nc thu c hiroxit
tng ng HClO
4
l mt axit rt mnh.
GV gi HS vit phng trnh phn ng ?
HS : Cl
2
O
7
+ H
2
O 2HClO
4

GV : S bin i tnh cht nh th c
lp li nh cc chu k sau.

GV kt lun : Trong mt chu k, i t tri
sang phi theo chiu tng ca in tch
ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v
HS : Ghi kt lun.

hiroxit tng ng yu dn, ng thi
tnh axit ca chng mnh dn.
Hot ng 4 (4 pht)
iv. nh lut tun hon
GV : Trn c s kho st s bin i tun
hon ca cu hnh electron nguyn t,
bn knh nguyn t, m in ca
nguyn t, tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim
ca cc nguyn t ho hc, thnh phn v
tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc bin
i theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng,
nhng khng lin tc m tun hon sau
mi chu k. chnh l ni dung ca
nh lut tun hon.
HS : Nghe ging.
GV chiu ni dung nh lut ln mn
hnh cho HS ghi vo v :
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht
cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca
cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t
bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca
in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
HS : Ghi ni dung nh lut.
Hot ng 5 (1 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh
Bi tp : 3, 6, 12 (SGK).
1. p n D.
2. p n D.

3. Nhng tnh cht sau y bin i tun hon :
a) Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi.
c) S electron lp ngoi cng.
4. p n A.
5. p n A.
6. p n C.
7. p n C.
8. Mg (Z = 12) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
hay [Ne] 3s
2
.
t cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht (ne), nguyn t Mg nhng
2electron. Mg th hin tnh cht kim loi.
9. S (Z = 16) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
hay [Ne]3s
2
3p
4
.
t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht (Ar), nguyn t S nhn 2
electron. S th hin tnh cht phi kim.
10. m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca
nguyn t nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ha hc.
Trong nhm A, khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn, gi tr m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t gim dn.
11. Nguyn t ca nguyn t F c gi tr m in ln nht v F c tnh phi
kim mnh nht. Ngi ta quy c ly m in ca n l 3,98 ( 4) xc nh
m in tng i ca cc nguyn t khc.
12. Trong 2 dy cht sau :
Li
2
O BeO B
2
O
3
CO
2
N
2
O
5

CH
4
NH
3
H
2
O HF
Ho tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 5.
Ho tr vi hiro gim dn t 4 n 1.

Tit 18 ngha ca bng tun hon cc
nguyn t ha hc
A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu c mi quan h gia v tr () nguyn t, cu to nguyn t v
tnh cht ca nguyn t, n cht, hp cht ca chng.
2. Bit khai thc, vn dng mi quan h trong bi tp.
GV : My tnh, n chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp.
HS : Tng kt v vn dng kin thc tm hiu ngha ca bng tun
hon cc nguyn t ha hc.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (15 pht)
i. quan h gia v tr v cu to
GV hng dn HS nghin cu th d 1
v 2 (SGK).

Th d 1 : Nguyn t K c s th t l
19, thuc chu k 4, nhm IA. Hy cho
bit cc thng tin v cu to nguyn t
K ?
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : S th t 19 cho bit iu g ?
HS : S th t 19 Z = 19 19p v
19e.

GV : Chu k 4 cho bit thng tin g ?
HS : Chu k 4 c 4 lp electron.
GV : Nhm IA cho bit thng tin g ?
HS : Nhm IA c 1 electron lp
ngoi cng.
GV : Vit cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t K ?
GV cho HS lm tip mt p dng sau :
HS : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
.
p dng : Nguyn t X thuc chu k 3,
nhm VI A.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t X ?
b) Cho bit in tch ht nhn ca X
bng bao nhiu ?
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
.

b) in tch ht nhn ca X bng 16+.
Th d 2 : Cho cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t X l :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
.
Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong
bng tun hon ?
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : Hy so snh dng bi tp th d
2 v th d 1 ?
HS : Hai loi bi tp ngc nhau.
GV : Tng s e l 16 cho bit thng tin
g ?
HS : Tng s e l 16 s th t ca
nguyn t l 16.
GV : X l nguyn t p cho bit thng
tin g ?
HS : Nguyn t p thuc nhm A.
GV : 6 e lp ngoi cng cho bit thng
tin g ?
HS : 6 e ngoi cng nhm VI A.
GV : 3 lp electron cho bit iu g ?
GV cho HS lm tip mt p dng sau :
HS : 3 lp electron chu k 3.

p dng : Nguyn t X c s hiu
nguyn t l 20. Hy :
a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca nguyn t X ?
b) Xc nh v tr nguyn t X trong
bng tun hon ?
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
a) Z
X
= 20 ta c :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
.
b) S th t : 20.
Chu k 4.
Nhm : II A.
GV tng kt mi quan h gia v tr v
cu to theo s cm sau v yu cu
HS in thng tin vo cc v tr v
cu to :
HS : Hon thnh s .

Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
ii. quan h gia v tr v tnh cht
V tr
nguyn t

Cu to
nguyn t

V tr
nguyn t
S th t
nguyn t
S th t chu
k
S th t
nhm A
Cu to
nguyn t
S p, s e
S lp e
S e lp
ngoi cng
Cu hnh e.

GV t vn : Bit v tr ca mt
nguyn t trong bng tun hon c th
suy ra c nhng tnh cht ha hc
c bn ca n c khng ?
GV chia nhm HS, yu cu tho lun
tng nhm, sau nhn xt a ra kt
lun.
HS : Tho lun theo nhm.
T v tr ca nguyn t trong bng
tun hon c th suy ra :
Nguyn t c tnh kim loi hay phi
kim.
Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi
oxi.
Cng thc oxit cao nht v hiroxit
tng ng.
Cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro
(nu c).
Oxit v hiroxit c tnh axit hay
baz.
GV yu cu HS vn dng :
Th d : Bit nguyn t S th 16
trong bng tun hon. T suy ra
c nhng tnh cht g ca n ?

HS : Chun b 2 pht.
S nhm VI A, chu k 3, l phi kim.
Ha tr cao nht vi oxi l 6, cng
thc oxit cao nht l SO
3
.
Ha tr vi hiro l 2, cng thc hp
cht kh vi hiro l H
2
S.
SO
3
l oxit axit v H
2
SO
4
l axit
mnh.
Hot ng 3 (15 pht)
iii. so snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi
cc nguyn t ln cn

GV t vn : Da vo quy lut bin
i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong
bng tun hon, ta c th so snh tnh
cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi
cc nguyn t ln cn (lng ging)
c khng ?
HS : Tho lun theo nhm
1. Trong chu k, theo chiu Z tng :
Tnh kim loi yu dn, tnh phi kim
mnh dn.
Oxit v hiroxit c tnh baz yu
dn, tnh axit mnh dn.
GV chia nhm HS, yu cu tho lun. 2. Trong nhm A, theo chiu Z tng :
Tnh kim loi tng dn.
Tnh phi kim gim dn.
Oxit v hiroxit c tnh baz mnh
dn, tnh axit gim dn.
GV kt lun : Quy lut bin i tnh
axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng
ng vi quy lut bin i tnh phi kim
kim loi ca nguyn t.
GV chiu th d (SGK) ln mn hnh
cho HS phn tch.
HS : Ghi kt lun.
Th d : So snh tnh cht ha hc
ca P (Z = 15) vi Si (Z = 14) v
S (Z = 16), vi N (Z = 7) v
As (Z = 33) ?
Cc nguyn t Si, P, S thuc cng
mt chu k c Z tng dn theo dy : Si,
P, S P c tnh phi kim yu hn S
nhng mnh hn Si.
Trong nhm VI A, theo chiu Z tng :
N, P, As tnh phi kim gim dn
P c tnh phi kim yu hn N v mnh
hn As.
Vy P c tnh phi kim yu hn N v
S Tnh axit H
3
PO
4
yu hn HNO
3

v H
2
SO
4
.
GV cho HS tho lun p dng sau :

p dng : Hy sp xp cc nguyn t
sau theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn :
Ca (Z = 20), Mg (Z = 12), Be (Z = 4),
B (Z = 5), C (Z = 6), N (Z = 7) ? Vit
cng thc oxit cao nht ca cc
nguyn t trn ? Cho bit oxit no c
tnh axit mnh nht ? oxit no c tnh
baz mnh nht ?
GV gi HS vit cu hnh electron ca
cc nguyn t Ca, Mg v Be l
nhng nguyn t kim loi thuc cng
nhm II A. Cn Be, B, C v N l
nhng nguyn t thuc chu k 2.
HS tho lun theo nhm.
a) Tnh kim loi :
N < C < B < Be < Mg < Ca.
b) Cng thc oxit cao nht :
CaO, MgO, BeO, B
2
O
3
, CO
2
, N
2
O
5
.
c) N
2
O
5
c tnh axit mnh nht.
CaO c tnh baz mnh nht.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV cng c ton bi theo 3 ni dung :
Quan h gia v tr v cu to.
Quan h gia v tr v tnh cht.
So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK).
D. hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. p n D.
2. p n B.
3. p n C.
4. a) Mg : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
Mg c 2 e lp ngoi cng th hin tnh kim loi.
Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi l 2.
MgO l oxit baz v Mg(OH)
2
l baz.
b) Na : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
.

Mg : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
Al : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
C 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng u l kim loi.
Tnh kim loi gim dn theo chiu Na > Mg > Al.
Tnh baz gim dn theo chiu NaOH > Mg(OH)
2
> Al(OH)
3
.
5. a) Brom thuc nhm VII A, chu k 4, c 35 e cu hnh theo lp electron
l Br (2, 8, 18, 7).
Br c 7 e ngoi cng tnh phi kim.
Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi l 7.
Ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro l 1 v c cng thc HBr.
b) Tnh phi kim gim dn theo chiu Cl > Br > I.
6. a) Fr l nguyn t kim loi mnh nht. F l nguyn t phi kim mnh nht.
b) Cc nguyn t kim loi c phn b khu vc bn tri ng dch dc
trong bng tun hon.
c) Cc nguyn t phi kim c phn b khu vc bn phi ng dch dc
trong bng tun hon.
d) Nhm I A gm hu ht l nhng kim loi in hnh.
Nhm VII A gm hu ht l nhng phi kim in hnh.
e) Cc nguyn t kh him nm nhm VIII A bng tun hon.
7. Nguyn t At (Z = 85) thuc chu k 6, nhm VII A nn c 85 e phn b
thnh 6 lp, lp ngoi cng c 7 e nn th hin tnh phi kim. At cui nhm VII
A nn tnh phi kim yu nht trong nhm.
Tit 19 Luyn tp
bng tun hon, s bin i tun hon
cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc
A. Mc tiu

1. HS hiu cu to bng tun hon, nh lut tun hon.
2. C k nng s dng bng tun hon nghin cu s bin i tun hon
cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, bn
knh nguyn t, m in v ha tr.
3. Rn luyn k nng suy lun : T v tr nguyn t suy ra tnh cht, cu to
nguyn t v ngc li.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon v h thng bi tp cu hi theo SGK.
HS : Bng tun hon, SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
1. Cu to bng tun hon
v gi HS tho lun :
a) Bng tun hon c xy dng trn
nguyn tc no ?
b) Bng tun hon c cu to nh th
no ?
c) Th no l chu k ?
d) C bao nhiu chu k nh, chu k ln ?
Mi chu k c bao nhiu nguyn t ?
e) S th t ca chu k cho ta bit
thng tin g ?
f) Trong mt chu k : Tnh kim loi,
tnh phi kim bin i nh th no ?
Gii thch.
b. bi tp p dng (30 pht)

Hot ng 2
GV chiu bi tp 2 (SGK) ln mn hnh :
Bi 2. Tm pht biu sai trong nhng
cu di y :
A. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp
theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
B. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp
theo chiu s hiu nguyn t tng dn.
C. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong
cng mt chu k c s electron bng
nhau.
D. Chu k bao gi cng bt u l mt
kim loi kim, cui cng l mt kh
him.
HS : Tho lun 1 pht
Cu C v D sai.
Hot ng 3
Bi 4. Trong bng tun hon, cc nhm
A no gm hu ht cc nguyn t kim
loi, nhm A no gm hu ht cc
nguyn t phi kim, nhm A no gm
cc nguyn t kh him ? c im s
electron lp ngoi cng ca cc
nguyn t trong cc nhm trn.

HS : Chun b 2 pht.
v yu cu HS tr li : Nhm A c
nhng c im g ?
HS : c im ca nhm A :
S th t ca nhm bng s electron
ca lp ngoi cng (s electron ha tr)
ca nguyn t thuc cc nguyn t
trong nhm.
Nhm A c c nguyn t thuc chu k
nh v chu k ln.
Cc nguyn t nhm IA, IIA c
gi l nguyn t s.

Cc nguyn t nhm IIIA n
VIIIA c gi l nguyn t p.
GV yu cu HS quan st bng tun
hon tr li bi tp.
HS : Trong bng tun hon :
Nhm IA, IIA, IIIA gm hu ht cc
nguyn t l kim loi.
Nhm VA, VIA, VIIA gm hu ht
cc nguyn t l phi kim.
Nhm VIIIA gm cc kh him
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim
loi c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng.
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t phi
kim c 5, 6, 7 e lp ngoi cng.
Hot ng 4
Bi 6. Mt nguyn t thuc chu k 3,
nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.
a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao
nhiu electron lp electron ngoi
cng ?
b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp
electron no ?
c) Vit s electron tng lp electron ?

HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV hng dn HS suy lun t v tr
nguyn t cu to nguyn t.
HS :
a) V chu k 3 c 3 lp e cc e
ngoi cng lp th ba.
b) V nhm VIA c 6e
lp ngoi cng.
c) S e tng lp l : 2, 8, 6.
Hot ng 5

Bi 7. Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t
l RO
3
, trong hp cht ca n vi hiro
c 5,88%H v khi lng. Xc nh
nguyn t khi ca nguyn t .
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
GV : Trong hp cht oxit RO
3
, R c
ha tr 6. Trong hp cht kh vi H th
R c ha tr bao nhiu ?
HS : R c ha tr vi hiro l 8 6 = 2
RH
2
.
GV : Trong phn t RH
2
, %m
H
=
5,88% %m
R
= ?
HS : %m
R
= 100 5,88 = 94,12%.
GV : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca R ?
HS : = =
2. 94,12
R 32
5, 88

R l S SO
3
v H
2
S.
Hot ng 6 (5 pht)
cng c bi dn d
1. GV yu cu HS nh vn dng :
Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
c im ca chu k.
c im ca nhm A.
2. Chun b cc bi tp : 5, 8, 9 (SGK).
Tit 20 luyn tp
bng tun hon, s bin i tun hon
cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc (tip)
A. Mc tiu
1. HS c k nng vn dng bng tun hon v trnh by v s bin thin tun
hon tnh cht kim loi, phi kim, gi tr m in qua tng chu k theo chiu
in tch ht nhn tng dn.

2. HS c k nng vn dng bng tun hon v trnh by v s bin thin tun
hon ca cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t, ha tr cao nht vi oxi,
ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 v 3 theo chiu
in tch ht nhn tng dn.
GV : My tnh, n chiu, bt d, giy trong, h thng cu hi v bi tp
(SGK), bng tun hon.
HS : Bng tun hon, SGK.
c. tin trnh dy Hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
v yu cu HS nhn xt :
S bin thin tun hon tnh cht kim
loi, phi kim, gi tr m in qua
tng chu k theo chiu in tch ht
nhn tng dn.
S bin thin tun hon
ca cu hnh electron
lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t, ha tr cao
nht vi oxi, ha tr
trong hp cht kh vi
hiro cc nguyn t
thuc chu k 2 v 3 theo
chiu in tch ht nhn
tng dn.
HS tho lun xong, GV chiu s
(trang 53, SGK) ln mn hnh :

HS : Quan st bng tun hon v tho
lun theo tng nhm.

Chu k
Nhm A

(Chiu mi tn l chiu tng) HS : in thng tin vo bng :
GV yu cu HS in cc thng tin v
tnh kim loi, phi kim, bn knh
nguyn t v gi tr m in ca
cc nguyn t ln mi tn cho ph hp
theochiu tng dn.
GV yu cu HS nu ni dung ca
nh lut tun hon.
GV hng dn HS vn dng kin
thc :
T v tr ca nguyn t
trong bng tun hon suy
ra cu to nguyn t v

(Chiu mi tn l chiu tng dn)

Chu k
Nhm A
Bn knh nguyn t
Tnh kim loi
Gi tr m in
Tnh phi kim
B
n

k
n
h

n
g
u
y
n

t
n
h

k
i
m

l
o
i

G
i

t
r
n

T
n
h

p
h
i

k
i
m

tnh cht ha hc c bn
ca nguyn t .
T cu to nguyn t suy
ra v tr ca nguyn t
trong bng tun hon.
So snh tnh cht ca mt nguyn t
vi cc nguyn t ln cn.
Quy lut bin i tnh axit baz
ca oxit v hiroxit
Quy lut bin i ha tr cao nht
ca nguyn t vi oxi v ha tr ca
nguyn t vi hiro.

Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
GV chiu bi tp 5 (SGK) ln mn
hnh.

Bi 5. Tng s proton, ntron, electron
ca nguyn t mt nguyn t thuc
nhm VII A l 28.
a) Tnh nguyn t khi.
b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t nguyn t .
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
a) Gi tng s p l Z, tng s n l N,
tng s e l E ta c :
Z + N + E = 28, v Z = E
2Z + N = 28 N = 28 2Z
S dng bt ng thc :
N 28 2Z
1 1, 5
Z Z
=
8 Z 9,3
Z = 8 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
nhm VI A
(loi)
Z = 9 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
nhm VII A
N = 10 A = 9 + 10 = 19
Nguyn t Flo.
b) Cu hnh electron ca F :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)

Bi 8. Hp cht kh vi hiro l RH
4
.
Oxit cao nht ca n cha 53,3% oxi
v khi lng. Tm nguyn t khi ca
nguyn t . Xc nh cng thc oxit
cao nht v hp cht kh vi hiro.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
Hp cht kh vi hiro ca mt
nguyn t l RH
4
cng thc oxit
cao nht ca n l RO
2
.
Trong phn t RO
2
c 53,3% oxi v
khi lng
%m
R
= 100 53,3 = 46,7%

32. 46, 7
R 28
53, 3
= =
R = 28 (Si)
Cng thc oxit cao nht l SiO
2
v
hp cht vi hiro l SiH
4
.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
Bi 9. Khi cho 0,6g mt kim loi
nhm II A tc dng vi nc to ra
0,336 lit kh hiro (ktc). Xc nh tn
kim loi.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
M + 2H
2
O M(OH)
2
+ H
2

M (g) 22,4 (l)
0,6 (g) 0,336 (l)

0, 6. 22, 4
M 40 (g)
0, 336
= =
Nguyn t khi l 40.
Kim loi Ca.
Hot ng 5 (10 pht)
GV chiu bi tp sau ln mn hnh:
Bi tp: Hai nguyn t A, B ng k
tip nhau trong mt chu k ca bng
tun hon c tng s n v in tch
ht nhn l 25.
a) Vit cu hnh electron xc nh 2
nguyn t A v B thuc chu k ? nhm
no ?

HS : Chun b 3 pht.
Trng hp 1: Z
B
= Z
A
+ 1
Z
A
+ Z
B
= 2Z
A
+ 1 = 25
Z
A
= 12, Z
B
= 13.
Cu hnh electron nguyn t:
A (Z = 12) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
b) So snh tnh cht ho hc ca chng ?
Nguyn t A thuc chu k 3, nhm
II A.
B (Z = 13): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
Nguyn t B thuc chu k 3, nhm
III A.

A, B thuc cng chu k A c
tnh kim loi mnh hn B.
Trng hp 2: Z
B
= Z
A
1
Gii v l lun tng t nh trn (vi
vai tr nguyn t A, B i nhau)
GV nhn xt li gii ca HS v cho
im nh gi.

Hot ng 6 (5 pht)
bi tp v nh
1. Hp cht X c to bi 2 nguyn t A v B thuc phn nhm chnh (nhm
A) c M
X
= 76g/mol. Bit:
A v B c s oxi ho cao nht trong oxit l +n
1
v +m
1
.
A v B c s oxi ho m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l n
2
v m
2
.
Tho mn: +n
1
= n
2
v +m
1
= 3m
2
.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X ? Bit A c s oxi ho cao nht trong X.
2. X v Y l 2 nguyn t nm k tip nhau trong mt phn nhm chnh ca
bng tun hon (dng ngn). Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn ca chng bng 58.
a) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X v Y.
b) Xc nh v tr ca X, Y (chu k no ? nhm no ?) trong bng tun hon.
D. hng dn gii bi tp
1. Nhn xt:
S oxi ho dng cao nht ca nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh bng STT
ca nhm.
S oxi ho m bng 8 STT nhm.
Gi STT nhm ca A, B ln lt l x, y. Ta c:
1
2
n x
A
n 8 x
=
x = 8 x x = 4 (nhm IV A).

1
2
m y
B
m 8 y
=
y = 3(8 y) y = 6 (nhm VI A).

S oxi ho dng cao nht ca A l 4.
S oxi ho m ca B l 8 6 = 2.
Cng thc ca X l AB
2
c M = 76.
A + 2B = 76.
A l C
= =
76 12
B 32
2
B l S
A l Si
76 28
B 24
2
= = (loi v nhm VI A khng c nguyn t no c

M = 24).
X l CS
2
.
2. Gi s Y xp sau X ta xt 2 trng hp:
Nu X
Y
Z
X
= 8 kt hp vi Z
X
+ Z
Y
= 58.
Z
X
= 25, Z
Y
= 33 X v Y u thuc chu k 4 (t nguyn t 19 n
nguyn t 36) tri vi bi (loi).
Nu Z
Y
Z
X
= 18 kt hp vi Z
X
+ Z
Y
= 58.
Z
X
= 20, Z
Y
= 38 Cu hnh electron:
X : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
.
Y : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
5s
2
.
b) V tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.
STT : 20
X Chu k : 4
Nhm : II A
v
STT : 38
Y Chu k : 5
Nhm : II A

Chng 3
lin kt ho hc
Tit 21 lin kt ion tinh th ion
A. Mc tiu
3. HS hiu c ion l g ? Khi no nguyn t bin thnh ion ? C my loi ion ?
4. HS bit cch biu din cc phng trnh to ra ion v c c tn cc ion
thng gp.
GV : S dng cc m hnh ng v s hnh thnh cc ion hoc s dng
hnh v trang 56, 57 (SGK) v s hnh thnh ion Li
+
v F
, my tnh, my chiu,
bt d, giy trong.
HS : n tp mt s nhm A tiu biu.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
i. s hnh thnh ion, cation, anion
1. Cation, anion v ion
Hot ng 1 (12 pht)
a) S to thnh cation
GV t vn : Cho Li c Z = 3. Hy
chng minh nguyn t Li trung ho v
in
HS : Lp lun:
Li c 3p mang in tch 3+
Li c 3e mang in tch 3
Nguyn t Li trung ho v in.
GV : Nu nguyn t Li nhng 1e
Tnh in tch cn li ca nguyn t ?
HS : Lp lun:
C 3p mang in tch 3+
C 2e mang in tch 2

Phn cn li ca nguyn t Li mang
in tch 1+.
GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t Li ? HS : 1s
2
2s
1
.
GV : C th biu din qu trnh nhng
e ca Li theo s sau (GV chiu s
trang 56, SGK) ln mn hnh:
HS : 1s
2
2s
1
1s
2
+ 1e
(Li) (Li
+
)

1s
2
2s
1
1s
2

(Li) (Li
+
)

GV kt lun: Nguyn t trung ho v
in, s p mang in tch dng bng
s e mang in tch m, nn khi
nguyn t nhng electron s tr thnh
phn t mang in dng gi l cation
(Li
+
).
HS : Ghi kt lun:
Li Li
+
+ 1e
Hot ng 2 (12 pht)
b) S to thnh anion
GV t vn : Cho F c Z = 9. Hy
chng minh nguyn t F trung ho v
in ?
HS : F c 9 p mang in tch 9+
F c 9 e mang in tch 9
GV : Nu nguyn t F nhn thm 1 e
Tnh in tch ca phn t to
thnh ?
HS : Phn t to thnh:
C 9 p mang in tch 9+
C 10 e mang in tch 10
Phn t to thnh mang in tch 1
3+ 3+ +

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t F ? HS : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
.
GV : C th biu din qu trnh nhn e
ca F theo s sau (GV chiu s
trang 57, SGK) ln mn hnh:
HS :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
+ 1 e 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

(F) (F
)

1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

(F) (F
)

GV kt lun: Nguyn t trung ho v
in, khi nhn electron s tr thnh
phn t mang in m gi l anion (F
).
HS : Ghi kt lun:
F + 1 e F

Hot ng 3 (12 pht)
c) Khi nim ion, tn gi
GV : Cc cation v anion c gi
chung l ion:
Cation Ion dng
Anion Ion m
HS :
Cation Ion dng
Anion Ion m
GV : Cc nguyn t kim loi, lp ngoi
cng c 1, 2, 3 electron d nhng
electron to ra ion dng (cation)
c cu hnh electron lp v kh him
bn vng. Ly mt vi v d ?
HS : Na Na
+
+ 1 e
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
GV : Cc cation kim loi c gi tn
theo kim loi. Th d:
Li
+
gi l cation liti
Na
+
gi l ..... ?
HS : Na
+
gi l cation natri.
Mg
2+
gi l cation magie.
Al
3+
gi l cation nhm.
Ion
+ 3+ 3+

Mg
2+
gi l ..... ?
Al
3+
gi l ..... ?
GV : Cc nguyn t phi kim lp ngoi
cng c 5, 6, 7 e (ns
2
np
3
, ns
2
np
4
,
ns
2
np
5
) c kh nng nhn thm 3, 2, 1
electron tr thnh ion m (anion) c
cu hnh electron lp v kh him bn
vng. Ly mt vi v d ?
GV : Cc anion phi kim c gi tn
theo gc axit (tr O
2
gi l anion oxit).
HS : Cl + 1 e Cl

O + 2 e O
2
Th d: F
gi l anion florua.
Cl
gi l ..... ?
O
2
gi l ..... ?
HS : Cl
gi l anion clorua.
O
2
gi l anion oxit.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
2. Ion n nguyn t v ion a nguyn t
GV cho HS nghin cu SGK sau
chiu cc ni dung v khi nim ion
n nguyn t v a nguyn t ln
mn hnh.
HS : Ghi cc ni dung.
a) Ion n nguyn t l ion to nn t
mt nguyn t. Th d cation Li
+
, Na
+
,
Mg
2+
, Al
3+
v anion F
, Cl
, S
2
, ...
b) Ion a nguyn t l nhng nhm
nguyn t mang in tch dng hay
m. Th d: cation amoni NH
4
+
, anion
hiroxit OH
, anion sunfat SO
4
2
, ...
Hot ng 5 (4 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS phn bit cation, anion.
Bi tp v nh: 5, 6 (SGK).
Tit 22 lin kt ion tinh th ion (tip)
A. Mc tiu

1. n li khi nim cation, anion.
2. HS hiu c s hnh thnh lin kt ion.
3. HS vn dng xt s nh hng lin kt ion n tnh cht ca cc hp
cht ion.
GV : S dng m hnh ng v s to thnh phn t NaCl hoc phng to
hnh v s trang 58 (SGK), my tnh, my chiu, m hnh tinh th NaCl (hnh
3.1, SGK).
HS : n li khi nim cation, anion.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
kim tra bi c bi tp v nh
GV gi 1 HS ln bng yu cu phn
bit khi nim cation v anion ? Ly v
d minh ho.
GV gi HS gii hai bi tp 5 v 6
(SGK), u tin cc em chun b bi
y .
HS : Trnh by theo SGK.
Bi 5. So snh s electron trong cc ion
sau: Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
?
HS :
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
Na, Mg, Al cu hnh electron ca
cation Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
.
Tnh s e ca cc cation.
u c 10 electron.

Bi 6. Trong cc hp cht sau y, cht
no cha ion a nguyn t ?
a) H
3
PO
4
; b) NH
4
NO
3
; c) KCl ;
d) K
2
SO
4
; e) NH
4
Cl ; g) Ca(OH)
2
.
HS : Cc ion a nguyn t:
a) H
3
PO
4
c anion photphat PO
4
3
.
b) NH
4
NO
3
c cation amoni NH
4
+
v
anion nitrat NO
3
.
c) KCl khng c ion a nguyn t.
d) K
2
SO
4
c anion sunfat SO
4
2
.
e) NH
4
Cl c cation amoni NH
4
+
.
GV : Nhn xt, cho im. g) Ca(OH)
2
c anion hiroxit OH
.
Hot ng 2 (15 pht)
ii. s to thnh lin kt ion
GV biu din th nghim natri chy
trong bnh kh clo to ra cht bt mu
trng l tinh th phn t NaCl.
HS : Quan st th nghim.
GV chiu hnh v (trang 58, SGK)
biu din phn ng ca natri v clo to
mui natri clorua ln mn hnh.
HS : Quan st hnh v.
GV : Hy gii thch s hnh thnh
phn t NaCl ?
HS : Nguyn t natri nhng 1 electron
cho nguyn t clo bin thnh cation
Na
+
, ng thi nguyn t clo nhn 1 e
ca nguyn t natri bin thnh
anion Cl
:

Na + Cl Na
+
+ Cl

(2,8,1) (2,8,7) (2,8) (2,8,8)
Hai ion to thnh Na
+
v Cl
mang
in tch ngc du ht nhau bng lc
ht tnh in, to nn phn t NaCl:
Na
+
+ Cl
NaCl
GV : Lin kt gia cation Na
+
v anion
Cl
l lin kt ion. Vy th no l lin

kt ion ?
HS : Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh
thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc
ion mang in tch tri du.
1e

GV: Biu din phn ng gia Na vi
Cl
2
bng PTHH ?
HS :
2Na + Cl
2
2Na
+
Cl

GV : Tng t nh trng hp hnh
thnh phn t NaCl, hy vit qu trnh
hnh thnh cc ion Ca
2+
v Cl
, s hnh
thnh phn t CaCl
2
t cc ion Ca
2+
v
Cl
, s hnh thnh phn t t cc

nguyn t.
HS :
Ca + Cl
2
Ca
2+
Cl
2

GV : Lin kt ion ch c hnh thnh
gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in
hnh.

iii. tinh th ion
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
1. Tinh th NaCl
GV chiu m hnh tinh th NaCl (hnh
3.1, SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS quan
st thy cu trc dng lp phng

ca tinh th v s phn b cc ion
trong tinh th. GV ch r HS thy th
no l nt mng. Sau , GV yu cu
HS m t li cu trc tinh th natri
clorua ?

HS : Tinh th NaCl:
C cu trc lp phng.
Cc ion Na
+
v Cl
phn b lun
phin, u n nt mng. Mi ion
c bao quanh bi 6 ion tri du.
GV b sung: Tinh th natri clorua gm

rt nhiu ion Na
+
v Cl
. Cc ion ny
lin kt vi nhau cht ch n mc
khng th tch ring bit tng phn t.
C th coi tinh th natri clorua l mt
phn t khng l. Tuy nhin, trong
thc t, n gin, ngi ta vit NaCl
biu din cho mt phn t natri clorua.
V c hnh thnh t cc ion, tinh th
NaCl c xp vo loi tinh th ion.
Cc hp cht nh KCl, MgCl
2
,... trng
thi rn cng c mng tinh th ion.

Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
2. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion
GV t vn : Bng hiu bit ca mnh,
hy cho bit tinh th mui n (NaCl)
HS : Tho lun:
Tinh th NaCl rt bn v gin:
c c im g v tnh bn vng, trng
thi, kh nng bay hi, nng chy, tan
trong nc v kh nng phn li thnh
ion, dn in ?
khng b phn hu, khi p mnh th
v vn ra.
Tinh th NaCl kh bay hi, kh
nng chy.
Tan nhiu trong nc, d
phn li thnh ion.
Khi nng chy v khi ho tan trong
nc, chng dn in, cn trng thi
rn th khng dn in.
GV kt lun: iu kin thng, cc
hp cht ion thng tn ti dng tinh
th. Tinh th NaCl cng nh cc tinh
th ion khc u c tnh cht l rt bn
vng v c nhit nng chy cao. Th
d nhit nng chy ca mui n
NaCl l 800
0
C, ca MgO l 2800
0
C.

GV : Ti sao tinh th ion c nhng tnh
cht c bit k trn ?
HS : Tinh th ion gm cc ion. Cc
ion ny lin kt vi nhau nh lc ht
tnh in. l lin kt ion, mt loi
lin kt ho hc mnh, mun ph v
chng cn tiu tn nng lng rt ln.
Hot ng 5 (10 pht)
gii bi tp sgk
hnh:

Bi 1. Lin kt ho hc trong NaCl
c hnh thnh l do:
A. Hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron
rt mnh.
B. Mi nguyn t Na v Cl
gp chung 1 electron.
C. Mi nguyn t nhng hoc thu
electron tr thnh
cc ion tri du ht nhau.
D. Na 1 e Na
+

Cl + 1 e Cl

Na
+
+ Cl
NaCl
Chn p n ng nht.
GV gi 1 HS khc nhn xt, sau cho
im.
hnh:
HS : Chun b 1 pht.
p n D.

Bi 2. Mui n th rn l:
A. Cc phn t NaCl.
B. Cc ion Na
+
v Cl
.
C. Cc tinh th hnh lp phng:
Cc ion Na
+
v Cl
c phn b lun
phin u n trn mi nh.
D. Cc tinh th hnh lp phng :
Cc ion Na
+
v Cl
c phn b lun
phin u n thnh tng phn t ring
r.
Chn p n ng nht.
GV cho HS khc nhn xt, sau cho
im.
hnh.
HS : Tho lun 1 pht.
p n C.
Bi 3. a) Vit cu hnh electron ca
cation liti (Li
+
) v anion oxit (O
2
).
b) Nhng in tch ion Li
+
v O
2
do
u m c ?
c) Nguyn t kh him no c cu hnh
electron ging Li
+
v nguyn t kh
him no c cu hnh ging O
2
?
HS : Tho lun 2 pht.
a) Li
+
: 1s
2

O
2
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
b) in tch Li
+
do mt 1 e m c.
in tch O
2
do nhn thm 2 e m c.
c) Nguyn t kh him He c cu hnh
electron ging Li
+
.
Nguyn t kh him Ne c cu hnh
electron ging O
2
.
d) V sao 1 nguyn t oxi kt hp c
vi 2 nguyn t Liti ?
d) V mi nguyn t liti ch c th
nhng 1 e, m mi nguyn t oxi c
th thu 2 e :
2 Li 2 Li
+
+ 2 e
O + 2 e O
2

2 Li
+
+ O
2
Li
2
O

GV gi HS khc nhn xt bi lm, sau
cho im.

hnh.

HS : Chun b 1 pht. Bi 4. Xc nh s p, n e trong cc
nguyn t v ion sau:
a)
2 40 35 56 2
1 18 17 26
H , Ar, Cl , Fe
+ +

b)
40 2 32 2 27 3
20 16 13
Ca , S , Al
+ +

a)
2
1
H
+
c s p : 1
S e : 0 S n : 1

40
18
Ar c s p : 18
18 22

35
17
Cl
c s p : 17
18 18

56 2
26
Fe
+
c s p : 26
24 30

b)
40 2
20
Ca
+
c s
p : 20
18 20

32 2
16
S

c s p : 16
18 16

27 3
13
Al
+
c s p : 13
10 14
Hot ng 6 (1 pht)
Dn d chun b bi sau
Tit 23 lin kt cng ho tr
a. mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu c s hnh thnh mt s phn t n cht (H
2
, N
2
)

v

mt
s phn t hp cht (HCl, CO
2
).
2. T hiu c khi nim lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, c cc v lin
kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba.

GV : My tnh, my chiu, cc m hnh ng v s xen ph obitan to cc
phn t n gin nh H
2
, HCl (thit k bng phn mm flash hoc n gin hn
bng phn mm trnh din Powerpoint c sn trong office), bng tun hon.
HS : Chun b bi c thm v s xen ph obitan nguyn t v s lai ho cc
obitan nguyn t (trang 56, SGK).
c. tin trnh Dy Hc
Hot ng 1 (5 pht)
kim tra bi c
v yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi sau:
HS:
a) Ti sao nguyn t kim loi li c
kh nng nhng e lp ngoi cng
to cc cation ? Ly v d ?
a) Nguyn t kim loi thng ch c 1,
2, 3, (e) lp ngoi cng nn d nhng
1, 2, 3 (e) to thnh cation c cu
hnh lp v bn ca kh him trc .
V d : Na Na
+
+ 1 e
[Ne] 3s
1
[Ne]
b) Ti sao nguyn t phi kim li c
kh nng d nhn e lp ngoi cng
to thnh cc anion ? Ly v d ?
c) S hnh thnh lin kt ion ?
d) Lin kt ion thng c to nn t
nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t:
A. Kim loi vi kim loi.
B. Phi kim vi phi kim.
C. Kim loi vi phi kim.
D. Kim loi vi kh him.
E. Phi kim vi kh him.
Chn p n ng.
GV nhn xt, cho im v gii thiu
bi mi.
b) Nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6,
7 (e) lp ngoi cng nn c xu hng
nhn thm 3, 2, 1 (e) to thnh anion
c cu hnh lp v bn ca kh him
k tip.
V d: Cl + 1 e Cl

[Ne] 3s
2
3p
5
[Ar]
c) Do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
tri du.
d) p n C.

i. s hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr
1. Lin kt cng ho tr hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t ging nhau
S hnh thnh n cht
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
a) S hnh thnh phn t hiro H
2

GV chiu m hnh xen ph 2 obitan s HS : Quan st.
ca 2 nguyn t H to thnh phn t
H
2
ln mn hnh cho HS quan st. Sau
gi cho HS tho lun:
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
H v nguyn t He.

HS:
H : 1s
1
v He: 1s
2
.
So snh cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t H vi cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t He (kh him gn nht).
H cn thiu 1 e th t cu hnh kh
him He.

GV: Do vy hai nguyn t hiro lin
kt vi nhau bng cch mi nguyn t
H gp 1 electron to thnh mt cp
electron chung trong phn t H
2
. Nh
th, trong phn t H
2
mi nguyn t c
2 electron ging v electron ca
nguyn t kh him heli:
H
H H : H
GV b sung mt s quy c sau:
Mi chm () bn k hiu nguyn t
biu din mt electron lp ngoi
cng.
K hiu H : H c gi l cng thc
electron, thay hai chm (:) bng mt
gch (), ta c H H gi l cng thc
cu to.
Gia 2 nguyn t hiro c 1 cp
electron lin kt biu th bng (), l
lin kt n.
HS : S hnh thnh phn t H
2
:
H
H H : H
H H H
2

Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
b) S hnh thnh phn t N
2
GV: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t N v nguyn t Ne ?
HS:
N : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
Ne : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
GV : So snh cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t N vi cu hnh electron ca
nguyn t Ne l kh him gn nht c
lp v electron bn th lp ngoi cng
ca nguyn t N cn thiu my electron ?
HS : Thiu 3 electron.

GV : Hai nguyn t N lin kt vi nhau
bng cch mi nguyn t N gp 3
electron to thnh ba cp electron
chung ca phn t N
2
. Khi trong
phn t N
2
, mi nguyn t N u c
lp ngoi cng l 8 electron ging kh
him Ne gn nht.

GV yu cu 1 HS vit cng thc electron
v cng thc cu to phn t N
2
.
GV b sung : Hai nguyn t N lin kt
vi nhau bng 3 cp electron lin kt
biu th bng ba gch (), l lin kt
ba. Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i.
nhit thng, kh nit rt bn, km
hot ng do c lin kt ba.
HS :
: N N: N N
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to

Hot ng 4 (5 pht)
c) Khi nim lin kt cng ho tr
GV gii thiu : Lin kt c to thnh
trong phn t H
2
, N
2
va trnh by
trn c gi l lin kt cng ho tr.
Kt lun :
Lin kt cng ho tr l
lin kt c to nn
gia hai nguyn t bng
mt hay nhiu cp
electron dng chung.
Mi cp electron chung to nn mt
lin kt cng ho tr, nn ta c lin kt
n (trong phn t H
2
), lin kt ba
(trong phn t N
2
).
Lin kt trong cc phn t H
2
, N
2
to
nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t (c m in nh nhau),
do lin kt trong cc phn t
khng phn cc. l lin kt cng
ho tr khng phn cc.

2. Lin kt gia cc nguyn t khc nhau
S hnh thnh hp cht
Hot ng 5 (10 pht)
a) S hnh thnh phn t hiro clorua HCl
GV : Nguyn t H c 1 e lp ngoi
cng cn thiu 1 e c v bn
kiu He. Nguyn t Cl c 7 e lp
ngoi cng cn thiu 1 e c v
bn kiu Ar.

GV : Hy trnh by s gp chung
electron ca chng to thnh phn
t HCl ?
HS : Mi nguyn t H v Cl gp 1
electron to thnh 1 cp electron chung
to thnh 1 lin kt cng ho tr.
GV : Gi tr m in ca Cl (3,16)
ln hn m in ca H (2,20) nn
cp electron lin kt b lch v pha
nguyn t Cl lin kt cng ho tr
ny b phn cc :
H Cl H Cl : : :
+
i i i i
i i i i

(Cng thc electron)
H Cl HCl
(Cng thc cu to) (Cng thc phn t)
HS :
H Cl H Cl H Cl : : :
+
i i i i
i i i i

GV chiu m hnh ng v s hnh
thnh lin kt trong phn t HCl ln
mn hnh cho HS quan st.
HS : Quan st.
GV kt lun : Lin kt cng ho tr
trong cp electron chung b lch v
pha mt nguyn t (c m in ln
hn) gi l lin kt cng ho tr c cc
hay lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
HS : Ghi kt lun.

GV gii thch thm : Trong cng thc
electron ca phn t c cc, ngi ta t
cp electron chung lch v pha k hiu
ca nguyn t c m in ln hn.

Hot ng 6 (8 pht)
b) S hnh thnh phn t kh cacbonic CO
2
(c cu to thng)
GV : Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn
t C (Z = 6) v O (Z = 8) ?
HS : C : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
(2, 4)
O : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
(2, 6)
GV : Hy trnh by s gp chung
electron ca chng to thnh phn
HS : Trong phn t CO
2
, nguyn t C
gia 2 nguyn t O, nguyn t C
t CO
2
, sao cho xung quanh mi
nguyn t C hoc O u c lp v 8 e
bn. T hy suy ra cng thc
electron v cng thc cu to. Bit
phn t CO
2
c cu to thng.
gp chung vi mi nguyn t O hai
electron, mi nguyn t O gp chung
vi nguyn t C hai electron. Ta c :
O C O O C O : : : : : :

= =
(Cng thc electron) (Cng thc cu to)
GV kt lun : Theo cng thc electron,
mi nguyn t C hay O u c 8 e
lp ngoi cng t cu hnh ca kh
him nn phn t CO
2
bn vng. Trong
cng thc cu to, phn t CO
2
c hai
lin kt i. Lin kt gia O v C l
phn cc, nhng thc nghim cho bit
phn t CO
2
c cu to thng nn phn
t ny khng phn cc.

Hot ng 7 (2 pht)
cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV cng c bi, bng cch yu cu HS nhc li s hnh thnh lin kt cng
ho tr trong phn t n cht v hp cht nh th no ? So snh vi s to thnh
lin kt ion (v d trong phn t HCl v NaCl).
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).
Tit 24 lin kt cng ho tr (tip)

A. Mc tiu
7. HS bit c tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr.
8. HS c kh nng vn dng hiu m in phn loi mt cch tng i :
lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc, lin kt ion.
Bng 6 (tr. 45, SGK) : Gi tr m in ca nguyn t mt s nguyn t
nhm A.
My tnh, n chiu, bt d, giy trong.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (12 pht)
kim tra bi c
GV gi 2 HS yu cu trnh by cc ni
dung sau :
HS : Ln bng trnh by.
1. Trnh by s to thnh lin kt cng
ho tr ca cc phn t : H
2
, HCl v
CO
2
?
HS 1 : Vit cng thc electron v
cng thc cu to cc phn t H
2
, HCl
v CO
2
. Gii thch.
2. So snh s to thnh lin kt trong
phn t NaCl v HCl ?
GV nhn xt, cho im.
HS 2 : Gii thch s to thnh lin kt
ion (NaCl) v lin kt cng ho tr
(HCl)
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
3. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr
GV cho HS c SGK v t tng kt
theo cc ni dung sau :
HS : Tho lun 2 pht. Sau kt
lun :
1. K tn cc cht m phn t ch c
lin kt cng ho tr ?
1. Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt
cng ho tr c th l :
Cc cht rn : ng, lu hunh, iot, ...
Cc cht lng : nc, ru, xng,
du, ...
Cc cht kh : kh cacbonic, kh clo,
kh hiro, ...

2. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt
cng ho tr ?
GV c th hng dn HS lm cc th
nghim :
Ho tan ng, ru etilic, iot vo
nc.
Ho tan tan ng, iot vo benzen.
2. Cc cht c cc nh ru etylic,
ng, ... tan nhiu trong dung mi c
cc nh nc.
Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh lu
hunh, iot, cc cht hu c khng cc
tan trong dung mi khng cc nh
benzen, cacbon tetra clorua, ...

So snh kh nng ho tan ca cc
cht trong dung mi khc nhau.
Ni chung cc cht c lin kt cng
ho tr khng cc khng dn in
mi trng thi.
ii. m in v lin kt ho hc
Hot ng 3 (8 pht)
1. Quan h gia lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc
v lin kt ion
GV t chc cho HS tho lun, so snh
rt ra s ging nhau v khc nhau
gia lin kt cng ho tr khng cc,
lin kt cng ho tr c cc v lin kt
ion.
Rt ra kt lun :
1. Trong phn t, nu cp electron
chung gia 2 nguyn t lin kt ta
c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc.
2. Nu cp electron chung lch v mt
nguyn t (c gi tr m in ln hn),
th l lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
3. Nu cp electron chung lch hn v
mt nguyn t, ta s c lin kt ion.
GV kt lun : Nh vy gia lin kt
cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng
ho tr c cc v lin kt ion c s
chuyn tip vi nhau. S phn loi ch
c tnh cht tng i. Lin kt ion c
th c coi l trng hp ring ca
lin kt cng ho tr.

Hot ng 4 (10 pht)
2. Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc
GV t vn : xc nh kiu lin
kt trong phn t hp cht, ngi ta
da vo hiu m in. Theo thang
m in ca Paulinh, ngi ta dng
hiu m in phn loi mt cch
tng i loi lin kt ho hc theo
quy c sau :

Hiu d m in
()

Loi lin kt
0 < 0,4

0,4 < 1,7

1,7
Lin kt cng ho
tr khng cc
Lin kt cng ho
tr c cc.
Lin kt ion

HS : Ghi bng phn loi lin kt da
vo hiu m in.
GV hng dn HS vn dng bng phn
loi lin kt trn lm cc th d
trong SGK.
HS : a) Trong NaCl : = 3,16 0,93
= 2,23 > 1,7 lin kt gia Na v Cl
l lin kt ion.
b) Trong phn t HCl : = 3,16
2,2 = 0,96 0,4 < < 1,7 lin
kt gia H v Cl l lin kt cng ho
tr c cc.
c) Trong phn t H
2
: = 2,20 2,20
= 0,0 0 < 0,4 lin kt gia
H v H l lin kt cng ho tr khng
cc.
GV : Nhn xt cch gii.
Hot ng 5 (5 pht)
cng c bi v bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS :

Phn bit lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc, lin
kt ion.
S dng hiu m in xt tnh cht ion, cng ho tr ca mt s hp
cht, n cht.
Bi tp v nh : 5, 6, 7 (SGK).
d. hng dn gii bi tp
1. p n D.
2. p n B.
3. p n A.
4. Theo SGK.
5.
Phn t CaCl
2
AlCl
3
CaS Al
2
S
3

Hiu m in ()
2,16 1,55 1,58 0,97
Loi lin kt Ion Cng ho tr c cc
6. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to cc phn t sau :

Cl Cl

H C C H : :
H C C H

7. a)
9
X : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
y l F c m in l 3,98.
19
A : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
y l K c m in l 0,82.
8
Z : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
y l O c m in l 3,44.
b) Cp X v A, = 3,98 0,82 = 3,16 lin kt ion.
Cp A v Z, = 3,44 0,82 = 2,62 lin kt ion.
Cp X v Z, = 3,98 3,44 = 0,54 lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
d. t liu tham kho

Hin nay c hai phng php c hc lng t kho st lin kt ho hc l
phng php lin kt ho tr hay phng php cp electron (vit tt VB Valence
Bond) v phng php obitan phn t (vit tt MO Molecular Orbital).
(*)

1. Phng php VB
a) Ni dung c bn
Phng php VB cho rng trong phn t cc electron vn chuyn ng trn
cc obitan nguyn t (AO Atomic Orbital). S phn b electron v cc AO
to nn cu hnh electron ca phn t.
Mi lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh do s ghp i hai electron c
spin i song m mi electron ny trc khi tham gia lin kt thuc mt nguyn t
(trng hp chung).
Trong s hnh thnh lin kt ho hc c s xen ph hai AO tham gia lin
kt. S xen ph ny c u tin theo phng ca trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t
(tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr) v c phn b theo hng s xen ph
ln nht (nguyn l xen ph cc i).
xen ph cc AO ho tr cng ln th lin kt cng bn ( xen ph cng
ln khi nng lng v hiu nng lng cc AO ho tr cng nh).
b) Lin kt v lin kt
C hai u l lin kt cng ho tr, ch khc :
Lin kt l lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph cc AO ho tr hc theo
trc lin kt xen ph trc "u vi u" (head to head).
Lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph cc AO ho tr hai bn trc lin
kt xen ph "bn vi bn" (side to side). Lin kt bn hn lin kt .
Gia hai nguyn t lin kt vi nhau trong phn t bao gi cng ch tn ti 1
lin kt , cn s lin kt c th bng 0, 1 hoc 2.
c) bi lin kt theo phng php VB
bi lin kt gia 2 nguyn t bng s lin kt gia chng, ngha l bng
s cp electron lin kt gia 2 nguyn t.
bi lin kt cng ln th lin kt cng bn v di lin kt cng ngn.
Ngoi ra bi lin kt cn ph thuc vo xen ph AO ho tr.

(*)
Xem thm : Cao C Gic. Tuyn tp bi ging ho v c, NXB i hc S Phm, H Ni, 2005.

d) S lai ho AO
Thuyt lai ho cho php gii thch c bn cht lin kt cng ho tr cho
nhiu phn t hu c v phc cht, gii quyt c hai kh khn ca phng php
VB : dng hnh hc ca phn t v bn ca cc lin kt.
S lai ho ca mt nguyn t l s t hp cc AO ho tr ca nguyn t
trng thi c bn hoc kch thch sao cho to c s AO lai ho bng ng s AO
t hp nhng c nng lng tng ng nhau (s san bng nng lng), to iu
kin thun li cho vic xen ph vi AO ho tr ca cc nguyn t xung quanh
hnh thnh cc lin kt cng ho tr bn vng. Bao gm cc dng lai ho.
+ Lai ho sp
3
(t din u) : 1 AOs + 3 AOp 4 AOsp
3

+ Lai ho sp
2
(tam gic) : 1 AOs + 2 AOp 3 AOsp
2

+ Lai ho sp (ng thng) : 1 AOs + 1 AOp 2 AOsp
v mt s dng khc nh sp
3
d, sp
3
d
2
, ...
iu kin lai ho bn :
+ Nng lng cc AO tham gia lai ho thp v xp x bng nhau.
+ xen ph cc AO lai ho vi cc AO nguyn t khc tham gia lin
kt phi ln hn.
D on kiu lai ho v dng hnh hc ca phn t :
Xt phn t AX
m
E
n
trong nguyn t X lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm A
bng nhng lin kt v n cp electron khng lin kt hay cp electron t do (E).
Khi tng m + n xc nh dng hnh hc ca phn t :
m + n = 2 A lai ho sp phn t thng
m + n = 3 A lai ho sp
2
phn t phng tam gic
3
phn t t din
3
d phn t thp i y tam gic
3
d
2
phn t thp i y vung (bt din).
V d :
Trong BeH
2
c m + n = 2 Be lai ho sp
Trong BF
3
c m + n = 3 B lai ho sp
2
Trong CH
4
c m + n = 4 C lai ho sp
3
Trong NH
3
c m + n = 4 N lai ho sp
3

Trong PCl
5
c m + n = 5 P lai ho sp
3
d
Trong XeF
4
c m + n = 6 Xe lai ho sp
3
d
2
.
2. Phng php MO
a) Ni dung c bn
Phng php MO cho rng phn t khng tn ti cc AO m cc electron
ca phn t chuyn ng trn cc obitan chung ca phn t c gi l MO. V
nguyn tc, lin kt ho hc theo phng php MO l lin kt gii to (chung cho
c phn t).
Obitan chung ca phn t c hnh thnh do s t hp tuyn tnh cc obitan
phn t c mt electron. Ngi ta hnh dung ly obitan phn t mt electron nh
sau : Khi mt electron chuyn ng gn ht nhn hn so vi cc ht nhn khc th
AO m t chuyn ng ca electron gi l obitan phn t (MO) mt electron.
MO chung t hp tuyn tnh c vit nh sau :
i i
i 1
C
=
=

Ngi ta gi l s gn ng MO LCAO (Molecular Orbital is the Linear
Combination of Atomic Orbitals).
V nguyn tc phi ly v s hm c s (i = 1 ) th kt qu tnh trn mi
tht s l tin cy. Tuy nhin s gp tr ngi v thi gian tnh ton v vy ngi ta
ly mt s hu hn (i = 1 k) hm c s :
k
i i
i 1
C
=
=

t vo phng trnh Schrodinger ri gii ra s tm c hm v nng
lng E tng ng. V nguyn tc, s MO thu c bng tng s AO tham gia t
hp. Cc MO ny gm 2 loi : MO lin kt (nng lng thp). v MO phn lin
kt (nng lng cao).
S in electron vo cc MO (tun theo nguyn l vng bn, nguyn l
Pauli, quy tc Hund) cho ta cu hnh electron ca phn t.
b) iu kin t hp c hiu qu cc AO
Cc AO phi c cng tnh cht i xng.
Nng lng cc AO phi xp x nhau.
Cc AO phi xen ph nhau r rt.

V mt nh tnh, bit c cc AO c cng tnh cht i xng hay khng,
c th da vo s xen ph dng, m hoc bng khng ca cc AO :
S xen ph dng nu min xen ph ca 2 AO u cng du (Hnh 1a).
S xen ph m nu min xen ph ca 2 AO khc du (Hnh 1b)
S xen ph bng khng khi cc min xen ph dng v m bng nhau
(Hnh 1c).
a)

s s () p p () s p ()

p p () p d ()
b)

c)

Hnh 1. S xen ph dng (a), m (b) v bng khng (c) ca cc AO.
Ch c xen ph dng mi c th to c lin kt v trong trng hp
ny cc AO mi c cng tnh cht i xng ngha l chng mi t hp c vi
nhau. Tuy nhin vic t hp c hiu qu hay khng cn ph thuc vo hai iu
kin cn li.
Tit 25 tinh th nguyn t
v tinh th phn t
A. Mc tiu

5. Gip HS hiu : Cu to mng tinh th nguyn t, lin kt trong mng tinh
th nguyn t l lin kt cng ho tr, tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th nguyn
t. Cu to mng tinh th phn t, lin kt trong mng tinh th phn t l lc lin
kt yu gia cc phn t, tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th phn t.
6. HS c k nng vn dng : So snh mng tinh th nguyn t, mng tinh th
phn t, mng tinh th ion. Bit tnh cht chung ca tng loi mng tinh th
c cch s dng tt v hiu qu cc vt liu c cu to t cc loi mng tinh th
k trn.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, mt s m phng ng v cu trc tinh th
nguyn t, phn t, ion. Nu khng c cc m phng ng, GV c th phng to
hnh v cui bi ny lm t liu dy hc. Mt t tinh th iot..
HS : Chun b bi v nghin cu cc hnh v v m hnh cu trc phn t
trong SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
I. tinh th nguyn t
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
1. Tinh th nguyn t
GV chiu mng tinh th kim cng ln
mn hnh cho HS quan st.
HS : Quan st.
GV : Nguyn t cacbon c bao nhiu
electron lp ngoi cng ?
HS : 4e.
GV : Kim cng l mt dng th hnh
ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn
t. Nguyn t cacbon c 4 electron
lp ngoi cng. Trong tinh th kim
cng, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t cacbon ln cn gn
nht bng 4 cp electron chung, l
4 lin kt cng ho tr. Cc nguyn t
cacbon ny nm trn 4 nh ca mt t
din u. Mi nguyn t cacbon li
lin kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon khc.
HS : Nghe ging.

GV : Yu cu HS quan st m hnh
tinh th kim cng t khi qut ho
v tinh th nguyn t.
HS : Tinh th nguyn t cu to t
nhng nguyn t c sp xp mt
cch u n, theo mt trt t nht
nh trong khng gian to thnh mt
mng tinh th l nhng nguyn t lin
kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt cng
ho tr.
Hot ng 2 (5 pht)
2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th nguyn t
GV : Em no c th cho bit mt s
ng dng thng gp ca kim cng ?
HS : Kim cng dng lm dao ct
knh, lm mi khoan khoan su vo
lng t tm du m.
GV : iu ni ln tnh cht g ca
kim cng.
HS : Rt cng.
GV : Ti sao kim cng li cng nh
vy ?
HS : Lc lin kt cng ho tr trong
tinh th nguyn t kim cng l rt ln.
GV b sung : Cc tinh th nguyn t
u rt bn vng, rt cng, kh nng
chy, kh si. Kim cng c cng
ln nht so vi cc tinh th bit nn
c quy c c cng l 10 n v
o cng cc cht khc.

ii. tinh th phn t
Hot ng 3 (15 pht)
1. Tinh th phn t
GV chiu m hnh tinh th phn t iot
v mng tinh th nc ln mn hnh
HS quan st.
HS : Quan st.
GV m t : Tinh th iot (I
2
) l tinh th
phn t, nhit thng iot th rn
vi cu trc tinh th mng li lp phng
tm din : Cc phn t iot 8 nh v
cc tm 6 mt ca hnh lp phng.
HS : Nghe ging.
Tinh th nc cng l tinh th phn
t. Trong tinh th nc , mi phn t
nc lin kt vi 4 phn t nc gn

nht nm trn 4 nh ca mt t din
u. Mi phn t nc nh li lin
kt vi 4 phn t ln cn nm 4 nh
ca hnh t din u khc v c tip
tc nh vy.
GV : T m hnh tinh th phn t ca
iot v nc , em hy khi qut th
no l tinh th phn t ?
HS : Tinh th phn t cu to t nhng
phn t c sp xp mt cch u n,
theo mt trt t nht nh trong khng
gian to thnh mt mng tinh th, cc
im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng
phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng
tc yu gia cc phn t.
GV kt lun : Phn ln cc cht hu
c, cc n cht phi kim nhit
thp u kt tinh thnh mng li tinh
th phn t (phn t c th gm mt
nguyn t nh cc kh him, hoc
nhiu nguyn t nh cc halogen, O
2
,
N
2
, H
2
, H
2
O, H
2
S, CO
2
, ...

Hot ng 4 (10 pht)
2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th phn t
GV : Em no cho bit mt s tnh cht
ca nc , vin bng phin (long
no) trong t qun o ?
HS : Nc d tan, vin bng phin
d bay hi.
GV un mt t tinh th iot HS thy
c iot rn b un nh d dng
chuyn thnh hi iot mu tm.
HS : Quan st nhn xt.
GV : Ti sao tinh th phn t d nng
chy, d bay hi nh vy ?
GV hng dn HS c SGK tm cu
tr li.
HS : Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn
t vn tn ti nh nhng n v c lp
v ht nhau bng lc tng tc yu
gia cc phn t Tinh th phn t
d nng chy, d bay hi.
GV b sung : Ngay nhit thng
mt phn tinh th naphtalen (bng
phin) v iot b ph hu, cc phn
t tch ri khi mng tinh th v
khuch tn vo khng kh lm cho ta

d nhn ra mi ca chng. Cc tinh th
phn t khng phn cc, d b ho tan
trong cc dung mi khng phn cc
(nh benzen, toluen, xng, ...)
Hot ng 5 (5 pht)
cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV t cu hi : Em hy nu r s khc nhau v cu to v lin kt trong
mng tinh th nguyn t v mng tinh th phn t ?
Yu cu tr li :
Tinh th nguyn t : cc im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng nguyn t
lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt cng ho tr.
Tinh th phn t : cc im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng phn t lin
kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t (lc ht Vande Van).
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK).
d. hng dn gii bi tp Sgk
1. p n C.
2. p n B.
3. Tinh th nguyn t (kim cng), tinh th phn t (iot, nc ), tinh th ion
(mui n).
Tinh th nguyn t : bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si
kh cao.
Tinh th phn t : d nng chy, d bay hi.
Tinh th ion : rt bn vng, dng rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy, d tan
trong nc.
4. a) Cht c mng tinh th nguyn t : kim cng.
Cht c mng tinh th phn t : nhit thp c kh him N
2
, O
2
, H
2
, CO
2
,
H
2
O kt tinh thnh phn t.
b) Lc lin kt cng ho tr trong tinh th nguyn t rt ln tinh th nguyn
t bn vng, kh cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t ht nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc
phn t (lc Vande Van) tinh th phn t d nng chy, d bay hi.
5. Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du tng i ln nn tinh th ion rt
bn vng cc hp cht ion u kh rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy.
6. Lin kt ch yu trong 3 loi mng tinh th hc :

Tinh th nguyn t : lin kt cng ho tr.
Tinh th phn t : lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t.
Tinh th ion : lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du.
tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t, tinh th ion

M hnh tinh th kim cng Phn t I
2

M hnh tinh th phn t ca nc

M hnh tinh th phn t ca mui n
Tit 26 ho tr v s oxi ho

A. Mc tiu
4. HS hiu c : Ho tr trong hp cht ion, hp cht cng ho tr. Khi
nim s oxi ho (SOXH).
5. HS c k nng vn dng xc nh ng ho tr, cng ho tr v s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc n cht v hp cht ho hc.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon.
HS : n tp v lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng 1 (3 pht)
kim tra bi c
GV chiu cu hi ln mn hnh :
Hy so snh v lin kt ion v lin kt
cng ho tr trong hai hp cht NaCl v
HCl ?
GV nhn xt, cho im
HS : Ln bng trnh by.
i. ho tr
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion
GV : Trong cc hp cht ion, ho tr
ca mt nguyn t bng in tch ca
HS : Ghi khi nim in ho tr vo
v.
ion v c gi l in ho tr ca
nguyn t

GV chiu th d SGK ln mn hnh. HS : Ghi th d.
Th d : Trong hp cht NaCl, Na c
in ho tr 1+ v Cl c in ho tr 1.
Trong hp cht CaF
2
, Ca c in ho
tr 2+ v F c in ho tr 1.

GV : Ti sao nh vy ? HS : NaCl l hp cht ion c to
nn t cation Na
+
v anion Cl
do
in ho tr ca Na l 1+ v ca Cl
l 1.
Tng t, CaF
2
l hp cht ion c
to nn t cation Ca
2+
v anion F
nn
in ho tr ca Ca l 2+ v ca F l 1.
GV : Ngi ta quy c, khi vit in
ho tr ca nguyn t, ghi gi tr in
tch trc, du ca in tch sau.

GV : Em hy xc nh in ho tr ca
tng nguyn t trong mi hp cht ion
sau y :
K
2
O, CaCl
2
, Al
2
O
3
, KBr.
HS : K
2
O, CaCl
2
, Al
2
O
3
, KBr.
in ho tr :
1+ 2 2+ 1 3+ 2 1+ 1
GV : Qua dy trn, em c nhn xt g
v in ho tr ca cc nguyn t kim
loi thuc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA v cc
nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm VIA,
VIIA ?
HS : Cc nguyn t kim loi thuc
nhm IA, IIA, IIIA c s electron
lp ngoi cng l 1, 2, 3 c th
nhng nn c in ho tr l 1+, 2+,
3+.
Cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm
VIA, VIIA nn c 6, 7 electron lp
ngoi cng, c th nhn thm 2 hay 1
electron vo lp ngoi cng, nn c
in ho tr 2, 1.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht)
2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr
GV chiu quy tc ln mn hnh :
Quy tc : Trong cc hp cht cng ho
tr, ho tr ca mt nguyn t c xc
nh bng s lin kt cng ho tr ca
HS : Ghi quy tc.
nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t
v c gi l cng ho tr ca nguyn
t .

GV chiu cng thc cu to ca NH
3

ln mn hnh v phn tch :

GV : Nguyn t N c bao nhiu lin kt
cng ho tr ? Suy ra nguyn t N c
cng ho tr bng bao nhiu ?
HS : N c 3 lin kt cng ho tr
nguyn t N c cng ho tr 3.
GV : Mi nguyn t H c bao nhiu
lin kt cng ho tr ?
Suy ra nguyn t H c cng ho tr
bng bao nhiu ?
HS : H c 1 lin kt cng ho tr
nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1.
GV : Gi 1 HS xc nh cng thc ho
tr ca tng nguyn t trong phn t
nc v metan ?
HS : H O H

Trong H
2
O : Nguyn t H c cng
ho tr 1, nguyn t O c cng ho tr 2.
Trong CH
4
: Nguyn t C c cng
ho tr 4, nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1.
Hot ng 4 (15 pht)
ii. s oxi ho (SOXH)
1. Khi nim
GV t vn : SOXH thng c s
dng trong vic nghin cu phn ng
oxi ho kh (s hc hc k II)

GV chiu khi nim ln mn hnh :
SOXH ca 1 nguyn t trong phn t l
in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t
trong phn t, nu gi nh rng mi
lin kt trong phn t u l lin kt ion.
HS : Ghi khi nim.

2. Cc quy tc xc nh SOXH
GV chiu ln lt cc quy tc ln mn
hnh, sau a ra th d yu cu HS
xc nh SOXH ca cc nguyn t :

Quy tc 1 : SOXH ca cc nguyn t
trong cc n cht bng khng.
HS: Ghi quy tc 1.
Th d : Trong phn t n cht Na,
Ca, Zn, Cu, H
2
, Cl
2
, N
2
th SOXH ca
cc nguyn t u bng 0.
Quy tc 2 : Trong mt phn t, tng s
SOXH ca cc nguyn t bng 0.
Th d : Trong NH
3
, SOXH ca H l
+1 SOXH ca N l 3.
Quy tc 3 : SOXH ca cc ion n
nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .
Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s SOXH
ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca
ion.
Th d : SOXH ca cc nguyn t
cc ion K
+
, Ca
2+
, Cl
, S
2
ln lt l +1,
+2, 1, 2.
SOXH ca N trong ion NO
3
l x
x + 3(2) = 1 x = +5.
Quy tc 4 : Trong hu ht cc hp cht,
SOXH ca H bng +1, tr mt s
trng hp nh hirua, kim loi (NaH,
CaH
2
, ...). SOXH ca O bng 2 tr
trng hp OF
2
, peoxit (chng hn
H
2
O
2
, ...).
GV lu HS v cch vit SOXH :
SOXH c vit bng ch s thng
du t pha trc v c t trn k
hiu nguyn t, th d :
3 1
3 NH
+

Hot ng 5 (7 pht)
dn d cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS phn bit in ho tr v cng ho tr, s oxi ho v cch tnh
s oxi ho.
GV yu cu HS hon thnh bi tp sau :
Cng thc Cng ho tr ca S oxi ho ca
N N
N l N l
Cl Cl Cl l Cl l

H O H
H l H l

O l O l
Cng thc in ho tr ca S oxi ho ca

NaCl
Na l
Cl l
Na l
Cl l

AlCl
3

Al l
Cl l
Al l
Cl l
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK).
1. p n B.
2. p n A.
3. in ho tr ca cc nguyn t l :
Cs = 1+ ; Cl = 1 ; Na = 1+ ; Ba = 2+ ; O = 2 ; Al = 3+
4. Cng ho tr ca cc nguyn t l :
H
2
O : H = 1 ; O = 2.
CH
4
: C = 4 ; H = 1.
HCl : H = 1 ; Cl = 1.
NH
3
: N = 3 ; H = 1.
5. SOXH ca cc nguyn t l :
CO
2
: C = +4 ; O = 2.
H
2
O : H = +1 ; O = 2.
SO
3
: S = +6 ; O = 2.
NH
3
: N = 3 ; H = +1.
NO : N = +2 ; O = 2.
NO
2
: N = +4 ; O = 2.
Na
+
: Na = +1.
Cu
2+
: Cu = +2.
Fe
2+
: Fe = +2.
Fe
3+
: F = +3.

Al
3+
: Al = +3.
NH
4
+
: N = 3 ; H = +1.
6. Cng thc cc cht m trong S ln lt c SOXH : 2, O, +4, +6 l : H
2
S,
S, SO
2
, SO
3
.
7. SOXH ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht, n cht v ion l :
a)
+ + + + +
2 2 3 2 4
1 2 0 1 4 2 1 6 2
H S, S , H S O , H S O .
b)
+ + + + + + + + +
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 1 7 2
HCl, HCl O, Na Cl O , HCl O , HCl O .
c)
+ + + +
2 2 4
0 2 1 4 2 1 7 2
Mn, MnCl , MnO , KMnO .
d)
+ + +
+
7 2 6 2 3 1
2
4 4 4
MnO , S O , NH .
Tit 27 LUYN TP : LIN KT HO HC
a. mc tiu
3. Cng c cc kin thc v cc loi lin kt ho hc, vn dng gii thch s
hnh thnh mt s loi phn t. c im cu trc v lin kt ca 3 loi tinh th
c hc.
4. Rn luyn k nng xc nh ho tr v s oxi ho ca nguyn t trong n
cht v hp cht.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp.
HS : Chun b trc ni dung cc bi tp luyn tp nh.
c. tin trnh Dy Hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
lin kt ho hc

hnh HS tho lun.

Bi tp 2. Trnh by s ging nhau v
khc nhau ca 3 loi lin kt : lin kt
HS : Tho lun v hon thnh vo
bng sau :
ion, lin kt cng ho tr khng cc v
lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
GV hng dn HS pht biu in
vo bng sau y :

So snh
Lin kt
cng ho tr
khng cc
Lin kt
cng ho
tr c cc
Lin kt
ion
Ging nhau
v mc ch

Khc nhau
v cch to
lin kt

Thng to
nn

Nhn xt

So snh
Lin kt
cng ho tr
khng cc
Lin kt
cng ho tr
c cc
Lin kt
ion
Ging
nhau v
mc ch
Cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau
to ra cho mi nguyn t lp electron
ngoi cng bn vng ging cu
trc kh him (2e hoc 8e).

Khc nhau
v cch
to lin
kt
Dng chung
e. Cp e
khng b
lch
Dng chung
e. Cp e b
lch v pha
nguyn t
c m
in ln hn
Cho v
nhn e

Thng
to nn
Gia cc
nguyn t
ca cng
mt nguyn
t phi kim
Gia phi
kim mnh
yu khc
nhau
Gia kim
loi v
phi kim

Nhn xt
Lin kt cng ho tr c cc l
dng trung gian gia lin kt cng
ho tr khng cc v lin kt ion

Hot ng 2 (10 pht)
Mng tinh th
hnh HS tho lun.

Bi 6. a) Ly th d v tinh th ion,
tinh th phn t, tinh th nguyn t.
b) So snh nhit nng
chy ca cc loi tinh th
. Gii thch.
c) Tinh th no dn in
c trng thi rn ?
Tinh th no dn in c
khi nng chy v khi ho
tan trong nc ?

HS : Chun b 2 pht.
a) Tinh th ion : NaCl, MgO.
Tinh th nguyn t : kim cng.
Tinh th phn t : iot, nc ,
bng phin.
b) So snh t
0
nng chy :
Tinh th ion c to
ra do lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion ngc du
rt bn, kh rn, kh bay
hi, kh nng chy.

Tinh th nguyn t to thnh do
lin kt cng ho tr bn vng, kh
cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
Tinh th phn t c hnh thnh
bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn
t d nng chy, d bay hi.
c) Khng c tinh th no
dn in c trng
thi rn.
Tinh th ion dn in c trng
thi nng chy v dung dch.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
in ho tr
hnh HS tho lun :

Bi 7 : Xc nh in ho tr ca cc
nguyn t nhm VIA, VIIA trong cc
hp cht vi cc nguyn t nhm IA.
HS : Chun b 1 pht.

HS : in ho ca cc nguyn t
nhm VIA, VIIA trong cc hp cht
vi cc nguyn t nhm IA l :
Cc nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm
IA c s electron lp ngoi cng l 1
c th nhng i nn c in ho tr 1+.

Cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm
VIA, VIIA c 6, 7 electron lp ngoi
cng c th nhn thm 2 hay 1
electron vo lp ngoi cng, nn c
in ho tr 2, 1.
Hot ng 4 (10 pht)
Ho tr cao nht vi oxi v ho tr vi hiro
Bi tp 8. a) Da vo v tr ca cc

nguyn t trong bng tun hon, hy
nu r cc nguyn t no
sau y c cng ho tr
trong cc oxit cao nht :
Si, P, Cl, S, C, N, Se, Br.
b) Nhng nguyn t no sau y c
cng ho tr trong cc hp cht kh vi
hiro :
P, S, F, Si, Cl, N, As, Te.

HS quan st v tho lun bi tp.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.

a) Nhng nguyn t c
cng ho tr trong cc
oxit cao nht :
RO
2
R
2
O
5
RO
3
R
2
O
7
Si, C P, N S, Se Cl, Br
b) Nhng nguyn t c cng ho tr
trong hp cht kh vi hiro :
RH
4
RH
3
RH
2
RH
Si N, P, As S, Te F, Cl

Hot ng 5 (7 pht)
S oxi ho
GV chiu bi tp 9 (SGK) ln mn hnh
cho HS tho lun.

Bi tp 9. Xc nh SOXH ca Mn, Cr,
Cl, P :
a) Trong phn t : KMnO
4
, Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
,
KClO
3
, H
3
PO
4
.
b) Trong ion : NO
3
, SO
4
2
, CO
3
2
, Br
,
+
4
NH .
GV yu cu HS vn dng cc quy tc
xc nh SOXH gii bi tp.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.

HS :
a)
7
4
KMnO ,
+ 6
2
2 7
Na Cr O ,
+ 5
3
KCl O
+
,
5
3 4
H P O
+

b)
+ + +
+
1
5 6 4 3
2 2
3 4 3 4
NO , S O , CO , Br , NH
Hot ng 6 (3 pht)
Dn D BI TP V NH
GV yu cu HS v nh n tp tip v cc dng lin kt v cch phn loi da
vo gi tr m in.
Bi tp v nh : 3, 4, 1, 5 (SGK).

Tit 28 luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc (tip)
A. Mc tiu
5. Dng hiu m in phn loi mt cch tng i cc loi lin kt
ho hc.
6. Kho st cng thc cu to ca mt s phn t n gin da vo bn cht
ca cc loi lin kt trong phn t.
7. Rn luyn k nng lp lun gii bi tp.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng gi tr m in, bng tun hon.
HS : n tp v lin kt ho hc.
c. tin trnh Dy Hc
Hot ng 1 (20 pht)
m in v hiu m in
GV chiu bi tp 3 v 4 (SGK) ln mn
hnh cho HS tho lun.

Bi tp 3. Cho dy oxit sau y :
Na
2
O, MgO, Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
, SO
3
,
Cl
2
O
7
.
Da vo gi tr hiu m in ca
hai nguyn t trong phn t hy xc
nh loi lin kt trong tng phn t
oxit ?
GV chiu bng m in ln mn
hnh v hng dn HS tnh hiu m
in gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t.
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
Oxit Na
2
OMgOAl
2
O
3
SiO
2
P
2
O
5
SO
3
Cl
2
O
7
2,51 2,13 1,83 1,54 1,25 0,86 0,28

Loi
lin
kt

ion

Cng ho tr
Cng
ho tr
khng
cc

Bi 4.
a) Da vo gi tr m in (F = 3,98 ;
HS : Chun b 2 pht.
a) F O Cl N

O = 3,44 ; Cl = 3,16 ; N = 3,04) hy
xt tnh phi kim thay i nh th no
trong dy nguyn t sau : F, O, Cl, N.
=
3,98 3,44 3,16 3,04

b) Vit CTCT ca cc phn t sau y :
N
2
, CH
4
, H
2
O, NH
3
.
Xt xem phn t no c lin kt cng
ho tr khng cc, phn cc mnh
nht.
b)
N N

H O H

N
2
CH
4
H
2
O

NH
3
:
0 0,35 1,24 0,84
Phn t N
2
, CH
4
c lin kt cng
ho tr khng phn cc.
H
2
O l phn t c lin kt phn cc
mnh nht trong dy.
Hot ng 2 (20 pht)
S hnh thnh ion cng thc electron v cng thc cu to
GV chiu bi tp 1 v 5 (SGK) ln mn
hnh.

Bi tp 1.
a) Vit phng trnh biu din s hnh
thnh cc ion sau y t cc nguyn t
tng ng :
Na Na
+
; Cl Cl

Mg Mg
2+
; S S
2

Al Al
3+
; O O
2

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc
nguyn t v cc ion. Nhn xt v cu
hnh cc ion. Nhn xt v cu hnh
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
11
Na Na
+
+ 1e
(2,8,1) (2,8)
12
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
(2,8,2) (2,8)
13
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
(2,8,3) (2,8)
17
Cl + 1e Cl

(2,8,7) (2,8,8)
m in gim
Tnh phi kim gim

electron lp ngoi cng ca cc ion
c to thnh.
16
S + 2e S
2

(2,8,6) (2,8,8)
8
O + 2e O
2

(2,6) (2,8)
Bi tp 5. Mt nguyn t c cu hnh
electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
a) Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t
trong bng tun hon, suy ra cng thc
phn t hp cht kh vi hiro.
b) Vit cng thc electron v cng
thc cu to ca phn t .
HS : Chun b 3 pht.
a) Tng s electron l 7 s th t
ca nguyn t l 7.
C 2 lp electron chu k 2.
Nguyn t p c 5e ngoi cng
thuc nhm VA.
l N.
b) Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh
vi hiro l : NH
3

Cng thc electron v cng thc
cu to :

Hot ng 3 (5 pht)
dn d bi tp v nh
GV lu cho HS : Hiu m in ch cho php ta d on mt cch tng
i v loi lin kt ho hc trong phn t. D on ny cn phi c xc minh
mc ng n bi nhiu phng php thc nghim khc.
V d : (HF) = 3,98 2,2 = 1,78 > 1,7 nhng lin kt trong HF khng phi
l lin kt ion m l lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
GV dn d : n tp tt hc k I, cc em v nh chun b bi tp sau :
Lp s lin h gia kin thc c bn ca 3 chng : cu to nguyn t
bng tun hon lin kt ho hc.

Tit 29 n tp hc k i
A. Mc tiu
1. HS bit h thng ho kin thc c bn v cu to cht thuc ba chng
1, 2, 3.
2. HS hiu v c k nng vn dng kin thc v cu to nguyn t, bng tun
hon v nh lut tun hon, lin kt ho hc gii bi tp, chun b kin thc c
s tt cho vic hc phn sau ca chng trnh.
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon, h thng bi tp v cu hi
luyn tp.
HS : T n cc kin thc l thuyt thuc ba chng.
c. tin trnh Dy Hc
Hot ng 1 (10 pht)
GV yu cu HS nhc li cc kin thc c bn ca ba chng :
Chng 1 : Nguyn t.
Chng 2 : Bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Chng 3 : Lin kt ho hc.
T GV xut cc dng bi tp thng gp HS luyn tp.
Hot ng 2 (35 pht)
Dng 1 : Mi quan h gia cc loi ht c bn (p, n, e) trong nguyn t, ion,
phn t.
Th d 1 : Cho hp cht MX
3
, bit :
Tng s ht p, n, e l 196 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng
mang in l 60.
Nguyn t khi ca X ln hn ca M l 8.
Tng 3 loi ht (p, n, e) trong ion X
nhiu hn trong ion M

3+
l 16.

Hy xc nh M v X thuc ng v no ca hai nguyn t .
Hng dn : Trong M c Z proton, Z electron, N ntron.
X c Z proton, Z electron, N ntron.
H phng trnh ton hc :
(2Z N) (6Z 3N ) 196
(2Z 6Z ) (N 3N ) 60
(Z N ) (Z N) 8
(2Z N 1) (2Z N 3) 16
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =

Z = 13, Z = 17, N = 14, N = 18
A
M
= 27 v A
X
= 35

27
13
M v
35
17
X
Dng 2 : Xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh khi bit % s lng nguyn t
ca mi ng v v ngc li.
Th d 2 : Nguyn t khi ca brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v trong
mt ng v l
79
35
Br chim 54,5% s nguyn t. Hy xc nh ng v th hai ca
brom ?
Hng dn : Gi x l % s nguyn t ca ng v th hai, ta c :
Br
79. 54, 5 X(100 54, 5)
A 79, 91
100
+
= =
81
35
X 81 Br =
Dng 3 : Bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon (s th t chu k, s
th t nhm A/B) vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion.
Th d 3. a) Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4, nhm VII A. Vit cu hnh
electron ca Br ?
b) Bit nguyn t Mn thuc chu k 4, nhm VIIB. Vit cu hnh electron
ca Mn ?

Hng dn :
a) Phn tch :
Nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4 nguyn t ca n phi c 4 lp e.
Nguyn t Br thuc nhm VIIA lp ngoi cng (lp th 4) c 7e in vo
phn lp s v p 4s
2
4p
5
.
Cu hnh electron y ca Br :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
.
b) Phn tch :
Nguyn t Mn thuc chu k 4 Mn c 4 lp e.
Mn thuc nhm VII B s electron ho tr ca n bng 7 nhng phn b
lp 3d v 4s 3d
5
4s
2
.
Cu hnh electron y ca Mn :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
.
Dng 4. Bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion suy ra v tr ca nguyn
t trong bng tun hon.
Th d. Cho cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t A :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
.
Hy suy ra v tr ca A trong bng tun hon.
Hng dn :
A c 24e chim th 24 trong bng tun hon.
A c 4 lp e thuc chu k 4
A c 6e ho tr v l nguyn t d thuc nhm VIB.
Dng 5. Lin kt ho hc v mng tinh th.

Th d 5. a) Da vo m in, sp xp theo chiu tng phn cc ca lin
kt gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t cc cht sau :
CaO, MgO, CH
4
, AlN, AlCl
3
, NaBr, BCl
3
.
Cho m in ca O = 3,44 ; Cl = 3,16 ; Br = 2,96 ; Na = 0,93 ; Mg = 1,31 ;
Ca = 2,55 ; H = 2,20 ; Al = 1,61 ; N = 3,04 ; B = 2,04.
b) Phn t cht no k trn c lin kt ion ? Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc ?
c cc ?
Hng dn : a) phn cc ca lin kt c th hin qua hiu m in
ca cc nguyn t tham gia lin kt ho hc. Hiu m in cng ln th lin kt
cng phn cc, ta c :
Phn t : N
2

CH
4
BCl
3
AlN AlCl
3
NaBr MgO CaO
:
0 0,35 1,12 1,43 1,55 2,03 2,13 2,44
b) Cc hp cht CaO, MgO, NaBr l cc hp cht c lin kt ion.
N
2
l hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc.
CH
4
, AlN, AlCl
3
, BCl
3
l cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
Th d 6. Hy d on xem cc cht sau y trng thi rn thuc mng tinh
th g ? Gii thch ngn gn.
a) Nc, H
2
O (t
o
nc
= 0
0
C)
b) Mui n, NaCl (t
o
nc
= 801
0
C)
c) Bng phin, C
10
H
8
(t
o
nc
= 80
0
C)
d) nButan, C
4
H
10
(t
o
nc
= 138
0
C)
e) Benzen, C
6
H
6
(t
o
nc
= 5,5
0
C)
f) Cacbon tera clorua, CCl
4
(t
o
nc
= 23
0
C)
g) Canxi clorua, CaCl
2
(t
o
nc
= 772
0
C).
Hng dn :

a) c) d) e) v f) l tinh th phn t v t
o
nc
thp.
b) v g) l tinh th ion v t
o
nc
cao.

Mc lc
Trang
Li ni u ........................................................................................................... 3
Tit 1. n tp ............................................................................................ 5
Tit 2. n tp (tip) ................................................................................... 9
Chng 1
Nguyn t
Tit 3. Thnh phn nguyn t ................................................................. 17
Tit 4. Ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ho hc. ng v........................ 27
Tit 5. Ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ho hc. ng v (tip) .............. 32
Tit 6. Luyn tp : Thnh phn nguyn t............................................... 37
Tit 7. Cu to v nguyn t................................................................... 41
Tit 8. Cu to v nguyn t (tip) .......................................................... 46
Tit 9. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t.................................................. 49
Tit 10. Luyn tp : Cu to v nguyn t ................................................ 57
Tit 11. Luyn tp : Cu to v nguyn t (tip) ....................................... 61
Chng 2
Bng tun hon v cc nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon
Tit 12. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc....................................... 65
Tit 13. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (tip).............................. 69
Tit 14. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t ho hc .......................................................... 75
Tit 15. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip) ................................................. 79
Tit 16. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc
nh lut tun hon...................................................................... 84

Tit 17. S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc
nh lut tun hon (tip) ............................................................. 90
Tit 18. ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc ................... 96
Tit 19. Luyn tp : Bng tun ho, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc ............. 101
Tit 20. Luyn tp : Bng tun ho, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip) .... 105
Chng 3
Lin kt ho hc
Tit 21. Lin kt ion Tinh th ion.......................................................... 111
Tit 22. Lin kt ion Tinh th ion (tip) ................................................. 114
Tit 23. Lin kt cng ho tr ................................................................... 120
Tit 24. Lin kt cng ho tr (tip).......................................................... 125
Tit 25. Tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t....................................... 133
Tit 26. Ho tr v s oxi ho................................................................... 138
Tit 27. Luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc ..................................................... 143
Tit 28. Luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc (tip) ............................................. 147
Tit 29. n tp hc k I ............................................................................ 150

Thit k bi ging
Ho hc 10 tp mt
Cao C gic
Nh xut bn h ni

Chu trch nhim xut bn :
nguyn khc onh
Bin tp :
phm quc tun
V ba :
to thanh huyn
Trnh by :
l anh t
Sa bn in :
phm quc tun

In 2.000 cun, kh 17 x 24cm, ti Cng ty C phn in Thi Nguyn.
Quyt nh xut bn s: 2542006/ CXB/13b TK46/HN.
In xong v np lu chiu qu III/2006.

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thiết kế bài giảng hóa tap10

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Cao c gic

gi l hng s Plank rt gn.

y = 3(8 y) y = 6 (nhm VI A).

= = (loi v nhm VI A khng c nguyn t no c

l lin kt ion. Vy th no l lin

, s hnh thnh phn t t cc

2,51 2,13 1,83 1,54 1,25 0,86 0,28

nhiu hn trong ion M

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