CHNG II

KT CU THP NH NHP LN
2.1. PHM VI S DNG V C IM CA KT CU
NH NHP LN
2.2. NH NHP LN VI KT CU PHNG CHU LC
2.3. KT CU MI KHNG GIAN CA NH NHP LN
2.4. H MI TREO
2.1 PHM VI S DNG V C IM CA KT CU
NH NHP LN
1. Phm vi s dng kt cu thp nh nhp ln
2. c im ca kt cu thp nh nhp ln
3. Cc loi kt cu thp nh nhp ln
1. Phm vi s dng kt cu thp nh nhp ln
Thng dng trong cng trnh c khong cch ct ln, to khng gian
rng cho cng trnh
Cng trnh dn dng: rp ht, nh trin lm, sn vn ng, nh thi
u, nh ga, ch, gara t, hng ga my bay
Cng trnh cng nghip:xng ng tu, xng lp rp my bay
2. c im ca kt cu thp nh nhp ln
Thng l cng trnh mt tng, n chic, yu cu kin trc vi gii
php kt cu ring bit kh tiu chun ha, nh hnh ha
Kch thc thay i trong phm vi rt rng:
- Nh cng nghip L=50100m
- Xng lp rp my bay L=100120m
- Xng ng tu L=2060m
Ch yu chu ti trng bn thn v trng lng bn thn ca tm mi
3. Cc loi kt cu thp nh nhp ln
H kt cu phng: lm vic theo mt phng; kt cu kim dm, kiu
khung, kiu vm; p dng cho mt bng hnh ch nht
3. Cc loi kt cu thp nh nhp ln (tip theo):
H kt cu khng gian: lm vic theo hai phng; kt cu khng gian
mi phng, mi v cong mt chiu hoc mi v cong hai chiu; dng
cho mt bng a dng
3. Cc loi kt cu thp nh nhp ln (tip theo):
H kt cu dy: vt nhp rt ln; dng dy cp lm t vt liu thp
cng cao chu lc.
Mt s hnh nh Kt cu nh nhp ln
Mt s hnh nh Kt cu nh nhp ln
2.2 KT CU PHNG CHU LC
1. Kt cu kiu dm
2. Kt cu khung phng
3. Kt cu vm
1. Kt cu kiu dm
Kt cu mi chnh l dm hoc gin t theo phng ngang nh k ln
ct hoc cc gi ta n gin khc
Dng cho cng trnh c mt bng hnh ch nht c nhp L=35100m:
rp ht, nh vn ha, cng trnh th thao
H kt cu kiu dm thng c b tr theo hai loi: h n gin v
h ph thng
Kt cu dm n gin, d bo dng thng dng cho nhp nh
L=3540m
Kt cu gin thng dng vi nhp ln hn L=40100m, ch to phc
tp hn nhng tit kim vt liu v c cng ln vi nhiu hnh dng
khc nhau p ng tt cc yu cu kin trc
Chn la kch thc dm-gin theo cc yu cu cng, thot nc
mi v kin trc.
Khi ch to vi kt cu nhp ln, gim vng ca kt cu c th
cu to vng trc cho kt cu
Mi sn vn ng dng kt cu dm
1- ct ; 2- dm chnh tit din hp ; 3-
dm ph
S gin mi
1. Kt cu kiu dm (tip theo):
Tit din thanh gin c chn tng t nh phn gin thp trong
gio trnh Kt cu thp Cu kin c bn: s lng loi thanh t nht,
d cu to nt, d lin kt Chiu cao, hnh dng thanh c chn
theo mt s dng di y:
2. Kt cu khung phng:
a. Cc loi khung:
- Thng dng cho nhp ln L=40150m vi nhiu u im so vi kt cu
phng: trng lng bn thn nh hn, chiu cao x ngang ca mi nh
hn Tuy nhin cn lu n nh hng ca ct khung
- Kt cu khung c dng vi nhp L=4060m, thng c thit k dng
khung hai khp; chiu cao tit din so vi nhp nh ly theo t l
1/301/40
- Kt cu khung rng dng vi nhp L=60150m, thng c thit k
dng khung khng khp, khung hai khp; chiu cao dn so vi nhp nh
ly theo t l 1/121/20
- C th s dng nhiu bin php h tr kt cu lm vic hp l: thanh
ngang gim lc ct mng, thay i b tr tm tng treo gim m men
gia nhp x ngang.
Khung c hai khp c thanh cng
1- x ngang; 2- thanh cng
Khung rng dng cho hng ga my bay
Khung rng nh nhp ln
Bin php cu to gim m men x ngang
2. Kt cu khung phng (tip theo):
b. c im tnh ton v cu to
- Thng dng cc phn mm phn tch kt cu tnh ton
- Lu ngoi cc ti trng thng thng c th phi tnh ton n tc
ng ca nhit
- Cu kin tnh ton c th l chu un, nn ng tm hoc lch tm ty
loi kt cu s dng
- Cu to gia cng ti cc v tr nt khung, lin kt ni
3. Kt cu vm:
a. Cc kiu kt cu vm nh nhp ln:
- Dng cho cc cng trnh nh nh trin lm, cung vn ha, b bi, ch,
hng ga c mt bng hnh ch nht.
- Cc s kt cu thng s dng: vm hai khp, vm ba khp hoc
vm khng khp.
- M men ca vm nh hn kt cu phng khc nn tit kim vt liu hn.
a. Vm hai khp
b. Vm ba khp
c. Vm khng khp
1. S phn phi mmen trn vm ba khp
2. S phn phi mmen trn vm hai khp
3. S phn phi mmen trn vm khng khp
3. Kt cu vm (tip theo):
b. c im cu to v tnh ton:
- Trc vm thng ly trng vi ng p lc vm chu nn. Trc vm
c th ly theo dng parabn hoc cung trn
- Gi ta vm thng kt hp l khn i hoc cc phng chc nng
- Hai kch thc chnh ca kt cu vm l nhp L v mi tn vng f. T l
hp l l f/L=1/5
- Vm c thng lm dng 2 cnh song song; Vm rng c dng cnh
song song, gn gi ta thng hoc dng li lim.
- Chiu cao tit din vm c khong (1/501/80)L; ca vm rng khong
(1/301/60)L
- Tit din vm c thng l ch I t hp; tit din thanh vm rng c
thit k nh dn
S vm - h thanh bng v tit din ca vm rng
3. Kt cu vm (tip theo):
b. c im cu to v tnh ton:
- Ti trng tnh ton cho vm: tnh ti, hot ti sa cha mi v ti trng
gi
- Thng tch vm phng tnh ton vi cc ni lc tng th cn xc
nh l M, N v V theo cc cng thc sau:
M = Md - Hy ; N = Vdsin + Hcos ; V = Vdcos - Hsin
- Tnh ton vm c v thanh dn vm rng theo tiu chun, lu tnh
ton n nh tng th ca vm ph thuc kch thc vm:
- S tnh ton vm hai khp thng thng:
2 2
2
S
EJ
N
x
cr

=
3 , 1 2 , 1 >
N
N
cr
3. Kt cu vm (tip theo):
c. Cc khp ca vm:
- Gi khp l b phn quan trng nht ca vm
- Khp gi thng c 3 kiu: khp bn, khp ci v khp u
- Khp nh vm cng c cu to tng t khp gi, thng dng khp
bn hoc khp u
- Tnh ton gi khp theo cc iu kin:
+ iu kin p mt
+ iu kin chu un ca con ln trong khp bn hoc tht un trong
khp u
Khp gi
a. Khp bn
b. Khp ci
c. Khp u
Khp nh vm
a. Khp bn
b. Khp u
c. Khp dng tm
d. Khp dng bu lng
2.3 KT CU KHNG GIAN NHP LN
1. Khi nim
2. H li thanh khng gian mi phng
3. H thanh khng gian dng v cong mt chiu
4. Kt cu mi cupn
1. Khi nim:
H kt cu khng gian truyn ti theo hai phng; mi phn tc dc,
ngang u tham gia chu lc.
Nh v p hn kt cu phng tuy nhin tnh ton, ch to v lp rp
phc tp hn kt cu phng.
Chia lm hai loi chnh:
- H kt cu khng gian mi phng: cu to t ba lp li thanh (lp li
cnh trn, cnh di v lp li thanh bng)
- H kt cu khng gian dng v: v li mt lp hoc v li thanh ba lp
c cu to dng v cong mt chiu (v tr) hoc v cong hai chiu (mi
cupn)
u im chnh:
- Vt nhp ln, nh v chim t khng gian
- Tnh nh hnh ha cao
- Tng cng cho mi, tng an ton
- Gim kch thc, trng lng tm mi
- S dng phng php thi cng hin i
Mt s hnh nh h mi khng gian
2. H li thanh khng gian mi phng:
Dng cho nh thi u, nh trin lm, nh ga, ch c mi phng, nhp
n 5060m.
Cu to l h thng gin cnh song song t giao nhau. Thng cu
to ba gin giao theo ba hng hoc hai gin trc giao c thanh t
theo phng ng cho.
Vi nhiu cu trc ging nhau ghp li nn thng c gi l h cu
trc tinh th. D dng cho vic nh hnh ha, tiu chun ha.
C th dng cho nhiu loi mt bng vi chiu cao h gin thng ly
l (1/501/30) nhp.
Gi c th l tng, dm hoc ct
Thng b tr gii php cu to li v chu lc: gi lui vo trong to
cng sn, kt hp ct v dy treo mi
Kt cu c lp rp di mt t theo m un ri mi cu ln v tr
thit k
2. H li thanh khng gian mi phng:
Tit din thanh thng l thp ng, thp gc hoc thp hnh dp
ngui. Trong tit din thp ng l hp l v tit kim nht.
Gc nghing ca cc thanh bng xin t 35
0
50
0
, thng ly 45
0
Khong nt S = 2 3m vi nhiu dng nt:
- Nt cu c, khoan l ren trong, lin kt thanh bng bu lng
- Nt cu rng, lin kt thanh bng hn trc tip
- Nt bn m dp, lin kt cc thanh tit din dp ngui bng bu lng
- Nt ng ni, lin kt thanh cnh bng ng ni qua ren, lin kt thanh bng
bng bu lng
- Nt tr, lin kt thanh thng qua rnh mng
C th dng l thuyt tnh bn c tng ng xc nh ni lc h
li thanh, thc t hin nay thng dng phn mm tnh ton (hay
dng SAP2000)
Mt s kiu nt ca h li
thanh khng gian
3. H thanh khng gian dng v cong mt chiu:
a. V li thanh mt lp:
- H thanh khng gian mt lp, cong mt chiu, thng dng cho mt
bng ch nht vi nhp n 90m
- Tit din thanh thng dng l thp hnh cn nng, thp ng hoc thp
hnh dp ngui
- S h thanh thng dng:
+ Dng hnh thoi
+ Dng hnh tam gic vi thanh dc v nhiu dng thanh xin
- Cu to nt thng dng dn lin kt bu lng qua bn bch hoc bn
m.
- Cch tnh ni lc tng t nh h li thanh khng gian phng: s dng
l thuyt v c tng ng hoc dng phn mm tnh ton
H thanh khng gian dng v mt lp
a) s ; b) li hnh thoi; c) li c thanh chng dc;
d) li c thanh chng ngang; e) li c thanh dc v thanh cho;
3. H thanh khng gian dng v cong mt chiu:
b. V li thanh ba lp:
- Cu to tng t nh h thanh khng gian mi phng 3 lp
+ Lp li thanh trn c cong theo mt mi
+ Li thanh di thng song song vi cnh trn
+ Lp h thanh bng
- H li thanh thng dng cu trc tinh th
- Tit din thanh, cu to nt cng tng t nh h thanh khng gian
phng 3 lp.
+ Tit din thp ng, thp gc, thp hnh dp ngui
+ Cu to nt dng nt cu, lin kt bng bu lng.
- Cch tnh ni lc tng t nh h li thanh khng gian phng: s dng
l thuyt v c tng ng hoc dng phn mm tnh ton
Kt cu mi Trung
tm hi ch trin lm
Hi Phng
4. Kt cu mi cu pn:
4.1 Cu pn sn:
- H thng cc sn (vm) t theo phng
bn knh c lin kt vi nhau bng X g
v h ging
- Mi lp to v trn xoay hnh cu hoc elipxoit
- H thng sn ta trn vnh nh v ta di
vnh gi.
- Vnh nh c cng ln v lm vic phc tp
(chu nn, un v xon). Vnh gi chu lc p
ngang ca sn khi chu ti v thng t t do ln
kt cu
- Tit din sn c th c hoc rng
- Cu pn sn lm vic khng gian thng qua
vnh nh
4. Kt cu mi cu pn:
- Ti trng: trng lng bn thn (tnh ti), hot ti mi v ti gi
- S lm vic ca h kt cu cu pn thng c lu qua 2 trng hp chu ti:
+ Thnh phn tc dng i xng (tnh ti, hot ti ton mi)
+ Thnh phn tc dng phn xng (hot ti cht lch, ti trng gi)
- Hin nay thng s dng phn mm tnh ton ni lc, bin dng ca cu pn
hng gi
II
III
I
IV
hng gi
S tnh cu pn chu ti trng thng
ng, i xng
S tnh cu pn chu ti trng gi
4. Kt cu mi cu pn (tip theo):
4.2 Cu pn sn vng:
- Ngoi h thng sn t theo phng bn
knh cn c h thng x g vng to kt cu
khng gian.
- X g vng c th c hoc rng, lin kt
khp c nh vi sn va chu un va chu ko
to gi ta trung gian cho sn
- Sn v x g vng thng dng thp hnh
- X g vng ng vai tr thanh cng tng
ng trong trng hp ti i xng hoc
khng tham gia g trong trng hp ti phn xng
4. Kt cu mi cu pn (tip theo):
4.3 Cu pn li:
- L mt kiu ca kt cu v li thanh,
cong 2 chiu, ni lc phn b u
- Cc thanh thng lm t thp ng do
trng lng nh song cu to phc tp hn
- Thng dng nt cu hoc nt tr
- Tnh ton da trn l thuyt v c tng
ng hoc s dng phn mm phn tch
Mt s hnh nh kt cu cu pn ng dng
trong thc t
2.4 H MI TREO
1. Gii thiu chung
2. Kt cu mi dy mt lp
3. Kt cu mi dy hai lp
4. Kt cu gin dy
5. Kt cu mi dy hnh yn nga
6. Kt cu hn hp dy v thanh
7. Mi treo v mng
1. Gii thiu chung:
H kt cu s dng dy cp cng cao lm vic chu ko v thng
ch tnh ton iu kin bn
Thng s dng cho cng trnh nhp ln vi hiu qu cao v gim
trng lng kt cu chu lc. D vn chuyn v c kh nng lp rp
khng cn gin gio.
Kt cu gi dng gi cng: gin, dm, khung chim t l ln
trong gi thnh kt cu.
Kt cu mi dy c tnh bin dng ln, c kh nng bin hnh do
trong thit k cn c bin php tng kh nng n nh hnh dng ca
h (thit k cng trc).
Thng s dng trong cng trnh th thao, cng cng nhp ln. t s
dng trong cng trnh cng nghip.
2. Kt cu mi dy mt lp:
a. H mt lp dy mm:
- Dng cho mt bng ch nht v hnh trn
- H dy ri u, ta vnh song song hoc hng tm
- H dy v tm mi to v cng ton h do thng to ng sut trc
trong kt cu mi lm tng khn nng chu lc ca kt cu
a. H mt lp dy mm (tip theo):
- Cc dy thng c tnh ton vi cc s lm vic ring r vi mi trng
hp cht ti c mt trng thi cn bng ca dy:
+ Dy mm khng dn: p dng khi s c
f/L1/20, khi tnh ton b qua bin dng n hi
+ Dy mm n hi trn gi c nh: p dng
khi s c f/L<1/20, phi k n bin dng n hi
ca dy.
+ Dy mm n hi trn gi mm:
k thm bin dng ca gi mm
chu lc ngang.
+ Dy mm n hi c ng sut trc
2. Kt cu mi dy mt lp (tip theo):
2. Kt cu mi dy mt lp (tip theo):
b. H mt lp dy cng:
- H kt cu dng dy cng thp hnh, c c nh vo gi cng
- Dy cng lm vic chu ko v un.
- H kt cu c cng ln hn ng thi gim nh ni lc trong h dy v
phn lc gi ta, c th s dng cho mi nh m khng cn ng sut trc.
- Trong tnh ton cn k n cng chng un v ni lc un ca dy
3. Kt cu mi dy hai lp:
Cu to gm hai lp dy v h thanh chng.
- Lp dy vng xung l lp dy chu lc
gi l lp dy ch
- Lp dy vng ln l lp dy cng, gi l
lp dy n nh.
- Lin h gia hai lp l h thanh chng chu
ko hoc chu nn
Hai lp dy lm tng n nh hnh dng
ca h dy v c kh nng chu ti trng o chiu
Thng cng trc lp dy cng m bo
ln hn lc nn do ti trng gy ra
Kt cu mi
dy hai lp
sn vn ng
Nga
4. Kt cu gin dy:
L h kt cu dy hai lp ci tin. Thanh cnh l h dy ch v dy
cng, dy xin to thnh h thanh bng.
Lun phi cng trc cho tt c cc thanh ca gin.
Kt cu gin dy to cng ln v c n nh hnh dng cao.
Vic tnh ton gin dy c th tnh nh gin thng khi gi thit h c
chuyn v nh.
Kt cu gin dy mi sn vn ng ma ng Thy in
5. Kt cu mi dy hnh yn nga:
L h kt cu khng gian to nn t hai lp dy trc giao neo chc vo
cc gi cng l vnh bin hoc dm bin.
Hai lp dy cng to h dy ch vng xung chu lc v dy cng vng
ln c cng trc gi n nh cho h
Khi lp cc tm mi cng to thnh h v lm vic tng t h mi
mt lp dy
6. Kt cu hn hp dy v thanh:
L h kt cu g mcos cc x (gin hoc dm) cng sn v cc dy
cp treo cc x ny.
Thng dng cho cng trnh hng ga, nh trin lm p ng yu cu
khng gian rng ln, yu cu kinh t v c th ci to m rng cng
trnh khng cn thay i kt cu c.
7. Mi treo v mng:
Mt s hnh nh mi treo v mng