Geometry

¬¬ ¬ ¬ ¬
Introduction
to Geometry 9
9.1 Some Basic Definitions
9.2 Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
9.3 Polygons
9.4 Properties of Triangles
9.5 Perimeters and Areas of
Polygons
9.6 Circles
9.7 Surface Area and
Volume
1
GEOMETRY COMES FROM THE GREEK WORDS GEO
(MEANING EARTH) AND METRON (MEANING MEASURE).
9.1 Some Basic Definitions

In this section, you will learn about
• Points, lines, and planes
• Angles
• Adjacent and vertical angles
• Complementary and supplementary angles
INTRODUCTION. In this chapter, we will study two-dimensional geometric figures such

as rectangles and circles. In daily life, it is often necessary to find the perimeter or
area of one of these figures. For example, to find the amount of fencing that is needed
to enclose a circular garden, we must find the perimeter of a circle (called its circum-
ference). To find the amount of paint needed to paint a room, we must find the area of
its four rectangular walls.
We will also study three-dimensional figures such as cylinders and spheres. To
find the amount of space enclosed within these figures, we must find their volumes.
Points, lines, and planes

Geometry is based on three undefined words: point, line, and plane. Although we
will make no attempt to define these words formally, we can think of a point as a
geometric figure that has position but no length, width, or depth. Points are always
labeled with capital letters. Point A is shown in Figure 9-1(a).
B
B E
A
F
C
A
(a) (b) (c)
F I G U R E 9-1
2 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

A line is infinitely long but has no width or depth. Figure 9-1(b) shows line BC,
passing through points B and C. A plane is a flat surface, like a table top, that has
length and width but no depth. In Figure 9-1(c), line EF lies in the plane AB.
As Figure 9-1(b) illustrates, points B and C determine exactly one line, the line
BC. In Figure 9-1(c), the points E and F determine exactly one line, the line EF. In
general, any two points will determine exactly one line.
Other geometric figures can be created by using parts or combinations of points,
lines, and planes.
Line segment The line segment AB, denoted as AB, is the part of a line that consists of points A
and B and all points in between (see Figure 9-2). Points A and B are the endpoints
of the segment.
B
A
Line segment AB (AB)
F I G U R E 9-2
Every line segment has a midpoint, which divides the segment into two parts of
equal length. In Figure 9-3, M is the midpoint of segment AB, because the measure of
AM (denoted as m(AM)) is equal to the measure of MB (denoted as m(MB)).
m(AM) 5 4 2 1 3 units 3 units
53 A M B
and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
m(MB) 5 7 2 4 F I G U R E 9-3
53
Since the measure of both segments is 3 units, m(AM) 5 m(MB).

When two line segments have the same measure, we say that they are congru-
ent. Since m(AM) 5 m(MB), we can write
; MB Read 5
AM 5 ; as “is congruent to.”
Another geometric figure is the ray.
Ray A ray is the part of a line that begins at some point (say, A) and continues forever
in one direction. See Figure 9-4. Point A is the endpoint of the ray.
B
→ →
Ray AB (AB ) A Ray AB is denoted as AB . The endpoint
is always listed first.
F I G U R E 9-4
Angles
Angle An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The common
endpoint is called the vertex, and the rays are called sides.
9.1 Some Basic Definitions 3

The angle in Figure 9-5 can be denoted as
∠BAC, ∠CAB, ∠A, or ∠1 The symbol ∠ means angle.
B
Sides of
A 1
the angle
Vertex of
the angle C
F I G U R E 9-5
WARNING! When using three letters to name an angle, be sure the letter name of
the vertex is the middle letter.
1
One unit of measurement of an angle is the degree. It is 360 of a full revolution.
We can use a protractor to measure angles in degrees. See Figure 9-6.
E
D
Angle Measure in degrees 100 90 80

110 80 100 1 70
∠ABC 307 120 70
0 60
10 60
12
0 5
13 0 13 0
∠ABD 607 40 0 5 0
∠ABE F C
40 0 1
4
1107
14
30 0 1
∠ABF
30 0 160
5
1507
0 10 2 60 1
5
∠ABG 1807
20 170 180
0
180 170 1
10 0
G B A
F I G U R E 9-6
If we read the protractor from left to right, we can see that the measure of ∠GBF
(denoted as m(∠GBF)) is 307.
When two angles have the same measure, we say that they are congruent. Since
m(∠ABC ) 5 307 and m(∠GBF) 5 307, we can write
∠ABC 5 ; ∠GBF
We classify angles according to their measure, as in Figure 9-7.
Classification of angles Acute angles: Angles whose measures are greater than 07 but less than 907.
Right angles: Angles whose measures are 907.
Obtuse angles: Angles whose measures are greater than 907 but less than 1807.
Straight angles: Angles whose measures are 1807.
180°
90° 130°
40°
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle
(a) (b) (c) (d)
F I G U R E 9-7

EXAMPLE 1 Classifying angles. Classify each angle in Figure E
9-8 as an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, or a D
straight angle. 90°
Solution Since m(∠1) , 907, it is an acute angle. A

1
2
Since m(∠2) . 907 but less than 1807, B
it is an obtuse angle.
C
Since m(∠BDE) 5 907, it is a right angle.
F I G U R E 9-8
Since m(∠ABC) 5 1807, it is a straight angle.
Adjacent and vertical angles

Two angles that have a common vertex and are side-by-side are called adjacent angles.
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating angles. Two angles with Self Check

measures of x7 and 357 are adjacent angles. In the figure below, find x.
Use the information in Figure 9-9 to find x.
80°
x°
Solution
35° 180°
Since the sum of the measures of the angles is 807, we have
x 1 35 5 80 x° 125°
x 1 35 ! 35 5 80 ! 35 Subtract 35 from both sides.

F I G U R E 9-9
x 5 45 35 2 35 5 0 and 80 2 35 5 45.
Thus, x 5 45. Answer: 55
When two lines intersect, pairs of nonadjacent angles are called vertical angles.
In Figure 9-10(a), ∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles, as are ∠2 and ∠4.
To illustrate that vertical angles always have the same measure, we refer to Fig-
ure 9-10(b) with angles having measures of x7, y7, and 307. Since the measure of any
straight angle is 1807, we have
30 1 x 5 180 and 30 1 y 5 180
x 5 150 y 5 150 Subtract 30 from both sides.
Since x and y are both 150, x 5 y.
l1
l2
1 x°
2 4 30°
Note that x and y
3 l1 y° are vertical angles.
l2
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 9-10
Property of vertical Vertical angles are congruent (have the same measure).
angles

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating angles. In Fig- Self Check
ure 9-11, find a. m(∠1) and A In Figure 9-11, find
b. m(∠3). 1
3 a. m(∠2)
2
Solution
b. m(∠4)
a. The 507 angle and ∠1 are vertical angles. Since ver- 100°
4
tical angles are congruent, m(∠1) 5 507. 50° D
b. Since AD is a line, the sum of the measures of ∠3,

the 1007 angle, and the 507 angle is 1807. If
F I G U R E 9-11
m(∠3) 5 x, we have
x 1 100 1 50 5 180
x 1 150 5 180 100 1 50 5 150.
x 5 30 Subtract 150 from both sides.
Thus, m(∠3) 5 307. Answer: 1007, 307
EXAMPLE 4 Evaluating angles. (3x + 15)° Self Check

In Figure 9-12, find x. In the figure below, find y.
(4x − 20)°
Solution
Since the angles are vertical angles, they have F I G U R E 9-12
equal measures. (4y − 10)° (2y + 20)°
4x 2 20 5 3x 1 15
x 2 20 5 15 To eliminate 3x from the right-hand side, subtract 3x
from both sides.
x 5 35 To undo the subtraction of 20, add 20 to both sides.
Complementary and supplementary angles
Complementary and Two angles are complementary angles when the sum of their measures is 907.
supplementary angles Two angles are supplementary angles when the sum of their measures is 1807.
EXAMPLE 5 Complementary and supplementary angles.
a. Angles of 607 and 307 are complementary angles,

because the sum of their measures is 907. Each
angle is the complement of the other.
60°
30°
b. Angles of 1307 and 507 are supplementary, because

the sum of their measures is 1807. Each angle is the
supplement of the other.
50° 130°

c. The definition of supplementary angles requires
that the sum of two angles be 1807. Three angles
of 407, 607, and 807 are not supplementary even
though their sum is 1807. 60°
80° 40°
EXAMPLE 6 Finding the complement and Self Check

supplement of an angle. a. Find the complement of a 507
angle.
a. Find the complement of a 357 angle.
x° b. Find the supplement of a 507
b. Find the supplement of a 1057 angle.
35° angle.
Solution
F I G U R E 9-13
a. See Figure 9-13. Let x represent the complement of the
357 angle. Since the angles are complementary, we have
x 1 35 5 90
x 5 55 Subtract 35 from both sides.
The complement of 357 is 557.
b. See Figure 9-14. Let y represent the supple-

ment of the 1057 angle. Since the angles are
supplementary, we have
y 1 105 5 180
y° 105°
y 5 75 Subtract 105 from both sides.
F I G U R E 9-14
The supplement of 1057 is 757. Answer: 407, 1307
STUDY SET Section 9.1
VOCABULARY In Exercises 1–12, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.

1. A line segment has two endpoints. 2. Two points determine at most one line.
3. A midpoint divides a line segment into two 4. An angle is measured in degrees .
parts of equal length.
5. A protractor is used to measure angles. 6. An acute angle is less than 907.
7. A right angle measures 907. 8. An obtuse angle is greater than 907 but less
than 1807.
9. The measure of a straight angle is 1807 . 10. Adjacent angles have the same vertex and are
side-by-side .
11. The sum of two supplementary angles is 1807. 12. The sum of two complementary angles is
907 .

CONCEPTS In Exercises 13–20, refer to Illustration 1 and tell
whether each statement is true. If a statement is false, explain why. C
→
13. GF has point G as its endpoint. true A
30°
F
14. AG has no endpoints. false 60°
15. Line CD has three endpoints. false 90°

90° G
16. Point D is the vertex of ∠DGB. false
17. m(∠AGC) 5 m(∠BGD) true 60°
E 30° B
18. ∠AGF 5 ; ∠BGE true
19. ∠FGB 5 ; ∠EGA true D
20. ∠AGC and ∠CGF are adjacent angles. true

ILLUSTRATION 1
In Exercises 21–28, refer to Illustration 1 and tell whether each angle is an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle,
or a straight angle.
21. ∠AGC acute 22. ∠EGA right 23. ∠FGD obtuse 24. ∠BGA straight
25. ∠BGE right 26. ∠AGD obtuse 27. ∠DGC straight 28. ∠DGB acute
In Exercises 29–32, refer to Illustration 2 and tell whether A B

each statement is true. If a statement is false, explain why.
29. ∠AGF and ∠DGC are vertical angles. true F G C
30. ∠FGE and ∠BGA are vertical angles. false
31. m(∠AGB) 5 m(∠BGC ). false
; ∠DGF. true
32. ∠AGC 5
E D
ILLUSTRATION 2
In Exercises 33–38, refer to Illustration 3 and tell whether

each pair of angles are congruent. C
33. ∠1 and ∠2 yes B D
1
34. ∠FGB and ∠CGE yes
35. ∠AGB and ∠DGE yes
90° G
36. ∠CGD and ∠CGB no
37. ∠AGF and ∠FGE no 2
A E
38. ∠AGB and ∠BGD yes
F
ILLUSTRATION 3
In Exercises 39–46, refer to Illustration 3 and tell whether each statement is true.
39. ∠1 and ∠CGD are adjacent angles. true 40. ∠2 and ∠1 are adjacent angles. false
41. ∠FGA and ∠AGC are supplementary. true 42. ∠AGB and ∠BGC are complementary. false
43. ∠AGF and ∠2 are complementary. true 44. ∠AGB and ∠EGD are supplementary. true
45. ∠EGD and ∠DGB are supplementary. true 46. ∠DGC and ∠AGF are complementary. false
NOTATION In Exercises 47–50, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.

47. The symbol ∠ means angle . 48. The symbol AB is read as “ line segment AB.”
→
49. The symbol AB is read as “ ray AB.” 50. The symbol ;
5 is read as “is congruent
to.”

PRACTICE In Exercises 51–56, refer to Illustration 4 and find the length of each segment.
51. AC 3 52. BE 4 A B C D E
53. CE 3 54. BD 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
55. CD 1 56. DE 2 ILLUSTRATION 4
In Exercises 57–58, refer to Illustration 4 and find each midpoint.
57. Find the midpoint of AD. B 58. Find the midpoint of BE. D
In Exercises 59–62, use a protractor to measure each angle.
59. 60. 61. 62. 757
407 1057 1357
In Exercises 63–70, find x.
63. 10 64. 180° 65. 66. 90

130°
55° x° 50°
x° 45° 22.5° x°
45°
x° 40°
135 27.5
67. 68. (6x − 5)° 69. (4x + 15)° 70.
(2x)° (x + 30)° (6x + 8)° (4x + 32)°

(7x − 60)°
(2x + 35)°
30 10 25 12
In Exercises 71–74, let x represent the unknown angle measure. Draw a diagram, write an appropriate equation, and
solve it for x.
71. Find the complement of a 307 angle. 607 72. Find the supplement of a 307 angle. 1507
73. Find the supplement of a 1057 angle. 757 74. Find the complement of a 757 angle. 157
In Exercises 75–78, refer to Illustration 5, in which m(∠1) $ 507. Find the measure of each angle or sum of angles.
75. ∠4 1307
76. ∠3 507 2
77. m(∠1) 1 m(∠2) 1 m(∠3) 2307 50° = 1 3
4
78. m(∠2) 1 m(∠4) 2607
ILLUSTRATION 5

; ∠4, and ∠4 $
In Exercises 79–82, refer to Illustration 6, in which m(∠1) ~ m(∠3) ~ m(∠4) $ 1807, ∠3 $ ; ∠5. Find
the measure of each angle.
79. ∠1 1007 80. ∠2 807

6
81. ∠3 407 82. ∠6 1407
5
100°
2
1
3 4
ILLUSTRATION 6
APPLICATIONS
83. Cite five examples in real life where you see lines.
84. Cite two examples in real life where you see right
angles.
85. Cite two examples in real life where you see acute
angles.
86. Cite two examples in real life where you see obtuse
angles.
87. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Suppose that you are a a.
beginning band teacher describing the correct posture
needed to play various instruments. Use the diagrams
in Illustration 7 to approximate the angle measure at
which each instrument should be held in relation to the
student’s body: a. flute 807 b. clarinet 307 b.
c. trumpet 657
88. PHRASES Explain what you think each of these
phrases means. How is geometry involved?
a. The president did a complete 180-degree flip on the c.
subject of a tax cut.
b. The rollerblader did a “360” as she jumped off the ILLUSTRATION 7
ramp.
WRITING Write a paragraph using your own words.
89. Explain why an angle measuring 1057 cannot have a 90. Explain why an angle measuring 2107 cannot have a
complement. supplement.
REVIEW In Exercises 91–98, do the calculations.
1 2 3
91. Find 24. 16 92. Add: 1 1 23
12
11
or 112
2 3 4
3 1 1 5 2 6
93. Subtract: 2 2 7
24 94. Multiply: ? ? 1
10
4 8 3 8 15 5
12 4
95. Divide: 4 6 96. 3 1 2 ? 4 11
17 34
97. 5 ? 3 1 4 ? 2 23 98. Find 30% of 60. 18

9.2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
• Parallel and perpendicular lines
• Transversals and angles
• Properties of parallel lines
INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will consider parallel and perpendicular lines.

Since parallel lines are always the same distance apart, the railroad tracks shown in
Figure 9-15(a) illustrate one application of parallel lines.
Since perpendicular lines meet and form right angles, the monument and the
ground shown in Figure 9-15(b) illustrate one application of perpendicular lines.
This symbol indicates

a right angle
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 9-15
Parallel and perpendicular lines

If two lines lie in the same plane, they are called coplanar. Two coplanar lines that
do not intersect are called parallel lines. See Figure 9-16(a).
Parallel lines Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.
If lines l1 (l sub 1) and l2 (l sub 2) are parallel, we can write l1 ?? l2, where the
symbol ?? is read as “is parallel to.”
Perpendicular lines Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect and form right angles.
In Figure 9-16(b), l1 ⊥ l2, where the symbol ⊥ is read as “is perpendicular to.”
l1 l2 l1 l2
Parallel lines Perpendicular lines
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 9-16
9.2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 11

Transversals and angles
l1 A line that intersects two or more coplanar lines is called a transversal. For example,
line l1 in Figure 9-17 is a transversal intersecting lines l2, l3, and l4.
l2 When two lines are cut by a transversal, the following types of angles are formed.
l3 l3
l4
Alternate interior angles: l1 7 8
5
∠4 and ∠5 6
F I G U R E 9-17 3 4
∠3 and ∠6 l2 1 2
l3
Corresponding angles:
∠1 and ∠5 l1 7 8
6
∠3 and ∠7 5
4
∠2 and ∠6 l2
3
1 2
∠4 and ∠8
l3
l1 7 8
Interior angles: 5 6
∠3, ∠4, ∠5, and ∠6 3 4
l2 1 2
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying angles. In Figure 9-18, identify a. all pairs of alternate interior
angles, b. all pairs of corresponding angles, and c. all interior angles.
Solution a. Pairs of alternate interior angles are
∠3 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠6
7 b. Pairs of corresponding angles are
8
6
5
∠1 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7
3 4
c. Interior angles are
2 1
∠3, ∠4, ∠5, and ∠6
F I G U R E 9-18
Properties of parallel lines
1. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, al- l3
ternate interior angles are congruent. (See Figure
9-19.) If l1 ?? l2, then ∠2 5; ∠4 and ∠1 5 ; ∠3.
l1
4 3
l2 1 2
F I G U R E 9-19

2. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, corresponding angles are congruent.
; ∠5, ∠3 5
(See Figure 9-20.) If l1 ?? l2, then ∠1 5 ; ∠7, ∠2 5 ; ∠6, and ∠4 5; ∠8.
3. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary. (See Figure 9-21.) If l1 ?? l2, then ∠1 is supplemen-
tary to ∠2 and ∠4 is supplementary to ∠3.
l3 l3
7 8
l1 l1
5 6 2 4
l2 3 4 l2 1 3
1 2
F I G U R E 9-20 F I G U R E 9-21
4. If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, it is also perpendicular
to the other line. (See Figure 9-22.) If l1 ?? l2 and l3 ⊥ l1, then l3 ⊥ l2.
5. If two lines are parallel to a third line, they are parallel to each other. (See Figure
9-23.) If l1 ?? l2 and l1 ?? l3, then l2 ?? l3.
l3
l1
l1
l2
l2
l3
F I G U R E 9-22 F I G U R E 9-23
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating angles. l3 Self Check

See Figure 9-24. If l1 ?? l2 If l1 ?? l2 and m(∠8) 5 507, find
and m(∠3) 5 1207, find the measures of the 1 2 the measures of the other angles.
l1
other angles. 3 4 (See Figure 9-24.)
Solution l2 5 6
7 8
m(∠1) 5 607 ∠3 and ∠1 are supplementary.
m(∠2) 5 1207 Vertical angles are congruent:
m(∠2) 5 m(∠3). F I G U R E 9-24
m(∠4) 5 607 Vertical angles are congruent:
m(∠4) 5 m(∠1).
m(∠5) 5 607 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate interior angles
are congruent: m(∠5) 5 m(∠4).
m(∠6) 5 1207 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate interior angles Answer: m(∠5) 5 507,
are congruent: m(∠6) 5 m(∠3).
m(∠7) 5 1307, m(∠6) 5 1307,
m(∠7) 5 1207 Vertical angles are congruent: m(∠7) 5 m(∠6). m(∠3) 5 1307, m(∠4) 5 507,
m(∠8) 5 607 Vertical angles are congruent: m(∠8) 5 m(∠5). m(∠1) 5 507, m(∠2) 5 1307
EXAMPLE 3 Identifying congruent angles. See Figure C

9-25. If AB ?? DE, which pairs of angles are con-
gruent?
Solution Since AB ?? DE, corresponding angles are congru- D
1 2
E
3 4
ent. So we have
A B
; ∠1
∠A 5 and ; ∠2
∠B 5
F I G U R E 9-25

EXAMPLE 4 Using algebra in ge- Self Check
ometry. In Figure 9-26, (9x − 15)° In the figure below, l1 ?? l2. Find y.
l1 ?? l2. Find x. l1
(6x + 30)°
Solution l2
The angles involving x are corresponding l1
(7y − 14)°
angles. Since l1 ?? l2, all pairs of corresponding (4y + 10)°
angles are congruent. l2
F I G U R E 9-26
9x 2 15 5 6x 1 30 The angle measures are equal.
3x 2 15 5 30 Subtract 6x from both sides.
3x 5 45 To undo the subtraction of 15, add 15 to both sides.
x 5 15 To undo the multiplication by 3, divide both sides by 3.
EXAMPLE 5 Using algebra in geometry. In Figure 9-27,

l1 ?? l2. Find x. l1
(3x + 20)°
Solution Since the angles are interior angles on the same
(3x − 80)°
side of the transversal, they are supplementary. l2
3x 2 80 1 3x 1 20 5 180 The sum of the

measures of two
supplementary angles is 1807. F I G U R E 9-27
6x 2 60 5 180 Combine like terms.
6x 5 240 To undo the subtraction of 60, add 60 to both sides.
x 5 40 To undo the multiplication by 6, divide both sides by 6.
Thus, x 5 40.
VOCABULARY In Exercises 1– 6, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.

1. Two lines in the same plane are coplanar . 2. Parallel lines do not intersect.
3. If two lines intersect and form right angles, they are 4. A transversal intersects two or more coplanar lines.
perpendicular .
5. In Illustration 1, ∠4 and ∠6 are alternate interior
angles.
6. In Illustration 1, ∠2 and ∠6 are corresponding 2 3 6 7
angles. 1 4 5 8
CONCEPTS In Exercises 7–12, answer each question.

7. Which pairs of angles shown in Illustration 1 are alter- ILLUSTRATION 1
nate interior angles? ∠4 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠5
8. Which pairs of angles shown in Illustration 1 are corre-
sponding angles? ∠1 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠6,
∠3 and ∠7

9. Which angles shown in Illustration 1 are interior 10. In Illustration 2, l1 ?? l2. What can you conclude about
angles? ∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6 l1 and l3? They are perpendicular.
11. In Illustration 3, l1 ?? l2 and l2 ?? l3. What can you con- 12. In Illustration 4, AB ?? DE. What pairs of angles are con-
clude about l1 and l3? They are parallel. gruent? ∠A 5 ; ∠E, ∠D 5 ; ∠B, ∠1 5; ∠2
l1 l2 B
l1
1
l3 A E
l2 C 2
l3
ILLUSTRATION 2 ILLUSTRATION 3
D
ILLUSTRATION 4

13. The symbol indicates a right angle . 14. The symbol ?? is read as is parallel to .
15. The symbol ⊥ is read as is perpendicular to . 16. The symbol l1 is read as ell sub one .
PRACTICE In Exercises 17–20, find the measures of the missing angles.

17. In Illustration 5, l1 ?? l2 and m(∠4) 5 1307. Find the
l1 l1
measures of the other angles. m(∠1) 5 1307, 7 2
m(∠2) 5 507, m(∠3) 5 507, m(∠5) 5 1307, m(∠6) 5 507, 8 1
m(∠7) 5 507, m(∠8) 5 1307 5 6
6 5
l2 l2
18. In Illustration 6, l1 ?? l2 and m(∠2) 5 407. Find the mea- 3
4 7
sures of the other angles. m(∠1) 5 1407, 1
3
m(∠3) 5 1407, m(∠4) 5 407, m(∠5) 5 407, m(∠6) 5 1407, 2 4 8
m(∠7) 5 407, m(∠8) 5 1407
19. In Illustration 7, l1 ?? AB. Find the measure of each 20. In Illustration 8, AB ?? DE. Find m(∠B), m(∠E ), and
angle. m(∠A) 5 507, m(∠1) 5 857, m(∠2) 5 457, m(∠1). m(∠B) 5 607, m(∠E ) 5 907, m(∠1) 5 307
m(∠3) 5 1357
l1 C
50° 2 30° C
1 E
A 1
45° 3
A
B 60°
ILLUSTRATION 7
D
ILLUSTRATION 8
In Exercises 21–24, l1 ?? l2. Find x.

21. 10 22. l1 l2 12
l1
(5x)° (4x − 8)°
(6x − 10)°
l2 (2x + 16)°

23. 30 24. 25
l1
(5x + 5)°
(2x + 80)°
(2x + 10)° l2
l1
(4x − 10)°
l2

25. l1 ?? CA l1 B 26. AB ?? DE C
40 x° 22
(3x + 20)° (3x + 4)°

C A D E
(5x − 40)°
A B
27. AB ?? DE E 28. AC ?? BD A B
12 7
(9x − 38)° (7x − 2)°
(2x + 33)°
B C
D
C D
A (6x − 2)°
APPLICATIONS
29. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION List five examples
where you would see parallel lines in building construc-
tion.
30. PLUMB LINES What is a plumb line? What geomet-
ric principle does it illustrate?
31. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION List five examples
where you would see perpendicular lines in building
construction.
32. HANGING WALLPAPER Explain why the concepts
of perpendicular and parallel are both important when ILLUSTRATION 9
hanging wallpaper.
33. TOOLS See Illustration 9. What geometric concepts
North side of street
do the tools show?
a. Scissors intersecting lines, vertical angles
b. Rake parallel and perpendicular lines
34. PARKING DESIGN Using terms from this chapter,
write a paragraph describing the parking layout shown Planter
in Illustration 10.
South side of street
I L L U S T R A T I O N 10

35. Why do you think that ∠4 and ∠6 shown in Illustra- 36. Why do you think that ∠4 and ∠8 shown in Illustra-
tion 1 are called alternate interior angles? tion 1 are called corresponding angles?
37. Are pairs of alternate interior angles always congruent? 38. Are pairs of interior angles always supplementary? Ex-
Explain. plain.
REVIEW
39. Find 60% of 120. 72 40. 80% of what number is 400? 500
41. What percent of 500 is 225? 45% 42. Simplify: 3.45 1 7.37 ? 2.98 25.4126
1 3 26
43. Is every whole number an integer? yes 44. Multiply: 2 ? 4 935
5 7
9.3 Polygons
• Polygons
• Triangles
• Properties of isosceles triangles
• The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle
• Quadrilaterals
• Properties of rectangles
• The sum of the measures of the angles of a polygon
INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will discuss figures called polygons. We see these
shapes every day. For example, the walls in most buildings are rectangular in shape.
We also see rectangular shapes in doors, windows, and sheets of paper.
The gable ends of many houses are triangular in shape, as are the sides of the
Great Pyramid in Egypt. Triangular shapes are especially important because triangles
are rigid and contribute strength and stability to walls and towers.
The designs used in tile or linoleum floors often use the shapes of a pentagon or
a hexagon. Stop signs are always in the shape of an octagon.
Polygons
Polygon A polygon is a closed geometric figure with at least three line segments for its sides.
The figures in Figure 9-28 are polygons. They are classified according to the num-
ber of sides they have. The points where the sides intersect are called vertices.
Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Octagon

(3 sides) (4 sides) (5 sides) (6 sides) (8 sides)
F I G U R E 9-28
9.3 Polygons 17
EXAMPLE 1 Vertices of a polygon. Give the number of vertices of Self Check
a. a triangle and b. a hexagon. Give the number of vertices of
Solution a. a quadrilateral
a. From Figure 9-28, we see that a triangle has three angles and therefore three ver-
tices. b. a pentagon
b. From Figure 9-28, we see that a hexagon has six angles and therefore six vertices. Answer: 4, 5
From the results of Example 1, we see that the number of vertices of a polygon is
equal to the number of its sides.
Triangles
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. Figure 9-29 illustrates some common tri-
angles. The slashes on the sides of a triangle indicate which sides are of equal length.
Vertex angle
e
us
ten
po Leg
Hy 90°
Base angles Leg
Equilateral triangle Isosceles triangle Scalene triangle Right triangle
(all sides equal length) (at least two sides of (no sides equal length) (has a right angle)
equal length)
F I G U R E 9-29
WARNING! Since equilateral triangles have at least two sides of equal length, they
are also isosceles. However, isosceles triangles are not necessarily equilateral.
Since every angle of an equilateral triangle has the same measure, an equilateral
triangle is also equiangular.
In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the sides of equal length are called
base angles, the sides of equal length form the vertex angle, and the third side is
called the base.
The longest side of a right triangle is called the hypotenuse, and the other two
sides are called legs. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is always opposite the 907
angle
Properties of isosceles triangles

1. Base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
2. If two angles in a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite the angles have the
same length, and the triangle is isosceles.
EXAMPLE 2 Determining whether a triangle is isosceles. Self Check

Is the triangle in Figure 9-30 In the figure below, l1 ?? AB. Is the
an isosceles triangle? triangle an isosceles triangle?
C
Solution C l1
∠A and ∠B are angles of the triangle. Since m(∠A) 5 m(∠B), 60° 50°
we know that m(AC) 5 m(BC) and that nABC (read as “triangle
ABC”) is isosceles. 50° 50°
A B A B
F I G U R E 9-30 Answer: no

The sum of the measures of the angles
of a triangle
If you draw several triangles and carefully measure each angle with a protractor, you
will find that the sum of the angle measures in each triangle is 1807.
Angles of a triangle The sum of the angle measures of any triangle is 1807.
EXAMPLE 3 Sum of the angles of a triangle. Self Check

See Figure 9-31. Find x. x° In the figure below, find y.
Solution 40°
Since the sum of the angle measures of any triangle is 1807,
we have F I G U R E 9-31
30°
x 1 40 1 90 5 180
x 1 130 5 180 40 1 90 5 130. y° 60°
x 5 50 To undo the addition of 130, subtract 130 from both sides.
EXAMPLE 4 Vertex angle of an isosceles triangle. See Figure 9-32.

If one base angle of an isosceles triangle measures 707, how
large is the vertex angle?
Solution Since one of the base angles measures 707, so does the other.
If we let x represent the measure of the vertex angle, we have 70°
x 1 70 1 70 5 180 The sum of the measures of the angles F I G U R E 9-32

of a triangle is 1807.
x 1 140 5 180 70 1 70 5 140.
The vertex angle measures 407.
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides. Some common quadrilaterals are shown
in Figure 9-33.
Parallelogram Rectangle Square Rhombus Trapezoid

(Opposite sides (Parallelogram with (Rectangle with (Parallelogram with (Exactly two
parallel) four right angles) sides of equal length) sides of equal length) sides parallel)
F I G U R E 9-33
Properties of rectangles
1. All angles of a rectangle are right angles.
2. Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
3. Opposite sides of a rectangle are of equal length.
9.3 Polygons 19
4. The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length.
5. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are of equal length, the parallelogram is a rect-
angle.
EXAMPLE 5 Squaring a foundation. A carpenter intends to D 12 ft C

build a shed with an 8-by-12-foot base. How can he
make sure that the rectangular foundation is “square”?
8 ft 8 ft
Solution See Figure 9-34. The carpenter can use a tape mea-
sure to find the lengths of diagonals AC and BD. If A B
12 ft
these diagonals are of equal length, the figure will be
a rectangle and have four right angles. Then the foun- F I G U R E 9-34
dation will be “square.”
EXAMPLE 6 Properties of rectangles and tri- D C

Self Check
angles. In rectangle ABCD (Figure 4 3 In rectangle ABCD, the length of
9-35), the length of AC is 20 centimeters. Find each mea- DC is 16 centimeters. Find each
1 2
sure: a. m(BD), b. m(∠1), and c. m(∠2). 30° 30° measure:
A B
Solution a. m(AB)
F I G U R E 9-35
a. Since the diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length, b. m(∠3)
m(BD) is also 20 centimeters.
c. m(∠4)
b. We let m(∠1) 5 x. Then, since the angles of a rectangle are right angles, we have
x 1 30 5 90
Thus, m(∠1) 5 607.
c. We let m(∠2) 5 y. Then, since the sum of the angle measures of a triangle is 1807,
we have
30 1 30 1 y 5 180
60 1 y 5 180 30 1 30 5 60.
y 5 120 To undo the addition of 60, subtract 60 from both sides.
Thus, m(∠2) 5 1207. Answer: 16 cm, 1207, 607
The parallel sides of a trapezoid are called bases, the nonparallel sides are called
legs, and the angles on either side of a base are called base angles. If the nonparallel
sides are the same length, the trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid. In an isosceles trap-
ezoid, the base angles are congruent.
EXAMPLE 7 Cross section of a drainage ditch. A cross

section of a drainage ditch (Figure 9-36) is an isos-
celes trapezoid with AB ?? CD. Find x and y.
A B
Solution Since the figure is an isosceles trapezoid, its non- 8 ft x ft

parallel sides have the same length. So m(AD) and 120° y°
m(BC) are equal, and x 5 8. D C
Since the base angles of an isosceles F I G U R E 9-36
trapezoid are congruent, m(∠D) 5 m(∠C). So
y 5 120.

The sum of the measures of the angles
of a polygon
We have seen that the sum of the angle measures of any triangle is 1807. Since a
polygon with n sides can be divided into n 2 2 triangles, the sum of the angle mea-
sures of the polygon is (n 2 2)1807.
Angles of a polygon The sum S of the measures of the angles of a polygon with n sides is given by the
formula
S 5 (n 2 2)1807
EXAMPLE 8 Sum of the angles of a pentagon. Find the sum of the Self Check
angle measures of a pentagon. Find the sum of the angle mea-
sures of a quadrilateral.
Solution
Since a pentagon has 5 sides, we substitute 5 for n in the formula and simplify.
S 5 (n 2 2)1807
S 5 (5 2 2)1807
5 3(1807)
5 5407
The sum of the angles of a pentagon is 5407. Answer: 3607

1. A polygon with four sides is called a quadrilateral . 2. A triangle is a polygon with three sides.
3. A hexagon is a polygon with six sides. 4. A polygon with five sides is called a pentagon .
5. An eight-sided polygon is an octagon . 6. The points where the sides of a polygon intersect are
called vertices .
7. A triangle with three sides of equal length is called an 8. An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal
equilateral triangle. length.
9. The longest side of a right triangle is the 10. The base angles of an isosceles
hypotenuse . triangle have the same measure.
11. A parallelogram with a right angle is a rectangle. 12. A rectangle with all sides of equal length is a
square .
13. A rhombus is a parallelogram with four sides 14. A trapezoid has two sides that are parallel and
of equal length. two sides that are not parallel.
15. The legs of an isosceles trapezoid have the 16. The perimeter of a polygon is the distance
same length. around it.
9.3 Polygons 21
CONCEPTS In Exercises 17–24, give the number of sides of each polygon and classify it as a triangle, quadrilateral,
pentagon, hexagon, or octagon. Then give the number of vertices.
17. 18. 19. 20.
4, quadrilateral, 4
6, hexagon, 6 8, octagon, 8
3, triangle, 3
21. 22. 23. 24.
5, pentagon, 5 3, triangle, 3
4, quadrilateral, 4 6, hexagon, 6
In Exercises 25–32, classify each triangle as an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, a scalene triangle, or a right
triangle.
25. 26. isosceles 27. right 28.

triangle triangle
55°
scalene triangle
55° equilateral triangle

29. 60° 60° 30. 30° 31. 32. scalene
50° triangle
60° 20 cm 20 cm
60°
70°
right triangle
60°
equilateral triangle isosceles triangle
In Exercises 33–40, classify each quadrilateral as a rectangle, a square, a rhombus, or a trapezoid.
33. 4 in. square 34. 35. 36. 90°
4 in. 4 in. trapezoid rectangle

rhombus
4 in.
37. 38. 8cm 39. 40.
8cm 8cm
90° trapezoid
rectangle 8cm square
rhombus
NOTATION In Exercises 41– 42, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.
41. The symbol n means triangle . 42. The symbol m(∠1) means the measure of
angle 1 .
PRACTICE In Exercises 43– 48, the measures of two angles of nABC (shown in Illustration 1) are given. Find the
measure of the third angle.
43. m(∠A) 5 307 and m(∠B) 5 607. 44. m(∠A) 5 457 and m(∠C) 5 1057.
m(∠C) 5 907 . m(∠B) 5 307 .
45. m(∠B) 5 1007 and m(∠A) 5 357. 46. m(∠B) 5 337 and m(∠C ) 5 777.
m(∠C ) 5 457 . m(∠A) 5 707 .

47. m(∠A) 5 25.57 and m(∠B) 5 63.87. 48. m(∠B) 5 67.257 and m(∠C) 5 72.57.
m(∠C) 5 90.77 . m(∠A) 5 40.257 .
C D C
2
3
1
60°
A B
A B
ILLUSTRATION 2
ILLUSTRATION 1
In Exercises 49–52, refer to rectangle ABCD, shown in Illustration 2.

49. m(∠1) 5 307 . 50. m(∠3) 5 307 .
51. m(∠2) 5 607 . 52. If m(AC) is 8 cm, then m(BD) 5 8 cm .
In Exercises 53–56, find the sum of the angle measures of each polygon.
53. A hexagon 7207 54. An octagon 1,0807
55. A decagon (10 sides) 1,4407 56. A dodecagon (12 sides) 1,8007
In Exercises 57–60, find the number of sides of the polygon with the given angle measure sum.
57. 9007 7-sided polygon 58. 1,2607 9-sided polygon
59. 2,1607 14-sided polygon 60. 3,6007 22-sided polygon
APPLICATIONS
61. Give three uses of triangles in everyday life. 62. Give three uses of rectangles in everyday life.
63. Give three uses of squares in everyday life. 64. Give a use of a trapezoid in everyday life.

65. Explain why a square is a rectangle. 66. Explain why a trapezoid is not a parallelogram.
REVIEW
67. Find 20% of 110. 22 68. Find 15% of 50. 7.5
6 3
69. Find 20% of . 556 70. Find 30% of . 0.18
11 5
71. What percent of 200 is 80? 40% 72. What percent of 500 is 100? 20%
73. 20% of what number is 500? 2,500 74. 30% of what number is 21? 70
75. Simplify: 0.85 4 2(0.25). 0.10625 76. Simplify: 3.25 1 12 4 0.4 ? 2. 63.25
9.4 Properties of Triangles

• Congruent triangles
• Similar triangles
• The Pythagorean theorem
INTRODUCTION. We can often use proportions and triangles to measure distances in-
directly. For example, by using a proportion, Eratosthenes (275–195 B.C.) was able to
9.4 Properties of Triangles 23

estimate the circumference of the earth to a remarkable degree of accuracy. On a sunny
day, we can use properties of similar triangles to calculate the height of a tree while
staying safely on the ground. By using a theorem proved by the Greek mathematician
Pythagoras (about 500 B.C.), we can calculate the length of the third side of a right
triangle whenever we know the lengths of two sides.
Congruent triangles
Triangles that have the same size and the same shape are called congruent triangles.
In Figure 9-37, triangles ABC and DEF are congruent:
; nDEF Read as “Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF.”
nABC 5
Corresponding angles and corresponding sides of congruent triangles are called cor-
responding parts. The notation nABC 5 ; nDEF shows which vertices are corre-
sponding parts.
C F
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
; nDEF
nABC 5
A B D E
F I G U R E 9-37
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles always have the same measure. In the
congruent triangles shown in Figure 9-37,
m(∠A) 5 m(∠D), m(∠B) 5 m(∠E), m(∠C ) 5 m(∠F),

m(BC) 5 m(EF), m(AC) 5 m(DF), m(AB) 5 m(DE)
EXAMPLE 1 Corresponding parts of congruent C F

triangles. Name the corresponding parts
of the congruent triangles in Figure 9-38.
Solution The corresponding angles are A B D E
F I G U R E 9-38
∠A and ∠E, ∠B and ∠D, ∠C and ∠F
Since corresponding sides are always opposite corresponding angles, the correspond-
ing sides are
BC and DF, AC and EF, AB and ED
We will discuss three ways of showing that two triangles are congruent.
SSS property If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
The triangles in Figure 9-39 are congru-

ent because of the SSS property. 3 4 3 4
5 5
F I G U R E 9-39

SAS property If two sides and the angle between them in one triangle are congruent, respectively,
to two sides and the angle between them in a second triangle, the triangles are con-
gruent.

ent because of the SAS property. 3 90° 4 3 90° 4
F I G U R E 9-40
ASA property If two angles and the side between them in one triangle are congruent, respectively,
to two angles and the side between them in a second triangle, the triangles are con-
gruent.

ent because of the ASA property. 3 90° 3 90°
60° 60°
F I G U R E 9-41
EXAMPLE 2 Determining whether triangles are con- B

gruent. Explain why the triangles in Figure 9-42
are congruent.
10 cm
Solution Since vertical angles are congruent,
C 5 cm
m(∠1) 5 m(∠2) A
1
E
5 cm 2
From the figure, we see that
10 cm
m(AC) 5 m(EC) and m(BC) 5 m(DC)
Since two sides and the angle between them in one

D
triangle are congruent, respectively, to two sides and
the angle between them in a second triangle, the tri- F I G U R E 9-42
angles are congruent by the SAS property.
Similar triangles
If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a second triangle, the
triangles will have the same shape. Triangles with the same shape are called similar
triangles. In Figure 9-43, nABC ; nDEF (read the symbol ; as “is similar to”).
C F
30° 70°
A B 30° 70°
D E
F I G U R E 9-43
WARNING! Note that congruent triangles are always similar, but similar triangles
are not always congruent.

Property of similar If two triangles are similar, all pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion.
triangles
In the similar triangles shown in Figure 9-43, the following proportions are true.
AB BC BC CA CA AB
5 , 5 , and 5
DE EF EF FD FD DE
EXAMPLE 3 Finding the height of a tree. A tree casts a shadow 18 feet long at the same
time as a woman 5 feet tall casts a shadow that is 1.5 feet long. (See Figure 9-44.)
Find the height of the tree.
5 ft
1.5 ft
18 ft
F I G U R E 9-44
Solution The figure shows the triangles determined by the tree and its shadow and the woman
and her shadow. Since the triangles have the same shape, they are similar, and the
lengths of their corresponding sides are in proportion. If we let h represent the height
of the tree, we can find h by solving the following proportion.
h 18 Height of the tree shadow of the tree
5 5 .
5 1.5 Height of the woman shadow of the woman
1.5h 5 5(18) In a proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of
the means.
1.5h 5 90 Do the multiplication: 5(18) 5 90.
h 5 60 To undo the multiplication by 1.5, divide both sides by 1.5 and simplify.
The tree is 60 feet tall.
The Pythagorean theorem

In the movie The Wizard of Oz, the scarecrow was in search of a brain. To prove that
he had found one, he recited the Pythagorean theorem.
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares
of the other two sides.
Pythagorean theorem If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is c

and the lengths of its legs are a and b (as in Figure c
se
9-45), then enu Leg b
y pot
H
Leg
a2 1 b2 5 c2 a
F I G U R E 9-45

EXAMPLE 4 Constructing a high-ropes adventure course. A builder Self Check
of a high-ropes adventure course wants to secure the pole shown A 26-foot ladder rests against the
in Figure 9-46 by attaching a cable from the ground anchor 20 feet from its base to a side of a building. If the base of
point 15 feet up the pole. How long should the cable be? the ladder is 10 feet from the wall,
how far up the side of the building
Solution will the ladder reach?
We can use the Pythagorean theorem with a 5 20
and b 5 15.
c 2 5 a2 1 b2
c 2 5 202 1 152 Substitute 20 for a and 15
for b.
c 2 5 400 1 225 b = 15 ft c ft
c 2 5 625
=c 2 5 =625 Since equal positive num-
bers have equal square a = 20 ft
roots, take the positive
square root of both sides. F I G U R E 9-46
c 5 25 =c 2 5 c and =625 5 25.

The cable will be 25 feet long. Answer: 24 ft
Accent on Technology Finding the width of a television screen
The size of a television screen is the diago-

nal measure of its rectangular screen. (See
Figure 9-47.) To find the width of a 27-
inch screen that is 17 inches high, we use 27 in. 17 in.
the Pythagorean theorem with c 5 27 and
b 5 17.
c2 5 a 2 1 b2
272 5 a 2 1 172
272 2 172 5 a 2 a in.
=272 2 172 5 =a 2 Take the positive
square root of F I G U R E 9-47
both sides.
=272 2 172 5 a =a 2 5 a.
Evaluate: =27 2 17
2 2
Keystrokes: ( 2 7 x2 2 1 7 x2 ) = 20.97617696
To the nearest inch, the width is 21 inches.
It is also true that
If the square of one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides, the triangle is a right triangle.
EXAMPLE 5 Determining whether a triangle is a right triangle. Self Check

Determine whether a triangle with sides of 5, 12, and 13 meters Decide whether a triangle with
is a right triangle. sides of 9, 40, and 41 meters is a
right triangle.

Solution
We check to see whether the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides.
?
132 5 52 1 122 The longest side is the hypotenuse.
?
169 5 25 1 144
169 5 169
Since 132 5 52 1 122, the triangle is a right triangle. Answer: yes

1. Congruent triangles are the same size and the 2. All corresponding parts of congruent triangles have
same shape. the same measure.
3. If two triangles are similar , they have the 4. The hypotenuse is the longest side of a right tri-
same shape. angle.
CONCEPTS In Exercises 5–8, tell whether each statement is true. If a statement is false, tell why.
5. If three sides of one triangle are the same length as three 6. If two sides of one triangle are the same length as two
sides of a second triangle, the triangles are congruent. sides of a second triangle, the triangles are congruent.
true false
7. If two sides and an angle of one triangle are congruent, 8. If two angles and the side between them in one triangle
respectively, to two sides and an angle of a second tri- are congruent, respectively, to two angles and the side
angle, the triangles are congruent. false between them in a second triangle, the triangles are con-
gruent. true
9. Are the triangles shown in Illustration 1 congruent? 10. Are the triangles shown in Illustration 2 congruent?
yes not necessarily
C B
60°
4 cm
C D
B A
A
8 cm
8 cm 60°
D E
4 cm E
ILLUSTRATION 2
F
ILLUSTRATION 1
11. In a proportion, the product of the means is 12. If two angles of one triangle are congruent to
equal to the product of the extremes . two angles of a second triangle, the triangles are
similar .

13. Are the triangles shown E D 14. Are the triangles shown in Illustration 4 similar? yes
45°
in Illustration 3 similar?
yes C
45° 70° 40° 40° 70°

A B
15. If x and y represent the lengths of two legs of a right 16. A triangle with sides of 3, 4, and 5 centimeters is a right
triangle and z represents the length of the hypotenuse, triangle. true
the Pythagorean theorem states that z 2 5 x 2 1 y 2. true

; is read as “ is congruent to .”
17. The symbol 5 18. The symbol ; is read as “ is similar to .”
PRACTICE In Exercises 19–20, name the corresponding parts of the congruent triangles. E
19. Refer to Illustration 5. (The slashes indicate pairs of 20. Refer to Illustration 6.
congruent sides.) C F AB corresponds to DE . 5 cm
AC corresponds to DF . EC corresponds to BC . 2 D
DE corresponds to AB . A D AC corresponds to DC . 4 cm C
4 cm
1
BC corresponds to EF . ∠D corresponds to ∠A . A
5 cm
∠A corresponds to ∠D . ∠B corresponds to ∠E .
∠E corresponds to ∠B . ∠1 corresponds to ∠2 .
∠F corresponds to ∠C . B E B
In Exercises 21–28, determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If they are, tell why.
21. yes, SSS 22. yes, SAS 23. not necessarily
6 cm 6 cm
6 cm
6 cm
3 cm
6 cm
5 cm
5 cm 5 cm
5 cm
3 cm
6 cm
24. 40° yes, ASA 25. 4 cm 4 cm yes, SSS 26. 40° 8 cm

50° 8 cm
40°
50° 7 cm 7 cm not necessarily
40°
27. yes, SAS 28. yes, ASA
40° 40°
6 cm 6 cm
4 cm 4 cm

29. 60° 6 cm 30. 9 cm
5 cm 6 cm x cm
7 cm
7 cm
9 cm
x cm 5 cm
60°
5 cm 5 cm
31. 507 32. 7 in. 507
7 in. 7 in. 50°
5 in.
50° 5 in.
x°
x°
7 in.
7 in. 7 in.
In Exercises 33–34, tell whether the triangles are similar.

33. yes 34. yes
60° 40°
60° 40°
In Exercises 35–40, refer to Illustration 7 and find the length of the unknown side.
35. a 5 3 and b 5 4. Find c. 5
c
36. a 5 12 and b 5 5. Find c. 13 b
37. a 5 15 and c 5 17. Find b. 8
38. b 5 45 and c 5 53. Find a. 28 a
39. a 5 5 and c 5 9. Find b. =56 ILLUSTRATION 7
40. a 5 1 and b 5 7. Find c. =50
In Exercises 41–44, the length of the three sides of a triangle are given. Determine whether the triangle is a right triangle.
41. 8, 15, 17 yes 42. 6, 8, 10 yes 43. 7, 24, 26 no 44. 9, 39, 40 no
APPLICATIONS In Exercises 45–54, use a calculator to help solve each problem. If an answer is not exact,
give the answer to the nearest tenth.
45. HEIGHT OF A TREE The tree in Illustration 8 casts 46. HEIGHT OF A BUILDING A man places a mirror on
a shadow of 24 feet when a 6-foot man casts a shadow the ground and sees the reflection of the top of a build-
of 4 feet. Find the height of the tree. 36 ft ing, as shown in Illustration 9. Find the height of the
building. 41.7 ft
h h
5 ft
6 ft
4 ft 24 ft 6 ft 50 ft

47. WIDTH OF A RIVER Use the dimensions in Illus- 51. ADJUSTING A LADDER A 20-foot ladder reaches
tration 10 to find w, the width of the river. 59.2 ft a window 16 feet above the ground. How far from the
wall is the base of the ladder? 12 ft
52. LENGTH OF GUY WIRES A 30-foot tower is to be
fastened by three guy wires attached to the top of the
20 ft tower and to the ground at positions 20 feet from its
25 ft
base. How much wire is needed? 108.2 ft
53. BASEBALL A baseball diamond is a square with
74 ft each side 90 feet long. (See Illustration 13.) How far is
w ft it from home plate to second base? 127.3 ft
90
ft
48. FLIGHT PATH The airplane in Illustration 11 ascends
200 feet as it flies a horizontal distance of 1,000 feet.
How much altitude is gained as it flies a horizontal dis-
tance of 1 mile? (Hint: 1 mile 5 5,280 feet.) 1,056 ft
ft
90
x ft
200 ft I L L U S T R A T I O N 13
1,000 ft
1 mi 54. TELEVISION What size is the television screen
shown in Illustration 14? 31.4 in.
49. FLIGHT PATH An airplane descends 1,200 feet as it

files a horizontal distance of 1.5 miles. How much al-
titude is lost as it flies a horizontal distance of 5 miles? d in.
4,000 ft 19 in.
50. GEOMETRY If segment DE in Illustration 12 is par-

allel to segment AB, nABC will be similar to nDEC.
Find x. 4.2
C
25 in.
5
12 x
D E
A B
10

55. Explain the Pythagorean theorem. 56. Explain the procedure used to solve the equation
c 2 5 64.
REVIEW In Exercises 57– 60, estimate the answer to each problem.

0.95 ? 3.89 1 4.966 1 5.001 1
57. 13 58. 21% of 42 8 59. 32% of 60 20 60. 33
2.997 2.994

In Exercises 61–62, simplify each expression.
61. 2 1 4 ? 32 38 62. 3 2 (5 2 2)2 1 22 22
9.5 Perimeters and Areas of Polygons

In this section, you will learn how to find
• Perimeters of polygons
• Perimeters of figures that are combinations of polygons
• Areas of polygons
• Areas of figures that are combinations of polygons
INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will discuss how to find perimeters and areas of
polygons. Finding perimeters is important when estimating the cost of fencing or es-
timating the cost of woodwork in a house. Finding areas is important when calculat-
ing the cost of carpeting, the cost of painting a house, or the cost of fertilizing a yard.
Perimeters of polygons
Recall that the perimeter of a polygon is the distance around it. Since a square has
four sides of equal length s, its perimeter P is s 1 s 1 s 1 s, or 4s.
Perimeter of a square If a square has a side of length s, its perimeter P is given by s

the formula
s s
P 5 4s
EXAMPLE 1 Perimeter of a square. Find the perimeter of a square Self Check

whose sides are 7.5 meters long. Find the perimeter of a square
whose sides are 23.75 centimeters
Solution
long.
Since the perimeter of a square is given by the formula P 5 4s, we substitute 7.5 for
s and simplify.
P 5 4s
P 5 4(7.5)
P 5 30
The perimeter is 30 meters. Answer: 95 cm
Since a rectangle has two lengths l and two widths w, its perimeter P is
l 1 l 1 w 1 w, or 2l 1 2w.
Perimeter of a If a rectangle has length l and width w, its perimeter P l

rectangle is given by the formula
w
P 5 2l 1 2w

EXAMPLE 2 Perimeter of a rectangle. Self Check
Find the perimeter of the rectangle 6 cm Find the perimeter of the isosceles
in Figure 9-48. trapezoid below.
10 cm
Solution 10 cm
Since the perimeter is given by the formula P 5 2l 1 2w, F I G U R E 9-48
we substitute 10 for l and 6 for w and simplify.
8 cm 8 cm
P 5 2l 1 2w
P 5 2(10) 1 2(6)
12 cm
5 20 1 12
5 32
The perimeter is 32 centimeters. Answer: 38 cm
EXAMPLE 3 Converting units. Find the perimeter Self Check

of the rectangle in Figure 9-49, in meters. Find the perimeter of the triangle
below, in inches.
3m
Solution
Since 1 meter 5 100 centimeters, we can convert 80 centime-
14 in. 12 in.
ters to meters by multiplying 80 centimeters by the unit conver-
1m 80 cm
sion factor 100 cm.
2 ft
F I G U R E 9-49
1m
80 cm 5 80 cm ? 1m
100 cm 5 1.
100 cm
80
5 m The units of centimeters divide out.
100
5 0.8 m Do the division: 80 4 100 5 0.8.
We can now substitute 3 for l and 0.8 for w to get
P 5 2l 1 2w
P 5 2(3) 1 2(0.8)
5 6 1 1.6
5 7.6
The perimeter is 7.6 meters. Answer: 50 in.
EXAMPLE 4 Finding the base of an isosceles Self Check

triangle. The perimeter of the isos- 12 m 12 m
The perimeter of an isosceles tri-
celes triangle in Figure 9-50 is 50 meters. Find the length of angle is 60 meters. If one of its
its base. sides of equal length is 15 meters
xm long, how long is its base?
Solution
F I G U R E 9-50
Two sides are 12 meters long, and the perimeter is 50 meters.
If x represents the length of the base, we have
12 1 12 1 x 5 50
24 1 x 5 50 12 1 12 5 24.
The length of the base is 26 meters. Answer: 30 m
9.5 Perimeters and Areas of Polygons 33

Perimeters of figures that are combinations
of polygons
Accent on Technology Perimeter of a figure
See Figure 9-51. To find the perimeter, we need to know the values of x and y.
Since the figure is a combination of two rectangles, we can use a calculator to see
20.25 cm that
x 5 20.25 2 10.17 and y 5 12.5 2 4.75
y cm 5 10.08 5 7.75
12.5 cm
x cm The perimeter P of the figure is
4.75 cm P 5 20.25 1 12.5 1 10.17 1 4.75 1 x 1 y
10.17 cm P 5 20.25 1 12.5 1 10.17 1 4.75 1 10.08 1 7.75
F I G U R E 9-51
Evaluate: 20.25 1 12.5 1 10.17 1 4.75 1 10.08 1 7.75

Keystrokes: 2 0 . 2 5 1 1 2 . 5 1 1 0 . 1 7 1
4 . 7 5 1 1 0 . 0 8 1 7 . 7 5 5
65.5
The perimeter is 65.5 centimeters.
Areas of polygons
Recall that the area of a polygon is the measure of the amount of surface it encloses.
Area is measured in square units, such as square inches or square centimeters. See
Figure 9-52.
1 in.
1 cm
1 in. 1 in. 1 cm 1 cm
1 cm
1 in.
One square inch One square centimeter
(1 in.2) (1 cm2)
F I G U R E 9-52
In everyday life, we commonly use areas. For example,
• To carpet a room, we buy square yards.

• A can of paint will cover a certain number of square feet.
• To measure real estate, we often use square miles.
• We buy house roofing by the “square.” One square is 100 square feet.
The rectangle shown in Figure 9-53 has a length of 10 centimeters and a width of
3 centimeters. If we divide the rectangle into squares as shown in the figure, each

square represents an area of 1 square centimeter—a surface enclosed by a square mea-
suring 1 centimeter on each side. Because there are 3 rows with 10 squares in each
row, there are 30 squares. Since the rectangle encloses a surface area of 30 squares,
its area is 30 square centimeters, often written as 30 cm2.
This example illustrates that to find the area of a rectangle, we multiply its length
by its width.
10 cm
3 cm
1 cm2
F I G U R E 9-53
WARNING! Do not confuse the concepts of perimeter and area. Perimeter is the
distance around a polygon. It is measured in linear units, such as centimeters, feet, or
miles. Area is a measure of the surface enclosed within a polygon. It is measured in
square units, such as square centimeters, square feet, or square miles.
In practice, we do not find areas by counting squares in a figure. Instead, we use

formulas for finding areas of geometric figures.
Figure Name Formula for area

s
s s Square A 5 s 2, where s is the length of one side.
Rectangle A 5 lw, where l is the length and w is the

w w
width.
l
Parallelogram A 5 bh, where b is the length of the base

h
and h is the height. (A height is always
perpendicular to the base.)
b
A 5 12bh, where b is the length of the base

h h Triangle and h is the height. The segment that
represents the height is called an altitude.
b b
b2
A 5 12h(b1 1 b2), where h is the height of the
h Trapezoid trapezoid and b1 and b2 represent the
length of each base.
b1

EXAMPLE 5 Area of a square. Find the area of 15 cm Self Check
the square in Figure 9-54. Find the area of the square shown
15 cm 15 cm below.
Solution
We can see that the length of one side of the square is 15 15 cm 20 in.
centimeters. We can find its area by using the formula
F I G U R E 9-54
A 5 s 2 and substituting 15 for s. 20 in. 20 in.
A 5 s2
20 in.
A 5 (15)2 Substitute 15 for s.
A 5 15 ? 15 152 5 15 ? 15.
A 5 225 15 ? 15 5 225.
The area of the square is 225 cm2. Answer: 400 in.2
EXAMPLE 6 Number of square feet in 1 1 yd Self Check

square yard. Find the number 3 ft Find the number of square centi-
of square feet in 1 square yard. (See Figure 9-55.) meters in 1 square meter.
Solution
1 yd 3 ft
Since 3 feet 5 1 yard, each side of 1 square yard is 3
feet long.
1 yd2 5 (1 yd)2
F I G U R E 9-55
5 (3 ft)2 Substitute 3 feet for 1 yard.
5 9 ft2 (3 ft)2 5 (3 ft)(3 ft) 5 9 ft2.
There are 9 square feet in 1 square yard. Answer: 10,000 cm2
EXAMPLE 7 Area of a football field. Self Check

Find the area of a rectangular Find the area of a rectangle with
football field in square feet. Disregard the end 53.5 yd dimensions of 6 inches by 2 feet,
zones. (See Figure 9-56.) in square inches.
100 yd
Solution
To find the area in square yards, we substitute 100 F I G U R E 9-56
for l and 53.5 for w in the formula A 5 lw.
A 5 lw
A 5 (100)(53.5)
5 5,350
The area is 5,350 square yards. Since there are 9 square feet per square yard, we can
ft2
convert this number to square feet by multiplying 5,350 square yards by 19 yd 2.
9 ft2
5,350 yd2 5 5,350 yd2 ?
1 yd2
5 5,350 ? 9 ft2 The units of square yards divide out.
5 48,150 ft2 5,350 ? 9 5 48,150.
The area of a football field is 48,150 ft2. Answer: 144 in.2

EXAMPLE 8 Area of a parallelogram. Self Check
Find the area of the parallelo- 12 ft Find the area of the parallelogram
gram in Figure 9-57. below.
Solution 5 ft 25 ft
The length of the base of the parallelogram is F I G U R E 9-57
8 cm 10 cm
5 feet 1 25 feet 5 30 feet
The height is 12 feet. To find the area, we substitute 30 for b and 12 for h in the
formula for the area of a parallelogram and simplify. 12 cm
A 5 bh
A 5 30 ? 12
5 360
The area of the parallelogram is 360 ft2. Answer: 96 cm2
EXAMPLE 9 Area of a triangle. Find the area of Self Check

the triangle in Figure 9-58. Find the area of the triangle
5 cm below.
Solution
The area of a triangle is found by substituting 8 for b and 5
8 cm
for h in the formula for the area of a triangle.
F I G U R E 9-58 17 cm
1 12 cm
A 5 bh
2
1
A 5 (8)(5) Substitute for b and h. 15 cm
2
5 4(5) Do the multiplication: 21(8) 5 4.
5 20
The area of the triangle is 20 cm2. Answer: 90 cm2
EXAMPLE 10 Area of a triangle. Find the area of the

triangle in Figure 9-59.
Solution In this case, the altitude falls outside the tri-

angle. 13 cm
15 cm
1
A 5 bh
2
9 cm
1 Substitute 9 for b
A 5 (9)(13) F I G U R E 9-59
2 and 13 for h.
5 S DS D
1 9
2 1
13
1
Write 9 as 19 and
13 as 13
1.
117
5 Multiply the fractions.
2
5 58.5 Do the division.
The area of the triangle is 58.5 cm2.

EXAMPLE 11 Area of a trapezoid. Find the area of the trapezoid in Fig- Self Check
ure 9-60. Find the area of the trapezoid.
Solution 12 m
In this example, b1 5 10 and b2 5 6. It is incorrect to say that h 5 1, because the
height of 1 foot must be expressed as 12 inches to be consistent with the units of the
bases. 6m
Thus, we substitute 10 for b1, 6 for b2, and 12 for h in the formula for finding the 8m
area of a trapezoid and simplify.
6m
1
A 5 h(b1 1 b2) 6 in.
2
1
A 5 (12)(10 1 6)
2 1 ft
1
5 (12)(16)
2
5 6(16) 10 in.
5 96 F I G U R E 9-60
2
The area of the trapezoid is 96 in. Answer: 54 m2
Areas of figures that are combinations

of polygons
EXAMPLE 12 Carpeting a room. A living room/dining room area has the floor plan shown in
Figure 9-61. If carpet costs $29 per square yard, including pad and installation, how
much will it cost to carpet the room? (Assume no waste.)
4 yd
A B
D
Living C
7 yd room
Dining 4 yd
room
F
G E
9 yd
F I G U R E 9-61
Solution First we must find the total area of the living room and the dining room:
Atotal 5 Aliving room 1 Adining room
Since CF divides the space into two rectangles, the areas of the living room and the
dining room are found by multiplying their respective lengths and widths.

Area of living room 5 lw
57?4
5 28
The area of the living room is 28 yd2.

To find the area of the dining room, we find its length by subtracting 4 yards
from 9 yards to obtain 5 yards, and note that its width is 4 yards.
Area of dining room 5 lw

55?4
5 20
The area of the dining room is 20 yd2.

The total area to be carpeted is the sum of these two areas.
Atotal 5 Aliving room 1 Adining room

Atotal 5 28 yd2 1 20 yd2
5 48 yd2
At $29 per square yard, the cost to carpet the room will be 48 ? $29, or $1,392.
EXAMPLE 13 Area of one side of a tent. Find the area of one side of the tent in Figure 9-62.
Solution Each side is a combination of a trapezoid and a triangle. Since the bases of each trap-
ezoid are 30 feet and 20 feet and the height is 12 feet, we substitute 30 for b1, 20 for
b2, and 12 for h into the formula for the area of a trapezoid.
1
Atrap. 5 h(b1 1 b2) 8 ft
2
1 20 ft
Atrap. 5 (12)(30 1 20)
2 12 ft
5 6(50)
5 300 30 ft
F I G U R E 9-62
The area of the trapezoid is 300 ft2.
Since the triangle has a base of 20 feet and a height of 8 feet, we substitute 20
for b and 8 for h in the formula for the area of a triangle.
1
Atriangle 5 bh
2
1
Atriangle 5 (20)(8)
2
5 80
The area of the triangle is 80 ft2.

The total area of one side of the tent is
Atotal 5 Atrap. 1 Atriangle

Atotal 5 300 ft2 1 80 ft2
5 380 ft2
The total area is 380 ft2.
9.5 Perimeters and Areas of Polygos 39


1. The distance around a polygon is called the 2. The perimeter of a polygon is measured in
perimeter . linear units.
3. The measure of the surface enclosed by a polygon is 4. If each side of a square measures 1 foot, the area en-
called its area . closed by the square is 1 square foot .
5. The area of a polygon is measured in 6. The segment that represents the height of a triangle is
square units. called an altitude .
CONCEPTS In Exercises 7–14, sketch and label each of the figures described.
7. Two different rectangles, each having a perimeter of 8. Two different rectangles, each having an area of 40 in2.
40 in. length 15 in. and width 5 in.; length 16 in. and length 10 in. and width 4 in.; length 8 in. and width 5 in.
width 4 in. (answers may vary) (answers may vary)
9. A square with an area of 25 m2. sides of length 5 m 10. A square with a perimeter of 20 m. sides of length 5 m
11. A parallelogram with an area of 15 yd2. base 5 yd 12. A triangle with an area of 20 ft2. base 10 ft and height
and height 3 yd (answers may vary) 4 ft (answers may vary)
13. A figure consisting of a combination of two rectangles 14. A figure consisting of a combination of a rectangle and
whose total area is 80 ft2. length 5 ft and width 4 ft; a square whose total area is 164 ft2. length 20 ft and
length 20 ft and width 3 ft (answers may vary) width 5 ft; length of side of square 8 ft (answers may vary)
15. The formula for the perimeter of a square is 16. The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is
P 5 4s . P 5 2l 1 2w .
17. The symbol 1 in.2 means one square inch . 18. One square meter is expressed as 1 m2 .
19. The formula for the area of a square is 20. The formula for the area of a rectangle is
A 5 s2 . A 5 lw .
21. The formula A 5 21bh gives the area of a 22. The formula A 5 21h(b1 1 b2) gives the area of a
triangle . trapezoid .
PRACTICE In Exercises 23–28, find the perimeter of each figure.

23. 8 in. 24. 12 cm 25. 6m 36 m
6 cm 6 cm 4m
2m
8 in. 8 in.
10 m
12 cm
36 cm 2m
4m
8 in.
32 in. 6m
26. 5 in. 27. 28. 2 cm 2 cm
6 cm
6 cm 7 cm
5 in. 5 in.
7 cm 8 cm 6 cm 6 cm
4 in. 4 in. 10 cm
10 cm
37 cm
33 cm
23 in.

In Exercises 29–32, solve each problem.
29. Find the perimeter of an isosceles triangle with a base 30. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 80 meters. If
of length 21 centimeters and sides of length 32 centi- the length of one side is 22 meters, how long is the
meters. 85 cm base? 36 m
31. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 85 feet. Find 32. An isosceles triangle with sides of 49.3 inches has a
the length of each side. 2831 ft perimeter of 121.7 inches. Find the length of the base.
23.1 in.
In Exercises 33–46, find the area of the shaded part of each figure.
33. 16 cm2 34. 15 in.2
3 in.
4 cm
5 in.
4 cm
35. 36. 60 m2
60 cm2
4 cm 6 cm
6m 7m
15 cm
10 m
37. 38. 39. 9 mm
5 in. 3 cm
13 mm
10 in.
9 cm
25 in.2
13.5 cm2
17 mm
169 mm2
40. 3 cm 3 cm 41. 4m 42.
8m
7 cm 7 cm 20 ft
8m
2 ft
10 cm
2 8m 30 ft
91 cm
80 m2
360 ft2
43. 75 yd2 44. 119 in.2
5 yd
6 in.
10 yd 10 yd 10 in.
10 yd 17 in.
45. 75 m2 46. 335 cm2

8 cm
6m 3m
15 cm
3m
14 m 10 cm
25 cm

47. How many square inches are in 1 square foot? 144 48. How many square inches are in 1 square yard? 1,296
APPLICATIONS Use a calculator to help solve each problem.

49. FENCING A YARD A man wants to enclose a rect- 58. PAINTING A BARN The north wall of a barn is a
angular yard with fencing that costs $2.44 a foot, in- rectangle 23 feet high and 72 feet long. There are five
cluding installation. Find the cost of enclosing the yard windows in the wall, each 4 by 6 feet. If a gallon of
if its dimensions are 110 ft by 85 ft. $951.60 paint will cover 300 ft2, how many gallons of paint must
50. FRAMING A PICTURE Find the cost of framing a the painter buy to paint the wall? 6 gal
rectangular picture with dimensions of 24 inches by 30 59. MAKING A SAIL If nylon is $12 per square yard,
inches if framing material costs $8.46 per foot, includ- how much would the fabric cost to make a triangular sail
ing matting. $76.14 with a base of 12 feet and a height of 24 feet? $192
51. PLANTING A SCREEN A woman wants to plant a 60. PAINTING A GABLE The gable end of a warehouse
pine-tree screen around three sides of her backyard. is an isosceles triangle with a height of 4 yards and a
(See Illustration 1.) If she plants the trees 3 feet apart, base of 23 yards. It will require one coat of primer and
how many trees will she need? 81 one coat of finish to paint the triangle. Primer costs $17
per gallon, and the finish paint costs $23 per gallon. If
one gallon covers 300 square feet, how much will it cost
to paint the gable, excluding labor? $80
61. SODDING A LAWN A landscaper charges $1.17 per
square foot to sod a lawn. If the lawn is in the shape of
100 ft
a trapezoid, as shown in Illustration 3, what will it cost
to sod the lawn? $1,658.48
70 ft
ILLUSTRATION 1 15 yd
52. PLANTING MARIGOLDS A gardener wants to plant
a border of marigolds around the garden shown in Il-
lustration 2 to keep out rabbits. How many plants will 9 yd
she need if she allows 6 inches between plants? 144
20 yd
16 ft
ILLUSTRATION 3
20 ft
62. COVERING A SWIMMING POOL A swimming
ILLUSTRATION 2 pool has the shape shown in Illustration 4. How many
square meters of plastic sheeting will be needed to cover
53. BUYING A FLOOR Which is more expensive: A the pool? How much will the sheeting cost if it is $2.95
ceramic-tile floor costing $3.75 per square foot or lino- per square meter? (Assume no waste.) 400 m2, $1,180
leum costing $34.95 per square yard? linoleum
54. BUYING A FLOOR Which is cheaper: A hardwood
floor costing $5.95 per square foot or a carpeted floor
costing $37.50 per square yard? carpeted
55. CARPETING A ROOM A rectangular room is 24 feet
long and 15 feet wide. At $30 per square yard, how
much will it cost to carpet the room? (Assume no
waste.) $1,200 20 m
56. CARPETING A ROOM A rectangular living room

measures 30 by 18 feet. At $32 per square yard, how
25 m
much will it cost to carpet the room? (Assume no
waste.) $1,920
57. TILING A FLOOR A rectangular basement room 12 m
measures 14 by 20 feet. Vinyl floor tiles that are 1 ft2
cost $1.29 each. How much will the tile cost to cover
the floor? (Disregard any waste.) $361.20 ILLUSTRATION 4

63. CARPENTRY How many sheets of 4-foot-by-8-foot 64. CARPENTRY If it costs $90 per square foot to build
sheetrock are needed to drywall the inside walls on the a one-story home in northern Wisconsin, estimate the
first floor of the barn shown in Illustration 5? (Assume cost of building the house with the floor plan shown in
that the carpenters will cover each wall entirely and then Illustration 6. $94,320
cut out areas for the doors and windows.) 51
14 ft
12 ft
30 ft
20 ft
12 ft
48 ft ILLUSTRATION 6
20 ft
ILLUSTRATION 5

65. Explain the difference between perimeter and area. 66. Why is it necessary that area be measured in square
units?
REVIEW In Review Exercises 67–72, do the calculations. Write all improper fractions as mixed numbers.
3 2 7 2 3 1
67. 1 1125 68. 2 5
24 69. 3 1 2 1
612
4 3 8 3 4 3
5 5 19 1 2 3 5
70. 7 2 2 424 71. 7 4 5 7
118 72. 5 ? 2 7
1624
8 6 2 5 4 6
9.6 Circles
• Circles
• Circumference of a circle
• Area of a circle
INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will discuss circles, one of the most useful geo-
metric figures. In fact, the discovery of fire and the circular wheel were two of the
most important events in the history of the human race.
Circles
Circle A circle is the set of all points in a plane that lie a fixed distance from a point
called its center.
A segment drawn from the center of a circle to a point on the circle is called a
radius. (The plural of radius is radii.) From the definition, it follows that all radii of
the same circle are the same length.
9.6 Circles 43
A chord of a circle is a line segment connecting two points on the circle. A di-
ameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle. Since a diameter D of a
circle is twice as long as a radius r, we have
D 5 2r
Each of the previous definitions is illustrated in Figure 9-63, in which O is the
center of the circle.
A A
E
Ch
ord
AB B
C
Dia
me
ter O
CO B
D
OE O
d ius
Ra
D
E C
D
F I G U R E 9-63 F I G U R E 9-64
X X
Any part of a circle is called an arc. In Figure 9-64, the part of the circle from
point A to point B is AB, read as arc AB. CD is the part of the circle from point C to
point D. An arc that is half of a circle is a semicircle.
Semicircle A semicircle is an arc of a circle whose endpoints are the endpoints of a diameter.
X
X
If point O is the center of the circle in Figure 9-64, AD is a diameter and AED is
X
a semicircle. The middle letter E is used to distinguish semicircle AED from semi-
circle ABCD.
An arc that is shorter than a semicircle is a minor arc. An arc that is longer than
a semicircle is a major arc. In Figure 9-64,
X
AB is a minor arc and X
ABCDE is a major arc.
Circumference of a circle
Since early history, mathematicians have known that the ratio of the distance around
a circle (the circumference) divided by the length of its diameter is approximately 3.
First Kings, Chapter 7 of the Bible describes a round bronze tank that was 15 feet
from brim to brim and 45 feet in circumference, and 15 45
5 3. Today, we have a better
value for this ratio, known as p (pi). If C is the circumference of a circle and D is the
length of its diameter, then
C 22
p5 , where p 5 3.141592653589. . . 7 and 3.14 are often used as
D estimates of p.
If we multiply both sides of p 5 DC by D, we have the following formula.
Circumference The circumference of a circle is given by the formula

of a circle C 5 pD where C is the circumference and D is the length of the diameter.
Since a diameter of a circle is twice as long as a radius r, we can substitute 2r for

D in the formula C 5 pD to obtain another formula for the circumference C:
C 5 2pr

EXAMPLE 1 Circumference of a circle. Find Self Check
the circumference of a circle with diam- To the nearest hundredth, find the
eter of 10 centimeters. (See Figure 9-65.) circumference of a circle with a
Solution radius of 12 meters.
10 cm
We substitute 10 for D in the formula for the circumference
of a circle.
C 5 pD F I G U R E 9-65
C 5 p(10)
C ' 31.41592653589
To the nearest tenth, the circumference is 31.4 centimeters. Answer: 75.40 m
Accent on Technology Calculating revolutions of a tire
To calculate how many times a 15-inch tire rotates when a car makes a 25-mile
trip, we first find the circumference of the tire.
C 5 pD
C 5 p(15) Substitute 15 for D, the diameter of the tire.
C ' 47.1238898
The circumference of the tire is 47.1238898 inches.
We then change 25 miles to inches.
5,280 feet 12 inches
25 miles ? ? 5 25(5,280)(12) inches
1 mile 1 foot
5 1,584,000 inches
Finally, we divide 1,584,000 inches by 47.1238898 inches to get
Total distance 1,584,000
5
Circumference of tire 47.1238898
5 33,613.52398
To do this work on a scientific calculator, we press these keys.
25 ? 5,280 ? 12
Evaluate:
15 ? p
Keystrokes: ( 2 5 3 5 2 8 0 3 1 2 ) 4 p 4 1 5 5
33613.52398
The tire makes about 33,614 revolutions.
EXAMPLE 2 Perimeter of a figure. Find the perimeter of the figure shown in Figure 9-66.
Solution The figure is a combination of three sides of a rectangle
and a semicircle. The perimeter of the rectangular part is
Prectangular part 5 8 1 6 1 8 5 22
The perimeter of the semicircle is one-half of the circum- 8m 8m
ference of a circle with a 6-meter diameter.
1
Psemicircle 5 pD
2
6m
1
5 p(6) Substitute 6 for D. F I G U R E 9-66
2
' 9.424777961 Use a calculator.
9.6 Circles 45
The total perimeter is the sum of the two parts.
Ptotal ' 22 1 9.424777961
' 31.424777961
To the nearest hundredth, the perimeter of the figure is 31.42 meters.
Area of a circle
If we divide the circle shown in Figure 9-67(a) into an even number of pie-shaped
pieces and then rearrange them as shown in Figure 9-67(b), we have a figure that
looks like a parallelogram. The figure has a base that is one-half the circumference of
the circle, and its height is about the same length as a radius of the circle.
o
h
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 9-67
If we divide the circle into more and more pie-shaped pieces, the figure will look
more and more like a parallelogram, and we can find its area by using the formula for
the area of a parallelogram.
A 5 bh The formula for the area of a parallelogram.
1
5 Cr Substitute 21 of the circumference for b, and r for the height.
2
1
5 (2pr)r C 5 2pr.
2
5 pr 2 1
2 ? 2 5 1 and r ? r 5 r 2.
Area of a circle The area of a circle with radius r is given by the formula
A 5 pr 2
EXAMPLE 3 Area of a circle. To the nearest Self Check

tenth, find the area of the circle in Fig- To the nearest tenth, find the area
ure 9-68. of a circle with a diameter of 12
Solution feet.
Since the length of the diameter is 10 centimeters and the 10 cm
length of a diameter is twice the length of a radius, the length
of the radius is 5 centimeters. To find the area of the circle,
we substitute 5 for r in the formula for the area of a circle. F I G U R E 9-68
A 5 pr 2
A 5 p(5)2
5 25p
' 78.53981634 Use a calculator.
To the nearest tenth, the area is 78.5 cm2. Answer: 113.1 ft2

Accent on Technology Painting a helicopter pad
Orange paint is available in gallon containers at $19 each, and each gallon will
cover 375 ft2. To calculate how much the paint will cost to cover a helicopter pad
60 feet in diameter, we first calculate the area of the helicopter pad.
A 5 pr2
A 5 p(30)2 Substitute one-half of 60 for r.
5 900p 30 ? 30 5 900.
' 2,827.433388 Use a calculator.
The area of the pad is 2,827.433388 ft2. Since each gallon of paint will cover
375 ft2, we can find the number of gallons of paint needed by dividing
2,827.433388 by 375.
2,827.433388
Number of gallons needed '
375
' 7.539822369
Because paint only comes in full gallons, the painter will need to purchase 8
gallons. The cost of the paint will be 8($19), or $152. To do this work on a
calculator, we press these keys.
(30)2 ? p
Evaluate:
375
Keystrokes: 3 0 x2 3 p 5 4 3 7 5 5 7.539822369
Round to 8 gallons.
Keystrokes: 8 3 1 9 5 152
The cost of the paint will be $152.
EXAMPLE 4 Finding areas. Find the shaded area in Figure 9-69.
Solution The figure is a combination of a triangle and two semicircles. By the Pythagorean
theorem, the hypotenuse h of the right triangle is
h 5 =62 1 82 5 =36 1 64 5 =100 5 10
The area of the triangle is

h in.
1 1 1 8 in.
Aright triangle 5 bh 5 (6)(8) 5 (48) 5 24
2 2 2
The area enclosed by the smaller semicircle is 6 in.

1 1 F I G U R E 9-69
Asmaller semicircle 5 pr2 5 p(4)2 5 8p
2 2
The area enclosed by the larger semicircle is
1 1
Alarger semicircle 5 pr2 5 p(5)2 5 12.5p
2 2
The total area is
Atotal 5 24 1 8p 1 12.5p ' 88.4026494 Use a calculator.
To the nearest hundredth, the area is 88.40 in.2
9.6 Circles 47

1. A segment drawn from the center of a circle to a point 2. A segment joining two points on a circle is called a
on the circle is called a radius . chord .
3. A diameter is a chord that passes through the 4. An arc that is one-half of a complete circle is a
center of a circle. semicircle .
5. An arc that is shorter than a semicircle is called 6. An arc that is longer than a semicircle is called a
a minor arc. major arc.
7. The distance around a circle is called its 8. The surface enclosed by a circle is called its
circumference . area .
CONCEPTS In Exercises 9–14, refer to Illustration 1. A

D
9. Name each radius. OA, OC, and OB 3
10. Name each diameter. AC
11. Name each chord. DA, DC, and AC O 2
12. Name X X X X
each minor arc. AD, DC, CB, BA 1
X X
13. Name each semicircle. ABC and ADC
4
XXXX
14. Name each major arc. ADCB, DCBA, CBAD, BADC
C
B
ILLUSTRATION 1
15. If you know the radius of a circle, how can you find its 16. If you know the diameter of a circle, how can you find
diameter? Double the radius. its radius? Divide the diameter by 2.

X
17. The symbol AB is read as arc AB . 18. To the nearest hundredth, the value of p is
3.14 .
19. The formula for the circumference of a circle is 20. The formula A 5 pr 2 gives the area of a
C 5 pD or C 5 2pr . circle .
PRACTICE
21. To the nearest hundredth, find the circumference of a 22. To the nearest hundredth, find the circumference of a
circle with a diameter of 12 inches. 37.70 in. circle with a radius of 20 feet. 125.66 ft
23. Find the diameter of a circle with a circumference of 24. Find the radius of a circle with a circumference of 50p
36p meters. 36 m meters. 25 m
In Exercises 25–28, find the perimeter of each figure to the nearest hundredth.
25. 8 ft 26. 27. 28. 18 in.
3 ft
8m 8m 10 in.
25.42 ft 10 cm
18 in.
12 cm 6m 67.42 in.
50.85 cm 31.42 m

In Exercises 29–30, find the area of each circle to the nearest tenth.
29. A 5 28.3 in.2 30. A 5 113.1 ft2
12 ft
3 in.
In Exercises 31–34, find the total area of each figure to the nearest tenth.
31. 32. 8 cm 33. 34.
12 cm 4 in.
4 cm
6 in.
12 cm 4 in.
10 in. 62.8 in.2

2
88.3 in. 128.5 cm2
57.1 cm2
In Exercises 35–38, find the area of each shaded region to the nearest tenth.
35. 4 in. 36. 8 in. 37. r = 4 in. 38.
h = 9 in.
8 ft 8 ft
8 in.
10 in 13 in.
66.7 in.2
13.7 in.2
100.5 ft2
27.4 in.2
APPLICATIONS In Exercises 39– 46, give each answer to the nearest hundredth.
39. AREA OF ROUND LAKE Round Lake has a circu- 44. CONCENTRIC CIRCLES Two circles are called
lar shoreline 2 miles in diameter. Find the area of the concentric circles if they have the same center. Find
lake. 3.14 mi2 the area of the band between two concentric circles if
40. TAKING A WALK Sam is planning to hike around their diameters are 10 centimeters and 6 centimeters.
Round Lake. in Exercise 39. How far will he walk? 50.27 cm2
6.28 mi 45. ARCHERY See Illustration 2. What percentage of the
41. JOGGING Joan wants to jog 10 miles on a circular area of the target is the bullseye? 6.25%
track 41 mile in diameter. How many times must she 46. LANDSCAPE DESIGN See Illustration 3. How
circle the track? 12.73 times much of the lawn does not get watered by the sprin-
42. FIXING THE ROTUNDA The rotunda at a state capi- klers at the center of each circle? 193.14 ft2
tol is a circular area 100 feet in diameter. The legisla-
ture wishes to appropriate money to have the floor of
rotunda tiled. The lowest bid is $83 per square yard,
including installation. How much must the legislature 1 ft
spend? $72,431.16
30 ft
43. BANDING THE EARTH A steel band is drawn
tightly about the earth’s equator. The band is then loos-
ened by increasing its length by 10 feet, and the result-
ing slack is distributed evenly along the band’s entire
length. How far above the earth’s surface is the band? 30 ft
4 ft
(Hint: You don’t need to know the earth’s circumfer-
ILLUSTRATION 3
ence.) 1.59 ft ILLUSTRATION 2
9.6 Circles 49
47. Explain what is meant by the circumference of a circle. 48. Explain what is meant by the area of a circle.
49. Explain the meaning of p. 50. Distinguish between a major arc and a minor arc.
REVIEW In Exercises 51–56, solve each problem.

9 7
51. Change to a percent. 90% 52. Change to a percent. 8721%
10 8
1
53. Find 30% of 1,600. 480 54. Find % of 520. 2.6
2
55. COST OF A DRESS Maria bought a dress for 25% 56. COST OF A SHIRT Bill bought a shirt on sale for
off the regular price of $98. How much did she pay? $17.50. Find its original cost if it was on sale at 30%
$73.50 off. $25
9.7 Surface Area and Volume

• Volumes of solids
• Surface areas of rectangular solids
• Volumes and surface areas of spheres
• Volumes of cylinders
• Volumes of cones
• Volumes of pyramids
INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will discuss a measure of capacity called volume.

Volumes are measured in cubic units, such as cubic inches, cubic yards, or cubic cen-
timeters. For example,
• We buy gravel or topsoil by the cubic yard.
• We measure the capacity of a refrigerator in cubic feet.
• We often measure amounts of medicine in cubic centimeters.
We will also discuss surface area. The ability to compute surface area is necessary to
solve problems such as calculating the amount of material necessary to make a card-
board box or a plastic beach ball.
Volumes of solids
A rectangular solid and a cube are two common geometric solids. (See Figure 9-70.)
Height
(h)
2 cm
Width (w) 2 cm
Length (l) 2 cm
A rectangular solid A cube
F I G U R E 9-70

The volume of a rectangular solid is a measure of the space it encloses. Two
common units of volume are cubic inches (in.3) and cubic centimeters (cm3). (See
Figure 9-71.)
1 in.
1 cm
1 in.
1 cm
1 in. 1 cm
1 cubic inch (1 in.3) 1 cubic centimeter (1 cm3)
F I G U R E 9-71
If we divide the rectangular solid shown in Figure 9-72 into cubes, each cube
represents a volume of 1 cm3. Because there are 2 levels with 12 cubes on each level,
the volume of the rectangular solid is 24 cm3.
1 cm3
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm
F I G U R E 9-72
In practice, we do not find volumes by counting cubes. Instead, we use the fol-
lowing formulas.
Figure Name Volume Figure Name Volume
r
s Cube V 5 s3 Cylinder V 5 p r 2h
s
s h
Rectangular 1
h V 5 lwh h Cone V 5 p r 2h
w Solid 3
l r
h 1
Prism V 5 Bh* Pyramid V5 Bh*
h 3
(continued)
*B represents the area of the base.
9.7 Surface Area and Volume 51

Figure Name Volume Figure Name Volume
r
4
Sphere V 5 pr 3
3
WARNING! The height of a geometric solid is always measured along a line per-
pendicular to its base. In each of the solids in Figure 9-73, h is the height.
h h h h
h
F I G U R E 9-73
EXAMPLE 1 Number of cubic Self Check

inches in one cubic How many cubic centimeters are
foot. How many cubic inches are there in 1 in 1 cubic meter?
cubic foot? (See Figure 9-74.) 1 ft 12 in.
Solution
12 in.
Since a cubic foot is a cube with each side mea- 12 in.
suring 1 foot, each side also measures 12 inches. 1 ft
1 ft
Thus, the volume in cubic inches is
F I G U R E 9-74
V 5 s3 The formula for the volume of a cube.
V 5 (12)3 Substitute 12 for s.
5 1,728
There are 1,728 cubic inches in 1 cubic foot. Answer: 1,000,000 cm3
EXAMPLE 2 Volume of an oil storage tank. An oil storage tank is in Self Check
the form of a rectangular solid with dimensions of 17 by 10 by 8 Find the volume of a rectangular
feet. (See Figure 9-75.) Find its volume. solid with dimensions of 8 by 12
by 20 meters.
Solution
To find the volume, we substitute 17 for
8 ft
l, 10 for w, and 8 for h in the formula
V 5 lwh and simplify. 10 ft
V 5 lwh 17 ft
V 5 (17)(10)(8) F I G U R E 9-75
5 1,360
The volume is 1,360 ft3. Answer: 1,920 m3

EXAMPLE 3 Volume of a triangular 6 cm 8 cm Self Check
prism. Find the volume of Find the volume of the triangular
the triangular prism in Figure 9-76. 10 cm prism below.
Solution
The volume of the prism is the area of its base mul- 0.5 m 5 cm
4 cm
5 cm
tiplied by its height. Since there are 100 centime-
6 cm
ters in 1 meter, the height in centimeters is
10 cm
0.5 m 5 0.5(1 m)
F I G U R E 9-76
5 0.5(100 cm) Substitute 100 centimeters
for 1 meter.
5 50 cm
Since the area of the triangular base is 24 square centimeters and the height of the
prism is 50 centimeters, we have
V 5 Bh
V 5 24(50)
5 1,200
The volume of the prism is 1,200 cm3. Answer: 120 cm3
Surface areas of rectangular solids

The surface area of a rectangular solid is the sum of the areas of its six faces. (See
Figure 9-77.)
h 2
h w 1 4 5 6
w
l h l h
h 3
l
F I G U R E 9-77
SA 5 Arectangle 1 1 Arectangle 2 1 Arectangle 3 1 Arectangle 4 1 Arectangle 5 1 Arectangle 6

5 lw 1 lh 1 lh 1 hw 1 lw 1 hw
5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2hw Combine like terms.
Surface area of a The surface area of a rectangular solid is given by the formula
rectangular solid SA 5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2hw
where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the height.
EXAMPLE 4 Surface area of an oil Self Check

tank. An oil storage Find the surface area of a rectan-
tank is in the form of a rectangular solid with gular solid with dimensions of 8
dimensions of 17 by 10 by 8 feet. (See Figure by 12 by 20 meters.
8 ft
9-78.) Find the surface area of the tank.
10 ft
17 ft
F I G U R E 9-78

Solution
To find the surface area, we substitute 17 for l,
10 for w, and 8 for h in the formula for surface
area and simplify.
SA 5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2hw
SA 5 2(17)(10) 1 2(17)(8) 1 2(8)(10)
5 340 1 272 1 160
5 772
The surface area is 772 ft2. Answer: 992 m2
r
Volumes and surface areas of spheres
A sphere is a hollow, round ball. (See Figure 9-79.) The points on a sphere all lie at
a fixed distance r from a point called its center. A segment drawn from the center of a
sphere to a point on the sphere is called a radius.
F I G U R E 9-79
Accent on Technology Filling a water tank
See Figure 9-80. To calculate how many cubic feet of water are needed to fill a
spherical water tank with a radius of 15 feet, we substitute 15 for r in the formula
for the volume of a sphere and simplify.
4
V 5 pr3
3
15 ft
4
V 5 p(15)3
3
4
5 p(3,375)
3
5 4,500p
' 14,137.16694 Use a calculator.
To do the arithmetic with a calculator, press
these keys.
4
Evaluate: p(15)3 F I G U R E 9-80
3
Keystrokes: 1 5 yx 3 5 3 4 4 3 5 3 p 5
14137.16694
3
To the nearest tenth, 14,137.2 ft of water will be needed to fill the tank.
There is a formula to find the surface area of a sphere.
Surface area The surface area of a sphere with radius r is given by the formula
of a sphere SA 5 4pr 2
EXAMPLE 5 Manufacturing beach balls. A beach ball is to have a diameter of 16 inches.

(See Figure 9-81.) How many square inches of material will be needed to make the
ball? (Ignore any waste.)
Solution Since a radius r of the ball is one-half the diameter, r 5 8 inches. We can now sub-
stitute 8 for r in the formula for the surface area of a sphere.

SA 5 4pr2
SA 5 4p(8)2
SA 5 256p
' 804.2477193
A little more than 804 in.2 of material will be needed to make
the ball.
F I G U R E 9-81
r
Volumes of cylinders
h
F I G U R E 9-82
A cylinder is a hollow figure like a piece of pipe. (See Figure 9-82.)
EXAMPLE 6 Find the volume of the cylinder in Figure 9-83. 6 cm
Solution Since a radius is one-half of the diameter of the circular

base, r 5 3 cm. From the figure, we see that the height
of the cylinder is 10 cm. So we can substitute 3 for r
and 10 for h in the formula for the volume of a cylinder. 10 cm
V 5 pr h
2
V 5 p(3)2(10)
5 90p
F I G U R E 9-83
' 282.7433388
To the nearest hundredth, the volume of the cylinder is 282.74 cm3.
Accent on Technology Volume of a silo
The silo in Figure 9-84 is a cylinder 50 feet tall topped with a hemisphere (a half-
sphere). To find the volume of the silo, we add the volume of the cylinder to the
volume of the dome.
1
Volumecylinder 1 volumedome 5 (Areacylinder’s base)(heightcylinder) 1 (volumesphere)
2
5 pr 2h 1
2 3
S D
1 4 3
pr
5 pr2h 1
2pr3
3 S D
1 4
2 3
pr 3 5
1 4 4
? pr 3 5 pr 3 5
2 3 6
2pr 3
3
.
2p(10)3
5 p(10)2(50) 1 Substitute 10 for r and 50 for h.
50 ft 3
2,000
5 5,000p 1 p
3
17,000 2,000 15,000 2,000
10 ft 5 p 5,000p 1 p5 p1 p.
3 3 3 3
F I G U R E 9-84
' 17,802.35837
To do the arithmetic with a scientific calculator, press these keys.
2p(10)3
Evaluate: p(10)2(50) 1
3
Keystrokes: p 3 1 0 x2 3 5 0 5 1 ( 2 3 p 3
1 0 yx 3 4 3 ) 5 17802.35837
The volume of the silo is approximately 17,802 ft3.

EXAMPLE 7 Machining a block of metal.
See Figure 9-85. Find the volume that
is left when the hole is drilled through
the metal block.
Solution We must find the volume of the rect-

angular solid and then subtract the
volume of the cylinder. 8 cm
12 cm
Vrect. solid 5 lwh 18 cm
Vrect. solid 5 12(12)(18)
5 2,592
12 cm
Vcylinder 5 pr2h F I G U R E 9-85
Vcylinder 5 p(4) (18)
2
5 288p
' 904.7786842
Vdrilled block 5 Vrect. solid 2 Vcylinder
' 2,592 2 904.7786842
' 1,687.221316
To the nearest hundredth, the volume is 1,687.22 cm3.
Volumes of cones
Two cones are shown in Figure 9-86. Each cone has a height h and a radius r, which
is the radius of the circular base.
h
h
r r
F I G U R E 9-86
EXAMPLE 8 Volume of a cone. To the nearest tenth, find the volume of the cone in Figure
9-87.
Solution Since the radius is one-half of the diameter, r 5 4 cm. We then substitute 4 for r and
6 for h in the formula for the volume of a cone.
1
V5 Bh
3
1 6 cm
V 5 pr2h
3
1
V 5 p(4)2(6) 8 cm
3
V 5 32p F I G U R E 9-87
' 100.5309649
To the nearest tenth, the volume is 100.5 cubic centimeters.

Volumes of pyramids
Two pyramids with a height h are shown in Figure 9-88.
h
h
The base is a triangle. The base is a square.
(a) (b)
F I G U R E 9-88
EXAMPLE 9 Volume of a pyramid. Find the volume of a pyramid with Self Check
a square base with each side 6 meters long and a height of 9 Find the volume of the pyramid
meters. shown below.
Solution
Since the base is a square with each side 6 meters long, the area of the base is 62 m2,
or 36 m2. We can then substitute 36 for the area of the base and 9 for the height in the
formula for the volume of a pyramid. 10 cm
1
V 5 Bh 6 cm 8 cm
3
1
V 5 (36)(9)
3
5 108
The volume of the pyramid is 108 m3. Answer: 80 cm3

1. The space contained within a geometric solid is called 2. A rectangular solid is like a hollow shoe box.
its volume .
3. A cube is a rectangular solid with all sides 4. The volume of a cube with each side 1
of equal length. inch long is 1 cubic inch.
5. The surface area of a rectangular solid is the sum 6. The point that is equidistant from every point on a
of the areas of its faces. sphere is its center .
7. A cylinder is a hollow figure like a drinking 8. A hemisphere is one-half of a sphere.
straw.
9. A cone looks like a witch’s pointed hat. 10. A figure with a polygon for its base that rises to a point
is called a pyramid .

CONCEPTS In Exercises 11–16, write the formula used for finding the volume of each solid.
11. A rectangular solid V 5 lwh 12. A prism V 5 Bh 13. A sphere V 5 34pr 3
14. A cylinder V 5 Bh 15. A cone V 5 31Bh 16. A pyramid V 5 31Bh
17. Write the formula for finding the surface area of a rect- 18. Write the formula for finding the surface area of a
angular solid. SA 5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2hw sphere. SA 5 4pr 2
19. How many cubic feet are in 1 cubic yard? 27 ft3 20. How many cubic inches are in 1 cubic yard?
46,656 in.3
21. How many cubic decimeters are in 1 cubic meter? 22. How many cubic millimeters are in 1 cubic centime-
1,000 dm3 ter? 1,000 mm3
In Exercises 23–24, tell what geometric concept (perimeter, circumference, area, volume, or surface area) should be
applied to find each of the following.
23. a. size of a room to be air conditioned volume 24. a. amount of cloth in a car cover surface area
b. amount of land in a national park area b. size of a trunk of a car volume
c. amount of space in a refrigerator freezer volume c. amount of paper used for a postage stamp area
d. amount of cardboard in a shoe box surface area d. amount of storage in a cedar chest volume
e. distance around a checkerboard perimeter e. amount of beach available for sunbathing area
f. amount of material used to make a basketball f. distance the tip of a propeller travels
surface area circumference
NOTATION Fill in the blanks to make a true statement.
25. The symbol in.3 is read as 1 cubic inch . 26. One cubic centimeter is represented as
1 cm3 .
PRACTICE In Exercises 27–38, find the volume of each solid. If an answer is not exact, round to the nearest hun-
dredth.
27. A rectangular solid with dimensions of 3 by 4 by 5 cen- 28. A rectangular solid with dimensions of 5 by 8 by 10
timeters. 60 cm3 meters. 400 m3
29. A prism whose base is a right triangle with legs 3 and 30. A prism whose base is a right triangle with legs 5 and
4 meters long and whose height is 8 meters. 48 m3 12 feet long and whose height is 10 feet. 300 ft3
31. A sphere with a radius of 9 inches. 3,053.63 in.3 32. A sphere with a diameter of 10 feet. 523.60 ft3
33. A cylinder with a height of 12 meters and a circular 34. A cylinder with a height of 4 meters and a circular base
base with a radius of 6 meters. 1,357.17 m3 with diameter of 18 meters. 1,017.88 m3
35. A cone with a height of 12 centimeters and a circular 36. A cone with a height of 3 inches and a circular base
base with diameter of 10 centimeters. 314.16 cm3 with radius of 4 inches. 50.27 in.3
37. A pyramid with a square base 10 meters on each side 38. A pyramid with a square base 6 inches on each side
and a height of 12 meters. 400 m3 and a height of 4 inches. 48 in.3
In Exercises 39–42, find the surface area of each solid. If an answer is not exact, round to the nearest hundredth.
39. A rectangular solid with dimensions of 3 by 4 by 5 cen- 40. A cube with a side 5 centimeters long. 150 cm2
timeters. 94 cm2
41. A sphere with a radius of 10 inches. 1,256.64 in.2 42. A sphere with a diameter of 12 meters. 452.39 m2
In Exercises 43– 46, find the volume of each figure. If an answer is not exact, round to the nearest hundredth.
43. 3 cm 576 cm3 44. 16 cm 565.49 cm3
6 cm
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm

45. 335.10 in.3 46. 52 in.3
10 in. 8 in.
20 in.
6 in.
n. 4 in
3i .
5 in.
8 in.
APPLICATIONS In Exercises 47–52, if an answer is not exact, round to the nearest hundredth.
47. VOLUME OF A SUGAR CUBE A sugar cube is 21 If the dish is 4 inches deep, how many cubic inches of
inch on each edge. How much volume does it occupy? pudding are in each dish? 9.42 in.3
0.13 in.3 51. HOT-AIR BALLOONS The lifting power of a spheri-
48. VOLUME OF A CLASSROOM A classroom is 40 cal balloon depends on its volume. How many cubic
feet long, 30 feet wide, and 9 feet high. Find the num- feet of gas will a balloon hold if it is 40 feet in diam-
ber of cubic feet of air in the room. 10,800 ft3 eter? 33,510.32 ft3
49. VOLUME OF AN OIL TANK A cylindrical oil tank 52. VOLUME OF A CEREAL BOX A box of cereal mea-
has a diameter of 6 feet and a length of 7 feet. Find the sures 3 by 8 by 10 inches. The manufacturer plans to
volume of the tank. 197.92 ft3 market a smaller box that measures 221 by 7 by 8 inches.
50. VOLUME OF A DESSERT A restaurant serves pud- By how much will the volume be reduced? 100 in.3
ding in a conical dish that has a diameter of 3 inches.

53. What is meant by the volume of a cube? 54. What is meant by the surface area of a cube?
REVIEW Do the operations.

55. 4(6 1 4) 2 22 36 56. 25(5 2 2)2 1 3 242
57. 5 1 2(6 1 23) 33 58. 3(6 1 34) 2 24 245
59. BUYING PENCILS Carlos bought 6 pencils at $0.60 60. BUYING CLOTHES Mary bought 3 pairs of socks
each and a notebook for $1.25. He gave the clerk a $5 at $3.29 each and a pair of shoes for $39.95. Can she
bill. How much change did he receive? $0.15 buy these clothes with three $20 bills? yes
61. BUYING GOLF EQUIPMENT George bought 3 62. BUYING MUSIC Lisa bought 4 compact discs at
packages of golf balls for $1.99 each, a package of tees $9.99 each, 3 tapes for $6.95 each, and a carrying case
for $0.49, and a golf glove for $6.95. How much did for $10.25. How much did she spend? $71.06
he spend? $13.41

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9.1 Some Basic Definitions

INTRODUCTION. In this chapter, we will study two-dimensional geometric figures such

Points, lines, and planes

(a) (b) (c)

2 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

Since the measure of both segments is 3 units, m(AM) 5 m(MB).

Another geometric figure is the ray.

9.1 Some Basic Definitions 3

Angle Measure in degrees 100 90 80

Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

Solution Since m(∠1) , 907, it is an acute angle. A

Adjacent and vertical angles

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating angles. Two angles with Self Check

x 1 35 ! 35 5 80 ! 35 Subtract 35 from both sides.

Thus, x 5 45. Answer: 55

9.1 Some Basic Definitions 5

b. Since AD is a line, the sum of the measures of ∠3,

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluating angles. (3x + 15)° Self Check

Complementary and supplementary angles

EXAMPLE 5 Complementary and supplementary angles.

a. Angles of 607 and 307 are complementary angles,

b. Angles of 1307 and 507 are supplementary, because

6 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

EXAMPLE 6 Finding the complement and Self Check

The complement of 357 is 557.

b. See Figure 9-14. Let y represent the supple-

STUDY SET Section 9.1

VOCABULARY In Exercises 1–12, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.

9.1 Some Basic Definitions 7

15. Line CD has three endpoints. false 90°

20. ∠AGC and ∠CGF are adjacent angles. true

In Exercises 29–32, refer to Illustration 2 and tell whether A B

In Exercises 33–38, refer to Illustration 3 and tell whether

NOTATION In Exercises 47–50, fill in the blanks to make a true statement.

8 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

In Exercises 57–58, refer to Illustration 4 and find each midpoint.

In Exercises 59–62, use a protractor to measure each angle.

59. 60. 61. 62. 757

407 1057 1357

In Exercises 63–70, find x.

63. 10 64. 180° 65. 66. 90

67. 68. (6x − 5)° 69. (4x + 15)° 70.

(2x)° (x + 30)° (6x + 8)° (4x + 32)°

9.1 Some Basic Definitions 9

79. ∠1 1007 80. ∠2 807

WRITING Write a paragraph using your own words.

REVIEW In Exercises 91–98, do the calculations.

10 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

INTRODUCTION. In this section, we will consider parallel and perpendicular lines.

This symbol indicates

Parallel and perpendicular lines

Parallel lines Perpendicular lines

9.2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 11

12 Chapter 9 Introduction to Geometry

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating angles. l3 Self Check

EXAMPLE 3 Identifying congruent angles. See Figure C

9.2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 13

Thus, x 5 15. Answer: 8

EXAMPLE 5 Using algebra in geometry. In Figure 9-27,

3x 2 80 1 3x 1 20 5 180 The sum of the