nh hng ca tn sc si quangti c ly tuyn

truyn dn thng tin quang

inh Th Thu Phong
M u
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh ca c s h tng vin thng v cng ngh thng tin, cc h
thng truyn dn quang tc cao, c ly xa ang c trin khai rng khp nhm p ng
nhu cu truyn ti lu lng do s bng n ca cc loi hnh dch v vin thng, nht l cc
dch v bng rng v Internet. xy dng cc h thng thng tin si quang tc cao, c
ly xa, c hai vn chnh cn phi gii quyt l suy hao tuyn truyn dn v tn sc si.
Suy hao v ang c gii quyt rt c hiu qu nh s p dng thnh cng ca cng
ngh khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA). Cn tn sc si ang l mt vn cn
c gii quyt.
Tn sc tr thnh yu t vt tri c nh hng xu n cht lng tuyn truyn dn
thng tin quang. Thng thng, loi si n mode tiu chun G.652 c s dng trong
cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay. tn dng suy hao si nh v s b ca cc thit
b EDFA th h thng c thit k hot ng ti bc sng vng 1550nm. Nhng ti vng
ny, tn sc c gi tr ln; chng gy mo, dn xung tn hiu thm ch n mc khng
th chp nhn c. Bi bo s trnh by c ch tn sc v nh hng ca n ti c ly
truyn dn ca n ti tuyn thng tin quang.
Tn sc trong si quang n mode
Tn sc CD (Chromatic Dispersion)
Thng thng tn hiu truyn theo si dn quang b mo u ra do b nh hng trong qu
trnh truyn lan trong si. Tn sc si, l hin tng m cc thnh phn ph khc nhau ca
xung s lan truyn trong si quang vi cc vn tc nhm khc nhau, do vy ti u ra ca
si cc thnh phn khng ti cng mt thi im v nh vy xung thu c u ra b
dn ra so vi xung u vo. Khong cch cng di th dn xung cng ln. n mt lc
no dn xung vt qu iu kin gii hn th s lm tng t s li bt BER ca tuyn
truyn dn.
















D
W
: Tn sc dn sng
2,0

ZD
D
W
D
D
M
-20
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
Bc sng (m)
1,8
-10
0
10
20
D: Tn sc tng
D
M
: Tn sc vt liu
T

n

s

c

(
p
s
/
k
m
.
n
m
)


Hnh 1. Tn sc tng D v cc tn sc thnh phn
cho si n mode tiu chun G.652

Tham s tn sc ca si thng c k hiu l D v c n v l ps/km.nm. Tn sc trong
si n mode bao gm tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng c vit nh sau:

W M
D D D + = (2.1)
y D
M
c gi l tn sc vt liu v D
W
gi l v tn sc dn sng.
Hnh 1 m t cc tn sc vt liu, tn sc dn sng v tn sc tng ca si quang n mode
theo tiu chun G.652 ITU-T. C th thy rng tn sc tng D bng khng ti bc sng
gn 1310nm. Gi tr tiu biu ca tham s tn sc D nm trong di 15 18 ps/km.nm gn
bc sng 1550 nm, ni m c h s suy hao si nh nht. Nh vy, gi tr tn sc D vng
bc sng 1550 nm l cao s lm hn ch c tnh ca cc tuyn thng tin quang vng
ny.

Tn sc phn cc mode PMD
Cc hiu ng tn sc c trnh by trn thng c gi l tn sc CD (vit tt ca
Chromatic Dispersion). Ngoi tn sc CD, tn sc phn cc mode PMD (Polarization Mode
Dispersion) c coi l mt trong nhng c tnh c bn ca si quang n mode trong
nng lng tn hiu ti bc sng cho c chuyn vo hai mode phn cc trc giao c
vn tc lan truyn hi khc nhau. Khi c mt ngun pht quang mnh, s dn xung thng
lin quan ti lng chit si. Nu nh xung u vo kch thch c hai thnh phn phn cc,
n s b dn rng ra ti u ra ca si v hai thnh phn s phn tn dc si do cc vn tc
nhm khc nhau ca chng. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc phn cc mode PMD.
















Hnh mt b xung cp
Laser DFB
Hnh mt m
EDFA
Tch sng quang
PD
B iu
ch ngoi
iu khin
b iu ch
Hnh 2. nh hng ca tn sc phn cc mode n h thng thng tin quang s

Tn sc phn cc mode PMD c th tr thnh nhn t gii hn c ly xa i vi h thng
thng tin si quang hot ng ti bc sng gn vi bc sng tn sc bng khng. Trong
mt s trng hp, PMD c th lm gim cht lng tuyn truyn dn do dn xung qu
mc. Trong mi tng quan nh vy, cc nh hng ca n c th coi ging nh tn sc
CD, nhng c mt s im khc nhau ng ch :
- Tn sc CD l mt hin tng tng i n nh. Tn sc CD tng ca tuyn thng tin
quang c th c tnh t tng cc thnh phn tn sc tng on ca tuyn, v th vic
s dng cc b b tn sc c th c tnh ton v lp k hoch t trc.
- Tn sc PMD ca si quang n mode ti mt bc sng cho no l khng n
nh, v khng th tin hnh b theo phng php th ng c. Cc nh hng ca
PMD i vi h thng thng tin quang s c minh ho nh hnh 2.

3. Xc nh c ly tuyn truyn dn thng tin quang di nh
hng ca tn sc si
Nh bit rng, vic s dng bc sng 1550 nm v lp thm cc b khuch i quang
si EDFA l tn dng suy hao si nh v ko di c ly truyn dn, hoc ci thin c
tnh BER cng nh b vo cc suy hao xen trn tuyn, v iu rt quan trng l tng tc
bt ca h thng. Tuy nhin, tn sc trong cc h thng ny li ln v lm hn ch nng
lc truyn dn.
Tnh ton thit k mt tuyn truyn dn quang hot ng ti vng bc sng 1550 nm
trn si quang n mode tiu chun G.652 ITU-T c s dng khuch i quang si EDFA
th hin hnh 3 v y c th c coi nh mt khong lp. Trn c s ny, tuyn truyn
dn di c th l ni tip nhng khong nh cu hnh ny.

LD
G.652
F F
PD
EDFA
Thu
photodiode
Pht LD
1550nm




Hnh 3. Cu hnh tng qut ca tuyn thng tin quang 1550 nm.
Cu trc ca tuyn c gi nh l tuyn truyn dn thng thng vi cc c im h
thng chung nh sau:
- Tuyn truyn dn bao gm thit b pha pht, thit b pha thu v cc thit b EDFA
c mc trn tuyn. Cc thit b EDFA c th t lm thit b khuch i cng sut BA,
khuch i ng truyn LA, v tin khuch i PA.
- Si truyn dn l si n mode thng dng G. 652 v c gi tr ca tham s tn sc D
l 17 hoc 18 ps/km.nm.
- V c tnh truyn dn nh sau: thit b pht quang s pht tn hiu iu bin cng
t mt laser LD hot ng bc sng vng 1550nm vi cng sut pht l P
t
(t). Tn hiu
dng xung c lan truyn thng qua si quang sut dc tuyn; n s mo v dn xung do
tn sc, b suy hao do si, c khuch i ti cc b khuch i quang EDFA v chu tc
ng t cc thnh phn nhiu, tng tc tn sc.
Trnh t p dng thc hin tnh ton
Xc nh cng sut tuyn theo suy hao
Xc nh gii hn tn sc tuyn thit k
tnh ton thit k cu hnh tuyn thng tin quang, c bit i vi h thng c tc
cao, th cn xem xt ti yu t tn sc, nh vy c ngha l vic thit k cn phi tun th
cc cng on nh c m t theo s hnh 4.
Khi m h thng truyn dn s dng si n mode G. 652, m khng c bin php b tn
sc si, sau khi tnh ton phn b qu suy hao ca tuyn, nht thit phi tnh ton gii hn
ca tn sc. Hai kt qu tnh ton thit k phi c so snh vi nhau tm ra kt qu
chung. Cu hnh tuyn thc t s phi tun th theo tuyn c tnh ton c c ly tuyn v
c tnh li bit BER t hn. Trong nhiu trng hp, nht l i vi cc tuyn c tc cao
c Gbit/s v c ly xa, tuyn b gii hn bi nh hng ca tn sc cn hn nh hng t
suy hao truyn dn.

Tnh ton thit k h thng
thng tin quang










Thit k tuyn theo
suy hao
Thit k tuyn theo
tn sc
Cc tham s
thit k tuyn
nh hng ca
hiu ng phi tuyn
Tuyn truyn dn
quang c thit k
Khuyn ngh ca
ITU-T
Hnh 4. Cc bc thc hin thit k

3.1. C ly tuyn thng tin quang ph thuc vo tn sc
Hnh 5 l kt qu chng ti tnh ton c ly truyn dn 2,5 Gbit/s b hn ch do tn sc
vi cc rng ph ngun pht khc nhau . Gi tr cc tham s dng tnh ton c cho
trong bng 1. Kt qu ch ra rng, khi tuyn truyn dn s dng s dng si n mode
G.652, th c ly ln nht ca tuyn l 48 km i vi ngun pht 0,1nm; c ly 24 km i vi
ngun pht 0,2 nm, v c ly ch t 16 km cho h thng c ngun pht 0,3 nm. Nu cho c
ly vt qu cc gii hn trn, qu cng sut ca tuyn t gi tr 25,8 dB b d phng c
b tr ht cho 3dB v cht lng h thng xung cp v bo li BER.

22
22,5
23
23,5
24
24,5
25
25,5
26
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
C ly truyn dn (km)
Q
u

n
g

s
u

t

t
o

n

t
u
y

n

(
d
B
)

Ph 0,3nm 0,2nm 0,1nm










Hnh 5. C ly truyn dn b hn ch do tn sc vi cc ngun pht khc nhau.
Nh vy, d cho h thng c suy hao si nh, cng sut pht ln v nhy thu ca b thu
quang cao, thm tr s dng c khuch i quang th c ly vn b hn ch do tn sc ln bt
k qu cng sut c to ra do cc thnh phn thit b trn tuyn l ln. Khi c ly di vt
qu gii hn tn sc th qu cng sut b st gim rt nhanh do lng tn tht cng sut
tng mnh gn nh t ngt.
Bng 1. Cc tham s tnh ton:
Tham s Gi tr tham s
- Bc sng tn hiu
- Cng sut pht quang
- nhy thu quang
- D phng h thng
- T s li bit BER
- Tham s tn sc D
- rng ph Laser
1544,53 nm
2 dBm
-23,8 dBm
3 dB
BER = 10
-12
18 ps/km.nm
0,1 nm; 0,2nm; 0,3 nm
T y c th thy rng, vic s dng ngun pht c rng ph hp s cho php tng c
ly truyn dn rt nhiu. Trong trng hp ngun pht c ph ln, cch tt nht p ng
c ly truyn dn di, nht l trong trng hp c ly gia hai v tr a l cho trc l tng
i ln, l nn p dng cho cc h thng thng tin quang c tc thp.
Hnh 6 l kt qu tnh ton c ly truyn dn ph thuc vo tc bit theo nh hng ca
tn sc si. T vic tnh ton ny, c th thy c ly truyn dn s tng rt nhiu nu ta thit
k h thng c tc bit thp vi cng mt gi tr t s li bit BER = 10
-12
, tham s tn sc
si D = 17 ps/km.nm.
Trong hnh 6, vi cng mt rng ph ngun pht l 0,1nm, gi tr cng sut pht v
nhy thu quang c gi thit l nh nhau, c ly truyn dn s gim nhanh theo tc bit:
tc 622 Mbit/s th c ly c th t ti 205 km chng t tn sc nh hng t. Lc
ny c ly truyn dn ch yu do suy hao tuyn quyt nh. Tuy nhin, khi tc bit t ti
1 Gbit/s v 2,5 Gbit/s th c ly bt u b hn ch ti cc gi tr tng ng l 125 km v 50
km.










20
20,5
21
21,5
22
22,5
23
23,5
24
24,5
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
2.5Gb/s
1Gb/s
622Mb/s
Q
u

n
g

s
u

t

t

n
g

(
d
B
)

C ly truyn dn (km)

Hnh 6. Qu cng sut ca h thng ph thuc vo c ly truyn dn
vi cc tc bit khc nhau
T cc kt qu tnh ton v m phng ny, r rng rng khi c ly truyn dn di, tn sc
s ln lm qu cng sut ca h thng v v th lm gim nhy thu. Khi tn sc m qu
ln nhy thu b gim gn nh t ngt ti mc khng th chp nhn c v ko theo t
s li bit BER xu i.

Kt lun
T nhng ni dung c trnh by, c th thy rng tn dng suy hao si nh v s
b ca cc thit b EDFA th h thng c thit k hot ng ti bc sng vng 1550nm.
Nhng ti vng ny, tn sc c gi tr ln. Tn sc tr thnh yu t ni tri lm xung
cp cht lng h thng; chng gy mo, dn xung tn hiu.
Vic tnh ton nh hng ca tn sc lm gii hn c ly tuyn truyn dn thng tin
quang c thc hin i vi mt cu hnh tuyn truyn dn thng tin quang tiu biu.
Nhng kt qu thu c khng nh r rng rng tc cng cao th tn sc si cng lm
cho khong cch truyn dn cng ngn li. c th tng c ly truyn dn cn p dng cc
bin php k thut gim thiu nh hng ca tn sc si, v d nh cc k thut b tn
sc chng hn.
ti liu tham kho:
[1] V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H ni 1997.
[2] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-optic communication systems, Second Ed., John Wiley &
Sons, New York, USA 1997.
[3] CCITT, Optical fibres systems planning guide, ITU-T, Geneva, 1989.