LI CM N

Kha lun ny c hon thnh di s gip nhit tnh, chu o ca Th.S Phan
Trng Tin. Em xin php c gi n thy s knh trng v lng bit n su sc v
s tn tm ca thy i vi bn thn em, khng nhng trong qu trnh lm kha lun
m cn trong sut qu trnh hc tp.
Em cng xin php c gi li cm n chn thnh n qu thy c ging dy
lp HSP Ton L K51, cng nh ton th thy c gio trong khoa Ton Tin,
trng H Qung Bnh, nhng ngi cho em kin thc, quan tm, ng vin, nhit
tnh gip em trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng nh trong thi gian thc hin kha
lun.
Cui cng, em xin php c gi li cm n n nhng ngi thn, bn b
quan tm, ng vin, gip em trong sut qung ng hc tp va qua.




ng Hi, thng 5 nm 2013
Sinh vin: on Th Tr My

MC LC
A. M U ............................................................................................................... 1
I. L DO CHN TI. .................................................................................. 1
II. MC CH NGHIN CU. .......................................................................... 1
III. PHM VI NGHIN CU I TNG NGHIN CU. ........................ 1
IV. NI DUNG NGHIN CU ............................................................................ 2
V. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU V TIN HNH. ........................... 2
B. NI DUNG ............................................................................................................ 3
CHNG I_KIN THC CHUN B .................................................................... 3
I. GII HN CA HM S ............................................................................... 3
II. HM S LIN TC ........................................................................................ 4
III. O HM ....................................................................................................... 6
CHNG II_NG DNG CC NH L BOLZANO-CAUCHY,LAGRANGE,
ROLLE, CAUCHY CHNG MINH PHNG TRNH C NGHIM .......... 9
I. NG DNG NH L BOLZANO-CAUCHY ............................................. 9
1. Phng php chung ................................................................................. 9
2. Bi tp ...................................................................................................... 9
II. NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE, ROLLE, CAUCHY ......................... 26
1. Phng php chung ............................................................................... 26
2. Bi tp .................................................................................................... 28
CHNG III_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE GII PHNG TRNH.. 81
I. PHNG PHP CHUNG ............................................................................ 81
II. BI TP ....................................................................................................... 81
CHNG IV_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE CHNG MINH BT
NG THC ........................................................................................................ 90
I. PHNG PHP CHUNG ............................................................................ 90
II. BI TP ....................................................................................................... 90
C. KT LUN ....................................................................................................... 109
TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................... 110
1

A. M U


I. L DO CHN TI
o hm l mt phn quan trng ca gii tch ton hc. N khng nhng l mt
i tng nghin cu ca gii tch, m cn l cng c rt "mnh" gii quyt hu ht
nhng bi ton trong cc thi tt nghip Trung hc ph thng cng nh trong cc
thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng k thi hc sinh gii cp quc gia, quc t, trong
cc k thi Olympic Ton Sinh vin gia cc trng i hc trong nc th cc bi ton
lin quan n tnh lin tc v o hm ca hm s hay c cp, v c xem nh l
dng ton kh. Dng ph bin nht l chng minh phng trnh c nghim, gii phng
trnh, chng minh bt ng thc.
Cc bi ton ny hu ht c cp cc cun bi tp gii tch. Tuy nhin, ti
liu h thng v ng dng ca cc nh l v tnh lin tc v o hm gii cc bi
ton ny th cha c nhiu, cn cha c h thng theo dng ton cng nh phng
php gii. Qua nghin cu k ni dung kin thc, c nhiu ti liu, qua kinh nghim
hc Ton ca bn thn, em chn ti Cc nh l Bolzano Cauchy, Lagrange,
Rolle, Cauchy v ng dng. Nhm gip cho cc em hc sinh, sinh vin c thm ti liu
tham kho, gip cho vic hc Ton thm phn hp dn hn.
II. MC CH NGHIN CU
Nghin cu cc ng dng ca cc nh l Bolzano Cauchy, Lagrange, Rolle,
Cauchy chng minh phng trnh c nghim, gii phng trnh v chng minh bt
ng thc.
III. PHM VI NGHIN CU I TNG NGHIN CU
i tng nghin cu ca ti ch yu l cc bi tp ra trong cc sch gii tch,
cc thi Olympic lin quan n ng dng lin tc v o hm.
2

IV. NI DUNG NGHIN CU
CHNG I_KIN THC CHUN B
CHNG II_NG DNG CC NH L BOLZANO-CAUCHY,
LAGRANGE, ROLLE, CAUCHY CHNG MINH PHNG TRNH C
NGHIM
CHNG III_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE GII PHNG TRNH
CHNG IV_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE CHNG MINH
BT NG THC
V. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU V TIN HNH
-Tham kho ti liu.
-H thng cc bi tp v phn loi.
-Phn tch, hng dn phng php gii.

3

B. NI DUNG
CHNG I_KIN THC CHUN B
I. GII HN CA HM S
1. Cc nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn khong ( ) , a b cha
o
x (c th khng xc nh
ti im
o
x ).
nh ngha 1.1: S thc l c gi l gii hn ca hm s ( ) y f x = khi x dn n
o
x nu ( ) ( ) 0, 0: , x a b > - > e

m ( ) 0
o
x x f x l < < < .
K hiu:
( ) lim
o
x x
f x l

= hay ( ) f x l khi
o
x x .
nh ngha 1.2: S L c gi l gii hn phi (gii hn tri) ca hm ( ) f x khi x
tin ti
o
x t bn phi (t bn tri) nu vi mi 0 > tn ti s 0 > sao cho
( ) f x L < vi mi ( ) , ,0 (0 )
o o
x a b x x x x e < < < < .
K hiu: Gii hn phi:
( ) ( )
lim
o
x a
f x f x
+
+

= hoc ( ) 0
o
f x + ;
Gii hn tri:
( ) ( )
lim
o
x a
f x f x

= hoc ( ) 0
o
f x ;
nh ngha 1.3: Nu vi mi s 0 M > , tn ti s 0 > sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) f x M f x M > < vi mi x tha mn bt ng thc 0
o
x x < < th ta ni
( ) f x c gii hn bng ( ) + khi x tin ti
o
x .
K hiu: ( ) ( ) lim (lim )
o o
x x x x
f x f x

= + = .
Gi s hm ( ) f x xc nh trn tp khng b chn.
nh ngha 1.4: S L c gi l gii hn ca ( ) f x khi x tin ra ( ) + nu
vi mi 0 > tn ti s 0 M > sao cho vi mi ( ) , x a b e tha mn bt ng thc
( ) x M x M > < ta c: ( ) f x L < .
K hiu: ( ) ( ) lim (lim )
x x
f x L f x L
+
= = .
4

nh ngha 1.5: Nu vi mi s 0 E > tn ti s 0 M > sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) f x E f x E > < vi mi x X e

tha mn x M > th ta ni hm ( ) f x c gii
hn ( ) + khi x tin ra +.
K hiu:
( ) ( ) lim ( lim )
x x
f x f x
+
= + = ;
Tng t cho
( ) ( ) lim ( lim )
x x
f x f x
+
= = + .
2. Cc nh l
nh l 1.6: Gi s ( ) f x l mt hm n iu trn khong ( ) , a b v c

l mt im
nm trong khong . Nu ( ) f x

b chn th tn ti gii hn tng pha (hu hn)
( ) lim
x c
f x

v
( ) lim
x c
f x
+

.
nh l 1.7: Gi s tn ti 0 > sao cho vi mi ( ) , x a b e tha mn
0 x a < < , hm ( ) f x b kp gia hai hm ( ) ( ) , g x h x (tc l
( ) ( ) ( ) g x f x h x s s ) v tn ti
( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
h x g x L

= = . Khi y tn ti gii hn ca
( ) f x khi x tin ti a v
( ) lim
x a
f x L

= .
II. HM S LIN TC
1. Cc nh ngha
Gi s hm ( ) f x xc nh trn mt ln cn ca im
o
x .
nh ngha 2.1: Hm ( ) f x

c gi l lin tc ti im
o
x

nu vi mi 0 > tn
ti mt s 0 > sao cho vi mi x:
o
x x < ( ) ( )
o
f x f x < .
Ta ni ( ) f x gin on ti
o
x nu n khng lin tc ti im .
Tuy nhin ta c th nh ngha yu hn:
nh ngha 2.2: Hm ( ) f x c gi l lin tc bn tri ti im
o
x nu n xc nh
trong ( , ]
o o
x x v lim ( ) ( )
o
o
x x
f x f x

= .
Hm ( ) f x

c gi l lin tc bn phi ti im
o
x nu n xc nh trong
[ , )
o o
x x + v lim ( ) ( )
o
o
x x
f x f x
+

= .
5

Hm ( ) f x lin tc ti
o
x nu lin tc bn tri v lin tc bn phi.
nh ngha 2.3: Hm s ( ) f x c gi l lin tc Lipschitz nu c hng s A
( ) ( ) , , f x f y A x y x y X s e .
2. Cc nh l
nh l 2.1: Nu hm ( ) f x v ( ) g x lin tc ti im
o
x x = th cc hm
( )
( ) ( ), ( ). ( ), ( ( ) 0)
( )
o
f x
f x g x f x g x g x
g x
+ = lin tc ti im
o
x x = .
nh l 2.2: Nu hm ( ) t g x = lin tc ti im
o
x , hm ( ) y f t = lin tc ti im
0
( )
o
t g x = th hm hp [ ( )] y f g x = lin tc ti im
o
x .
nh l 2.3: Nu hm ( ) f x xc nh v lin tc ti im
o
x th n b chn trong
mt ln cn no ca im
o
x .
nh l 2.4 (Weierstrass I): Nu hm ( ) f x xc nh v lin tc trn on
| |
, a b th
n b chn trn on .
nh l 2.5 (Weierstrass II): Nu hm ( ) f x lin tc trn on | | , a b th n t gi
tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn on . Tc l tn ti cc im | |
1 2
, , x x a b e sao
cho:
( )
| |
( )
1
,
max
x a b
f x M f x
e
= = .
( )
| |
( )
2
,
min
x a b
f x m f x
e
= = .
nh l 2.6 (Bolzano Cauchy I): Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
, a b v ( ). ( ) 0 f a f b <
th c t nht mt im ( ) , c a b e sao cho ( ) 0 f c = .
nh l 2.7 (Bolzano Cauchy II): Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trn | | , a b v
( ) ( ) f a A B f b = = = .
Khi y ( ) f x nhn mi gi tr trung gian gia A v B. (Ta ni: ( ) f x lp y on
| | , A B ).
6

H qu: Nu hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
, a b th n nhn mi gi tr trung gian
gia gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht.
nh l 2.8: Nu ( ) f x lin tc Lipschitz th ( ) f x lin tc u.
III. O HM
1. Cc nh ngha
Gi s hm ( ) f x xc nh trn khong ( ) , a b v x l im c nh ca khong ,
x A l s gia ty ca i s b sao cho s x x + A cng thuc khong ( ) , a b .
y A l s gia ca hm ( ) y f x = ti im c nh .
nh ngha 3.1: Nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
y f x x f x
x x
A A
A + A
=
A A
(1)
Th gii hn c gi l o hm ca hm ( ) y f x = ti im c nh x .
Ta ni ( ) f x c o hm trn ( ) , a b ( hay kh vi trn ( ) , a b ) nu ( ) f x c o hm
ti mi im thuc ( ) , a b ).
Trong trng hp gii hn (1) tn ti v bng + hoc th ngi ta ni hm
( ) f x c o hm v hn ti
o
x .
nh ngha 3.2: Nu cc gii hn sau y tn ti:
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
y f x x f x
x x
+ +
A A
A + A
=
A A
.
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
y f x x f x
x x

A A
A + A
=
A A
.
Th cc gii hn c gi tng ng l o hm bn phi v o hm bn tri
ca hm ( ) y f x = ti im c nh x.
K hiu:
0 0
'( 0) lim
x
y
f x
x
A +
A
+ =
A
l o hm bn phi.
7

0 0
'( 0) lim
x
y
f x
x
A
A
=
A
l o hm bn tri.
T cc nh ngha 3.1, 3.2 v cc tnh cht ca gii hn mt pha ta thu c: o
hm '( ) f x tn ti khi v ch khi ti im x hm ( ) f x c cc o hm bn phi v bn
tri v cc o hm bng nhau:
'( 0) '( 0) '( ) f x f x f x + = = .
2. Cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy.
a. nh l Lagrange:
Gi s ( ) f x

l hm s lin tc trn on | | , a b c v c o hm trn ( ) , a b . Khi
tn ti mt im ( ) , c a b e sao cho:
( ) ( )
'( )
f b f a
f c
b a

.
* nh l Lagrange cn c pht biu di dng tch phn sau:
Nu ( ) f x

l hm s lin tc trn on
| |
, a b c

th tn ti im ( ) , c a b e tha
mn: ( ) ( )( )
b
a
f x dx f c b a =
}
.
* ngha hnh hc: Cho hm s ( ) f x tha mn cc gi thit ca nh l
Lagrange. th ( ) C , ( ) ( )
, A a f a , ( ) ( )
, B b f b .
Khi trn ( ) C tn ti im
( ) ( )
, C c f c , ( ) , c a b e l tip tuyn ca ( ) C ti
C song song vi ng thng AB.
nh l Lagrange cho php ta c lng t
s
( ) ( ) f b f a
b a

do n cn c gi l
nh l Gi tr trung bnh (Mean Value Theorem).


A
C
B
b
a
c
O
y
x
8

b. nh l Rolle:
Nu hm ( ) f x lin tc trn on
| |
, a b , kh vi trn khong ( ) , a b v ( ) ( ) f a f b =
th tn ti ( ) , c a b e sao cho '( ) 0 f c = .
nh l Rolle l h qu ca nh l Lagrange trong trng hp ( ) ( ) f a f b = .
c. nh l Cauchy:
Gi s cc hm ( ) f x

v ( ) g x

l cc hm lin tc trn
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Khi tn ti ( ) , c a b e cho
| | | |
( ) ( ) '( ) ( ) ( ) '( ) f b f a g c g b g a f c = .
nh l Lagrange l h qu ca nh l Cauchy trong trng hp ( ) g x x = .















9

CHNG II_NG DNG CC NH L BOLZANO-CAUCHY,
LAGRANGE, ROLLE, CAUCHY CHNG MINH PHNG TRNH C
NGHIM
I. NG DNG NH L BOLZANO-CAUCHY
1. Phng php chung
Cho phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = , chng minh phng trnh c k nghim phn bit
trong | | , a b , ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn cc s
1 2 1
...
k
a T T T b

< < < < < chia on

| |
, a b thnh cc khong
tha mn:
1
1
( ). ( ) 0
........
( ). ( ) 0
k
f a f T
f T f b

<

<

Bc 2: Kt lun.
2. Bi tp
Bi ton 1: Cho cc s dng
1 2 3
, , c c c tha mn
1 2 3
c c c > > . Chng minh rng
phng trnh
1 2 3
x c x c x c + = c nghim duy nht .
* Phn tch: chng minh phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim duy nht:
+Chng minh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim
o
x trong tp xc nh ca n: Da vo tnh lin
tc ca hm s ( ) f x trn tp xc nh v ch ra ( ) ( )
1 2
. 0 f x f x < ,
1 2
, x x D e

(S dng
nh l Bolzano-Cauchy).
+Bng cng c o hm, chng t ( ) f x n iu trn min D.
T , suy ra
o
x l nghim duy nht.
* Gii:
iu kin :
1
x c > .
Khi phng trnh c a v dng :
1 2
3 3
1 0
x c x c
x c x c

+ =

.
10

Xt hm s ( )
1 2
3 3
1
x c x c
f x
x c x c

= +

trn
| )
1
; c + .
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
1 3 2 3
2 2
1 2
3 3
3 3
0
2 2
c c c c
f x
x c x c
x c x c
x c x c

' = + >



.
Do gi thit
1 2 3
c c c > > nn hm s ( ) f x ng bin trn
| )
1
; c + .
Mt khc ( )
1 2
1
1 3
1 0
c c
f c
c c

= <

v ( ) lim 1
x
f x
+
= .
S dng nh l Bolzano - Cauchy ta thy phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c duy nht
nghim ( )
0 1
; . x c e +
Bi ton 2: Chng minh phng trnh:
3
3 1 0 x x + = c 3 nghim phn bit. Tnh
tng cc lu tha bc 8 ca 3 nghim .
* Phn tch: chng minh phng trnh c 3 nghim ta s ch ra trn tp xc nh
ca phng trnh c 3 khong ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , , a b b c c d sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0, . 0, . 0. f a f b f b f c f c f d < < <
Ri vn dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy ta c iu cn chng minh.
* Gii:
- Hm s ( )
3
3 1 f x x x = + lin tc trn D = .
Xt hm s ( ) f x trong cc khong ( ) ( ) ( ) 2,0 ; 0,1 ; 1,2 .
Ta c :
- Trong ( ) 2,0 hm s ( ) f x lin tc v: ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 3 2 1 1 0 f = + = < ;
( ) 0 1 0 f = > .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 2 . 0 0 f f < .
p dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy: ( )
1
2,0 x - e sao cho ( )
1
0 f x = .
- Trong ( ) 0,1 hm s ( ) f x lin tc v:
( ) 0 1 0 f = > ; ( ) ( ) ( )
3
1 1 3. 1 1 2 0 f = + = < .
11

Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 0 f f < .
p dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy: ( )
2
0,1 x - e sao cho ( )
2
0 f x = .
- Trong ( ) 1,2 hm s ( ) f x lin tc v: ( ) ( ) ( )
3
1 1 3. 1 1 2 0 f = + = < ;
( )
3
2 2 3.2 1 1 0 f = + = > .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 1 . 2 0 f f < .
p dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy: ( )
3
1,2 x - e sao cho ( )
3
0 f x = .
Nn phng trnh cho c 3 nghim phn bit l
1 2 3
, , x x x (pcm).
* Tnh tng cc lu tha bc 8 ca 3 nghim tc l tnh gi tr ca
8 8 8
1 2 3
x x x + + .
Gi , 1,3
i
x i =

l nghim ca phng trnh cho .
Ta c:
3 3
3 1 0 3 1
i i i i
x x x x + = = .
Ngoi ra:
+ ( ) ( )
5 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
. 3 1 . 3 3 3 1 9 3
i i i i i i i i i i i
x x x x x x x x x x x = = = = = + . (1)
+
( )( )
8 5 3 2 2
. 9 3 3 1 28 27 6
i i i i i i i i
x x x x x x x x = = + = + . (2)
Do :
( ) ( ) ( )
8 8 8 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
28 27 6 28 27 6 28 27 6 x x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + +

( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
28 27 18 x x x x x x = + + + + + .
Mt khc : ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 x x x x x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + .
Nn
3
8
1
i
i
T x
=
=

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
19 2 27 18 x x x x x x x x x x x x
(
= + + + + + + +

.
V phng trnh cho c 3 nghim phn bit nn theo nh l Viet:
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
0
. . . 3
. . 1
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
+ + =

+ + =

Vy
3
8
1
28.6 6 186
i
i
T x
=
= = + =

.


12

Bi ton 3: Chng minh tp nghim ca bt phng trnh:
1 2 70 5
...
1 2 70 4 x x x
+ + + >


l hp cc khong ri nhau v c tng di l 1988.
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh tp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
hp cc khong ri nhau. Tc l chng minh bt phng trnh c cc nghim
1 2
, ,...
n
x x x
m cc nghim thuc vo nhng khong khc nhau:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 2 3 1
, , , ,.... ,
n n n
x a a x a a x a a
+
e e e .
Ngoi ra:
70
1
1 2 70 5 5
...
1 2 70 4 4
k
k
x x x x k
=
+ + + =

( ) ( )
70 70
1 1
( ) 4 5
5
( ) 4 4 ( )
k j k j k
k x j k x j x j
x j x j
= = =

= =

[ [ [
[ [
( )
( )
f x
g x
= .
Ta thy hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn nn chng minh s tn ti nghim trong
cc khong ca bt phng trnh trn, ta c th s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy.
* Gii:
+Ta c:
70
1
1 2 70 5 5
...
1 2 70 4 4
k
k
x x x x k
=
+ + + =

( ) ( )
70 70
1 1
( ) 4 5
5
( ) 4 4 ( )
k j k j k
k x j k x j x j
x j x j
= = =

= =

[ [ [
[ [
( )
( )
f x
g x
= .
Vi qui c , 1,70 k j = .
- R rng ( ) 0 g x =

c 70 nghim 1,2,...70 x = .
- Ta c ( ) f x

lin tc trn .
V ( ). ( 1) 0, 1,69 f k f k k + < = .
Nn theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy c 69 nghim xen k gia cc nghim
1,2,...70 x = .
Ngoi ra: lim ( ) 0, (70) 0
x
f x f
+
< > .
Nn cng c 70 nghim xen k l:
1 2 69 70
1 2 ... 70 x x x x < < < < < < < < +.
13

Nh vy, tp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l hp cc khong ri nhau.
+Tng di cc khong nghim ca bt phng trnh:
( )
0
( )
f x
g x
> l:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2 70
1 2 70
1 2 ... 70
... (1 2 ... 70)
S x x x
x x x
= + + +
= + + + + + +

a thc ( ) f x c bc 70, h s cao nht l 5 v h s ca
69
x

l:
( ) 9 1 2 ... 70 + + + .
Do :
( )
( )
9 1 2 ... 70 4 70.71
1 2 ... 70 . 1988
5 5 2
S
+ + +
= + + + = =

.
Bi ton 4: Cho hm s ( ) f x | | | |
: ; ; a b a b vi a b <

v tho mn iu kin:
( ) ( ) f x f y x y < , vi mi , x y phn bit thuc
| |
; a b .
Chng minh rng phng trnh ( ) f x x = c duy nht mt nghim thuc | |
; a b .
(Olympic sinh vin 1994)
* Phn tch: Hm s ( ) f x tha mn iu kin cho l mt hm lin tc
Lipschitz (Theo nh ngha hm lin tc Lipschitz). Tuy nhin ta cha th khng nh
c n l hm kh vi.
Thng thng, chng minh phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim duy nht, ta s
da vo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy chng minh n c nghim
o
x trn tp xc nh. Ri
bng cng c o hm chng t ( ) f x n iu trn min D. T , suy ra
o
x l
nghim duy nht.
Tuy nhin, bi ton ny hm s khng c xt trn mt on c th. Nn ta
khng th s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy trc tip, m ta s dng nh l Weierstrass
chng minh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim
o
x , ri bng phn chng chng minh
o
x l duy
nht.
* Gii:
- Xt hm s ( ) ( ) g x f x x = th ( ) g x lin tc trn
| |
; a b .
Do tn ti
o
x thuc | |
; a b

sao cho:
| |
0
,
( ) min ( )
x a b
g x g x
e
= . (*)
14

- Ta s chng minh ( ) 0
o
g x = .
Tht vy, gi s ( ) 0
o
g x = , do ( )
o o
f x x = .
T bt ng thc cho th c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
f f x f x f x x < .
Suy ra ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
g f x g x < : mu thun vi (*).
Vy ( ) 0
o
g x = ngha l ( )
o o
f x x = .
- Gi s phng trnh ( ) f x x = cn c nghim
1 o
x x = ,
| |
1
; x a b e th ta c:
( ) ( )
1 1
,
o o
f x x f x x = = ( ) ( )
1 1 o o
f x f x x x = (mu thun vi gi thit).
V theo gi thit, nu x y = th ( ) ( ) f x f y x y < iu gi s sai.
Vy, phng trnh ( ) f x x = c duy nht mt nghim thuc | |
; a b .
Bi ton 5: Cho , , 0 a b c = v , p q ty . Chng minh rng:
2 2
a b
c
x p x q
+ =

lun c nghim.
* Phn tch: V , p q ty , ta xt hai trng hp p q = v p q = .
Ta thy: Vi p q = : hin nhin phng trnh lun c nghim.
Vi p q = , gi s p q < trong iu kin l , x p x q = = , quy ng kh mu
phng trnh cho, ri p dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy cho hm s l v tri ca
phng trnh trn | |
, p q ta s c c iu phi chng minh.
* Gii:
+ Vi p q =

ta c
2 2
2 2
x p
a b
c
a b
x p x p
c
=
+
=
+
= +

Vy, phng trnh c nghim
2 2
a b
x p
c
+
= + khi p q = v x p = .
+ Vi p q = , gi s p q <

iu kin xc nh , x p x q = = .
15

Vi iu kin phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 0
a x q b x p c x p x q
c x p x q a x q b x p
+ =
=

t ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
( ) f x c x p x q a x q b x p = .
Ta c ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
, p q v ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
, f p a p q f q b q p = = .
Suy ra:
2 2 2
( ). ( ) . .( ) 0 f p f q a b p q = s .
Do , tn ti s
o
x gia , p q sao cho ( ) 0
o
f x = .
Tc l phng trnh
2 2
a b
c
x p x q
+ =

lun c nghim (pcm).
Bi ton 6: Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn on | | 0,1 tha mn iu kin
( ) ( ) 0 1 f f = .
Chng minh rng phng trnh:
( )
1
2000
f x f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
c nghim
| |
0,1 x e .
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh:
( ) ( )
1 1
0
2000 2000
f x f x f x f x
| | | |
= + + =
| |
\ . \ .
c nghim
| |
0,1 x e .
t ( ) ( )
1
2000
g x f x f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
Ta thy rng hm s ( ) g x lin tc trn
| |
0,1 , v cha xc nh c hm s ( ) g x
kh vi hay khng nn ta c th s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy chng minh rng
| |
0,1 x - e sao cho ( ) 0 g x = .
* Gii:
- Xt hm s ( ) ( )
1
2000
g x f x f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
16

Hm s ny xc nh v lin tc trn
1999
0,
2000
(
(

.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
1
0 0
2000
1 2 1
2000 2000 2000
2 3 2
2000 2000 2000
.......................................................
1999 1999
1
2000 2000
g f f
g f f
g f f
g f f
| |
=
|
\ .

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

| | | | | |
=

| | |
\ . \ . \ .

| | | |

=
| |

\ . \ .

Suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1999
0 ... 1 0 0
2000 2000
g g g f f
| | | |
+ + + = =
| |
\ . \ .
.
T suy ra tn ti
| |
, 0,1,...,1999 i j e ta c: 0
i
g
n
| |
s
|
\ .
v 0
j
g
n
| |
>
|
\ .
.
+Nu 0
i
g
n
| |
=
|
\ .
v 0
j
g
n
| |
=
|
\ .
th ta c iu phi chng minh.
+Nu 0
i
g
n
| |
<
|
\ .
v 0
j
g
n
| |
>
|
\ .
th do ( ) g x lin tc trn
1999
0,
2000
(
(

nn theo nh l
Bolzano-Cauchy tn ti ,
o
i j
x
n n
| |
e
|
\ .
sao cho phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = c nghim trn
1999
0,
2000
(
(

.
Hay phng trnh
( )
1
2000
f x f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
c nghim thuc on
| |
0,1 .
Vy, phng trnh ( )
1
2000
f x f x
| |
= +
|
\ .
lun c nghim | | 0,1 x e (pcm).
17

Tng qut: Cho ( ) f x l mt hm s lin tc trn on
| |
0,1 tha mn iu kin
( ) ( ) 0 1 f f = . Chng minh rng vi bt k s t nhin n no cng tn ti mt s
| |
0,1 c e sao cho:
( )
1 cn
f c f
n
+ | |
=
|
\ .
.
Hng dn: Xt hm s ( ) ( )
1 1
, 0,
n
g x f x f x x
n n
| | (
= + e
|
(
\ .
.
Bi ton 7: Chng minh rng phng trnh:
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 p x a x c q x b x d + = lun c nghim, bit rng a b c d s s s , , p q
l hai s thc ty .
* Phn tch: t ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) f x p x a x c q x b x d = + .
V , p q l hai s thc ty nn ta s xt hai trng hp l:
+ 0 p q = = : R rng phng trnh lun c nghim.
+ 0 p = (hoc 0 q = ):
Nhn xt: ( ) f x lin tc trn | | , b d

nn ta s p dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy
chng minh s tn ti nghim ca phng trnh cho (Tng t, ta cng c th xt
hm s ( ) f x trn on
| |
, a c )
* Gii:
Xt hm s ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) f x p x a x c q x b x d = + lin tc trn .
+Nu 0 p q = = , phng trnh c nghim ty .
+Nu 0 p = hoc 0 q = , khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s 0 p = .
Khi : ( ) ( )( ) f b p b a b c = .
V ( ) ( )( ) f d p d a d c = .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )
2
. 0 f b f d p b a b c d a d c = s .
Vy phng trnh lun lun c nghim.

18

Bi ton 8: Chng minh rng: Vi mi m phng trnh
a/
1 1
cos sin
m
x x
= lun lun c nghim.
b/ .sin3 6cos2 sin 0 m x x x + + =

c nghim
| |
0,2 x e .
* Phn tch:
a/ t iu kin cho bi ton. Thc hin cc php bin i a cc s hng v
mt v sin cos .sin .cos 0 x x m x x = .
t ( ) sin cos .sin .cos f x x x m x x = .
chng minh phng trnh lun c nghim, ta ch cn ch ra mt khong m trn
hm s ( ) f x lin tc, ri s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy c iu phi chng
minh.
b/ Ta nhn thy hm s ( ) .sin3 6cos2 sin f x m x x x = + + lin tc trn
| |
0,2 .
Cng tng t nh cu trn chng minh phng trnh
.sin3 6cos2 sin 0 m x x x + + =

c nghim | | 0,2 x e . Ta cng s dng nh l Bolzano-
Cauchy.
* Gii:
a/ iu kin
2
x k

= , vi
*
k e .
Bin i phng trnh v dng: sin cos .sin .cos 0 x x m x x = .
Xt hm s ( ) sin cos .sin .cos f x x x m x x = lin tc trn on 0,
2
(
(

.
Ta c: ( ) 0 1 0 f = <

v 1 0
2
f
| |
= >
|
\ .
.
Suy ra:
( ) 0 . 1 0
2
f f
| |
= <
|
\ .
.
Vy phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = lun c mt nghim thuc 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
19

Hay phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
b/ Xt ( ) cos3 cos2 cos sin f x a x b x c x x = + + +

th ( ) f x

lin tc trn 0,
2
(
(

.
Ta c:
+Ti 0 x = : ( ) 0 f a b c = + + .
+Ti
2
x

= : 1
2
f b
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
+Ti x = : ( ) f a b c = + .
+Ti
3
2
x

= :
3
1
2
f b
| |
=
|
\ .
.
Suy ra: ( ) ( )
3
0 0
2 2
f f f f

| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
.
Do
3
, 0, , ,
2 2



- e
`
)
( ) ( ) . 0 f f s .
Vy phng trnh c nghim
3
0,
2
x
(
e
(

hay c nghim
| |
0,2 x e .
Bi ton 9:
Cho ( ) f x

lin tc trn on
| | ( ) 0,1, 0 0 f > v
1
0
1
( ) , 0
1998
f x dx x < >
}
.
Chng minh rng:
1997
( ) x f x = lun c t nht mt nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 .
(Olympic sinh vin 1998)
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh
1997 1997
( ) ( ) 0 x f x x f x = = lun c t
nht mt nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 .
20

Theo bi ra: ( ) f x lin tc trn on
| |
0,1 , ngoi ra cn c ( ) 0 0 f > v
1
0
1
( )
1998
f x dx <
}
nn ta s ngh ti vic s dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy chng
minh phng trnh trn c nghim.
t
1997
( ) ( ) F x x f x = , ri xt hm s ( ) F x trn
| |
0,1 , ta s c iu phi chng
minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s
1997
( ) ( ) F x x f x = .
Khi ( ) F x

lin tc trn | | 0,1

v theo gi thit th ( ) 0 0 F < .
V ( ) ( )
1 1
0 0
1
0
1998
F x dx f x dx = >
} }
.
Suy ra ( )
1
0,1 x - e sao cho ( )
1
0 F x > .
Do ( ) F x lin tc trn ( )
1
0, x v ( ) ( )
1
0 . 0 F F x < nn ( )
1
0, c x - e ( ) 0 F c = .
Vy phng trnh
1997
( ) x f x = lun c t nht mt nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 (pcm).
Bi ton 10: Cho s thc 2 a > v ( )
10 10 1
... 1
n n n
n
f x a x x x x
+
= + + + + + .
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh ( )
n
f x a = lun c
ng mt nghim dng duy nht. K hiu nghim l
n
x .
(VMO 2007)
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) 0
n n
f x a f x a = = lun c ng
mt nghim dng duy nht. Vi ( )
10 10 1
... 1
n n n
n
f x a x x x x
+
= + + + + + v 2 a > .
+Ta s chng minh phng trnh ( ) 0
n
f x a = c nghim: V hm s ( )
n
f x lin
tc trn , ng thi bi ton khng cho thm d kin no, nn ta s s dng nh l
Bolzano Cauchy chng minh s tn ti nghim ca phng trnh trn.
21

t ( ) ( )
n n
F x f x a = .
+Bng cng c o hm, chng t ( )
n
F x n iu trn min D.
T , suy ra phng trnh ( ) 0
n
F x = ch c nghim duy nht.
* Gii: t ( ) ( )
n n
F x f x a = .
Ta c: ( )
n
F x lin tc trn
| ) 0,+ .
( ) ( ) ( )
10 9 1 2
' 10 1 ... 2 1 0
n n n
n
F x n a x nx n x x
+
= + + + + + + > .
Vy, ( )
n
F x ng bin trn | ) 0,+ .
Ngoi ra, ti 0 x = : ( ) 0 1 0
n
F a = < .
Ti 1 x = : ( )
10
0 1 0
n
F a n = + + > .
Theo nh l Bolzano Cauchy, ( ) 0,1
n
x - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0
n n n n
F x f x a f x a = = = .
Vy, ( ) 0,1
n
x - e sao cho ( )
n
f x a = .
Hay phng trnh ( )
n
f x a = lun c mt nghim dng
n
x duy nht (pcm).
Bi ton 11: Cho hai hm ( ) f x

v ( ) g x

lin tc trn
| |
0,1

v tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 0, 1 0 1 f g f g = = = = .
Chng minh rng, | | 0, 0,1 x > - e ( ) ( ) f x g x = .
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh
| |
0,1 x - e ( ) ( ) f x g x = .
T kt qu ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f x g x f x g x = = , ta t hm tng ng l
( ) ( ) ( ) h x f x g x = .
Nhn xt: Theo bi ra ( ) f x

v ( ) g x

lin tc trn
| |
0,1 nn hm s ( ) h x cng lin
tc trn
| |
0,1 .
V vy chng minh s tn ti nghim th ta s s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy.
22

* Gii:
- Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) ( ) h x f x g x = .
Ta thy hm s ( ) h x lin tc trn
| |
0,1 .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 0 0 0 h f g = = = < v ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 0 h f g = = > .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 0 h h = < .
Theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy, ( ) 0,1 x - e sao cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 h x f x g x = = .
Bi ton 12: Chng minh rng tn ti s thc ( ) 0,1 x e sao cho:

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}

* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) 0,1 x - e
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}

T kt qu:
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}


( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
0
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}
.
Ta t ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
f x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}
.
Nhn xt: Hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn ( ) 0,1 .
V vy, chng minh s tn ti nghim th ta c th s dng nh l Bolzano
Cauchy.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
f x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}
.
23

R rng, ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
0,1 .
Ta c:
( )
( )( ) ( )
1 2000
2 2001
0
0 0
1 1 ... 1
= >
+ + +
}
t dt
f
t t t
.
( )
2001
1
1 0
2
f = < .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 0 f f < .
Theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy: ( ) 0,1 x - e sao cho ( ) 0 f x = hay
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt x
t t t x x x
=
+ + + + + +
}
( pcm).
Bi ton 13: Cho phng trnh:
1
1
.
n
i
n
i nx
=
=
+

Chng minh rng: Vi mi s nguyn dng n phng trnh c duy nht mt
nghim dng. K hiu nghim l
n
x .
* Phn tch: Bi ton yu cu chng minh phng trnh:
1 1
1 1
0
n n
i i
n n
i nx i nx
= =
= =
+ +


c duy nht mt nghim dng
n
x .
+ u tin ta s chng minh phng trnh c nghim
n
x trong [0; ) + .
V bi ton khng cho thm d kin no khc nn ta s s dng nh l Bolzano-
Cauchy chng minh.
+Tip theo, ta s chng minh phng trnh c nghim duy nht bng cng c o
hm.
* Gii:
Xt
1
1
( )
n
i
f x n
i nx
=
=
+

.
Ta c:
3
1
1
'( ) 0, (0; )
2 ( )
n
i
f x x
i nx =
= < e +
+

.
24

Suy ra ( ) f x

lin tc, nghch bin trn [0; ) + .
M
1
1
(0) 0
n
i
n
f n n
i n
=
= > =

.
lim ( ) 0
x
f x n
+
= < .
Vy phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c 1 nghim dng duy nht (pcm).
Bi ton 14: Xt phng trnh
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
1 4 1 1 1 2 x x k x n x
+ + + + + =

(1)
Trong n l tham s dng.
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh nu trn c duy nht
nghim ln hn 1, k hiu nghim l
n
x . (VMO 2002)
* Phn tch: Bi ton yu cu chng minh phng trnh:
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
1 4 1 1 1 2 x x k x n x
+ + + + + =

c duy nht nghim
n
x ln hn 1.
Ta c:

2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
1 4 1 1 1 2 x x k x n x
+ + + + + =



2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ... 0
2 1 4 1 1 1 x x k x n x
+ + + + + + =

.
+ u tin, chng minh phng trnh cho c nghim trong ( ) 1,+ :
t ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
2 1 4 1 1 1
n
f x
x x k x n x
= + + + + + +

.
Ta thy, hm s ( )
n
f x lin tc, v khng c thm d kin no trong bi nn ta s
s dng nh l Bolzano Cauchy chng minh phng trnh c nghim.
+S dng cng c o hm chng minh ( )
n
f x n iu trn ( ) 1,+ .
T y, ta kt lun c phng trnh cho c duy nht nghim ln hn 1.


25

* Gii:
Xt hm s ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
2 1 4 1 1 1
n
f x
x x k x n x
= + + + + + +

.
Vi mi * ne , hm s ( )
n
f x lin tc v nghch bin trn khong ( ) 1,+ .
Ngoi ra:
( )
1
lim
n
x
f x
+

= +.

( )
1
lim
2
n
x
f x
+
= .
Nn theo nh l Bolzano Cauchy: ! 1
n
x - > sao cho ( ) 0
n
f x = .
Hay ! 1
n
x - >
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... ... 0
2 1 4 1 1 1 x x k x n x
+ + + + + + =

.
Vy phng trnh (1) c duy nht mt nghim ln hn 1 (pcm).
Bi ton 15:
Chng minh rng cc phng trnh ( ) sin cosx x = v ( ) cos sinx x = c duy nht
nghim trong 0,
2
(
(

.
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh cc phng trnh ( ) sin cosx x = v
( ) cos sinx x = c duy nht nghim trong 0,
2
(
(

.
Ta cng lm tng t nh nhng bi trc:
+Chng minh phng trnh cho c nghim trong 0,
2
(
(

, bng cch s dng
nh l Bolzano Cauchy.
t ( ) ( ) sin cos f x x x = (tng t ( ) ( ) cos sin g x x x = ).
+S dng cng c o hm chng minh hm s ( ) f x

(tng t ( ) g x ) n iu
trn 0,
2
(
(

.
T y, ta s c c iu phi chng minh.
26

* Gii:
+Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) sin cos f x x x = .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ' sin .cos cos 1 0 f x x x = < , 0,
2
x
(
e
(

.
Ta thy rng hm s ( ) f x lin tc v nghch bin trn 0,
2
(
(

.
Ngoi ra, ( ) 0 sin1 f = v
2 2
f
| |
=
|
\ .
.
Suy ra:
( ) 0 . 0
2
f f
| |
<
|
\ .
.
Theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy ta c: ! 0,
2
c
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho ( ) 0 f c = .
Vy, phng trnh ( ) sin cosx x = c duy nht nghim trong 0,
2
(
(

.
+ Tng t, t ( ) ( ) cos sin g x x x = .
Hon ton tng t cch trn ta cng chng minh c phng trnh ( ) cos sinx x =
c duy nht nghim trong 0,
2
(
(

(pcm).
II. NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE, ROLLE, CAUCHY
1. Phng php chung
ch ra s tn ti nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 k x = . (1)
Phng php:
Bc 1: Bin i tng ng v dng ( ) 0 f x = .
V d:
+Nhn hai v vi tha s khc 0: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 . 0 f x k x g x = = vi ( ) 0 g x > ;
+Chuyn v: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 h x k x f x h x k x = = = ;
27

+Chia cho mt v (nu c th): ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 0
h x
h x k x f x
k x
= = = ;
+Chia cho mt v ri ly cn : ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 0
k
k
h x
h x k x f x
k x
= = = ;
.....
Bc 2: Dng mt trong cc cch sau y:
Kho st nguyn hm, dng nh l Rolle, nh l Lagrange hoc nh l Cauchy:
t ( ) ( )
o
x
x
F x f t dt C = +
}
, v ( ) f x

lin tc.
nh l Rolle: ( ) ( ) F b F a = th ( ) , c a b - e ( ) ( ) ' 0 F c f c = = .
nh l Lagrange: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) '
F b F a
F c f c
b a

= =

.
p dng c kt qu ca cc nh l ny vo vic chng minh phng trnh c
nghim th iu quan trng nht l nhn ra c hm ( ) F x

(thc cht l nguyn hm
ca hm ( ) f x ).
* Mt s quy tc o hm tch thng s dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. ' . '
. ' . '
' '
' '
. cos sin ' cos . ' sin '
ax ax
ax ax
x x
x x
f x e e a f x f x
f x e e a f x f x
f x e e f x f x
f x e e f x f x
f x ax ax ax f x f x ax f x f x


= +
= +
= +
= +
+ ( = + +


T , nu thy c ( ) ( ) ' . 0 f c a f c + = . Ta nn nhn hai v vi
ax
e .
( ) ( ) ' . 0 f c a f c = . Ta nn nhn hai v vi
ax
e

.
Cc tha s nn nhn vo hai v ca phng trnh l
2 2
, , 1,...
ax
e x x +


28

2. Bi tp
Bi ton 1: Chng minh rng nu ( ) ' 0 f x > (hoc ( ) ' 0 f x < ) vi ( ) , x a b e th
phng trnh: ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
f x f x x x = = vi mi ( )
1 2
, , x x a b e .
* Gii:
Theo bi ra ( ) ' 0 f x >

(hoc ( ) ' 0 f x < ) nn ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Theo nh l Lagrange:
( ) ( )
1 2
, , c x x a b - e c sao cho ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
' f c x x f x f x = .
Khi , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
0 ' 0 f x f x f x f x f c x x x x = = = = .
Do ( ) ' 0 f c > . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
* Nhn xt: Gi s thay hm ( ) f x bi hm ( ) ( ) g x f x x = .
Ta c c kt qu nh sau: nu ( ) ' 1 0 f x >

(hoc ( ) ' 1 0 f x < ) vi mi
( )
1 2
, , x x a b e th phng trnh: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2
f x x f x x x x = = .
Bi ton 2: Nu ( ) ' 1 0 f x + = v ( ) ( ) , f x a b c vi mi ( ) , x a b e th phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) f f x x f x x = = .
* Gii: Phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f f x x f f x f x f x x ( = + ( =

. (1)
V ( ) ( ) , f x a b c

(gi thit ( ) x f x < ) nn theo nh l Lagrange:
( ) ( )
, c x f x - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' f c f x x f f x f x ( =

. (2)
Phng trnh (1) v (2) tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 1 0 f c f x x f x x f x x f c ( = ( ( + ( =

. (3)
V ( ) ' 1 0 f c + = nn phng trnh (3) tng ng vi ( ) 0 f x x = hay l
( ) f x x = .
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
29

* Tng qut:

( ) ( )
| |
| = =
|
\ .
.......
nlnf
f f x x f x x, vi 1, n n > e.
Bi ton 3: Chng minh rng nu ( ) ' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e th:
( ) ( ) f x f y > x y > , ( ) , , x y a b e .
( Ngc li, nu ( ) ' 0 f x < , ( ) , x a b e th ( ) ( ) f x f y > x y s , ( ) , , x y a b e )
* Gii: Gi s x y < .
Theo bi ra: ( ) ' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e nn hm s ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Theo nh l Lagrange: ( ) , c x y - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
'
f y f x
f c
y x

.
Do
( ) ( ) 0
0
f y f x
y x
s

>

suy ra ( ) ' 0 f c < (V l, v bi ton cho ( ) ' 0 f x > ,

( ) , x a b e ).
Vy, x y > .
Tng t, ta c iu ngc li.
Bi ton 4: Chng minh rng nu
1 2
, x x l hai nghim lin tip ca phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = , vi
1 2
x x < ,
1 2
, ( , ) x x a b e th phng trnh '( ) 0 f x = c t nht mt nghim
1 2
( , ) ( , )
o
x x x a b e c .
* Gii: Theo bi ra,
1 2
, x x l hai nghim lin tip ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = nn
( )
1 2
( ) 0 f x f x = = .
Theo nh l Rolle, ta c: ( )
1 2
,
o
x x x - e sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
f x = , hay ta c th ni
phng trnh '( ) 0 f x = c t nht mt nghim
1 2
( , )
o
x x x e .
Mt khc:
1 2
x x < ,
1 2
, ( , ) x x a b e nn
1 2
( , ) ( , )
o
x x x a b e c .
*Tng qut: Nu phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c n nghim phn bit th phng trnh
'( ) 0 f x = c t nht 1 n nghim phn bit. Phng trnh
( )
( ) 0
k
f x = c t nht n k
nghim phn bit ( 1,2,...) k = .
30

Bi ton 5: Chng minh rng nu ( ) ' 0 f x > (hoc ( ) ' 0 f x < ), ( ) , x a b e .
Phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c nghim
o
x th
o
x l duy nht.
* Gii: Gi s ngc li cn
1
x khc
o
x cng l nghim ca phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = .
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
1 o
x x <
Khi , theo nh l Rolle: ( )
1
,
o
c x x - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 f c = . iu ny mu thun vi
gi thit ( ) ' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e .
Vy,
o
x l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Bi ton 6: Nu phng trnh ( ) ' 0 f x = c nghim duy nht th phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = c khng qu hai nghim.
* Gii: Gi s phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c qu hai nghim.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
1 2 3
x x x < < l nghim phng trnh.
Khi , theo nh l Rolle, ( )
1 1 2
, c x x - e v ( )
2 2 3
, c x x e sao cho:
( )
( )
1
2
' 0
' 0
f c
f c
=

Do ( ) ( )
1 2 2 3
, , x x x x = C, suy ra
1 2
c c = , hay phng trnh ( ) ' 0 f x = c hai
nghim phn bit.
Mu thun vi gi thit l ( ) ' 0 f x = c nghim duy nht.
Vy, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 7: Chng minh rng nu ( ) '' 0 f x > (hoc ( ) '' 0 f x < ), ( ) , x a b e th
phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c khng qu hai nghim.
* Gii: V ( ) '' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e nn theo bi ton 5, suy ra phng trnh
( ) ' 0 f x = nu c nghim
o
x th
o
x l duy nht.
31

Khi , theo bi ton 6 th phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c khng qu hai nghim.
Bi ton 8: Chng minh rng phng trnh cos cos2 cos3 0 a x b x c x + + = lun c
nghim vi mi b cc s thc , , a b c .
* Phn tch:
Ta thy hm s ( ) cos cos2 cos3 g x a x b x c x = + + lin tc v kh vi trn .
chng minh phng trnh c nghim ta c th s dng nh l Rolle. iu ta cn
quan tm by gi l tm c hm ( ) f x l nguyn hm ca ( ) g x .
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) .cos .cos2 .cos3 .sin .sin2 .sin3
2 3
b c
f x g x dx a x b x c x dx a x x x = = + + = + +
} }
.
Nh vy, hm s ( ) f x cn s dng l ( ) .sin .sin2 .sin3
2 3
b c
f x a x x x = + + .
* Gii:
Xt ( ) .sin .sin2 .sin3
2 3
b c
f x a x x x = + + .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ' .cos .cos2 .cos3 f x a x b x c x g x = + + = , x e.
Ta li c: ( ) ( ) 0 0 f f = = .

By gi, ta xt hm s ( ) f x trong on
| |
0, .
Ta thy ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn | |
0, .
p dng nh l Rolle:
0
(0; ) x - e

sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
f x = .
Hay

0
(0; ) x - e

sao cho

( ) ' 0
o
f x = .

Suy ra, phng trnh cho lun c nghim vi mi b s thc , , a b c (pcm).
* Tng qut:
- Phng trnh
( )
1
cos 0
n
i
i
a ix
=
=

lun c nghim , 1,
i
a i n e = v:
32

Xt hm s ( ) ( )
1
sin
n
i
i
a
F x ix
i
=
=

kh vi v lin tc trn | | 0, v:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
' cos
0 0
n
i
i
F x a ix
F F
=
+ =
+ =

Khi ( ) 0,
o
x - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
0
' cos 0
0
n
o i o
i
F F
F x a ix

= =

.
Hay phng trnh ( )
1
cos 0
n
i
i
a ix
=
=

lun c nghim ( ) 0,
o
x e .
- Phng trnh
( )
1
sin 0
n
i
i
a ix
=
=

lun c nghim , 1,
i
a i n e = v:
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
1
cos
n
i
i
a
F x ix
i
=
=

kh vi v lin tc trn | | 0,2 v:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
' sin
2 0 0
n
i
i
F x a ix
F F
=
+ =
+ =

Khi ( ) 0,2
o
x - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2 0
' cos 0
2 0
n
o i o
i
F F
F x a ix

= =

.
Hay phng trnh ( )
1
sin 0
n
i
i
a ix
=
=

lun c nghim ( ) 0,2
o
x e .
Bi ton 9: Cho s thc dng m v cc s thc a, b, c tha mn:
0
2 1
a b c
m m m
+ + =
+ +
.
Chng minh rng
2
0 ax bx c + + = c nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 .
* Phn tch: Phng trnh
2
0 ax bx c + + = lin tc v kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 .
chng minh phng trnh
2
0 ax bx c + + =

c nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 ta s dng
nh l Rolle.
33

+Nu ly nguyn hm v tri ca phng trnh l
2
ax bx c + + th ta vn cha s
dng c nh l Rolle.
+ iu kin bi ton: 0
2 1
a b c
m m m
+ + =
+ +
.
Nu nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi mt lng khc 0 l
1 m
x

.
Ta c:
( )
1 2
0
m
x ax bx c

+ + = th vic xt nguyn hm ca v tri c th gip ta

s dng c nh l Rolle.
Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
2 1 1 1
. . .
.
2 1
m m m
m m m m
a x b x c x
F x ax bx c x dx ax bx cx dx
m m m
+ +
+
= + + = + + = + +
+ +
} }
.
Vy, hm s cn xt l:
2 1
. . .
( )
2 1
m m m
a x b x c x
F x
m m m
+ +
= + +
+ +
.
* Gii:
- Xt hm s
2 1
. . .
( )
2 1
m m m
a x b x c x
F x
m m m
+ +
= + +
+ +
lin tc trn
| |
0,1 , kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 .
V ( ) ( )
1 2
'
m
F x x ax bx c

= + + .
Ngoi ra ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 F F = = .
- p dng nh l Rolle khi : ( ) 0,1 - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
1 2
2
' 0 . . 0
. . 0
m
F a b c
a b c

= + + =
+ + =

Vy phng trnh
2
0 ax bx c + + = c nghim trong ( ) 0,1 .
* Tng qut:
Cho s thc dng m, s nguyn dng n v cc s thc
0 1
, ,...,
n
a a a

tha mn:
1 0
... 0
1
n n
a a a
m n m n m

+ + + =
+ +
.
Chng minh rng
1
1 1 0
... 0
n n
n n
a x a x a x a

+ + + + =

c nghim thuc ( ) 0,1 .
34

Hng dn: Xt hm s
1 1 0
( ) ...
1
m n m n m n n
a a a
f x x x x
m n m n m
+ +
= + + +
+ +
.
Bi ton 10: Cho 0 a b c + = .
Chng minh rng: sin 9 sin3 25 sin5 0 a x b x c x + + = c t nht 4 nghim thuc
| | 0, .
* Phn tch: chng minh ( ) g x c t nht n nghim ta cn chng minh ( ) f x c
t nht 1 n + nghim vi ( ) f x l mt nguyn hm ca ( ) g x trn ( ) , a b (c th phi p
dng nhiu ln).
- t ( ) sin 9 sin3 25 sin5 g x a x b x c x = + + .
Ta c:
( ) 0 .sin0 9 .sin0 25 .sin0 0 g a b c = + + = .
( ) .sin 9 .sin3 25 .sin5 0 g a b c = + + = .
Nh vy phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = c hai nghim l 0, x x = = .
Ta ch cn tm trong on | | 0, , phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = c t nht hai nghim na
th ta c c iu cn chng minh.
- By gi ta i tm nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) g x .
Ta c, nu ch xt nguyn hm mt ln ca hm s ( ) g x th:
( ) ( ) ( ) .sin 9 .sin3 25 .sin5 .cos 3 .cos3 5 .cos5 g x dx a x b x c x dx a x b x c x h x = + + = =
} }

Ta thy ( ) ( ) 0 0 h h = = , nn cha th s dng nh l Rolle.
Ta xt tip nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x :
( ) ( ) ( ) .cos 3 .cos3 5 .cos5 .sin .sin3 .sin5 h x dx a x b x c x dx a x b x c x f x = = =
} }

Vy, hm s cn xt l: ( ) sin sin3 sin5 f x a x b x c x = .

* Gii: t ( ) sin 9 sin3 25 sin5 g x a x b x c x = + + .
35

Ta c:
( ) 0 .sin0 9 .sin0 25 .sin0 0 g a b c = + + = .
( ) .sin 9 .sin3 25 .sin5 0 g a b c = + + = .
Nh vy phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = c hai nghim l 0, x x = = . (1)
- Xt hm s: ( ) sin sin3 sin5 f x a x b x c x = , ta thy ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi
trn , nn ( ) f x cng lin tc v kh vi trn on
| |
0, .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) 0 0 f f = = .
( )
3 5 2 2 2 2
.sin .sin .sin 0
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
f a b c a b c a b c
| |
= = + = + =
|
\ .
.
( )
3 3 9 15 2
.sin sin sin 0
4 4 4 4 2
f a b c a b c
| | | | | | | |
= = + =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
.
( Theo gi thit 0 a b c + = ).
- p dng nh l Rolle trn cc on
3 3
0, , , , ,
4 4 4 4


( ( (
( ( (

.
Ta c:
1 2 3
3 3
0, , , , ,
4 4 4 4
x x x


| | | | | |
- e e e
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Sao cho ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
' ' ' 0 f x f x f x = = = .
Vi ( ) '( ) .cos 3 .cos3 5 .cos5 f x a x b x c x h x = = .

- Nhn thy, hm s ( ) h x

cng l hm s lin tc v kh vi trn .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
' ' ' 0 f x f x f x = = =

hay ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
0 h x h x h x = = = .
Tip tc p dng nh l Rolle i vi hm s ( ) h x trn on
| |
1 2
, x x :
( ) ( )
4 1 2 5 2 3
, , , x x x x x x - e e

sao cho ( ) ( )
4 5
' ' 0 h x h x = = .
Vi ( ) '( ) .sin 9 .sin3 25 .sin5 h x a x b x c x g x = + + = .
Nh vy, ( ) ( )
4 5
' ' 0 h x h x = = hay ( ) ( )
4 5
0 g x g x = = .
36

M
( ) | |
4 1 2
3
, 0, 0,
4
x x x


| |
e c c
|
\ .
v
( ) | |
5 2 3
, , 0,
4
x x x


| |
e c c
|
\ .
.
Suy ra
4 5
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = trong on | | 0, . (2)
T (1) v (2), ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 11: Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm trn ( ) 0,+ v khng phi
l hm hng. Cho 2 s thc 0 a b < < .
Chng minh phng trnh:
( ) ( )
'( ) ( )
af b bf a
xf x f x
b a

c t nht mt nghim
thuc (a;b).
(Olympic sinh vin 1994).
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh:
( ) ( )
'( ) ( )
af b bf a
xf x f x
b a

c t nht
mt nghim thuc (a;b).
Bi ton cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm trn ( ) 0,+ nn ta s s dng
mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh s tn ti nghim.
iu quan trng by gi l tm c hm s ph hp p dng c mt trong
cc nh l trn.
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
f b f a f b f a
af b bf a
b a b a
b a
a b b a

= =

Mt khc:
( )
'
2
'( ) ( ) f x xf x f x
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

T y, ta s xt hai hm s
( ) 1
( ) ; ( )
f x
g x h x
x x
= = ri s dng nh l Cauchy
Vi
2 2
'( ) ( ) 1
'( ) ; '( )
xf x f x
g x h x
x x

= =
Ta s c c iu phi chng minh.
* Gii:
37

Xt 2 hm s:
( ) 1
( ) ; ( )
f x
g x h x
x x
= = th ( ) g x , ( ) h x lin tc v kh vi trn | | , a b
Ta c:
2 2
'( ) ( ) 1
'( ) ; '( )
xf x f x
g x h x
x x

= = .
Theo nh l Cauchy th
( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . '
o o
h b h a g x g b g a h x ( = (


hay
0 0 0
2 2
0 0
'( ) ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 x f x f x f b f a
b a x b a x
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
.
Do
2 2
( )( '( ) ( )) ( ) ( )
o o o
o o
a b x f x f x af b bf a
bax abx

= .
Suy ra
0 0 0
( ) ( )
'( ) ( )
af b bf a
x f x f x
b a

.
Vy phng trnh:
( ) ( )
'( ) ( )
af b bf a
xf x f x
b a

c t nht mt nghim thuc

( ) , a b (pcm)
Bi ton 12:
Cho hm s ( ) f x kh vi trn
| |
0,1 v tho mn: ( ) ( ) 0 0; 1 1 f f = =
Chng minh tn ti 2 s phn bit , a b
thuc ( ) 0,1

sao cho ( ) ( ) ' . ' 1 f a f b =
* Phn tch: Theo nh l Lagrange, ta ch
cn ch ra im C trn cung OA sao cho
. 1 . 1
CF AE KB AB
OF CE OB HB
= =
M 1 1
KB
AB OB KB HB
HB
= = = =
T y, ta chn C l giao im cung OA vi BD hay honh C tha mn
phng trnh: ( ) 1 f x x = .
Hay, hm s cn xt l ( ) ( ) 1 g x f x x = + .

D
B
A
C
E
K
F H
O
38

* Gii:
- Xt hm s ( ) ( ) 1 g x f x x = +

th ( ) g x

lin tc v kh vi trn | | 0,1 .
Ta c: ( ) 0 1 0 g = < v ( ) 1 1 0 g = > nn
theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho
( ) 0 g c = .
Do ( ) 1 0 f c c + = hay ( ) 1 f c c = .

- p dng nh l Lagrange cho ( ) f x trn cc on | |
0,c v | |
,1 c th:
( ) 0, a c - e sao cho:
( ) (0)
'( )
0
f c f
f a
c

V ( ) ,1 b c - e sao cho:
(1) ( )
'( )
1
f f c
f b
c

.
Nn:
( ) 1 ( ) (1 )
'( ). '( ) 1
1 (1 )
f c f c c c
f a f b
c c c c

= = =

.
Vy tn ti 2 s phn bit , a b

thuc ( ) 0,1 sao cho ( ) ( ) ' . ' 1 f a f b = (pcm).
Bi ton 13: Cho n l s nguyn dng, , ( 1,2,..., )
k k
a b k n e = .
Chng minh rng phng trnh: ( )
1
sin cos 0
n
k k
k
x a kx b kx
=
+ + =

c nghim trong
khong ( ) , .
* Phn tch: chng minh phng trnh c nghim trong khong ( ) , , cng
nh nhng bi trc, ta cn tm nguyn hm ca hm s:
( ) ( )
1
sin cos
n
k k
k
f x x a kx b kx
=
= + +

Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
sin cos cos sin
2
n n
k k
k k
k k
a b x
x a kx b kx dx kx kx F x
k k
= =
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ . \ .

}
.
D
C
B
A
E
K
F H
O
39

By gi, hm s ta cn xt l:
( )
2
1
cos sin
2
n
k k
k
a b x
F x kx kx
k k
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

.
* Gii:
Xt hm ( )
2
1
cos sin ,
2
n
k k
k
a b x
F x kx kx x
k k
=
| |
= + + e
|
\ .

.
R rng ( ) F x lin tc trn on
| |
, a b v kh vi trn .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1
' sin cos
n
k k
k
F x x a kx b kx
=
= + +

.
Mt khc:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
n
k
k
k
n
k
k
k
a
F
k
a
F
k

=
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .

Ta thy rng : ( ) ( ) F F = .
S dng nh l Rolle:
( ) , c - e sao cho
( ) ( )
1
' 0 sin cos 0
n
k k
k
F c c a kc b kc
=
= + + =

Hay phng trnh
( )
1
sin cos 0
n
k k
k
x a kx b kx
=
+ + =

c nghim thuc ( ) ,

(pcm).
Bi ton 14: Cho hm s ( ) g x

lin tc trn | | 0,1

v kh vi trong ( ) 0,1

v tha
mn cc iu kin ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 g g = = . Chng minh rng tn ti ( ) 0,1 c e

sao cho
( ) ( ) ' g c g c = .
* Phn tch: T kt qu cn tm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0 g c g c g c g c = = . (1)
t ( ) ( ) ( ) ' h x g x g x = . Vic xt nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x ny l kh kh
khn, nhng nu ta p dng cng thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. ' . '
ax ax
f x e e a f x f x

= + .
40

Nhn c hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho
x
e

khi ta c ( ) ( ) ' . 0
x
g x g x e

( =

.
Ri p dng cng thc trn th ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . . '
x x
g x g x e e g x

( ( =

.
Vy, nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) ' .
x
k x g x g x e

= (

l ( ) ( )
x
f x e g x

= .
Sau , p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s ny ta s c kt qu cn tm.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
x
f x e g x

= .
Ta thy ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
0,1 v kh vi trong ( ) 0,1 .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '
x
f x g x g x e

= (

.
Ngoi ra: ( ) ( )
0
0 0 0 f e g = = v ( ) ( )
1
1 1 0 f e g

= = .
Nh vy, theo nh l Rolle th:
( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 0 ' 0 '
c
f c g c g c e g c g c

= ( = =

.
Tc l ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho ( ) ( ) ' g c g c = .
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 15: Cho hm s ( ) f x c ( ) ' f x ng bin trong | | , a b vi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
,
2 2
f a a b f b b a = = .
Chng minh rng tn ti , ,

phn bit trong ( ) , a b

sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' . ' 1 f f f = .
* Phn tch: Theo bi ra, ( ) ' f x ng bin trong | |
, a b nn n lin tc trn .
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s ( ) f x trn ( ) , a b , ta c:
( ) , a b - e sao cho: ( )
( ) ( )
'
f b f a
f
b a

.
41

V
( ) ( ) f b f a b a = suy
ra: ( ) ' 1 f = .
Bi ton cn chng
minh: - , ,

phn bit
trong ( ) , a b

sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' . ' 1 f f f =
.
M ( ) ' 1 f = nn ta
ch cn chng minh
( ) ( ) ' . ' 1 f f = .
Quay tr li vi bi ton 12, ta s s dng phng php dng trc quan xt hm
( ) ( )
2
a b
g x f x x
+
= + .
Ri tip tc lm tng t, ta s c c iu phi chng minh.

* Gii:
Hm s ( ) f x c ( ) ' f x ng bin trong | | , a b nn n lin tc trn , ta cng c
| | ( ) ( ) , : ' ' x a b x y f x f y e = = . (1)
Theo nh l Lagrange, th ( )
( ) ( )
, : '( ) 1
f b f a
a b f
b a


- e = =

. (2)
S dng phng php trc quan tng t bi ton 12. Ta xt hm
( ) ( )
2
a b
g x f x x
+
= + .
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc trn | | , a b v ( ) ( ) ( )
2
. 0 g a g b a b = < .
Suy ra rng:
| |
,
o
x a b - e sao cho ( ) 0
o
g x = ( ) 0
2
o o
a b
f x x
+
+ = .
O
A
D C
B
y
x
a b
( ) ( )
1
2
f a a b =
( ) ( )
1
2
f b b a =
K
42

Hay ( )
2
o o
a b
f x x
+
= .
Tip tc p dng nh l Lagrange, ( ) ( ) , , ,
o o
a x x b - e e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' . ' . 1
o o
o o
f x f a f b f x
f f
x a b x


= =

. (3)
T (1), (2), (3) ta suy ra , phn bit trong ( ) , a b v ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' . ' 1 f f f = .
( V nh ta c = , gi s ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' 1 f f f = = = .
Do ( ) ' f x ng bin nn = = , mu thun.
Tng t cho trng hp = .
T y ta suy ra: , , phn bit trong ( ) , a b )
Ta c c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 16: Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh v lin tc trn on | |
, a b ,( ) a b < v
tha mn iu kin ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx =
}
.
Chng minh rng: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) 2005
c
a
f c f x dx =
}
.
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) 2005
c
a
f c f x dx =
}
.
Tc l chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2005 0
t
a
f t f x dx =
}
c nghim thuc ( ) , a b .
Theo bi ra, ta c hm s ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm trn
| |
, a b .
Nh vy, chng minh s tn ti nghim ca phng trnh trn, ta c th s dng
1 trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy. iu quan tm by gi l tm c mt
hm ph c th s dng c 1 trong cc nh l .
43

+Nu t ( ) h t = ( ) ( ) 2005
t
a
f t f x dx
}
, ta nhn thy cha th ly nguyn hm ca
hm s ny c.
+ Nhng nu ta nhn vo phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2005 0
t
a
f t f x dx =
}
mt lng khc 0
l
2005t
e

ta c ( ) ( )
2005
2005 0
t
t
a
e f t f x dx

| |
=
|
\ .
}
.
t: ( ) h t = ( ) ( )
2005
2005
t
t
a
e f t f x dx

| |

|
\ .
}
( )
'
2005
t
t
a
e f x dx

| |
=
|
\ .
}
.
Ta thy ngay: ( ) h t dt =
}
( ) ( )
2005
t
t
a
e f x dx g t

=
}
.
Vy, hm s cn xt l:
( ) ( )
2005
t
t
a
g t e f x dx

=
}
.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
2005
t
t
a
g t e f x dx

=
}
.
Khi : ( ) ( ) 0 F a F b = =

v ( ) ( ) ( )
2005 2005
' 2005
t
t t
a
g t e f x dx e f t

= +
}
.
Theo nh l Rolle, tn ti ( ) , c a b e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = , ngha l:
( ) ( )
2005 2005
2005 0
c
c c
a
e f x dx e f c

+ =
}
.
Hay t y suy ra iu phi chng minh: ( ) ( ) 2005
c
a
f c f x dx =
}
.
Bi ton 17: Gi s ( ) f x

l hm kh vi trn
| |
, a b , tha mn iu kin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0; 0, , f a f b f x x a b = = = e . Chng minh rng tn ti dy { }
n
x vi
( ) ,
n
x a b e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
'
lim 2013
1
n
n n
n
f x
e f x

.
44

* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) ,
n
x a b - e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
'
lim 2013
1
n
n n
n
f x
e f x

.
T kt qu
( )
( )
( )
'
lim 2013
1
n
n n
n
f x
e f x

th ta cn chng minh c
( )
( )
( )
'
2013
1
n
n
n
f x
e f x
=

( )
( )
( ) ' 2013 1 .
n
n n
f x e f x = .
Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ' 2013 1 . ' 2013 1 . 0
n n
f x e f x f x e f x = = . (1)
Vic xt nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x ny l kh kh khn, nhng nu ta p dng
cng thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. ' . '
ax ax
f x e e a f x f x

= + .
Nhn c hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho
( )
1 2013
n
e x
e

khi ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
12013
' 2013 1 . . 0
n
e x
n
f x e f x e

(
=

.
Ri p dng cng thc trn th
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2013 12013
' 2013 1 . . .
n n
e x e x
n
f x e f x e e f x g x

(
= =

.
Nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
12013
' 2013 1 . .
n
e x
n
h x f x e f x e

(
=

l
( )
( )
( )
1 2013
.
n
e x
g x e f x

= .
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( )
( )
( )
12013
.
n
e x
g x e f x

= .
Ri p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s ny ta s c kt qu cn tm.
* Gii: n e
t: ( )
( )
( )
12013
.
n
e x
g x e f x

= .
D thy rng ( ) g x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
, a b , ngoi ra:
45

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
12013
12013
. 0
0
0
n
n
e a
e b
g a e f a
g b e f b
g a g b


= =
= =
= =

Nh vy theo nh l Rolle th ( ) ,
n
x a b - e ( ) ' 0
n
g x = .
Ta c: ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
12013
' ' 1 2013.
n
e x
n
g x e f x e f x

(
=

.
Nn
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
' 0 ' 1 2013. 0
'
2013 2013
1 .
n
n n n
n
n
n
g x f x e f x
f x
n
e f x
= =
=

Vy
( )
( )
( )
'
lim 2013
1
n
n n
n
f x
e f x

.
Bi ton 18: Cho ( ) f x lin tc trn
| |
0,a , kh vi trn ( ) 0,a sao cho ( ) 0 f a = .
Chng minh rng tn ti ( ) 0, c a e

( ) ( )
1
'
c
f c f c
c

= .
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh rng tn ti ( ) 0, c a e :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
' . ' 1 0
c
f c f c c f c f c c
c

= = .
Tc l chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( )( ) . ' 1 0 x f x f x x = c nghim ( ) 0, c a e .
Theo bi ra ( ) f x

lin tc trn
| |
0,a , kh vi trn ( ) 0,a . Nn chng minh
phng trnh trn c nghim, ta c th s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle,
Cauchy. s dng c cc nh l ny iu u tin l phi tm c nguyn hm
ca hm s ( ) ( ) ( )( ) . ' 1 h x x f x f x x = .
Ta thy rng khng th ly nguyn hm trc tip c, v vy nhn c hai v ca
hm s vi mt lng khc 0 l
x
e

.
46

Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )( ) . . . ' 1
x x
e h x e x f x f x x

= (

.
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )( ) . . . ' 1
x x
e h x dx e x f x f x x dx

= (
} }
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . .
x x
e f x f x x dx e f x xdx

= + (
} }
. (1)
* Tnh ( ) ( ) . '
x
e f x x f x dx

+ (
}
.
t
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . .
x x
u e du e dx
dv f x f x x dx v x f x

= =

= + ( =


Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . . . .
x x x
e f x x f x dx e x f x x f x e dx

+ ( = +
} }
. (2)
Th (2) vo (1): ( ) .
x
e h x dx

=
}
( ) ( ) . .
x
x f x e g x

= .
Nh vy, hm s cn xt l ( ) ( ) . .
x
g x x f x e

= .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( ) . .
x
g x x f x e

= lin tc trn
| |
0,a .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) 0 0 g g a = = ; ( ) g x kh vi trn ( ) 0,a .
Theo nh l Rolle, ( ) 0, c a - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Ta li c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . . '
x
g x e x f x f x x f x

= + + (

.
Nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 0 . . ' 0 g c c f c f c c f c = + + = ( ) ( )
1
' .
c
f c f c
c

= .
Hay ( ) 0, c a - e sao cho ( ) ( )
1
'
c
f c f c
c

= (pcm).




47

Bi ton 19: Cho ( ) f x lin tc trn on 0,
2
(
(

, kh vi trn khong 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
sao
cho
( ) 0 0
2
f f
| |
= =
|
\ .
v
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
' 0, 0,
2
f x f x x
| |
+ = e
|
\ .
.Chng minh rng tn ti
0,
2
c
| |
e
|
\ .
:
a/
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
tan
'
f c f c
c
f c f c
+
=

. b/
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
. ' 1
cos
2 '
f c f c
c
f c f c
=
+
.
* Phn tch:
a/ T kt qu cn tm:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
tan
'
f c f c
c
f c f c
+
=

ta bin i a v dng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' sin
sin . ' cos . '
cos '
cos ' sin ' 0
cos ' sin ' 0
f c f c c
c f c f c c f c f c
c f c f c
c f c f c c f c f c
c f c f c c f c f c
+
= ( = + (

+ ( ( =

+ ( + ( =


Ta xt hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos ' sin ' h x x f x f x x f x f x = + ( + (

.
p dng cng thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. cos sin ' cos . ' . sin ' . f x ax ax ax f x a f x ax f x a f x + ( = + +

.
tm ra nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x

l ( ) ( ) ( ) . cos sin g x f x x x = + .
b/ Bin i kt qu c cu a/ tm ra kt qu.
*Gii:
a/ Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) ( ) . cos sin g x f x x x = + .
Hm s ( ) g x

lin tc trn 0,
2
(
(

, kh vi trn 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
, ( ) 0 0
2
g g
| |
= =
|
\ .
.
Theo nh l Rolle, 0,
2
c
| |
- e
|
\ .
( ) ' 0 g c = .
Ta c: ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ' ' cos sin cos sin g x f x x x f x x x = + + .
48

Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 0 cos ' sin ' g c c f c f c c f c f c = + = . (*)
Nu ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c = th t (*) suy ra ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c + = .
Vy ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c = = , iu ny mu thun.
Nn ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c = , ta chia c hai v ca (*) cho ( ) ( ) ( )
' cos 0 f c f c c = .
Ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos ' sin '
cos ' cos '
'
tan
'
c f c f c c f c f c
c f c f c c f c f c
f c f c
c
f c f c
+
=

+
=

Ta c iu phi chng minh.
b/ T kt qu ca cu a:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
tan
'
f c f c
c
f c f c
+
=

.
Ta c:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
' ' 2 . '
tan
' 2 . '
'
' 2 . '
1 tan 1
' 2 . '
2 '
' 2. . '
f c f c f c f c f c f c
c
f c f c f c f c
f c f c
f c f c f c f c
c
f c f c f c f c
f c f c
f c f c f c f c
+ ( + +

= =
+
(

+ +
+ = +
+
( +

+

V
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 tan cos
cos 1 tan
c c
c c
= + =
+


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
' 2. . '
cos
2 '
f c f c f c f c
c
f c f c
+
=
( +


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
. ' 1
cos
2 '
f c f c
c
f c f c
=
+

Vy
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
. ' 1
cos
2 '
f c f c
c
f c f c
=
+
.
49

Bi ton 20: Cho , , 0 a b c = tha mn 0
7 5 3
a b c
+ + = .
Chng minh rng th hm s ( )
4 2
. . f x a x b x c = + + lun ct trc Ox ti t nht
mt im c honh nm trn khong ( ) 0,1 .
* Phn tch: chng minh th hm s ( )
4 2
. . f x a x b x c = + + lun ct trc Ox
ti t nht mt im c honh nm trn khong ( ) 0,1 .
Ta phi chng minh rng phng trnh
4 2
. . 0 a x b x c + + = c nghim trn ( ) 0,1 .
Vic xt nguyn hm ca v tri
4 2
. . a x b x c + + khng gip ch g cho ta v cha s
dng c nh l Rolle.
iu kin cho 0
7 5 3
a b c
+ + = .
Nu nhn hai v vi lng khc 0 l
2
x , phng trnh tng ng vi
6 4 2
. . . 0 a x b x c x + + = th vic kho st nguyn hm ca v tri rt c ch.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
6 4 2 7 5 3
. . . . . .
7 5 3
a b c
a x b x c x dx x x x g x + + = + + =
}
.
*Gii: Xt hm ( )
7 5 3
. . .
7 5 3
a x b x c x
g x = + + .
Ta thy rng ( ) g x kh vi lin tc trn on
| |
0,1 v ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 g g = = .
Theo nh l Rolle: ( ) 0,1
o
x - e ( )
4 2
' 0 . . 0
o o o
g x a x b x c = + + = .
Vy th hm s ( )
4 2
. . f x a x b x c = + + lun ct trc Ox ti t nht mt im c
honh nm trn khong ( ) 0,1 .
*Tng qut: Cho 1 n + s thc
1
, ,....,
o n
c c c tha mn:
1
1 1
.... 0
2 1
o n
c c c
n
+ + + =
+

Chng minh rng phng trnh
1
.... 0
n
o n
c c x c x + + + = c t nht mt nghim trong
khong ( ) 0,1 .
50

Hng dn: Xt hm s ( )
2 1
1
...
2 1
n
o n
x x
g x c x c c
n
+
= + + +
+
. (S dng nh l Rolle).
Bi ton 21: Cho hm s ( ) f x

xc nh v lin tc trn
| |
, a b sao cho
( ) ( ) ' , " f x f x lin tc trn ( ) , a b , ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b = = .
Chng minh rng | | ( ) ( ) , , , x a b z x a b e - e :
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
. ''
2
x a x b
f x f z x

= . (*)

* Phn tch: R rng khng nh ng vi , x a x b = = nn ta ch vic chng minh
cho ( ) , x a b e .
Tt nhin ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
(*) '' 0
2
x a x b
f x f z x

= . (1)
Nu ta nhn v tri ca (1) nh l gi tr ca hm
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
. ''
2
t a t b
f t f z t

ti
im t x = th vic p dng nh l Rolle khng thnh cng bi v vn cn ( ) z t trong
biu thc '' f .
Ta mong mun p dng nh l Rolle (c th l nhiu ln) cho hm s ( ) g x cho
ph hp.
By gi ta nhn (*) di dng
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
''
f x
f z x
x a x b
=

hay
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2
'' 0
t z x
f x
f t
x a x b
=
| |
+ =
|
|

\ .
.
T , hm ( ) g t ph hp ( ly nguyn hm hai ln) l:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
f x
g t f t t a t b
x a x b
=

.
* Gii:
51

Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
f x
g t f t t a t b
x a x b
=

.
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 g a g x g b = = = , nn theo nh l Rolle, ( ) ' g t trit tiu ti t nht hai
im l ( )
1
, c a x e

v ( )
2
, c x b e .
Ta li c: theo nh l Rolle, ( ) '' g t

b trit tiu t nht ti mt im
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, , z z x c c a b = e c . Tc l ( ) ( )
'' 0 g z x = .
V ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
'' '' 2
f x
g t f t
x a x b
=

.
Nn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
'' 0 '' 2. 0
f x
g z x f z x
x a x b
= =

.
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
'' 2. . ''
2
f x x a x b
f z x f x f z x
x a x b

= =

.
Vy, | | ( ) ( ) , , , x a b z x a b e - e sao cho ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
. ''
2
x a x b
f x f z x

= (pcm).
Bi ton 22: Cho ( ) f x

l mt hm lin tc trn | |
0,1 , kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 , ( ) 1 0 f = .
Chng minh rng tn ti ( ) 0,1 c e sao cho: ( ) ( )
1
. ' 0
2013
f c c f c + = .
* Phn tch:
Ta cn chng minh ( ) 0,1 c - e

sao cho ( ) ( )
1
. ' 0
2013
f c c f c + =
( ) ( ) 2013. . ' 0 f c c f c + = .
Tc l, cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2013. . ' 0 f x x f x + =

c nghim
( ) 0,1 c e . V theo bi ra ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc trn
| |
0,1 , kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 nn ta c
th s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh.
s dng c mt trong cc nh l ny, ta phi tm c hm s ph hu ch.
52

Ta cha th ly nguyn hm trc tip ca hm s ( ) ( ) 2013. . ' f x x f x + , nhng nu
nhn vo hai v ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2013. . ' 0 f x x f x + = vi mt lng khc 0 l
2012
x , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2012 2012 2013
2013. . ' 0 2013. . . ' 0 x f x x f x x f x x f x + ( = + =

.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2012 2013
2013. . ' h x x f x x f x = + .
Ly nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x ta c: ( ) h x dx =
}
( ) ( )
2013
. x f x g x = .
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( ) ( )
2013
. g x x f x = .
* Gii:
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
2013
. g x x f x = .
Ta thy, ( ) g x l hm lin tc trn | | 0,1 , kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2013
0 0 . 0 0 g f = = v ( ) ( )
2013
1 1 . 1 0 g f = = .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 g g = = .
p dng nh l Rolle, ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Ta li c: ( ) ( ) ( )
2012 2013
' 2013. . ' . g x x f x f x x = + .
Nn : ( ) ( ) ( )
2012 2013
' 0 2013. . ' . 0 g c c f c f c c = + = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2013. ' . 0 . . ' 0
2013
f c f c c f c c f c + = + = .
Vy, tn ti ( ) 0,1 c e sao cho ( ) ( )
1
. ' 0
2013
f c c f c + = (pcm).
Bi ton 23:
Cho , 1 > , ( ) f x kh vi trn | | ( ) 0,1 , 0 0 f = v ( ) ( ) 0, 0,1 f x x > e . Chng
minh rng tn ti ( ) 0,1 c e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
( )
' ' 1
. .
1
f c f c
f c f c


=

.

53

* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh tn ti ( ) 0,1 c e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' 1
. .
1
' ' 1
. . 0
1
' 1 ' 1 0
f c f c
f c f c
f c f c
f c f c
f c f c f c f c

=

Tc l chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 1 ' 1 0 f x f x f x f x = c nghim
trong ( ) 0,1 .
Theo bi ra: ( ) f x kh vi trn | |
0,1 nn ta c th ngh ti vic s dng mt trong
cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh phng trnh trn c nghim.
By gi, ta phi tm c hm ph tha mn yu cu ca mt trong cc nh l ny,
ng thi khi ly o hm s cho ta phng trnh cn chng minh.
Ta thy cha th ly ngay nguyn hm ca v tri ca phng trnh trn l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 1 ' 1 f x f x f x f x .
Nhng nu ta nhn c hai v ca phng trnh trn vi mt lng khc 0 l
( ) ( )
1 1
. 1 f x f x

( (

ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
. ' . 1 . ' 1 . 1 . 0 f x f x f x f x f x f x



( ( ( ( =

.
Lc ny, ly nguyn hm ca hm s :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
. ' . 1 . ' 1 . 1 . h x f x f x f x f x f x f x



= ( ( ( (

.
Ta c: ( ) h x dx =
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 1 f x f x g x

= .
Nh vy, hm s cn xt l: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. 1 g x f x f x

= .
* Gii: Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. 1 g x f x f x

= .
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
0,1 .
54

Ta c:
+Ti 0 x = : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 . 1 0 g f f

= = .
+Ti 1 x = : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 . 0 0 g f f

= = .
(Theo bi ra: ( ) 0 0 f = ).
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 1 g g = .
p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Vi ( ) ' g x = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
. ' . 1 . ' 1 . 1 . f x f x f x f x f x f x



( ( ( (


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
. 1 ' 1 ' 1 f x f x f x f x f x f x



= ( ( (

.
Hay, ( ) 0,1 c - e :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
. 1 ' 1 ' 1 0
' 1 ' 1 0
' ' 1
. .
1
f c f c f c f c f c f c
f c f c f c f c
f c f c
f c f c





( ( ( =

=

Vy: ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho
( )
( )
( )
( )
' ' 1
. .
1
f c f c
f c f c


=

(pcm).
Bi ton 24: Cho
1 2 2013
, ,..., c c c l cc s thc tha mn:
1 3 5 7 2011 2013
3 5 7 ... 2011 2013 0 c c c c c c + + + = .
Chng minh rng:
2 2
1 2 2013
.cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 0 c x c x c x + + + =

c t nht 4
nghim trn ( ) , .
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh
2 2
1 2 2013
.cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 0 c x c x c x + + + = c t nht 4 nghim trn
( ) ,
+Nu ta chia khong ra ri s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy chng minh tn ti
nghim l kh kh khn, v ta kh xc nh c du ca cc gi tr.
55

+Tuy nhin, nhn vo iu kin ca bi ton:
1 3 5 7 2011 2013
3 5 7 ... 2011 2013 0 c c c c c c + + + = .
Ta s ngh ti vic ly nguyn hm ca hm s:
( )
2 2
1 2 2013
.cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 f x c x c x c x = + + + .
Ri s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy c c iu phi
chng minh.
Ta c: ( ) f x dx =
}
( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 c x c x c x g x + + + = .
Nh vy, hm s cn xt l ( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 g x c x c x c x = + + + .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 g x c x c x c x = + + + .
Hm s ( ) g x

lin tc v c o hm trn ( ) , .
Ta c:
+Ti 0 x = : ( )
1 2 2013
0 .sin0 2 .sin2.0 ... 2013 .sin2013.0 0 g c c c = + + + = .
+Ti
2
x

= :
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2. ... 2013 .sin2013.
2 2 2 2
g c c c
| |
= + + +
|
\ .


1 3 5 7 2011 2013
3 5 7 ... 2011 2013 0 c c c c c c = + + + = .
+Ti x = :
( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 0 g c c c = + + + = .
+Ti
2
x

= :
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2. ... 2013 .sin2013.
2 2 2 2
g c c c
| | | | | | | |
= + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .


1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2. ... 2013 .sin2013.
2 2 2
c c c
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

( )
1 3 5 7 2011 2013
3 5 7 ... 2011 2013 0 c c c c c c = + + + = .
+Ti x = :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 g c c c = + + +
56

( )
1 2 2013
.sin 2 .sin2 ... 2013 .sin2013 0 c c c = + + + = .
Suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 2
g g g g g


| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
.
p dng nh l Rolle:
1 2 3 4
, , ,0 , 0, , ,
2 2 2 2
c c c c


| | | | | | | |
- e e e e
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
.
Sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
' ' ' ' 0 g c g c g c g c = = = = .
Vi ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2013
' .cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 g x c x c x c x f x = + + + = .
Xt hm s
( )
2 2
1 2 2013
.cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 f x c x c x c x = + + + .
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn ( ) , .
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
' ' ' ' 0 g c g c g c g c = = = = hay ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
0 f c f c f c f c = = = = .
Nh vy, phng trnh
2 2
1 2 2013
.cos 2 .cos2 ... 2013 .cos2013 0 c x c x c x + + + = c t nht
4 nghim trn ( ) , (pcm).
Bi ton 25: Cho
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a e tha mn ( )
0
1 0
2 1
n
k
k
k
a
k
=
=
+

.Chng minh rng

phng trnh: ( )
0
.cos 2 1 0
n
k
k
a k x
=
+ =

c nghim trong 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh:
( )
0
.cos 2 1 0
n
k
k
a k x
=
+ =

c
nghim trong 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
Vi bi ton ny, vic s dng nh l Bolzano-Cauchy l kh kh khn v vic kh
xc nh du ca cc gi tr.
57

Tuy nhin, vi iu kin bi ton cho ( )
0
1 0
2 1
n
k
k
k
a
k
=
=
+

, ta c th ngh ti vic
tm mt hm s l nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) ( )
0
.cos 2 1
n
k
k
f x a k x
=
= +

s dng c
mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh.
Ta c: ( ) f x dx =
}
( )
( )
0
sin 2 1
2 1
n
k
k
a k x
g x
k
=
+
=
+

.
Nh vy, hm s cn xt l:
( )
( )
0
sin 2 1
2 1
n
k
k
a k x
g x
k
=
+
=
+

.
* Gii: Xt hm ( )
( )
0
sin 2 1
2 1
n
k
k
a k x
g x
k
=
+
=
+

.
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc v c o hm trn 0,
2
(
(

.
Ta c:
+Ti 0 x = :
( )
( )
0 0
sin 2 1 .0 .sin0
0 0
2 1 2 1
n n
k k
k k
a k a
g
k k
= =
+
= = =
+ +

.
+Ti
2
x

= :
( )
( )
0 0
sin 2 1 .
2
1 0
2 2 1 2 1
k n n
k
k
k k
a k
a
g
k k

= =
| |
+
|
| |
\ .
= = =
|
+ +
\ .

.
( Theo iu kin cho).
p dng nh l Rolle: 0,
2
c
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho ( ) ' 0 g x = .
Vi
( ) ( ) ( )
0
' .cos 2 1
n
k
k
g x a k x f x
=
= + =

.
Vy, 0,
2
c
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho
( )
0
.cos 2 1 0
n
k
k
a k x
=
+ =

.
Hay phng trnh ( )
0
.cos 2 1 0
n
k
k
a k x
=
+ =

c nghim trong 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
(pcm).

58

Bi ton 26: Cho ( ) f x

l hm kh vi trn
| |
0,1 , ( ) ( ) 0 0, 1 1 f f = = .
Chng minh rng ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0, , 0,1 K K x x > - e sao cho
1 2
x x = v
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
' '
K K
K K
f x f x
+ = + .
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0, , 0,1 K K x x > - e sao cho
1 2
x x =
v
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
' '
K K
K K
f x f x
+ = + .
Bi ton cho ( ) f x

l hm kh vi trn
| |
0,1 , nn ta c th ngh ti vic s dng mt
trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy.
V bi ton cn chng minh trn
| |
0,1 c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha mn iu kin
bi ton. Nn s dng c mt trong cc nh l trn th ta phi tm
| |
0,1 c e sao
cho | | | |
1 2
0, , ,1 x c x c e e .
Gi s c im c cn tm, iu ta quan tm by gi l tm c ( ) f c .
p dng nh l Lagange cho hm s ( ) f x trn 2 on | | | | 0, , ,1 c c , ta c:
+
| | ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1
0
0, : '
'
f c f f c f c
x c f x c
c c f x

- e = = = . (1)
+
| | ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
1 1 1
,1 : ' 1
1 1 '
f f c f c f c
x c f x c
c c f x

- e = = =

. (2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v, ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1
1
' '
f c f c
f x f x

+ = . (*)
- T kt qu cn chng minh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1
' ' ' '
K K K K
K K
f x f x K K f x K K f x
+ = + + =
+ +
.
i chiu vi (*) ta thy:
( )
1
1 2
K
f c
K K
=
+
.
59

T cch phn tch ny, c c kt qu cn chng minh, u tin ta phi ch ra
im
| |
0,1 c e sao cho ( )
1
1 2
K
f c
K K
=
+
.
T y, ta s bt u xt hm s
( ) ( )
1
1 2
K
g x f x
K K
=
+
.
* Gii: Xt hm ( ) ( )
1
1 2
K
g x f x
K K
=
+
.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
0 0, 1 0
K K
g g
K K K K
= < = >
+ +
.
V ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 0 g g < , nn theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
1
1 2
0
K
g c f c
K K
= =
+
.
- p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s ( ) f x trn | | 0,c ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0, : 0 ' . x c f c f f x c - e = .
Do , ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1
1 2 1 2 1
' .
. '
K K
f x c c
K K K K f x
= =
+ +
. (1)
- p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s ( ) f x trn
| |
,1 c ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
,1 : 1 ' . 1 x c f f c f x c - e = .
Do , ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 2
1 ' . 1 1
. '
K K
f x c c
K K K K f x
= =
+ +
. (2)
Ly (1)+(2), ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
1
' . '
K K
f x K K f x K K
+ =
+ +


( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
' '
K K
K K
f x f x
+ = + .
Vy, ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0, , 0,1 K K x x > - e sao cho
1 2
x x =

v
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
' '
K K
K K
f x f x
+ = +
(pcm).
60

Bi ton 27: Cho ( ) f x

l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn
| |
, a b sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0 f a f b f a f b = = = = .
Chng minh rng ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '' f c f c = .
* Phn tch: Theo gi thit hm s ( ) f x l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn
| | , a b . V vy, chng minh s tn ti nghim ta c th s dng mt trong cc nh l
Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy. s dng c cc nh l ny, u tin phi nhn ra c
nguyn hm ca hm cn chng minh.
T iu phi chng minh ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '' f c f c = . Nn ta s chng minh
phng trnh ( ) ( ) '' 0 f x f x = c nghim ( ) , c a b e .
t ( ) ( ) ( ) '' h x f x f x = .
Ta khng th ly nguyn hm trc tip ca hm s ( ) h x c, v vy ta nhn vo
hm s ( ) h x mt lng khc 0 l
x
e

, ta c:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. . '' '' ' '
'' ' ' . ' ' . '
x x x
x x x x
e h x e f x f x e f x f x f x f x
e f x f x e f x f x e f x e f x


( = ( = +

( ( = ( + ( = +


Ly nguyn hm:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ' . . '
x x x x
e h x dx e f x e f x e f x f x g x

= + = + ( =
}
.
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( ) ( ) ( ) '
x
g x e f x f x

= + (

.
* Gii: Xt hm ( ) ( ) ( ) '
x
g x e f x f x

= + (

.
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc v kh vi trn | |
, a b .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '' g x f x f x = .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 0
a
g a e f a f a

= + ( =

v ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 0
b
g b e f b f b

= + ( =

.
( Theo gi thit ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0 f a f b f a f b = = = = ).
p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
61

( ) ' 0 g c = ( ) ( ) '' 0 f c f c = ( ) ( ) '' f c f c = .
Hay ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '' f c f c = (pcm).
Bi ton 28: Cho ( ) f x l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn | | , a b

v trn on
ny ( ) f x c khng t hn ba khng im khc nhau.
Chng minh rng ( ) , c a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' f c f c f c + = .
* Phn tch: Theo gi thit hm s ( ) f x l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn
| |
, a b . V vy, chng minh s tn ti nghim ta c th s dng 1 trong cc nh l
Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy. s dng c cc nh l ny, u tin phi nhn ra c
nguyn hm ca hm cn chng minh.
Theo kt qu cn chng minh l ( ) , c a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' f c f c f c + = .
Vy ta phi chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' 0 f x f x f x + = c nghim
( ) , c a b e .
t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' k x f x f x f x = + .
Nu nh vy th cha th tm c nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) k x .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' ' '' ' f x f x f x f x f x f x f x + = = . (1)
Nhn vo c hai v ca (1) vi mt lng khc 0 l
x
e

:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . '' '
x x
e f x f x e f x f x

( = (

.
p dng cng thc: ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' ' .
ax ax
e f x e f x a f x

( = (

.
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . ', '' ' . ' '
x x x x
e f x f x e f x e f x f x e f x

( ( ( = ( =

.
Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . '' ' '
x x x
e f x f x e f x f x dx e f x f x h x

( ( ( = ( =
}
.
- Ta li c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ' . '
x x
h x e f x f x e f x

( = ( =

.
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) .
x
h x dx e f x g x

= =
}
.
62

Vy hm s cn xt l ( ) ( ) .
x
g x e f x

= .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( ) .
x
g x e f x

= .
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
, a b (V ( ) f x ,
x
e

l hm kh vi lin tc
trn
| |
, a b ).
Theo bi ra ( ) f x c khng t hn ba khng im khc nhau trn
| |
, a b nn theo h
qu 2 ca nh l Rolle ta tm c ( )
1 2
, , c c a b e ,
1 2
c c = sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
' ' 0 '
' ' 0 '
c
c
g c e f c f c f c f c
g c e f c f c f c f c

= ( = =

= ( = =


Tip tc t: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '
x
h x e f x f x g x

= ( =

.
Hm s ( ) h x lin tc v kh vi trn | | , a b .
Ta c ( )
1 2
, , c c a b e ,
1 2
c c = sao cho ( ) ( )
1 2
' 0, ' 0 g c g c = = hay
( ) ( )
1 2
0, 0 h c h c = = .
p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) ( )
1 2
, , c c c a b - e c

sao cho ( ) ' 0 h c = .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '' 2. ' h x f x f x f x = + .
Suy ra: ( ) ' 0 h c = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' 0 '' 2. ' f c f c f c f c f c f c + = + = .
Vy, ( ) ( )
1 2
, , c c c a b - e c

sao cho ( ) ( ) ( ) '' 2. ' f c f c f c + = (pcm).
Bi ton 29: Cho ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc trn
| |
, a h a h + , kh vi trn
( ) , , 0 a h a h h + > . Chng minh rng ( ) 0,1 - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' . f a h f a h h f a h f a h + = + + (

.
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) 0,1 - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' . f a h f a h h f a h f a h + = + + (

.
Theo bi ra, ( ) f x lin tc trn | | , a h a h + , kh vi trn ( ) , , 0 a h a h h + > .
63

Nn c iu cn chng minh, ta s s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange,
Rolle, Cauchy.
Tuy nhin, nu ta xt hm s thng thng l ( ) f x trong on | | , a h a h + th ta
vn cha c iu cn chng minh. V vy, phi xt mt hm khc trn mt on khc.
thy v tri c cha h m v phi l .h nn ta s xem h lm n v xt hm
s: ( ) ( ) ( ) | | , 0, g x f a x f a x x h = + e .
* Gii: t ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
, 0, g x f a x f a x x h = + e .
Ta c ( ) g x

lin tc trn | |
0,h v kh vi trn ( ) 0,h .
Vi: ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' g x f a x f a x = + + .
Theo nh l Lagrange: ( ) 0,1 - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ' . . ' . ' . . g h g g h h f a h f a h f a h f a h h = + = + + (

.
Bi ton 30: Cho ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc v kh vi n cp hai trn
| |
, a b .
Chng minh rng ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
. ''
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f f c
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
.
* Phn tch:
Nhn vo biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
. ''
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f f c
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
ta thy ( ) '' f c
c xc nh thng qua mt i lng c nh. Nn ta s t i lng c nh l
A, ta s tm c sao cho ( ) '' f c A = .
Biu thc c vit li l
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f A
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .

64

Theo bi ra, ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc v kh vi n cp hai trn
| |
, a b . V vy,
chng minh ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
. ''
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f f c
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
, ta c th
ngh ti vic dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy.
Nhn thy, trong biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f A
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
vai tr ca a v
b l nh nhau. Ta chn b lm n, ta c hm s:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f x x a a x
F x f A
+ + | |
=
|
\ .

Vy, ta s bt u xt hm s:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f x x a a x
F x f A
+ + | |
=
|
\ .

* Gii: Gi A l hng s sao cho
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f A
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
.
t:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
.
2 2 8
f a f x x a a x
F x f A
+ + | |
=
|
\ .
.
Vi ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
' ' ' .
2 2 2 4
a x
F x f x f x a A
+ | |
=
|
\ .

Ta c: ( ) ( ) 0 F a F b = = do , ( ) , a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
1
' 0 ' ' . 0
2 2 4
a a
F f f A


( + | |
= =
| (
\ .
. (*)
Li p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm ( ) ' f x trn ,
2
a

+ (
(

ta tm c ( ) , c a b e
sao cho ( ) ( ) ' ' '' .
2 2
a a
f f f c

+ | |
=
|
\ .
.
Thay vo (*) ta c ( ) '' f c A = .
Nh vy, tn ti ( ) , c a b e sao cho
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
. ''
2 2 8
f a f b b a a b
f f c
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
.
65

Bi ton 31: Cho , , a b c e tha mn
2
3 5 2
c a b
n
+ | |
=
|
+
\ .

Chng minh rng phng trnh .sin .cos .sin 0
n n
a x b x c x c + + + = c nghim trong
0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh .sin .cos .sin 0
n n
a x b x c x c + + + = c
nghim trong 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
+Nu t ( ) .sin .cos .sin
n n
f x a x b x c x c = + + + , ( ) f x lin tc trn 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
.
Ta c:
( ) 0 .sin 0 .cos 0 .sin0
n n
f a b c c b c = + + + = + .
.sin .cos .sin
2 2 2 2
n n
f a b c c a c
| |
= + + + = +
|
\ .
.
Ta cha th xc nh c du ca tch
( ) 0 .
2
f f
| |
|
\ .
, nn khng th s dng nh
l Bolzano-Cauchy.
+Tuy nhin, nu nhn vo iu kin bi ton:
2 6
3 5 2 5 2
c a b a b
c
n n
+ + | | | |
= =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
.
Ta s ngh ti s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng
minh phng trnh cho c nghim, bng cch a phng trnh cho v dng:
( )
2sin cos .sin .cos .sin 0
n n
x x a x b x c x c + + + = .
t: ( ) ( )
2sin cos .sin .cos .sin
n n
h x x x a x b x c x c = + + + .
Ri ly nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x , ta c:
66

( ) h x dx =
}
( )
2 2 3
2
2 .sin 2 .cos 2 .sin
.cos
2 2 3
n n
a x b x c x
c x g x
n n
+ +
+ =
+ +
.
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( )
2 2 3
2
2 .sin 2 .cos 2 .sin
.cos
2 2 3
n n
a x b x c x
g x c x
n n
+ +
= +
+ +
.
* Gii:
Ta c:
2 6
3 5 2 5 2
c a b a b
c
n n
+ + | | | |
= =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
.
Xt hm ( )
2 2 3
2
2 .sin 2 .cos 2 .sin
.cos
2 2 3
n n
a x b x c x
g x c x
n n
+ +
= +
+ +
.
Ta thy rng ( ) g x xc nh, lin tc v c o hm trn 0,
2
(
(

.
V
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2
' 2 .sin .cos 2 .cos .sin 2 .sin .cos 2 .cos .sin
' 2sin .cos .sin .cos .sin
n n
n n
g x a x x b x x c x x c x x
g x x x a x b x c x c
+ +
= + + +
= + + +

Ta li c: ( )
( )
( ) ( )
6 6 4
0
2 10 2 5 2
a b b a b
g
n n n
+
= + =
+ + +
.

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
6 4 2 2 2 6 4
.
2 2 3 5 2 2 5 2 5 2
a b a b a a a b
g
n n n n n
+ + | |
= = =
|
+ + + + +
\ .
.
Suy ra:
( ) 0
2
g g
| |
=
|
\ .
.
Theo nh l Rolle th
( ) 0, : ' 0
2
o o
x g x
| |
- e =
|
\ .
.
Hay ( ) ( )
0, : ' 2sin .cos .sin .cos .sin 0
2
n n
o o
x g x x x a x b x c x c
| |
- e = + + + =
|
\ .
.
Suy ra: 0,
2
o
x
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho .sin .cos .sin 0
n n
a x b x c x c + + + = (pcm).
67

Bi ton 32: Gi s ( ) f x l hm kh vi n cp 1 n + trn . Chng minh rng
vi mi cp s thc , ; a b a b < sao cho
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
' ...
ln
' ...
n
n
f b f b f b
b a
f a f a f a
| |
+ + +
= |
|
+ + +
\ .

th ( ) , c a b - e sao cho
( )
( ) ( )
1 n
f c f c
+
= .
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) , c a b - e sao cho
( )
( ) ( )
1 n
f c f c
+
= . Hay cn chng
minh phng trnh
( )
( ) ( )
1
0
n
f c f c
+
= c nghim trong ( ) , a b .
Ta c ( ) f x l hm kh vi n cp 1 n + trn nn c th s dng mt trong
cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh phng trnh trn c nghim.
s dng c mt trong cc nh l ny, ta cn phi tm mt hm s ph.
Ta khng th ly nguyn hm trc tip ca hm s ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 n
h x f x f x
+
= c.
Vic nhn thm mt lng khc 0 no , ri ly nguyn hm l kh kh khn.
Tuy nhin, nhn vo iu kin bi ton:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
' ...
' ...
' ... ' ...
' ... ' ...
n
b a
n
n n b a
n n x x
x b x a
f b f b f b
e
f a f a f a
f b f b f b e f a f a f a e
f x f x f x e f x f x f x e
g b g a

= =
+ + +
=
+ + +
( (
+ + + = + + +

( (
+ + + = + + +

=

T y, ta c th xt ngay hm ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ' ...
n x
g x f x f x f x e

(
= + + +

.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ' ...
n x
g x f x f x f x e

(
= + + +

.
Hm s ( ) g x lin tc v kh vi trn .
Theo nh l Rolle, ( ) , c a b - e

sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
68

Vi ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
'
n x
g x f x f x e
+
(
=

.
Ta c: ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
' 0
n
g c f c f c
+
= = .
Tc l ( ) , c a b - e sao cho
( )
( ) ( )
1 n
f c f c
+
= (pcm).
Bi ton 33: Chng minh rng tn ti s thc ( ) 0,1 x e sao cho:

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt c
t t t c c c
=
+ + + + + +
}
.
* Phn tch: Bi ton ny phn trc, ta s dng nh l Bolzano- Cauchy
chng minh. By gi, ta s s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy
chng minh.
lm c iu ny, trc ht ta phi nhn ra c nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt c
f x
t t t c c c
=
+ + + + + +
}
.
* Gii: t: ( )
( )( ) ( )
2000
2 2001
1 1 ... 1
t
h t
t t t
=
+ + +
,
| |
0,1 t e .
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
. 0 . ' 0
x x
h t dt x h x x h t dt
| |
= =
|
\ .
} }
.
Xt hm ( ) ( )
1
.
x
g x x h t dt =
}
.
Ta thy, hm s ( ) g x

kh vi lin tc trn | | 0,1 , v c ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 g g = = .
Theo nh l Rolle, ( ) 0,1 c - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( )
1
' .
x
g x h t dt x h x =
}
( ) ( ) ( )
1
' 0 . 0
c
g c h t dt c h c = =
}

Hay ( ) 0,1 x - e sao cho:
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2000 2001
2 2001 2 2001
1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
x
t dt c
t t t c c c
=
+ + + + + +
}
(pcm).
69

Bi ton 34: Chng t rng vi 0 a b c + = .
Phng trnh ( ) 3 1 3 4 3 1 a x b x cx x x + + = + lun c t nht 1 nghim thuc
( ) 0,1 .
* Phn tch:
+Nu bin i phng trnh v dng:
( ) 3 1 3 4 3 1 0 a x b x cx x x + + + = .
t: ( ) ( ) 3 1 3 4 3 1 g x a x b x cx x x = + + + .
Ta c ( ) g x lin tc trn ( ) 0,1 .
Ngoi ra: ( ) ( ) 0 , 1 2 3 8 g a g a b c = = + ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 . 2 3 8 g g a a b c = + .
Ta cha th xc nh c du ca ( ) ( ) 0 . 1 g g nn ta khng th s dng c nh
l Bolzano-Cauchy.
+ Nu ta a phng trnh trn v dng khc bng cch chia c hai v cho
( ) 2 3 1 x x + th ( ) 3 1 3 4 3 1 0 a x b x cx x x + + + = .

3 3
2 2 0
2 2 3 1 2 2 3 1
a b a b
cx cx
x x x x
+ = + =
+ +
.
Nhn thy hm s
( )
3
2
2 2 3 1
a b
f x cx
x x
= +
+
lin tc v kh vi trn ( ) 0,1 .
Ly nguyn hm ca hm s ( )
3
2
2 2 3 1
a b
f x cx
x x
= +
+
ta c:
( )
2
3 1 F x a x b x cx = + + , ri s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle,
Cauchy ta s c c iu phi chng minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s ( )
2
3 1 F x a x b x cx = + + kh vi v lin tc trn ( ) 0,1 .
Ta c:
( )
3
' 2
2 2 3 1
a b
F x cx
x x
= +
+
.
70

Ngoi ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 2 0 F F a b c b a b c = + = + = nn ( ) ( ) 1 0 F F =
p dng nh l Rolle ta c: ( ) 0,1
o
x - e sao cho:
( )
3
' 0 2 0
2 2 3 1
o o
o o
a b
F x cx
x x
= + =
+
.
Tc l, phng trnh cho lun c t nht mt nghim ( ) 0,1
o
x e (pcm).
Bi ton 35: Cho
0 1
, ,...,
n
a a a l cc s thc tha mn:
3 2
3 1 2 2
0 0 1
.2 .2 .2
... ... 0
2 3 1 3 4 1
n
n n
a a a a a a
a a a
n n
+ + + + = + + + + + =
+ +
.
Chng minh rng phng trnh
2 1
1 2 3
2 3 ... 0
n
n
a a x a x na x

+ + + + = c t nht mt
nghim thuc khong ( ) 0,2 .
* Phn tch:
+Nu t ( )
2 1
1 2 3
2 3 ...
n
n
f x a a x a x na x

= + + + + , ( ) f x lin tc trn ( ) 0,2 .
Ta thy rng ( ) ( )
1
1 1 2
0 , 2 4. ... 2 .
n
n
f a f a a n a

= = + + + .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) 0 . 2 f f cha c c s nh gi v du. Nn khng th s dng nh
l Bolzano-Cauchy.
+Nhn thy iu kin bi ton:
3 2
3 1 2 2
0 0 1
.2 .2 .2
... ... 0
2 3 1 3 4 1
n
n n
a a a a a a
a a a
n n
+ + + + = + + + + + =
+ +
.
Ta s ngh ti vic ly nguyn hm ca hm s:
( )
2 1
1 2 3
2 3 ...
n
n
f x a a x a x na x

= + + + + .
Ri t s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy c c iu
phi chng minh.
Ta c: ( ) f x dx =
}
( )
2 3 1
0 1 2
1 1 1
...
2 3 1
n
n
a x a x a x a x F x
n
+
+ + + + =
+
.
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( )
2 3 1
0 1 2
1 1 1
...
2 3 1
n
n
F x a x a x a x a x
n
+
= + + + +
+
.
71

* Gii:
- Xt hm s ( )
2 3 1
0 1 2
1 1 1
...
2 3 1
n
n
F x a x a x a x a x
n
+
= + + + +
+
.
Ta thy hm s ( ) f x kh vi v lin tc trn ( ) 0,2 .
Ta c: ( ) 0 0 f = .
( )
1 2
1 ...
2 3 1
n
o
a a a
f a
n
= + + + +
+
v
( )
3 2
3 2
1
.2 .2 .2
2 2 ...
3 4 1
n
n
o
a a a
f a a
n
| |
= + + + + +
|
+
\ .
.
Theo gi thit
3 2
3 1 2 2
0 0 1
.2 .2 .2
... ... 0
2 3 1 3 4 1
n
n n
a a a a a a
a a a
n n
+ + + + = + + + + + =
+ +
nn
( ) ( ) 1 2 0 f f = = .
Nh vy, trn ( ) 0,2 c ( ) 0 0 f = , ( ) ( ) 1 2 0 f f = = .
Theo nh l Rolle, ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0 1 2 c c c c - < < < < sao cho ( ) ( )
1 2
' ' 0 f c f c = = .
- Vi ( ) ( )
2
1 2
' ...
n
o n
f x a a x a x a x g x = + + + + = .
Ta thy, hm s ( ) g x cng l mt hm s kh vi v lin tc trn .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ( )
1 2
' ' 0 f c f c = = hay ( ) ( )
1 2
0 g c g c = = .
Tip tc p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s ( ) g x trn
| | ( )
1 2
, 0,2 c c c :
( )
1 2
,
o
x c c - e sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
g x =
Vi ( )
1
1 2
' 2 ...
n
n
g x a a x na x

= + + + .
Do , ( ) ( )
1 2
, 0,2
o
x c c e c l nghim ca phng trnh:
1
1 2
2 ... 0
n
n
a a x na x

+ + + = (pcm).




72

Bi ton 36: Xt cc s thc
0 1
, ,...,
n
a a a tha mn:
1 2
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
... 0
1 1 3 1
n n
o n n
a a a a a
n n

+ + + + + =
+
.
Chng minh rng hm s:
( )
2
2 1
ln ... ln ln
n
n o
f x a x a x a x a = + + + + c t nht mt nghim trong
( )
2
1,e .
* Phn tch:
+Ta c: ( )
2
2 1
1 ln 1 ... ln 1 ln1
n
n o o
f a a a a a = + + + + = .

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
ln ... ln ln 2 ... 2 2
n n
n o n o
f e a e a e a e a a a a a = + + + + = + + + + .
Ta khng th xc nh c du ca tch ( ) ( )
2
1 . f f e nn khng th dng nh l
Bolzano-Cauchy chng minh.
+Tuy nhin, da vo bi ton cho:
1 2
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
... 0
1 2 3 1
n n
o n n
a a a a a
n n

+ + + + + =
+
.
Ta c th ngh ti vic tm mt hm ph c th s dng c iu kin ny.
Ta cha th ly ngay nguyn hm ca hm s
( )
2
2 1
ln ... ln ln
n
n o
f x a x a x a x a = + + + + .
Tuy nhin, nu nhn vo hai v ca hm s vi mt lng khc 0 l
1
x
, ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2 1
1 1
ln ... ln ln
n
n o
f x a x a x a x a
x x
( = + + + +


Ly nguyn hm ca hm s mi ta c:
( )
1
f x dx
x
=
}
( )
1 3 2 2 1
ln ... ln ln ln
1 3 2 1
n n o
a a a a
x x x x h x
n
+
+ + + + =
+
.
Vy hm s cn xt l: ( )
1 3 2 2 1
ln ... ln ln ln
1 3 2 1
n n o
a a a a
h x x x x x
n
+
= + + + +
+
.
Nh vy, hm s ( ) h x lin tc v c o hm trn
( )
2
1,e .
73

Tip theo, ta s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy c iu cn
chng minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s ( )
1 3 2 2 1
ln ... ln ln ln
1 3 2 1
n n o
a a a a
h x x x x x
n
+
= + + + +
+
.
Ta thy, hm s ( ) h x lin tc v c o hm trn
( )
2
1,e .
Ta c:
( )
1 3 2 2 1
1 ln 1 ... ln 1 ln 1 ln1 0
1 3 2 1
n n o
a a a a
h
n
+
= + + + + =
+
.
( )
2 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
ln ... ln ln ln
1 3 2 1
n n o
a a a a
h e e e e e
n
+
= + + + +
+


1 3 2
2 1
2 2 2
... 2
1 3 2
n
n
o
a a a
a
n
+
= + + + +
+


2
2 1
2 2 2
... 2 0
1 3 2
n
n
o
a a a
a
n
| |
= + + + + =
|
+
\ .
.
Suy ra: ( ) ( )
2
1 0 h h e = = .
p dng nh l Rolle:
( )
2
1,
o
x e - e sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
h x = .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
1 1
' ln ... ln ln
n
n o
h x a x a x a x a f x g x
x x
= + + + + = = .
Hay
( )
2
1,
o
x e - e ( ) ( )
2
2 1
1
ln ... ln ln 0
n
o n o o o o
o
g x a x a x a x a
x
= + + + + = .
Tc l hm s ( )
2
2 1
ln ... ln ln
n
n o
f x a x a x a x a = + + + + c t nht mt nghim
trong
( )
2
1,e (pcm).
Bi ton 37: Chng minh rng nu ( ) f x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b v
( ) ( ) 0 f a f b = = , th vi e, ( ) , c a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c + = .

74

*Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) , x a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ' 0 f c f c + = .
Tc l cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' 0 f x f x + = c nghim trong khong
( ) , a b .
Ta c ( ) f x lin tc trong | | , a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b nn c th s dng mt
trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh phng trnh trn c nghim.
s dng c mt trong cc nh l ny, ta cn phi tm mt hm s ph.
Ta khng th ly nguyn hm trc tip ca hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) ' h x f x f x = + c.
Tuy nhin, nu nhn c hai v ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' 0 f x f x + = vi mt lng
khc 0 l
x
e

ta c: ( ) ( ) ' 0
x
e f x f x

+ ( =

.
t, ( ) k x = ( ) ( ) '
x
e f x f x

+ (

, th vic ly nguyn hm ca hm s ny cho ta
kt qu l: ( ) k x dx =
}
( ) ( )
x
e f x g x

= .
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( ) ( )
x
g x e f x

= .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( )
x
g x e f x

= .
Ta thy rng hm s ( ) g x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) 0
a
g a e f a

= = , ( ) ( ) 0
b
g b e f b

= = .
( V theo bi ra ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b = = ).
p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Vi ( ) ' g x = ( ) ( ) '
x
e f x f x

+ (

.
Hay ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 0 ' 0
c
e f c f c f c f c

+ ( = + =

(pcm).
Bi ton 38: Cho ( ) f x v ( ) g x l cc hm lin tc trn | |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b ,
gi s ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b = = . Chng minh rng ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0 g c f c f c + = .
75

* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) , c a b - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0 g c f c f c + = .
Tc l cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0 g x f x f x + = c nghim trong
( ) , a b .
Tng t vi nhng bi trc, s dng c mt trong cc nh l Lagrange,
Rolle, Cauchy th cn phi tm c hm ph.
Nhn vo hai v ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0 g x f x f x + = vi mt lng khc 0 l
( ) g x
e ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0
g x
e g x f x f x + ( =

.
t, ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . '
g x
h x e g x f x f x = + (

.
Nguyn hm ca hm s ( ) h x ny l ( ) h x dx =
}
( )
( ) ( )
g x
e f x k x = .
Vy, hm ph m ta cn xt l ( )
( )
( )
g x
k x e f x = .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( )
( )
( )
g x
k x e f x = .
Ta thy, hm s ( ) k x lin tc trn | | , a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ta c: ( )
( )
( ) 0
g a
k a e f a = = , ( )
( )
( ) 0
g b
k b e f b = = .
( V theo bi ra ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b = = ).
S dng nh l Rolle: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 k c = .
Vi ( ) ' k x =
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ' . '
g x
e g x f x f x + (

.
Tc l ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' . ' 0 ' . ' 0
g c
e g c f c f c g c f c f c + ( = + ( =

(pcm).
Bi ton 39: Cho ( ) f x lin tc trong | | , a b , 0 a > v kh vi trn ( ) , a b . Chng
minh rng nu
( ) ( ) f a f b
a b
= th ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '
o o o
x f x f x = .
76

* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '
o o o
x f x f x = .
Tc l cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' 0 xf x f x = c nghim trong ( ) , a b .
Theo bi ra, ( ) f x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Nn ta c th s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng
minh phng trnh c nghim.
By gi, iu quan trng l phi tm ra mt hm ph c th s dng mt trong
cc nh l ny. Ta thy, vic ly nguyn hm trc tip v tri ca phng trnh trn l
khng th.
Tuy nhin, nhn vo iu kin bi ton
( ) ( ) f a f b
a b
= , ta c th ngh ti vic s
dng hm s ( )
( ) f x
g x
x
= .
V hm s ny cng lin tc trong | |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ' g x =
( ) ( )
2
' xf x f x
x

.
Vy, hm s cn s dng trong bi ton ny l ( )
( ) f x
g x
x
= .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( )
( ) f x
g x
x
= .
Ta thy, hm s ( ) g x lin tc trong | | , a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ta c: ( )
( ) f a
g a
a
= v ( )
( ) f b
g b
b
= .
V
( ) ( ) f a f b
a b
= ( ) ( ) g a g b = .
Vn dng nh l Rolle: ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
g x = .
Vi ( ) ' g x =
( ) ( )
2
' xf x f x
x

.
77

Hay ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho
( ) ( )
2
'
0
o o o
o
x f x f x
x

= ( ) ( ) '
o o o
x f x f x = (pcm).
Bi ton 40: Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b . Chng minh rng
nu ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
f b f a b a = th phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' f x f x x = c t nht mt nghim
trong ( ) , a b .
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' f x f x x = hay
( ) ( ) ' 0 f x f x x =

c t nht mt nghim trong ( ) , a b .
Theo bi ra ( ) f x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b nn ta s s dng mt
trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh phng trnh cho c
nghim.
Tng t vi nhng bi ton trc, ta cn tm mt hm ph s dng c mt
trong cc nh l ny.
Ta thy, vic ly trc tip nguyn hm v tri ca phng trnh trn l khng th.
Nhn vo iu kin ca bi ton:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
f b f a b a f b b f a a = = .
Ta c th ngh ti vic xt hm s ( ) ( )
2 2
g x f x x = .
Tht vy: v hm s ( ) g x

lin tc trong
| |
, a b v c o hm trn ( ) , a b .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 2 ' g x f x f x x = .
Nh vy, hm s m ta s xt trong bi ton ny l ( ) ( )
2 2
g x f x x = .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( )
2 2
g x f x x = .
Hm s ( ) g x

lin tc trong | | , a b v c o hm trn ( ) , a b .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
g a f a a = v ( ) ( )
2 2
g b f b b = .
Theo bi ra ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
f b f a b a f b b f a a = = .
Suy ra ( ) ( ) g a g b = .
78

p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ' 0 g c = .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 2 ' g x f x f x x = .
Tc l ( ) , c a b - e sao cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 2 ' 0 ' g c f c f c c f c f c c = = = .
Hay, phng trnh ( ) ( ) ' f x f x x = c t nht mt nghim trong ( ) , a b (pcm).
Bi ton 41: Gi s ( ) f x v ( ) g x lin tc, khc 0 trong
| |
, a b v kh vi trn
( ) , a b . Chng minh rng nu ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f a g b f b g a = th ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
o o
o o
f x g x
f x g x
= .
* Phn tch: Bi ton cn chng minh ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
' ' ' ' ' '
0 0
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
f x g x f x g x f x g x g x f x
f x g x f x g x f x g x

= = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0
o o o o
f x g x g x f x = .
Tc l, ta cn chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0 f x g x g x f x = c nghim
trong khong ( ) , a b .
Ta thy, bi ton cho ( ) f x v ( ) g x lin tc, khc 0 trong
| |
, a b v kh vi trn
( ) , a b . Do vy, ta c th s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy
chng minh phng trnh c nghim.
Cn tm mt hm ph s dng c mt trong cc nh l ny. Ta khng th ly
nguyn hm trc tip v tri ca phng trnh trn.
Tuy nhin, nhn vo iu kin bi ton
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
f a f b
f a g b f b g a
g a g b
= = .
Ta c th ngh ti vic xt hm s ( )
( )
( )
f x
h x
g x
= .
79

V: hm s ( ) h x lin tc trong
| |
, a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ' h x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
' ' f x g x g x f x
g x

.
Vy, hm s cn xt l ( )
( )
( )
f x
h x
g x
= .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( )
( )
( )
f x
h x
g x
= .
Hm s ( ) h x

lin tc trong | | , a b , kh vi trn ( ) , a b .
Ta c: ( )
( )
( )
f a
h a
g a
= v ( )
( )
( )
f b
h b
g b
= .
Theo bi ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
f a f b
f a g b f b g a
g a g b
= = .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) h a h b = .
p dng nh l Rolle: ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho ( ) ' 0
o
h x = .
Vi ( ) ' h x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
' ' f x g x g x f x
g x

.
Tc l ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
' '
0
o o o o
o
f x g x g x f x
g x

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' 0
o o o o
f x g x g x f x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' '
o o o o
f x g x g x f x =
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
o o
o o
f x g x
f x g x
= .
Hay ( ) ,
o
x a b - e sao cho
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
o o
o o
f x g x
f x g x
= (pcm).

80

Bi ton 42: Cho hm ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc kh vi n cp hai trn
| |
2,2 sao
cho ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1, 2,2 , 0 ' 0 4 f x x f f s e + = .
Chng minh rng: ( ) 2,2
o
x - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '' 0
o o
f x f x + = .
* Phn tch:
Bi ton cn chng minh rng: ( ) 2,2
o
x - e sao cho ( ) ( ) '' 0
o o
f x f x + = . Tc l
chng minh phng trnh ( ) ( ) '' 0 f x f x + = c nghim trong ( ) 2,2 .
Theo bi ra, ( ) f x l mt hm lin tc kh vi n cp hai trn
| |
2,2 nn ta c th
s dng mt trong cc nh l Lagrange, Rolle, Cauchy chng minh s tn ti
nghim ca phng trnh trn. iu quan trng by gi l phi tm c hm s ph
c th p dng c cc nh l ny.
Ta thy, khng th ly nguyn hm trc tip ca v tri phng trnh trn c.
Nhng nu ti iu kin bi ton l:
| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2,2 , 0 ' 0 4 x f f e + = .
Ta c th ngh ti vic s dng hm s: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' F x f x f x = ( + (

.
Tht vy, ta c th nhn thy hm s ( ) F x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
2,2 .
Ngoi ra, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 2. ' '' F x f x f x f x = + (

.
Vy, hm s cn xt lc ny l ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' F x f x f x = ( + (

.
* Gii: t ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
' F x f x f x = ( + (

.
Hm s ( ) F x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
2,2 .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 2. ' '' F x f x f x f x = + (

v ( ) 0 4 F = .
+ Theo nh l Lagrange: ( )
1
2,0 - e sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 2 ' .2 f f f = .
Do : ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
' 0 2 1
2
f f f s + s .
81

+ Tng t: ( )
2
0,2 - e sao cho ( )
2
' 1 f s .
Suy ra: ( ) ( )
1 2
2, 2 F F s s .
V ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 4, 2, 2 F F F = s s nn ( ) F x phi t gi tr ln nht ti
( )
1 2
,
o
x e v ( ) ' 0
o
F x = .
+Nu ( ) ' 0
o
f x = th ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
o o
F x f x = s , v l.
Do vy: ( ) ' 0
o
f x = v ( ) ( ) '' 0
o o
f x f x + = (pcm).
CHNG III_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE GII PHNG TRNH
I. PHNG PHP CHUNG
Bc 1: Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh.
Bc 2: Bin i phng trnh v dng thch hp ( ) ( ) F a F b = , t ch ra c
hm s ( ) F t kh vi v lin tc trn
| | , a b .
Khi , theo nh l Lagrange ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
' 0
F b F a
F c
b a

= =

. (*)
Bc 3: Gii (*) ta xc nh c
o
x .
Bc 4: Th li.
II. BI TP
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( ) , 0, 0, 0;
x x
x x
a c b a b c a b c a b + + = + + > > > < . (*)
* Phn tch: y l dng phng trnh m. gii c cc phng trnh ny,
iu quan trng l phi tm c hm s ph hp s dng c nh l Lagrange.
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
o o o o
x x x x
x x x x
a c b a b c a c a b c b + + = + + + = + .
V tri v v phi ca phng trnh c dng ging nhau.
82

t ( ) ( )
o
o
x
x
f t t c t = + .
Ta thy, hm s ( ) f t lin tc v c o hm trn | | , a b .
Nn c th s dng c nh l Lagrange.
Vy, hm s cn xt l: ( ) ( )
o
o
x
x
f t t c t = + .
* Gii: Gi s
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh (*).
Tc l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
o o o o
x x x x
x x x x
a c b a b c a c a b c b + + = + + + = + . (1)
Ta xt hm s ( ) ( )
o
o
x
x
f t t c t = + trn on
| |
, a b .
D thy rng hm s ( ) f t lin tc v c o hm trn on | |
, a b .
p dng nh l Lagrange, ta tm c ( ) , d a b e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
' 0
0
0
0
0
1
o o
o o
o
o
o
o
x x
x x
o x
x
o o x
x
o
o
b c b a c a
f b f a
f d
b a b a
x
x d c x d
d c d
x
x

(
+ +

= = =

=
+ =
+ =

Ngc li, thay 1, 0 x x = = vo phng trnh (*), ta thy chng u tha mn.
V vy, phng trnh (*) c ng hai nghim: 1, 0 x x = = .
Bi ton 2: Gii cc phng trnh:
a/ 5 3 2
x x
x = (1) b/ 3 5 2.4
x x x
+ =

(2) c/ 3 6 4 5
x x x x
+ = + (3)
* Phn tch: y l dng phng trnh m. Tng t nh bi ton trn, ta cng
bin i phng trnh cho s dng c nh l Lagrange.
a/ Ta c:
x
5 5 3 3x
o o
x
o o
x = .

Xt hm s: ( )
o
x
o
f t t tx = .
83

b/ Ta c:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 5 2.4 5 4 4 3
x x x x x x x
+ = = .

Xt hm s
0 0
( ) ( 1)
x x
f t t t = +
c/ Vi dng ny, ta c th c 2 cch sau y:
Cch 1: Lm tng t vi nhng bi trc.
Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Ta c: 3 6 4 5 6 5 4 3
o o o o o o o o
x x x x x x x x
+ = + = .
Xt hm s:
0 0
( ) ( 1)
x x
f t t t = +
Cch 2: Nhn xt: Cc hng t trong phng trnh u c chung dng
o
x
t .
Nn ta s xt hm s: ( )
o
x
f t t =
Ri p dng nh l Lagrange cho 2 on
| |
3,4 v
| |
5,6 .
* Gii:
a/ Gii phng trnh: 5 3 2
x x
x = . (1)
Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta c:
x
5 5 3 3x
o o
x
o o
x = .

(1a)

Xt hm s: ( )
o
x
o
f t t tx = .
Khi : (1a)

( ) ( ) 5 3 f f = .

V ( ) f t

lin tc trn | | 3,5 v c o hm trn ( ) 3,5 , do theo nh l Lagrange
lun tn ti ( ) 3,5 ce

sao cho: ( )
( ) ( ) 5 3
' 0
5 3
f f
f c

= =

.
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1
' . 1
o o
x x
o o o
f t x t x x t

= = .
Nn ( ) ( )
1
0
' 0 0
1
o
o x
o
o
x
f c x c
x

=
= =

=

84

Ngc li, thay 0, 1
o o
x x = = vo phng trnh (1) c
0 0
5 3 0 2.0 = = v
1 1
5 3 2 2.1 = = .
Nh vy, 0, 1 x x = = u tha mn phng trnh cho.
Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim 0 x = v 1 x = .
b/ Gii phng trnh: 3 5 2.4
x x x
+ =
(2)
Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Ta c:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 5 2.4 5 4 4 3
x x x x x x x
+ = = .

(2a)
Xt hm s
0 0
( ) ( 1)
x x
f t t t = + .

Khi : (2a) (4) (3) f f = .
V
( ) f t lin tc trn
| |
3,4

v c o hm trong khong ( ) 3,4 , do theo nh l
Lagrange
| |
3,4 c - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( ) 4 3
' 0
4 3
f f
f c

= =

.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
1
1
' 1
o
o
x
x
o
f t x t t

(
= +

.
Nn ( ) ( )
1
1
0
' 0 1 0
1
o
o
x o x
o
o
x
f c x c c
x

=
(
= + =


=

Ngc li, th 0, 1
o o
x x = = vo phng trnh (2) c
0 0 0
3 5 2 2.4 + = = v
1 1 1
3 5 8 2.4 + = = .
Nh vy, 0, 1 x x = = u tha mn phng trnh cho.
Vy phng trnh (2) c hai nghim 0 x = v 1 x = .
c/
*Cch 1: Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
85

Ta c: 3 6 4 5 6 5 4 3
o o o o o o o o
x x x x x x x x
+ = + = (3a)
Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) 1
o
o
x
x
f t t t = + .
Vi
( ) ( )
1
1
' 1
o
o
x
x
o
f t x t t

(
= +


Khi (3a) ( ) ( ) 3 5 f f = .
V hm s ( ) f t lin tc trn
| |
3,5 v c o hm trn ( ) 3,5 nn theo nh l
Lagrange: ( ) 3,5 c - sao cho:
( )
( ) ( ) 5 3
' 0
5 3
f f
f c

= =

( )
1
1
0
1 0
1
o
o
x o x
o
o
x
x t t
x

=
(
+ =


=

Ngc li, th 0, 1
o o
x x = = vo phng trnh (3) ta c
0 0 0 0
3 6 2 4 5 + = = + v
1 1 1 1
3 6 9 4 5 + = = + .
Nh vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim l 0, 1 x x = =
*Cch 2: T 3 6 4 5 6 5 4 3
o o o o o o o o
x x x x x x x x
+ = + = .
t ( )
o
x
f t t = , 0 t > .
Suy ra: ( )
1
' .
o
x
o
f t x t

= .
Theo nh l Lagrange th:
+ ( ) 3,4 c - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 3
' 4 3 '
4 3
o o
x x
f f
f c f c

= =

.
+ ( ) 5,6 d - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
6 5
' 6 5 '
6 5
o o
x x
f f
f d f d

= =

.
Ta c: ( ) ( ) 6 5 4 3 ' '
o o o o
x x x x
f c f d = = .
Vi
3 4
5 6
c
d
< <
< <

Nn ( ) ( ) ' ' 0 0
o
f c f d x x = = = = hoc 1
o
x = .
Vy 0, 1 x x = = l nghim ca (3).
86

Bi ton 3: Gii phng trnh:
cos cos
3 2 cos
x x
x = . (4)
* Phn tch: y l dng phng trnh m vi s m lng gic. Tng t nh cc
bi ton trn, ta cng bin i a v dng ph hp, t c th s dng c nh
l Lagrange.
Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta c:
cos cos cos cos
3 2 cos 3 3cos 2 2cos
o o o o
x x x x
o o o
x x x = = .
T y, ta s xt hm ( )
cos
cos
o
x
o
f t t t x = .
* Gii:
Gi
o
x l nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta c:
cos cos cos cos
3 2 cos 3 3cos 2 2cos
o o o o
x x x x
o o o
x x x = = . (4a)
Xt hm s ( )
cos
cos
o
x
o
f t t t x = khi
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 3 2 a f f = .
V ( ) f t lin tc trn
| |
2,3 v c o hm trn ( ) 2,3 .
Do , theo nh l Lagrange lun tn ti ( ) 2,3 c e sao cho:

( )
( ) ( ) 3 2
' 0
3 2
f f
f c

= =

.
Ta c: ( ) ( )
cos
' cos 1
o
x
o
f x x t = .
Nn
( ) ( )
cos
cos 0
' 0 cos 1 0 2
cos 1
2
o
o x o
o
o
o
x x k
f c x t
x
x k

= = +

= =

Th li ta thy ng, vy phng trnh c hai h nghim l:
2
x k

= + v 2 x k = .


87

Bi ton 4: Gii phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
a x x b a b + = , trong , a b l cc
tham s thc, a b = , cn * ne .
* Phn tch: gii phng trnh m, ta c th s dng nh l Lagrange. Tuy
nhin, bi ton ny khng c dng i xng nh nhng bi trc, nn ta khng th s
dng trc tip nh l Lagrange c.
Ta thy * ne nn ta s xt:
+Vi 1 n = phng trnh nghim ng x e.
+Vi 1 n > phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh:
1
n n
a x x b
a b a b
| | | |
+ =
| |

\ . \ .
.
t
a x
t
a b

, ta c (1) ( ) 1 1
n
n
t t = .
T y, ta s xt hm s ( ) ( ) 1 1
n
n
g t t t = + trn
.

* Gii:
- Vi 1 n = phng trnh nghim ng x e.
- Vi 1 n > phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh:
1
n n
a x x b
a b a b
| | | |
+ =
| |

\ . \ .
. (1)
t
a x
t
a b

, ta c (1) ( ) 1 1
n
n
t t = . (2)
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) 1 1
n
n
g t t t = + trn , ta c ( ) ( )
1
1
' . 1
n
n
g t n t t

(
=

.
Ta li c
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
'' 1 1 0
n
n
g t n n t t

(
= >

.
Ta thy vi
1
2
t =
1 1
1 1 1
' 0
2 2 2
n n
g n

(
| | | | | |
= =
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

.
88

p dng kt qu ca bi ton 5, phn II, chng II, ta c phng trnh ( ) ' 0 g t =

c
nghim duy nht l
1
2
t = .
- Gi s phng trnh ( ) 0 g t = c ba nghim phn bit
1 2 3
t t t < < .
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s ( ) g t ln lt ti hai on
| |
1 2
, t t v
| |
2 3
, t t .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 2 3
, , , c t t c t t - e e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 2 2 1
1 2
2 1 3 2
' 0, ' 0
g t g t g t g t
g c g c
t t t t

= = = =

.
Tc l phng trnh ( ) ' 0 g t = c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
c c < , tri vi lp lun
trn.
Vy, phng trnh ( ) 0 g t = c khng qu hai nghim phn bit. Do phng
trnh (1) c khng qu hai nghim phn bit.
Ln lt thay , x a x b = = vo phng trnh (1), ta c:
0 1 1
n n
a a a b
a b a b
| | | |
+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .
v 1 0 1
n n
a b b b
a b a b
| | | |
+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .
.
Ngha l phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit , x a x b = = , vi 1 n > .
* Kt lun: +Vi 1 n = tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l .
+Vi 1 n > tp nghim ca phng trnh cho l { } , S a b = .
Bi ton 5: Gii phng trnh:
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + = .
* Phn tch: Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
( )
3
3 3 3
3
3
1 1
2 1 1 2 1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
x x x x
x x
(
= + = +
(

(
(
= + +
(
(

(


t: ( ) ( )
3
1
1
2
f x x = + , khi phng trnh trn c dng:
89

( ) ( )
x f f x = .
By gi, ta s xt hm s ( ) ( )
3
1
1
2
f x x = + .
* Gii: Tp xc nh x e.
Xt hm s: ( ) ( )
3
1
1
2
f x x = + .
Ta c: ( )
2
1
' .3 0
2
f x x = > , x e.
Suy ra: ( ) ' 1 0 f x + = .
p dng kt qu bi ton 2, phn II, chng II suy ra:
( ) ( )
( )( )
3
3 3 3
2
1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 0
2 2 2
1 1 0
x x x x x x
x x x
(
(
= + + = + + =
(
(

(

+ =

Phng trnh ( )( )
2
1 1 0 x x x + = c ba nghim l
1 2,3
1 5
1,
2
x x

= = .
Vy, phng trnh cho c ba nghim l
1 2 3
1 5 1 5
1, ,
2 2
x x x
+
= = = .










90

CHNG IV_NG DNG NH L LAGRANGE CHNG MINH
BT NG THC
I. PHNG PHP CHUNG
T nh l Lagrange, nu ( ) ' m F c M s s th:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F b F a
m M m b a F b F a M b a
b a

s s s s

.
Vy p dng c kt qu trn vo vic chng minh bt ng thc th iu quan
trng l nhn ra c hm ( ) F x .
II. BI TP
Bi ton 1:
Chng minh rng nu 0
2
a b

< < < th
2 2
tan tan
cos cos
b a b a
b a
a b

< < .
* Phn tch: Chng ta vit li bt ng thc lm xut hin hm ( ) F x :
2 2
tan tan
cos cos
b a b a
b a
a b

< <
2 2
1 tan tan 1
cos cos
b a
a b a b

< <

.
Xt hm s ( ) tan F x x = , ri s dng nh l Lagrange chng minh.

2 2
1 tan tan 1
cos cos
b a
a b a b

< <

, t suy ra iu phi chng minh.

* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) tan F x x = .
Ta thy hm ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn
| |
, 0,
2
a b
| |
c
|
\ .
.
Ta c: ( )
2
1
'
cos
F x
x
= .
Nn theo nh l Lagrange lun ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 tan tan
'
cos
F b F a b a
F c
b a c b a

= =

.
Theo bi ra, ta c:
91


2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 tan tan 1
0
2 cos cos cos cos cos
tan tan
cos cos
b a
a b
a c b a b a b
b a b a
b a
a b

< < < < < < <

< <

Hay nu 0
2
a b

< < < th
2 2
tan tan
cos cos
b a b a
b a
a b

< < (pcm).
Bi ton 2: Chng minh rng ( ) ln 1 , 0 x x x + < > .
* Phn tch: Chng ta vit li bt ng thc lm xut hin hm ( ) F t :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
ln 1 0 1 1 ln 1 ln1 1 1
ln 1 ln1
1
1 1
x x x x
x
x
+ < + + < +
+
<
+

Xt hm s ( ) ln F t t = .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ln F t t = .
Ta thy ( ) F t lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
1, 1 x + vi 0 x > .
Ta c: ( )
1
' F t
t
= .
Theo nh l Lagrange lun tn ti ( ) 1, 1 c x e + sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 ln 1 1
' ln 1
1 1
F x F x x
F c x
x c x c
+ +
= = + =
+
.
Tc l ( ) 1 1 ln 1
1
x x
c x x x
c
< < + + = < = (pcm).
Bi ton 3: Chng minh rng nu 0 b a < < th ln
a b a a b
a b b

< < .
* Phn tch: Chng ta vit li bt ng thc lm xut hin hm ( ) F x :
( ) ( )
1 1
ln ln ln
1 ln ln 1
a b a a b
a b a b a b
a b b a b
a b
a a b b

< < < <

< <

92

By gi, ta s xt hm ( ) ln F x x = .
* Gii: Xt hm ( ) ln F x x = .
Hm ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn | | ( ) , 0, b a c + .
Ta c: ( )
1
' F x
x
= .
Theo nh l Lagrange lun ( ) , c b a - e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( ) 1 ln ln
'
F a F b a b
F c
a b c a b

= =

.
Ngoi ra:
1 1 1 1 ln ln 1
0
ln ln ln
a b
b c a
a c b a a b b
a b a b a b a a b
a b
a b a b b

< < < < < < <

< < < <

Hay nu 0 b a < < th ln
a b a a b
a b b

< < (pcm).
Bi ton 4: Chng minh rng
1
1
2
n
x x
ne
< vi ( ) 0,1 , * x n e e .
* Phn tch: Chng ta vit li bt ng thc lm xut hin hm ( ) F x :
1
1
2
n
x x
ne
< ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
1 2 1
2
n n
x x n x x
ne e
< < .
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
+
+
( +
| |
= s =
( |
+ +
\ .

2 1
2 1
2
2 phn t
2 2 2
2
2 1 2 2 . . ...
2 1 2 1
n
n
n
n
n nx nx
n
n x x n nx x x x
n n
.
T , ta s i chng minh:
( )
( )
2 1 2 1
ln 2 1 ln2 2 1 2 1 1
ln ln
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
n n
n n n n
n e n e n n n
+ +
+
| | | |
< < >
| |
+ + + +
\ . \ .
.
Hm s cn xt l ( ) ln F x x = .
93

* Gii: Xt hm ( ) ln F x x = .
Hm s ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn
| |
2 ,2 1 n n + .
Theo nh l Lagrange ( ) 2 ,2 1 c n n - e + sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 1
' ln 2 1 ln2
2 1 2
F n F n
F c n n
n n c
+
= = +
+
.
Ta c: ( )
1 1 1
0 2 2 1 ln 2 1 ln2
2 1 2 1
n c n n n
c n n
< < < + > + >
+ +
(pcm).
Bi ton 5: Cho , a be. Chng minh rng arctan arctan b a b a < .
* Phn tch: Ta vit li bt ng thc cho nh sau:
arctan arctan
arctan arctan 1
b a
b a b a
b a

< <

.
Ta thy c dng
( ) ( ) F b F a
b a

nn t ( ) arctan F x x = ri s dng nh l
Lagrange chng minh bt ng thc trn.
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) arctan F x x = vi ( ) , x a b e :
Hm ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn ( ) , a b c .
( )
2
1
'
1
F x
x
=
+
lun tn ti x e.
Theo nh l Lagrange th ( ) , c a b - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
arctan arctan 1
' arctan arctan
1 1
F b F a b a b a
F c b a
b a b a c c

= = =
+ +
.
M 0 b a > v
2
1
1
1 c
<
+
nn ta c:
2
arctan arctan
1
b a
b a b a
c

= <
+
(pcm).

94

Bi ton 6: Cho , 0,
2
x y
| |
e
|
\ .
v y x < .
Chng minh rng:
sin sin
cos cos
x y
x y
x y

< <

.
* Phn tch: Ta thy bt ng thc cho xut hin hm ( ) F t cn tm
Xt hm s ( ) sin F t t = .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) sin F t t = , vi ( ) , t y x e
Hm ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn
( ) , 0,
2
y x
| |
e
|
\ .

Ta c: ( ) ' cos F t t = lun tn ti ( ) , 0,
2
t y x
| |
e e
|
\ .

Theo nh l Lagrange th ( ) , c y x - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( )
sin sin
' cos
F y F x x y
F c c
y x x y

= =


V

0 cos cos cos
2
sin sin
cos cos
y c x x c y
x y
x y
x y

< < < < < <

< <

Vy, nu , 0,
2
x y
| |
e
|
\ .
v y x < th
sin sin
cos cos
x y
x y
x y

< <

(pcm).
Bi ton 7: Cho * ne v 1 n > . Chng minh rng:

1 1 1 1 1 1
... ln 1 ...
2 3 2 3 1
n
n n
+ + + < < + + + +

* Phn tch: Nhn vo bt ng thc, ta c th ngh ti vic s dng hm s
( ) ln f x x = , vi ( )
1
' f x
x
= .
V hm s ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm trn ( ) 0,+ .
95

Ta c th p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s ( ) f x trn khong
( ) ( ) 1, 0, i i c + .
Nhn thy v hai v ca bt ng thc cn chng minh l dng tng ca dy s, nn
sau khi c c bt ng thc t vic s dng nh l Lagrange, ta s cho bin i
chy t 2 n n, ri tip tc ly tng ca cc bt ng thc . T y, ta c iu phi
chng minh.
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ln F x x = vi ( ) 1, x i i e
Hm ( ) F x kh vi v lin tc trn ( ) ( ) 1, 0, i i c +
Ta c ( )
1
' F x
x
=
Theo nh l Lagrange th ( ) 1, c i i - e sao cho
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
ln ln 1 ln ln 1 1 1
' ln ln 1
1 1
i i i i
f c i i
i i i i c c

= = =


V ( )
1 1 1 1 1
1 ln ln 1
1 1
i c i i i
i c i i i
< < < < < <

(*)
Thay 2 i = vo (*) ta c:
1
ln2 ln1 1
2
< < ;
Tng t, ta c:
1 1
ln3 ln2
3 2
< < ;
.............
( ) ( )
1 1
ln 2 ln 3
2 3
n n
n n
< <

;
( ) ( )
1 1
ln 1 ln 2
1 2
n n
n n
< <

;
( )
1 1
ln ln 1
1
n n
n n
< <

.
Cng v theo v 1 n bt ng thc trn, ta c:
96

1 1 1 1 1 1
... ln 1 ...
2 3 2 3 1
n
n n
+ + + < < + + + +

(pcm).
Bi ton 8: Cho a b c < < . Chng minh rng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 a a b c a b c ab bc ca b a b c a b c ab bc ca c < + + + + < < + + + + + <

* Phn tch: y l dng bt ng thc i xng. nh l Lagrange c s dng
gii quyt mt s bt ng thc dng ny, nhm mc ch lm gim s bin.
Nu cn chng minh bt ng thc i xng n bin
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a th ta xt a thc
( ) ( )( ) ( )
1 2
...
n
f x x a x a x a = , suy ra ( ) f x c n nghim, do '( ) f x

c 1 n
nghim
1 2 1
, ,...,
n
b b b

, v da vo nh l Viet ta a v chng minh bt ng thc i
xng vi 1 n bin
1 2 1
, ,...,
n
b b b

.
Vi bi ton ny c 3 bin s , , a b c , ta s t ( ) ( )( )( ) f x x a x b x c = .
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( )( )( ) f x x a x b x c = .
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn nn n lin tc v kh vi trn on
| |
, a c .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b f c = = = .
Theo nh l Lagrange
1 2 1 2
, ( ) x x a x b x c - < < < < sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
. ' f b f a b a f x = v ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
. ' f c f b c b f x = .
Suy ra: ( ) ( )
1 2
' ' 0 f x f x = = .
Vi ( ) ( )
2
' 3 2 f x x a b c x ab bc ca = + + + + + .
V ( ) ( )
1 2
' ' 0 f x f x = = nn ( )
1 2 1 2
, , x x x x < l hai nghim ca phng trnh
( ) ' 0 f x = .
Gii phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
' 3 2 0 f x x a b c x ab bc ca = + + + + + = .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
' 3 a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca A = + + + + = + + .
Nn
97

( )
( )
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
2
3
3
a b c a b c ab bc ca
x
a b c a b c ab bc ca
x
+ + + +
=
+ + + + +
=

Do
1 2 1 2
a x b x c a x x < < < < < < .
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
3 3 3
a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c a b c ab bc ca
a b c
a a b c a b c ab bc ca b a b c a b c ab bc ca c
+ + + + + + + + +
< < < <
< + + + + < < + + + + + <

Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 9: Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng , , , a b c d ta u c:
3
4 6
abc abd acd bcd ab ac ad bc bd cd + + + + + + + +
s .
* Phn tch: Nhn thy, y cng l mt bt ng thc i xng. Tng t nh bi
ton 8.
Bi ton ny c 4 bin s l , , , a b c d .
Ta s t ( ) ( )( )( )( ) f x x a x b x c x d = , ri s dng nh l Lagrange
chng minh bt ng thc ny.
* Gii: Do , , , a b c d c vai tr nh nhau, khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
a b c d s s s .
Xt hm s ( ) ( )( )( )( ) f x x a x b x c x d = .
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc v kh vi trn nn n lin tc v kh vi trn cc on
| | , a b ,| | , b c ,| | , c d .
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f a f b f c f d = = = = .
Theo nh l Lagrange
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ( ) x x x a x b x c x d - < < < < < < sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
. ' f b f a b a f x = , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
. ' f c f b c b f x = v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
. ' f d f c d c f x = .
98

Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
' ' ' 0 f x f x f x = = = .
Do ( ) ( )( )( )
1 2 3
' 4 f x x x x x x x = .
S hng khng cha x ca ( ) ' f x l
1 2 3
4x x x .
H s ca s hng cha x ca ( ) f x l ( ) abc abd acd bcd + + + .
Suy ra:
1 2 3
4x x x = ( ) abc abd acd bcd + + +
1 2 3
4
abc abd acd bcd
x x x
+ + +
= .
H s ca s hng cha x ca ( ) ' f x l ( )
1 2 2 3 3 1
4 x x x x x x + + .
H s ca s hng cha
2
x ca ( ) f x l ab ac ad bc bd cd + + + + + .
Suy ra ( )
1 2 2 3 3 1
4 x x x x x x + + = ( ) 2 ab ac ad bc bd cd + + + + +
1 2 2 3 3 1
2
ab ac ad bc bd cd
x x x x x x
+ + + + +
+ + = .
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy: ( )
2
1 2 2 3 3 1 3
1 2 3
3
x x x x x x
x x x
+ +
>
2
3
6 4
ab ac ad bc bd cd abc abd acd bcd + + + + + + + + | |
>
|
\ .
.
Hay
2
3
4 6
abc abd acd bcd ab ac ad bc bd cd + + + + + + + + | |
s
|
\ .
(pcm).
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b c d = = = .
Bi ton 10: Cho 0 x > . Chng minh
1
1 1
1 1
1
x x
x x
+
| | | |
+ > +
| |
+
\ . \ .
.
* Phn tch: y l dng ton cha th p dng ngay c nh l Lagrange. Ta
a v chng minh
( )
1 1
1 ln 1 ln 1
1
x x
x x
| | | |
+ + > +
| |
+
\ . \ .
vi 0 x >
.
Trc tin, ta xt hm s
( )
1
ln 1 f x x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .

99

* Gii:
Xt hm s:
( ) ( )
1
ln 1 ln 1 ln f x x x x x
x
| |
= + = + (
|
\ .
, vi 0 x > .
Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
' ln 1 ln ln 1 ln
1 1
f x x x x x x
x x x
| |
= + + = +
|
+ +
\ .
. (1)
Xt hm s: ( ) ln g y y = trn on
| |
, 1 x x + .
Theo nh l Lagrange, : 1 c x c x - < < +

sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 . ' ln 1 ln
1
g x g x x x g c x x
c x
+ = + + = >
+
.
Suy ra: ( )
1
ln 1 ln 0
1
x x
x
+ >
+
. (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: ( ) ' 0, 0 f x x > > .
Vy ( ) f x l hm ng bin trn ( ) 0,+ .
Nh vy, vi 0 x > ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 ln 1 ln 1
1
f x f x x x
x x
| | | |
+ > + + > +
| |
+
\ . \ .
.
Suy ra:
1 1
1 1 1 1
ln 1 ln 1 1 1
1 1
x x x x
x x x x
+ +
| | | | | | | |
+ > + + > +
| | | |
+ +
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(pcm).
* Nhn xt: Trong v d trn thc cht ca vn l ta i chng minh hm s
1
( ) 1
x
F x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
ng bin trn (0; ) +

v ta i chng minh hm s ( ) ln ( ) f x F x =

ng bin trn (0; ) + .
Ta c th chng minh bi ton ny bng cch khc:
Xt hm s: ( ) ln(1 ) F x x = +
Vi mi cp s thc , x y bt k tha mn 0 x y < < , theo nh l Lagrange, lun tn
ti
0 0
(0, ), ( , ) x x y x y e e

tha mn:
0 0
( ) (0) ( ) ( )
'( ) , '( )
0
f x f f y f x
f x f y
x y x

= =


100

Hay
0 0
1 ln(1 ) 1 ln(1 ) ln(1 )
;
1 1
x y x
x x y y x
+ + +
= =
+ +
.
M
0 0
1 1
1 1 x y
>
+ +
ln(1 ) ln(1 ) ln(1 )
ln(1 ) ln(1 ).
x y x
y x x y
x y x
+ + +
> + > +

Vy vi mi cp s thc , x y bt k tha mn 0 x y < < , ta lun c
ln(1 ) ln(1 ) y x x y + > +

Thay x bi
1
y
v y bi
1
x
ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1
ln 1 ln 1 1 1
y
x
x y y x y x
| | | |
| | | |
+ > + + > +
| | | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
(pcm).
Bi ton 11:
Cho 0 , 1 a b n < < > . Chng minh rng: ( ) ( )
1 1 n n n n
na b a b a nb b a

< < .
* Phn tch: Ta bin i a bt ng thc cho v dng:
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1
n n
n n n n n n
b a
na b a b a nb b a a b
n b a

< < < <

.
T y nu t ( )
n
F x x = ri s dng nh l Lagrange th ta s c iu phi chng
minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) , ,
n
F x x x a b = e .
Ta c: ( )
1
'
n
F x nx

= .
Theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti ( ) , c a b e sao cho:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
'
n n
n n n n
F b F a b a
F c nc b a nc b a
b a b a


= = =


V ( ) , c a b e v ( ) 0 n b a > nn
1 1 1 n n n
a c b

< < ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
. . . .
n n n
n a b a n c b a nb b a

< <
101

( ) ( )
1 1
. .
n n n n
n a b a b a n b b a

< < (pcm).
Bi ton 12: ( Bt ng thc Jensen)
Cho hm s ( ) f x c o hm cp hai trn ( ) , a b v ( ) '' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e .
Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2
f x f x x x
f
+ + | |
>
|
\ .
, ( )
1 2
, , x x a b e .
* Phn tch: Theo bi ra ( ) '' 0 f x >
nn ( ) f x l hm li.
Bt ng thc Jensen c biu din
di dng hnh hc nh bn.
Vi bt ng thc ny ta c th s
dng nh l Lagrange chng minh n,
vi vic xt hm s ( ) f x trn hai khong
1 2
1
,
2
x x
x
+ | |
|
\ .
v
1 2
2
,
2
x x
x
+ | |
|
\ .
.
* Gii:
- ng thc xy ra khi
1 2
x x = .
- Gi s
1 2
x x < .
Theo bi ra: hm s ( ) f x c o hm cp hai trn ( ) , a b nn ( ) f x lin tc v kh
vi trn ( ) , a b .
Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti
1 2
1
,
2
x x
c x
+ | |
e
|
\ .
v
1 2
2
,
2
x x
d x
+ | |
e
|
\ .
.
Tha mn ( )
( )
1 2
1
2 1
2
'
2
x x
f f x
f c
x x
+ | |

|
\ .
=

v ( )
( )
1 2
2
2 1
2
'
2
x x
f x f
f d
x x
+ | |

|
\ .
=

.
M ( ) '' 0 f x > , ( ) , x a b e suy ra ( ) ' f x ng bin trn ( ) , a b .
1 2
2
x x
f
+ | |
|
\ .

( )
2
f x
1
x
2
x
( ) f x
1 2
2
x x +

( )
1
f x
( ) ( )
1 2
2
f x f x +

102

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
' '
2 2
2 2
x x x x
f c f d f f x f x f
f x f x x x
f
+ + | | | |
< <
| |
\ . \ .
+ + | |
>
|
\ .

Vy,
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2
f x f x x x
f
+ + | |
>
|
\ .
, ( )
1 2
, , x x a b e (pcm).
Bi ton 13: (Bt ng thc Bernouli)
Vi mi s thc x tha mn 1 x > , chng minh rng ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > + .
* Phn tch: V bi ton cho 1 x > nn ta s xt cc trng hp khi 0 x = , 0 x >
v khi 1 0 x < < .
Khi 0 x = , ng thc xy ra.
- Nhn vo biu thc cn chng minh ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1
n n
x nx x nx + > + + > , ta s ngh
ti vic s dng hm s ( ) ( ) 1
n
f t t = + .
Ta thy: Hm s ( ) f t lin tc v kh vi trn .
Ngoi ra: ( ) ( )
1
' 1
n
f t n t

= + .
S dng nh l Lagrange, chng minh trong c hai trng hp ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > , t
ta c iu phi chng minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( ) ( ) 1
n
f t t = + .
Hm s ( ) f t lin tc v kh vi trn .
- Khi 0 x > : Theo nh l Lagrange ta c ( ) 0, a x - e , tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ' f x f xf a = ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
n n
x nx a nx

+ = + > ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > + .
- Khi 1 0 x < < : Theo nh l Lagrange ta c ( ) ,0 a x - e , tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ' f x f xf a = ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
n n
x nx a nx

+ = + > ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > + .
103

Vy, ( ) 1 1
n
x nx + > + , ( ) 1, x e + .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0 x = .
Bi ton 14:
Cho hm s ( ) f x c o hm cp hai trn , ( ) '' 0, f x x > e.
Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 ' 1 1
n
i
f n f f i f n f
=
< < +

, * n e .
* Phn tch: Theo bi ra, ( ) f x c o hm cp hai trn
nn chng minh bt
ng thc ny ta c th ngh ti vic s dng nh l Lagrange, p dng cho hm s
( ) f x
trn khong ( ) , 1 i i +
.
Tng t bi ton 7, bt ng thc ny cng xut hin dng tng. Do vy, sau khi
c c dng bt ng thc t vic s dng nh l Lagrange, ta cho bin
i
chy t 1
n
n
, ta s c c iu phi chng minh.

* Gii:
V ( ) '' 0, f x x > e nn ( ) ' f x ng bin trn .
Theo nh l Lagrange, vi mi i e, ( ) , 1
i
x i i - e + sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ' 1
i
f x f i f i = + , i e.
V ( ) ' f x ng bin trn nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' 1
i
f i f x f i < < + .
Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' 1 ' 1 f i f i f i f i < + < + , i e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
' 1 1 1
n n
i i
f i f i f i f n f
= =
< + ( = +


, * n e .
V
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
' 1 0
n n
i i
f i f i f i f n f
= =
> ( =


, * n e .
Nhn xt: Nu ( ) '' 0, f x x s e th bt ng thc cn chng minh s i chiu.

104

Bi ton 15: Chng minh ( )
1
1
1 ln ln 1
n
i
n n
i
=
+ > > +

, * n e .
* Phn tch: Nhn vo dng ca bt ng thc cn chng minh. Ta chn hm s
( ) ln f x x = , ri tip tc lm tng t nh bi ton 14 trn, ta c iu phi chng minh.
* Gii: Xt ( ) ( )
1
ln ' f x x f x
x
= = v ( ) ' f x nghch bin trn ( ) 0,+ .
Tng t bi ton trn ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 ' 1 ' 1 1
n
i
f n f f f i f n f
=
+ > > +

,
* n e .
( )
1
1
1 ln ln 1
n
i
n n
i
=
+ > > +

, * n e .
Bi ton 16: Vi 0 p q < < v 0 x > . Chng minh rng: 1 1
p q
x x
p q
| | | |
+ < +
| |
\ . \ .
.
* Phn tch:
y l dng ton cha th p dng ngay c nh l Lagrange. Ta s a v chng
minh ln 1 ln 1
x x
q p
q p
| | | |
+ > +
| |
\ . \ .
.
Theo bi ra, 0 p q < < v 0 x > nn 0
x x
p q
> > .
T y, ta c tng l s xt hm s ( ) ( ) ln 1 f t t = + trn hai on 0,
x
q
(
(

v
,
x x
q p
(
(

.
* Gii: Xt hm s ( ) ( ) ln 1 f t t = + trn hai on 0,
x
q
(
(

v ,
x x
q p
(
(

.
Hm s ( ) f t kh vi v lin tc trn hai on 0,
x
q
(
(

v ,
x x
q p
(
(

.
Vi ( )
1
'
1
f t
t
=
+
.
105

+ Trn on 0,
x
q
(
(

:
Theo nh l Lagrange ta c: 0,
x
c
q
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho
ln 1
1
1
x
q
x
c
q
| |
+
|
\ .
=
+
.
+ Trn on ,
x x
q p
(
(

:
Theo nh l Lagrange ta c: ,
x x
d
q p
| |
- e
|
\ .
sao cho:
ln 1 ln 1
1
1
x x
p q
x x
d
p q
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
=
+

.
Ta c: 0,
x
c
q
| |
e
|
\ .
v ,
x x
d
q p
| |
e
|
\ .
nn
1 1
1 1
1 1
c d c d
c d
< + < + >
+ +
.
Suy ra:
ln 1
1
1
x
q
x
c
q
| |
+
|
\ .
=
+
ln 1 ln 1
1
1
x x
p q
x x
d
p q
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
> =
+

.
Do : ln 1 ln 1 ln 1
x x x x x x
p q q q p q
( | | | | | | | |
+ > + +
( | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
.
T suy ra: ln 1 ln 1
x x x x
p q q p
| | | |
+ > +
| |
\ . \ .
.
Hay ni cch khc: ln 1 ln 1
x x
q p
q p
| | | |
+ > +
| |
\ . \ .
1 1
p q
x x
p q
| | | |
+ < +
| |
\ . \ .
(pcm).
Bi ton 17: Chng minh rng 1
x
e x > + vi x e .
* Phn tch: Ta suy ra bt ng thc 1
x
e x > + , xe bng cch s dng nh l
Lagrange.
106

Tht vy, ta c:
1
1
x
c
e
e
x

= > , vi 0 x > .
V
1
1
x
c
e
e
x

= < vi 0 x < .
Nu 0 x = th xy ra du ng thc.
* Gii:
+ Nu 0 x = th 1
x
e x = + , bt ng thc nghim ng vi du bng.
+ Nu 0 x > th ta chng minh 1
x
e x > bng cch:
Xt hm s ( )
t
f t e = trn | |
0,x .
Hm s ( ) f t l hm s cp trn nn lin tc trn
| |
0,x .
Ta c: ( ) '
t
f t e = .
Theo nh l Lagrange:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0
0, : '
0
f x f
c x f c
x

- e =

.
Hay ( ) 0, c x - e sao cho
1
x
c
e
e
x

= .
V ( ) 0, c x e nn 0 c >
0
1
1 1 1
x
c x
e
e e e x
x

> = > > .

+Nu 0 x < th tng t, ta cng c c:
Theo nh l Lagrange: ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 1
,0 : '
0
x
f f x e
c x f c
x x

- e = =

.
Hay ( ) ,0 c x - e sao cho
1
x
c
e
e
x

= .
V ( ) ,0 c x e 0 c <
0
1
1 1 1
x
c x
e
e e e x
x

< = < > .

Vy: 1
x
e x > + , vi xe(pcm).
107

* Nhn xt: Nu trong bt ng thc 1
x
e x > + ta thay th x bi t z th c
( ) 1
z t z
te e e z s + vi , t z e.
Ri thay z bi lny ta s c c bt ng thc ( ) ln 1
t
ty e y y s + vi t e v
0 y > (du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
t
y e = ).
Bi ton 18:
Chng minh rng ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3
sin . cos 1 sin 1 . cos cos .cos 1 e e e e e e > .
* Phn tch: V ( ) cos 0,cos 1 0 e e > > nn
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
3 3
3
3
sin . cos 1 sin 1 . cos cos .cos 1
sin 1 sin
1
cos cos 1
e e e e e e
e e
e e
>

>

Cng nh nhng bi ton trc, ta thy bt ng thc sau cng xut hin dng
ca hm s tha mn nh l Lagrange.
t ( )
3
sin
cos
x
F x
x
= ri s dng nh l Lagrange ta s c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
* Gii:
Xt hm s: ( )
3
sin
cos
x
F x
x
= trn | | 1, e e .
Hm s ( ) F x lin tc v kh vi trn
| |
1, e e .
Ta c:
( )
2
4 3
2cos 1
'
3 cos
x
F x
x
+
= .
p dng nh l Lagrange: ( ) 1, c e e - e sao cho:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 4 3
3
1 sin 1 sin 2cos 1
'
1 cos cos 1 3 cos
F e F e e e c
F c
e e e e c
+
= =


.
Mt khc:
2 2 4 3
cos cos 1 3 cos c c c + + > .
108

Vy:
( )
( )
3
3
sin 1 sin
1
cos cos 1
e e
e e

>

( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3
sin . cos 1 sin 1 . cos cos .cos 1 e e e e e e > (pcm).
109

C. KT LUN

Kha lun kt thc vi 4 chng, c bn t c mc ch nghin cu ca
ti. ti tp trung vo nhng ni dung sau:
H thng ha cc kin thc bit v gii hn ca hm s, hm s lin tc, o
hm.
Kho st mt s ng dng ca cc nh l Bolzano Cauchy, Lagrange, Rolle,
Cauchy chng minh phng trnh c nghim, gii phng trnh v chng minh bt
ng thc.
y l mt ti su tp nhiu thi mang tnh cht kh nn n l mt ti liu rt
b ch cho cc bn sinh vin lm t liu thi Olympic Ton, ng thi gip cho cc tn
sinh vin c t liu hc v tm hiu v cc nh l Bolzano-Cauchy, Lagrange, Rolle,
Cauchy c d dng hn.
Em c gng hon thnh kha lun mt cch tt nht c th, i su phn tch,
chng minh nhm gip ngi c c ci nhn tng qut v vn ang nghin cu. Tuy
nhin, do hn ch ca bn thn v thi gian c hn, chc chn khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s nhn xt v gp chn thnh t qu thy c cng
nh c gi kha lun hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
110

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Qu Dy, Nguyn Vn Nho, V Vn Tha (2006); Tuyn tp 200 bi thi
v ch Ton tp 3: Gii tch; NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Ph Hy (2005); ng dng gii tch gii ton trung hc ph thng
tp 1; NXB Gio Dc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu, L Ngc Long, Phm Th Long, Nguyn Minh Tun (2002);
Cc thi Olympic Ton sinh vin ton quc; NXB Gio Dc.
[4] L Hng c (2008); Phng php gii ton hm s; NXB H Ni.
[5] T Vn Ban; Gii tch nhng bi tp nng cao; NXB Gio Dc.
[6] Th.S Phan Trng Tin (2009); Bi ging Gii tch 1.