So Tay Thi Cong Cau

PGS.TS.
Nguyn vit trung (ch bin)

KS. ng hi, TS.Hong H,
kS. L quang hanh, KS nguyn c vng, KS. Nguyn tuyt trinh

Nh xut bn xy dng
H ni -2004

S tay thi cng Cu cng
PGS.TS. Nguyn vit Trung
1
Mc lc sch
S tay thi cng cu v cc cng trnh trn ng

Phn 1: T chc thi cng cu

Phn 2: Cc cng tc c bn
Chng 2-1: Cng tc b tng
Chng 2-2: Cng tc gia cng thp, hn, tn, lin kt bu lng
Chng 2-3: Cng tc t

Phn 3: o c, nh v
Chng 3-1: Mng li tam gic c
Chng 3-2: Thit b trc c
Chng 3-3: nh v tim tr m
Chng 3-4: Qun l cao v hnh hc trong qu trnh thi cng

Phn 4: Xy dng cc kt cu ph tm

Phn 5: Xy dng mng
Chng 5-1: Thi cng mng trn nn thin nhin
Chng 5-2: Thi cng mng cc ng
Chng 5-3: Thi cng mng cc rung
Chng 5-4: Thi cng mng cc khoan nhi
Chng 5-5: Thi cng mng ging chm

Phn 6: Xy dng tr
Chng 6-1: Thi cng tr BTCT c ti ch
Chng 6-2: Thi cng tr BTCT lp ghp

Phn 7: Xy dng m
Chng 7-1: Thi cng m xy, m BT
Chng 7-2: Thi cng m BTCT c ti ch
Chng 7-3: Thi cng m BTCT lp ghp

Phn 8: Ch to cu kin BTCT v BTCT DL c sn
Chng 8-1: Ch to cc BTCT
Chng 8-2: Ch to bn v dm BTCT thng v BTCT DL

Phn 9: Cng ngh c kt cu nhp BTCT trn gio c nh

PGS.TS. Nguyn vit Trung
2
Phn 10: Cc cng ngh c v cng ngh lp ghp kt cu nhp BTCT trn gio di
ng

Phn 11: Cng ngh lp y v c y kt cu nhp BTCT

Phn 12: Cc cng ngh c hng v lp hng kt cu nhp BTCT

Phn 13: Ch to cu kin thp

Phn 14: Cc cng ngh lp rp kt cu nhp thp

Phn 15: Cc cng ngh lao kt cu nhp thp v BTCT
Chng 15-1: Lao dc, lao ngang KCN thp
Chng 15-3: Cng ngh lao KCN BTCT

Phn 16: Cng ngh lp hng kt cu nhp thp
Phn 17: c im thi cng cu thp lin hp bn BTCT
Phn 18: c im thi cng cu vm
Phn 19: c im thi cng cu treo dy vng
Phn 20: c im thi cng cu treo dy xin
Phn 21: Thi cng mt cu
Phn 22: Thi cng cng

PGS.TS. Nguyn vit Trung S tay thi cng cu cng
Phn 1: T chc xy dng cu cng
1
Phn i
t chc xy dng cu v cng

1.1. CC NGUYN TC T CHC XY DUNG CU VA CNG
1.1.1. Cc nguyn tc
Qu trnh xy dng cu v cng c u tin thc hin bng phng php
cng nghip, s dng ti a cc kt cu v chi tit lp ghp.
Cng tc t chc xy dng cu to iu kin t nng sut cao, bn giao
cng trnh ng thi hn nh, vi cht lng cao, gi thnh h.
Cc cu nh, cu trung v cng c xy dng theo thit k mu tn dng
ti a cc kt cu c chn lc, in hnh ho v c ch to vi cht lng cao,
tit kim trong iu kin cng xng chuyn mn ho. Nu khng c g tr ngi nn
dng cc khi dm c chiu di nguyn bng chiu di nhp (L 33m). Nu do iu
kin vn chuyn v cu lp hn ch c th dng cc t dm ngn c ch to
cng xng, sau c ni ghp ti cng trng.
i vi cc cu ln v cu c bit cng nn tn dng cc kt cu c in
hnh ho, nhng c th kt hp dng cc kt cu c thit k v ch to n
chic cho ph hp iu kin c th ca cu.
V nguyn tc, mi cu kin lp ghp phi c ch to ti cc x nghip
chuyn nghip. Trong iu kin c th, nu cn th c th lp bi thi cng ring ti
cng trng.
S lng cng trnh tm trong cng trng cn hn ch mc t nht, v phi
vn dng cc kt cu vn nng tho lp c.
Cng tc xy dng v lp ghp cn c c gii ho ti mc ti a v ph hp
vi kh nng thc t ca n v thi cng.
Trong cng tc t chc lao ng, iu phi nhn lc cn xp xp chun b
tt, kp thi ni v iu kin lm vic cho cng nhn ng ngnh ngh v bc th.
Cn phn cng hp l trong cc i sn xut chuyn mn, trong cc hng mc cng
tc, c xt n tnh hnh bin ng theo ma trong nm v kh hu iu kin thu
vn, cung cp vt t v.v
Trnh t thi cng, thi gian hon thnh cc cng tc xy dng v lp ghp c
th hin trn cc bng tin v cc biu phn phi nhn lc, my mc thit b,
cung cp vt t v nng lng. cc biu v tin c lp v iu chnh thng
xuyn cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t din bin trong qu trnh thi cng, sao cho
m bo t chc hp l dy chuyn v kt hp cc cng tc vi nhau.
Cng tc kim tra v th nghim vt liu c thc hin thng xuyn ti
phng th nghim ca cng trng hoc n v thi cng. Trong qu trnh thi cng vic
kim tra thng xuyn v cht lng v tin cc hng mc cng tc do cn b k
thut 3 bn: c quan thit k, n v thi cng, ban qun l cng trnh thc hin. Sau
khi kt thc thi cng tng hng mc cng tc, vic nghim thu phi thc hin kp
thi, theo ng quy trnh thi cng v bng cc vn bn k kt.
2
Sau khi hon thnh ton b cng trnh, vic nghim thu do hi ng nghim
thu thc hin v quyt nh bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc. n v thi cng
phi trnh hi ng nghim thu h s thit k v h s hon cng.
Sau khi bn giao cng trnh cho n v qun l khai thc, cng vic cui cng
l lp bn bo co tng hp v k thut ca cng trnh.
1.1.2. nhng vn bn v tI liu cn thit
n thit k t chc thi cng
Cc ti liu thit k kt cu v thit k t chc thi cng c giao cho n v thi
cng trc khi khi cng. Theo quy nh ca "Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu cu
cng ", cc bn v thi cng cc kt cu chnh phi c trao cho n v thi cng trc
khi khi cng theo ng thi gian do c quan thit k quy nh trong tin cung
cp cc bn v thi cng. S liu mi nht v khoan d a cht c gi cho n v
thi cng trc khi lm cc hng mc cng tc ch yu v xy dng nn mng m tr.
Cc bn v gia cng v danh mc cc cu kin ch sn ni khc c cc x
nghip ch to gi n n v thi cng trc khi bt u cung cp cc cu kin .
n thit k t chc thi cng do Nh thu chnh lp ra. Ni chung trong
n thi cng phi xut p dng ti a cc quy tc k thut ph hp vi nhng n
thit k in hnh v c cp trn ph duyt. Khi lp n thit k t chc thi cng
phi da trn cc kt qu iu tra tnh hnh a phng nh: a hnh, ch thu vn
theo tng ma, iu kin kh hu, iu kin cung cp vt t v nng lng, kh nng
tn dng vt liu a phng, cng nhn a phng, nh ca v cng trnh sn c
a phng v.v... Mt khc, n cn ph hp vi kh nng thit b, kt cu ph tm
vn nng m n v thi cng hin c, hoc c trin vng c cung cp cng nh kh
nng ca cc x nghip ph thuc ca n v thi cng ( xng thp, xng b tng,
bi sn xut, m v.v...).
Ni dung n thit k t chc thi cng bao gm cc ti liu chnh sau:
- Bn v tin thi cng
- Mt bng ni xy dng cng trnh
- Thuyt minh v qu trnh thi cng ch yu km theo cc bn v cn thit v
nhng kt cu tm thi, cc kt cu v thit b phc v thi cng
- Thuyt minh v t chc thi cng km theo cc biu phn phi nhn lc,
vt t, thit b
- Cc iu quy nh ( km theo cc bn v nhng thit b cn thit ) v m
bo an ton lao ng khi thi cng trn cc on tuyn ng ang thng xe.
i vi cc cng trng ln ni xa cng trng c cc iu kin thi cng
c bit phc tp ph hp vi thc t, nn lp n t chc thi cng ngay trn
cng trng .
Cn c vo vo n t chc thi cng v thit k thi cng t Nh thu chnh
gi n, Nh thu ph hay n v thi cng cp di s tin hnh lp cc bn v chi
tit v qu trnh sn xut cc b phn kt cu ring l, hoc lp cc bn v v cc qu
trnh thi cng ring l c khi lng ln, i hi phi d kin mt phng php t
chc lao ng mt cch hp l nht v nhng iu ch dn v nhn lc, v my mc
thi cng v vt liu.
3
Cc bn v thi cng no c lp bng cch pht trin v c th ho n
thit k t chc thi cng, sau khi ph duyt, s c bn giao cho n v thi cng
trc khi khi cng cng trnh .
Cc vn bn kim tra v nghim thu
Trong qu trnh thi cng cn ghi cc s nht k cng tc cc hng mc xy
dng v lp cc vn bn bo co, kim tra v vn bn nghim thu tng cng vic. Khi
kt thc cng trnh cn lp cc vn bn nghim thu ton b cng trnh v bo co
tng kt.
Danh mc cc vn bn ch yu cn lp gm c:
- S nht k cng trnh.
- Bin bn di chuyn cc im mc xy dng trc khi xy dng.
- Cc s nht k cng tc o c.
- Bin bn nghim thu cng tc o c, nh v m tr cu.
- Bin bn nghim thu v tr trn mt bng v cao ca m tr.
- Cc bin bn kim tra v nghim thu cc h mng.
- Cc bin bn kim tra cc cc, cc ng, cc vn trc khi ng.
- S nht k ng cc, v bo co tng kt ng cc.
- S nht k ng cc vn.
- S nht k h cc ng v bo co tng kt cng tc h cc ng.
- S nht k cng tc to h m rng chn cc ng bng cht n v bo co
tng kt cng tc ny.
- S nht k khoan m rng di chn cc ng v bo co tng kt.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu tnh trng trong lng ct ng s N
0
... ( tnh
trng h m rng hay h khoan di chn cc ng s N
0
... ) ca mng h tr s N
0
...
- S nht k b tng lp y h khoan, h m rng v lng cc ng bng
phng php rt ng thng ng. Bn bo co tng kt cng tc ny.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu mng cc v mng cc ng.
- S nht k h ging chm ca m tr s N
0
...
- S nht k h ging chm hi p ca m tr s N
0
...
- Bo co hng ngy v v tr ging chm ( ging chm hi p ) ca m tr s
N
0
...
- Bin bn nghim thu o nhn to ( mt bng thi cng ) trc khi bt u c
t ging u tin ca m tr s N
0
...
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu nn di y ging chm ( ging chm hi p
) trc khi lp lng ging chm.
- Bin bn kim tra v th nghim cc phao ni v kn nc.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu cc cng trnh ( thit b ) ph tm phc v
thi cng.
4
- Bin bn nghim thu cc x lan thp lp h ni thi cng.
- Bin bn kim tra, th nghim v nghim thu h ni phc v thi cng trn
sng.
- Bin bn nghim thu ng cho cn cu chy.
- Bin bn kim tra cc cu kin ca b vn khun thp vn nng.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu vn khun lp ca kt cu c b tng ti
ch.
- Bin bn kim tra cc b ct thp cng cao.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu cc ct thp t vo v tr.
- S nht k ko cng ct thp d ng lc.
- Phiu phn tch ho hc i vi nc trn b tng.
- Phiu th nghim xi mng v bin bn nghim thu.
- Nht k th nghim ct.
- Phiu th nghim dm.
- Phiu chn thnh phn b tng v ch x l nhit m.
- Phiu th nghim va phun lp lng ng cha ct thp d ng lc v lp y
khe ni.
- Bin bn c cc mu th nghim b tng.
- Bo co tng kt kt qu th nghim mu b tng (ly ra t cc phn khi c
b tng ti ch ).
- Bin bn kim tra mc chun b sn sng btng.
- S nht k cng tc thi cng.
- S nht k kim tra nhit b tng trong khi ng cng.
- S nht k cng tc b tng di nc.
- Bin bn kim tra mc chun b sn sng tho d, h gio.
- Bin bn kim tra qu trnh h gio v kim tra tnh trng kt cu sau khi
c tho h gio.
- Bin bn nghim thu cc kt cu c ti ch bng b tng v b tng ct thp.
- S nht k bm va lp lng ng cha ct thp d ng lc.
- L lch cc cu kin BTCT d ng lc c a ti cng trng.
- L lch cc khi lp ghp ca kt cu nhp BTCT thng v BTCT d ng lc.
- L lch cc cu kin BTCT c a ti cng trng.
- Bin bn kim tra cht lng v mc ng b ca cc kt cu lp ghp
c gi ti kho ca cng trng.
- Bin bn nghim thu cng tc hn khi lp ghp cc kt cu BTCT.
- Bin bn kim tra cc kt cu BTCT c lp ghp song, cc phn on
ca chng trc khi thc hin mi ni lin khi.
5
- S nht k cng tc hn.
- S nht k thi cng mi ni lp ghp cc kt cu BTCT v b tng.
- Bin bn nghim thu cc kt cu lp ghp xong bng thp, b tng v
BTCT
- Bin bn kim tra o c v tr kt cu nhp trn mt bng v trn mt phng
thng ng sau khi t kt cu nhp ln gi.
- S nht k cng tc lp ghp.
- Bin bn nghim thu cng tc tn inh.
- S nht k tn inh.
- S nht k nghim thu inh tn.
- S nht k kim tra cht lng lm sch b mt tip xc ca cc cu kin c
lin kt bu lng cng cao.
- S nht k kim tra lc cng bulng cng cao bng c l o lc.
- S nht k lp t v xit bulng cng cao.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu lp cch nc mt cu, khe bin dng.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu lp btng bo h cho lp cch nc mt
cu.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu lp lng mt v m thot nc mt cu.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu kt cu mt cu ca cu ng st.
- Bin bn kim tra v nghim thu cng tc p t trn cng.
- Bin bn di chuyn cc mc o c ca cng trnh cu cng trc khi a
cng trnh vo khai thc.
1.2. CC CNG TC CHUN B| XY DUNG
Cng tc chun b xy dng bao gm cc vic:
- Tip nhn cc h s thit k kt cu, thit k thi cng v thit k t chc thi
cng, d ton cng trnh.
- C th ho cc ngun cung cp vt t, kt cu ch sn.
- M ti khon ti ngn hng, k kt cc hp ng.
- Xy dng ln tri, t chc i sng cho cn b cng nhn vin lm vic ti
cng trng v gia nh h.
- Lm ng vo cng trng v ng trong ni b cng trng (ng b,
ng st, ng cho cn cu chy ).
- T chc cc kho bi.
- Lp gip cc thit b c gii v kt cu gio ph tm vn nng.
- Gii phng mt bng thi cng ( di chuyn khu dn c, ni canh tc v.v).
- Lp mng li o c.
- T chc cc bi sn xut hoc xng sn xut ti cng trng.
6
- Chun b sn mt s lng cn thit v vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin lp
ghp khi cng cng trnh ng k hoch.
- Xy dng h thng cung cp in, nc, hi p, h thng thng tin, chiu
sng, phng chng chy.
- Lm cc bn sng, u, bn ph, cu phao, cu tm, cu trnh phc v thi
cng.
- T chc cng tc bo v cng trng.
- Thc hin mi cng tc lin h kt hp vi chnh quyn v nhn dn a
phng v t ai, nhn s v cng tc bo v v.v
1.3. CC K HOACH CNG TC
K hoch xy dng cu cng cn lin quan, ph hp vi cc k hoch xy dng
chung ca ton tuyn ng, hoc on tuyn c cu cng . Cc m tr c cu nh
v cu trung thng dc xy dng trc khi p t on ng u cu, cn kt
cu nhp c lp ghp sau khi p on ng .
Cc cu nh v cu trung thng c xy dng xong hon ton trc khi thi
cng lp mt ng ca tuyn ng t hoc kt cu tng trn ca tuyn ng st,
vic thi cng mt ng c lin tc bng mt t hp my thi cng ng.
Cc cu ln c xy dng khng ph thuc vo vic p ng u cu.
Cc k hoch xy dng c biu din trn cc biu c mc chi tit khc
nhau tu thuc cp qun l.
n v thi cng ln, chu trch nhim thi cng c mt nhm cu, th trn biu
tin tng th ch r vic b tr thc hin cc hng mc chnh ( xy lp m tr
v kt cu nhp, xy dng cng trnh iu chnh dng nc v.v) ca mi cu trong
thi gian k hoch mt nm hay vi nm. Biu ny c cc biu ph v nhn
lc, my mc ch r s thuyn chuyn cng nhn, my xy dng v phng tin vn
ti t cng trng ny sang cng trng khc. Biu nhn lc cn phi b tr sao
cho s lng cng nhn l u hoc tng u ri gim u trong sut qu trnh thi
cng mi cu, trnh vic tng t ngt, gim t ngt mt s lng ln cng nhn
ch trong mt thi gian ngn.
n v thi cng cp thp hn, th trong phm vi trch nhim xy dng ca mnh
cn phi chi tit ho biu tin tng th ca cp trn, cc hng mc cng tc
c ghi t m hn. Biu nhn lc cng c chi tit ho theo cc ngnh th. Cc
biu ny c th lp cho thi gian mt nm, mt qu hoc mt thng theo iu kin
c th.

V d v dng biu tin thi cng cu
S th
t
Hng mc cng trnh n v o S lng Ngy cng
lao ng
7

1
2

3
4

5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12

13
I) Cng tc chun b
- Chun b mt bng
- Lm ng ni b trong
trng
- Lp bi sn xut
- Ch to cc kt cu lp ghp
II) Xy dng m tr
- Xy dng mng
- Lp phn kt cu trn mng
III) Lp ghp kt cu nhp
- Chun b cn cn cu v thit
b
- Lp ghp kt cu nhp
- Lm mt cu
IV) p ng v k iu
chnh
- p nn m v k
- Gia c nn m
- Cc cng tc hon thin v
kt thc xy dng
- Cc cng tc lt vt khc
Tng cng

Ngy cng
m
Ngy cng

m
3

m
3

m
3

Ngy cng
m
3

m
2

m
3
m
3

Ngy cng

Ngy cng
Ngy cng

__

1500
__
1020

850
700

__
620
2100

1800
420
__

10%

1800

3000
600
5800

4200
2100

3200
2600
1800

3500
1680
800

3200
34280
Sau y nu v d rt gn Biu tin thi cng mt cu ng st Vit
nam

1
ma ma
cu m chnh
8 7
M5
K.C.N
2001
3 4
10 9
5 6
12 11
7 8
2 1
9 10
ma ma
Tr tm, sn o
14
2002
6
12
4 3
11
5
13
7
15
9 8
16 17
11 10
18 19
12
20
trn sn o pha cu ung b
tp kt VT-TB, trm trn BT
trn h ni pha h luu.
1/8/01 20/8/01 & 15/12/01 28/2/02
Ri ba lt, lp t t vt, ray
Lp kt cu
K.C.N bng my khoan KH125
K.C.N bng my khoan GPS20
thng th
hng mc
Lp rp thay dn nhp N3
Thi cng m A1
Thanh thi cu c & hon thin
Sn xut dn
Thi cng m A2
Thi cng tr P3
Thi cng tr P2
Thi cng tr P1
Chun b cng trung,
Nm-thng
tin thi cng cu
(m chnh)
K.C.N
Sn o
1/6/01 15/9/01
1/3/02 30/7/02
1/6/01 30/8/01 & 1/1/02 28/2/02
1/6/02 30/9/02
1/6/01 28/2/02
15/6/02 30/7/02
1/6/02 20/7/02
1/5/02 20/6/02
1/3/02 30/5/02
20/8/01 15/9/01 & 1/2/02 15/4/02
15/2/02 30/4/02
15/1/02 30/3/02
15/12/01 28/2/02
1/7/01 30/7/01
1/6/01 30/7/01
ngy bt u
v kt thc 6 5
1 2
K.C.N
K.C.N
M5
M5
M6

1
Sau y nu v d rt gn v bng k nhn lc ca mt cu c hng nc ta
biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng khoan nhi
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng
phn loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
I. My khoan s 1

Th vn hnh my
khoan 2 250
Th li cu 2 250
Th mc 1 250
Th kho st 2 250
Th hn 3 250
Th t thp kt cu 4 250
Th b tng 4 250
Th st 15 250
Th in 1 250
Tng s 34

biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng m tr
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
I.Mi thi cng s 1
Th mc 2 374
Th n 2 374
Th hn 2 374
Th t thp kt cu 10 374
Th kho st 2 374
Th st 15 374
Th in 1 374
Th ln 2 374 cho cc tr di nc
Th li cu 2 374
Tng s 38

biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng dm khung T
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
I.Mi thi cng KCN cc tr P19,P20
Th mc 5 231
Th st 14 231
Th in 1 231
Th kho st 2 231
Th kch ko 8 231
Th li cu 1 231
Th hn 2 231
2
Th vn hnh xe c 2 231
Th n 3 231
Tng s 38 Tnh cho 1 mi TC

biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng c dm 33m
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
Th mc 1 369
Th st 14 369
Th kho st 2 369
Th in 1 369
Th kch ko 10 369
Th n 2 369
Th hn 4 369
Th li cu 2 369
Tng s 36 369
Tnh cho 1 b
v/khun
Tnh cho c 2 mi 72 369
Tnh cho 2 b
v/khun

biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng Lao dm 33m
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch

Th vn hnh cu long
mn 2 263
Th k dn lao trn x m 4 263
Th kch ko 15 263
Tng s 21

biu nhn cng cho hot ng thi cng mt cu, lan can, hon
thin
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
Th mc 1 240
Th st 14 240
Th kho st 2 240
Th in 1 240
Th kch ko 10 240
Th n 8
240

Th hn 4
240

Th li cu 2 240
Tng s 42

biu nhn cng cho hot ng phc v b tng
3
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
Th vn hnh trm trn 2 617

Th iu khin bm b
tng 5 617
Th kch ko 7 617
Nhn vin th nghim 10 617
Th in 2 617
Th vn hnh xe Mix 10 617
Tng s 36

biu nhn cng cho hot ng iu khin h ni
Hot ng
Hng mc nhn cng phn
loi
Tng s cho
hot ng
S ngy
cho hot
ng
Ghi ch
I.H ni s 1
Thuyn trng 1 263
Th vn hnh my 2 263
Th ko cp 4 263
Tng s 7
II.H ni s 2
Thuyn trng 1 256
Th vn hnh my 2 256
Th ko cp 4 256
Tng s 7

Ngoi cc biu tin v biu nhn lc, khi s dng nhiu my mc thit b,
vt t cho cng trng cn phi lp cc biu v nhu cu v s iu phi cc thit b xy
lp chnh, cc cn cu, trm pht in v trm cp hi p, cc thit b trn b tng, lp cc
biu v nhu cu v thi hn giao nhn cc kt cu lp ghp, cc chi tit ch sn v cc
vt liu xy dng.
Sau y nu v d v danh mc cc thit b thi cng ca mt cu c hng
Biu thit b cho hot ng khoan nhi

Hot ng
Thit b
S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
My khoan s
1 My khoan

1 251
H ni 1
400T
1 50
Cha my
khoan
H ni 2 200T 1 50
Cha lng
ct
thp ....
Ba rung 90KW 1 251
Thit b trn, lc v 1 251
4
cung cp bentonite
My nn kh 10m
3
/pht 1 251
Thit b X lan 200T 1 259
trung chuyn Can lai dt 350CV 1 259

Biu thit b cho hot ng thi cng m tr
Hot ng
Thit b S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
Mi thi cng
s 1 Cu
40T
1 339
Ba rung 90KW 1 114
My bm nc 1000m
3
/h 1 339
My bm nc 500m
3
/h 1 339
My bm nc 250m
3
/h 1 339
My xc 0.6m
3
1 5
Gu ngom 1m
3
1 114
trung chuyn Can lai dt 350CV 1 374

Biu thit b cho hot ng thi cng cng trnh ph tm

Hot ng
Thit b S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
Thi cng Cu t hnh 25T 1 45
cng trnh Ba rung 50KW 1 45
ph tm My bm ct 1 45
H ni 1 400T 1 45
H ni 2 200T 1 45
My i 2 45

Biu thit b cho hot ng thi cng kt cu nhp cu dn

Hot ng
Thit b S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
B tr vn
khun Cu t hnh
25T
1 60
bi c My i 1 60
bi cha dm Lu 1 60
c 88 phin Cu long mn 2 310
dm Vn khun dm 33m 4 310
Lao dm Cu long mn 2 264
Cu ni 120T 1 85
Gi ch A 1 85
5
Gi nng dm 33m 2 264
Xe gong ch dm 4 264

Biu thit b cho hot ng thi cng kt cu nhp cu chnh

Hot ng
Thit b S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
Thi cng gio vn khun K0 2 b 200
kt cu nhp Xe c 2 b 320
cu chnh Cu t hnh 40T 2 359
H ni 1 400T 2 359
Cc thit b d ng lc 2 b 359
trung chuyn Can lai dt 350CVA 1 359

Biu thit b cho hot ng phc v chung

Hot ng
Thit b S lng
cho hot
ng
S ngy cho
thit b hot
ng
Ghi ch
Tn thit b Tnh nng
Phc v Trm trn 1
60m
3
/h
1 669
chung Trm trn 2
80m
3
/h
1 600
Trm bin p 630KVA 1 669
My pht in 130KVA 2 669
Xe moc 16T 1 669
t ZIN130 + MAZ 7T 2 669

Cc biu ni trn cn c lp trc khi khi cng xy dng lm cn c iu
hnh sn xut. Trong qu trnh thi cng qua tng khong thi gian nht nh, cc biu
li c iu chnh v c th ho ph hp vi thc t, v m bo thi hn hon
thnh cng trnh.
Trn c s cc thnh tu qun l, ngi ta ra nhiu dng biu tin khc
nhau. Trong xy dng cu hin nay thng dng 2 dng biu tin l dng tin
ngang, v dng s mng ( PERT). Cc D n cu Vit nam hin nay thng dng
chong trinh Win Project qun l d n , trong c phn tr gip lp v iu chnh cc
beu tin . Phn mm MS EXECL cng c s dng cho mc ch lp cc biu
ni trn.
1.4. CUNG CP VT T - KY THUT
K hoch cung cp vt t k thut bao gm cc ti liu trong nu r:
- Nhu cu v cc loi vt t, kt cu, bn thnh phm, thit b, gio, cc b phn
d tr v ca my mc v.v..
- Xc nh cc ni cung cp v ngun cung cp ca tng loi vt t, thit b.
- S phn b vt t thit b cc loi cho tng hng mc cng trnh v thi hn cn
6
thit a n ni thi cng.
1.4.1.Xc nh nhu cu v cc loi my
S lng M ca tng loi my thi cng c d tr theo cng thc:

T P k k
VH
M
. . . 100
2 1
=
Trong :
V: Tng khi lng cng tc cn thc hin lin quan n loi my thi cng ang
xt ( n v o tu theo bn cht vt l ca cng vic, c th l m
3
, t, s
cu kin v.v..).
H: T l phn trm s dng my thi cng trong vic ni trn.
k
1,
k
2
: Cc h s s dng h s theo thi gian v theo ti trng.
P : Nng sut k thut ca my trong 1 gi ( ly theo l lch my ).
T : Thi gian lm vic ca 1 my ( gi ) trong thi k thi cng.
Cc gi tr ca tch s ( k
1,
k
2
, P ) i vi cc loi my thi cng c th tham kho
bng 1.1.
Bng1.1
S liu tham kho v ch tiu khai thc ca cc my thi cng
Loi my n v
o
k
1
.k
2
.P Loi my n v
o
k
1
.k
2
.P

-My xc mt gu vi
dung tch gu (m
3
) l:
0.15
0.30
0.65
1.00
1.25
2.00
- My cp t kiu
r-moc -574
- My i t vn nng
BY-55 v -315
- My i t -535
- My i -275

m
3
t
"
"
"
"
"

"

"
"
"

8.0
20.8
41.7
62.5
71.5
105.3

24

12
23
24

- My san t t hnh
-426 v -345
- Cn cu mi tn t hnh
trn bnh xch bnh hi
hay trn ng st:

- Khi bc d vt liu ri
hay cu kin nh

- Khi bc d v lp ghp
cu kin ln

m
3
t

tnh
cho 1t
trng
ti ca
cn cu

10.4

2.2

1.0
7

Nng sut khai thc hng nm ca t vn ti (N), T/nm, c tnh theo cng thc:
365 .
. . 1
. . . . .
0

v t
q v t
N
+
=
Trong :
t: Thi gian lm vic ca t ( bao gm thi gian xe chy c ch hng, thi gian xe
chy khng c hng, thi gian ch i bc xp v ch i v cc nguyn nhn k thut, hay
t chc vn ti),tnh trong mt ngy.
v: tc k thut trung bnh ca t ( bng qung ng i chia cho thi gian xe
chy ).
: H s s dng hnh trnh ( bng qung ng xe chy c hng chia cho ton b
qung ng xe chy, khi lp k hoch thng ly =0.57).
q: Kh nng trng ti ca t.
: H s s dng k thut v sc ti ca t ( bng ti trng thc ch ca t chia cho
kh nng trng ti ca n, thng ly bng 0.91 khi lp k hoch.
l: Khong cch trung bnh chuyn ch hng.
: H s s dng i xe ( ly bng t s lng t - ngy hot ng vi s t - ngy
ca i xe ).
t
0
: Thi gian xe ch bc xp hng.
Cc c tnh ca my pht in, my p hi
Trong cc bng 1.2 v 1.3 cho s liu tham kho c trng k thut ca cc my pht
in di ng, trm bin th in, my hi p.

Bng 1.2
My pht in 3 pha di ng c

Bng
1.2
Loi
my
pht
loi
nhin
liu
Loi my
pht in
Cng
sut
danh
nh
KW
in th,
V
Cng
dng
in
A
Tn
s
dng
in
Hz
Loi ng
c
Chiu
di
kch
Mm
Chiu
rng
kch
Mm
Chiu
cao
kch
mm
Nng

kg

Xng

izen
"
"
"

C-9
C-30
C-65
C-40
C-50
Y-12

7.2
24
52
27
50
100

133/230
230/400
230/400
230/400
230/400
230/400

22.5
43.5
43.5
49/85
90/157
180/314

50
50
50
50
50
50

12/4
-40P
KM-46
ACM-
IEY
180

1825
2610
3200
2100
2810
3535

650
1026
1090
905
1010
1281

1155
2480
1926
1800
2070
1732

510
1230
3500
1220
3180
8
"

Y-14

200 230/400

361/628 50

16-150
1K-300
4375

1500 1805 3650
5700

Bng1.1
My hi p di ng

Cc tham s

n v
o
Loi my

- Nng sut
- p lc lm vic
- ng c

- Cng sut ng
c
- Kch thc gii
hn:
- Di
- Rng
- Cao
-Trng lng

m
3
/pht
kG/cm
2

kW

mm
mm
mm
kg

4.65
7
ng c
in
AK-82-6

38

3700
1200
1715
2306

5
7
ng c
n
157

104-109

4410
1890
1770
2750

5
7
ng c
n
120

95
*

4950
1870
2020
2650

6
7
ng c
n
120

95
*

3800
1850
1950
2700

9
6
ng c
in
A-2-92-6

75

4170
1850
2030
4000

9
6
ng c
dieden
KM46

80
*

5080
1890
2065
5000

10
6
ng c
iden
-108

108
*

5700
1850
2550
5200
Ghi ch: Cng sut tnh theo m lc
1.4.2. d tr nhin liu
Trong bng 1.1 ghi s liu tham kho v chi ph nhin liu cho cc ng c t trong.
Khi lng du bi trn c d tr theo 3.5% 4.5% ca khi lng nhin liu.
Nhin liu dng cho 1 m lc cng sut danh nh
ca ng c t trong
Bng 1.4
9

Loi nhin
liu
Lng nhin liu (kg) dng cho mt m lc / gi - ng vi cng sut
ca ng c l: ( m lc )
< 15 16-40 4 1-80 81-150 >150
iden
Xng
2.23 / 0.08
0.34 / 0.12
0.22 / 0.08
0.30 / 0.10
0.21 / 0.07
0.29 / 0.10
0.20 / 0.07
0.29 / 0.09
0.18 / 0.06
______

Ghi ch: 1. t s l lng nhin liu khi ng c lm vic vi ti trng cao nht,
mu s ng vi khi ng c chy khng ti.
2. Lng xng dng khi ng ng c, ly bng 3% lng nhin
liu tnh ton.
1.4.3 Cung cp In cho cng trng
Ngun in cung cp ch yu cho cng trng l inli quc gia ly qua trm bin
th c 6 10 kV.
Khi la chn s cung cp in cn xt n: cng sut tiu th cn thit; vic cp
in lin tc cho mt s i tng c bit; c im b tr cc ph ti trn cng trng,s
lng v cng sut ca cc bin th nh, in th cn thit, c im b tr ngun cung cp
in.
Cng sut in cn thit ca my pht c tnh t cng sut cn thit ca cc my
mc, thit b c my pht cp in

=
i i
k P P . .

Trong :
: h s, xt tn hao cng sut trong mng in
P
i
: Cng sut danh nh ca mi my mc, thit b c cung cp in
k
i
: h s cung cp in
i vi tng thi k xy dng khc nhau, kt qu tnh theo cng thc trn s cho gi
tr khc nhau v cng sut in cn cung cp. Nh vy cn lp biu thay i cng sut
theo cc thi k xy dng.
Yu cu tng cng v cng sut in ( ph ti tng cng ln nht) ca dng in 3
pha l:

+ + + + =

4
4 4
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
cos cos cos cos
1 . 1

k p k p k p k p
S
Trong :
S: tng cng sut yu cu
1.1: H s xt n tn hao cng sut trong mng in
10
k
1
: H s cung cp i vi cc ph ti dng in
k
2
: H s cung cp i vi vic chiu sng bn trong
k
3
: H s cung cp i vi vic chiu sng bn ngoi
k
4
: H s cung cp i vi cc thit b cng ngh v sinh hot
P
1
: Cng sut danh nh ca cc ph ti,kW
P
2
: Cng sut yu cu chiu sng bn trong,kW
P
3
: Cng sut yu cu chiu sng bn ngoi,kW
P
4
: Cng sut yu cu cho cc thit b cng ngh v sinh hot,kW
cos
1
, cos
4
: Cc h s cng sut tng ng ln lt vi P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
.
Gi tr ca cc h s cung cp v h s cng sut i vi cc ph ti khc nhau c
ghi trong bng 1.5.
Cng sut c yu cu c th tham kho bng 1.6.
Bng 1.5
Cc h s cung cp v h s cng sut ca cc my dng in trong cng trng

Thit b dng in

H s cung cp
k
1

H s cng
sut cos
Thi gian lm
vic tng i
ca ng c t
(B)
1 2 3 4
- My ct gt kim loi vi ch lm
vic chun
- My bm,my hi p,qut thng gi
- Trm b tng
- My xc c cp dn in
-Cn cu thp v cn cu lp ghp
- Ti
- Bng chuyn ti
- Cc thit b hn in
+ B bin i hn 1 km hn
+ B bin i hn cc mi ni
+ Cc bin th hn
+ Cc b chnh lu hn 1 km
+cc b chnh lu hn nhiu km
- Cc thit b cho cng tc ct thp
- My ca g
- Cc thit b h mc nc
- m dung xch tay
- Dng c in
- Ni hi
- L rn
- Cc thit b xy nng b tng c n
2 my bin th
- Cc thit b sy nng b tng c 35
my bin th
0.16

0.6-0.8
0.5-0.6
0.5-0.6
0.25-0.35
0.2-0.3
0.6-0.7

0.5
0.7
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.45
0.65
0.5-0.6
0.4
0.25
0.5
0.27
1.0

0.8

0.5

0.7-0.8
0.65
0.5-0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4-0.6

0.7-0.75
0.7
0.4-0.5
0.58
0.7
0.5
0.75
0.7
0.45
0.3-0.45
0.7
0.65
0.95

0.8

1.0

1.0
1.0
0.4
0.25
0.4
1.0

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

11
- Cc thit b sy nng b tng c 6
my bin th v hn na
- Chiu sng bn trong bng in
- Chiu sng bn ngoi bng in
0.65

0.8-0.9
1
0.7

1
1
1.0

1.0
1.0
Ghi ch: Khi xc nh cng sut in yu cu chiu sng, nn xt h s 1.25 i
vi loi n thng, v h s 1.12 i vi loi n thu ngn.
Bng 1.6 Cng sut in yu cu trn cng trng
Ni dung c im ph ti
dng in
n v o Cng sut yu
cu cho 1 n
v o( P), kW
Lng in
cho 1 n v
(W), kW/
gi
1 2 3 4 5
- Chiu sng nh
- Chiu sng nh lm
vic

- Chiu sng kho c
mi che
- Chiu sng phn
xng

- Chiu sng cc nh
cha xe

- Chiu sng a
im thi cng

- Chiu sng bi
cha vt liu

- Chiu sng ng
i li

- Chiu sng hng
ro bo v

- Vn chuyn vt
Chiu sng bn
trong
- Vn phng
- Nh n
- Bnh vin,vn tr
- Cu lc b
- n treo trn trn
-Phn xng b
tng
- Phn xng c
kh, gia cng
- Phn xng mc
-Phn xng ca g
- My hi p, my
bm
- Gara t
- Nh cha u my
xe la
- o t trong h
mng
- Cng tc b tng
v BTCT
- Cng tc cc
- Lp ghp kt cu
xy dng
- Cng tc xp d
- Vt liu ri
- Kt cu xy dng
g
- Bng cc n c
200W t cch
qung 25 30 m
- Bng cc n
200W

- Bm xi mng
100m
2
din
tch

1000m
2
din
tch thi cng

1000m di

100m di
hng ro
1t
100m
2

1.3

1.0-1.5
0.8-1.0
0.7-0.9
1.0-1.2
0.3-0.4

0.5

1.3
1.8
0.8

0.5-0.6
0.5
0.4

1.5-1.8

2.0-2.2

0.8
3.0-4.0

1.5-2.0
0.8-1.2

1.5-2

5.0

4.0

4.5
12
liu xy dng

- Cngtc b tng

Gia cng g v vn
khun

- Cng tc hn in

- Cng tc lp ghp
- Vn chuyn vt
liu ri bng bng
chuyn
- Vn chuyn thng
ng hn hp b
tng
- Ch to hn hp
b tong
- Ch to va
- Ch to kt cu
BTCT
- b tng v
m rung
- Ca cc vn dy 5
cm
- Ch to vn khun
g
- Hn ni ct thp
v kt cu vi dng
in xoay chiu
- Nh trn ni vi
dng in mt
chiu
- Lp kt cu thp
- Lp kt cu BTCT

1000m
3

1000m

1kg thp c
hn

t
t

7.4

200

120
160

15

240

30

4

8

13

12
i vi cc ng c hot ng lin tc, th cng sut tnh ton ly bng cng sut
danh nh theo l lch ng c.
i vi cc ng c in v cc my dng in mt pha hot ng ngt qung, th
cng sut tnh theo cng thc:
t P P
c T
=
Trong :
P
c
- cng sut ng c ( ghi trong l lch ) loi mt pha,kW.
t - Thi gian lm vic tng i ca ng c, ly thao l lch ng c c k hiu ch
ci B ( xem bng 1.5).
Nu cng sut theo l lch tnh bng kW l S khi cos 1 th:
cos . t S P =
Trong : cos - Tr s ghi trong l lch ca h s cng sut.
Khi xc nh ph ti ln cc im phn phi, cung cp cho cc ng dy v trn
bin th, c th cng cc ph ti 3 pha vi cc ph ti 1 pha ( v d nh cc bin th hn,
vi iu kin l cng sut chung ca cc ph ti 1 pha, khng phn b u theo cc pha,
qu mc 15% cng sut chung ca tt c cc ph ti).
Nu iu kin cng sut khng t c th phi xc nh cng sut danh nh 3 pha
quy c theo cc ti liu s tay tra cu.
13
Ph ti tnh ton bn cun in p thp S
2
ca trm cp in c xc nh theo
cng thc:
S
2
= k
y
.S
Trong :
k
y
- h s ly theo th nghim cng trng. k
y
=0.75 0.85.
S - cng sut yu cu chung, kW.
1.4.4. cung cp nc cho cng trnh
Cc ngun cp nc cho cng trng gm c h thng cp nc chung ca thnh
ph, nc sng v i khi l ngun nc ngm.
Nc n ung trn cng trng phi m bo cc tiu chun v sinh ca nc n
ung c ban hnh.
Nc dng cho sn xut cn p ng cc yu cu v cng ngh, chng hn nc dng
cho ni hi phi lc c bit, khng cha cc axit t do, clorua mangan, hyrat canxi,
du m v.v
trn v bo dng btng c th dng loi nc c phng th nghim kim
tra xc nhn l dng c. Cm dng nc thi, nc m ly cho cc nhu cu xy dng.
Khi lp t h thng ng dn nc n cng trng cn tun theo cc yu cu sau:
- Ti cc ch giao nhau vi cc ng ng khc, ng dy in thoi ngm v.v
khng cch thng ng gia chng t nht l 20cm.
- Trc dc ca cc ng ng dn nc bm theo a hnh.Ti cc ch gy gc hoc
phn nhnh phi t cc ging t.
Th tch thng cha ca thp nc ni chung khng nh hn 10% nhu cu s dng
trong mt ngy m v khng nh hn tr s:
W
p.c
+W
d.t
Trong :
W
p.c
- lng nc d tr phng chng chy, xc nh theo tiu chun v phng chng
chy.
W
d.t
- Lng nc d tr phng cc s c, cp cho nhng ph ti c bit i
hi cp nc lin tc, nh thit b ni hi v.v
Chiu cao thp nc phi cao hn t nht 5m so vi im cao nht ca cng
trng.
Nng sut trm bm c xc nh theo nhu cu khi lng nc trong 1 gi, tng
ln t 50 100%.
Ti liu tham kho v cc my bm xem bng 1.7.
Trong trm bm phi c mt my bm d tr lun lun sn sng lm vic.
Cng sut ng c ca my bm l:

2 1
102
QH
N = ,kW
Trong :
14
Q - Lng nc tnh ton, lt/ giy
H - chiu cao ct nc thu tnh m my bm dng ln c, m, ly bng tng cc
chiu cao ht, chiu cao bm v sc cn thu lc ( sc cn cc b v sc cn ma st trong
cc ng ht v ng y ca bm ); chiu cao ht thng khng qu 5 6 m v ph thuc
kt cu my bm, p lc bm v nhit nc.
- h s d tr vt ti ca mt, ly tu theo cng sut ca ng c in nh sau:
Cng sut ng c: < 0.8,kW ; < 1.5, kW ; < 4kW ; > 4kW
H s : 2 ; 1.5 ; 1.4 ; 1.15
2
- h s hiu dng truyn ng cua - roa, ly bng 0.97 ( khi t my bm trn
cng mt trc vi ng c in th khng xt n
2
).
1
- H s hiu dng ca my bm ( theo l lch my ).
Khi lng nc tnh ton ln nht tng cng ( lit / giy ) i vi ton cng trng
hay tng khu vc c xc nh theo ca sn xut no dng nhiu nc nht v bng:
Q= ( Q
1
+Q
2
) +Q
3

Trong :
- H s xt n cc ph ti lt vt v tn hao trong cc ng ng, thng ly =
1.15 - 1.25.
Q
1 ,
Q
2,
Q
3
- Cc lng nc tng ng cho cc nhu cu sn xut, n ung, sinh hot
v cc nhu cu phng chy, lt/ giy.
Nhu cu nc cho sn xut :
3600
1
=
i i i
k m q
Q
Nhu cu nc cho sinh hot:
3600
2
xi xi x
m q k
Q
Trong :
q
i
v q
xi
- Tng ng l lng nc theo gi dng cho sn xut v dng cho sinh
hot ( c th tnh c theo s liu bng 1-8 v khi lng cng vic thc t cn dng nc
cng trng).

= =
=
m
i
m
i
th
i
g
v
G i
g
v
d
H
1
2
1
2
2 2
1

Mi sc cn cc b c th c biu th bng chiu di mt on ng thng tng
ng
d G
l
td
.
=
Trong :
d - ng knh ng.
G - h s sc cn cc b, ( bng 1-7).
Bng 1.7 Gi tr h s sc cn cc b(G)
15
Mt ct ng
m rng ra
t ngt
Mt ct ng
co hp li t
ngt
ng un cong
u gc 90
0

ng cun gp
theo gc
Van ng li
mt phn
Van ngui
c li
2
/
1

G
3
/
4

G d/R G
()
G h/d G d
h
G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.29
0.44
0.66
0.98
1.41
1.98
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.55
0.7
0.9
1.1
1
7/8
6/8
5/8
4/8
3/8
2/8

1/8
0
0.07
0.26
0.81
2.06
5.52
17

97.8
40
50
25
100
125
150
200
250
300
12
10
8
7
6.5
6.0
5.2
4.5
3.7
Ch thch:
1
v
2
- Tng ng l cc din tch ln nh ca mt ct t ca 2 ng
ni vi nhau.

3
v
4
- Tng ng l cc din tch nh v ln ca mt ct t ca hai
ng ni vi nhau.
d/R - T s ng knh ng vi bn knh quay ng.
- Gc ngoi, to nn gia cc trc ng ti ch un gy gc
h/d - T s chiu cao m ca van vi ng knh l ca n.
d
h
- ng knh ng ht, mm.
Bng 1.8 Lng nc dng tnh theo n v s dng
Ph ti dng
nc
iu kin nhu cu n v o lng nc
cho 1 n v
1 2 3 4

Ly t bng
my xc c ng
c t trong

Lm ti v sn
t bng thit b
ko moc
Cng tc b tng
Cng tc trt

Cng tc lp
ghp
Cng tc xy lp
- C gu thun hay gu ngc
+ Trong t nh xp
+ Trong t trung bnh
+ Trong t nng
- Bng gu ca my cp t
+ Trong t nh
+ Trong t trung bnh
- Bng my cp dt v my i
- b tng bng vn khun sch
v ti m 4 ln mi ngy
- Bm b tng bng my bm

- Trt va bng tay
- Trt va b mt bng my c
cp va bng my bm
- Cn cu c ng c t trong
- My hi p hot ng

1 m
3
t phi o

1 m
3
b tng

m
2

m
2

1t ti trng cho
mt ca my 1m
3

trong 1 gi

1.0 - 1.7
1.6- 3.0
3.5 - 6.5

2.1 - 6.5
3.8 - 4.5
0.6 - 0.8
500 - 700

1000-1300

4 - 6
10 - 12
15 - 28
5 - 10
Cc x nghip sn xut
16
Ch to b tng
v va

Ch to cu kin
BTCT lp ghp
- Trn b tng hn hp cng
- Trn b tng hn hp do
- Trn va xi mng
- Ti vi
- Ra sng dm, si
- Ra ct
- Ch to v hp hi cu kin khi
ln
- Ch to v hp hi cu kin khi
nh
- Ch to v khng hp hi cu
kin
1m
3
b tng
-
1m
3
va

m
3

-
-
-
-
225-275
250-300
200-300
2500-3500
750-1000
1250-1500

300-350

500-700

300-400

t

My ko

Vn ti
- lng nc chung cho xe con
- lng nc chung cho xe ti
+ C 1.5 3t
+ c 4 5t
- lng nc cho xe but
- i tu t
- lng nc cho my ko, t
- i tu xe

Ca xe
-
-

-
-
ca my
my ko

300-400

400-500
500-700
1500
700-800
200-300
1200-1500

Thit b hi nc

ng c t
trong

My hi p

Thit b ng lc
- Ni hi khng dng bnh ngng
t

- Ni hi c bnh ngng t
- u my hi nc khng c bnh
ngng
- ng c izen lm mt bng
nc cp thun
- ng c izen, cp nc ngc
chiu.
- My ra xe t ti ( Bng p lc
mnh ca tia nc).
- Ca my ko.
- Ca rmoc 2 trc
- Khi cp nc thun

1m
2
din tch
khng b t
nng

M lc trong 1
ca
-
-
-

1 my ra

-

1m
3
kh

15 30

1 3

140 280
120- 300
25- 40

400- 500

600- 800
100 150

5 - 10

Phc v cn b
cng nhn ni
sn xut

Dng cho khu
nh gia nh v
dch v khc
Dng cho sinh hot
- Tm ra n ung v.v cho 1 ca
sn xut
- Nh trn cho vn phng
- Nh trn khi khng mng dn
- Sinh hot
- Tm
- Vi nc hoa sen
- Nh n
- Bnh x

1 ngi

1 ngi
1 cng nhn
1 ngi
1 ln tm
-
1 ngi
-

20 25

12 18
15 20

40 60
130 150
30 40
10 15
10 - 15
17
Bng 1.9 My bm nc do Nga sn xut
Loi ng
c in ca
my bm
Tn
my
bm
Nng
sut,m
3
/gi
Ct
nc
dng,m
Cng
sut
ng
c
in,k
W
Tn s
quay
vng /
pht
H s
hiu
dng
Trng
lng,
kg
AO-32-2
A-62-2
AO2-42-2
A2-81-2
AO2-42-2
A2-72-4
A2-81-4
AO2-12-4
AO2-32-2
AO2-32-4
2K 6
3K 6
3K - 9
4K 6
4K 18
6K 8
8K 12
H-40
-40
-80

10 30
45
30 45
90
60 100
162
288
8 12.6
10.8
24
28 49
34.5 24
54
34.8- 27
87
25.7
18.9
32
29
4 6
18 24
10 14
4.0
20
7.5
55
7.5
30
40
0.8
4.0
3
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
1450
1450
1450
2900
1450
50.6- 64
63
62- 72
65
76 79.5
78
82
-
-
-
78
301
129
496
110.8
437
545
57
75
88
Bng 1.10 H s ma st thu lc ( ) v c trng lu lng (K) i vi
cc ng thp v ng gang
ng knh
thot nc
quy c,mm
ng knh
trong tnh
ton(d),mm
Din tch
thot nc
quy c
(),dm
2

H s ma st
thu lc ()
c trng lu
lng(K),
lt/giy
1000/K
2

(giy/lt)
2

1 2 3 4 5 6
ng thp dn hi v dn nc (OCT 3262- 62)
25
32
40
50
70
80
90
100
125
150
26.1
34.9
40.0
52.0
66.5
77.5
92.5
104.4
130.0
155.0
0.05
0.10
0.13
0.21
0.35
0.50
0.67
0.85
1.33
1.89
0.061
0.058
0.055
0.051
0.047
0.045
0.043
0.041
0.039
0.037
1.53
3.30
4.98
9.50
18.28
29.20
43.50
59.60
107.8
171.7
427.80
91.72
44.48
11.08
3.009
1.167
0.529
0.281
0.086
0.034
ng thp hn in ( OCT 10704-63)
50
60
75
80
100
125
150
175
200
64
70
83
95
114
133
158
170
209
0.32
0.38
0.54
0.71
1.02
1.39
1.95
2.27
3.43
0.048
0.047
0.044
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.035
0.034
16.49
20.85
32.81
46.90
76.30
114.50
180.10
189.50
378.30
3.686
2.292
0.929
0.454
0.173
0.076
0.031
0.021
0.007
ng gang chu p lc (OCT 5525-61 v 9583-61)
18
50
60
100
125
150
200
51.6
82.6
102.0
127.2
152.4
202.6
0.23
0.54
0.82
1.27
1.82
3.22
0.051
0.044
0.041
0.039
0.036
0.033
9.32
32.40
56.50
101.80
164.60
352.00
11.54
0.953
0.312
0.096
0.037
0.008
Ch thch:
- ng knh trong tnh ton ly nh hn ng knh ng 1mm xt n hin tng
r
- G tr cc h s , K v
2
1000
K
trong bng ng vi tc chy trung bnh ca nc v
1.2m/giy (
Q
v
. 1 . 0
= , m/giy, trong Q l lu lng tnh ton, m/ giy; l
dien tch tnh ton ca ng, dm
2
)
- Khi v < 1.2 m/giy th cc h s trong bng phi nhn vi cc h s hiu chnh n v
m, tu theo gi tr v nh sau:
V. . . 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
n . . .1.41 1.28 1.20 1.15 1.115 0.1085 1.06 1.04 1.03
m . . . 0.84 0.88 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.985

1.4.5. Cung cp hi p
Nng sut cn thit ca trm cp hi p l:
Q= 1,3q
i
. k
i
. m , m
2
/ pht
Trong
q
i
lng hi p cn thit ca mi thit b ( bng 1.1 ), m
3
/ pht
k
i
h s ng thi, ph thuc vo s lng thit b cn cp hi p c u vo my
hi p
1,3 H s tn hao khi trong my hi p, trong cc ng dn hi v vi phun.
Bng 1.11 H s ng thi ca cc my dng hi p
S lng my cn hi
p hot ng trong
1 ca
2 - 3 4 - 6 8 10 12 16 20 30
H s K 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
Khi chn ng knh ng dn hi, c th cn c vo chiu di ng dn hi, v lng
hi p cn bm qua ng ng theo bng 1-13.
Bng 1.12 Lng hi p cn dng cho cc thit b
Tn thit b cn c cung cp
hi p
Lng hi
p m
3
/pht
Tn thit b cn c cung cp
hi p
Lng hi
p m
3
/pht
19

Ba tn inh vi c inh 16-
32mm
B bng hi p tn inh
L rn
My khoan l 22mm
My khoan l 32mm
My mi, c l hi p xit -cu
Ba hi p
Ba khoan hi p
My bm b tng hi p
My thng ch tc bng hi p
My bm xi mng

1 1.1

0.2 0.3
1.2
1.0 1.7
1.3 2.2
0.9 1.4
0.9 1.4
2.0-1.6
1.6
1.0
5.0

Ba hi ng cc c trng
lng phn va p l:
+ 2 3t
+ 4 5t
Bm nc ( cho 1m
3
nc c
bm dng)
+ Khi chiu cao dng 5 15m
+ Khi chiu cao dng 20
30m
Cc my trt va
Cc my phun sn

20 27
34 42

25 30

3.5 4.5
2.0 2.5
0.2 0.3
Bng 1.13 Chn ng ng dn hi p theo chiu di ng dnv lng hi p
( vi p lc 6 kG/cm
2
)
Lng
kh
c
my
nn ht
vo
Chiu di ng ng dn hi nc
50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100
0
125
0
ng knh ng dn hi p
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12.5
15.0
17.5
20
25
37
40
43
46
49
49
52
58
64
64
70
76
43
46
49
54
58
58
58
64
70
76
82
88
49
54
58
64
64
64
70
76
82
88
88
100
54
58
64
70
70
76
76
82
88
94
100
106
58
58
64
70
76
76
82
88
94
100
106
113
64
64
70
76
76
82
82
88
94
106
113
119
64
70
70
76
82
82
88
94
100
106
113
125
64
70
79
76
82
88
94
100
106
113
119
125
64
70
76
82
88
94
100
106
113
119
125
131
70
76
76
82
88
94
100
106
113
119
131
131
70
76
80
88
88
94
100
106
119
125
131
137
76
76
80
88
94
100
106
113
119
125
137
143
20
50
100

94
119
106
137
125
162
131
176
143
180
143
192
150
203
150
216

156
228
162
228
169
228
169
228
1.5. AN TOAN LAO NG VA V SINH MI TRONG
Cc quy tc k thut an ton chung trong xy dng cn c ph bin bt buc n
tt c cn b, cng nhn lm vic ti cng trng khi bt u khi cng. Ti nhng ch thi
cng tp chung, c nhiu my mc nh: h mng, khu vc ang cu lp v.vcn c bit
ch nhc nh v quy tc an ton lao ng bng cc phng tin thng tin cn thit.
Vic iu khin cc loi my mc thit b bt k u ch giao c th cho cc cng
nhn c trnh ngh nghip thnh tho, nm vng cc quy tc an ton lao ng.
Cc dng c v trang b bo h lao ng cn y , v s dng ng chc nng, thi
hn quy nh. Cc cng nhn cha mang trang b bo h khng c php lm vic.
Cc cn b chuyn trch v bo h lao ng thng xuyn c mt ti khu vc thi cng
kin tra, v bo m tnh trng an ton lao ng mc tt nht.
Phi lp k hoch m bo an ton lao ng trn cng trng, c xt n d kin
phng trnh v gii quyt cc trng hp c th xy ra nh: chy, va,tri, in git, ng t
trn cao xung, ng xung nc, n bnh hi p, ngi b va p v.v
Cc kho cha cht n, nhin liu, xi mng phi b tr xa ni ca cng nhn, v
cc dng c phng h.
Cc bin php thi cng, b tr nh v iu kin sinh hot cho ngi cng trng cn
phi m bo cc iu kin v sinh mi trng
1.6. B TR MT BNG CNG TRONG
Khi b tr s mt bng cng trng cn xt n nhiu yu t, trong ch yu l :
- Cc iu kin a phng: thu vn, a cht, a hnh, a mo, khu vc nc t,
bi t chng, mc thng thuyn trn sng v.v...
- S cu v vt liu lm kt cu nhp: thp, BTCT.
- Phng php thi cng kt cu nhp. Phng php lp ghp hay c ti ch cc kt
cu BTCT.
- Cc dng vn ti n cng trng; trong ni b cng trng, v tr ca chng so vi
cu.
- C sn ng vo u cu hay cha c
i vi cc sng khng ln v t thng thuyn, c th b tr cng trng mt bn
b sao cho thun tin cung cp vt t, v kt cu vi cc tuyn giao thng c sn.
i vi sng thng nhiu thuyn, vic i li gia 2 b kh khn nn b tr cng trnh
c 2 bn b, mt bn chnh, mt bn ph. Trn cng trng chnh b tr bi sn sut kt
cu BTCT lp ghp, trm trn b tng chnh, cc kho chnh cha vt liu v kt cu.
Cn b tr bn can v cu tu a cn b cng nhn qua sng an ton trong mi
thi tit sut qu trnh thi cng.
Khi b tr cng trng, cn kt hp gia nhu cu sn xut xy dng, nhu cu sinh
hot ca cng nhn, v nhu cu tit kim t ai, tin vn lm cc nh v cng trnh ph
21
tm. Ngy nay do vic gii phng mt bng rt kh khn nn nhiu cng trng p dng
vic thu nh ca nhn dn a phng theo thi v cng vic cho cn b v cng nhn.
Trn s mt bng cng trng phi th hin r c im ca qu trnh cng ngh
xy dng t vic bc xp, bo qun trong kho bi, gia cng nguyn vt liu v kt cu n
vic ch to cc cu kin, v a n v tr lp rp.
Trn s th hin r cc tuyn giao thng ng t, ng st, ng thu n
cng trng v trong ni b cng trng.
Cn c bit ch cng tc bo v an ton v chng trm trn cng trng, v vy tt
nht l c bin php ro kn khu vc cng trng v c lc lng bo v thng xuyn
trnh cng trng b ngp nc trong nhng thi gian nht nh, cn phi lp
bng cao trnh cn thit ca cc hng mc cng trinh qun l theo thi gian. V d nh
sau:
V DU QUN L CC CAO TRNH THI CNG CA CC HANG MUC CHNH
STT Hng
mc
Cao (m)
Mt o Mi cc nh
v
Mi cc vn
thp
y h
mng
Khung
chng
1 Tr P1 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -1.32 2.98
2 P6 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -1.07 3.23
3 P7 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -0.798 3.502
4 P8 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -0.511 3.789
5 P9 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -1.274 3.026
6 P10 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -1.437 2.863
7 P26 5.00 -4.50 -6.50 -1.407 2.893
Sau y nu v d b tr cng trng ca cu Cu-lu v cu Th b tham kho
22
p5
p10 p9 p6 p7 p8
b3
p12 p11
to ha noi
Hnh 1.2 B tr mt bng cng trng cu Cu Lu ( Pha b i H Ni)
23
vt bn 1m+p t m k90 2.5m
300m ro cng trng(L75 cao 2.5m a=2m)
gia c khu vc trm trn (25cy/m2)
gia c khu vc trm trn v bi cha t.b
+ 30cm hc + 10cm dm
ro cng trng
Lm mng trm
khi lng xy dng mt bng b m m1
Ghi ch
mt bng cng trng b m m1
20m
6
m
73.4m
1
1
m
5m
102.9m
n
h
n
g
c
n
g
v

3
3
m
5
6
m
375/3.3 m/t l75x75x10
li thp b40
12
11
m2 600
Trm trn 60m3/h
B nc 40m3
bn btct 2.3x2x0.2m
cn ri bi dy 0.2m
c trm d10cm; l=5m
ng cng v b=4m
p bi thi cng +2.50
Hng mc
n
g

i b
n
p
h
10
9
7
6
nh
4
3
5
hc
2
1
TT
cy
trm
ci
m2
01
02
1000
40000
tm
m2
m2
m2
m
4500
3600
150
300
12300
15m3bt, 1 tn thp
180m3( dm)
540m3( hc)
p t : 5600m3
vt bn 2700m3
900 m3
720 m3
30000 m3
n v s lng khi lng
2
6
m
10m
1
1
.
8
m
P
h
m

v
i
g
ia

t
i
m
M
1
bi tm cho thit b thi cng
n
h
k
h
o
B.C.H
2
1
1
.
8
m
i quc l 50
bi c v cha cc
m1
ct
3
3
m
=
2
=
1
6
.5
m
40m
B
c
6
m
15m
Gim c
55m
tng cng ty xy dng ctgt 1
p.k.t.k.t
thc hin
kim tra
800
2800
170/340
10/18.5
02
60
40
s lng
dy in h th
Bi c cc:
cn:
B tng M200
18
17
15
16
14
13
(dy bc)
m3
m3
m
ng in cao th
trm in 350kva
r thp hc
Cc 2i360; l=16m
trm
m
R/m3
Cc/T
Phm vi gii phng mt bng
TT Hng mc n v
Lm m nh
Ct in I500; L=24m: 6 ct/110 tn(ct di sng : 4cc II500 pha
Ct in I500; L=24m: 50 ct/430 tn(ct trn b : 2 cc II500)
Lm m nh
s + ph kin: 168 b
trn c 2 khoang YUKM)
Dy trn: 8400m
khi lng Ghi ch
nh tm
W.C
cng trnh cu th b
km2+658.32 tnh l 19
thit k t chc thi cng
mt bng cng trng b m m1
ngy / / 2001
t l: 1/500
Bn v s: mb-01
ln ban hnh:
Ra ng in cao th
B 40m3
trm in
Ct
6
.
5
m
2
0
m
1
2
m
5m
2640m2
khu nh ca cng nhn
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
b c dm 1
7.1m 5m 5m
1
5m
6m
ng cng v
My trn BT 500lt
T1
b c dm 2
6
.
5
m
T2
Khu vc trm trn
3
3
m
=
2
=
1
6
.5
m
kho xi mng
b c dm 3
1650m2
t
s
t
d
y

1
m
m nh
T3
Phm vi gii phng mt bng
T4
Cu tm
i nh b

Hnh 1.3 B tr mt bng cng trng cu Th B
24
cu hin ti
tim cu mi
n
g

c
n
g

v

b

=

4
m
bi lao dm
bi cha dm
bi c dm
ng cng v b = 4m
M0
M

I
I
T1
m
c
I
M
C
D
I
I
T2 T3
M

I
I
I
Hnh 1.4 B tr mt bng cng trng cu HatDeng
Chng 2: Cc cng tc c bn
1
Chng 2
Cc Cng tc c bn

2.1.Cng tc b tng
2.1.1. Gii thiu cng ngh thi cng b tng
Cng ngh thi cng b tng hp l c tnh cht quyt nh nht nh ti cht lng,
tin cng nh gi thnh cng trnh, rt c ngha i vi cc nh thu thi cng trong
giai on hin nay v trong tng lai ginh thu thi cng cc cng trnh ln.
i vi cc kt cu cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp hay b tng d ng
lc, tu thuc vo cc c trng ring ca tng loi kt cu m c phng php thi cng b
tng hp l nht. K s cn c yu cu cng ngh tnh ton s b ri tin hnh th
nghim trong Phng th nghim v th nghim ti Tram trn b tng quyt nh ng t
l trn b tng hp l nht c xt loi loi ph gia ph hp nht. T s gip ra c
cc phng n thi cng va m bo cht lng cng trnh, gi thnh h, va y nhanh
tin thi cng.
Tu iu kin ca mi d n v nng lc ring, mi Nh thu c th chn gii php
mua b tng toi thng phm t Nh thu khc hoc gii php b tr Trm trn b tng
ca mnh ti cng trnh. Sai s th nghim ca tng Trm trn thng khc nhau. Do vy
vi tng Trm trn, nht thit phi th nghim cp phi cho tng loi b tng mc d trc
.
2.1.2. Tng quan v cng ngh thi cng b tng
Cc ti liu k thut ca cng trnh: Qui nh k thut, qui nh chung, qui nh ring
ca mi d n u ch r yu cu v cng b tng, lng xi mng ti thiu, t l nc /
xi mng (N/X) ti a, kch c, cp phi ct liu cho tng loi kt cu cu: dm cu, mt
cu, tr, m, mng cc... T , Nh thu,s da trn nng lc thit b hin c ca mnh,
tnh ton da trn cc kt qu th nghim mu a ra cng , cng nh t l cp phi
phi trn thc t p ng c yu cu cng b tng theo thit k.
2.1.3. La chn ngun nguyn liu cp phi b tng
2.1.3.1. Xi mng
Thng thng, trnh tnh trng phi th nghim li cp phi i vi mt loi b
tng, nn s dng duy nht mt nhn hiu ca mt loi xi mng c cht lng ng b cho
mt loi cng trnh. Xi mng c th c vn chuyn ti cng trnh di 2 dng l xi mng
ri t cc thng cha hoc xi mng ng bao. Hin nay, cc cng trng s dngch yu
loi xi mng ng bao. Khi bao xi mng c vn chuyn ti cng trng, phi c bo
qun trong nh kho m bo thong, sch, cao c tng bao quanh v mi che ma. Cc
bao xi mng c bo qun khng qu 10 bao 1 chng v cch tng t nht 20 cm, theo
tng l ring bit. Kho bo qun phi m bo c mt li i d dng kin tra, bo m
xut xi mng kp thi khi c lnh, thi gian lu kho phi nh hn 2 thng.. Xi mng m,
2
vn cc hoc trong tnh trng khng thch hp s khng c s dng ti. Xi mng vi
nhn hiu, loi khc nhau hoc t cc xng sn xut khc nhau s c ct gi ring bit.
Khng cho php s dng xi mng t cc bao dng ri hoc b loi b. Hin nay, cc
cng trnh ch yu dng loi xi mng Portlan thng, mc ph bin l PC30 nh Chinh
Fng, Hong Thch, Bt Sn v PC 40 nh Ching Fng, Hong Thch, Bt Sn. cc loi xi
mng c pha khong cht vi tn gi PCB cng c ng dng rng ri nc ta.
Cc loi xi mng l ng v xi mng a phng khng c s dng trong cc cng
trnh cu.
Cc loi xi mng k trn l xi mng c sn xut theo cng ngh hin i, cht
lng xi mng tt, n nh tho mn c cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam cng nh ca Quc
t (v d nh TCVN 2682-94 hay TCVN 6260-97 hoc Type I AASHTO M85). ch to
b tng mc cao, b tng d ng lc cn dng xi mng PC40. Xi mng thng dng c cc
ch tiu sau:
Tiu chun xi mng thng dng
Ch tiu Tiu chun PC30 PC40
nghin mn (Phn
st trn sng 0.08 mm
> 15 15
Thi gian ng kt Bt u khng sm
hn (Pht)
45 45
Khng kt thc
mun hn (pht)
600 600
n nh th tch
(Phng php losatolie)
(mm)
< 10 10

Gii hn bn nn khng
nh hn (N/mm
2
)
3 ngy 16 21
28 ngy 30 40
Mt khi nung(%) < 5 5
2.1.3.2. Nc:
Nc dng trn b tng, bo dng hoc cc ng dng khc theo nguyn tc
chung phi l nc n c, mt khc phi tng i sch v khng c du, mui, a xt,
kim, ng thc vt hoc bt c cht no c hi nh hng xu n cht lng sn
phm. C th dng nc n (nu gn khu dn c), nc ging hoc nc sng ni cng
trnh thi cng. Nu cn thit, s th nc bng cch so snh vi nc ct bng cc phng
php th xi mng tiu chun v chc thi gian ninh kt v cng va. Nu c du
hiu xu, thi gian ninh kt thay i cng tr 30 pht hoc hn, hoc gim cng va
xung qu 10% so vi nc ct th nc ang th ny s b loi, khng dng. Khng s
dng ngun nc tng i nng, cng trnh ly nc s c ngn li loi b bn t
v cc tp cht l khc.
2.1.3.3. Ct liu mn
Ct liu mn cho b tng thng l ct th t nhin (ct vng) ngun gc l ct sng,
sui c cc ht bn, chc v sch v phi tho mn yu cu v cp phi, v gii hn cc
cht c hi trong ct liu mn. Qui nh v s c mt ca cc tp cht hu c gy nh hung
3
xu c trong ct t nhin phi tun theo cch th v ln tp hu c trong ct. min
bc, mt s ngun ct c th nghim cho php s dng ch to b tng cng
cao, hin nay ang c s dng, l ct Chi N (Ho Bnh), ct Cng Ho (Sao - Ch
Linh), ct Vit Tr (Sng L),ct Hm Rng, Ln ( Thanh Ho), ct Bn Thu ( Ngh
An), ct c Th (H Tnh). Khu vc TP. H ch Minh thng dng ct ng-n.
Cc ngun ct ny u c chung u im l sch, ht th, m un mn
M=2.43.2 t tp cht c hi, cp ht tng i tt nhng c nhc im l cp ht > 5
kh nhiu (625%), do thng phi sng b trc khi s dng. V l ct sng, ngun ct
nm trong phm vi rng, tri di nn cht lng khng ng u, nh vy, i hi ngi
cung ng vt t phi bit chn c cc loi ct hp l, m bo cht lng n nh.
2.1.3.4 Ct liu th:
Ct liu th thng l nghin, si, x l cao vi c tnh tng t c cc ht cng
v sch, phi tho mn iu kin gii hn cho php v cc ht di, dt, tp cht hu c c
hi khc.. Ct liu th phi c cp phi ng u v p ng c cp phi theo tiu chun
k thut.
Mt s m vi dy chuyn sn xut hin i p ng y v yu cu cp phi,
cng ca sn xut b tng cht lng cao ang c khai thc s dng: m Kin
Kh (Ph L), m H Dng, Khnh Thng (Ninh Bnh) m ng Giao, ng Cng
(Thanh Ho), m R Mu, Hng Lnh, Hong Mai (Ngh An), m Lng Sn (Ho
Bnh), Thng Nht (Hi Dng), m Chu Lai (Qung Ninh).. .
c im chung ca cc m ny l do c ngun gc vi , cng dao
ng t 7501200 Kg/cm
2
. M ng Giao c cng khong 850 Kg/cm
2
, m ng
Ao c cng >9000 Kg/cm
2
, ring m Hong Mai, Khnh Thng, H Dng, Lng
Sn c cng kh cao 1100 Kg/cm
2
nhng m Hong Mai c dy chuyn sn xut lc
hu, th cng, nng sut thp.
Do cc ngun vt liu khc nhau nh vy nn trc khi tin hnh t hng sn xut,
tu thuc vo v tr cc cng trnh xy dng, cn phi t trc ti cc va c cng
thch hp, nc v dy chuyn sn xut phi m bo cp phi cung cp cho sn xut b
tng.
Ct liu mn v ct liu th phi c ct gi ring bit ngn s nhim bn. Ct
liu phi c gi gn sao cho hm lng m cng ng u cng tt. Ct liu t cc
ngun cung cp khc nhau khng c ct gi cng mt ni.
2.1.3.5 Ph gia b tng
Ty theo yu cu ca tng loi b tng v yu cu ca dy chuyn cng ngh, loi
hnh kt cu m la chn ph gia b tng cho ph hp.
V d, b tng khi ln, cn phi tp trung nhiu trm b tng cung cp bng cc xe
chuyn trn b tng t cc trm trn n v tr b tng, chn loi ph gia c tc dng
lm gim qu trnh ninh kt ca xi mng trong b tng (v d ph gia Sikament-R4).
4
i vi cc kt cu d ng lc, b tng cn pht trin cng sm tui 3 ngy,
cng cp d ng lc m lc b tng cn c st cao, lng nc thp, nn dng loi
ph gia siu ho do c tnh nng tng cng cao sm nh ph gia Sikament-NN.
Va phun lp y cc ng ca cp d ng lc hay B tng dng v cc vt r
ca kt cu b tng cn phi s dng loi ph gia c tc dng lm tng th tch trong qu
trnh ninh kt, nhng cng khng tip qu nhiu nc lm r, to bt kh, (v d loi
Intraplast- Z ).
Thc t hin nay ti tt c cc cng trng thi cng thng c lp dng Trm trn
(iu kin bt buc vi nhng cng trnh cht lng cao). Nhng ti mt cng trng, khi
thi cng nhng v tr gn nhau hoc hai bn u cu m lp dng c s Trm th qu
tn km, hoc khi thi cng mt khi lng ln b tng trong thi gian hn ch, mt Trm
b tng cung cp s khng , cn huy ng thm b tng cc Trm ln cn. Do vy cn
thit phi vn chuyn b tng ti trn mt qung ng tng i di, khi pht sinh
vn suy gim st t thi im trn n thi im b tng. khc phc tnh trng
ny, c th p dng mt s phng php sau:
- chn cp phi b tng sao cho c st ti thi im trn ln, khi vn chuyn
n v tr , b tng ti vn p ng c yu cu v st thit k. Qua thc t thi cng,
sau 1 gi, vi b tng thng vo ma h, st c th suy gim ti 50%.
- s dng loi ph gia siu ho do c tc dng lm chm qu trnh ninh kt ca b
tng. Mt s ph gia hin ang dng ph bin nc ta nh Sikament-R4, Sellfill 4R hoc
MPT 716R. Khi s dng cc loi ph gia ny, nhit 30-35
o
C st ban u 17-18 cm
sau 1 gi cn c th duy t c st t 12-14 cm (Vi t l s dng ph gia l khong 1
lt/100Kg xi mng).
quyt nh c t l s dng ph gia cng nh st thit k ban u cn phi
c th nghim xc nh thi gian s vn chuyn b tng t trm trn n lc thc t l
bao nhiu. Phi ch tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin nhit ph hp vi nhit
thi tit lc b tng v thi tit c nh hng rt ln n st ca b tng, khi nhit
cao, b tng suy gim st rt nhanh. Sau khi xc nh c thi gian, tin hnh m trn
th nghim v theo di st theo ng iu kin thi tit (ma khi thi cng), t mi
quyt nh c chnh xc cp phi thit k trnh cc lng ph khng cn thit.
* V d v th nghim s tn tht st b tng theo thi gian v nhit dng cho
b tng dm c hng cu Sng Gianh:
Cc cp phi tin hnh th nghim
Thnh phn Cp phi 1 Cp phi 2 Cp phi 3
Xi mng 490 Kg 490 Kg 490 Kg
Ct 630 Kg 630 Kg 630 Kg
1220 Kg 1220 Kg 1220 Kg
Nc 175.5 lt 160 Lt 171.5 lt
Ph gia Sikament NN 1.5 % 1.5 % 2%1
Ph gia SikaPump 0.35 % 0.35 % 0.47 %
Cc bc th nghim c tin hnh nh sau:
5
Mi cp phi trn 1 m 1 m
3
v tin hnh kim tra:
+ o nhit ngoi tri.
+ st b tng ti tram trn v nhit b tng.
+ Tnh thi gian vn chuyn chnh xc v rt mt t b tng vo my bm v ly mu
+ xe b tng t quay ti ch 30 pht o nhit b tng.
+ Tip tc xe b tng t quay 45 pht v o st.
Thc hin cc bc nh trn, vi mi loi cp phi trn, c th nu ra v d sau:
Cp phi trn 1:
Thi gian (Pht) 2 8 15 20 45
V tr Lu trn n bm Quay ti ch Quay ti ch n u
ng bm
Nhit ngoi tri 27 25.1 24.1 24.5
Nhit b tng 28.7 29.3 30 29.5
st 14 10 8.5 7.5 5
Cp phi trn 2:
Thi gian (Pht) 1 15 19 34 48
ng bm
Nhit ngoi tri 25 26.3 26.4 27.3
Nhit b tng 26.9 28.3 28.1 29.5
st 15 9 8 5.5 4.5
Cp phi trn 2:
Thi gian (Pht) 2 9 15 30 45
ng bm
Nhit ngoi tri 27 27.4 27.5 27.3 27.8
Nhit b tng 27.7 29.3 29.5 30.5 30.8
st 21 16.5 15.10 14 11.5
Do nh hng ln ca nhit n vic duy tr st ca b tng nn cn chn cng
ngh v thi gian b tng hp l sao cho khi bt u v kt thc cng vic thi cng trong
iu kin nhit cn thp, trnh b tng trong thi im nng nng trong ngy (11 gi
2 gi tra). nhng hon cnh bt buc phi b tng trong diu kin nhit cao c
th p dng cc phng php lm mt ct liu v nc, v d nh ti nc vo ct liu, h
nhit ca nc trn b tng bng nc nu cn thit.
Mt khc, v ma ng tc ng cng ca b tng rt chm nn nh hng n
tin thi cng b tng, nh tin cng ko d ng lc i vi b tng d ng lc do
nn dng loi ph gia siu ho do, tng cng cao sm, v d nh cc ph gia
Sikament- NN, MBT-1000.
6
2.1.4. Thit b v cc dng c
Thit b v cc dng c cn cho x l cc nguyn vt liu v thc hin cng vic phi
t yu cu v cng sut, iu kin my mc ti cng trng thi cng. Nu thit b no
khng duy tr c trnh t lm vic y hoc khng kh nng t c kt qu nh
qui nh th thit b ny cn phi ci tin hoc thay th.
2.1.4.1.Trm v thit b trn
Trm trn gm cc thng, cc phu cn, v cc cn cho ct liu mn, v cho mi kch
c ring bit ca ct liu th, bb nh lng ph gia. Nu xi mng s dng ri th thng,
phu v cn cho xi mng yu cu phi kn nc.
Cc Trm trn b tng phi c lp t lun lun thng bng v cao mt cch
hp l trong gii hn chnh xc cn cho vic vn hnh thch hp cc h thng cn. Cc
Trm trn c kh nng trn ct liu, xi mng v nc thnh mt khi ng nht v c
trn hon ton trong thi gian trn qui nh v c kh nng x hn hp m khng b
phn tng. Cc Trm trn trung tm phi c trang b mt thit b nh gi, thit b ny s
m trn b x ra sau khi qua thi gian trn m c qui nh trc . Thit b cp
nc cho cc tram trn hoc l mt xi tc nh c hoc l mt my o v khng nht
thit phi l b phn ng b ca my. Phi gi sch cc my trn trong nhng khong thi
gian hp l, chng phi c kim tra hng ngy v nhng thay i bn trong cn phi thay
th nh cc cnh khuy v cnh trn trong tang trng khi chng b hao mn 10 %.
Phi trang b cc thng c cc ngn ring thch hp cho ct kiu mn v cho mi loi
kch thc ct liu th theo yu cu trong trm trn. Mi ngn ct liu phi x ra sao c
hiu qu v t do vo phu cn. Phi kim tra ct liu sao cho t c s lng nh mong
mun trong phu cn, nguyn liu c th cho vo mt cch t t v c dng li mt cch
chnh xc. Phi chuyn ch bt c loi nguyn liu no qu ti ra khi phu, phu cn phi
cu to x c hon ton.
Cn cn ct liu hoc xi mng trc khi s dng phi c kim tra chnh xc
trong iu kin cho php. Tt c cc thit b cn v ch bo phi trong tm nhn ca
ngi vn hnh trong khi vo phu v phi b tr li vo thun tin cho ngi vn hnh
ti tt c cc b phn iu khin. C th o xi mng theo trng lng hoc cc bao tiu
chun 50 kg/bao. Khi o theo trng lng, phi cung cp mt cn v phu t yu cu v
ring bit cng vi mt phu hng hoc thit b khc vn chuyn xi mng ra khi phu
cn.Phi tin hnh trn sao cho c c cc kt qu v cc trng lng ca vt liu theo
yu cu trong phm vi sai s cho php. (V d vi xi mng l 1%, cc ct liu l 2%).
Hin nay, trn cc cng trng thi cng, hai loi trm trn bn t ng c s dng
ch yu l :
- Trm trn cng bc gm c trm trn cng bc trc ng nng lc trn 0,4
m
3
1,2 m
3
/m trn v trm trn cng bc trc ng nng lc trn 0,40,6 m
3
/m trn.
- Trm trn kiu ri t do kh nng trn ln nht l 0,5 m
3
/m.
Trm trn b tng cng bc c u im l hn hp b tng trn c ng nht
cao, thi gian trn nhanh, cng sut ln nhng cng knh, chi ph lp t ln.
7
Trm trn quay theo kiu ri t do cng sut nh, thi gian trn ko di hn nhng
c u im l gn nh, d tho lp, di chuyn gi thnh lp t ban u thp.
2.1.4.2.Cc xe trn chu chuyn.
Cc xe trn phi c trang b ng h o in m nh chng, s lng cc vng
quay ca tang hoc ca cc cnh khc lun c kim tra. Cc ng h o phi c a
vo hot ng vo lc bt u trn vi nhng tc qui nh. My trn khi np liu khng
c y hn 60 % dung lng c b ca tang. My trn phi c kh nng kt hp cc
thnh phn b tng thnh mt khi ng nht v hon ton c kh nng x b tng vi mc
ng nht t yu cu. Khi c s dng nh my trn, cc xe trn chuyn s c
cung cp cng vi cc thit bi o nc o chnh xc khi lng nc cho mi t trn.
Hin nay thng s dng hai loi xe vn chuyn b tng :
- Xe trn b tng: Tc trn cao, cnh trn ln, s dng thch hp vi trm trn c
nh v nh lng, cp liu kh.
- Xe vn chuyn b tng : tc trn thp, cnh trn ngn, thch hp vn chuyn
b tng t trm trn ti v tr cc cu kin.
2.1.5. Cn ong, vn chuyn vt liu v trn b tng
2.1.5.1.Cn ong v vn chuyn vt liu
Vic cn ong, o c vt liu trn s c tin hnh ti trm trn. Trm trn s c
cc thng ring bit ng xi mng ri, ct liu mn v ct liu th cc c, mt phu cn,
mt cn c th xc nh chnh xc trng lng ca mi thnh phn m trn. trn b
tng tai cng trng thi cng, cc thnh phn hn hp cn (cho tng m trn). Cc ct
liu c ra sch c thnh ng hoc vo thng cho ro nc t nht 12 gi
trc khi cho vo thng trn. Phi cung cp cc m cn ong vo my trn tng m mt v
nguyn vn. Mi mt m phi c ht vo my trn m khng c tht thot vt
liu. Trong trng hp mt xe ch nhiu hn mt m th vt liu gia cc m khng c
trn ln sang nhau t ngn ny sang ngn khc.
Cc trm trn thng c s dng hai h cn c bn l h cn c v h cn in t.
H cn in t c u im l chnh xc cao, kh nng t ng ho ln, nhng c
nhc im l ph thuc vo ch chm sc bo dng, hay sy ra s c do iu kin
in p v thay i thi tit, i hi cn b vn hnh phi c chuyn mn v nh cn phi
c mi che v iu ho nhit tt.
H cn c c u im l bn, t ph thuc vo in p v thi tit, d cn chnh, bo
dng nhng nhc im l chnh xc khng cao, kh nng t ng ho thp.
Nhn chung, c hai h thng cn ny u tho mn cc yu cu sai s k thut ca
cc loi vt liu.
Ring nc trn b tng, cc trm trn nh lng khc nhau, mt s trm trn nh
lng bng Kg th chnh xc m bo. Mt s trm nh lng bng g h o lu
lng, phng php ny chnh xc khng cao, do cn phi tin hnh th nghim cn
thn trc khi a ra thi cng hng lot. i vi loi trm ny, mt s n v tin hnh
8
ci tin bng cch thit k nh lng bng th tch (Bm nc ln thng cha c khc
vch chnh xc n 1 lt).
Ph gia c nh lng bng th tch vi cc thit b nh lng chuyn dng ca
tng hng cung cp ph gia.
Trong thc t, khi cn ong vt liu bng Trm bn t ng khng c h thng my
tnh t iu tit, cn ht sc ch trong thao tc b vnh khi lng khi cn ct liu v khi
lng vt liu ph thuc vo loi vt liu, m. c c s liu b vnh chnh xc,
tin hnh cn th khong 57 m, sau xc nh chnh xc khi lng b vnh cho ph
hp.
2.1.5.2. Trn b tng
Khi lng mi m trn khng c vt qu cng sut danh nh ca my trn do
nh sn xut qui nh. Ch trn b tng theo s lng cn thit s dng ngay, khng
dng b tng c trn li. Khong 10% lng nc yu cu cho m trn s c rt vo
thng trc khi xi mng v ct liu vo, lng nc cn li s c b sung dn dn
trong khi trn v n cui 1/4 thi gian trn, lng nc s c cho vo ht. Thi gian
trn s c tnh t khi ton b vt liu (tr nc) c ht vo thng. B tng s
c trn cho n khi hn hp trn c mu ng nht v t c linh ng theo yu
cu.
Ton b m trn s c ra ht trc khi cho vt liu ca m trn mi vo thng.
Trong trng hp ngng cng vic qu 20 pht, my trn v ton b thit b vn chuyn,
bm phi c ra bng nc sch. Cc cn ca m b tng c trong thng phi c ra
sch bng cch quay nc v cc ht ct liu sch trong thng trc khi trn m b tng
mi. Dng c o thi gian ca my trn c gn vi mt thit b bo hiu thch hp c th
nghe, nhn c tn hiu mt cch r rng mi khi kho ngt. Trng hp thit b o thi
gian b hng, c th vn tip tc vn hnh trm trn nhng phi c c mt thit b o thi
gian c kim ch pht v giy thch hp v phi sa cha thit b o ngay.
B tng nu khng c trong vng 1 gi t khi cc thnh phn trn vo trong
trng trn hoc bt u c hin tng ng cng th cn phi loi b ngay. Vn chuyn hn
hp b tng phi u n m bo cho vic b tng c lin tc, khong thi gian
gia cc ln vn chuyn khng c ko qu di khin cho b tng b ng cng tng phn
trong khi .
2.1.6. v m b tng
Vic b tng ch c tin hnh khi c y lng vt liu cn thit v thit
b d phng m bo cho b tng c lin tc.
Ngay sau khi trn xong, b tng phi c vn chuyn ngay n v tr trn cng
trng bng cc phng tin, bin php sao cho ngn nga c cc hin tng phn tng,
mt mt hoc nhim bn b tng. Vn chuyn b tng phi nhanh nht trnh b tng khng
b ng cng trong khong thi gian t lc cho nc n khi c v m nn ti cng
trnh.
Trc khi b tng c , cc vn khun phi c lm sch k khng cn li cc
mnh b tng c, phoi bo hay cc mnh vn khc. Cc vn khun s c x l bng cch
9
nhng vo vt liu khng mu hoc nc ngay trc khi b tng. i vi b mt b tng
l ra ngoi, vn khun s c s l bng mt loi vt liu khng mu b tng khng b
dnh vo vn khun v khng lm bin mu b tng.
B tng phi c nh nhng vo v tr v khng c ri t do t khong cch
ln hn 1m. B tng phi c sao cho nc khng b ng y, gc v b mt vn
khun. B tng c v m nn trong cc lp ng u vi cc m trn c st
cnh nhau. dy ca cc lp b tng dao ng trong khong t 15 cm n 30 cm (vi b
tng ct thp), hoc khong 45 cm (i vi b tng khng ct thp).
B tng phi c m lin tc v cn thn, m xung quanh ct thp v cc gc ca
vn khun b tng bm cht vo ct thp v khng li cc l rng t ong. m di
rung ng phi c ng knh ph hp vi khong cch trng gia cc ct thp, phi l loi
m c tn s cao v c cng nhn lnh ngh vn hnh. m rung phi ngp trong b
tng ti cc im cch u nhau mt khong gp mi ln ng knh ca m v ti ht
chiu su b tng mi .
Trong khi m, phi ch khng dch chuyn ct thp, v khng lm nh hng
ti s ng cng tng phn ca b tng. Trong bt k trng hp no, m rung cng
khng c chm vo ct thp, mi ln nhng m vo b tng phi lin tc cho n khi
bt kh ca va khng cn xut hin trn b mt ca b tng nhng cng khng ko di qu
30 giy, m phi c rt ln u n theo phng thng ng khng to thnh ti kh
trong b tng. Ton b vic rung, m v hon thin phi c kt thc ngay sau khi b
tng c n v tr cui cng. Ch cng nhn khng c i li trn b tng mi
cho n khi b tng t ng cng cng nhn c th i li m khng lm lm
b tng. Phi ch phn ct thp chi ra ngoi b tng mi khng b lc hay va chm
lm hng hay ph phn b tng mi ng cng tip xc vi cc ct thp ny. Vi cc cu
kin b tng c c trong nh my v yu cu b mt p, b tr thm m rung bn
cnh vn khun.
Vic b tng bt k phn hay on no ca cng trnh cng phi c mt
cch lin tc, khng c php ngt qung qu trnh b tng ny.
B tng mi phi c che chn khi ma, lc bi, cc cht ho hc v cc tc
ng c hi ca mt tri, nhit , gi, nc chy v va chm mnh. B tng mi cng
phi c che chn bng ro hoc bng cc cch khc khng cho ngi dm ln hoc b
cc vt khc t ln hay nm vo. Vic bo v ny phi tip tc cho n khi b tng c
ng cng cn thit khng cn b nhng yu t trn nh hng na.
Ch phng thi tit trong khi b tng : Trong iu kin thi tit nng, phi
ch lm lnh nc nc trn b tng trc khi s dng, la chn cc phng php sn
xut, vn chuyn v bo dng thch hp gim nhit ca b tng v trnh d bay hi
ca nc.
2.1.7. Bo dng b tng
Bo dng b tng nhm b tng pht trin cng ng u, khng gy hin
tng co ngt t bin dn n nt kt cu b tng. Vi b tng khi lng ln cn c bit
lu l trong qu trnh thy ho, xi mng ninh kt pht trin cng , nhit trong lng
kt cu b tng c th t ti 6070
o
C, trong khi mi trng xung quanh nu v ban
m c th xung ti 1020
o
C, tc l chnh lch n 4050
o
C, nu khng c bin php
10
bo dng hp l s gy nn trng hp cng trng khi b tng pht trin khng u,
hin tng co ngt din ra phc tp, dn n nt kt cu.
Tt c cc loi b tng mi cn c bo dng, cng tc bo dng phi bt u
ngay sau khi hon thin v ko di lin tc trong vng t nht 7 ngy. Cng tc bo dng
phi m bo sao cho lun gi c m v c coi l mt phn khng th thiu c
ca cng tc thi cng b tng. C nhiu phng php bo dng b tng, tu thuc vo
tng iu kin c th ca tng loi b phn cng trnh m ka chn phng php bo
dng b tng thch hp.
2.1.7.1. Phng php cung cp thm m.
Phng php ny cung cp thm m bng cch to vng, phun nc hoc phun hi
nc. Phi dng bao ti t ph ln b mt gi lng nc c phun. Khng s dng
mn ca v nhng vt liu m d lm b tng bin mu. Bt k phng php no m lm
cho b tng lc t, lc kh u b coi l phng php khng thch hp. Ph vi t cng
nhanh cng tt ngay sau khi kt thc cng tc hon thin v cha c nguy c lm cho b
mt b tng b h hi, vi ph phi c gi m lin tc.
2.1.7.2. Phng php chng li s mt mt m
Phng php ny ngn nga khng cho m ca b tng b tht thot, tht thot
m c th ngn nga bng cch s dng giy khng thm nc, cc tm vi nha hoc hn
hp bo dng c dng mng cht lng, tr nhng ch cm s dng hn hp ny.
Nu b mt b tng c nh bng, b tng phi c gi m trc v trong sut
qu trnh nh bng, v s bt u bo dng ngay ngay khi bt u nh bng trong khi
b mt b tng vn cn m. Vt liu gi m phi bo ho nc v ton b din tch cn gi
m phi c ph bng giy khng thm nc hoc cc tm vi nha. Kh rng ca giy
khng thm nc hoc tm vi nha cng ln cng tt, cc tm cnh nhau phi dc t
chng ln nhau t nht 15 cm v phi c p cht vo nhau bng thc nng, matit, keo
dn hoc bng cch m to mt lp khng thm nc trn ton b b mt b tng. Giy
phi c p cht khng b gi lm dch chuyn. Nu c phn giy no b rch trc khi
kt thc qu trnh bo dng b tng cn phi c thay th ngay lp tc.
2.1.7.3. Hn hp bo dng
Hn hp bo dng b tng phi c phun vo nhng khu vc khng c vn khun
ngay khi khng cn nh nc trn b mt b tng, hoc ngay sau khi vn khun c tho
khi b mt khng cn nh bng. Hn hp bo dng b tng khng dng nhng ni
cn nh bng b mt, nu xy ra chm tr trong vic phun hn hp ny th cn phi gi
c m cho b mt b tng cho n khi phun hn hp ny.
Hp cht bo dng b tng phi c phun bng mt thit b c kh nng phun mt
lp mn, tt c cc hn hp u phi c khuy u v k trc khi s dng. B mt b
tng s c phun li ngay ti cc gc vung trong ln phun u tin. Lng hn hp s
dng trong mi ln phun khng t hn 1 lt trn 3,6 m
2
b mt (Tu thuc vo vt liu hn
hp bo dng). Cn ch cn thn trnh phun hn hp ny vo cc mi ni cn c s
lin kt gia b tng v ct thp hoc vo cc mi ni s cht bt mi ni.
11
2.1.8. Thit k hn hp b tng
Thnh phn tiu chun cp phi v cng cc loi b tng dng trong cc kt cu
ca cng trnh c a sn ra trong ch dn k thut ca cng trnh, d n . Cn ch
rng, trong bng t l cp phi c ra, t l nc trn xi mng (N/X) l gi tr ti a, lng
xi mng a ra l ti thiu.
Nh thu cn c theo nng lc, thit b sn c ca mnh, tin hnh trn th, tnh ton
c cp phi v cng cn thit ca tng loi b tng kt cu . Trn th th nghim
phi c tin hnh ngoi cng trng bng thit b trm trn b tng lp t sn. Kt
qu ca trn th nghim phi m bo d tr cng thch hp, xc xut ca cc
gi tr th nghm khng gim qu mt gi tr % cho php vi cng qui nh ca loi b
tng (v d vi cc cng trnh ci to cu trn Quc l 1A, gi tr ny l 5%).
2.1.8.1. Cc yu cu v cng
Gi tr cng chu lc ti cng trng ca 4 kt qu bt k lin tip trong 28 ngy
th khng nh hn cng ti thiu c qui nh cho loi b tng. Trong trng hp
khng ph hp vi yu cu ny, tt c b tng trong mi lt trn c i din bi cc
mu ny, nu kt qu trung bnh ca 4 kt qu bt k lin tip trong 7 ngy th m di
70% ch s ti thiu qui nh cho thi gian 28 ngy (i vi cng chu nn) v hoc
nh hn 80% (i vi cng cu un) th hm lng xi mng trong b tng s c tng
t nht 20 kg i vi mi m3 b tng, cho ti khi t l trn c tho mn sau khi kim tra
cng 28 ngy.
2.1.8.2. Cng c trng.
Tnh ton cng c trng t tnh ra lch chun, quyt nh cho vic tnh
ton cng thc t cn phi trn ca tng trm trn c th sao cho tt c cc m b tng
trn ra khng c cng thp hn qui nh.
Cng c trng ca cc loi b tng s c quyt nh ngay sau khi c 30 kt
qu th nghim u tin ca mi loi.
Cng c trng c tnh bng phng trnh sau:
KS X X =
0

Trong :
: 0
X : Cng c trng
X : Gi tr trung bnh ca cc kt qu th
K: H s ph thuc vo t l % cc kt qu di cng c trng, kt qu ny ph thuc
vo yu cu chnh xc ca mi cng trnh.
S: lch tiu chun tnh theo phng trnh:

( ) [ ]
1
2 / 1
2
=
N
X X
S
Trong :
X: Cc kt qu ring
N: Tng s cc kt qu
12
H s K c tra theo bng sau:
T l % cc kt qu di mc ti thiu Gi trca K
0,1
0,6
1,0
2,5
5,0
3,09
2,5
2,33
1,96
1,64
Nu cng c trng c xc nh thp hn cng chu lc ti thiu ti
cng trng, phi tng thm lng xi mng ln hn thit k cho ti khi tin hnh cc
iu chnh v cc t l trn hoc tin hnh cc bin php nng cao kim tra cht lng
lng lm tng cng trung bnh hoc s thay i t yu cu cht lng. T l
trn sau khi iu chnh s l cp phi chnh thc s dng cho cng trnh.
V d cch tnh cng yu cu cho thit k b tng:
Cng thit k = 400 =X
0

bnh trung Cng
chun ch l
=
X
= C
v

Cv: Sai s th nghim
X x C =
v

) KxC 1 ( X = ) X x C ( K X = KS X = X
v v
0
- - -
Tra bng vi t l cc kt qu di mc ti thiu 5% so vi yu cu K=1,64
Ta c : ) 1,64xC - (1 X = X
v
0

) xC 64 , 1 1 ( X = X
v
0
-
Sai s th nghim c c l do th nghim kim tra cc trm sau t nht 30 t mu, v
v C
V
=0,1 ( Sai s th nghim l 10%)
X0=X x(1-0,164) = X x0,836=400
X = 400/0,836 = 478 Kg/cm2
Vy sn xut ra c b tng mc 400 Kg/cm2, vi Trm trn c sai s khi th
nghim c l 10%, t l cc kt qu di mc ti thiu 5% th phi thit k b tng t
cng p l 478 Kg/cm
2
, t tnh li cp phi b tng cho ph hp. Cn ch l Nh
thu phi chu chi ph v tng lng xi mng cn thit qu lng xi mng ti thiu t
c kt qu nh trn, do vy vic s dng Trm trn c cht lng cao, cng nhn vn
hnh thnh tho nh hng rt ln n gi thnh ca cng trnh.
13
2.1.9. Mt s vn nh hng trc tip n cht lng b tng.
Sau khi la chn c cc bin php ph hp v chun b cc yu t cn thit,
vic phi trn cp phi ti u v c thc hin hin trng l rt quan trng, t khi np
liu cho n khi ra c m b tng u tin (b tng ti) cn ch kim tra thng
xuyn.
2.1.9.1 m ca ct
m ca ct n c xc nh trc khi sn xut b tng cho mi t hoc
cho mt khi lng nht nh cho mt t khi ln (V d cho 100 m3 /1 ln kim tra),
iu ny khng ch c tng i chnh xc t l N/XM qua vic gia gim lng nc
cho mi m trn.
2.1.9.2.Nhit ca ct liu
Trm trn b tng t ngoi tri, ma h, nhit ca ct liu c th ln n 50
o
C,
ct liu nhit cao s nh hng n qu trnh ninh kt (y nhanh) ca xi mng,
lm cho qu trnh thu ho xi mng khng y v b mt nc d gy nt b tng. Lc
cn phi c bin php gim nhit cho ct liu. Bin php gim nhit no s nh hng
n phng n x l k thut . V d ti nc trong ma h th phi gim nc trong
tng m trn.
2.1.9.3.Hiu chnh thng xuyn h thng cn ct liu
Hiu chnh thng xuyn h thng cn ct liu (ct, , xi mng, nc, ph gia)
m bo nh lng ca cp phi, m bo c cng thit k.
2.1.9.4.Trnh t b tng
Tu thuc vo loi kt cu v kh nng cung cp b tng, nng lc b tr m cho kt
cu m chn phng php b tng cho ph hp.
V d: dm b tng dng hp c vch ngn, bn y, bn thnh v bn np, thng
thng phi phn t b tng trnh r v b tng khng th vo c cc gc ca kt
cu dng hp. B tng khi ln, c din tch ln cn phi theo phng php nghing v
ln dn khng to nn cc vt ni thi cng.

G.TS. Nguyn vit Trung S tay thi cng cu cng
Chng 2-2: Ch to v ch sa cu kin thp

1
2-2. Ch to v ch sa cu kin thp
2.2.1. Vt liu
Vt liu lm cu thp c th l thp cn khng chu hn ghp hoc thp cn chu hn ghp.
- Thp cn khng chu hn ghp gm :
+ Thp cc bon l Mc - tanh.
+ Thp kt cu hp kim thp l Mc - tanh.
- Thp cn chu hn ghp gm :
+ Thp cc bon l Mc - tanh.
+ Thp hp kim thp.
Cng tnh ton khi chu lc dc trc (R
o
) v khi chu un (R
u
) ly theo bng 3-1
qui trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 1979. Vi cc loi thp khc khng c
trong bng 3-1 th cn c vo ca-ta-l, hoc tin hnh th nghim xc nh loi thp
tng ng c trong bng 3-1 tra bng.
- Thp dng ch to kt cu thp phi c :
+ Ca-ta-l hoc cc chng ch v phm cht ca thp, nh my sn xut.....
+ Ph hp vi chng loi thp trong qui nh trong thit k.
+ Khng c khuyt tt nh hng n vic gia cng hoc cht lng ca kt cu thp.
- Trong bng 3-1 ch cho cng tnh ton khi chu lc dc trc v khi chu un, i vi
cc loi cng tnh ton khc ca thp trong cc cu kin ca kt cu v lin kt ly
bng cng Ro nhn vi cc h s tnh chuyn theo dng ng sut. Cc h s tnh
chuyn cho trong cc bng 3-2 v 3-3 ca Qui trnh 1979.
2.2.2. Lin kt
Trong ch to kt cu thp c th s dng cc lin kt bu lng, inh tn, hn hoc bu
lng cng cao.
2.2.2.1 Lin kt bu lng
- Khng dng bu lng thng lin kt c nh trong cc kt cu ghp.
- Cc bu lng tinh ch dng lin kt c nh trong cc kt cu ghp ch c th c ng
knh nh thua ng knh l khng qu 0,3mm. S lng rng en trong cc bulng ny
theo qui nh:
+ Nhiu nht l 2 v t nht l 1 nu t di ai c ( - cu);
+ Nhiu nht l 1 nu t di u bulng.
Khi dng bulng tinh ch mun khi lng cn t cc rng en n tnh hoc c m.

2
- Sai s cho php v ng knh l so vi ng knh thit k ly theo bng 41 ca Qui
trnh thi cng v nghim thu cu cng.
- Bu lng thng (bulng th) ch dng lp rp tm thi, cc bulng ny c ng knh
b hn ng knh l inh 1mm v chiu di tng ng vi b dy ca tp thp ghp.
Khng cho php dng rng en vi s lng vt qu 4 v vi b dy tng cng vt qu
40mm.
Sc chu lc tnh ton ca lin kt bulng ly theo bng 8 ca qui trnh thi cng v
nghim thu cu cng.
2.2.2.2 Lin kt inh tn
S lng inh tn ti thiu lin kt cc thanh theo hng dc (tr cc thanh cho ca h
ging) c php dng nh sau:
+ Vi mt hng inh tn l 3; vi t hai hng inh tn tr ln l 2; trn cnh th ra
ca on thp gc l 5;
+ Cc mi ni v lin kt cc thanh chu ko hay lc chu ko lc chu nn, phi c
s lng inh tn bng nhau t ra l hai hng u tin k t mt ct ca thanh hay ca bn
thp ni chu ton b ni lc. Trong trng hp cc mi ni v lin kt ca thp gc c
hai hng inh th chic inh u tin phi b tr gc ca thp gc.
ng knh ca inh tn b tr thp gc ca cc thanh ch khng nn ln hn 1/4
b rng ca cnh thp gc.
Trong nhng trng hp bt buc, i vi cc thanh ging, np tng cng, bn
ngn... c php b tr cc inh tn c ng knh 23mm trn thp gc cnh rng 80mm
v ng knh 26mm trn thp gc cnh rng 90mm.
Chiu di thn inh tn trong bn thp khng c ln hn 4,5 ln ng knh l
inh; s bn thp ghp li bng inh tn 23mm khng nn nhiu hn 7 lp; vi ng knh
26mm khng nn nhiu hn 8 lp.
Khi tn inh bng hai ba tn hi p hoc c dng gi hi p ng lc th b dy
tn ghp c th c tng ln n 5,5 ln ng knh l inh v s bn tn ghp khi y c
th tng ti 8 lp vi ng knh l inh 23mm v ti 9 lp i vi ng knh l 26mm.
Khi chiu dy ca tp bn ghp vt qu 3,5 ln ng knh l inh th phi dng
loi inh tn c thn hnh nn ct v u kiu chp cao.
Khong cch gia cc inh tn phi tun theo cc qui nh ti a v ti thiu nh trong
bng 3-17 ca qui trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn.
Sau khi phn dm cu, dn lp rp hnh thnh mt h thng cng c nghim thu v
lm bin bn th c th bt u cng tc tn inh.
Khi lp rp theo kiu hng v na hng cng tc tn inh c th bt u sm hn
trnh cho cc con li chu lc nhiu do m kh rt li ra thay th bng inh tn. S

3
khoang lp rp cha tn inh k c khoang ang lp khng c nhiu qu 3. Khi tn inh
tho con li v bulng n u tn inh n .
Cc l lp inh tn phi p ng cc yu cu nh trong bng 41 ca qui trnh thi cng v
nghim thu cu cng, ngoi ra so vi tng s l inh mt mi ni cho php.
+ Khng qu 10% l c o n 1mm;
+ Khng qu 20% l b lch hng trc (khng ng tm) n 2% b dy ca tp thp
ghp nhng khng lch qu 2mm;
+ Tng s cc l o v lch hng trc mt mi ni khng c vt qu 25% tng s
inh tnh ton mi ni v khng c vt qu 50% tng s inh trong mi mt ct
ngang.
Trc khi lp ghp phi kim tra cht lng b mt tm ghp:
+ Phi co sch g, bn xung quanh l v mp l.
+ Chiu dy tp bn ghp phi ph hp vi ng knh l inh v phng php tn inh;
+ Cn phi lp tc cho ngng tn inh khi xy ra tnh trng bn thp b c khot khi tn
inh hoc khi thay th cc inh b h hng.
Khi lp dm trn gio ti cc mi ni phi lp s lng con li v bulng t nht bng
33% ca tng s, trong 2/3 l con li v 1/3 l bulng.
Khi lp hng v bn hng s lng con li phi lp theo qui nh ca tnh ton, s
lng bulng t nht bng 40% s lng con li.
Nu khng ch lp s con li tnh ton th cho php b s lng thiu bng
cch ly bulng tin tinh ch thay th cho bulng lp rp.
ng knh ca con li phi nh hn ng knh qui nh ca l inh 0,2mm, chiu di
phn thn tr phi ln hn b dy ca s tm thp s ghp.
Sc chu cho php ca con li tnh nh sc chu cho php ca inh tn, tc l tnh
theo kh nng chu lc theo ct v p mt l ch yu.
Sc chu lc tnh ton ca lin kt inh tn c th ly trong bng 7 ca Qui trnh thi
cng v nghim thu cu cng.
- Kim tra cht lng tn inh.
+ Trong qu trnh tn inh u tin phi tn cc l khng c con li v bulng, sau
n cc l c con li v cui cng l cc l c bulng, vic rt con li v bulng ra khi l
phi bo m sao cho s con li v inh tn khng t hn s lng con li tnh ton,
+ Phi nung inh tn ti mu sng (1000 n 1100 ). Vic tn inh phi thc
hin nhanh chng sau khi tn xong m inh hy cn mu xm, nu tn chm inh c
th khng chon ht th tch l hoc u inh c vt nt.

4
+ Ngay sau khi tn xong phi nghim thu cng tc tn inh. Dng c kim tra l
ba v bn can dy 0,2mm. Cc inh tn c xem l h hng nh qui nh bng 42 ca
qui trnh thi cng v nghim thu cu cng. Sau khi nghim thu u inh phi c ph du
sn pha bt gai.
+ Trong trng hp cng tc tn inh khng m bo ng k thut cho php c
inh kim tra xem l inh c c tn y hay khng. Hiu s gia ng knh l v
thn inh ln nht l 0,5mm th c xem l inh khng c d.
+ Phi thay th cc inh tn b h hng bng cc inh tn mi, khi loi b inh tn b
hng phi m bo khng b h hng tm ghp. Cm dng c c inh tn nu khng
khoan s b m inh, trong trng hp ny chiu su khoan t nht phi bng chiu cao m
inh cn ng knh mi khoan nh hn ng knh l 2 n 3mm. Cc inh tn li cn
c kim tra sau khi hon thnh.
+ Khi kim tra cht lng cng tc tn inh cn kim tra nht k cng tc tn inh.
Kt qu nghim thu cng tc tn inh phi ghi theo biu mu qui nh trong qui trnh.
- Kim tra cng tc tn inh trong sa cha v gia c dm thp cn ch :
+ Khi khoan l inh mi trn cc b phn c cn c gia c phi khoan l theo cc l
khoan sn trn ming thp v thm, trng hp ny c khoan theo ng knh thit k.
+ Ch c khoan vo bn thp mi theo mu c hoc theo cc on ct t b phn kt cu
ly dm cu ra. Quy trnh khng cho php khoan l theo v tr l c bng cch o nh
du.
+ Khi khoan l bn thp mi theo v tr l c phi khoan vi ng knh nh hn thit
k l 3mm, sau khi lp vo cc l inh sn c ca cc b phn c gia c mi khoan rng
ra cho ti ng knh.
+ Sau khi tho inh c nu thy c h hng l inh ( h, khng nhn, vt, lp vv...) phi
dng da sa cha hoc khoan rng ra, qui trnh cho php khoan l rng ra tt c cc
b phn chu nn, cn b phn chu ko ch c khoan rng l khi cn tit din chu
lc v phi c thit k ng ;
+ Nu cng tc sa cha, gia c tin hnh trong iu kin khng cm xe qua li th vic
khoan v da cc l inh ch c tin hnh khi khng c xe trn cu. Sau khi khoan v
da xong cn lp ngay con li hoc bulng tinh ch ch tn inh.
+ Khng cho php dng mi hn sa cha khuyt tt cc l inh c.
+ Cn lm sch l inh v mt tm ghp trc khi tn inh.
+ Tn inh theo ng qui nh trong thit k sa cha hoc thit k tng cng.
+ Sau khi tn inh phi sn lt v sn ph thp gia c. M inh mi tn cng cn c sn
cn thn.
+ Cc inh tn h hng nm cc v tr khng th tn li c c th thay th bng bulng
tinh ch. Cc inh lin kt khng chu lc c th thay th bng bulng th.

5
Khi s lng inh tn cn thay th t nn thay bng bulng cng cao.
2.2.2.3. Lin kt hn:
2.2.2.3.1.Que hn v dy hn.
Que hn l in cc nng chy hn h quang. Trong qu trnh hn que hn lm
nhim v gy h quang v b xung kim loi cho mi hn. Que hn gm li l nhng on
dy kim loi c chiu di khong 250mm n 450mm v ng knh khong 1mm n
12mm. Bc ngoi lp kim loi l lp thuc hn, l hn hp cc ho cht, khong cht,
fer v cht dnh kt.
Que hn thp c th gm 3 nhm chnh :
- Que hn hn cc loi thp cc-bon thp v hp kim thp
- Que hn hn thp cc-bon cao v thp hp kim
- Que hn hn thp hp kim cao, thp khng g.
Dy hn c dng trong cng ngh hn t ng hay bn t ng, khi dy hn
c qun thnh tng cun. Dy hn l phn kim loi b sung vo mi hn ng thi ng
vai tr in cc gy h quang v duy tr s chy h quang
Dy hn thng c cc loi : Dy hn hn trong mi trng kh bo v (CO
2
) dy
hn hn di lp thuc hn v dy trn hn h quang h. Ngoi cc loi trn cn c
dy hn bt c cu to bi mt lp v bc kim loi trong n l mt hn hp gm bt kim
loi v mt s thnh phn lin kt khc.
Que hn v dy hn phi c ng gi, bo qun cn thn v que hn cng nh dy
hn c xu hng hp th hi m. Nu dng que hn, dy hn b m cc khuyt tt hn s
xy ra nhiu hn lm gim cht lng hn, c th l :
- H quang tr nn mnh hn v khng n nh.
- bn to nhiu hn, ht kim loi vng ra ln hn.
- ca mi hn su hn, c th gy nt y.
- lp x ph mt trong khi hn khng u, do b mt b th hn.
- c th xy ra nt mi hn.
- c th to nhiu bt kh.
- gy ra s dn hy--r do tng lng hy--r trong mi hn.
Cn phi kim tra cht lng dy hn v que hn trc khi dng, nu b m cn sy
kh.
2.2.2.3.2. Chun b kim loi hn v lp ghp.
Ch c s dng lin kt hn khi thp c tnh hn c. Tnh hn l kh nng ca
kim loi cho php hnh thnh mi hn bng cc cng ngh hn thng thng. Cn c vo
tnh hn c th chia vt liu thnh 4 nhm:
- Vt liu c tnh hn tt nh thp cc - bon thp v thp hp kim. Vt liu ny cho
php hnh thnh mi hn c tnh cht c hc cao bng cng ngh hn thng thng m
khng phi s dng cc bin php c bit nh nung nng s b khi hn.

6
- Vt liu c tnh hn trung bnh, l nhng vt liu cho php hnh thnh mi hn
vi tnh cht c hc cn thit trong nhng iu kin nht nh, y khi hn phi nung
nng s b v lm gim tc ngui. Thuc nhm ny c mt s thp hp kim thp v
thp hp kim trung bnh.
- Vt liu c tnh hn km, l nhng vt liu ch cho php hnh thnh mi hn
trong nhng iu kin cng ngh rt c bit v phc tp. Thuc nhm ny c thp cc-
bon, thp hp kim cao v mt s thp c bit nh thp chng g, thp chu mi mn......
- Vt liu khng c tnh hn hay vt liu khng hn c, y ngay sau khi s dng
cng ngh c bit mi hn cng khng m bo cht lng, cc khuyt tt nh r, nt
thng xy ra.
B mt tip xc ca mp kim loi v vng ln cn trong khong 20mm n 30mm
trc khi hn cn c lm sch du, m, g, nc v cc cht bn khc. Nu khng mi
hn c th b r.
Khi lp ghp cc chi tit hn c bit phi ch n khe h sao cho khng vt
qu gi tr cho php nh trong bng 1.
Kch thc ca mch hn gc phi cn c theo tnh ton v cng v bn mi
c gng qui nh nh nht nhng khng c nh hn cc tr s nh qui nh trong
bng 3-18 ca qui trnh thit k cu theo trng thi gii hn. Chiu di ca mch hn gc
chnh din v bn sn khng c nh hn 60mm v khng nh hn 6 ln kch thc
cnh mch hn.
Bng 1: h cho php ca cc lin kt hn gip mi
Chiu dy tm hn Kch thc khe h cho php (mm)
(mm) Khng vt mp C vt mp
10 15 1 3 0,5 2
16 20 2 4 4 3
21 30 3 6 2 4
Cc mch hn ni thng phi hn 2 bn khng ph thuc vo hnh dng mp. Trong
trng hp hn hai bn c kh khn th cho php hn mt bn, vi mi hn chu ko sau
khi hn phi gia cng c kh mch hn.
Chiu dy mt hn ni khng c nh hn chiu dy bn thp c hn.
Qui trnh khng cho php hn trc tip nhng b phn ph (phn hng, cc b phn
lan can, ng ngi I b...) vi cc b phn ca dm ch , dm ca dm h mt cu,cc
thanh ca dn ch. Ch c hn nhng b phn ph ny vi cnh th ra ca np tng
cng. - Khng c hn trc tip cc thanh ging ngang v cc thanh cho ca h lin kt
dc vi cnh dm. Cho php hn bn nt nm ngang chng ln cnh chu nn ca dm.
2.2.2.3.3 . Cc khuyt tt ti mi hn.
+ Chy loang mt mi hn, y l hin tng kim loi hn chy loang ra b mt ca
kim loi c bn. Nguyn nhn ca khuyt tt ny do dng in qu ln, chiu di h quang
hn ln hay v tr t que hn khng ng.

7
+ Vt lm mp hn, y l hin tng c nhng ch lm su trn kim loi c bn
theo cnh mp hn khi dng in hn qu ln hoc khi h quang qu di. Khuyt tt ny
lm gim tit din chu lc ca kim loi c bn v c th l nguyn nhn lm cho lin kt
hn b ph hu.
+ Chy thng : Khi hn c th xut hin cc l thng xuyn mi hn, nguyn nhn
do h chn mi hn qu ln, dng hn qu ln hoc cng xut m hn qu ln v tc
hn qu nh.
+ Thiu ht cui ng hn (lm u v cui) hin tng ny xy ra khi kt thc
ng hn, nguyn nhn do ngt h quang mt cch t ngt hoc do ngn la h quang b
thi lch. S thiu ht ny lm cho tit din mi hn b gim lm pht sinh ng sut tp
trung v c th pht sinh vt nt .
+ R kh: Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi lng kh cc-bon trong thp c bn
cao, khi trn mp hn c du, m, sn hoc khi cc cht bm vo dy hn hay que hn,
khi vt liu hn m hoc kh bo v c ln tp cht. Ngoi ra cn do iu chnh ngn la
hn khng thch hp v hn qu nhanh khi s dng phng php hn trong mi trng kh
bo v l CO
2
.
+ Ln x : Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi khng lm sch g mp hn, khi hn
nhiu lp m vic ty g lp hn trc khng trit . X ln vo kim loi mi hn lm
gim tit din chu lc gy ra hin tng tp trung ng sut.
+ Hn khng ngu : Kim loi c bn v kim loi mi hn khng dnh (khng ngu)
hoc gia cc lp khi hn nhiu lp khng dnh nhau. Nguyn nhn l do cha lm sch b
mt kim loi, khe h qu hp, dng hn qu nh, tc hn ln v lch v tr que hn khi
trc mi hn sinh vt nt. S tn ti ca cc mng na c na chy lng ca qu trnh kt
tinh cng vi ng sut co ngt l nguyn nhn chnh ca nt nng. Nt nng thng phn
b bn trong mi hn nn kh pht hin, nhng vt nt nng pht trin n b mt mi hn
d pht hin hn. Nt ngui thng pht sinh nhng ch c hin tng tp trung ng sut
do tit din chu lc cu mi hn b gim yu.
2.2.2.3.4. Phng php kim tra cht lng mi hn :
y l phng php tm ra cc c trng bn ca kim loi c bn, vt liu hn
v mi hn. Cho php dng cc mu kim tra bng cch quan st bn ngoi th
nghim.
Cc tm dng ly mu th nghim tnh cht c hc phi c ch to t cng mt
loi thp nh kim loi c bn, chng c hn nh vo vt hn sao cho mi hn trn
c tin hnh cng v tr khng gian nh mi hn tht v l phn ko di thm ca
mi hn tht. Cc tm phi c cng mt ngi thc hin vi cng ch hn, vt liu
hn v thit b hn nh khi hn vt liu tht. Kch thc tm, hnh dng kch thc mu
cng nh phng php ct ly mu t phi phi theo tiu chun.
Cn phi th nghim : Ko tnh lin kt hn gip mi 2 mu, hn gc v hn ch T : 3
mu mi loi, th un ng ( dai va p) kim loi mi hn gip mi v vng xung quanh
mi hn theo ng nng chy 3 mu mi loi, th un tnh mi hn gip mi : 2 mu.
T vn gim st cn kim tra cc th nghim trn thng qua phiu th nghim, kim
tra xem ngi hn mu c phi l ngi hn thc trn kt cu khng.

8
- Quan st bng mt. Phng php ny dng pht hin cc khuyt tt trn b mt.
C th quan st bng mt thng hoc kt hp vi dng knh lp.
Theo hnh dng b ngoi mi hn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau :
+ B mt mi hn nhn, nhp nh nh.
+ C s chuyn tip u ti kim loi c bn.
+ Khng c vt nt, khng c r kh tp trung hay phn b.
Cc khuyt tt cn c sa cha theo cch sau : Cc ch gin on khi hn v cc
ch kt thc h quang phi c hn kn. Cc vt nt, ch hn khng ngu hoc c khuyt
tt vt qu cho php phi c ty b phm vi ln hn kch thc khuyt tt (di hn
10mm v mi pha) ri hn sa li. Cc ch c vt ct kim loi c bn su hn cho php
0,5mm i vi cc tm dy di 10mm v 1mm vi cc tm dy trn 10mm phi c lm
sch v hn sa li bo m chuyn tip u vo kim loi mi hn.
Cc khuyt tt c hn sa cha phi c kim tra li v ti mi v tr ch c
sa cha nhiu nht l 2 ln.
Kim tra bng chiu tia Rn-ghen hoc tia Gam-ma : Khi chiu tia Rn-ghen hoc tia
Gam-ma nhng ch c r kh, ln s hoc hn khng ngu trn phim s xut hin cc vt
sm.
Phng php siu m : Da vo kh nng ca chm tia siu m phn x li theo
hng khc khi i vo ch c khuyt tt ca kim loi hn t pht hin c v tr v kch
thc khuyt tt.
Phng php thm thu bng du ha : Dng phng php ny xc nh d r,
nt, r r ca kim loi mi hn c b dy nh hn 10mm bng cch qut du ha ln mt
mt mi hn, pha cn li qut vi trn vng ng hn v kh. Du ha s thm thu
qua vng khuyt tt v c pht hin d dng. Phng php ny c th xc nh c cc
khuyt tt nh ti 0,1mm
Th tnh cht c hc : y l phng php xc nh bn ca mi hn so
snh vi thit k xem c t hay khng. Cc mu th nghim cng c hn cng ch
vi vt tht hoc c ct t sn phm ra to mu.
Sc chu lc tnh ton ca cc mi hn ly theo bng 6 ca Quy trnh thi cng v
nghim thu cu cng.
2.2.2.4 Lin kt bng bulng cng cao :
Lin kt bulng cng cao lm vic nh lc ma st gia cc tm bn, lc ma st
c to ra nh lc cng trong cc bulng. S lm vic ca lin kt vi mt bulng trong
lin kt ma st cho mt mt tip xc xc nh theo cng thc :
T = k m Nf
Trong : N - Lc cng trong thn bulng (tn)
f - H s ma st
k - H s ng nht

9
m - H s iu kin lm vic, khi tnh ton trong thi cng ly m = 1,
trong thit k ly m = 0,95.
Cc s hng f, k, N tra trong cc bng 2, 3 v 4 ca Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu
dm cu thp lin kt bng bulng cng cao.
Cc Tnh ton trong thi cng c xt ng thi s lm vic ca bulng cng cao
v con li, vi con li tnh ton nh inh tn.
bulng t lc cng l N cn xit bulng vi mmen xit M
x

M
x
= Ndk
Trong : d - ng knh thn bulng (mm).
k - h s mmen xon, k c quyt nh trong thit k cho tng loi bulng
v phng php bi trn. C th xc nh h s k theo thc nghim.
N - lc cng trong thn bulng (tn).
T M
x
c th xc nh c lc cn t vo tay n ca c-l khi bit tay n
(khong cch t tm bulng cng cao c xit n ng tc dng ca lc) hoc
ngc li.
Cc yu cu v kim tra cht lng bulng, vng m ai c nh sau:.
- Bulng, vng m, ai c phi c kch thc ng theo tiu chun qui nh trong
thit k. cc kch thc tiu chun ca bulng cng cao k c vng m v ai c c
th tham kho trong cc bng t 1 n 4 ca Qui trnh v bulng cng cao dng trong
cu thp. Trong cu thp thng dng bulng cng cao c ng knh ren t 18mm
n 24mm.
- Tiu chn bulng cng cao dng trong cu thp qui nh tnh cht c hc ca
bulng, vng m v ai c nh sau:
+ Gii hn bn nh nht 110 kb/ mm
2

+ Gii hn bn ln nht 130 kb/mm
2

+ cng t 325 388 HB ( 35 41HRc).
+ tht tng i % khng nh hn 35.
+ dn di tng i d% khng nh hn 8.
+ dai va p a
k
KGm/ cm
2
khng nh hn 5.
+ Ni chung cc ai c cn c gii hn bn khng nh hn 110kb/mm
2
( khi th
cng vi bulng), cng t 283 341HB (30 37HRc). Cc vng m c cng phi
t 283 426HB (30 45HRc).
+ Cp chnh xc mi ghp ren ca bulng v ai c cho php l 7H/ 8G theo
TCVN 1917 - 76. Sai lch v kch thc hnh hc ca bulng, ai c v ca ren phi tun
theo cc qui nh trong TCVN.
+ khng vung gc gia mt ta m bulng vi ng tim ca thn bulng khng
vt qu 1
o
.
+ Bulng, ai c, vng m khi vn chuyn phi ng trong hm kn, trn hm phi
ghi r :
Tn nh my ch to.
Tn v qui cch sn phm.

10
S hiu ca l sn phm.
Khi lng tnh.
Khi lng c b.
+ Cc bulng vng m, ai c phi c m bo v, khng b g.
+ Phi loi b cc bulng, vng m, ai c c vt nt.
+ Trc khi lp rp, ren bulng phi c vn thng sut d dng bng tay trn ton
b chiu di ren. Bulng, vng m, ai c phi c lau chi, lm sch bi, sch cc lp
du, m... v khi cn bi thm mt lp du mng va khi xit du khng thm vo b
mt bn ma st. V sinh, bi trn cu kin phi theo ng qui nh ca thit k, thng
thng c th dng hn hp 90% xng cng nghip v 10% du nhn cng nghip.
Cc yu cu v kim tra b mt ma st nh sau: .
- B mt tip xc ca cc thanh, bn ghp trc khi lp phi c ty sch bng phun
ct, phun ht gang hoc bng la. Nu c to mt ma st trc xng v c ph
lp m (hay ph lp khc) bo v, trc khi lp rp phi lm sch bi, du m, nc ngng
t trn mt.
- Trc khi gia cng mt cn ty sch vy g, sa cha cc khuyt tt. Kim tra sai s
hnh hc ca cc cu kin theo ph lc 1 ca Qui trnh thi cng v nghim thu dm cu
thp lin kt bng bulng cng cao. Cc mp sau khi o ct, hn, dp vv... phi c
mi nhn bng my mi v khng c lm vo thp c bn qu 0,5mm.
- Phng php gia cng mt t h s ma st tnh ton phi tun theo ch dn trong
n thit k, nu khng c ch dn th dng phng php phun ct hoc phun ht gang.
- Nu to ma st bng lp sn c bit th phi bo m chiu dy lp sn theo qui
nh.
- Mt ma st c ty sch phi c bo v cn thn trnh b bn li do g, du
m, sn... Khi b bn li cn gia cng li bng cch ty sch bn.
- Nu sau khi mt tip xc c ty sch m xut hin lp g nh (c vng, qut tay
thy c mu vng nhng khng c bi vng) cng nh trn mt tip xc b ma, sng
hoc hi nc ngng t m c sy kh ( nh thi bng hi p) th khng phi gia
cng li mt tip xc.
- Sau khi mt tip xc c phun ct khng c qu 3 ngy m k t khi phun
xong n khi xit cht ton b bulng ca mi ni hay lin kt hoc trm kn cc k h ca
tp bn thp trong thi cng.
- Vic gia cng li b mt ma st c thc hin nh gia cng ln u. Cn s dng
li cc bn thp tho ra trong cc lin kt hon chnh th khng th gia cng to mt ma st
nh cc phng php thng thng m phi c bin php cng ngh c bit c thit k
chp nhn.
+ Kim tra sch bi, sn, g... trn mt tip xc c phun ct c th dng knh
lp vi phng i 6 ln soi trn b mt, nu khng thy bi bn l c.

11
- Kim tra sch du m bng cch nh 2 n 5 git xng trn mt bn thp. Sau
thi gian t nht 15 giy dng giy lc thm xng cn ng li trn mt bn thp. Nh xng
cng loi ( dng 2 n 5 git) ln mt giy lc cng loi kim tra. cho hai t giy
bay ht xng, nu mu sc giy ca hai ch vt xng bay hi ging nhau l t yu
cu.
Ngi kim tra cn kim tra thit b lm sch b mt, phng php bo v b mt
lm sch v c qu trnh lp, xit bulng c lm bn b mt ma st khng.
Phng php kim tra cng tc lp rp bulng cng cao nh sau:
Lp theo ng trnh t v phi m bo:
- Tin hnh lp cm trc khi lp vo kt cu nhp.
- Cc l inh ca tp bn phi ng tm. nh v bng cc con li thi cng.
- Lp s bulng m bo s lm vic ca lin kt theo tng giai on chu lc ca
qu trnh thi cng v dng c-l lc xit ti tr s t 50% n 90% lc cng tiu chun.
Kim tra kch thc v khp kn ca tp bn nu t yu cu tin hnh trm kn cc khe
ghp lin kt.
- Xit cht s lng bulng ny n ng lc cng tiu chun.
- Lp cc bulng vo cc l cn trng v xit ngay n lc cng tiu chun.
- Rt tng con li thi cng v thay bng bulng, thay n u xit n lc cng tiu
chun n .
- Chun b y iu kin che chn khi ma cng nh thit b sy kh sau khi ma.
- u tin dng c-l gi xit bulng nhng sau phi dng c-l lc c b phn
ch th chnh xc xit li kim tra. Xit t t khng git cc, sau khi xit xong bulng
phi c nh du bng sn trnh nhm ln. M men xit do c-l lc to nn c
chnh xc khng thp hn 0 5% m men xit yu cu v phi thng xuyn kim tra
chnh li c-l lc (trc mi ca phi kim tra 1 ln).
- Trong mi tp bn cn xit cht bulng t ch tp bn c p cht ti ch t cht
hn (vi d xit t hng inh lin kt xng n u t do hay trng tm m inh n
mp sao cho nhng bu lng nt, mi ni hay u thanh c xit sau cng).
- Sau khi xit mi bulng phi c hai vng m pha ui v pha u. t vng
m phi ng theo chiu qui nh ca nh ch to.
- Bulng c xit ti lc cng thit k khng cho php s dng li cho mt lin
kt bulng cng cao khc.
- Kim tra khp kn ca tp bn bng cch dng l chun c b dy 0,3mm, nu
tt c cc pha mp ca tp bn khng h qu 0,3mm l t yu cu.
- Kim tra lc cng trong thn bulng bng c-l lc c chnh xc cao. S lng
bulng cn kim tra quy nh nh sau:

12
+ Khi s lng bulng mi ni di 5 cn kim tra 100%.
+ Khi s lng bulng mi ni di 5 n 20 cn kim tra 5 bulng .
+ Khi s lng bulng mi ni trn 20 cn kim tra 25%.
Nu trong s bulng kim tra ch cn c 1 bulng khng t mmen xit th phi
kim tra ton b s bulng cn li. nh du s bulng c kim tra v bulng khng
mmen xit trnh b xt khi xit li.
Kt qu kim tra phi c ghi trong nht k cng trnh.
Gc quay ca c-l lc khi kim tra bulng khng ln hn 10
0
n 15
0
.
Phi kim tra hnh dng v kch thc ca kt cu sau khi lp rp. Sai s phi nm
trong quy nh nh trong Ph lc 1 v Ph lc 4 ca Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu dm
cu thp lin kt bng bulng cng cao.
2.2.3. Ch to cu kin thp
gim st vic ch to cu kin thp trong Nh my cn da vo cc ti liu sau:
+ h s n thit k kt cu thp
+ quy trnh ch to kt cu thp do Nh my kt cu thp bin son v c TVGS
chp thun p dng
+ cc Quy trnh c lin quan ca B xy dng, B cng nghip v ch to kt cu thp
v gia cng kim loi
+ cc quy nh nu trong phn ni v cc lin kt inh tn, bu lng, mi hn trn
Chng 2-3: Cng tc p t trn cng v sau m cu
1

2.3. Cng tc p t trn cng v quanh m cu Gia c mi
dc
2.3.1. P T TRN CNG VA QUANH M CU
Cng tc p t trn cng thot nc v xung quanh m cu c thc hin sau khi
kim tra cht lng t p v kim tra i chiu theo yu cu thit k v thi cng xy
dng kt cu, lp t h thng thot nc v chng thm.
Khi thi cng cng, khong trng h mng cn c lp y t m cht ngay sau
khi nghim thu phn mng. Khng c p lp khong trng ny khi trong h cn nc.
Khi p t ln cng, trc tin phi p khi lng th t hai bn ng cng, sau
mi p tip n cao trnh thit k.
Cc phng tin giao thng ch c php i qua cng va lp t khi lp xong t
ln nh ng cng mt lp dy t nht 1m, cn i vi my i qua - t nht l 0,5m. Vic
p t cn thc hin theo quy trnh m nn t xy dng hin hnh.
Phi ch c bit n cht lng m nn nhng ch kh t nh phm vi phn
t y di ng trn, ch chuyn tip gia cc on ng, mt ngoi li lm ca ng tn
thp ln sng, v.v...
Khi t cng trn sn dc, vic p t trn cng cn c bt u t pha di thp,
c bit ch m cht cn thn tng lp t. cao p pha di phi lun lun cao
hn cao t pha trn.
Vic p t mng m cu cng nh p phn t sau m (theo chiu di bng chiu
cao p sau m cng thm t nht l 2m k t ui m, ngang vi mt t t nhin ti )
v p trong phm vi tng chn ca m, phi dng loi t thm nc tt vi h s thm
khng nh hn 2m/ngy m. Vic m nn tng lp t t nn m cu, t p trong
phm vi tng chn u phi c m cht bng my m rung hoc my m treo.
Nhng yu cu k thut p t trn cng v quanh m cu, khi lng v cch thc
kim tra c quy nh theo bng 1.
Bng 1
Yu cu k thut i tng kim tra
Phng php hoc
cch thc kim tra
(1) (2) (3)
1. B rng khong trng p lp cng khng
nh hn 10m v khng nh hn 4m t chn
mi p n cng.
Khong trng cho tng v
tr t cng
o bng thc cun
2. Kch thc lng t:
Mt trn - khng thp hn nh cng
Mi dc - khng dc qu 1:5.
Lng th t cho tng cng o bng thc dy v
thc ch A
3. Nhng loi t c xt dng lm nn t
di cng tn thp, dng p lng th t hai
bn cng tn thp: ct ht va, ct ht to, si,
dm, si, t latrt c ng knh
ht khng ln hn 50mm.
nt

Quan st v theo tiu
chun v phn tch mu
t
2

Bng 1 (tip theo)
(1) (2) (3)
4. p lng th t bn cnh cng BT v BTCT
cho php dng cng loi t p nn ng.
Lng th t cho tng cng Quan st
5. p vo khong trng gia vch h v mt
bn mng cng: p u tng lp ngang ng
thi hai bn cnh mng, theo dy m nn
cho php ca tng lp.
nt Dng my o cht
6. Chiu dy (theo m) cho tng lp t p c
m cht:
a) 0,40 - 0,45, i vi t st c m
cht bng my lu chuyn dng.
Cho tng lp o bng thc
b) 0,50 - 0,65, i vi t ct c m
cht bng my lu.
nt nt
c) 0,20 - 0,25, i vi t ct c m
cht bng my m hi p.
nt nt
d) n 0,15, i vi t ct c m cht
bng my rung cm tay.
nt nt
7. H s cht ca lng th t p cng tn
thp: 0,95.

Theo mt ngang cao
0,25 - 0,5 v 0,75 d ca hai
bn cng vi khong cch
0,1 v 1,0m k t thnh bn
cng - khng t hn 2 mu
cho mi im o.
Dng my o cht
thch hp

8. H s cht ca lng th t p cng BT
v BTCT: 0,95.
Cho mi lp m cht.
Khong cch o k t
thnh cng ra 0,6 n 1,0m
nt

9. H s cht ca t p trn nh cng c
chiu cao trn 2m: 0,85 - 0,95.
Cho mi lp m nt
2.3.2. CNG TC GIA C MI DC
Cn phi d tnh trc phn vic gia c mi dc lc mc nc xut hin thp nht, p
ng dn trn b bi sng; d tnh trc phn t ct cho vic gia c bo v mi dc v
cng trnh chnh tr dng chy cho php p cp t vo cng trnh nu m bo m nn
t n cht thit k. Phi thu dn trc cc vt th ln nhn (vt liu ph thi, hc
ri ln, gc cy...). phm vi thng xuyn b ngp chm trong nc ca mi dc cc cng
trnh gia c b hoc y dng sui, tin hnh sa sang hoc cp thm theo yu cu ca
thit k, m khng cn m cht t sau ny.
Nhng phin hc, khi BT hoc BTCT dng gia c mi dc, nhng cu kin dng
ph mt dc dng li cn c ch to v lp t theo ch dn ca thit k c tnh n iu
kin thi cng vng ngp nc thng xuyn hoc vng b ngp nc c chu k.
3

Cc phin lp ghp v khi lp ghp to thnh lp ph dng li t trn mi dc cn
tin hnh bt u t di chn ln mt mi ca cng trnh. Khe ni ca cc phin lp ghp
phi c trt kn ni lin trc khi mi dc b ngp nc. phm vi thng xuyn b
ngp chm trong nc ca mi dc cc cng trnh gia c b hoc y sng sui, vic to
dng lp ph mm bng cc phin c sn phi c xp t theo c, din tch phi xp
gia c ln hn 100m
2
di dng vy c vi phin n chm ln phin kia 0,5 - 1,5m,
bng cch dng thit b cu ni chuyn dng, trong trng hp ny khe ni gia cc phin
khng phi trt kn.
Nhng yu cu k thut v cng tc gia c mi dc, phng php v cch thc kim
tra, c quy nh theo Bng 2.
Bng 2
Phng php hoc cch
thc kim tra
1. sai lch b mt t mi dc so vi thit k
5cm.
2 im o trong phm vi
ng knh ca bc chn
do thit k ch nh
Dng thc o mi dc
2. nh gi cht lng sn xut vt liu cho
cng trnh : dm, si, hn hp ct - si
theo TCVN v TCN.
1 ln theo l vt liu Theo tiu chun ban
hnh
3. Chiu dy t nht (theo cm) ca lp ph gia
c:
10 - khi lp t bng tay.
15 - khi lp t bng my cu.
1 ln vi din tch mt
mi 200m
2

Dng thc o

4. sai lch b mt ca lp ph gia c
( bng) + 3 cm trn on nn 5m.
nt Dng thc o mi dc
5. nh ga cht lng vi (KT) a k thut
(lm lp ph): h s thm K
f
- 0,02cm/s,
ln cht khng nh hn 500gr/m
2
cng
bn t gy khng nh hn 30kg trn di
rng 5cm.
Hng xut ca hng ch
to vi a k thut
Theo tiu chun th
nghim vt liu vi KT
6. Phn chng mp cho php khi ni ghp cc
di vi KT khng nh hn 10cm khi khu
hoc dn lin mp.
1 ln o trn chiu di ni
ghp 50m
o bng thc.
7. nh ra ca mp phin BT v BTCT lin k
khng ln hn 10mm, b rng cc khe h
ca kt cu khng trt mch khng ln hn
10mm; khi khe rng ln hn phi trt mch
khe .
1 ln o cho b mt mi
dc 100m
2

nt

69
Phn 3 o c, nh v cu
3.1. Mng li tam gic c
nhng ni sng rng nc su khng th o trc tip cc khong cch qua sng th
phi nh v m tr bng phng php tam gic c
Trn hai b sng ngi ta lp mng li o c c s gm cc tam gic hay t gic m
cc nh cu chng c o vi chnh xc cao v khong cch cng nh v cao . Sau
phi quy i to cc nh v h to quy c no thun tin nht i vi cc cu
khng ln lm a hnh thun tin c th lp mng li tam gic v o 3 gc vi mt c
tuyn . kim tra v tng chnh xc nn lp hai tam gic vi hai c tuyn. Trng hp
p dng nht l lp mng li t gic vi mt c tuyn trn hoc 2 c tuyn.

Hnh 3.1.1.
Khi c bi t gia sng c th lp mt c tuyn trn bi khi xy dng cu mi gn
cu c th c th t c tuyn ngay trn cu c.
Mng li tam gic c c lp theo cc yu cu sau :
- Cc gc trong tam gic phi c hai mc c bn nh v trc dc cu (mi b c mt
mc). Ngoi ra mng li cn gm tt c cc mc nh khc m t chng c th nh v
cng nh kim tra cc tim m tr trong sut qu trnh thi cng bng cc tia hng ngm
giao hi
- Gc giao nhau gia cc hng tia ngm nh v cc tim m tr vi hng tia ngm
trc dc cu chn trong khong 30-150
70
- Chiu di S c chng ca ng ngm ly tu theo chnh xc ca my kinh v nh
sau
+ i vi my c chnh xc 1 giy ly S =1000m
+ i vi my c chnh xc 10 giy ly S = 300m
+ i vi my c chnh xc 30 giy ly S = 100m
- C tuyn trn b sng nn t ni t tng i bng phng (tt nht l dc khng
qu 1%) v thun tin cho vic o chiu di mt cch chnh xc bng thc thp ( mc
d hin nay c nhnh thit b o di hin i hn ) Chiu di c tuyn thng ly ln hn
na chiu di cn xc nh ca dng sng. m bo chnh xc nh v tim tr gia
sng cng phi o cc cnh ca mng li tam gic vi chnh xc gn bng khi o c
tuyn
- Mi tim tr m u c xc nh bng phng php giao hi t nht l theo 3 hng
ngm t 3 mc nh ca mng li sau vic nh v cc b phn ca cc m tr c
lm cn c vo cc tim m tr bng phng php n gin m ch yu l phng
php to vung gc cho v d nh v tim tr K bng cch giao hi t cc nh I, A v
M. Theo chiu di o c sn AK, AI, AM, v cc gc o sn y
1
,y
2
ta tnh ra gc
1
,
2
. t cc my kinh v ti I v M tm v tr im K. Lc my kinh v t ti A
c nhim v iu khin cho v tr im K nm ng trn trc dc cu (sai s cho php
khng qu 1,5 cm) nh hng cc tia ngm t I v M i vi tim tr K, cn ng cc
cc K' v K'' ch d nhn thy trn b sng i din
- nh v tm thi v tr tim tr gia dng sng c th dng cc cc tm hay b phao.
Sau khi to ra c mt khong mt bng thi cng tr gia sng (p song
o, lm vng vy ngn nc va vv.. , th phi nh v li c tim tr ln na trn khong
mt bng ct nh
- Trong lc ng cc bng ba my trn s lan ni th v tr cc cc v cc ng c
xc nh bng cch ngm cc tia giao hi ng hai cc u tin lm gc t lm c
s nh v cc cc khc . Nu mun ng cc (cc ng) mt cch chnh xc hn th
phi ng cc qua mt khung dn hng
- i vi cc cc ng ng knh ln hay ging chm cn lm cc du sn trn cc mt
bn ca chng theo di khi h chng vo t. Dng my kinh v theo di ng thng
i qua cc vch du , ngi ta c th xc nh x dch ca ging hay cc ng trn
mt bng v nghing ca chng trong hai mt phng thng ng. Theo cc vch sn
nm ngang nh du chiu cao cc ng (ging chm) c th m bit c su h cc
ng hay ging vo t v xc nh cao y mng thc t.

71
3.2. Thit b trc c
3.2.1 c tnh k thut ca mt s my o c thng dng
3.2.1.1. My cao c
Tu theo chnh xc cc my cao c cc my cao c c phn thnh 3 nhm:
nhm my c chnh xc cao, nhm my chnh xc, nhm my k thut. Cc my cao c
do Lin X c sn xut c k hiu tn vi ch H ng u con s ng tip theo l sai s
trng phng cho php khi o 2 lt trn 1 Km di. V d cc my c tn H-50; H3; H-10.
Cc my cao c thng dng Vit Nam do nhiu nc sn xut c ghi tm tt trong
bng 3.2.1
3.2.1.2. My kinh v
Cc my kinh v c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau
Theo chc nng ca my ngi ta phn loi cc my thnh: my kinh v, trc c mt t
my kinh v thin vn my, kinh v trc c hm l vv.
Theo chnh xc ca my c th phn ra cc loi my kinh v chnh xc cao (c sai s
trung phng 1 ln o nh hn 1.5''), my kinh v chnh xc (c sai s t 1.5'' n 10''), my
kinh v k thut (c sai s ln hn 10'').
Theo nguyn tc vt l ca s hot ng ca my c th phn loi my kinh v c hc, my
kinh v quang hc, my kinh v in t.
Trong bng 3.2.2 tm tt c im mt s my kinh v thng dng nc ta
3.2.1.3. My o di kiu t in
Cc my o di kiu t in ang ngy cng c dng rng ri c hai dng c bn
ca n l my o di nh sng v my o di v tuyn ph cp nht l my o di nh sng
Sau y gii thiu loi my EOK-2000 ca Cng ho Dn ch c ang c dng nc
ta my ny c dng o tam gic v ng truyn cp 4
Bng 3.2.1: Tm tt k nng k thut mt s my cao c thng
Tn
my
c tnh ca my
Cc my c
chnh xc
tng ng
Ni-004 chnh xc cao . o thu chun hng 1 sai s trung phng
khng qu +-0.5mm trn 1km
Hb-1;N3;Ni-
3;H
Hz chnh xc cao . o thu chun hng 2 sai s trung phng
khng qu +-1mm trn 1km
Ha-1
Ni-007 chnh xc cao . iu chnh tia ngm t ng o thu chun
hng 2 sai s trung phng +-1mm trn 1km
Ni-3;Hz
Ni-030 my chnh xc cao . iu chnh tia ngm t ng o thu chun
hng 3 sai s trung phng +-4mm trn 1km
Hb-1 H3
Ni-025 my chnh xc cao . iu chnh tia ngm t ng o thu chun
k thut sai s trung phng 4 mm trn 1km
Ni-1;Ni-
B3;Ni-B5
HC-4 chnh xc cao . iu chnh tia ngm t ng o thu chun k
thut sai s trung phng +-8mm trn 1km

HT Dng o thu chun k thut sai s trung phng +-15mm trn
1km
HTC;TH6
72
HC Dng o thu chun k thut sai s trung phng +-30mm trn
1km
BH;Hu3

Bng 3.2.2: Tm tt k nng k thut mt s my kinh v thng dng
Loi Tn my
Sai s trung
phng 1 ln
o gc bng
khng ln hn
My dng
o
Cc loi my c
chnh xc
tng ng
Kinh v chnh
xc cao
OT-02 1''5
Tam gic v
ng truyn
hng II
T1,OT,OT-02,T5
Kinh v chnh
xc
THEO-010A
THEO-101
3''0
Tam gic v
ng truyn
hng III,IV
OTC,TB-
1,T2,TEB1
THEO-020 7''0
Gii tch v
ng truyn
cp 1,2
OT,TE-
C1(Lin x)
PahlTa-010
Redta002(c)
kinh v l thut
T15 5''0
ng truyn
kinh v
TT4,OTM30,TT5
THEO-030 30''0
ng truyn
kinh v
THEO-120(c)
TE-E4,
TOM,TE-E5

Bng 3.2.3: c tnh k thut my EOK-2000
c tnh k thut my EOK-2000
Khong cch c th o c m
-khi dng 1 lng knh phn chiu
Sai s trung phng khi o di bng mt t,mm
Thi gian o khong cch ,pht
nghing ca thu pht
nghing ca phn chiu
in p ngun,V
Cng sut yu cu ,W
Cng sut yu cu khi n chiu hot ng,W
ng knh ng ngm,mm
khong cch ngm nh nht,m
Nhit lm vic ca my
0.3-800
0.3-1500
0.3-2500
10
1-2
40
o

40
o

12
10
20
35
0.3
-30
o

+45
o

My EOK-2000 khng c sn xut t nm 1979 v c thay bng vic sn xut loi
my ton c in t EOT-2000 hin i hn.
3.2.1.4. My ton c in t
Kt hp s pht trin k thut ca my ton c kiu c quang hc, my kinh v hin s v
my o di in t ngy nay sn xut v s dng my ton c in t cc my ny c
phn lm 2 nhm tu theo mc t ng ho o gc. Nhm th nht l loi my ghp gm
kinh v quang hc v my o di in t t chung vo 1 v my. Khi o gc theo cch
thng thng v dc trn vnh chia ca kinh v cn o di th t ng hin s ln bng
73
ca my o di in t kt qu o di c hiu chnh t ng theo diu kin a hnh. Trong
loi my ny c my EOT-2000 ca Cng ho Dn ch c v my TA5 ca Lin x c.
Nhm th hai c trnh hin i hn ghp t my kinh v hin s o di in t. Tt c cc
s liu o : Gc ng , gc nm c li nghing, c ly nm ngang, chnh cao, cao , cc
to u c hin sv c t ng diu chnh t ng ghi kt qu ln bng c l, bng
t.vv. in hnh l mu myREKOTA ca c
Bng 3.2.4. c tnh my ton c in t ETO-2000
c tnh my ton c in t ETO-2000
-khong cch o m
+Khi dng b phn phn chiu c 1 lng knh
+Khi dng b phn phn chiu c 7lng knh
-Sai s trung phng o di 1 t,mm
-Thi gian o khong cch , giy
-in p ngun V
-Cng sut yu cu,W
-Nhit lm vic,

0.2-400
0.2-800
0.2-1700
10
10
11-14
23-25
-25
o
-+45
o

Bng 3.2.5. c tnh my ton c in t REKOTA
-khong cch o m
+Khi dng b phn phn chiu c 7lng knh
+Khi dng b phn phn chiu c 3x7lng knh
-Sai s trung phng o di 1 t,mm
+o gc khong cch mm
+gc nm ngang,giy
+gc ng,giy
-Thi gian o khong cch , giy
-in p ngun V
-Cng sut yu cu,W
-Nhit lm vic,

0.3-1000
0.3-1500
0.3-2000
0.3-3000

5+2.16
-6
D
0.5(1.6)
0.5(1.6)
9
t 4 dn 12
12+-1-2
-25
o
- +45
o
C

74
3.3. Cng tc nh v cu, cng
3.3.1 cc ti liu cn c
- Cng tc o c v nh v trn cng trng cu c lm theo cc ch dn ca n v cc
ti liu cn c sau y:
+ Bnh khu vc cu ghi r ng trc dc cu v ng vo cu. i vi cc cu c
xy dng trong cc iu kin thin nhin phc tp i vi cu c phn bi di hn 100m
cng nh i vi trng hp m cc mi o c c th b ph hoi v l do no th trn
bnh cn ghi r thm ng trc ph song song vi ng trc dc chnh ca cu. Trn
bnh cng cn ghi r im giao ca trc tuyn ng vi trc dc cng.
+ Bn s b tr cc mc nh v mc cao ca mng li o c km theo ch thch t
m cc c im cn thit vch ra ng trc theo gc ngm giao hi ti cc tim tr v tim
cc cng trnh khc ca cu.
Cc ti liu ni trn do c quan thit k son tho v do ban qun l cng trnh giao cho n
v nhn thu thi cng.
3.3.2 h thng cc mc
T l bnh , s lng cc mc ca c tuyn, s lng mc c nh theo trc dc
cu v vt liu lm cc mc c ghi trong bng 3.3.1
V tr cc cc mc c ghi lin quan vi l trnh chung ca tuyn ng. Cc cc
mc v mc cao thng t ni t khng b ngp lt hay t trn nn mng ca cc
cng trnh v nh ca sn c gn cu nu nn mng n nh v an ton.
nhng cu m ng dc trc ca n i qua bi ni gia sng th trn bi t
thm t nht mt cc mc, v mt mc cao c
Mng li tam gic c v tr cu bao gm cc im nh sao cho c th cn c vo
chng nh v tr cc tim tr, m cu bng cc tia ngm thng giao nhau v c th d dng
kim tra v tr ca cc cc nh trong qu trnh thi cng cu. Cc im nh c b tr
sao cho cc gc giao gia hng ngm v ng trc dc cu c tr s t 25 n 150, v s
hng ngm giao hi khng t hn 3 hng( bao gm c hng ngm theo ng trc dc
cu.
Cc cc v b gi cc ca mng li tam gic c phi lm bng b tng ct thp.
nhng ni a hnh phc tp nu t my cc cc nh khng nhn r nhau c th trn
tm cu cc nh cn xy dng chi dn mc c cao thch hp. Nh vy trc nhng
ln ngm my li phi dn tim ca mc ln n my t trn chi cao.
Ni chung mng li tam gic c do c quan thit k lp ra, ring i vi cc cu
ngn hn 300m, th khi cn thit, n v thi cng c th t lp thm mt mng li c ph,
thun tin o c nh v trong qu trnh thi cng cu cng, ng nhnh tm, v cc
mng li ph ny cn dng kim tra o c theo trnh t xy lp. Khi lp mng li ph,
phi cn c vo cc to v cao ca cc im o trong mng li tam gic c c s do
c quan thit k lp ra.

75
Bng 3.3.1 Quy inh v t l bnh s lng cc mc
T l
bnh
Loi cng trnh
S lng cc
Vt liu lm cc mc theo ng
trc dc cu
cc mc
1/1000
cng v cu ngn hn
50m
t nht c 2
cc
1cc g
cu di t 50m n
100m
t nht c 2
cc mi b
1 cc mi b g
1/2000
cu di t 100m n
300m
t nht c 2
cc mi b
1 cc mi b Btng ct thp
1/5000 cu di hn 300m
t nht c 2
cc mi b
2 cc mi b Btng ct thp
ng vo cu
- t nht c 2
cc trn 1
km ng
- trn on
ng cong
phi c cc
cc im
u, im
cui ng
phn gic v
im ngot
ca tuyn
- t nht c 1
cc trn 1 km
ng
- v tr cch
ng trc
tuyn khng
qu 40 m ,
ngoi phm vi
ca nn ng,
rnh tiu nc
g
3.3.3. chnh xc o c nh v
Khi o khong cch bng nhiu dng c (thc thp, dy o ), th trc khi o phi
chun li cc dng c o, v sau khi o phi hiu chnh chiu di o c v cc mt sau:
- Hiu chnh v kt qu s o nhiu ln
- Hiu chnh v hiu s nhit lc o v lc chun dng c o
- Hiu chnh v dc mt bng ca ng i o.
Nu khi o tt c cc khong cc u ch dng mt dng c o th phi o theo hai hng:
hng i v hng v, cn khi dng hai dng c o th ch cn o theo mt hng.
Sai s o di khi lp mng li tam gic c ca cu khng c ln hn cc tr s ghi sai
s cho php khi o khong cch trong mng tam gic c
Bng 3.3.2 Sai s cho php khi o khong cch trong mng tam gic c
Chiu di cu m
Sai s tng i cho php

Khi o chiu di
cu
Khi o chiu di c
tuyn
L 200 m
200m<L500m
500m<L1000m
L>1000m
1:5000
1:15000
1:25000
1:40000
1:10000
1:30000
1:50000
1:80000
i vi cc cu di khng qu 100m, khi o khong cch gia cc ct mc nh v trc dc
cu, v khong cch gia cc tim tr, sai s tng i khng c qu 1:5000.
76
i vi cc cu di hn 100m, th sai s cho php khi o khong cch gia cc cc mc nh
v trc dc cu, cng nh khi o nh v tim ca cc phn trc mc bn trn b mng, c
ly tu theo mc nh v c th c ca kt cu nhp so vi tr m. Sai s l c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
cm m
k
l
l
n
i
i
, 5 . 0
1
2
=
+
(3.3.1)
Trong :
li: chiu di mi nhp th i trn phn cu c o, cm
n: s lng nhp trn phn u c o.
k: h s c ly tu theo kiu kt cu nhp i vi kt cu nhp kiu dm khi c th
cho php x dch tim tht gi so vi tim b k gi trong phm vi 5cm, cng nh i
vi kt cu nhp cu khung cu vm thi cng b tng ti ch th ly k=6000
i vi mi trng hp khc khi c yu cu chnh xc cao hn u ly k=10000
Ring khi o nh v tm b rng mng ca m tr th sai s cho php c tng ln gp 2 ln
so vi tr s tnh c theo cng thc 3.3.1
Mi tr s khong cch o xong phi c hiu chnh theo nhit v theo dc mt t
ch o. Chiu di c tuyn khi o bng thc thp c th c tnh theo cng thc sau :
L=n.l+0.0000125(t-to).n.l- d
l n
h
.
(3.3.2)
trong
L: Chiu di c tuyn
n: s ln ko thc o (vi ht chiu di thc)
l: chiu di thc ( c chun o)
t: nhit ca thc lc o
to: nhit ca thc lc chun o
h: mc chnh lch gia cc im u ca thc trong mi ln ko cng thc
d: on d (o cha ht chiu di thc) v tr nm ngang ca thc
Bng 3.3.3 Tr s hiu chnh theo nhit cho thc thp loi 20m
Chnh
lch
nhit

o
C
S ln ko cng ht chiu di thc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Khong cch o c, m
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Mc hiu chnhtheo nhit , mm
1 0.2 0.5 0.8 1 1.2 1.8 1.8 2 2.2 2.5 2.8 3
2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
3 0.8 1.5 2.2 3 3.8 5.2 5.2 6 6.8 7.5 8.2 9
4 1.0 2.0 3.0 4 5.0 7.0 7.0 8 9.0 10 11.0 12
5 1.2 2.5 3.8 5 6.2 8.8 8.8 10 11.2 12.5 13.8 15
6 1.5 3.0 4.5 6 7.5 10.5 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18
7 1.8 3.5 5.2 7 8.8 12.2 12.2 14 15.8 17.5 19.2 21
8 2.0 4.0 6.0 8 10.0 14.0 14.0 16 18.0 20 22.0 24
9 2.2 4.5 6.8 9 11.2 15.8 16.8 18 20.2 22.5 24.8 27
10 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 17.5 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30
11 2.8 5.5 8.2 11 13.8 19.2 19.2 22 24.8 27.5 30.2 33
12 3.0 6 9.0 12 15.0 21.0 21.0 24 27.0 30 33.0 36
77
13 3.2 6.5 9.8 13 16.0 22.8 22.8 26 29.2 32.5 35.8 39
14 3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5 24.5 24.5 28 31.5 35 38.5 42
15 3.8 7.5 11.2 15 18.8 26.2 26.2 30 33.8 37.5 41.2 45
16 4.0 8 12.0 16.9 20.0 28.0 28.0 32 36.0 40 44.0 48
17 4.2 8.5 12.8 17 31.2 29.8 29.8 34 28.2 42.5 46.8 51
18 4.5 9 13.5 18 22.5 31.5 31.5 36 40.5 45 49.5 54
19 4.8 9.5 14.2 19 23.8 33.2 33.2 38 42.8 47.5 52.5 57
20 5.0 10 15.0 20 25.0 35 35.0 40 45 50 55.0 60

Bng 3.3.4 Tr s hiu chnh chiu di o theo dc mt t
dc
mt
t
Chiu di o m
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mc hiu chnh mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2
o
00'
10
20
30
40
50
3
o
00'
10
20
30
40
50
4
o
00'
10
20
30
40
50
5
o
00'
10
20
30
40
50
6
o
00'
10
20
30
40
50
7
o
00'
6
7
8
10
11
12
14
15
17
19
20
22
24
26
29
31
33
36
38
41
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
68
71
75
12
14
17
19
22
24
27
31
34
39
41
45
49
53
57
62
66
71
76
81
87
92
98
104
110
116
122
129
135
142
149
18
21
25
29
32
37
41
46
51
56
61
67
73
79
86
92
99
107
114
122
130
138
147
155
164
174
183
193
203
213
224
24
29
33
38
43
49
55
61
68
75
82
89
97
106
114
123
133
142
152
163
173
184
195
207
219
231
244
257
270
284
298
30
36
41
48
54
61
69
76
85
93
102
112
122
132
143
154
166
178
190
203
216
230
244
259
274
289
395
321
338
373
373
37
43
50
57
65
73
82
92
101
112
123
134
146
159
172
185
199
213
228
244
260
276
293
311
329
347
366
386
406
426
447
43
50
58
67
76
86
96
107
118
131
143
157
171
185
200
216
232
249
266
284
303
322
342
362
383
405
427
450
478
497
52
49
57
66
76
87
98
110
122
135
149
164
179
195
211
229
247
265
284
304
325
346
368
391
414
438
463
488
514
541
568
596
55
64
75
86
97
110
123
137
152
168
184
201
219
238
257
277
298
320
343
366
390
414
440
466
493
521
549
579
609
639
671
60
71
83
95
107
123
136
152
169
187
204
223
243
264
285
308
331
355
381
407
433
460
489
517
548
579
610
643
673
711
745

78
Bng 3.3.5 Sai s cho php khi o gc
Dng sai s

L 200m 200m-500m 500m-1000m L>1000m
-sai s khi o gc giy
- khp gc trong mi tam
gic c, giy
-Dng c o gc
20
35
My kinh v
30 giy vi 2
ln quay
vng
7
10
My kinh v
10 giy vi 3
ln quay
vng

My kinh v
1 giy vi 3
ln quay
vng

My kinh v
1 giy vi 5
ln quay
vng
Ghi ch:
1. Cc b hn 30
o
hay ln hn 120
o
phi o vi sai s cho php bng mt na tr s tng
ng trong bng
2. khp dc gii hn trong tam gic c gc o nh trn phi bng mt na tr s tng ng
trong bng
Cc tr s hiu chnh i vi thc thp loi 20m theo nhit c ghi trong bng
3.3.3, cc tr s hiu chnh theo dc mt t c ghi trong bng 3.3.4.
Sai s cho php khi o gc trong mng li tam gic c v khp gc i vi mi tam
gic trong mng li c ly theo bng 3.3.5
Sai s khi cao c cc mc t hai u cu khng c ln hn 20 v10mm
(Trong L l khong cch dn mc cao c tnh bng km)cc mc cao c ny phi c
b tr v bo qun tt trong sut qu trnh thi cng cng nh trong khai thc cu. Ngoi ra c
th t thm cc mc cao c ph vi sai s cho php khi dn cao t mc chnh ra mc
ph khng qu 15mm
3.3.4 o c phc v cc hng mc cng tc
Ni dung cc cng tc o c v nh v nhm bo m ng v tr v kch thc ca
ton b cng trnh cng nh cc b phn cng trnh c thc hin lin tc trong sut thi
gian thi cng gm:
-Xc nh li v kim tra trn thc a cc cc mc nh v mc cao c
-Cm cc mc trn thc a nh v ng trc dc cu ng trc ca cc tr m ca
ng dn u cu ca ke hng dng nc, ca cc ng nhnh tm. vv..
-Kim tra mt cch h thng i vi qu trnh xy dng tng phn ring bit ca cng trnh
m bo ng kch thc v ng v tr ca chng
-Kim tra cc kch thc v hnh dng ca cc cu kin ch sn t ni khc a n cng
trng cu
-nh v trn thc a cc cng trnh ph tm phc v thi cng(nh, ng tm,p chn,vv..)
-Cng tc o c cn c tin hnh lin tc theo mc hon thnh dn cc phn ca cu(cc
tr, m, cc kt cu nhp vv..) xc nh cc kch thc hnh hc ca phn cu xong
phc v cho vic nghim thu v thanh ton kinh ph tng phn ca cu. Trong nhng iu
kin a cht phc tp, c th tin hnh mt chng trnh o c c bit quan st bin
dng ca cc phn cng trnh c xy dng xong dn.
3.3.4.1 nh v cng
V tr dc tim cng (im giao ca trc dc cng vi trc dc tuyn ng ) c
xc nh bng cch o hai ln khong cch t cc mc gn nht n n. Sau ti tim cng
t dng c o gc xc nh hng trc dc cng theo ng tr s gc ghi trong
n. Theo hng mi u cng(pha thng lu v pha h lu) t hai cc nh v trc
dc cng cch xa t nht 3 m so vi mp h mng d kin s o. C th dn mc cao
79
v ngay ti nhng nh ny. Trong sut qu trnh thi cng phi gi nguyn cao cc cc
.
nh v cc im c trng cho hnh dng v kch thc mng cng trn thc a phi cn
c vo trc dc cng. C th chn cc mp h mng 1-1.5m ( ngoi phm vi hot ng ca
my o t. Trn cc gi tr ng cc chng dy phc v cho vic nh v.
Sau khi xy xong b mng phi nh du cc im c trng ca cng v im dc trc cng
ln b mt trn mng, thun tin cho vic kim tra lp ghp cc t cng. Sai s cho php
khi nh v mng cng l 5cm.
3.3.4.2 nh v cu nh
V tr cc tim ca m tr cu nh (im giao ca trc tr m vi trc dc cu c xc nh
bng cch o 2 ln t cc mc gn nht dn ra theo trc dc cu
Tt c cc tr m u o dn ra t cng mt cc mc . Ti cc tim m tr ngi ta t
dng c o gc v nh hng trc dc ca m tr v ng mi bn thng lu v h lu 2
cc nh v trc dc cho mt m tr.
xc nh cc im c trng ca mng m tr sau khi xc nh c ng trc dc v
trc ngang ca m tr ngi ta cng dng cc gi g chng giy. Sai s cho php khi nh v
mng m tr cu nh l 5cm
xc nh cc cao cc phn cng trnh phi t cc mc cao c. Mi c dn t
cc mc cao c chnh, bng cch i cao c hai ln
3.3.4.3 nh v cu trung v cu ln khi c th o trc tip khong cch
ng trc dc cu c xc nh theo cc cc mc ca c quan thit k lp ra
(theo ng n ) Chiu di cu v khong cch gia cc tim m tr c o trc tip t
cc cc mc . Khi o khong cch phi o 2 ln theo hng i v hng v sau hiu
chnh kt qu o theo nhit v theo dc mt t trn ng i o cn dn sch cc
ch mp m trn vng bi cy cc ch dc qu nn nh bc d i li, o c c
chnh xc. Khi o o phi buc dy di dnh du cc im ko thc gin on
V tr tim cc m tr cu c o dn ra t cc mc nh v trc dc cu trn hai b sng.
Ti cc tim tr t dng c o gc dnh hng trc dc v trc ngang m tr, ri ng cc
i cc nh v.
3.3.4.4 nh v cu trung v cu ln khi dng gio v cu tm bn cnh
Ti cc v tr c nc ngp nng c th lm mt cu tm n gin cch cu chnh
khong 20-30 m v ngoi phm vi thi cng phc v vic i li o c. Cu tm ny nn
song song vi cu chnh trn cu tm c th lp c ng trc dc ph song song vi
trc dc cu chnh. Khi t cc mc A1 v B t my kinh v m gc 90 xc nh cc
ng ngm A v B trn cu tm vi khong cch AA=BB. Cn c c vo cc im A v
B ngi ta i trn cu tm o khong cch m nh v cc im 1,2,3,4 l hnh chiu
ca cc tim m tr Ti cc im o t cc my kinh v trn cu tm m gc 90 xc nh
cc hng ngm vung gc vi trc AB, giao im ca cc ng ngm vi trc dc cu
AB chnh l cc tim m tr c nh v bng cc cc. Khi trc o c ph trn cu tm
c b tr khng song song vi trc dc cu chnh th phi o cc gc v tm gc :
=-90=
2

Nh vy ta c chiu di AB=AB.cos
80
V tr cc hnh chiu 1,2,3,4 ca cc tim m tr trn cu tm AB s c o vi tr s
bng khong cch thit k chia cho cos. Sau ti cc im ny t my kinh v m gc
v nh v hng cc tim tr 1,2,3,4 trn trc dc cu chnh AB
Nu c sn mt cu c gn k cu mi th lp trc dc ph ngay trn va h cu c
3.3.4.5. nh v cu bng phng php tam gic c
nhng ni sng rng nc su khng th o trc tip cc khong cch qua sng th
phi nh v m tr bng phng php tam gic c
Trn hai b sng ngi ta lp mng li o c c s gm cc tam gic hay t gic
m cc nh cu chng c o vi chnh xc cao v khong cch cng nh v cao .
Sau phi quy i to cc nh v h to quy c no thun tin nht i vi cc
cu khng ln lm a hnh thun tin c th lp mng li tam gic v o 3 gc vi mt c
tuyn . kim tra v tng chnh xc nn lp hai tam gic vi hai c tuyn. Trng hp
p dng nht l lp mng li t gic vi mt c tuyn trn hoc 2 c tuyn.
Khi c bi t gia sng c th lp mt c tuyn trn bi khi xy dng cu mi gn
c c sn th c th t c tuyn ngay trn cu c,
Mng li tam gic c c lp theo cc yu cu nh trnh by phn 3.1
3.3.4.6 nh v cu cong
- ng trc dc ca cu cong c ly theo dc hng cong cn trc dc ca m tr
thng ly theo hng bn knh ng ng ca ng cong c nhng trng hp c bit
do a hnh a cht hay iu kin giao thng bn di cc cu cn th cc trc dc ca
m tr c th ly song song vi hng phn gic gc nh hoc ly theo cc hng khc
nu c l do xc ng
- Cc im giao nhau ca cc trc dc m tr ng trc dc cu c gi l cc tim
m tr. ng trc ngang ca tr ly vung gc vi trc dc tr.
- Khi nh v m tr cu cong phi cn c vo bn v nh v c bit trn ghi r cc
s liu sau y:
+ Tt c cc yu t ca ng cong trc dc cu v ng u cu
+ Khong ccg gia cc tim ca cc m tr
+ L trnh cc im u cu v cui cu
+ ng tn ca cung tng ng vi mi nhp cu
- Tu theo cc iu kin a hnh v kch thc cu cong c th nh v cc m v tim
cc m tr theo cc phng php khc nhau cc cu cong loi nh v loi trung c khng
qu 3 nhp nn dng phng php a gic hay phng php tip tuyn i vi cc cu
cn nn dng phng php dy cung ko thng hay phng php to cc i vi cc
cu ln v phc tp th dng phng php giao hi tia ngm t cc dnh ca mng li o
c.
- Khi nh v tr cu cong bng tung ng ra t dy cung ko thng th phi o
chiu di dy cung ny vi sai s cho php bng na tr s tnh ton theo cng thc 3.3.1
- Khi nh v tr cu cong bng cc tung ng ra t cc ng tip tuyn t dy
cung ko thng haybng phng php to cc th dng my kinh v c chnh xc
30 giy v o tung bng thc thp trong mt phng nm ngang vi sai s cho php
0.5cm. Chiu di ca tung khng c ln hn 2 ln so vi chiu di thc
(2x20m=50m), nu yu cu ny khng thc hin c th phi nh v bng phng php
khc mi tung c o 2 ln (bng 2 cch khc nhau, hay o t 2 mc khc nhau, hay
81
o 2 ngi khc nhau o, o t 2 mc khc nhau hay o 2 ngi ln o phi cc thi
im khc nhau)
Khi dng phng php tam gic c nh v tr cu song song th s ln ngm giao hi t
nht l 3 ln tam gic sai s i vi 3 giao im ca 3 ln o khng c qu 3 cm
3.3.4.7 nh v cc cu c
Trong trng hp khi phc cu c ng st trn ng trc dc c nu trong n
khng c ch dn ring th ly ng trc dc tuyn ng st lm ng trc dc cu
i vi vi cu c c sa cha hay khi phc u cn o c xc nh li hnh dng v
kch thc ng trc dc cu, ng trc dc v ng trc ngang ca cc tr b h hng v
cn o li khong cch gia cc tim tr ri so snh vi s liu thit k c
3.3.4.8 Cng tc o cao
n v nhn thu thi cng cn t lp thm cc mc cao b xung (ngoi mc cao
chnh do c quan thit k lp sn ) ti cc v tr phn b trong cng trng sao cho thun
tin v d dng dn cao mi b phn cng trnh vi sai s o nh nht
Trn mi m cu c mt mc cao ph. Tt c cc mc cao chnh v ph u phi o s
liu lin quan n nhau. Sai s o c cho php l 10mm
Trong qu trnh xy mng v thn tr cn t cc mc cao ph ngay ti tr mc nc
thp nht v mc nc cao nht nhanh chng xc nh c cc cao cn thit cho cng
vic thi coong tiip theo ca tr hay kt cu nhp. Cc mc ph phi i cao c 2 ln dn
t cc mc cao chnh vi sai s cho php ln nht l 15mm
3.3.5 o c nghim thu
phc v cng tc nghim thu cu v lm h s hon cng mi s liu o c c
ghi vo v s thi cng cng tc ngoi thip theo mu biu quy nh cc vn bn vit v o
c. Tt c cc s cng tc ngoi nghip cc s cc s liu cng tc ni nghip sau khi
hon thnh c lp h s lu tr ca cu
i vi cc cu ln cn c vn bn nghim thu cng tc o c phc v thi cng m tr
cc thi im sau:
-Sau khi nh v xong cc tim m tr cu cu bng phng php tam gic c
-Sau khi xy lp song cc mng
-Sau khi xy lp xong m tr ti cao thit k v t b k gi
-Khi thi cng xong ton b cng trnh nghim thu bn giao cu cho c quan qun l phi
lp cc h s v cng tc o c v dnh v sau y:
-Cc s liu v cc mc cao c v mc nh t khu vc cu v ti cc tr
-Bn sao biu mu ghi cc s liu kho st ln v bin dng ca m tr

82
3.4.Qun l cao v hnh hc trong qu trnh thi cng
3.4.1. thc hin d n xy dng cu (cng), cn phi lp mng li
o c sau:
a) Mng li tam gic c, a gic c hoc ng sn - tam gic (i vi cu di trn 300m,
cu treo dy xin, cu trn ng cong hoc cu c tr cao hn 15m).
b) Chi dn mc (trng hp a hnh phc tp, cc im o ca mng li khng nhn r nhau
c th trn tim ca im o cn phi lp chi dn mc c cao cn thit).
c) Cc im o dc theo tim cu (i vi cng l im giao ca tim cng v tim ng)
d) Cc im o dc theo trc tim ph song song vi trc tim chnh ca cu, trong trng hp
xy dng cu vt qua bi sng c di hn 100m, khi xy dng cu trong cc iu kin
phc tp (an xen vi cc kin trc sn c hoc bo tn thin nhin) v trong trng hp cc
im o c th b h hng trong qu trnh thi cng cu.
e) Cc im o tim ng vo cu, trong trng hp phn ng vo cu cng nm trong khi
lng thi cng ca d n cu.
f ) Cc im o tim tr trn bi sng ca cu c chiu di hn 100m, cu treo dy xin, cu
trn ng cong hoc cu c tr cao hn 15m.
3.4.2. Vic lp mng li o c phi c xt thch hp sao cho t cc im o c th xc
nh c tim tr v kim tra v tr kt cu trong qu trnh thi cng.
Nu tim cu ct qua mt khu t cao, nht thit phi lp thm t nht mt im o ph trong
mng li o c nh v tim cu v mt chi dn mc.
Nu tim cu nm trn ng cong, cn bm st theo hng ca dy cung xc nh im u
v im cui cu. Trong trng hp b tr on cu vt sng nm trn ng thng, cn on
cu dn nm trn ng cong, khi on cong chuyn tip ca cu bm st theo ng tang.
3.4.3. i vi cc cu c chiu di trn 300m, cc cu treo dy xin, cu trn ng cong
cng nh cu c tr cao hn 15m, cn phi lp bn v thit k mng li o c (ML)
nh v kt cu v kim tra thi cng cu; bn v c lp trong h s thit k t chc xy dng
cu.
i vi cc cu cn li v cng, cng tc o c bao gm vic lp s v tr im o nh
v kt cu v xc nh c ly, cng nh nhng yu cu v chnh xc tng ng vi my -
thit b kim tra trong qu trnh xy lp, phi c xem xt trong n bn v thi cng
(BVTC).
3.4.4. Trong bn v thit k ML, cn nu thm nhng yu cu phc v thit k t chc
xy dng (TCXD) v thit k BVTC nh sau:
Giai on chun b xy dng: s b tr cc im o v biu tin hnh cng tc o c .
83
Giai on thc hin xy dng: cc d kin v chnh xc v phng php thit lp mng li
o c cu, s b tr v xc nh im o trong mng li; dng cc tiu, cc mc; cc d
kin v chnh xc, phng php, my - thit b o v trnh t trin khai chi tit cng vic o
c, s o kim tra v thc hin php o; biu tin hnh cng tc o c.
Giai on kt thc xy dng, a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng: theo di quan st s
chuyn v v bin dng ca cng trnh, phi c cc d liu v chnh xc, phng php, my
- thit b o v trnh t theo di chuyn v - bin dng ti hin trng; s mng li o c,
cc d kin v chnh xc ca cc php o kt cu, dng cc tiu cc mc; biu tin hnh
cng vic o c.
Trong bn v thit k ML, cng cn ch r my o v cc php o chun.
3.4.5. Ton b bn v thit k ML do t chc t vn thit k lp phi c chuyn giao bng
vn bn cho bn nh thu tip nhn cng tc o c v nh v kt cu cng trnh.
Bin bn nghim thu ML phi c s ho mt bng v tr cc tiu cc mc khu vc lm cu,
dng v su chn cc, to cc, k hiu v cao mc trong h thng to v cao trnh
nh nc.
i vi cc cu c chiu di trn 300m, cc cu treo dy xin, cu trn ng cong, cng nh
cu c tr cao hn 15m, trong bin bn nghim thu ML c bn v mt bng khu vc cng
trnh, trong c v tr v cao trnh cc tiu cc mc, km theo nhng ch dn cn thit thc
hin cng tc o c.
3.4.6. Cng tc o c nh v trong qu trnh t chc xy dng cu v cng, vic phn nh
tim ng nhnh tm thi, vic lp thm (nu cn) mng ng sn cho cu ngn hn 300m
hoc cu vt qua dng chy c b rng nh hn 100m, cng nh mi cng vic kim tra o
c khi tin hnh xy lp, u phi do nh thu thc hin. Nhng d kin v to cc tiu
cc mc trong ML phi do ch cng trnh cung cp.
3.4.7. Khi tin hnh t chc xy dng cu, cn kim tra cng tc o c theo cc cng on
sau:
a) Trc khi lm cu, tun th cc quy nh ca iu 3.4.5.
b) Sau khi lm xong phn mng m tr (trc khi bt u xy thn m tr).
c) Sau khi xy m tr cu (sau khi lm xong phn mng m tr)
d) Thc hin cc bn v thit k ML trong qu trnh xy thn m tr
e) Sau khi xy xong m tr v nh tim dm trn mt k gi
f ) Sau khi lp t kt cu nhp vo v tr gi .
3.4.8. Nhng yu cu k thut, khi lng v phng php cng tc o c c ch dn trong
Bng 3.4.1.

84
Bng 3.4.1
Yu cu k thut
i tng
kim tra
Phng php hoc
cch thc kim tra
1. S lng cc tiu - cc mc trong mng li o
c i vi cu di trn 300m, cu treo dy xin,
cu trn ng cong, cu c tr cao hn 15m,
cng nh cu vt qua dng chy c b rng mt
thong trn 100m, thc hin theo bn v thit k
ML.
Tng cc

Dng trc c (tin hnh o
khi nghim thu ML)

2. S lng cc mc v cc tiu trn mt bng
mng li o c dc theo tim cu c quy nh:
+ i vi cng v cu c chiu di nh hn 50m
n 300m, 1 mc cao c v khng t hn 2
cc tiu mi bn b.
Tng cc mc
v cc tiu
khi nghim thu ML)
+ i vi cu di trn 300m, cu treo dy xin,
cu trn ng cong v cu c tr cao hn
15m: 2 cc mc v khng t hn 2 cc tiu
mi bn b.
nt nt
3. Sai s qun phng (mm) quy nh:
+ to cc cc theo mt bng mng o c s,
l 6
Ton b cc tiu
trn mt bng
o
theo mt bng phng).
+ cc mc cao c trn b v trn mt m tr:
mc lu di l 3, mc tm thi l 5.
Ton b cc
mc
Dng trc c (o cao trnh
theo hnh hc hoc lng gic,
dng my ton c in t).
Ghi ch:
1. Trn cc cu di hn 100m, cu treo dy xin, cu trn ng cong v cu c tr cao hn 15m, cc cc tiu
cc mc ca ng sn c bn u bng BTCT, trn mt cc c gn im tim m bo mng li o chun
xc. Trn cc cu khc cn li, cc cng v ng vo cu cho php s dng cc g c u inh thp lm
ng sn c bn.
2. Khi ng vo cu nm trn ng cong, cn phi xc nh: im u v im cui ca ng cong, im
phn gic v nh ng cong.
3. Mc cao c c b tr cch ng tim cng trnh khng qu 80m, nhng phi nm ngoi phm vi nn p,
thng u, rnh thot nc,v.v...
4. quan st chuyn v v bin dng ca cc m tr cu (i vi cng trnh c ghi trong bn v thit k ML),
cn phi nh du c nh im o trn mt bn m thp gi cu thng h lu hoc gn cc s c u hnh
chm cu (trng men) ln nh m tr v tr thun tin t thc o ngm.
3.4.9. Khi xc nh khong cch gia cc mc nh v tim cu v cc tr bng phng php
trc c th mng li a gic cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau y:
85
1. Tu theo iu kin a hnh chn dng
ca mng li cn c (Hnh 3.4.1)
nh sau:
- i vi cc cu ln dng mng li a
gic c, khi c bi ni gia sng th dng
mng li trung tm.
- i vi cu va, dng mng li ca 2
hoc 4 tam gic.
2. Gc ca hnh tam gic khng c nh
hn 25
0
v khng ln hn 130
0
cn trong a
gic c th khng nh.
hn 20
0
.
3. Mng li chung phi bao gm t nht l
hai im c bn nh v tim cu, mi bn b
c mt im, ngoi ra cn phi bao gm tt
c cc im m t c th nh im tm
cc tr bng cch giao tuyn thng v c th
tin hnh kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng.
Trong trng hp ny giao nhau gia hng
ngm v tim cu cng gn 90
0
cng tt, cn
chiu di tuyn ngm (t my o ti tr)
khng c ln hn:
1000m khi nh im bng my kinh v
c chnh xc v s c l
1 giy.
300m khi nh im bng my kinh v c
chnh xc v s c l
10 giy.
100m khi nh im bng my kinh v c
chnh xc v s c l
30 giy.
S lng giao im bn sn khng c t
hn hai im
4. Cc im ca mng li tam gic cn
phi c ng bng cc c nh. Trong
hon cnh a hnh phc tp, nu di t
khng nhn r nhau c th trn tm ca
im o cn phi dng chi dn mc c cao cn thit (Hnh2).
Trc mi ln ngm my phi dn tim ca mc ln ca my ngm. Nu khng th dn
tim ca mc ln ca my ngm th cn xc nh cc yu t quay v tm v iu chnh cho
thch hp.
5. Trong trng hp chiu di cu di 200m th trong mng li tam gic cho php o bng
1 c tuyn, cn nu chiu di ln hn th t nht phi o bng 2 c tuyn. Trong trng hp
sau, cc c tuyn c cm mt bn b thng lu v h lu cu hoc hai bn b mi bn

Hnh 3.4.1. Cc dng ca mng li

Hnh 3.4.2. Chi dn mc v cc
chi tit ca chi
86
mt c tuyn. C tuyn phi c cm trn ch t phng c dc nh hn 1%. Trong
trng hp c bit cho php cm mt mng li c tuyn c lp.
3.4.10. Chiu di ca c tuyn phi o vi chnh xc quy nh Bng 2 v chnh xc gp
2 ln so vi khi o khong cch gia cc mc nh v tim cu. Trong Bng 2 cng ra
chnh xc cn thit khi o gc v khp cho php i vi mi tam gic ca mng li trc
c. Ngoi ra trong cng ra cc dng c cn dng o.
Yu cu v chnh xc khi o c tuyn
gc v cc dng c cn thit
Bng 3.4.2

Chiu di
ca cu (m)
chnh
xc cn
thit khi o
chnh
xc cn
thit khi
o gc
(giy)
khp
cho php
trong cc
mng (giy)

Cc dng c cn dng o
v s ln khi o gc
- Nh hn
100
- T 100
n 300
- T 300
n 1000
- Ln hn
1000
1/10.000

1/30.000
1/50.000
1/80.000
20

7
3
1,5
35

10
5
2
- Thc thp hoc thc cun. my ton c 30
vi 2 ln quay vng.
- Thc o hoc thc cun c khc ly my ton
c 10 vi 3 ln quay vng .
- Thc o thp hoc my o quang in, my
ton c 1 vi 3 ln quay vng.
- My o quang in, my ton c 1 vi 5 ln
quay vng.
3.4.11. Vic nh cc tim tr cu trn mt ng thng cn tin hnh bng phng php
giao im vi gc vung t nht l t 2 im ca h thng a gic c v t cc tim tr trn
ng tim cu vi lch cho php ln nht l 15mm. Vic nh v cc b phn ca tr sau
ny cn tin hnh t cc tim ca tr bng cch gin n, u tin l bng phng php ta
vung gc.
Trong qu trnh xy dng cn phi thng xuyn kim tra v tr ca tim tr.
3.4.12. Trong qu trnh xy dng mng v thn tr cu cn phi t trc nhng mc cao
c ph ngay ti nh tr, mc thp v mc cao nhanh chng xc nh c cc cao
im cn thit cho vic xy dng tr hoc lp rp dm cu .
t cc mc cao c ph phi i cao c 2 ln t nhng mc chun vi sai s cao c nhiu
nht l 15mm.
3.4.13. Ti cu di trn 200m phi t:
a) Trn thnh ca mi m: mc cao c theo mu quy nh.Gia cc mc vi nhau v
vi cc mc chun phi i cao c t nht l 3 ln, vi sai s bnh qun 10mm.
b) Trn cc m tr: mc cao c cc ni thun tin cho vic t thc ngm.
Trn cc tr sa cha li m trc y quan st thy c bin dng hoc ti cc tr lm mi
trong iu kin a cht phc tp, phi trong cc hm kn, mi tr 2 ng thu bnh t
87
vung gc vi nhau. Mi ng thu bnh ny c khc kim tra nh hn 20 giy. Trc khi
bn giao cho s dng, nh thu thi cng phi tin hnh cho xong vic kho st ln v bin
dng bng mc cao c v bng ng thu bnh.
3.4.14. Khi sa cha cc cu sn c v khi phc cc cu b h hng phi xc nh trng
thi v v tr ng tim dc, ngang ca cc tr b ph hoi v kim tra khong cch gia cc
tim tr, i chiu vi cc s liu thit k .
3.4.15. Tt c cc s liu o c c u phi ghi vo cc s cng tc hin trng theo
mu quy nh ring, cn mi tnh ton u ghi vo nhng biu mu hoc vit thnh vn bn
r rng .
Tt c cc s cng tc hin trng, cc h s v cc s liu vn phng, trong qu trnh hon
thnh, phi c kim k li, ng gi v a v phng k thut thi cng bo qun.
S tay thi cng cu cng
Chng 4: Cc kt cu ph tm, cng trnh ph tm v thit b thi cng

1
chng 3
xy dng cc cng trnh v kt cu ph
tm phc v thi cng cu
I. cng trnh n nh mi dc, ngn nc (vng vy h mng)
1. Phn loi vng vy h mng v phm vi p dng.
Bng 1
Loi vng vy iu kin thch dng
H mng khng c chng vch Ni t kh hoc t m
H mng c chng vch t khng n nh v ngm nc
Vng vy t p Nc su 2m, vn tc dng nc V
0.5m/s.
t di y h mng l loi khng d b
xi l v t thm
Thng chp nhng dng chy c nc su 4 7m.
t y sng kh cm cc vn thp
Vng vy cc vn thp t nn khng n nh v thm nc,
thch hp vi mi chiu su nc
2. Nhng yu cu cu to v ch dn thi cng.
2. 1. Nhng yu cu chung:
Cao nh vng vy: cao hn mc nc cao nht trong sut thi gian
thi cng ti thiu 0.7m.
Kch thc mt bng: ph hp vi hnh dng mng v t cn nc.
Trng hp thi cng nhiu m tr mt lc, tit din thu hp dng chy
> 30% din tch thot nc. C ly t mp trn ca h mng, n chn
vng vy (tr vng vy cc vn thp) < 1m.
Phi m bo kn nc ht kh nc c d dng.
Phi c bin php chng xi chn vng vy.
2. 2. H mng khng chng vch.

2
dc cho php ln nht ca vch h mng o trn khng chng vch trong bng
3-2 p dng vi trng hp chiu su h mng > 5m v cc hot ti cng nh ti trng tm
thi bt k (t o ln, vt liu xy dng, my thi cng...) phi t cch mp h mng t
nht 1m.
Bng 2
dc cho php ln nht ca
vch h mng o trn khng chng vch

dc ca vch h
Tn t Mp h khng c
ti trng
Mp h ch c
tnh ti
Mp h c hot
ti
- Ct, cui, si 1:0.75 1:1 1:1.25
- Ct st 1:0.50 1:0.67 1:1.00
- St ct 1:0.33 1:0.50 1:0.75
- t st 1:0.25 1:0.33 1:0.67
- ri 1:0. 0 1:0.10 1:0.25
- cht 1:0. 0 1:0.0 1:0.10
Khi chiu su h mng ln hn 5m, da trn cc tnh ton v n nh m quyt nh
chn dc vch h mng.
Thi gian trn h mng sau khi o > 15 ngy vi t c m bnh thng. i
vi t m c kh nng xt l th dc ca vch h nn ly bng gc ngh t nhin ca
t.
Vi t c m bnh thng cho php o h mng c vch thng ng vi iu
kin nu trong bng 3-3.
Bng 3
Trng thi t Phng php o, chiu su h mng
t ri rc Th cng, h>0.75m
t cht va Th cng, h> 1.25m
t cht Th cng, h> 2m
Chiu cao vch h mng thng ng trong t st c th tnh theo cng thc:
h
c
K tg
q
max
=
2
45
2
0

( )
(3-1)
Trong :
K - H s an ton, ly bng 1.25.
- T trng ca t trong vch h (t/m
3
)
- Gc ni ma st ca t trong vch h ()

3
q - Ti trng phn b trn nh h mng (t/m
3
)
c - Lc dnh ca t trong vch h (t/m
3
) xc nh theo kt qu th
nghim, hoc dng cc tr s sau y trong bng 3-4.
Bng 3-4
Lc dnh C (t/m
3
) ca t
Tn t
Trng thi
t st St ct Ct st
Mm 0. 5 1 0. 2 0.8 0. 2
Va 2 1. 0 1.5 0. 5 1.0
Cng 4 6 2. 0 4.0 1. 5
2. 3. H mng c chng vch:
a. Cu to
Kiu chng vch n gin (H3.1) gm c vn ngang 1, np ng 2, chng ngang 3,
v thanh 4.
A-A

H3.1 H mng c chng vch n gin.
Chiu dy vn ngang ly theo tnh ton, t nht dy 4cm khi nn l t m t nhin,
v t nht dy 5cm khi nn l ct v t m nhiu.
Tm vn ngang trn cng phi nh cao hn b h mng ti thiu 15cm.
Khi h mng nng hn 3m v t m bnh thng th nn t vn ngang cch qung
nhau vi khe h bng b rng tm vn. Trng hp h mng su hn 3m hoc nn t ti
xp hay qu m phi t cc vn ngang st nhau.
10
5
15
2
2
3
1
4
150-200 150-200 30-50
A
A
400
3 4
60-100
d=15-18

4
Cc thanh np ng cch nhau t 1 2m ty theo tnh ton. Khong cch o theo
chiu ng gia cc tng chng ngang khng nn ln qu 1m, ng thi phi t cc thanh
bn di u cc thanh chng v ng inh chc chn.
i vi cc h mng rng hn 4m th c th dng cc cc thp ch I ng vo t
theo chu vi h mng theo c ly 1.2 1.5m mt cc v gia cc cc c vng ngang bng
vn (H3.2) t dn xung theo mc o mng. Cc thanh chng ngang c th bng thp
hoc g.

H3.2 Chng vch kiu vn nng
1. Ct thp, 2. Nm, 3. Vn ngang, 4. ta, 5. Thanh chng, 6.Np g
b. Tnh ton chng vch:
Vn ngang c tnh theo s dm lin tc c nhp bng l (h3-3). Ti
trng ly bng p lc ln nht tc dng ln tm vn di cng.
q = p. P
h
(3-2)
Trong :
b - Chiu rng tm vn.
P
h
- p lc nm ngang cao gia chiu cao tm vn di cng
c k n h s vt ti, xc nh theo ph lc.

A - A
z
Pz
A
A
N
1

N
2

N
3

N
4

51
52
53
54
55
II
II
I
I
A
A
5
5
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
6

5

H3.3 S tnh ton chng vch
Moment un ca vn ngang c st n s dm lin tc:
M
ql
2
10
(3-3)
Khi thit k trc tin s b chn chiu dy tm vn , chiu rng vn b, sau tnh
c ly ct ng theo cc biu thc:
M
W
ql
b
R
l
R
P
u
u
h
=
3
5
5
3
2
2

Trong :
R
u
- Cng tnh ton khi un ca g vn ngang.
W - Mo un chng un ca g vn ngang.
Ct ng cng c tnh theo s dm lin tc m cc gi ca n
chnh l cc ch t vo u thanh chng ngang. Ti trng tc dng ln
ct l P
z
. l. Khong cch gia cc chng ngang S c chn sao cho ct
chu mment un ln nht trong n:
M = Ru.Wc (3-6)
W
c
- M un chng un ca cc mt ct ct.
Thanh chng ngang tnh theo s thanh chu nn c xt un dc:
N
F
R
n
(3-7)

Trong :
N - Lc nn thanh chng ngang, bng p t ct truyn vo n.
F - Din tch mt ct thanh chng ngang.
- H s un dc
R
n
- Cng tnh ton chu nn ca vt liu lm thanh chng
(3-5)
(3-4)
l l
q

6
ngang.
2. 4. Vng vy p t:
t p vng vy phi s dng loi ct nh, st, c hm lng st 20% khng
c dng loi st v st c hm lng st >20%.
B rng nh vng vy < 1m. dc ca ta luy ph thuc vo gc dc t nhin ca
t p trng trng thi bo ha nc nhng khng c dc hn 1: 2 v pha c nc v
1:1 v pha h mng.
Nu dng vng vy bao ti t th lng t chim 1/2 2/3 dung tch ca bao.
Ming bao khu cht bng dy thp nh hoc dy ay. Khi gia hai lp bao ti c li t
st th c th dng bao ti ng ct. Khi thi cng, lp bao trn v di chng so le ln nhau
v xp thng vi lu tc nc tng i ln th lp bao ti ngoi cng nn dng si hoc
ct th khi tri.
gim kh nng tht hp dng chy v thm nc qua vng vy c th dng loi
vng vy t kt hp vi cc vn g ng pha trong theo chu vi vng vy. Chiu rng
mt trn vng vy loi ny 450cm.

H.3-4 Vng vy p t kt hp vi cc vn g mt lp

450CM
470cm
1:2
MNTC
100200

7
II. cc dng kt cu gio ph tm phc v thi cng cu
Cc kt cu gio lm cng trnh ph tm thi phc v thi cng cu c th lm
bng vt liu g hay thp. Trong thc t xy dng cu nc ta thng dng cc loi kt
cu thp vn nng do nc ngoi ch to ch yu l cc loi sau y:
- Dm T-66 ca Trung Quc
- Dm qun dng ca Nht
- Dm Bailey ca M, Anh, Tip Khc
- Dm yukm ca Nga
- Cc loi dm I do cc nc ngoi sn xut
- Cc loi phao ni s lan, s lan t hnh
- Phao thp KC do Nga sn xut
- Cc s lan trng ti 100T 150T 200T 300T do nc ta sn xut
- S lan t hnh 400T
mt ct ngang dm T-66
mt ct dc dm T-66
a-a
a
a

Hnh 4.1 Dm T-66 ca Trung Quc
1. Kt cu gio vn nng yukm ca nga
B cu kin yukm ch yu bao gm cc thanh v ph kin thun tin cho vic lp
ghp thnh cc khung tr khng gian v cc gin khng gian theo nhiu s a dng.
Ngoi ra cn c cc cu kin dm dng lp nn h mng dm phn b lc trn cc cng
trnh ph tm
Kch thc ch yu ca cc kt cu lp bng yukm c tnh nh sau:
- B rng o theo ng tim B=2n, m
- B rng ph b B=2n+0.25, m
- Chiu cao ton b H=2n+0.25+0.55K, m
Trong
n - s vung c bn ca kt cu c thit k
K - S tng x v x m nh pale bng thp hnh I550


8
Hnh 4.2 Cu to gio vn nng YUKM
1.1 Cc cu kin thanh CA B yukm
Cc cu kin thanh c th lp thnh h kt cu dn khng gian theo bt c s
no ng vi cc nt dn b tr thnh mng li 2x2m. C nhng thanh dn ch di lp
lin 2 khoang 2 mt hay 1 khoang 2 m kt cu dng dn nh vy thng dng lm cc tr
tm hay cc gio nm ngang
Cc thanh ca b yukm u l cc thp gc L c th ghp li nh bu lng v cc
bn m thnh cc dng mt ct t hp khc nhau. S thp gc trong mt mt ct chu lc
c ly tu theo tnh ton.
lp cc thanh bin dn, thanh ng dn hay ct tr pal dng hai loi mt ct
thanh loi chu lc ch ln bng thp gc L120x120x10 hay L120x120x10, c thanh di
sut 2 (4m) c thanh di (2m). Loi chu lc ph nh hn lm thanh khng chu lc
hoc dng trong cc h lin kt th bng thp gc nh L75x75x8
lp cc thanh cho cng c 2 loi: thanh cho chu lc ch lm bng thp gc
ln L90x90x9 .Cc thanh cho trong h lin kt th dng thp gc nh L75x75x8
lp cc thanh chng ngang dng loi thp gc L75x75x8
Khe h gia cc thp gc ca ct hoc ca thanh lin dn trong cng mt mt ct t
hp l 10mm m bo kh nng t cc bn nt v bn m theo hai hng vung gc
vi nhau
Khe h gia cc thp gc ghp nn mt ct t hp ca thanh cho l 20mm khi
cn c th hn chng vo cc bn nt
Trong b yukm c cc loi bn nt sau :
- Cc bn nt lm bng thp bn dy 10-12mm ,c cc l inh c khoan ph hp vi cc
u thanh s ni vo bn nt .C loi bn nt l ni giao nhau ca 3 hng nh M12H, ca
5 hng nh M2N v ca 8 hng nh M26

9
- Cc bn nt nh dng lin kt gia cc thp gc trong thanh t hp nh
M20,M28,M30..
i vi cc kt cu cng trnh ph tm khi xt 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau th
lc thit k tnh ton v b tr mt mt phng chu lc kho hn cn mt mt phng kia
chu lc yu hn.V d mt phng thng ng ca gin chu tc ng ca cc ti trng c
bn phi kho hn mt phng nm ngang ca gin chu p lc gi. Vic b tr cc bn nt
trong 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau cng theo nguyn tc tng t. Ti cng mt nt
gin trong khng gian th cc bn nt nm trong mt phng chu lc chnh c lin tc
xuyn qua mt ct cc ct tr hay cc thanh bin gin c cc bn nt nm trong mt phng
chu lc ph s b gin on
Do s khc nhau ca cc bn nt trong hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau nn c
im b tr bu lng trong chng cng khc nhau. thun tin tho lp bu lng cc l bu
lng trn hai nhnh ca cng mt thp gc s lch nhau mt na khong cch bc t
bulng cu to bn nt trong mt phng chu lc chnh bo m kh nng lin kt vi thanh
xin c mt ct t hp 4 thp gc ghp thnh dng du cng cn cu to bn nt trong mt
phng ph ch kh nng lin kt vi thanh xin c mt ct t hp 2 thp gc ghp thnh
dng ch T.
Chng hn trn hnh 4-3a v mt tip im ni cc thanh xin v cc thanh chng
ngang vo thanh bin mt bn nt ln nm trong mt phng chu lc chnh lin tc i qua 2
khoang dn ni vi hai thanh xin vi thanh bin hai bn nt ph nh hn t vung gc
vi bn nt chnh ni thanh chng ngang trong mt phng chu lc ph vo bn nt. Cc
thp gc ca thanh lin dn thuc hai khong k nhau c ni vi nhau qua bn nt ln
phi t thm cc on thp gc ni loi L100x100x10mm. Nu ng ngay ti bn nt
gin chu lc tp trung t cc phn kt cu bn trn n xung th phi t on thp gc
ni ny nh hnh 4-3a sao cho 1 cnh nm ngang ca n quay ln trn nh vy to ra mt
b mt ta.
nh ct v chn ct ca cc kt cu pal tr tm c mt cu kin ct c bit
(thng gi l u b, bn cnh bm, hnh 4-3b) c ch to bng cnh hn 2 loi bn
nt vung gc vi nhau trong 2 mt phng thng ng v hn thm mt bn phng lm mt
ta nm ngang, cc thanh xn v thanh chng ngang c ni vo ct theo cch ging
nh ni vo cc tip im khc. Bn phng nm ngang ca ct c l bu lng ni vo
2 dm I550 cc dm I ny c th t trn nh ct tr hoc di chn ct tr

Hnh 4.3a. Tit im ni trong gio YUKM
ni cc cu kin th ti cc tit im dng 2 loi bulng ng knh 22 mm
di l = 65mm v 27,23,28 mm. d gia cc l v bulng nh vy d dng cho vic

10
lp bulng nhng lm tng cc bin dng d cc lin kt. Chng hn nh v d cc
mi ni cc ct t n 2-3 mm.
Khi tnh ton c th coi cc cu kin thanh c ni cht vi nhau ti cc bn nt.
Bi v phi b tr cu to sao cho cc ti trng ch truyn ln cc bn nt nn cu kin thanh
c tnh ton chu lc dc trc do ti trng tnh ton tr s lc dc ny c so snh vi
ng lc gii hn Sgh c ly tu theo cu to mt ct thanh v chiu di t do ca thanh
v du ca lc khi tnh cc thanh xin c lin kt bi cc bulng chu ct 2 mt th Sgh
ph thuc vo chiu dy bn nt hay ni ng hn l ph thuc vo s c mt hay khng
c mt ca bn m. Cc tr s ng lc gii hn trong cc cu kin thanh c ghi trong
bng 4-1

Hnh 4.4. Chi tit ni cc kt cu dm bng yukm
1.2 cc cu kin dm ca yukm
Cc cu kin dm ca yukm gm cc dm thp hnh I550 vi cc chiu di m
bo tng ng vi cc khong cch gia cc tm mi ni chng l 3.0m, 5.0m, 11.0m.
Ngoi ra c cc chi tit b xung cc bn ni tm chng ngang sn tng cng cng khi
ni ghp chng li theo cch khc nhau th c th nhn c cc dm chiu di khc nhau
tu dng c th ca mi dng kt cu. Bulng ni loi 27mm trn bn bng v cnh dm
I c khoan nhiu hng l 28 cch nhau 100mm c th tu ni dm vi cc cu kin
ph
ni bn cnh phi dng cc bn ni nh khi ni cc thanh
Cc tm ni ngang dng ni ghp cc dm I ring l thnh b hay vi dm t hp vi
khong cch gia cc trc dm I550 l 200 mm, cc tm ni ngang v cc sn tng cng
ng m bo n nh bng dm ti nhng ch t lc tp trung
Trong b yukm cn c hai loi thanh chng ngang loi chng ngang bng thp hnh I
300 (hnh 4-4b) dng lm lin kt ngang gia cc dm I550 t ring l cch nhau 2m
(bng kch thc khoang dn yukm )
Mt loi thanh chng ngang khc bng thp hnh I550 (hnh 4-4c) dng ni ngang gia
cc dm v cn lm dm ngang trc tip chu ti trng ri truyn cho cc dm ch
Khi cn thit c th c th ni cc dm dt cch nhau 2 m bng cc lin kt kiu dn trong
thanh cho l cu kin thanh ca yukm cn cc thanh chng ngang chnh l cc I-300
ni trn lin kt cc thanh vo dm ch thng qua cc bn tng cng nm ngang ca
bng dm (hnh 4-4b)
Tr s ng lc gii hn trong cc cu kin dm ca b yukm l cc tr s mmen v lc
ct, mmen gii hn c ghi cho 2 trng hp M
ghmax
khi lc ct bng 0 v M
gh
khi lc ct
t ln nht Q
maxgh
. Tng t cng ghi 2 tr s gii hn ca lc ct Q
maxgh
khi M=0 v Q
gh


11
khi M
maxgh
.
Cc ng lc gii hn c xc nh theo kt qu kim ton cc ng sut php ng sut tip
ng sut ch trong cc mt ct dm c ghi trong bng 4-3. Trong bng cng c ghi
lc ct gii hn Qgh ti ch lin kt vi thanh chng ngang. Trong bng 4-4 cho tr s lc
tp trung gii hn ln dm.
Tt c cc cu kin thanh v cu kin dm ca YUKM cho php c th lp ghp chng
theo cc s khc nhau thnh cc cu kin cng trnh ph tm cc dm dng phn b
ti trng ln cc tip im ca h dn cn cc cu kin thanh ch chu lc dc trc.
u im ca b yukm l c tnh vn nng nhng khuyt im ca n l mt kt cu dn
khng gian v phi lp t qu nhiu chi tit nh, nhiu bulng do tn cng lao ng v
thi gian khi lp cng nh khi tho d.
Tnh trung bnh c 1 tn kt cu yukm c ti 53 loi chi tit v 130-160 bulng. Do
yukm lin kt bng bulng th nn kt cu c bin dng ln kh tnh ton chnh xc trc
v vy khi cn thit c th phi cht ti trng dn trc lm cho kt cu yukm xut
hin ht cc bin dng d do d ca cc l bulng.
Bng 4-1 Danh mc cc cu kin yukm
Tn gi S hiu Mt ct hay chiu
dy mm
Chiu di mm hay
din tch m2
Trng lng kg
1 2 3 4 5
Ct v thanh bin
dn
201
202
L125x125x10
L125x125x10
3994
1994
76.4
38.2
Thanh cho 7H
203
5H
L125x125x10
L90x90x10
L75x75x8
594
2290
2418
10.9
28.0
21.8
Chng ngang 4
16H
L75x75x8
L75x75x8
1730
3730
15.6
33.7
Bn ntca ct 8
211

124
144
22
26
229
265x10
590x10
200x5
(590x10)
380x10
440x10
420x10
610x10
870x10
510
W=0.491
W=0.056
W=0.491
W=0.0187
W=0.330
610
610
W=0.764
10.6
47.3

(47.3)
14.7
26.0
20.6
29.2
77.6
Bn nt ca dn
lin kt
17
18
23
217
370X10
325X10
290X10
290X10
W=0.233
W=0.075
W=0.160
W=0.173
18.6
5.9
12.5
13.6
Bn ntca h
mng dm
258 500X10 W=0.255

19.8
ct 221 540X10
460X10
400X10
200X10
45X10
W=0.484
W=0.224
W=0.131
W=0.056

103.0
Dm 231
232
I55
I55
2990
4990
265
442
Dm 233 I55 10990 974
dm chng ngang 234

30
70x8
1930
W=0.008
62.6


12
259

260

I55
140x90x10
45x12
I55
140x90x10
45x22
1970
514
350
1770
514
350

(214.0)

196.0
Thanh ngang 135

235

L100*
100x10
450x12
L100*
100x10
450x12
510

350
514

350

17.0

17.0
Sn cng 136
236
L100x100x10
L100x100x10
510
514
8.0
8.0
Thanh m ni ct 6H L100x100x10 780 11.8
Bn m ni 137 380x10 390 12.0
Bn m 15H 80x1 580 3.6
Bn ni ct 19 180x10 220 3.1
Bn ni thanh cho
v thanh chng
ngang
20 160x10 180 2.3
Bn ni chng
ngang
30 160x10 260 3.3
Cc bn 138
238
160x10
160x5
W=0.038
W=0.038
3.0
1.5
Thp gc ni 206 L100x100x10 780 11.8
Bulng th cu v 2
vng m
24
25
M22
M22
65
85
0.55
0.87
Ghi ch : W l din tch
Bng 4-2 ng lc cho php (Ncp)ca cc cu kin YKM - 60 do cc lc c bn
khi tnh theo phng php ng sut cho php v ng lc gii hn (n
gh
) khi tnh theo
phng php TTGH (tr s ghi trong ngoc)
Cu
kin
thanh v
s hiu
Th
nh
phn
mt
ct
cu
kin
S

mt
ct
cu
kin
Khon
g cch
gia
cc
tm
tip
im
l,cm
Chiu
di t
do khi
un
trong
mt
phng
dm
Chiu
dy
ti
ch
lin
kt
ca
bn
nt
lo,cm

mnh
ln nht
ng lc
Khi nn Khi ko Theo lin
kt
Ncp (Ngh),
T
Ncp (Ngh), T Ncp (Ngh), T S hiu bn
nthay bn
ct m
cu kin
c ni
vo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Thanh
cho 5H
346
L75
x75
x8
283
283
283
283
228
114**
228
114
1
1
2
2
173
100
173
100
khng cho php
3.38(5.00)
khng cho php
12.56(3.70)**
4.86(6.00)
4.86(6.00)
3.7694.6)
3.76(4.6)
Bt k 8.4(9.9)
8.4(9.9)
12.6(14.8)
12.6(14.8)
283
283
566
566
228

228*
1
2
1
2
100
100
100
100
9.05(11,10)
9.43(11.70)
9.05(11.10)**
9.43(11.70)**
11.70(14.50)
11.70(13.80)
11.70(14.50)
11.70(13.80)
Bt k 11.80(15.00)
11.80(15.00)
11.80(15.00)
11.80(15.00)

13
Thanh
cho
203;344
;345
L90
x90
x9

283
283
283
283
204
102**
204
102**
1
1
2
2

138***
81
138***
81
3.45(3.70)***
4.03(5.00)***
2.92(3.20)***
3.43(4.200**
4.25(5.20)
4.25(5.20)
3.5894.40)
3.58(4.40)
Bt k 18.9(22.4)
18.9(22.4)
18.9(22.4)
18.9(22.4)
2L
90x
90x
9
283
283
204
204
1
2
87
85
37.60(46.40)
33.00939.10)
44.40(54.80)
35.00943.10)
Bt k 37.8(44.7)
37.8(44.7)
283
283
102**
102**
1
2
67
67
22.70(28.10)**
19.50924.100**
22.70(28.20)
19.50(24.20)
Bt k 37.8(44.7)
37.8(44.7)
Thanh
cho
203;344
;345
4L
90x
90x
9
283
283
204
204
1
2
85
80
76.40(94.20)
68.00984.20)
89.00(109.8)
73.00(90.20)
14
114;29;121;
347
348;211;35
1;352
353;354;35
5;229
43.5(59.2)
75.6(89.5)
Thanh
cho 3H
3
L
100
x75
x10
283
283
283
283
204
102
204
102
1
1
2
2
161
99
161
99
khng cho php
3.81(4.50)
khng cho php
3.35(4.10)**
4.13(5.10)
4.13(5.10)
3.62(4.50)
3.62(4.50)
Bt k 18.90(22.40)
18.90(22.40)
18.90(22.40)
18.90(22.40)
2L
100
x75
x10
283
283
204
204
1
2
105
100
31.80(35.60)
29.58(32.10)
47.20(58.40)
35.00(43.20)
Bt k 37.80(44.20)
37.80(44.20)
283
283
102**
102**
1
2
85
85
24.20(29.80)**
20.00(24.060**
21.50(30.20)
20.40(25.20)
Bt k 37.80(44.20)
37.80(44.20)
Thanh
chng
ngang
4;16
4L
100
x75
x10
283
283
204
204
1
2
103
95

66.50(81.00)
67.20(79.70)
94.50(116.80)
74.20(91.50)
14
11;29;121;2
21;347;348;
211;351;35
2;353;354;3
55;299
43.50(55.20)
75.60(89.50)
L75
x75
x8
200
400
200
400
135
270
2.59(2.70)
khng cho php
3.02(3.70)
3.02(3.70)
Bt k
Bt k
8.4(9.9)
8.4(9.9)
2
L75
x75
x8
200
400
400
400
200
400
400
400
85
148**
148**
148**
28.20(34.70)
12.82(14.30)
12.82(14.30)
12.87(14.30)
29.20(36.10)
29.20(36.10)
29.20(36.10)
29.20(36.10)
353
8;17;22;
23;26;349;2
17
354;355
11;14;29;12
1;
221;221;22
9
11.90(15.10)
16.80(19.8)
28.6(19.8)
33.6(39.6)
4
L75
x75
x8
200
400
200
400
74
124
58.40(72.20)
33.60(37.60)
58.40(72.20)
58.40(72.20)
8;17;22;23;
26;
349;217;
11;14;29;12
1
221;211;22
9
23.6(30.0)47
.2(60..0)
Thanh
bin dn
ct pal
201 202
341 342
343
L
120
x
120
x10
200 200 85 6.46(7.8)
28.40***
6.9(8.50) Bt k 31.5(37.2)
L
125
x
125
x10

100 400 170 khng cho php 6.9(8.50)
31.6***
Bt k 31.5(37.2)

14
2L
120
x
120
x10
200 200 53 63.20(78.00) 63.20(78.00) 347;348;35
4;121
63.0(74.5)
2L
125
x
125
x10
200
400
400
200
400
400
53
91
63.20(78.00)
54.10(66.80)
63.20(78.00)
63.20(78.00)
221;351;35
2;353
Ti cc mi
ni
88.2(104.5)
113.4(134.5)
82.2(101.6)
4L
120
x
120
x10
400
400
400
400

81
81
117.80
(145.00)
117.80
(145.00)
126.40
(156.0)
126.40
(156.0)
315;352
353;355

Ti cc mi
ni
130.5
(166.0)

129.0
(159.5)
Ch thch
* i vi l=566 cm khi thanh cho giao nhau vi thanh chu ko hoc vi thanh ngang
khng tnh chu lc c mt ct 2L75x75x8 th theo cc tnh ton chnh xc v n nh lc
khng c thanh chng ngang c ng lc nn cho php l S=0
** Khi giao nhau vi thanh chu ko
*** Ch cho php dng lm cu kin lin kt
**** Khi m bo nn ng tm hay ko ng tm

Bng 4-3 Cc mmen un cho php (Mcp); Lc ct cho php (Qcp) i vi cc cu
kin dm ca b YKM - 60 do cc lc c bn khi tnh theo ng sut cho php v cc
mmen un gii hn (Mgh) lc ct gii hn (Qgh) khi tnh theo phng php trng thi
gii hn
S hiu
ca thp
hnh
Thnh phn
mt ct v s
hiu cu kin
c trng mt ct

ng lc cho
php
ng lc gii hn
Mmen
qun
tnh I
cm4

M
un
chng
un W
cm3

Mmen
Mcp
(t.m)
Lc
ct
Qcp
T
Lc
ct ti
ch
lin
kt
T
Mmen
gii hn
T.m
Lc
ct
Qgh
T
Qgh
ti
ch
lin
kt
T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I55 theo
..
8239-56
I 55 231, 232

54810 1707 29.0

38.4 37.7 51.5
22.7

60.7 31.8 64.2
I55
I33

54810 1825 31.0

38.4 40.3 51.5
24.2

60.7 34.1 64.2
Ni I55 (16
m 15H v 2
m 137)

33.6

18.0 44.0 62.8
0

57.9 0 75.5
30 theo

8240-6
30
234
54810 362 6.1 15.3 8.0 15.6
I55 theo
..
8239-56
155
259;260
54810 1707 29.0

38.4
50.0
37.7 51.5
59.6
22.7

60.7 31.8 64.2
Ghi ch :
1 cc ng lc cho php c tnh vi ng sut cho php l R=1700 kG/cm2 cc ng lc cho

15
php khi chu cc lc c bn v lc b sung ly bng tr s ng lc cho php khi chu lc c
bn nhn vi h s iu chnh
R
c bn + b sung
2000
= = 1.175
R
c bn
1700
2. cc tr s mmen ghi trn du ghch ngang ca cc trong bng l tr s mmen cc
i Mcpmax, Mghmax
cc tr s mmen ghi di du ghch ngang ca cc trng trong bng l cc tr s
mmen tng ng vi lc xy ra cc lc ct cc i Qcpmax,Qghmax
3. cc tr s lc ct ghi trn du ghch ngang ca cc trong bng l tng ng vi khi
c xut hien cc mmen cc i Mcpmax v Mghmax
Cc tr s ghi di du ghch ngang l cc tr s lc ct cc i Qcpmax,Qghmax

Bng 4-4 Cc ng lc cho php (Pcp) ti cc im giao nhau ca h mng dm do
lc c bn khi tnh theo ng sut cho php v cc ng lc gii hn (Pgh) khi tnh theo
phng php trng thi gii hn
S hiu
dm
V tr giao ca h mng dm S lng sn cng v bn m

ng lc T
Pcp Pgh

I55
OCT
8239-56
-Cc dm I55 n gc ln nhau -2 sn khng c bn m 30 40
-4 sn c bn m 80 10
-Cc n I55 gc ln cc chi tit
c s hiu 121 v 221
-2 sn khng c bn m 75 147
-4 sn c bn m 120 156
-Dm kp 2I55 gc ln cc chi
tit c s hiu 121 v 221
-4 sn c bn m 126.4 156
-Ti trng tp trung ln dm n
I55
khng c 10 14

Bng 4-4 Cc ng lc cho php ca bulng do cc lc c bn khi tnh theo
ng sut cho php v cc ng lc gii hn khi tnh theo phng php
trng thi gii hn
ng
knh
bulng
(d), mm
ng lc cho php, T ng lc gii hn, T
tnh ton theo
chu ct vi
T=0.65Ro
Tnh theo chu p vi
T=1.58Ro ng vi cc b
dy bn thp l mm
tnh ton
theo chu
ct vi
T=0.65Ro
Tnh theo chu p p vi
cc b dy bn thp l mm
=8 =9 =10 =20 =8 =9 =10 =20
22
27
4.2
6.3
4.7 5.3
6.52
5.9
7.25
11.8
14.5
4.95
7.45
6 6.8
8.3
7.5
9.2
15.0
8.4
2. kt cu gio MKC
Kt cu gio vn nng MKC c nhiu u im hn so vi kt cu YIKM nh
tn cng lp rp, gim s bulng v.v.. . Kt cu MKC gm 2 loi: mt loi ch yu lm tr
tm v mt loi ch yu lm dm tm
B kt cu MKC gm 11 loi thanh tring c 4 loi thanh ct 5 loi thanh cho v
chng ngang 1 loi thanh dnh cho bn ni lin kt cc b phn dng bulng cng d
cao ng knh 24mm

16
Khong cch gia cc tim bn nt bng 2m (nh b YIKM). Khi cn tng sc chu
ti ca tr tm c th lp cc ct b xung cch ct chnh 25 cm

Hnh 4.5. B kt cu MKC
Cc cu kin MC ch t cc ng thp trn c cc bn ni u thanh ng ni vo bn
nt( hnh4-5) nh lin kt bulng cng cao cc cu kin thanh cho v thanh chng
ngang c lin kt vo bn ntch qua 1 bulng
Mng dm hn b (loi thanh ) c hn ghp t 4 dm I n gin ho lc lp tr tm
T cc cu kin ct thanh cho thanh chnh ngang c th lp thnh cc tr pal n vi
kch thc trn mt bng l 2x2n nu c thm ct b xung th theo hng dc v
hng ngang nh cc thanh cho v thanh chong ngang thnh mt kt cu khng gian
tu vi c ly gia cc pal n tu chn c th l 2, 4, 6 m
B kt cu MK dng lp cc dm tm cho cn cu chy v cc loi cu tm khc cng
nh lp b dm phn b lc trn cc h phao ghp c th dng kt cu MK kt hp vi
MKC hoc vi YIKM
Cu kin c bn ca MK l cc dm I hn cao 550 v 1050 mm di 80000m v 11920mm.
Ni di cc dm bng bn ni v bulng cng cao phi 24 ng vi cc chiu di
8,11.92,16,19.92 cc dm n l c th ni ghp thnh b dm vi c ly gia cc

17
22000
22000
7
9
16600
1400
Chn chng 2I300
L=7640
Bn 350x350x10 chn ch
1
2
2
5
0
6000
1
0
0
0
700
5
0
0
2000
2
0
0
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
R thp hc
2
M
2
0
1
Tm bn BTCT 2x2.3x0.2m
2
M
2
0
2
M221
2
M
5
2M4 M221
2M4
M232
2
M
5
2M4
2M4
2
M
2
0
1
M221
(Khng th hin h dm dn)
Tim dc cu Tim tr ngang cu
Mt bng
A
1000
8
1
7
3
2
M
5
C
p
n
e
o
v
o
h
th
5
T
2
M
2
0
1
2
M
2
0
1
M22
R thp hc
M22
2
M
5
M22
2M6
M22
M22
2
M
5
2M4
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2M6
2
M
5
2M4
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2M6
M22
2
M
5
2
M
5
2M4
M22
2M6
2M4
2
M
2
0
1
M22
5
9
6
5
5
0
M221
M235
2M4
N6
M221
M235
7
9
3
9
Tim tr dc cu
Bn 350x350x10 chn ch
4x1400
2300
H dm dn 8I596
1625
nh ray +8.849
Xe gong
4I596; L=22000
Mt chnh
Thanh cng 38
Xe gong
Kch
A
1
5
1
4
6
1
2
2
5
0
1
2
2
5
0
M8 M8
4600
2M4
2M4
N6
2
M
5
Ghi ch
Thng k khi lng vt liu cho 01 gi lao dm
700
4 M22/M8 44/44 bn/bn
2000
6
5
N6
M221 20
10 Th
cm
6000
2M4
8
0
0
R thp hc
2
M
2
0
1
+1.25
M221
M232
2
M
5
2M4
2M4
2
M
5
2
M
2
0
1
M221
2M4
Chng loi
M231/M232
M201/M202
3
2
M4/M5
tt
1 8/8
S.L
8/48
136/120
Th/Th
Th/Th
n v
Th/Th
R thp hc
5
5
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
M
2
0
2
M221
5
5
0M235
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
M221
Tm BTCT 2x2.3x0.2m 10 Tm 12
Cp neo 22/H th 5T
R thp hc
12
11
100/4
m3
m/ci
69.2
C TK ring
Ghi ch
B x nh 4I596; L=22m
Chng loi
9
8 M236
tt
7 M235
Th
b
Th
n v
01
20
S.L
20
M235
R thp hc
M221
800
Mt bn
2
M
5
2
M
5
2M4
2
M
5
2M4
2
M
5
2M4
7
8
6
3
C
p
n
e
o
v
o
h
th
5
T
C
p
n
e
o
v
o
h
th
5
T
2
M
5
1000
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2M6
M22
M22
2
M
5
2M4
M22
2
M
5
2M6
2
M
5
2M4
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2
M
2
0
1
M22
2M6
M22
B
2
M
5
2M4
M22
2M6
2M4
2
M
5
2
M
2
0
1
M22
B
R thp hc
M22
M8
M8
M8
M8
5
5
0
5
9
6
M221
M235
2M4
N6
M221
M235
5
9
6
5
5
0
M221
2M4
Xe gong
Kch
7
6
4
0
L
1
0
0
x
1
0
0
x
1
0
2
I3
0
0
; L
=
1
5
0
0
C
p
n
e
o
v
o
h
th
5
T
2
M
5
c
h
n
c
h
n
3
5
0
x
3
5
0
x
1
0
M8
M8
8
4
0
Chn chng 2I300
M8
2M4
M8
L=7640
3
0
0
Xe gong
A - A
M221
M231
4I596; L=22000
800
Kch

Hnh 4.6 Cu to gi sng dm bng gio vn nng YUKM

18

dm n 1600 v 2200mm nh cc bn ni ngang b sung. Khi phi t thm cc lin kt
dc bng thp gc ch sn.
Hin nay cc Cng ty cu ca Vit nam t thit k ,ch to loi gio ghp cc cu kin
ct thp trn da theo cu tao ca b MKC ni trn
3. Dm qun dng bailey
Dm Bailey l loi dm qun dng bng thp c u im l nh, vic lp dp v lao
tho d n gin (c th bng sc ngi) do c ch to v s dng nhiu nc trn
th gii. Hin nay nhiu Cng ty Vit nam cc tnh cng t ch to loi dm da theo cu
to dm Bailey.
Trong qu trnh xy dng cu ngoi vic dng dm Baily theo ng thit k tiu
chun lm cu tm t, ngi ta thng li dng cc cu kin ch yu ca b dm ny
lm gio v tr pal tm kt hp vi mt s b phn ch to thm ring l cho ph hp
tng mc ch s dng c th
Sau y l tm tt c im dm baily theo thit k tiu chun lm cu tm t (dng
dn chy di)
Cu Baily c 2 dm chnh do cc pan lin kt bng cht to thnh Mi pan di 3.048m
thanh bin di cu mi pan mang 2 gio ngang(xe nng hn 36t phi dng 4
ngang)Trn cc ngang t 5 hng dd dc mt cu thng rng 3.28m v lt vn g. Cc
loi dm baily mi c mt cu rng hn.C th lp kt cu baily thnh cc dm c chiu
di n 55-73m theo s gin n v s lin tc Nu ccu ngn v ti trng nh th
mi bn ch c mi bn ch c 1 dn n cu di hay ti trng nng phi lp dm ghp i
ghp ba v ghp thnh 2,3 tng
Cc kiu lp thng dng nht l:
-Cu 1 tng pan n
-Cu 1 tng pan kp
-Cu 1 tng pan ghp ba
-Cu 2 tng pan kp
-Cu 3 tng pan kp
Danh mc c bn ca dm Baily gm 28 b phn ngy nay c b sung thm cc
b phn mi m rng phm vi p dng Trc y dng vt liu thp cc bon thng ngy
nay cc b dm Baily u bng thp hp kim thp.
Cc b phn c bn gm c
- 25 loi cu kin bng thp: pan ch,t pan kho cht, ngang, mu gi ngang, thanh
nch, dc bin, dc gia, thanh ging, bulng, dm np thanh ng u cu (thanh m
v thanh dng) ,gi cu, bn k gi cu, khung gi khong cch, bulng, cng xon va h,
ct lan can..
- 5 cu kin bng g: Vn mt cu, dm np, g n (2loi), vn va h

19
-Ngoi ra c 18 th dng c lp v lao cu
B phn nng nht khng qu 260Kg cho 6 ngi mang vc khi lp
Chiu di cu l bi s ca 3.048 m Cng thc tnh nh sau
L=3.048.n + 0.057

Hnh 4.8 Mt ct ngang dn Bailey
Trong L:
L = chiu di cu gia 2 tim gi
N = s khoang(s pan)
0.057m = Khong cacvhs t tim gi cu n tim l cht cu
Kh nng chu ti on xe ca cu Bailey bng vt liu thp ccbon thng c tnh vi ng
sut ko cho php l 2800Kg/cm2 v ng sut ko cho php l 2100Kg/cm2. H s xung
kch l 1.1
Yu cu ch chy xe qua cu Baily nh sau
-Tc nhiu nht 40km/gi 2 xe chy cch nhau t nht 27m
-Xe khng c hm li hay sang s trn cu
Trong bng 4-7 cho bit kh nng chu ti ca cc khu dm Baily khc nhau cch
tnh ti trng cc loi xe p dng bng 4-7 nh sau:
a) xe i l (khng ko rmooc) my ko,xe tng tnh theo trng ti xe(k c hng ch)phn l
nh hn 1 tn th lm trn s
b) Xe rmooc th ly trng ti ca xe cnh vi 1/2 trng ti rmooc

20

Hnh 4.7 Dn Bailey lm cu tm

21

Bng 4-6 Cc b phn dm cu baily
Tn Kch thc, m Trng
lng kg
Cch vn
chuyn
(s ngi
nng)
Ch thch
1 2 3 4 5
A- Cc b phn ch yu

Pan cu BB1
3.048x1.549x0.178 259 6 -Lm dm chu kc ca cu
+ mt u c mng dng mt u c
mng m lp cc pan vi nhau bng
cht
+ C 2 l lp khung gi khong cch
+ c 2 l lp bulng trong trng hp
lp 2 tng
- Thanh m di ca pan c:
+ ming thp c mu lp ngang (4
ming trong 1 pan)
+ Mi u c 1 l lp thanh ging
Cht (c cht
kho) BB4
0.203x0.048 3 -Dng lp cc pan vi nhau u cht
c rnh ngang cng chiu vi kho cht
ngang BB5 5.426x0.114x0.254 202 6 -Mt trn c
+ l 2 u lp thanh nnh
+5 i mu lp dc
- Mt di c :
+Kho hai u gc ln ming thp c
mu thanh bin di ca pan
+mu 2 u lp thanh hng va h
Mu gi ngang
BB6
0.330x0.203 3 -Dng lp ngang vo pan chn mu
lp vo pan chn mu lp vo mu ca
ming thp thanh bin di pan u
mu lp vo l thanh ng pan vn c
xit cht ngang vo thanh bin di ca
pan
Thanh nnh BB3 0.076x0.038x1.007 8 1 ngi
mang 2
ci
- Mt u lp vo ngang mt u lp
vo thanh ng pan mi pan lp 1 thanh
nnh
dc bin BB8 3.048x0.102x0.559 86 2 -C 14 khc lp vn cu 4 khc c l
lp bulng dm hp
- ny khng th i bn ny sang bn
kia v o ln mt trn mt di c. Hai
du c khc n khp vo mu trn
ngang
dc gia BB7 3.048x0.102x0.559 83 2 -c 3 hnh dc gia 2 dc bin hai
u c khc n khp vo mu trn
ngang
Thanh ging BB15 4.267x0.025 30 1 -c tng vn chnh chiu di c
-Hai u c l dng bulng lp vo
thanh bin di pan
- gia c mt ni gp li d mang vc
-Mi pan lp 2 thanh ging bt cho nhau
-Cu 3 tng th phi lp thm thanh ging
thanh bin trn ca tng trn cng
Vn g mt cu 3.585x0.051x0.222 25 1 -Mi pan dng 13 tm vn.Hai u vn
c khc n vo khc ca dc bin
khng phi dng inh hay bulng
Dm np g 3.040x0.140x0.140 35 1 -dm np c 4 l ch nht n vi 4 l trong
khc dc bin d lp bulng mi bn

22
cu dng 1 dm np
Bulng dm np
BB10
0.229x0.019 0.7 -u bulng hnh ch nht nm lt vo
l dm np thm cu c rng en dnh lin
Thanh ng u
cu (thanh m,
thanh
dng)BB17,BB16
Cao 152m 59 1 hay 2
ngi
mang
Ch dng u cu
-u trn c hai l 1 l n vo thanh bin
di ca pan tng th hai 1 l n vo
thanh bin trn pan tng th nht
-u di c mt l 1 l n vo thanh bin
di ca pan tng th nht pha di c 1
ming thp nh ra lp ngang thay
cho mu gi ngang thng dng
-Di thanh ng c ch lm vo t
ln gi trc cu
Bn k gi cu
BB19
0.381x0.457x cao 0.102 32 1 - C mt trc thp lun qua 4 ming thp
ng trn
Trc chia lm 3 on.on gia t thanh
ng u cu pan n, hai on ngoi t
thanh ng u cu ca pan kp th hai
v th ba. Bn gc gi cu c l bt
nh
K gi cu BB31 0.610x0.289x0.397x0.0
95 dy 0.044
181 4 k gi cu
G n 1.372x0.152x0.076x1.3
72x0.152x0.152
8
17
Trng hp khng c m cu dng
chng di sn ni cu
Bulng khung gi
khong cch
0.089x0.019 0.5 -Di u bulng c mt ming thp dt
khi vn bulng khi chy
B-Cc b phn th yu
Khung gi khong
cch BB2
1.270x0.508 18 1 -Cu pan kp 1 tng: lp trn nh pan
gi khong cch gia 2 pan
- Cu pan kp 2 tng : Dng thm lp
vo cc thanh ng ca pan tng trn
-Cu pan ghp ba: cng nh cu pan kp
-Bn gc khung gi khong cch c th lp
bulng
Bulng thanh bin 0.311x0.032 3.6 -Dng chp cc pan 2 tng v 3 tng
cc thanh bin u c l lp bulng
Thp m BB29 3.048x0.010x0.064 1.4 -Cu pan ghp ba t pha trn pan
ngoi
sn ni cu
- bin
- gia
3.048x0.127x0.559 162 -Cch dng nh dc ca cu trng hp
khng c m cu t cc ny lm sn
ni vo cu ly ng ln xung cu
-Hai u a vt nghing mt u gc ln
ngang u cu mt u gc ln mt
ngang t trn t
K sn ni vo cu cao 0.305 42 2 -Dng k ngang t trn t bc
sn cu mi ngang k 4 ci
-Bn gc c l ng inh cht xung
t
Vn lt va h 0.762x0.254x0.051 46 2 -Dng lt ln cc thanh hng va h
thanh hng va h
BB27
cao 1.219 m 9 1 ngi
mang 2
ci
-Mt u c rnh lp vo thn ngang
xu vo 2 mu 2 hn thn ngang mt
u c l lp ct lan can
Ct lan can cao 1.219 m 3 1 ngi
mang 4
ci
Cm vo l ca thanh hng va h pha trn
ct c l pha di c mu lng tay vn
lan can

Bng 4-7 Trng lng cho php ca on xe qua cu Baily, T

Chiu di nhp
Pan n 1 tng Pan kp 1 tng Pan ghp ba 1
tng
Pan kp 2 tng

23
(m)

Trng
ti an
ton
Trng
ti cho
xe i
tm
thi

Trng
ti an
ton
Trng
ti cho
xe i
tm
thi

Trng
ti an
ton
Trng
ti cho
xe i
tm
thi

Trng
ti an
ton
Trng
ti cho
xe i
tm
thi
12.20
15.2
18.3
21.3
24.4
27.4
30.5
33.5
36.6
39.5
42.7
25.7
48.8
51.8
54.9
57.9
61.0
43.35
32.65
25.40
19.05
14.51
10.88
8.16
56.23
42.63
34.47
26.30
19.95
16.33
10.88

58.05
48.707
39.00
29.93
23.58
18.14
14.51
10.88
8.16
5.44

73.56
59.96
48.98
37.18
30.48
25.40
19.93
16.33
11.79
9.07

56.23
48.07
39.00
32.65
26.30
21.77
16.33
11.79
9.07
7.26

69.64
58.96
48.98
37.19
34.47
29.02
22.68
16.33
13.61
9.07

65..3
55.33
46.25
35.09
25.93
23.58
18.14
14.51
10.88
7.26
4.54

81.63
68.93
58.05
48.98
40.82
30.84
24.49
19.05
14.51
10.88
6.35
Bng 4-8 Trng lng mt khoang cu baily
Kiu cu

Cch lp
Cu dn 1 tng pan
n
1 tng pan
kp
1 tng
pan ghp
ba
2 tng
pan kp
pan
n
pan
kp
Tan b khoang cu c c va
h

812

1386
1960 2559 3102 3684
Tan b khoang cu c c va
h
1835 2414 2987 3539
Tan b khoang cu (khng
vn, khng va h)
1441 2020 2563 3145
Tan b khoang cu (khng
vn, khng va h)
1020 1598 2142 2723


24
3. gio c hng
vn khun di ng
vn khun y
sn cng tc di
sn cng tc trn
vn sn ln xung
bung iu khin
kch
t iu khin
Hng thi cng
r1 r1
k0 k1
k2
Ga di ng
Thit b nng h bng tay
+ B chy
+ Kch di chuyn vn khun
+ T iu khin

mt ct ngang
Sn thi cng
lan can
mt ct dc
lan can
kch
kch
ga di ng
ray
con ln
lan can

25
Cp nm ngang
Vn khun treo
Xe gong
V tr cht
Thanh treo

U L >2U U
C2
C1
U U U
L <2U
U L < 2U U
U Lc + U/2 U Lc
C2 C1 C2 C1
C1
C2
i trng
Mi ni thit b c

26
6. gio tr tm c y
y dm
Kch nng Kch y
Cp cng c nh Kch
d)
Chi tit A
Chi tit A
Kch ko
Dm BTCT
c)
b)
Kch
a)
Dm BTCT
Dm BTCT
Dm BTCT
e)


27
Vn khun m
ra ngoi
Vn khun y
h thp c
Dm b cng
B mt trt

Hnh 9.2 : S b tr vn khun dm c-y

Gi trt tm cho t u v t cui
Gi trt
B c
0.5L 0.5L 0.8L
Nhp bin Nhp gia


28
7. gio di ng mss

H
thng
MSS
chy
di

.
. .
.
0.8L L
0.2 L

H
thng
MSS
chy
gia

H

thng
MSS
chy
trn

Hnh 9.48: B tr h thng MSS loi chy trn, chy gia, chy di

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0,8 x L
L
0.2 L

Dm chnh
H bn
trt
Vn khun
Xy lanh thu lc
H cng xon
Sn cng tc
Xe gong
Kch chnh
Dm ngang

Vn khun ngoi
Dm chnh
Dm
ngang
Tr
H bn trt

Sn

cng tc
Kch
chnh
Dm
chnh

Dm
ngang
H
Xe
gong

0.8 L L
0.2 L

29
Iii. H thng ni (Phao thp vn nng)
Trong xy dng cu thng dng cc phao thp vn nng. Cc phao ny c ghp
thnh h ni cc lai kt cu nhp, hoc chuyn ch vt liu, cc thit b thi
cng v.v.. . trong qu trnh thi cng trn sng thay cho vic dng cc s lan thng thng
B phao thp vn nng do nc Nga sn xut gm c loi phao KC, KCY, KC-3, KC-
63 kch thc cc phao ging nhau 1.8x3.6x7.2m .Chng ch khc nhau v chiu dy v
phao v cu to mi ni. Cc phao KC3 v KC-63 c th ni ghp vi nhau. Cn ni phao
KC3 vi phao KCY cn c kt cu ni ch ta ring.
Hin nay theo mu phao ni trn, nhiu cng ty Vit nam t ch to phao.
Lp ghp h ni bng phao KC

Hnh 4.9 Lp ghp cc phao KC thnh h ni
Cc phao c ghp vi nhau bng h bulng lin kt cc g c bit dc cc mp
phao truyn lc ct v bng cc tm bn ni truyn mmen. Cc bulng ng knh 27
mm ph hp vi l bulng ng knh 30mm. Ni chung kiu ni ny rt kh thi cng lp
ghp phao v d gy ra cc bin dng cong vnh ca cc g mp phao.
Phao c th t nm vi chiu cao l H=1,8m hoc t ng vi chiu cao l H=3,6m
S lng phao ghp theo hng dc v hng ngang thnh h phao c chn theo
tnh ton cho tng trng hp s dng nhng khng c t hn 3 phao m bo n nh
ni tt trn nc. Thng thng h phao ghp nm vi chiu cao 1.8 m gm 6 phao v h
phao ghp ng vi chiu cao 3.6m gm 8 phao
Bng 4-9 Tham s ca cc phao thp lin x

30
Loi phao K.C K.C3 K.C63 K.C.Y
Trng lng, Tn 7 6.23 5.96 7.2
chm do trng lng bn thn, mt 0.3 0.26 0.25 0.36

Sc chu ti ca 1 phao khi chiu cao mn kh a=0.5m l 26T.Cc ng lc tp trung gii
hn tc dng ln phao nh hnh 4-7 c ghi trong bng 4-10 v bng 4-11

Bng 4-10 Ti trng gii hn ln phao
V tr ti trng Loi phao
K.C-3 K.C-63
Ti trng gii hn,T
-Ti cc bn ntca khung ngang kho ca phao (P) 46 47
Ti mi bn nttrn mp dc phao (p1) 31 32
-Ti cc gc phao (P2) 26 24
-Ti cc bn nt mp ngang phao (P4) 26 28
-Ti im bt k trn nh x ngang boong (p5) 2.5 4.0

Bng 4-11 ng lc gii hn tc dng ln phao v ln mi ni cc phao
Loi bin dng

Yu t quyt nh kh
nng chu lc
Phao K.C-3 Phao K.C-63
Mgh
(T.m)
Qgh
(T)
Mgh
(T.m)
Qgh
(T)
-Un phao trong mt
phng thng ng dc
phao H=1.8m
+ bn phao
+ bn mi ni
546 138 575 138
-Un phao trong mt
phng thng ng dc
phao H=3.6m
+ bn mi ni
+ bn phao khi c ti
trng cc b q=1.8T/m2
608
229*
207
119*
608
348*
276
124*
-Un phao trong mt
phng thng ngang dc
phao H=1.8m
+ bn phao

389* 119* 486* 124*
-Un phao trong mt
phng thng ngang dc
phao H=3.6m
+ bn phao khi c ti
trng cc b q=3.6T/m2
+ bn phao
148*
792*
238*
238*
340*
993*
248*
248*

Ch thch :
-Cc tnh ton lm vi gi thit phao lm vic trong h phao c chm ti a
- Du * ch r gi tr Mgh khi Q=0 v khi Qgh khi M=0 khi xt M v Q ng thi th phi tnh ton c th

Bng 4-12 Lc gi ca cc loi neo phao
Loi neo Trng lng neo ,T Loi t y sng
Ht nh ht va
Lc gi neo, T
- Neo hi qun Q
1

(12 15)Q
1
(56)Q
1

Q
1
- Neo b tng v
BTCT
Q
2

= 4Q
2
nu neo nm
trn t
= 25Q
2
nu neo
ngp su vo t
2Q
2
Q
2

-Neo cc bng gang Q
3
15 Q
3
8Q
3
Q
3

tnh ton neo ca h phao c th tham kho bng 4-12. Theo thit k, vic iu
chnh chm ca cc phao trong h phao ni thc hin bng h thng bm kh nn.


31

Hnh 4.10 X lan 500 Tn
4.6. Cu tm phc v thi cng.
4.6.1. Nguyn tc cu to.
Cu tm thi cng dng cho cc phng tin vn chuyn, cc my mc xy dng v
my nng hng i li v lm vic.
Cu tm thi cng theo mt bng phi thng, c dc dc khng qu 5%. nn c b
tr pha h lu ca cu chnh ang c xy dng. Cu tm thi cng cho mt ln xe phi c
chiu rng (khong cch gia cc dm chn bnh) < 3,8 m.
Ch tip gip cu tm phc v thi cng vi ung lm theo kiu ng dc hoc tm
k li vo.
Trong phm vi phn xe chy ca cu tm phc v thi cng nn t bng ln trn cc
dm ngang. Dm ngang c ch to t g trn x 2 mt vi b rng mi mt <1/3 ng
knh cy g. C ly t dm ngang l 0,50,7 m. Vn lt ngang c np gi bng dm chn
bnh cao 15cm, bt gi bng bu lng ng knh 12mm, c 1m b tr 1 bu lng. Vn lt vt
bnh xe lm bng vn dy 45 cm, c 1,5 m li dng 1 inh ng vn vo dm ngang, inh
c ng knh 4-4,5mm, di 100mm. C ly bn trong gia cc vt bnh xe chy > 0,8m.
Khong h gia 2 vt bnh xe nn dng cc tm lt kn hoc b tr g chn bnh pha trong.
Cng vi vn lt vt bnh xe, c php lm lp mt bng si dy 10cm, ri si trn mt lt
kn ca cc dm ngang (loi cu tm ny thch dng cho xe bnh xch i li).
Trn nhng cu tm thi cng dng cho cng nhn i li phi t l ngi i 2 bn,
rng mi bn 0,8 m c lan can bo him.
Trong cu to ca cu tm phc v thi cng dng cho loi cu t hnh kiu c cn
vn, khi cn thit phi d phng trc cc c cu t cc chn chng cha ra ca cu
nhng ch m s cng ngh lp rp n nh.
Kt cu nhp ca cu tm phc v thi cng nn l loi dm gin n bng thp, tt nht
l dng loi dm lun chuyn c.,v d cc loi dm qun dng
Tr ca cu tm thi cng cn lm theo dng tr mng cc, hay mng cc c kt cu phn
trn bng cu kin vn nng, cn nu khng c kh nng ng cc th dng kiu lng g.
Trng hp c bit cho php lm tr chng n.
Kt cu nhp ca cu tm thi cng c php t trn x m bng g, hoc t trn cc
dm inh ca kt cu vn nng. Kt cu nhp phi c c nh v x m g bng cc inh
vu u mi nhp, v c nh vo x m thp bng bu lng xuyn qua l hnh van kt
cu nhp c th chuyn v do nhit c.
bo m n nh tng th ca dm (dm dc, b dm) trong trng hp cn thit
theo tnh ton phi t cc "lin kt cng" chng chuyn v ngang ca m chu nn. Trong s
tnh ton s coi cc nt dn lin kt dc bt bin hnh, cc lin kt ngang cng chng
quay tit din dm, cc tm mt cu cng l cc "lin kt cng" ny.
Cc thanh ging gia cc m chu nn c coi l nhng thanh ging cng ch trong
trng hp nu chng l nhng thanh ca h ging dc v ging ngang bt bin hnh. i vi
dm cao hn 50 cm, khng nn coi vn g lt mt dc v ngang l cc "lin kt cng". c

32
php coi cc ch bt bu lng b dm I thng qua g m t theo ton b chiu cao bng
dm l "lin kt cng".
4.6.2. Tnh ton
Cu tm thi cng phi c tnh ton theo hot ti thc t tc dng trn n. Vi h s
xung kch 1,05 i vi cc dm ch bng thp ca kt cu nhp (xe chy vi tc hn ch
10 Km/h).
Cc t hp ti trng dng trong tnh ton cc cu tm thi cng ghi bng 17.
vng ca kt cu nhp cu tm thi cng khng hn ch. Ch //// nhp ch to bng thp
CT3. cn i vi thp hp kim thp th cng m bo tr s cho php, vng c th rt
ln.
Bng 17

TT
Ti trng
Ti trng v lc tc dng Ti trng ny khng
c tnh trong t
hp vi ti trng th
B phn kt cu
Nhp Tr &Nn
a/ Ti trng v lc tc dng tnh
1 Trng lng bn thn ca kt cu - + +
2
p lc do trng lng t
- - +
b/ Hot ti v cc lc tc dng hot ti
3 Ti trng thng ng do cc phng tin vn
chuyn sinh ra
7 + +
4
p lc t do tc dng ca hot ti thng
ng
7 - +
5 Lc hm 6,7 - +
c/ Cc hot ti v lc tc dng khc
6 Lc gi - + +
7 Ti trng thi cng - + +

Ghi ch:
1. C th khng tnh lc hm nu hn ch tc xe chy 5 km/h.
2. Khi xc nh ti trng tc dng ln bnh xe hoc ln chn chng cha ra ca cn cu,
phi cn v tr bt li nht trong 2 cch (vn xa nht vi ti trng nh nht v vn
gn nht vi ti trng ln nht).
Nu kt cu nhp gi ln x m th c php coi lc hm c phn b u cho 2 tr.

33
L
ccic SOT
CNA
thc hin
L
B
L L L
I 160 L=6000
1
16 r (4 m3 hc)
KCS TCT
tng cng
k hiu
t l: 1/1000
B tng (m3)
R
Thp (Kg)
20/04/2000
5 thanh
1.415 Tn
bn v s:
bng khi lng cu tm xe t
16
Khi lng
0.191
0.038
0.046
0.0036
0.056
0.069
0.015
0.940
0.056
05
100
70
R 0.5mx0.5mx1m
[] 10x200x1800
[] 10x2000x6000
L63 x6 - L=1200
T vt 16x22x250(cm)
Sut 10 - L=6000
t o
t p
[ 75 x8 L=3100
2
3
12
11
10
9
[ 100 L=1480
2
8
7
6
2
m3
m3
R
Thanh
Tn
Thanh
Tn
Tn
Qui cch
I 160 L=6000
[ 100 L=1480
[ 100 L=540
[] 8 - bn tng cng
L75 x8 - L=3100
1
3
5
4
2
2
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
A
n v
c
B
4
[] 8
A - A
R 0.5x0.5x1m
T vt 16x22x250cm
L 63 x6 L=1200
[ 100 L=540
3%
1:1.5
8
7
c
[] 10x2000x6000
[] 10x200x1800
A
B - b
9
10
5
2
6

Hnh 4.11 Cu to cu tm phc v thi cng

34

Chng 5-1
Thi cng mng o trn
5.1.1. H mng khng chng vch
H mng khng chng vch c p dng ni t kh hoc t m. Khi
dc vch h mng khng c dc hn cc tr s cho trong bng 5.1.1. Cc hot ti v
cc ti trng tm thi bt k u phi t cch xa mp h mng t nht 1m ( t o ln,
vt liu xy dng, my thi cng ).
Khng c dng h mng o trn khng chng vch trong t ct pha v t
hong th qu m.
Khi chiu su h mng loi ny su qu 5m th phi theo cc tnh ton v n nh
m quyt nh chn dc vch h mng. i vi t st pha v st, nu c kh nng s
b thm t sau cn ma, th dc vch h mng khng c qu 1:1.
Nu sau khi o trn xong ton b, hoc mt phn h mng, m vch h b thm
m th c th p dng cc bin php phng t st l, trt; tm thi ngng cng tc
o t cho n khi lm kh c vch h, h c dc vch hoc t cc chng vch.

Bng 5.1.1 dc cho php ln nht ca vch h mng o trn khng chng vch
Tn loi t
T l chiu cao so vi chiu nm ngang ca vch h
mng
H mng nng hn 3m H mng su t 3 - 6m
- t p, t ct, t si 1:2.5 1:1.5
- t pha ct 1:0.67 1:1.0
- t pha st 1:0.67 1:0.75
- t st 1:0.50 1:0.67
- t hong th (kh) 1:0.50 1:0.75
- ri 1:0.10 1:0.25
- cht 1:0 1:0.10
5.1.2. Vng vy t ngn nc
cc ni c mc nc ln nht trong thi gian thi cng mng su qu 2m, ng
thi nc chy chm di 0.5m/s, c th dng t t thm nc p vng vy ngn
nc khi o h mng m tr cu ( hnh 5.1.1).

Hnh 5.1.1. Vng vy ngn nc
Ni chung, chiu rng nh vng vy t thng ln hn 1m. dc ta-luy ly
theo gc ma st trong ca t p trng thi bo ho nc, nhng khng c dc qu
1:2 bn ngoi v khng qu 1:1 pha lng h mng. nh vng vy phi cao hn t
nht 0.7m so vi mc nc thi cng qui nh trong sng. an ton, ly mc nc thi
cng bng mc nc cao nht trong thi gian 10 nm ( tn sut 10% tnh theo s liu thu
vn).
Trc khi p t cn dn sch cc gc r cy, l v rc. Cn xt hu qu vic p
vng vy t lm thu hp dng chy, tng lu tc nc gy xi mn y sng v vng vy
t. Khi cn thit, nu c th th nn t cc bao ti t, lt , ng cc c, lm ci g
thm ch p k v khi o, hng bt dng chnh chy ra ch khc nhm bo v mt
ta-luy vng vy t.
5.1.3. H mng c chng vch.
Khi khng iu kin lm h mng khng chng vch,nu chiu rng h mng
nh hn 4m,t nn kh,hoc n nh,lng nc thm khng ng k,th c th dng g
vn v cc thanh chng t dn trong qu trnh o t chng st l vch h mng.
5.1.3.1. Cu to cc b phn chng vch
Kiu chng vch n gin (hnh 5.1.2) gm vn nm ngang 1, np ng 2, chng
ngang 3 c ng knh 1518cm v thanh 4.
30 - 50
150 - 200 150 - 200
A-A
2
1
8
0
-
1
0
0
400 4 3
2
3
1
0
1
5
5
4
A
A

Hnh 5.1.2.Chng vch h mng kiu n gin
Chiu dy vn ngang ly theo tnh ton, t nht dy 4cm khi nn l t m t nhin, v t
nht dy 5cm khi nn l ct v t m nhiu.
Tm vn ngang trn cng phi nh cao hn 15cm so vi b h mng.
Khi h mng nng hn 3m, t trong t m t nhin, nn t cc vn ngang cch qung
nhau, vi khe h bng chiu rng vn. Nu h mng su hn 3m, hoc nn t ti xp,
hay qu m, phi t cc tm vn ngang st nhau.
Cc thanh np ng cch nhau t 1.52m ty theo tnh ton. Khong cch o theo chiu
thng ng cc tng chng ngang khng nn ln qu 1m. Phi t cc thanh bn di
u cc thanh chng, v ng inh chc.
A-A
II
A
I
A
6
2
II
4
1
5
4
3
2
5
1
I

Hnh 5.1.3.Cc b phn chng vch kiu vn nng
1. Ct bng thp hnh I; 2.Con nm g;
3. Vn ngang; 4. ta bng mu thp U ngn;
5. Thanh chng; 6. Np ng bng g

i vi cc h mng rng hn 4m, dng cc b phn chng vch ch sn bng (hnh
5.1.3) loi I300I550 v ct thp ng su ngp qu 1m bn di y h mng.Cc vn
ngang c lin kt sn vi cc np g ng 55cm, thnh cc mnh ln trc khi lp
vo h mng cho thun tin. Cc thanh chng ngang bng g, thp hnh I hay U.
Cc b phn chng vch h mng c tho d dn t di ln trn trong qu trnh xy
mng cao dn v lp t dn h mng. Khng c tho d vch chng dn theo qu
trnh xy mng nu nn t l loi t xp ti hoc t khng n nh, hoc h mng nm
trong phm vi lng th trt.

5.1.3.2. Tnh ton chng vch h mng
Vn ngang c tnh theo s dm lin tc c nhp bng I (hnh 5.1.4). Ti trng
ly bng p lc ln nht tc dng ln tm vn di cng.

q=b. P
h
(6-1)
Trong :
b Chiu rng vn ngang
P
h
- p lc nm ngang cao gia chiu cao tm vn di cng c k n h s vt
ti.
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
2
S
1
Z
P
2
1
N
N
2
N
3
N
4
A A A
L L
A-A

Hnh 5.1.4. S tnh ton cc b phn chng vch
Mmen un vn ngang c xt n s lin tc:
M
10
l * q
2
(5.1.3)
Khi thit k, trc tin s b chn chiu di vn ngang , chiu rng vn b, tnh c ly
gia cc ct l theo cc biu thc:

W
M
=
b 5
ql 3
2
R
u
(5.1.4)
l
h
u
P 3
R 5
(5.1.5)
Trong : R
u
- Cng tnh ton khi un ca g vn ngang
W - Mun chng un ca vn ngang
Ct cng c tnh theo s dm lin tc, v cc gi ca n chnh l cc ch t vo
u thanh chng ngang. Ti trng tc dng ln ct l P
z
.l (hnh 5.1.4). Khong cch gia
cc chng ngang S c chn sao cho ct chu mmen un ln nht trong n
M =R
u
. W
c

Trong :
W
c
- Mun chng un ca mt ct ct
Thanh chng ngang tnh theo s thanh chu nn c xt un dc
c
R
F
N
(5.1.7).
Trong :
N - Lc nn thanh chng ngang, bng p lc t ct truyn vo n
F - Din tch mt ct thanh chng ngang
- H s un dc
R
c
- Cng tnh ton chu nn ca vt liu lm thanh chng ngang (g hoc thp)
5.1.4 H mng c vng vy cc vn
Trong trng hp t nn khng n nh v thm nc nn tin hnh o h mng
trong vng vy cc vn. Cc m tr cu thi cng ni c nc, trong cc iu kin khng
th dng vng vy t mt cch hp l, cng nh cc m tr cu ni a hnh cht hp,
gn cc cng trnh sn c trc, hoc cc vn thp. Hin nay nc ta ni chung hu nh
khng dng vng vy cc vn g.
5.1.4.1. Cu to vng vy cc vn thp
Loi vng vy ny s dng hp l khi chiu su ng cc vo t hn 6m, cng
nh khi t nn l t st chc v t pha si, khi nc sng su hn 3m. Khe h thng
ng gia cc cc vn cn c trt t st nc khi r r t ngoi sng vo trong
vng vy.
nh vng vy cc vn cao hn mc nc ngm cao nht chng 0.20.4m (khi
mng ni cn ) cao hn mc nc thi cng 0.7m (khi mng ni c nc thp ).
Chiu su ng cc vn c chn cn c vo iu kin n nh ca tng cc vn,
chng lt v n nh ca t, sao cho khng tri vo y h mng sau khi ht nc
khi h mng. Trong cc loi nn t dnh kt, ct to v pha si, th y vng vy cc vn
thp hn y mng t nht l 1m, i vi nn t nh v t nho th t nht l 2m. Hn
na, ring i vi t ct v nho th cao y vng vy cn ph thuc vo c tnh ca
cht t v p lc nc ti cao y h mng dsao cho t khng tri n ln trong h
mng.
Nu mng m tr cu c c xin th y vng vy cch mp cc xin gn n t nht
l 0.5m. Cc m tr cu ni t cn nn xt vic dng kt hp phn h mng o khng
chng vch gn mt t v phn h mng su hn c vng vy cc vn.
Tng cc vn c gia c bng cc vnh ai nm dc theo chu vi h mng (hnh
trn, hnh ch nht) bng cc thanh chng ngang, dc v cho gc. Cc b phn gia c
c t dn theo qu trnh o t h mng v c cu to sao cho thun tin khi lp t
cng nh tho d.
1
2
3
4
5
5
R
3
D

Hnh 5.1.5. S t thanh chng ngang vng vy
Vng vy ch nht phi c thm cc thanh chng cho gc tng cng vnh
ai. Vnh ai trn cng c dng lm khung dn hng ng cc vn thp ca vng
vy (hnh 5.1.6).
gia sng, ni c nc, cc tng vnh ai thng c ch to sn hon chnh,
a ra v tr bng phao ni hoc x lan ri ng cc nh v, sau da theo vnh ai m
ng cc vn thp (hnh 5.1.6).
Cc vn thp c ch to trong nh my. Thng dng cc loi cc vn Larsen -
IV v Larsen - V. Cc on vn di t 8-22m. Khi thi cng, nu cn thit c th ni di
cc vn bng cc bn ni di t nht 600mmvi lin kt bng hn hoc bu lng inh tn.
Trc khi ng cc vn thp ti cng trng phi kim tra cc vn v hnh dng, thng
ca ngm cc. Thng dng mt on cc di t nht 2m ko th, qua tng ngm mt
kim tra. Chn cc vn thp phi ct thng gc vi ng trc dc cc vn.
5
1
2
3

Hnh 5.1.6. S vng vy cc vn thp vi cc tng vnh ai
lin kt thnh khung

Bng 3-2
Mt ct
M hiu cc
vn
Din tch mt
ct, cm
2
Trng lng
1m di
Momen qun
tnh mt ct,
cm
4
Mdul chng
un mt ct,
cm
3
Kiu Larsen
L -IV 94.3/236 74/185 4660/39600 405/2200
L-V 127.6/303 100/238 6243/50943 461/2962
Kiu lng
mng
SK - 1 64/100 50/125 730/2992 114/402
SK - 2 74/185 58/145 2243/10420 260/843
Kiu phng
SP -1 82/205 64/160 332/961 73/188.5
SP -2 39/195 30/150 80/482 28/136
Ch thch: T s l c trng ca 1 cc vn
Mu s ng vi 1m rng ca tng cc vn
h cc vn thp vo t, c th dng ba hoc ba kt hp vi bin php xi
nc. trnh cc hng cc vn khi nghing, xin xo v m bo khp kn theo chu vi,
th ng thi phi t ton b tng hoc mt on tng vo v tr khung dn hng. Sau
ng cc vn thnh hai 23 t tu theo su cn ng. Cc ngm cc vn thp u
phi bi m trc lc ng xung sau ny d tho d vng vy. Cn dng mi cc
khi ng bng ba, u cc vn khng b tot hng.
5.1.4.2 Cc nguyn tc tnh ton
Tnh ton vng vy cc theo gi thit sau:
1-Cc vn cng tuyt i
2-p lc t ln tng cc vn ly theo nh l Culng vi mt ph hoi phng
3- p lc ch ng ca t quy c ly l tc dng t hai pha ca tng cc
Cc s liu ban u gm c: mt ct a cht v tr m tr, cc c trng c l ca
t nn ( gc ni ma st , t trng ca t , h s rng ca t , dnh ca t C), cc
s liu a cht thu vn ( mc nc tnh ton, biu dao ng mc nc trong 10 nm
gn nht trc , lu tc ), s liu v yu cu thng thuyn, s liu v cc my mc thi
cng, v phng tin vn ti c th ng trn lng th trt v trn vng vy khi thi cng.
Vng vy cc vn c tnh theo trng thi gii hn th nht, vi cc t hp ti
trng c bn v t hp b sung v n nh v tr tng vng vy, v n nh hnh dng v
v bn ca mi cu kin v tit im.
iu kin tnh duyt n nh v tr tng cc vn l

M
lt
m.M
gh
Trong : M
lt
- M men lt tnh ton ln nht
M
gh
- M men gi gii hn
m - H s iu kin lm vic
H s iu kin lm vic m ly tu thuc vo iu kin a cht v kiu vng vy.
Trong bng 5.1.3 v cc hnh cho gi tr h s m tu thuc gc ma st trong v cc h s
tra bng

H
h
d
d
=
H
h
o
n
= (5.1.9)
Trong :
H - Chiu su h mng
h
d
v h
n
- Khong cch t y h mng n mt nc ( ni sng c nc
ngp) hoc n cao mc nc ngm ( ni cn )
Chiu su ng cc bn di y h mng 9t) trong nn t khng dnh kt ly theo
tnh ton n nh t khi b tri n vo y h mng khi ht nc.
=
1
n
min
m
h
t (5.1.10)
Trong :
h
n
- Mc nc ngp trong h mng ( ni gia sng c nc th h = H)
- T trng t
m
1
- H s iu kin lm vic ly bng:
0.7 ct to v si sn
0.5 ct ht va
0.4 i vi ct bt
Cc kim ton bn cu kin tng cc vn v cc tit im c lm theo " Quy
trnh thit k cc cng trnh ph tm thit b thi cng cu " khi cc h thng iu kin
lm vic ly theo bng 5.1.3.
Hnh 5.1.8
Bng 5.1.3
Dng kt cu vng vy v iu
kin a cht thu vn
H s
m
2
Dng kt cu vng vy v iu
kin a cht thu vn
H s m
3

- Tng cc vn ca h mng c
1 tng vnh ai chng, chu p lc
t tc dng trn sut chiu cao
tng, khng c p lc thu tnh 1.35
-H s m
3
xt n nh hng
ca ma st ngm cc cc vn
kiu SK v kiu Larsen:
+ ni ngp nc ( bt k
loi t no ) v ni khng
ngp nc nhng t thuc
loi st hay t bt nho ho
nc

+ Trong cc trng hp khc

- Trong cc trng hp khc 0.9 0.7
- Cc cu kin vnh ai chng
cc vn 0.9 1.0

Bng 5.1.4
Cc iu kin a cht thu vn H s m
t khng dnh kt khi
khng c nc thp hn
chn cc
- Khi ly ht nc ra khi h
mng
+ ni nc ngp Theo hnh 5.1.8
+ ni cn Theo hnh 5.1.9
- Khi ht mt phn nc ra
khi h mng vi su l:
+ ni nc ngp vi
mc nc khng qu 0.25H
0.95
+ ni nc ngp vi
mc nc khng qu 0.25h
n
1.0
t khng hnh khi h mi cc vn trong nc 0.95
Cc vn khng chng trong vi b tng bt y di nc 0.95
t dnh kt 0.95

5.1.4.3 Cc ti trng tiu chun.
5.1.4.3.1 p lc thu tnh
Ly theo s hnh 5.10 t trng nc ly bng 1t/m
3

Hnh 5.1.10
Chiu cao nc dng do xt n lu tc nc trung bnh v 2m/s l

h =
g 2
v
2
(5.1.11)
Trong
g - Gia tc trng trng = 9.81 m/giy
Trong phm vi lp t dnh, chiu su tc dng ca p lc thu tnh ly theo hnh
5.1.11 nh sau:
- i vi vng vy cc vn khng chng ngang, ly bng 0,8 (t
0
+ h
) k t mt y
sng bn ngoi vng vy.
- i vi vng vy c mt vnh ai chng, ly bng 0.5t k t y h mng.
- i vi vng vy c nhiu vnh ai chng, ly bng a = 0.5b nhng cao thp
hn hay bng cao vnh ai chng u tin c t trong phm vi t kt dnh
(b - l khong cch t lp t dnh n tng vnh ai u tin nm cao hn lp t
dnh ).
Hnh 5.1.11
5.1.4.3.2 p lc ch ng ca t do trng lng bn thn
p lc ny tng dn tuyn tnh theo chiu su. Trong bng 5.1.5 cho cc cng thc v
s p lc ch ng ca t dnh v t dnh ln tng cc vn. Cc h s p lc ch
ng ca t
a
ln b mt phng nm ngang, v mt nghing ca t c ly theo cc
bng 5.1.6 v 5.1.7. Khi lng ring ca lp t khng dnh kt, nm thp hn mc
nc ngm, hay mc nc trong sng, c xt n tc dng y ni ca nc, c tnh
theo cng thc:

=
+

1
1
0
(5.1.12)
Trong
o
- Mt ca t, ly bng 2.7 2.8t/m
3

- H s rng ca t.
Nu trong phm vi chiu cao tnh ton c cc lp t khc nhau, m mc khc
nhau v khi lng ring, gc ma st trong v lc dnh bm khng vt qu 20%th coi
nh mt loi t ng nht vi cc c trng tnh bnh qun nh sau:

tb
=
i
i i
h
h
(5.1.13)

tb
=
i
i i
h
h
(5.1.14)

C
tb
=
i
i i
h
h c
(5.1.15)
Cc tr s tnh ton ca c trng c l (gc ma st trong , trng lng ring , lc
dnh C v v.v) c ly theo cc ti liu kho st thc t v a cht.
Cc tr s trung bnh ca c trng c l c ghi trong bng 5.1.8 c th dng khi
tnh vng vy h mng nng ca cc cu loi nh v loi trung, m thiu s liu thc t,
ring khi tnh vng vy h mng ca cc loi mng su, v mng m tr cu ln th ch
c ngha tham kho s b.
5.1.3.3.3. p lc ch ng ca t do hot ti t trn lng th
trt
Hot ti t trn lng th trt gm c cc loi vt liu thi cng, v t o ln t h
mng c coi l phn b u vi cng khng nh hn 1t/m
2
.
Ti trng tiu chun thng ng do thit b cu, gi ba, phng tin vn ti thc
cht l ti trng tp trung s c tnh i sang ti trng ri u tng ng, c k n
v tr c th ca chng trn lng th trt so vi mp tng cc vn, v s phn b ca
chng theo hng dc (bng 5.1.9).
Bng 5.1.5

Bng 5.1.6
Cc h s p lc ch ng ca t vi b mt phng nm ngang cha xt n
ma st t vi tng cc

10 0.704 19 0.508 28 0.361 37 0.248
11 0.679 20 0.490 29 0.347 37 0.238
12 0.656 21 0.472 30 0.333 39 0.227
13 0.632 22 0.455 31 0.321 40 0.217
14 0.610 23 0.438 32 0.307 41 0.208
15 0.588 32 0.307 33 0.295 42 0.198
16 0.566 25 0.406 34 0.283 43 0.189
17 0.548 26 0.406 35 0.270 44 0.180
18 0.528 27 0.376 36 0.260 45 0.171

Bng 5.1.7
H s
a
ca p lc ch ng ca t vi b mt t nghing, cha xt n ma
st t vi tng cc
0

15 17 20 22 25 27 30 35 40 45
a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-40 0.161 0.132
-35 0.205 0.168 0.136
-30 0.258 0.214 0.175 0.140
-27 0.293 0.284 0.218 0.178 0.143
-25 0.328 0.302 0.268 0.222 0.180 0.145
-22 0.370 0.331 0.306 0.274 0.228 0.185 0.148
-20 0.401 0.375 0.336 0.314 0.279 0.230 0.187 0.150
-17 0.460 0.410 0.384 0.344 0.320 0.268 0.236 0.192 0.153
-15 0.500 0.466 0.420 0.396 0.351 0.326 0.291 0.240 0.194 0.156
-10 0.525 0.489 0.440 0.410 0.367 0.341 0.304 0.249 0.202 0.160
-5 0.554 0.516 0.463 0.431 0.384 0.357 0.318 0.259 0.209 0.167
0
0.589
0.548 0.490 0.455 0.406 0.376 0.333 0.271 0.217 0.171
0.634
5
0.704
0.588 0.524 0.485 0.431 0.398 0.352 0.284 0.228 0.178
0.933
10 0.646 0.569 0.524 0.462 0.424 0.374 0.300 0.240 0.186

Tip bng 5.1.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15 0.752 0.639 0.588 0.505 0.461 0.402 0.349 0.252 0.194
17 0.915 0.685 0.620 0.530 0.480 0.423 0.377 0.256 0.200
20 0.883 0.692 0.572 0.514 0.441 0.351 0.266 0.205
22 0.859 0.624 0.545 0.463 0.353 0.274 0.208
25 0.821 0.620 0.505 0.379 0.287 0.217
27 0.794 0.547 0.398 0.298 0.224
30 0.750 0.436 0.318 0.234
35 0.672 0.368 0.250
40 0.586 0.303
45 0.505

Bng 5.1.8
Tr s trung bnh ca cc c trng c l ca t
( c: kG/cm
2
, : )
t
c trng t khi h s rng () bng
c
trng
t
0.41-0.5 0.51-0.6 0.61-0.7 0.71-0.8 0.81-0.95 0.95-1.1
T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

T
i
u

c
h
u
n

T
n
h

t
o
n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ct Ht to C 0.02 - 0.01 - - - - - - - - -

43 41 40 38 36 - - - - - - -
Ht
va
C 0.3 - 0.02 - 0.01 - - - - - - -

40 38 38 36 35 33 - - - - - -
Ht
nh
C 0.06 0.01 0.04 - 0.02 - - - - - - -

38 36 36 34 32 30 28 26 - - - -
Ht bi C 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.04 - 0.02 - - - - -

36 34 34 32 30 28 26 24 - - - -
t

s
t

c
c

m

%

9.5-
12.4
C 0.12 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.06 - - - - - - -

25 23 24 22 23 21 - - - - - -
12.5-
15.4
C 0.42 0.14 0.21 0.07 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.02 - - - -

24 22 23 21 22 20 21 19 - - - -
15.5-
18.4
C - - 0.50 0.19 0.25 0.11 0.19 0.08 0.11 0.04 0.08 0.02

- - 22 20 21 19 20 18 19 17 18 16
18.5-
22.4
C - - - - 0.68 0.28 0.34 0.19 0.28 0.10 0.19 0.06

- - - - 20 18 19 17 18 16 17 15
22.5-
26.4
C - - - - - - 0.82 0.35 0.41 0.25 0.36 0.12

- - - - - - 18 12 17 15 16 14
26.5-
30.4
C - - - - - - - - 0.94 0.90 0.97 0.22

- - - - - - - - 16 14 15 13

Tr s ti trng ri u tng ng tnh theo cng thc

q
t
=
bl
Q

Trong :
Q - Ti trng tp trung
B - Chiu rng phn b ti trng trong hng vung gc vi tng cc vn, c ly
nh sau (bng 5.1.9):
+ i vi ti trng bnh xe chy trn ray th ly bng na chiu di t vt
khi c 1 hng bnh xe n, chy trn 1 ray, v ly bng c chiu di t vt khi b chy c
2 hng bnh xe chy trn 2 ray.
+ i vi ti trng bnh xch th ly bng chiu rng, hay chiu di bnh
xch, tu theo v tr ca n so vi tng cc vn.
+ i vi ti trng bnh hi, th ly bng chiu di tip xc ca bnh xe
vi t, bng 0.4m, hay ly bng chiu rng bnh xe, hoc chiu rng bn lt bng ln
bn di bnh xe nhm phn b ti trng do p lc bnh xe.
l - Chiu di di phn b ti trng dc theo tng cc vn (bng 5.1.9), tnh theo
cng thc
l = C + 2f + 2d (5.1.17)

d = a
tg
tg
(5.1.18)
a - Khong cch t trng tm biu ti trng n tng cc vn
C - C ngha tu loi bnh xe
+ Nu bnh xe st chy trn ray th c l c ly tim 2 bnh trong b chy ca cn
cu hay xe va.
+ Nu bnh xe xch th C l c ly tim 2 bnh xch hoc chiu di bnh xch.
f - C ngha tu theo loi bnh xe
+ Nu bnh xe st chy trn ray th f l chiu di phn b ti trng bng ray, bng
0.5m.
+ Nu bnh xch th f bng na chiu rrng bnh xch
+ Nu bnh hi th f ly bng na chiu rng bnh hi, hay na chiu di ca din
tch tip xc bnh xe vi t, bng 0.2 m.

Nu tho mn iu kin
C> 2(d+f) (5.1.19)
th chiu di ca di phn b ti trng dc tng c xc nh ring bit cho
tng bnh xe, hay bnh xch theo cng thc:
l = 2(d+f) (5.1.20)
Sau cn c vo bng 5.1.10 c th lp biu tnh ton p lc ch ng ca t
ln tng cc vn, do hot ti vi cc trng hp b tr khc nhau trn lng th trt.

5.1.4.3.4. Ti trng thng ng ln tng vng vy v lin kt
Ti trng thi cng tc dng ln vnh ai chng tng cc vn c ly tu theo
trng lng cc thit b v kt cu d kin dng trong n, nhng t nht phi ly:
- Bng 50kG/m
2
din tch vng vy, i vi tng vnh ai trn cng
- Bng 25kG/m
2
din tch vng vy, i vi tng vnh ai khc
Cc ti trng thng ng v nm ngang truyn xung vng vy t cc cu cho gi
ba di chuyn, t cc thit b di ng trn nh tng vng vy, c ly theo d kin s
dng thit b th hin trong n.

Bng 5.1.9

Bng 5.1.10

5.1.4.3.5. Ti trng do va chm ca tu thuyn
Ti trng ny ly theo Quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn ca B
GiaoThong Vn Ti ban hnh nm 1979.
Vng vy cc vn thp ch tnh vi ti trng va m ca tu thuyn trong trng hp
hn hu, khi khng c bin php no bo v vng vy khi cc lc va chm ca tu b.
Ring i vi cc phng tin ni phc v thi cng cu th ti trng va m l:
N = 0.39V
trong :
N - p lc nm ngang, t
V- Lng chim nc ca phng tin ni t
Ti trng va m ca tu thuyn coi l t mc nc thi cng tr trng hp m
mc nc thp hn mc nc thi cng li l trng hp nguy him hn
V tr t ti trng va m ca tu thuyn trn mt bng c chn sao cho gy ra
ni lc bt li nht trong cc cu kin ca vng vy.

5.1.4.3.6. p lc b ng ca t
Cc ti liu tham kho lp biu p lc b ng ca t khng dnh v t dnh
ln tng cc vn c nu trong bng 5.1.11
Trong cc loi t dnh kt, ch xt y v lc dnh kt bt u t cao 1m
thp hn cao y mng; cao y h mng coi nh khng c nh hng ca lc
dnh kt.
Cc h s p lc b ng ca t
P
khi b mt t nm ngang, v nm nghing khi
b qua cha xt n ma st t vi tng cc vn, c ghi trong cc bng 5.1.12 v bng
5.1.13

Bng 5.1.11

Bng 5.1.12
Cc h s p lc b ng ca t khi b mt t nm ngang, cha xt n ma st vi
tng cc vn
P

0
P

0
P

0
P

10 1.42 19 1.96 28 2.77 37 4.02
11 1.47 20 2.04 29 2.88 38 4.2
12 1.52 21 2.12 30 3 39 4.39
13 1.57 22 2.2 31 3.12 40 4.6
14 1.64 23 2.28 32 3.25 41 4.82
15 1.69 24 2.37 33 3.39 42 5.04
16 1.76 25 2.46 34 3.54 43 5.29
17 1.82 26 2.56 35 3.69 44 5.55
18 1.89 27 2.66 36 3.85 45 5.83

Bng 5.1.13
Cc h s p lc b ng ca t khi b mt t nm nghing, cha xt n ma
st vi tng cc vn

15 17 20 22 25 27 30 35 40 45
P

40 0.587 0.97
35 0.671 1.072 1.05
30 0.75 1.161 1.42 1.705
27 0.793 1.09 1.37 1.63 2
25 0.821 1.055 1.226 1.51 1.795 2.13
22 0.859 1.123 1.26 1.425 1.72 2.06 2.45
20 0.883 1.095 1.282 1.38 1.548 1.845 2.15 2.62
17 0.915 1.155 1.275 1.45 1.555 1.705 2.07 2.47 2.83
15 0.933 1.135 1.302 1.4 1.533 1.652 1.875 2.24 2.67 3.2
10 1.357 1.395 1.555 1.665 1.855 1.983 2.22 2.66 3.16 3.88
5 1.5 1.61 1.78 1.93 2.15 2.31 2.59 3.15 3.74 4.72
0 1.69 1.82 2.04 2.2 2.46 2.66 3 3.69 4.6 5.83
-5 1.89 2.04 2.31 2.5 2.82 3.06 3.49 4.36 5.54 7.22
-10 2.1 2.28 2.6 2.84 3.23 3.54 4.08 5.24 6.84 9.18
-15 2.32 2.54 2.93 3.22 3.73 4.12 4.81 6.33 8.6 11.94
-17 2.65 3.105 3.38 3.96 4.51 5.16 6.85 9.4 13.5
-20 3.32 3.68 4.34 4.83 5.77 7.92 11.05 16.65
-22 3.72 4.59 5.18 6.1 8.62 12.23 19.24
-25 5.07 5.96 6.98 9.95 15.43 23.81
-27 8.15 7.58 11 17.3
-30 8.72 13.2 21.7
-35 18.7

Trn hnh 5.12 cho gi tr cc h s p lc b ng khi c xt ma st vi =0; /3 v
/2.
Ma st ca t vi tng cc vn c th xt i vi trng hp thi cng ni t cn,
khng c nc ngp. C th l: khi tnh ton tng cc vn khng chng vch v c
chng bn trong, khi khng c p lc nc (h
n
= 0 ), ly =/2. Cn khi tnh tng cc
vn c vnh ai chng, v c p lc nc h
n
= 12m nhng khng ln hn 0.3H (H- chiu
su h mng ) th ly =/3.
i vi loi tng cc vn khng chng m c p lc nc h
n
>2m hay h
n
>0.3H
th khng cn xt n ma st t vi tng cc vn.
Khi xc nh p lc b ng ngc li ca t ( xem phn tip theo v tnh ton
tng cc vn khng chng ) cng khng xt n ma st.
Cc t hp ti trng v cc h s vt ti tng ng c ghi vo bng 5.1.14
Cc t hp ti trng c bn c xt tng ng vi cc trng hp sau:
o Khi ly t v ht nc khi h mng n mt cao thit k trong vng
vy m cha c lp bt y.
o Khi ly t ra n cao y lp b tng bt y ( s sau), khi ht nc
ra mt phn t v ng cc cc ca mng.
o Khi ht nc khi h mng, n cao thit k sau lc b tng bt
y.
T hp b sung th 1 ca ti trng tng ng vi khi t cc thanh chng ngang,
ly t khi h mng v khi tho d cc thanhchng ngang ri ly t lp dn h mng.
T hp ti trng b sung th 2 l khi tnh vng vy chu lc va x ca tu thuyn.
T hp ti trng b sung th 3 l khi h mng lp y t.

Bng 5.1.14
Cc t hp ti trng v h s vt ti
Ti trng

T hp ti trng
C bn B sung
Th nht Th hai Th ba
Tnh ti
p lc thu tnh
1.0 1.0 1.0 -
p lc bn ca t
1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0
Trng lng cc b phn chng 1.2 1.2 1.2 -
Hot ti
p lc bn ca t do ti trng trn lng
th trt
1.2 1.0 - -
Ti trng ln b phn chng 1.3 1.3 1.3 -
Ti trng ln tng vng vy 1.1 - - -
Do lc va x tu b

5.1.4.4. Tnh tng cc vn khng chng
5.1.4.4.1. Trng hp cc vn ng vo lp t khng dnh v khng c
lp b tng bt y vng vy
So tnh ton c v trn hnh 5.1.13. tng cc vn c coi nh n hi trong
t v chu lc nm ngang tc dng.Cc p lc t E
P
v phn lc t E
p,ng
tc dng chn
tng cc vn m tnh n hi ca chn tng.
Chiu su h cc tng cng l:
t = t
o
+ t (5.1.21)
Tr s t
0
xc nh theo iu kin n nh v tr ca tng vi phng trnh cn bng
mmen i vi im 0
M
a
+ mM
P
= 0 (5.1.22)
Trong :
M
a
- Tng cc mmen do p lc ch ng ca t v nc i vi im 0
M
P
- Tng cc mmen p lc b ng ca t ly i vi im 0
m - h s iu kin
Tr s t tnh t iu kin:
t = E
P,ng
/2P
p,ng
(5.1.23)
Trong tr s E
p,ng
c tnh t phng trnh cn bng lc
E
p,ng
+ E
a
+ Q
0
+ E
h
+ E
P
= 0 (5.1.24)
P
p,ng
- Cng phn p lc b ng ca t tc dng t pha ngoi tng
su t
0

P
p,ng
= P
p
- P
a

P
P
v P
a
- Tng ng cc tung ca p lc b ng ca t (t pha ca ti trng )
v p lc ch ng (t pha h mng ) c tnh ton su t
0
, cha xt
n ma st t vi tng. C th ly gn ng t = 15%t
0

Cc ti trng t cao hn y h mng gy ra cc ng sut tnh ton: mmen
(M
0
), lc ct (Q
0
) v ti trng phn b theo chiu thng ng (q
0
) t cao y h
mng nh trn hnh 5.1.13.
C th khi t nn ng nht cao hn y h mng th cc cng thc tnh ton
q
0
,Q
0
, M
0
nh sau:
- i vi cc vng vy ni cn nc, c ti trng ri u trn ton lng th trt

[ ]
) 28 5 ( ) a h (
6
1
n h
6
1
) h H ( h
2
1
) H h 2 ( ) h H (
6
1
qH
2
1
M
) 27 5 ( ) a h (
2
1
h h
2
1
) h H ( h ) h H (
2
1
qH Q
) 26 5 ( n h ) h H ( q q
3 3
n a 1
3
n tr n
2
n n
2
n
2
0
2 2
n a 1
2
n tr n n
2
n 0
1 n tr h 0
+
+ + + + =
+
+ + + =
+ + =

- i vi cc vng vy ni c nc ngp ( gia sng)
q
0
=
tr
h
d
n
1
(5.1.29)
Q
0
= 0.5(
tr
h
d
n
1
a
+ H
2
- a
2
) (5.1.30)
M
0
= (
tr
h
d
3

n
1
a
+ H
3
- a
3
)/6 (5.1.31)
Trong : a - Chiu su nc trong h mng (khi ht nc khi h mng th
a=0)
q - Cng hot ti ri u, T/m
2

- Khi lng ring t m trn c hot ti.
Nu cc lp t cao hn y h mng l khc nhau th cc gi tr q
0
, Q
0
, M
0
c
xc nh theo cc biu tng ng ca p lc t ch ng v p lc nc.
Phng trnh (5.1.22) xc nh chiu su ng cc vn trong t ng nht thp
hn y h mng c vit c th l:
0
b m
M 6
t
b m
Q 6
t
b m
a q h 3
t
tr
0
0
tr
0 2
0
tr
a n 3
0
=
+

Trong :
b = n
2
P
- n
1
a
(5.1.33)
Phng trnh ni trn c th s dng khi ht ht nc, hay khi ht mt phn nc
khi h mng.
Tr s Q
0
, M
0
c xc nh t p lc nc v t cao y h mng. Tr s q
0

trong t thm nc ch xt n t, cn trong trng hp t khng thm nc th xt
n c t v nc cao hn y h mng.
Mmen un trong mt ct tng cc vn su Z k t y h mng l:
) 34 5 ( Z
6
b
Z
2
h q
Z Q M M
3 tr 2 n a 0
0 0 Z

+
+ + =
Chiu su Z
0
ni c mmen un ln nht:
) 35 5 (
b
Q 2 ) h q ( h q
Z
tr
tr 0
2
n a 0 n a 0
0

+ + + +
=
Mmen un ln nht trong tng xc nh theo cng thc (5.1.34) khi thay Z bng
Z
0
tm c t cng thc (5.1.35)

5.1.4.4.2. Trng hp cc vn ng vo t khng dnh c lp b tng
bt y
Khi phi xt 2 giai on. giai on th 1 tng cc vn tnh theo ging nh
phn trnh by trn, khi gi thit ly t khi h mng n cao y lp b tng bt
y, v p lc thu tnh khng nh hn 0.25H ni gia sng c nc ngp v 0.25h
n

ni t cn khng c nc.(hnh 5.1.14)

Hnh 5.1.14

Giai on 2 l khi c lp b tng bt y v ht ht nc khi h mng (hnh
5.1.15). im quay gi nh ca tng cc vn ly thp hn 0.5m so vi nh lp b
tng bt y.
Chiu su nh nht ca cc vn, n nh tng cc vn, c xc nh t
phng trnh mmen tng i vi im 0
M
a
- mM
p
= 0 (5.1.36)
Cc ti trng ch ng cao hn lp b tng bt y c tnh i thnh cc lc q
0
,
Q
0
, M
0
theo cc cng thc t 5.1.26 n 5.1.31. Phng trnh tch t trong t ng nht
bn di y h mng l:
) 37 5 ( 0
b m
M 3
t
b
q
t
tr
0 2
tr
p 0
3
=
+
Cui cng, quyt nh chiu su ng cc vn theo tr s ln nht nhn c t cc
tnh ton theo 2 giai on ni trn.
Momen ln nht trong tng cc vn bng M
0
.

Hnh 5.1.15

5.1.4.4.3. Trng hp tng cc vn ng vo t dnh kt
Trong tnh ton phi xt n lc dnh ca t. C 2 s tnh ton:
1- S xt s chuyn v ca tng cc vn v hai pha trong h mng v xt p
lc thu tnh su bng 0.8(h
+ t
0
( xem hnh

5.1.11, a).
2- S khng xt n chuyn v ca tng, coi nc v phn t khng thm
bn trn lp t dnh kt nh cc ti trng thng ng.
i vi mi trng hp s trn phi tnh chiu su ng cc vn theo phng
trnh 5.1.22.
Sau y l cc cng thc c th khi t dnh kt ng nht c c hai pha ca
tng cc vn ng ni c nc ngp:
o Theo s 1 hnh 5.1.16a
E
n
y
1
- (E
p,c
y
2
+ E
p
y
3
)m = 0 (5.1.38)
o Theo s 2 hnh 5.1.16b
E
n
y
1
+ E
y
4
- (E
p,c
y
2
+ E
p
y
3
)m = 0 (5.1.39)
Khi cc i lng trong phng trnh trn bng cc biu thc quan h ca chng vi
t
0
, ta s gii phng trnh tm ra chiu su ng cc cn thit t
0
.
Phn su ng cc b sung t c tnh theo cng thc (5.1.23). Khi cc tr
s ca E
p,ng
v P
p,ng
c tnh c xt n lc dnh
Momen un cc i xc nh tng t nh i vi tng cc vn trong t khng
dnh

Hnh 5.1.16
5.1.4.5. Tnh tng cc vn c 1 tng ai chng
5.1.4.5.1. Tng cc vn trong t khng dnh, khng c lp b tng bt
y
S tnh ton l dm 1 nhp, gi pha trn ca n l vnh ai v thanh chng,
gi pha di l t( gi thit cc vn ta t do ln t ).
u di ca dm s c th chuyn v cht t, gy ra p lc b ng ca
t. Theo s tnh nh trn th su ng cc s l t nht, nhng cc vn phi chu
momen un ln. gim mmen ny, phi ng cc vn su hn, n mc coi l
chn cc vn ngm trong t. Bi ton ny thng gii theo phng php gii.
Trn hnh 5.17 gii tch cch tnh tng cc vn c gi ta cht ln t.

Hnh 5.1.17

Chiu su ng cc vn ly theo iu kin n nh tng cc vn, vi phng trnh
mmen ly i vi im chng tng:
M
a
-mM
p
= 0 (5.1.40)
Trong :
M
a
v M
P
- Tng ng l tng momen ca cc lc ch ng v mmen p
lc b ng ly i vi im chng tng cc vn
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ly theo bng 5.1.4.
chuyn i tt c cac ti trng cao hn y h mng thnh cc lc q
0
,Q
0
,M
0
,
cng dng cc cng thc t 5.1.26 n 5.1.31. Phng trnh 5.1.40 c c th ho cho
tng cc vn loi ny:
) 41 5 ( 0 ) t
3
2
h ( ' mE )
2
t
h ( E )
2
t
h ( E h Q M
p n a 0 0
= + + + +
Thay cc gi tr ca E
a
, E
n
, E
p
bng cc biu thc tnh chng theo t vo phng trnh
trn, ta c phng trnh sau ( i vi t ng nht bn di y h mng):
) 42 5 ( 0
b m
) M h Q ( 3
t
b m
) ha hh hq ( 3
t
b m
) a h q b m ( 5 . 1
t
tr
0 0
tr
n a 0 2
tr
n a 0 tr 3
=

Ni lc trong thanh chng ngang v mmen un tng cc vn xc nh theo s
dm 1 nhp vi gi di t ti gia chiu cao biu p lc b ng (hnh 5.1.18). Khi
tng cc vn ch chu tc ng p lc t ch ng v p lc nc. B qua khng xt
nh hng ca ti trng n phn tng bn di cao ca im gi di gi nh.
Hnh 5.1.18 Hnh 519

5.1.4.5.2. Tngcc vn trong t khng dnh c lp b tng bt y
Trong giai on th nht, tng cc vn phi chu tc ng ca cc ti trng trc
lc b tng bt y. p lc thu tnh c tnh vi gi thit ht nc n chiu
su cn t c tng thanh chng , tc l mt nc trong h mng thp hn cao
tng chng , t nht 1.5m (hnh 5.1.19), v cng phi t nht bng 0.25H hay 0.25h
n

(hnh 5.14).
Chiu su cn thit ng cc vn giai on ny v mmen un trong tng cc
vn c tnh tng t nh trng hp khng c lp b tng bt y.
Trong giai on th 2, coi tng cc vn nh dm 1 nhp c gi cao 0.5m thp
hn nh b tng bt y (hnh 5.1.20). Lc ny ch cn tnh duyt v mt cng .

Hnh 5.1.20
Cui cng so snh ly cc tr s ni lc ln nht ca hai giai on thit k mt
ct thanh chng v tng cc vn.

5.1.4.5.3. Tng cc vn trong t dnh kt
Cn phi xt hai s tnh ton:
o S 1 c xt chuyn v ca tng v pha trong vng vy v p lc thu
tnh su 0.5t (hnh 5.1.11).
o S 2 khng xt dch chuyn v ca tng, gi thit l trng lng phn
nc cao hn lp t khng thm nh ti trng thng ng.
Theo hnh 5.1.21 cc tung biu p lc nc, p lc t ch ng v b ng
l:

P
a,1
=
1
h
1
n
1
a,1
; P
n
= (h
2
+h
3
+t/2)
n

P
a,2
=
tr
h
2
n
1
a,1
; P'
n
=
n
h
2

P
a,3
= (
1
h
1
+
tr
h
2
)n
1
a,2
; P
a,c
= 2c
a

P
a,4
= [
1
h
1
+
tr
h
2
+
2
(ths)]n
1
a,2

P
p,c
= 2c
P

iu kin cn bng momen i vi im t thanh chng ngang l:
M
a
- mM
P
= 0 (5.1.44)
T xc nh chiu su t ng cc vn i vi mi s tnh ton, sau chn tr
s kt qu no ln hn th ly.

Hnh 5.1.21

Ni lc thanh chng ngang v mmen un tng cc vn trong c hai s tnh
ton, xc nh theo s dm mt nhp t thng ng vi im gi ta bn di, quy
c t su t/2 k t y h mng (hnh 5.1.18).

5.1.4.6. Tnh tng cc vn c nhiu tng chng
Chiu su ng cc vn loi ny c tnh ton cn c iu kin n nh tng
chng quay quanh im lin kt tng chng di cng v pha h mng (nu tng
chng pha trn khng chu lc ko ), hoc cn c vo iu kin cng ct tng theo
mmen un cng v tr .

Hnh 5.1.22
Theo cc iu kin , chiu su ng cc vn c xc nh ng vi tnh trng ly
t, v ht nc khi h mng cn c vo phng trnh cn bng mmen i vi im
lin kt tng chng di cng (hnh 5.1.22):

p a
M m M = 0 (5.1.45)

5.1.43
Trong :
m - H s iu kin lm vic,ly theo bng 5.1.4

p
M - Tng mmen p lc t b ng i vi im lin kt tng chng
di cng

a
M - Tng mmen ca cc lc ch ng (p lc t v p lc nc )

=
2 1 a
M M M (5.1.46)
Trong :

1
M = E
1
y
1
- tng cc mmen ca cc lc ch ng t bn di cao
tng chng di cng.

2
M = E
2
y
2
- tng cc mmen ca cc lc ch ng t cao hn tng chng
di cng.
Nu
2
M ln hn tr s mmen un, c xc nh theo iu kin cng ca cc
vn c d nh s dng M
coc
,th khi xc nh t cn ly

=
coc 2
M M (5.1.47)
ngha l

=
coc 2 2
RW m M (5.1.48)
Trong :
m
2
- H s iu kin lm vic ca vng vy cc vn khi tnh ton v cng , ly theo
bng 5.1.3
R v W
coc
- Cng tnh ton vt liu v mmen chng un ca phn tng cc vn c
chiu rng 1m
Nu
coc 2 2
RW m M <
,v mun chiu su ng cc (t) khng su qu d ng

th thay cho gi tr thc
=
2 2 2
y E M c th ly M
coc
=m
2
RW
coc
, nhng vi iu kin l
cu to ca tng chng trn kh nng chu ng lc ko do s chnh lch mmen
gy ra (hnh 5.1.22,c):
m
2
RW
coc
- E
1
y
1
= P a (5.1.49)

nhng v tr t cn, khng c nc ngp, khi gi tr
<
coc 2 2
RW m M , c th
tnh p lc t b ng cao hn tng chng di cng, nhng khng ln hn 60% so
vi gi tr thc ca n.
Kt qu tnh chiu su ng cc vn theo tnh ton cn phi tho mn iu kin
n nh ca t khi b tri n ln khi y h mng khi ht nc. iu kin ny c
kim tra theo cng thc (5.1.10).
Cng c th tnh chiu su ng cc vn (t) theo gi thit l tng cc mmen trong
mt ct cc vn cao tng chng di cng bng 0, tc l
M
2
= 0 (5.1.60)
Cch tnh ton s lm tng chiu su ng cc vn so vi cch tnh ton nu
trc, nhng lm gim ni lc trong tng chng di cng.
Hnh 5.1.23
Cc ni lc trong cc b phn ca vng vy c tnh nh sau:
Nu ly M
2
= m
2
RW
coc
, th ni lc trong cc b phn vng vy ly l gi
tr ln nht trong cc kt qu tnh theo hai s tnh ton sau:
o Theo s dm lin tc c on hng trong t thp hn tng chng
di cng (hnh 5.1.23,a).
o Theo s dm lin tc vi im gi di su t/2 (hnh 23,b).

Nu ly M
2
= 0 th ni lc trong cc b phn vng vy tnh theo s
dm lin tc vi im gi di su t/2 (hnh 5.1.23,b).
Ngoi vic xt tnh hung lc ly ht t ra khi h mng, cn cn kim ton tng
cc vn giai on thi cng trc . Khi kim ton nh vy, u ly cc h s vt ti
n
1
v n
2
bng 1.

5.1.4.7. Cc biu xc nh chiu su ng cc vn.
n gin trong thc hnh tnh ton, ngi ta lp sn cc biu xc nh
chiu su cn thit ng cc vn theo iu kin n nh v tr ca n. Gi thit trng hp
1 l t nn ng nht v thm nc, vng vy cc vn gia sng c nc, c xt 3 mc
ly t ra khi h mng (
= 0;0.5;1.0). Gi thit trng hp 2 l vng vy thi cng

ni t cn, c xt 3 mc nc ngm tnh ton (
n
= 0,0.5,1.0 ) so vi y h mng.
i vi vng vy ni t cn, khng c nc ngp th chiu su ng cc vn t
c xc nh tu theo ln ca ti trng ri u trn lng th trt, v h s K:

H
q
K
= (5.1.61)
Trong :
- Khi lng ring ca t, trn c hot ti, T/m
3
.
q - Cng hot ti ri u, T/m
H - Chiu su h mng, m
Chiu ng cc vn t tra t th theo t l = t/H, tu theo cc tr s b,, /
tr
,
c trng cho cht lng t v tu theo h s iu kin lm vic m ly theo bng 5.1.4 v
cc hnh 5.1.8 v 5.1.9.
b = n
P
- n
a
(5.1.62)
= n
1
a
/b (5.1.63)
Trong
n
1,
n
2
- Cc h s vt ti ly theo bng 5.1.14

a
,
P
- Tng ng l cc h s p lc t ch ng v p lc t b ng.
Cc gi tr ca b v ng vi cc loi t c gc ma st trong khc nhau
c ghi trong bng 5.1.15
Hnh 5.1.24
Cc th c lp cho cc loi tng cc vn sau y:
- Tng cc vn c 1 tng chng (hnh 5.1.24 n 5.1.28) t mt trong hai v
tr cao : nh h mng (=0) hoc gia chiu su h mng (=c/H =0.5)
- Tng cc vn khng chng (hnh 5.1.28 v 5.1.29)
Vi cc gi tr ca
,
n
, v K khc vi cc ga tr trn th th ly bng cch
ni suy.
Bng 5.1.15
Bng tra cc tr s a v b

Khi khng xt ma st Khi xt ma st
n
1
=1
n
2
=0.9
n
1
= n
2
=1.0
n
1
=1.2
n
2
=0.9
n
1
=n
2
=1.0
b b b b
14 0.741 0.998 1.026 0.594 0.939 0.737 1.236 0.467
16 0.902 0.755 1.192 0.476 1.149 0.558 1.455 0.367
18 1.07 0.592 1.365 0.386 1.374 0.432 1.692 0.292
20 1.245 0.472 1.547 0.316 1.62 0.339 1.953 0.234
22 1.43 0.381 1.741 0.261 1.891 0.269 2.242 0.189
24 1.626 0.311 1.947 0.216 2.192 0.214 2.566 0.152
26 1.834 0.255 2.168 0.18 2.529 0.171 2.931 0.123
28 2.057 0.21 2.406 0.15 2.913 0.137 3.348 0.099
30 2.97 0.174 2.663 0.125 3.253 0.11 3.828 0.08
32 2.557 0.144 2.943 0.104 3.863 0.088 4.378 0.064
34 2.84 0.119 3.25 0.087 4.462 0.7 5.045 0.051
36 3.15 0.098 3.587 0.072 5.172 0.055 5.827 0.41
38 3.492 0.081 3.96 0.06 6.028 0.043 6.771 0.032
40 3.871 0.067 4.374 0.049 7.072 0.034 7.925 0.025
42 4.295 0.055 4.838 0.041 8.367 0.026 9.359 0.019
44 4.77 0.045 5.86 0.03 10.004 0.02 11.72 0.015
46 5.307 0.036 5.951 0.027 12.116 0.015 13.51 0.011
Hnh 5.1.25
i vi tng cc vn c mt tng chng th chiu su ton b ng cc vn l
t=H.
i vi tng cc vn khng chng th gi tr c tnh theo th tng
ng vi chiu su t
0
, t p lc b ng E
p,ng
theo s tnh ton gi nh trc.
Chiu su ton b ca tng cc vn khng chng s l
t = t+t 1.15 t
0

Hnh 5.1.26

5.1.4.8. V d tnh ton, s dng th
Tnh chiu su ng cc vn c mt tng chng cao nh h mng, vng
vy ni nc ngp. t ct c
tr
= 1T/m
3
v = 32; chiu su h mng H = 5.0 m;chiu
su nc 2.5 m (
= 2.5/5 =0.5). H s vt ti n
1
= 1.2 v n
2
= 0.9. H s iu kin lm
vic m=0.88 (hnh 5.1.8).
Theo bng 5.1.15 i vi =32 khi n
1
= 1.2 v n
2
=0.9, khng xt ma st t vi
tng, ta tm c b=2.557.
Theo hnh 5.1.27 i vi gi tr mb=0.882.557=2.25 v =0. T ta rt ra
t=1.125=5.6m
Hnh 5.1.27
Hnh 5.1.28
Hnh 5.1.29
5.1.5. o v ly t khi h mng
5.1.5.1 Cc phng php o t h mng
Cng tc o t h mng, xy dng mng ri lp li phi tin hnh trong mt
thi gian ngn, phi m bo khng lm ph hoi trng thi t nhin ca t nn di y
mng. C th o t bng phng php th cng, bng phng php c gii, phng
php thu lc hoc kt hp cc phng php .
Vic la chn phng php o t da trn cc iu kin a cht thu vn ca
t h mng, kh nng thit b thi cng v cc iu kin thi cng khc. Trong bng 5.1.16
gi v phng php o t v phm vi s dng hp l ca chng. S liu tham kho v
mt s my o t ca Lin X thng c s dng nc ta c nu bng 5.1.17.
t ly t h mng ln phi vn chuyn i ni xa sao cho khng lm sp
l thnh h mng, v khng cn tr cc hng mc thi cng tip theo. Nu t o ra
sng cn trnh hu qu xu lm thu hp dng chy qu mc, tng lu tc, gy xi mn
y sng v khu vc vng vy ang thi cng. Mt khc, ni t phi khng lm cn tr
thng thuyn.
Vic o ly t bng cc my i v cc my o t ch nn thc hin n cao
cch y h mng d kin khong 1030. Phn t cn li c o bng phng php
th cng trc khi thi cng mng. i vi trng hp y h mng l nn , cn c b
lp phong ho hay b ph hoi khi thi cng o h mng, sau phun nc ra
sch bt vn.
Khi xy dng mng xong, trong qu trnh p t lp h mng, cn p tng
lp dy khng qua 20 cm, v m cht tng lp . H mng ca tr cu gia sng c
lp bng t trn ct - dm khng cn m nn. Khng dng t bt lp bt k h
mng no.
Trong sut qua trnh ly o t, cn t chc theo di tnh trng an ton mi mt
v vng chc n nh ca thnh h mng, vng vy, trng thi ca t nn,
tnh hnh thm nc.

Bng 5.1.16
Phm vi p dng hp l cc phng php p o
Kiu
h
mng
c trng t nn Phng php o t Phng php vn
chuyn
S
o t
h mng
1 2 3 4 5
C mi
dc
t c cht trung
bnh, kh hoc c
m bnh thng
My i hay cp t My i hay my cp
t c li gt

C mi
dc
t st cht v t si
c m bnh thng
My xc gu thun hot
ng di y h mng
c to vch dc nghing
t c thng xe t
lt ch t t y h
mng i

C mi
dc
t c cht trung
bnh, kh hoc t tr
loi t bn v t st
nho
My xc gu qung t c thng xe t
lt hay my i di
chuyn trn mp h
mng c lp li gt

C mi
dc
t cht v t c
cht trung bnh, kh
hoc m
My xc gu ngc kt
hp vi cc bin php
thot nc h mng
t c thng xe t
lt hay my i di
chuyn trn mp h
mng c lp li gt

Trong
vng
vy cc
vn
t c cht trung
bnh, dnh kt km
My c gu ngom th
dy, t trn phao ni
khi h mng v xung
quanh, n y nc
Trn cc phng
tin ni hoc t
ngay ra sng (bn
ngoi vng vy)
Trong
vng
vy cc
vn
ngp
Trong
vng
vy cc
vn
t dnh kt yu b
xi
My ht bn khng kh
hay my ht bn thu
lc kt hp vi thot
nc
ngay ra sng
Trong
vng
vy cc
vn
t khng dnh kt My bm dng trong
khi nc y vng vy
v h mng
ra sng
Trong
vng
vy cc
vn
t rt cht v My khoan cm tay hay
chy bng hi p kt
hp vi bin php thot
nc
Cn cu c nc
thng ng t v
ra sng

5.1.5.2. o t bng phng php thu lc.
Phng php ny ch s dng hp l khi nc y h mng, vi chiu su t nht
3m. Trong sut qua trnh xi v ht bn ra khi h mng phi lun gi cho mc nc h
mng ngp u ng ht, khi cn thit phi bm thm nc vo trong h mng. Ch nn
dng phng php xi ht o t n cch cao thit k 0.30.5 m. t si cht v
t st pha ct c o bng ng ht thu lc v my ht bn. Khi xi nc lm ti t
ra ht, chiu cao p lc ca vi pht nc phi t n 90m, lu lng nc phi t
n 90m
3
/gi. Nng sut ca ng ht thu lc l khong 6 12m
3
t/gi, ca thit b
bm dng bng kh nn l khong 2 4m
3
t/gi. Tu theo chiu su ngp trong nc
ca b phn trn ca my.Chiu su nh nht (H) t bung trn ca my bm dng bng
kh nn ng vi chiu dng (h) ca bn v lng kh dng 1m
3
bn ln chiu cao h c
th xc nh theo s hnh 5.1.30.
Bng 5.1.17
Cc tham s Loi my o t
Chy trn bnh hi Chy trn bnh xch
-153 -302 -656 -303 -353 -505 -652 -801
- Th tch gu, m
3
0.15 0.3 0.65 0.3 0.35 0.50 0.65 0.80
- Cng sut ng c,cv 37 37 97 37 54 93 93 93
- Trng lng lm vic ca my
o c gu thun, T
4.93 11.0 22.1 9.6 11.0 21.7 20.5 27.6
- i vi gu thun:
+ Bn knh ct ln nht, m 4.1 5.9 7.8 5.9 6.5 7.8 7.8 9.8
+Chiu cao ln nht, m 1.6 6.2 8.35 5.96 6.1 7.9 7.9 8.8
+ Chiu su ct t bn di cao
t my, m
0.8 - 1.0 - - 1.5 1.5 1.55
- i vi gu ngc
+ Bn knh ct ln nht, m 4.1 7.8 9.2 7.8 7.3 9.2 9.2 -
+Chiu cao ln nht, m 2.2 2.6 3.5 3.0 2.7 4.0 4.0 -
- i vi gu qung
+ Bn knh ct ln nht, m - 10.5 14.3 10.5 12.2 14.3 14.3 15.1
+Chiu cao ln nht, m - 4.7 6.8 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.0
- i vi gu treo th
+ vn xa nht ca cn, m - 5.15 9.0 6.0 7.6 9.0 9.0 11.9
+ Chiu cao ln nht nng gu,m - 5.0 8.0 8.26 5.58 8.0 8.0 10.8
Hnh 5.1.30
5.1.6 Ht nc khi h mng
5.1.6.1. Ht nc
Khi thi cng cc h mng ni c t nc, nu vic bm ht nc trong khng
lm nh hng n tnh cht ca nn t v khu vc ln cn, th qu trnh o t v xy
mng thc hin trong iu kin bm ht cn ht nc h mng. Nc c dn n tp
trung trong cc h t c dung tch m bo cho my bm hot ng lin tc t nht 10
pht. Trong nhng trng hp ngc li, nn dng cc bin php lm h mc nc ngm,
sy kh nn trc khi o, hoc bin php o trong iu kin ngp nc.
Khi lng nc c th c trong h mng gm nc do ma v nc do thm.
Lng nc do ma vo h mng l:

24
h . F . m
Q
a
= , m
3
/gi (5.1.64)
Trong :
F - Din tch h mng trong phm vi vng vy, m
2

m - Lng ma trung bnh 1 ngy m,m/ngy m
m =1 1.5 - H s xt s tng thm lng ncma t cc b phn vng vy
chy vo h mng.
Lng nc thm c th xc nh s b theo bng 5.1.18 hoc theo th
hnh 5.1.21 tm ra q ri dng cng thc tnh lng nc thm vo h mng
Q
th
=q. K. H. L m
3
/giy
Trong :
q - T l thm nc,tra trn th hnh 5.1.21
K - H s thm ca t ( bng 5.1.19),m/giy
H - Chiu cao p lc nc ( hnh 5 -21) ,m
L =2(b +1) - Chu vi tng cc vn bo v h mng, trong b l chiu di
cnh ngn ,m
Khi la chn my bm nc, cn c vo cc yu cu sau:
- Nng sut my bm ln hn lng nc cn ht theo d kin t 1.5 2 ln, phi
c chnh xc ho bng cch ht th nghim ti h mng .
- My bm phi nh gn nh v lm vic n nh.
- Nn dng my bm kiu ly tm.
Hnh 5.1.31
Bng 5.1.18
Tr s tham kho v lng nc thm
Loi t Nc thm trn
1m
2
din tch h
mng, m
3
/h
Loi t Nc thm trn
1m
2
din tch h
mng, m
3
/h
- Ct ht nh v ct
pha st
0.05 - 0.16 - Ct to 0.3 - 3.0
- Ct ht va 0.10 - 0.24 - Nu c nt n 0.14 - 0.25

Bng 5.1.19
H s thm ca t
Loi t H s K-, m/giy
- Ct ht rt nh v pha t st 0.00002-0.00005
-Ct ht rt nh v pha st 0.00005-0.0001
- Ct ht nh v ct ht va c pha st 0.0001-0.001
-Ct to c si sn nh 0.001-0.005
- Si to v si va 0.005-0.01

bng 5.1.20
c im my bm ly tm di ng
Cc tham s Tn my bm
C - 203 C-204 C-247 C-240
Nng sut, m
3
/h 24 120 34 120
Chiu cao ht nc, m 6 6 6 6
Chiu cao bm nc, m 9 20 20 20
ng knh ng dn, mm
- Ca ng ht nc 50 100 20 100
- Ca ng bm nc 50 100 30 100
Cng sut ng c, kW 1.5 8 - -
Cng sut ng c,hp - - 3 13
Kch thc k c gong
- Di, mm 1000 1850 1200 1800
- Rng, mm 550 850 550 1000
- Cao, mm 850 1200 1030 1500
Trng lng my bm k c xe gong v ng c 155 560 205 1050
Ghi ch: Cc my bm C-203 v C-204 c ng c in cn C-247 v C-210 c ng c
t trong
- tng h s hiu dng ca my bm, nn dng nhiu my bm nng sut nh,
hn l dng t my bm nng sut cao.
Nu lng nc h mng t ( di 50m
3
/gi) c th dng my bm di ng kiu
mng, kiu t ht vi chiu cao ht nc n 6m v t trn b h mng. Nu lng
nc cn bm qu nhiu, nn t nhiu tng my bm ly tm.Cc c trng ca mt
s my bm ly tm ghi bng 5.1.20.
Bng 5.1.21
My bm kim h mc nc h mng
Cc tham s kiu my
BY - 2
- 5
- 3
- Nng sut my bm, m
3
/h 280 120 60
- Chiu cao ht,m 7 8 8
S lng b lc kiu ng kim ca my 100 31 28
Chiu di on h mng c t thit b bm, m dc chiu
di
60 40 40
Cng sut tiu th, kW 55 20 10

Hnh 5.1.32

5.1.6.2. H mc nc trong h mng
Khi iu kin a cht khng cho php p dng bin php ht cn nc h mng,
th phi dng cc bin php khc h mc nc trong h mng. i vi h mng tr
cu, thng dng my bm kim (c b lc kiu ng kim). Cu to v s lm vic
ca my ny nh hnh 5.1.32. Trn hnh 5.1.32 l cc s t thit b mc nc h
mng.
Nu bn di y h mng l t ct ht to hay ct ln si sn th dng my bm
kim km hiu qu. Trong bng 5.1.21 l c tnh cc my bm kim c kh nng h
thp 5m mc nc ngm vi 1 ng kim.

Hnh 5.1.33

5.1.7 Nghim thu h mng
Khi nghim thu h mng trn nn thin nhin ca m tr cu ln v cu trung
cn kim tra chiu dy thc t ca lp t chu lc, bng cch khoan d su t nht 4m
tnh t cao thit k ca y mng. Cng tc th nghim t y mng ch cn lm
nu n c quy nh hay Hi ng nghim thu yu cu. Ni dung nghim thu gm
c cc vn :
1. V tr kch thc v cao h mng so vi n
2. iu kin a cht thc t so vi s liu kho st.
3. Quyt nh cho php xy dng mng cao thit k hay cao khc.

Cc vn bn nghim thu h mng c ly lm cn c sau ny nghim thu phn
xy mng. Nu kt qu kim tra h mng cho thy c s khc bit nhiu gia thc t a
cht v n th phi xem xt li ti liu thit k v chn gii php khc thch hp.

5.1.8. Xy dng mng
5.1.8.1. t lp m mng
Khi y h mng l loi t dnh kt ( khng phi l ) cn phi o h mng n
cao cao hn cao thit k khong 0.10.2m. n thi im ngay trc khi xy dng
mng mi o thm v san y h mng cho ng cao thit k bng phng php o
sao cho khng ph hoi cu trc t nhin ca t nn v khng lm gim sc chu ti ca
nn t. Nu h mng c o bng phng php thu lc th phi dng li cao hn
y mng 0.30.5m, sau o bng th cng.
Trng hp t nn l t st t cn phi ht i lp t nho ri m mt lp dm
dy t nht 10cm lm lp m mng. B mt ca lp ny khng qu cao thit k ca
y mng.
Nu khi o ti y h mng v ht nc pht hin thy c mch nc phun ln cn
tm cch bt li hoc dn nc ra ngoi phm vi xy mng.
Trng hp ang xy mng c pht hin nc ngm chy vo h mng phi bm
nc ra nc khng thm vo khi xy ang thi cng. Mun vy cn phi cha sn
cc rnh nc v cc h t nc st vng vy ngn nc v ngoi phm vi mng.
Trng hp bt li nht l khi dng nc ngm r vo mch, nu ht nc th c
va cng b ht theo v t trong h mng b n ln, khi phi lp m mng bng
b tng di nc. Gia lp b tng bt mng ny v tng cc vn cn c lp m
cch ly sau ny khi thi cng xong c th rt cc vn ln c d dng hn. Chiu dy
lp b tng bt y ny c xc nh theo iu kin cn bng ca trng lng n vi p
lc thu tnh c xt h s 1.1, nhng t nht phi dy 1m.
Phi lp b tng di nc n cao cao hn 1520cm so vi cao mt trn
lp b tng bt y. Sau khi ht cn nc trong vng vy, lc b mt lp b tng bt y
cn t, phi co sch phn tha ca n cho n ng cao thit k ca mt trn lp b
tng bt y.
5.1.8.2. Thi cng b mng
Mng m tr trn nn t nhin c th xy dng bng mt trong cc vt liu sau: xy
vi t nhin c cng thp nht 400kG/m
2
b tng c mc thp nht 300; b
tng trn hc c mc thp nht 150 vi hc n c cng t nht bng mt na
mc b tng, t l n 20% th tch khi b tng.
Mng xy bng hay bng cc khi b tng c sn phi dng va xi mng
Pooclng mc 100, 150, 200, do v gi nc.
Trong bng 5.1.22 ngh v s dng hp l cc loi xi mng lm mng. Mc xi
mng khng c thp hn 300. Cn xt n s n mn ca nc t nhin.
Mc xi mng nn chn ph hp vi mc b tng mng theo bng 5.1.23, vi hm
lng xi mng khng t hn 230kG/m
3
b tng i vi phn mng thp hn cao xi
mn y sng; vi hm lng xi mng 260kG/m
3
b tng i vi phn mng cao hn
mt nc v mt t; vi hm lng xi mng khng thp hn 290kG/m
3
b tng i vi
phn mng khu vc mc nc ln xung.
Hm lng ln nht ca xi mng trong cc mng khi lng khng c nhiu hn
300kg/m
3
b tng v 350kg/m
3
b tng ct thp. Trong mng nn dng ct liu to nhiu
n mc ti a c th chp nhn c.
Bng 5.1.22
Cc loi xi mng dng cho mng

V tr ca cc b phn mng
Loi ximng
Trong mi trng khng n
mn
Trong mi trng n mn vi
cc dng n mn sunpht,
axit, xit magi
Phn mng trong t v
trong nc ca cc mng t
thp hn mc nc kit
Ximng pooclng, ximng
pooclng puzlan v xi mng
pooclng x l cao
Ximng pooclng cha
sunfat, ximng pooclng
puzlan cha sunfat
Phn mng ni mc nc
ln xung nh k
Ximng pooclng, Ximng
pooclng t to nhit
Ximng pooclng chu sunfat
Phn mng cao hn mt
t v cao hn mt nc
Ximng pooclng. ximng
pooclng ng cng nhanh,
ximng pooclng t to nhit

Bng 5.1.23
Chn mc ximng theo mc b tng
Mc b tng 200 350 300
Mc ximng 300-400 400 400

T l nc/ximng ln nht i vi b tng mng khng c ln hn tr s trong
bng 5.1.24.
Cng tc xy dng h mng phi tin hnh ngay sau khi no vt h mng n cao
thit k v k kt cc vn bn nghim thu.
Trong qu trnh xy dng nn mng, cc b phn chng d c tho ra dn v
thay th bng nhng thanh chng ngn mt u t vo phn mng bn di xy xong
hoc thay bng cch lp t dn v m cht. thi im , khi xy dng ca mng
phi t t nht cng 50kG/cm
2
.
sai lch v tr tim mng so vi thit k khng c ln hn 25mm. Sai s thi
cng kch thc mng ln mt bng v v cao khng c ln hn 50mm.
Bng 5.1.24
T l nc - ximng ln nht ca hn hp b tng
V tr cc phn mng T l nc - ximng i vi mi trng
Khng n
mn
C n mn
Yu Trung bnh Mnh
Phn mng di mt t, thp
hn cao ng xi l y
sng
0.65 0.55 0.5 0.45
Phn mng thp hn mc
nc kit
0.6 0.55 0.50 0.45
Phn mng trong phm vi
mc nc ln xng nh k
- - - -
Phn mng cao hn mt t
v mt nc
- - - -

1
Chng 5-2
Thi cng mng cc
Mc lc
Chng 5-2 .......................................................................................................................... 1
Thi cng mng cc .............................................................................................................. 1
5.2.1. Sn xut cc loi cc ............................................................................................. 1
5.2.1.1. Cc g ............................................................................................................ 1
5.2.1.2. Cc thp ...................................................................................................... 3
5.2.1.3. Cc b tng ct thp .................................................................................... 4
5.2.2. ng cc ............................................................................................................. 7
5.2.2.1 Ba ng cc ................................................................................................. 7
5.2.2.2. gi ba,cc thit b treo trc, dn hng. .................................................. 11
5.2.2.3. ng cc ....................................................................................................... 11
5.2.2.4. xi nc h cc ..................................................................................... 14
5.2.3. th cc ............................................................................................................... 16
5.2.3.1. th cc vi ti trng tnh .............................................................................. 17
5.2.3.2. th cc vi ti trng tnh .............................................................................. 18
5.2.4. nghim thu cc .................................................................................................... 20
5.2.5 Thi cng mng cc .............................................................................................. 22

5.2.1. Sn xut cc loi cc
5.2.1.1. Cc g
5.2.1.1.1. Yu cu cht lng g cc
G lm mng cc cho m, tr cu thng l loi g d, thng, mung,
trm,v.v..Cy g lm cc phi thng, cong mt chiu ca cy g khng c qu
1% chiu di. Khng dng cc cy g cong theo hai chiu.
ng knh thn cy g thay i khng c qu 1cm trn mt 1m di thn.
Thng dng loi cy g c ng knh 20 - 32cm lm cc. ng knh thn cy g
u nh khng c b hn 18cm. Khi tnh ton ly ng knh trung bnh cng ca hai
ng knh u to v u nh cy g. Cy g phi rn v khng c tt. i vi loi cc
ng lm dn gio, vi chiu di t do khng ln, phi dng loi g nhm 3.
Ring i vi cc cc g nh v khung dn hng ng cc cc khc, cn u
tin chn cc cc g tt nht trong s g c cung cp, nu cn c th o trn m
bo dng hnh tr ca cc.
2
5.2.1.1.2. Sn xut cc
Cc g c hai dng :cc n (lm bng mt thn cy ), v cc t hp (ghp t 3 4
thn cy). Thn cy g lm cc c cht ht cnh, o ht mu v rc v. Nn sn xut
cc c chiu di ln hn chiu di theo thit k khong 0.2 0.5m, sau ny ct b
phn u cc b to trong lc ng.
Mi cc o vt thnh hnh chp 3 hay 4 mt (hnh 5.2.1, a), mi nhn nm ng
trn trc cc. Chiu di on o vt nhn ly tu theo cht ca nn t, thng bng
1.5 n 2 ln ng knh u di cc. trnh mi cc b dp nt khi ng, phi o t
u mi cc trn mt on di 10m. Trng hp t nn rn chc,c th lm v chp
thp u mi cc (hnh 5.2.1, b).
i vi cc ng vo tng t mm yu, c th p thm vo on di ca cc
nhng khc g p mt tng, hoc hai tng (hnh 5.2.1,c).
u trn ca cc c ct phng v vung gc vi trc thn cc. Khi dng ba hi
n ng, hay ba trng lc ng cc, th u cc cn gt nh bt lng vng ai
thp, gi u cc khi nt v. Vng ai ny c hn t thp bn, mt ct khong
5012mm n 10020mm. khi ng cc bng ba hi song ng, c km theo chp u
cc, th khng cn lm vnh ai u cc.
Khi cn thit c th ni hai cy g lm cc di. Ti ch ni, ng knh ca
hai on cc phi bng nhau v khng nh hn 20cm. Mt phng khe ni phi tht phng
v vung gc vi trc dc cc. Lin kt mi ni cc c nhiu kiu : lp lch, dng st p
(hnh 5.2.1 d), dng thp ng (hnh 5.2.1c). Bu lng lin kt c ng knh 1925mm.
Cng c th dng kiu ni vng ai (hnh 5.2.1f).
Hnh 5.2.1
V tr mi cc phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:
- V tr mi ni phi ngp su trong t t nht 2 m.
- chnh cao ca cc mi ni ca 2 cc gn nhau trong nhm cc t nht 0.75m
- Trong mt m hay tr, s mi ni cc trn cng mt cao khng c ln hn
25% tng s cc trong b mng.
Kch thc ca lp lch, bu lng ni cc tham kho bng 5.2.1
Bng 5.2.1 Kch thc lp lch v bu lng
ni cc
ng knh
cc, cm
Lp lch thp Bu lng ni cc
mt ct,mm chiu di,cm ng knh,
mm
chiu di,
cm
khong
cch, cm
24
885
90 19 26 10
26
1085
90 19 28 10
28
10100
90 19 30 10
Bng 5.2.2 c trng mt ct cc t hp
3
T hp
mt ct
Din tch, cm Momen qun tnh,
cm
4
Bn knh qun tnh,
cm
Chu vi ,
cm
1 cy g
F1
B cc F 1 cy g
E1
B cc E 1cy g
r1
b cc r2
3 cy g
trn
0.74d
2
2.22 d
2
0.041 d
4
0.423 d
4
0.235 d 0.437 d 6.28d
4 cy g
trn
0.74 d
2
2.96 d
2
0.043 d
4
0.78 d
4
0.24d 0.513d 7.33d
4 cc g
vung
a
2
4a
2
0.083a
4
1.33a
4
0.289a 0.578a 8a
Ch thch : d - ng knh g trn
a - Cnh g vung

Cc cc t hp (b cc ) nh trong hnh v 5.2.2 c th lm di n 25m, ghp t
34 thn cy bng lin kt kiu lp lch v bu lng 1925 t cch nhau 0.51.0m, trn
on gn u cc v on gn mi cc th c ly bu lng gn st nhau hn, n 0.20.3m.
Cc mi ni ring ca cc cc trong b cc cn so le nhau t nht 1.5m, v khng gn
nhau t hn 6 ln ng knh cy g thn cc. Sau khi lp ghp thnh cc t hp, mi vt
nhn mi cc, v lp v chp thep mi cc. u cc t hp cng lng vnh ai chung
bng thp. Bng 5.2.2 cho thy cc c trng mt ct cc t hp.
Khi sn xut cc loi cc g phi m bo sai s kch thc khng ln hn quy
nh ca bng 5.2.3.
Hnh 5.2.2
Bng 5.2.3 Sai s cho php ca kch thc cc g
Tn sai s Sai s cho php, mm
- ng knh u trn cc
- Chiu di mi cc o vt
- lch ca tm mi cc so vi trc
dc thn cc
- nging ca mt phng u cc
v khe ni so vi mt ohng vung
gc vi trc dc thn cc
-20
30
10

1%
5.2.1.2. Cc thp
Cc loi cc thp dng trong xy dng cu gm : cc ng thp,cc ray, cc ghp
bng cc dng thp ch I, U. Ni chung ch dng cc thp trong trng hp hn hu.
V d khi ng su 1520m vo t si sn.
5.2.1.2.1. Cc ng thp
lm bng ng thp c ng knh D khong 250600mm, Chiu dy thnh ng
khong 814mm. Khi cn ng cc cc di c th sn xut tng phn on cc c chiu
4
di ph hp kh nng vn chuyn, cu lp, sau ghp ni cc on cc trc hoc sau
lc ng. Mi ni cc on cc c cc bn thp n bn ngoi v mi hn in ti cng
trng.i vi cc ng thp c D< 450mm c th bt mi cc bng v thp hnh nn hn
t thp bn.
5.2.1.2.2. Cc ng thp xon c
gm mt ng thp c u di hn vi cnh thp xon c lm tng kh nng chi lc ca
cc xon c t 10 n 15 ln so vi cc ng thp thng c cng dy v ng knh.
Cu to cnh xon c c chn tu theo t nn : i vi t rn chc, dng loi cnh
xon c c bn knh nh, nhng bc xon di (hnh 5.2.3a) ; i vi t nn mm yu,
dn loi cnh xon c c bn knh ln, nhng bc xon ngn (hnh 5.2.3b); i vi t
rn chc th mi cc v u cc c khoan cc l nh (hnh 5.2.3c) kt hp xi nc
trong qu trnh ng cc.

Hnh 5.2.3
5.2.1.2.3. Cc ray
thng lm t cc thanh ray c, di dng cc n hoc cc t hp vi lin kt hn
ghp (hnh 5.2.4).
5.2.1.2.4. Cc thp hnh
thng ghp t cc thp hnh ch I (hnh 5.2.5). Mi ni cc dng lin kt bu lng hay
lin kt hn.
5.2.1.3. Cc b tng ct thp
5.2.1.3.1. Cc c b tng ct thp
nn ch to ti nh my hoc xng chuyn dng. Trng hp xa xi khng thun
tin chuyn ch c th ch to cc b tng ct thp ngay ti cng trng di dng cc
c vung hay ch nht, c chiu di tng phn on ph hp vi chiu cao cu v nng
lc ca thit b cu trc v cc iu kin thi cng khc. c trng cc ghi bng 5.2.4.
Bng 5.2.4 Cc b tng ct thp mt ct c
Loi cc Mt ct, cm Chiu di cc, m
5 8 12 13 15 16 20
Trng lng, T
Cc BTCT thng
3030
1.20 1.84 2.74 - - - -
3535
- 2.50 3.71 4.03 4.95 - -
4040
- - - 5.28 6.45 - -
Cc BTCT d ng lc
3030
1.20 1.84 2.74 2.96 3.41 - -
3535
- 2.50 3.71 4.03 4.64 4.95 6.11
4040
- - - - - 6.45 8.04
5
Cc b tng ct thp thng v d ng lc mt ct c lm bng b tng c mc t
nht l 300.
Khi c cc ti cng trng nn b tr bi c cc gn ni ng cc v c iu kin
vn chuyn cc thun tin. Trn bi c, lm san b tng cc c th lt vn g k trn
cc thanh gi t trc tip trn t, cch nhau 0.71m, sn vn phi kht, vng v m
bo cho cnh di ca cc c thng. Khi s lng cc phi c nhiu, cn lt sn c
bng b tng dy 1020cm, bn di l lp m dm - ct dy 57cm m cht.
Din tch mt sn c cc tnh theo cng thc:
F=k.N.t.l.(b+b
1
) (5.2.1)
Trong :
N - Nng sut bi c cc (s lng cc lm c trong 1 ngy )
t Thi gian cn c cc v bo dng n khi t cng thit k, ngy.
l - Chiu di cc, m
b - Chiu rng cc, m
b
1
- Khong cch gia 2 cc c gn nhau, m
k - H s xt n ng i li v cc khong trng khc, thng ly k =1.05
tit kim din tch bi c c th c cc thnh nhiu tng chngln nhau. Khi
ch c php b tng cc ca tng trn khi b tng cc tng di t 25%
cng thit k. Cng thc tnh din tch sn c cc trong trng hp ny l :
) b b .( l .
n
t t ) 1 n [( N
k F
1
1
+
+
= (5.2.2)
Trong : k = 1.1
n - S tng cc c c chng ln nhau.
t
1
- Thi gian cn thit b tng t 25% cng thit k.
Khi c cc theo phng php xen k nhiu tng (hnh 5.2.6) th mi tng lc u
ch c mt na s cc (cch nhau 1 cc), khi b tng t 25% cng thit k mi
d vn khun canh ca cc cc c trc v c tip mt na s cc cn li vo cc
khong trng gia cc cc c trc. Nh vy cng thc 5.2.2 phi c thay bng :
) b b .( l .
n
t t ) 1 n 2 [( N
k F
1
1
+
+
= (5.2.3)
5.2.1.3.2. C rng B tng ct thp
c mt ct hnh tr rng thng ch to trong nh my bng phng php quay ly tm.
Mi t cc c c di 812m. Mi ni cc theo kiu mt bch, c thc hin ti nh
my, hoc ti v tr ng cc, ngay trong qu trnh ng dn tng t. Trong bng 5.2.5
cho c trng loi cc ny.
Hnh 5.2.6
Bng 5.2.5 Cc BTCT hnh tr rng
6
ng
knh ngoi,
m
Chiu dy
thnh cc,
cm
Chiu di t cc, m
8 9 10 11 12
Trng lng t cc, T
0.4 8 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6
0.55 8 2.4 - 3.0 - -
0.60 10 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1
Bng 5.2.6 V tr t vng treo u cc
Loi cc Cc kch thc xem hnh 5.2.7
A B C D
- Cc BTCT
thng
- Cc BTCT d
ng lc
0.2L

0.294L
0.6L

0.412L
0.3L

0.294L
0.7L

0.706L
Mc b tng ca loi cc b tng ct thp hnh tr rng khng c thp hn 400
i vi bt k loi cc b tng ct thp no, vn khun g thnh cc ch c d
khi b tng cc t 25kG/cm
2
. Vn khun thnh cc bng thp c th tho d ngay sau
khi c xong b tng cc nu hn hp b tng c t l Nc/Xi mng l nh hn 0.4 v
c m k bng m rung.
B mt ca vn khun, ca sn c cc v ca cc cc c trc , phi qut
cht nhn trnh bm dnh vi b tng c cc.
Ct thp ca cc phi m bo c cc yu cu sau:
- Pha gn u cc v gn mi cc phi t ct thp ai gn st nhau hn cc ch
khc.
- Vng treo cu cc c t cng lc vi khung ct thp, v tr vng treo xem hnh
5.2.7 v bng 5.2.6.
Hnh 5.2.7
Cng tc b tng c cc c thc hin lin tc theo hng t mi cc n u
cc.
Khi b tng c cc t cng t nht bng 70% cng thit k mi c vn
chuyn cc trong phm vi ngn(ni b cng trng), Khi b tng cc t 100% cng
thit k mi c vn chuyn cc i xa v ng cc.
Trc khi dng cc b tng ct thp phi kim tra. cng trng c th p dng
cc phng php kim tra sau:
- Vy nc pht hin cc ung nt mt ngoi.
- Dng thc kp c ln kim tra ng knh trong v ng knh ngoi, cnh
ca cc.
- Dng ke kim tra bng phng v vung gc ca mt phng nh cc so vi
ng trc dc thn cc.
- Kim tra tim mi cc c nm trn ng trc dc thn cc khng.
7
- Dng dy thp nh v knh phng i kim tra b rng v su ca vt nt.
B mt cc v cc mp cc phi phng, vt r v st m cc b khng c su qu
10mm.
Sai s cho php v kch thc cc ghi trong bng 5.2.7.
5.2.2. ng cc
5.2.2.1 Ba ng cc
ng cc loi cc mi kn hoc h nhng khng ly t ra khi lng cc c th
dng cc loi bu khc nhau. iu kin s dng hp l ba c ghi trong bng 5.2.8.
c im tnh nng cc loi ba ghi bng 5.2.10, 5.2.11.
Khi chn ba xung kch ng cc phi cn c 2 iu kin sau:
- Nng lng xung kch t nht ca ba (kGm) phi tho mn yu cu :
W 25P' (5.2.4)
Trong 25 - H s
P' - Ti trng tnh ton ca cc theo thit k, T
Bng 5.2.7 Sai s cho php v kch thc cc
Tn sai s Sai s cho php
- V chiu di cc :
+ Khi l 10 m
+ Kho l >10 m
- V kch thc mt ct
- V chiu di on mi cc
- V cong queo ca cc
- V lch tm ca mi cc so vi trc dc
cc.
- V chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp
- V nghing ca mt phng nh cc so
vi mt phng vung gc vi trc dc cc

30
50
5
30
10
10

5
1%
Bng 5.2.8 iu kin s dng hp l cc loi ba
Loi t Chiu
su h
cc trong
t, m
Phng php h cc
ng bng ba ng
bng
ba
rung
khng
xi
H ba bng
rung
H cc
vo l
khoan
K
h
n
g

x
i

K
t

h
p

x
i

K
h
n
g

x
i

K
t

h
p

x
i

t ct ri bo ho nc < 10
10
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
8
t dnh do chy v do
mm
10
+ - - + - -
t ct cht v cht va
bo ho nc
< 10
10
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
--
t dnh do qunh v
na rn
<10
10
+
+
-
-

+
+

-
-
-
-
-
+
Si cui < 10 + + + + - -
Tt c cc loi t k c
lp , tng
Khng
ph
thuc
chiu su
- - - - - +
Bng 5.2.9 Cc loi ba xung kch ca Lin X
Loi ba Nhn hiu ba Trng
lng
ba, kg
Trng
lng
phn
va
p,
kg
Chiu cao
ri ba, m
Nng
lng
xung
kch,kG
m
S ln va
chm
trong mt
pht
Chiu
cao qu
ba
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ba hi
n ng
CCCM - 007
CCCM - 570
CCCM - 582
CCCM - 680
1932
2700
4300
8845
1250
1800
3000
6000
1.44
1.5
1.3
1.37
1800
2700
3900
8200
30
30
30
30
4760
4840
4640
4960
Ba song
ng
C -32
C - 231
BP - 28
4095
4450
6550
655
1130
1450
0.52
0.58
0.50
1590
1820
2500
125
105
120
2390
2689
3190
Ba
iezen
C - 254
C - 222A
C - 268
C - 330
1400
2200
3100
4200
600
1250
1800
2500
1.77
1.79
2.10
2.30
500
1000
1400
2000
55-60
55-60
55-60
50-55
3150
3355
3820
4540
Ba
Diezen
kiu ng,
lm mt
bng
khng
kh
C-858
C-859
C-949
C-954
C-974
YP-1-500
YP-1-1250
YP-1-1800
2500
3500
5800
7300
9000
1100
2500
3400
1250
1800
2500
3500
5000
500
1250
1800
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3300
4800
6700
9400
13500
1300
3300
4800
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
3948
4165
4685
4800
5520
3760
4000
4350
Ba
iezen
kiu ng
lm mt
bng
khng
kh
C-994
C-995
C-996
C-1047
C-1048
C-54
1500
2600
3650
5500
7650
10000
600
1250
1800
2500
3500
5000
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1600
3300
4800
6700
9400
13500
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
43-55
3825
3955
4335
4970
5145
5300
9
Khi chn ba ng cc nghing th nng lng xung kch cn thit ca ba phi
nhn thm h s k ly nh sau:
nghing 5:1 4:1 3:1 2:1 1:1
H s k 1.1 1.15 1.25 1.4 1.7
Da vao trng lng cc kim tra h s thch dng ca ba
W
q Q
K
n
+
= (5.2.5)
Trong K - H s thch dng ca ba, ly theo bng 5.2.12
Q
n
- Trng lng ba (kg) xem cc bng 5.2.8, 5.2.9, 5.2.10, 5.2.11
q - Trng lng cc k c m cc v m ba,kg.
Bng 5.2.10 Ba chn ng ca Lin X
Cc tham s Nhn hiu ba chn ng
C-
834
C-
835
C-
836
C-
467M
BM-
7Y
BM-9 BMC-1 -2 M -2
- Lc kch
thch,T
- Tn s quay,
vng /pht
- Tn s va p
trong mt pht
- Mmen lch
tm ln nht,
kGcm
- S ng c
in
- Cng sut
ng c in,
kW
- Trng lng
ba
5

960

480

536

2

5.5

1.9
11.25

1440

483

500

2

7.0

1.1
14.5

960

485

1440

2

13.9

4.6
21.8

960

490

-

2

22.0

6.5
7.0

1450

1450

322

2

7.0

1.4
14.0

1440

1440

-

1

14.0

1.68
12.5

730

730

2300

2

28

4.9
25.5

970

970

2460

2

22

3.3
9.45

970

970

-

2

22

4.2
Bng 5.2.11 Ba izen kiu ng ca hng Delmag (Ty c)
Cc tham s D8-
22
D12 D15 D22-
13
D30-
13
D36-
13
D46-
13
D62-
22
D80-
12
-Trng lng phn
va p
800 1250 1500 2200 3000 3600 4600 6200 8000
-Nng lng va
p ln
23.5-
12.7
30.6 36.8 65.7-
32.8
89-
44.6
113-
56.4
143-
71.6
291-
109
267-
171
- S ln va p
trong mt pht
38-52 42-
60
42-
60
38-52 38-
52
37-53 37-53 35-50 35-45
- Chiu cao, mm 4700 4245 4245 5260 5260 5285 5285 5910 6200
- Chiu rng,mm 560 320 320 780 780 880 880 828 1110
- Chiu di, mm 590 630 630 705 705 802 802 970 1110
- Khong cch t 360 370 370 440 440 500 500 500 660
10
trc dc ba n
gi dn hng,
mm
- Trng lng ba,
kg
1950 2850 2830 4950 5550 7490 8490 11870 16315
Bng 5.2.12 H s thch dng ca ba
Loi ba H s K i vi loi cc
cc g cc thp cc BTCT
- Ba hi song ng
v ba iezen kiu
ng
5 5.5 6.0
- Ba hi n ng
v ba iezen kiu
ct
3.5 4.0 5.0
- Ba trng lc 2.0 2.5 3.0
Nu giai on ng cc cui cng m chiu cao nng phn va p ca ba hi
n ng v ba izen nh hn tr s ghi trong l lch ba th tr s nng lng xung
kch trong bng 5.2.9 cn phi gim t l vi t s gia chiu cao ri ba thc t v chiu
cao ri ba ghi trong l lch ba.

Hnh 5.2.8
Hnh 5.2.9

Bng 5.2.13 Gi ba Lin X chy trn ray
Nhn hiu
ca gi ba
Chiu caogi,
m Sc
nng
trng
lng
cc v
qu
ba, T
xin ca
cc
Kh
ng
ray
Gc
quay
ca
b
xoay,

Cng
sut
ton
b ca
ng
c in
kW
Trng
lng
gi
khng
c qu
ba v
i
trng,
T
Ton
b
C
hiu
qu
(bng
chiu
di
cc)
V
pha
sau
V
pha
trc
C-532 23.4 17.5 9.5 3:1 8:1 5.5 - 46 11
K-20 28.1 20 21
- -
4 360 78.2 32.5
C-1006 18 12 10
3:1 8:1
4 360 31.5 19.2
C-955 183 12 10
3:1 8:1
4 360 26.8 20.8
KY-20 28.2 20 20
3:1 8:1
4 360 92.2 43.7
C-908 24 16 14
3:1 8:1
4 360 46 24.3
C-55 - 25.1 30
3:1 8:1
6 360 60 60
C-56 - 20 20
3:1 8:1
6 360 60 45
11
CCCM - 582 29 20 14.3
3:1
10:1 3.5 360 - 42.7
CCCM-680 30.5 23 20.8
3:1
10:1 4.88 360 - 72.2
MK-3-12 19.5 12 12
-
- 4 360 49.2 20
C-69 23.5 16 14
3:1
6:1 4.5 360 65 55.4
C-33A 18.5 12 10
3:1
6:1 4 360 26.8 34.8
Bng 5.2.14 Cc thit b c lp thanh dn hng lm gi ba

Loi thit b
Chiu di cn,m Sc
nng,t
xin ca cn Gc
quay
ca
cn,
Trng
lng
thit b
treo,t
Ton b C hiu
qu
V pha
sau
V pha
trc
- My ko t hnh
loi:
C-533
C-870
C-878
- My xc loi:
-652
-1004
- Cn cu loi:
K-52
K-104

12.0
13.0
13.0

14.7
21.0

11.9
14.4

6.0
8.0
8.0

12.0
16.0

8.0
1.0

4.0
5.4
7.0

7.0
11.0

2.0
5.4

6: 1
10 : 1
3: 1

10: 1
-

4 :1
4 : 1

10:1
10:1
4 :1

10:1
-

4:1
4:1

-
-
-

360
360

360
360

3.2
4.6
6.4

3.5
6.5

-
-
5.2.2.2. gi ba,cc thit b treo trc, dn hng.
Gi ba dng treo qu ba, treo cc cm cc, treo v cm ng xi nc,v
dn hng cc trong qu trnh ng cc. Cc ba trng c phn va chm 1250kG c th
dng gi ba loi nh v loi va. Cc gi ba hng nng (bng 6.13) dng cho ba c
trng lng phn va p dn 6000 kG. Ngoi cc loi gi ba chuyn dng, cn dng loi
gi ba ghp t cc thanh dn hng vi mt trong cc phng tin : cn trc t, cn
trc bnh xch, v cc loi cn cu khc ng cc ( bng 6.14).
Chiu cao cn thit ca gi ba xc nh theo cng thc :
H = h
1
+h
2
+h
3
+h
4
+h
5
-h
6
(6.6)
Trong : h
1
- Chiu cao cc t mp.
h
2
- Chiu cao qu ba.
h
3
- Chiu cao mi cc
h
4
- Chiu cao ca cc dn
h
5
- Chiu di cc cn ng
h
6
- Chiu di on di ca cc, c th di qua bn ( tu theo chiu su
nc, hoc chiu sau ca h mng quyt nh ).
5.2.2.3. ng cc
ni t cn, khng c nc ngp, th v tr cc trn mt bng xc nh bng cch
dng thc thp v my kinh v. Trong qu trnh ng cc, dng dy ri v thc tam
gic kim tra thng ng hoc nghing ca cc, iu chnh kp thi.
12
Khi ng cc gia sng c nc ngp, vi su khng qu ln,c th lm
khung nh v cao hn mt nc, k trn cc cc g xc nh v tr ca cc cc BTCT
cn ng. ni nc qu su, c th lm cc khung nh v di dng b ni trn mt
nc, c c nh bng dy neo vo ti.
Trc khi cu cc vo gi ba, cn kim tra cc, nh du kch thc theo chiu
di cc bng sn cch nhau 0.5 1m theo hng t mi cc n nh cc. Trn nh
cc c lp mi cc (tr cc g ), bo v u cc khi hng khi ng. Kiu mi cc c
th tham kho hnh 6.10. Nu dng ba rung h cc BTCT c mt ct c 30 x 30 cm
n 40 x 40 cm, th c th dng m cc t kp nh hnh 6.11 lin kt cc vi ba rung.
ni t cn,c th dng cc gi ba di ng chuyn dng, hoc cc loi t hnh
thanh dn c lp thanh hng lm gi ba (hnh 6.12).
Nhng ni nc ngp khng sau qu 5m, c th lm sn o trn cc tr tm bng
cc g, t ng ray cho gi ba di chuyn, cng c th t ng ray trn nh
vng vy cc vn ca h mng ( hnh 6.13, a,b ). ni nc sau qu 5m, nn t cc gi
trn cc phao ni, s lan v c nh bng h dy leo ( hnh 6.13 c, d,e ) hoc dng cn cu
( nh hnh 6.13,g ).
Lc bt u ng cc bng ba hi n ng hay ba trng lc, phi gi chiu
cao nng ba t hn 0.5m. cui giai on ng mi cc, c th chiu cao nng ba
hi n ng tng n tr s ghi trong l lch ba, cn chiu cao nng ba trng lc phi
ly tng ng vi trng lng ba, kch thc v vt liu cc, iu kin t nn nhng
cng khng nn cao qu 4m.
Trong qu trnh ng cc, cn gi cho dy treo ba xung kch hay ba rung
trng thi mm, v theo di trng thi mi cc v u cc. nu xy ra s c hng lot
du cc, th cn phi phn tch nguyn nhn v kim tra li cng ngh ng cc.
Trnh t ng cc c chn sao cho thi gian di chuyn ba, v cn cu t
cc vo v tr chun b ng, cng nh thi gian thay i xin ca thanh dn hng l
t nht. trnh t b ln qu cht khi ng nhiu cc, khin cho kh ng, cn phi
chn trnh t ng t gia ra, hoc t u ny ti u kia ( hnh 6.14). Nu m cc ln,
th c th chia thnh nhiu khu vc d ng cc nh hnh 6.14,c.
Cc cc u phi ng cho ti khi t chi tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
q Q
Q
F n
M
P
P
M W F n
e
n
q n
+
+
|
\
|
+
=
2
.
. 7 . 0
. . . . 7 . 0

(6.7)
Kh nng chu lc ca cc (P),T, tnh theo chi thc t o c khi ng cc
l:
(
(
+
+
+ = 1
.
4
1
2
.
. 7 . 0
2
q Q
Q
e
W
F n
F n
M P
n
q n

(6.8)
Trong :
13
e - chi tnh ton, cm, bng tr s ln ca cc do mt ln p ba khi ng
bng ba xung kch, khi dng ba rung th e = ln ca cc trong thi
gian ba rung hot ng mt pht.
0.7 H s, biu th quan h gia h s ng nht v h s iu kin lm vic vi
h s tin cy (k).
P Kh nng chu lc tnh ton ca cc T
F Din tch mt ct ngang cc, m
2

W Nng lng xung kch tnh ton,T. cm, ly nh sau :
+ i vi ba izen kiu ng : W= 0.9.Q
y
.H
+ i vi ba izen kiu ct : W= 0.4.Q
y
.H
Trong :
Q
Y
Trng lng phn va p ca ba, T
H Chiu cao ri ba tnh ton, ly giai oan kt thc ng cc ; i vi
ba izen kiu ng ly bng 2.8m.
+ i vi ba trng lc v ba hi n ng th ly W = Q
y
.H,
trong Q
Y
l trng lng phn va p ca ba, cn H l
chiu cao thc t ri ca phn va p, cm.
+ i vi ba hi song ng v ba izen kiu ct ly theo
chiu cao hi ba, H ghi trong l lch ba.
+ i vi ba rung ly W bng tr s tng ng theo ngh
ghi trn hnh 6.15.
M h s, ly bng 1 khi ng bng ba xung kch, khi ng bng ba rung
th th ly tu theo loi t bn di mi cc nh sau :
Loi t h s M
+ Si ln ct 1.3
+ Ct ht va v ct to 1.2
+ Ct nh, cht trung bnh 1.1
+ Ct mm cht trung bnh 1.0
+ St pha ct do, st pha ct v st cng 0.9
+ Ct pha st v st na cng 0.8
+ Ct pha st v st do qunh 0.7
n H s tu theo vt liu lm cc, T/m
2
:
+ Cc b tng ct thp n=150
+ Cc g ng khng c m ba n=100
+ Cc g ng c m ba bng g n=80
+ Cc thp c m cc n=500
- H s phc hi va chm :
2
= 0.2 khi ng bng ba xung kch ;
2
= 0 khi
ng bng ba rung.
Q
n
Trng lng ton b ca ba xung kch hay ba rung T
q Trng lng cc, m cc v m ba, T
Tr s chi xc nh bng gh tr trung bnh s hc ca ln ca cc do mt
va p trong mt hi ba. i vi ba trng lc v ba hi n ng mi hi ba gm 10
va p.
14
i vi ba hi song ng v ba izen, chi ly bng tr s ln cc sau
khi ba hot ng 1 pht. i vi ba rung, chi ly bng tr s ln sau khi ba
rung hot ng lin tc 5 pht.
Trong sut qu trnh ng cc, phi o tr s cc sau mi hi ba, nu tr s
nh hn 2 cm th cn thay bng loi ba khc c cng sut ln hn.
chi ca cc phi o vi chnh xc 1 mm v o lin tip t nht 3 ln.
Trong iu kin ba p ng tim cc chiu cao ri ba l ln nht, s ln va p trong
mt pht cng nh p lc hi, p lc khng kh trong xy-lanh ba phi ph hp vi cc tr
s ghi trong l lch ba. Mt khc phi theo di tnh trng u cc c bnh thng,
khng c hin tng nt v.
Trong khi ng cc khng nn ngh lu, trnh hin tng t phc hi. Phi
ng cc cho n khi t chi tnh ton. Nu mi cc xung cch cao thit k hn
1m m t chi tnh ton trong sut 10 hi ba lin tc, th phi theo di, tm
nguyn nhn, v p dng cc bin php cn thit m bo kh nng chu lc ca cc,
v n nh ca c mng cc.
Gp trng hp mi cc t n cao thit k, nhng cha t chi tnh ton,
th cn tin hnh th nghim cc vi ti trng tnh thng v ti trng ng sm nht l sau
2 ngy k t lc ng xong cc.
5.2.2.4. xi nc h cc
Khi ng cc vo nn t c tng ct hoc ct si, gp kh khn c th tin hnh
ng cc ng thi vi vic si nc. Trong t st ch c dng bin php xi nc khi
h cc ng. Khng c xi nc khi ng cc gn cng trnh ngm v cc cng trnh
ln cn c sn ( nu c nguy c gy ln, st l t di cc cng trnh ).
Bin php xi nc thng dng kt hp vi ba xung kch, hay ba rung mt
trong cc hnh thc sau :
-Bin php xi nc l bin php ch yu
- Xi nc kt hp ng cc bng ba xung kch, hoc ba rung mt cch ng thi
hot ng.
- Xi nc kt hp ng cc bng mt trong hai loi ba trn theo cch lun phin
nhau hot ng.
Khi mi cc h n cch cao thit k 1 2 m, phi ngng xi nc, v ng cc
tip bng ba xung kch hay ba rung cho n lc t chi tnh ton.
bm nc xi, dng loi my bm ly tm a cp, c cng sut 5m
3
/giy, v p
lc n 20kG/cm
2
. My bm t gn ni h cc tn tht p lc bm. Trn ng
ng dn nc c van bo him x nc p lc khi u ng xi b t lm tc.
Khi h cc BTCT mt ct c, nn xi nc ng tm bng cch un cong u
di ca ng xi. Phn ny ngm trong cc, u trn ca n dn ra ngoi v ni bng C-
li- vi phn tho lp c ca ng xi ( hnh 6.16,a). Nu dng hai ng xi th b tr
chng i xng nhau hai mt bn cc v lin kt bng C-li- (hnh 6.16,b ). C-li- th
15
nht t gn mi cc, C-li- th hai v nhng C-li- tip theo c b tr khong
cch 10 15m i vi cc thng v khong cch 5 10m i vi cc xin.
xi h cc rng c u di kn, phi cha mt l y cc cho u ng xi
xuyn qua ( hnh 6.16,c). ng xi di chuyn t do trong lng cc, phn trn ca cc
rng lp thm on cc dn ( thng bng thp ) c cha ca s cho on cong ca ng
xi i qua.
Bng 6.14 p lc nc v lu lng nc cn thit xi h cc

Loi t

su
ng cc
vo trong
t,m

p lc cn
thit u
ng xi,
kG/cm
2

Mt ct ngang ca cc, cm
30 50
50 70
ng
knh trong
ca ng
xi nc
trung
tm,mm
Lu lng
nc cho
mt
cc.m
3
/ph
t
ng
knh trong
ca ng
xi nc
trung
tm,mm
Lu lng
nc cho 1
cc,m
3
/ph
t
Bn, ct
nh, t
st do
mm, st
pha ct

5 15
15 25
25 35

4 8
8- 10
10- 15

37
68
80

400-1000
1000-1500
1500-2000

50
80
106

100-1500
1500-2000
2000-3000
Ct, st
pha ct
cht, ct
ln cui
si,ct pha
st, t st
cht va

5- 15
15- 25
25- 35

6- 10
10- 15
15- 20

50
80
106

1000- 1500
1500 -2000
2500- 3000

68
106
106- 131

1500- 2000
2000- 3000
2500- 4000
ng xi bng thp, ng knh trong 36 106mm. u ng xi c lin kt bng
hn in hoc ren rng ( hnh 6.17).
p lc v lu lng nc cn thit u ng xi c chn tu theo loi t, kch
thc ca u cc v su ng cc c th tham kho bng 6.14.
tnh cng sut trm bm, ng knh ng dn chnh, ng knh ng mm,
phi cn c vo tr s tn rht p lc nc trong ng ng. Tn tht ny tnh theo chiu
cao ct nc (h),(m) trn 100m ng thng ph thuc vo ng knh ng v tc
chy ca nc trong ng ( V), m/giy.
Tn tht p lc trong on ng cao su xc nh theo cng thc :

T
K
L Q
H
2
= ,T/m
2
(6.9)
Trong : Q Lu lng nc, l/giy
L Chiu di ng cao su,m
16
K
T
H s, ly ph thuc ng knh trong ca ng cao su v loi vt liu
thnh bn trong ng, cho bng 6.15.

Bng 6.15 H s K
T

ng knh trong ca ng
mm,mm
Loi ng mm
Bn trong bng cao su Bng cao su
33
50
65
76
33
133
567
1333
50
200
850
2000
Tn tht p lc trn 100m ng ng thp thng ph thuc vo lu tc nc v
ng knh trong ca ng thp ly theo bng 6.16.
ng knh ng xi v cng sut my bm chn theo trnh t sau: theo bng 6.14
xc nh lu lng v p lc nc cn thit u ng xi, trong ng mm, trong ng
dn, ng khuu, ng ni, cc van v tnh cng sut my bm.
5.2.3. th cc
Cng tc th cc bao gm : ng cc th bng ti trng ng, p cc th bng lc
tnh thng ng.
Bng 5.2.16 Lu lng nc (ghi t s, m
3
/gi) v tn tht p lc(ghi mu
s.T/m
2
) trn 100m di ng thp thng
Tc
chy
ca
nc
trong
ng

ng knh trong ca ng,mm

25

40

50

60

70

80

100

125

250
1,0
1,1
1,25
1,50
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0

1.80/6.40
1.95/7.60
2.20/9.70
2.7/13.5
3.1/18.1
3.5/23
4.4/34.7
5.3/47.9
6.3/69
7.2/90
9.0/140

4.5/3.7
5.0/4.4
5.7/5.6
6.8/7.8
7.9/10.5
9.1/13.4
11.3/20.5
13.6/28.8
15.9/39.4
18.1/51
22.6/79
7.1/2.9
7.8/3.4
8.8/4.3
10/6.1
12.4/8.1
14.1/10.5
17.7/16
21.2/24.7
25.2/35
28.8/45.5
36/71

10.2/2.3
11.2/2.8
12.8/3.5
15.3/5
17.8/6.6
20.4/8.6
25.5/13.1
30.5/18.6
35.2/24.8
40.4/32.5
50.5/51
13.9/2.0
15.2/2.3
17.3/3.0
20.8/4.2
24.3/5.7
27.7/7.2
34.6/11.1
41.6/15.8
48/21
54.7/27.2
68.5/41.5
18.1/1.7
20/2
22.6/2.6
27.1/3.6
31.7/4.8
36.2/6.2
45.2/9.6
54.3/13.6
63/18.2
72/24
90/37
28.3/1.3
31.1/1.6
35.4/2
42.4/2.8
49.5/3.8
56.6/4.9
70.7/7.5
84.3/10.7
100/16.2
114/21.2
142/32.7
44.2/1.0
48.6/1.2
55.2/1.6
66.3/2.2
77.3/3.0
88.4/3.8
110/5.9
133/8.4
154/11.3
176/14.7
220/23
63.6/0.84
70/1.0
79.5/1.3
95.4/1.8
111/2.4
127/3.2
159/4.9
191/6.9
222/9.3
253/12.1
316/18.9
Ghi ch:
17
1- Trong cc ng n bng thp c b bn, g th tr s tn tht p lc trong
bng ny phi nhn vi 1.15 1.3.
2- Tn tht p lc cc ng ni v van, cc ng khuu v van c ly
bng tr s tn tht ca ng thp thng c cng ng knh v di 5m.
3- Cc tr s trung gian xc nh bng cch ni suy

Mc ch ca cng tc th cc l :
- Cn c iu kin a cht thc t chn cng ngh h cc thch hp cho hng
lot cc tip theo.
- Quyt nh li cao mi cc ng vo t theo ng iu kin thc t a cht
v m bo kh nng chu lc cn thit ca cc.
- Xc nh ln ca cc n c ph hp vi thit k hay khng.
Cng tc th cc c thc hin theo ng cng th cc c duyt.
Trong cng ny cn xt n : iu kin a cht thu vn, c im t hp ti trong
tnh ton mng, v tr b mng so vi mt t hay y sng. Ni dung cng th cc
cn nu r: s kt cu to lc th cc, v tr ng cc th v kh nng dng cc th
trong mng cng trnh sau khi th xong, s v tr s lc cn to ra th cc, cch o
v s t ng h khi th, vt liu, kch thc, kt cu ca cc th , phng php h
cc th.
Cn c iu kin a cht c th nh ra s lng v v tr ca cc cc th : s
lng cc c th vi ti trng ng chim khong 2% tng s cc trong mng, v t
nht phi l 5 cc. S lng cc th vi ti trng p ynh chim 1% tng s cc trong
mng v t nht phi l 2 cc.
5.2.3.1. th cc vi ti trng tnh
ng cc th vi ti trng ng, ngha l dng ba ng cc xung, o chi ca
cc, v dng cc cng thc kim nghim ti trng gii hn ca cc, quyt nh su
h cc thc t ti hin trng.
Sau khi kt thc ng cc, nu nn t l t ct nn cc ngh t nht 3 ngy ;
nu l t st, nn cc ngh t nht 6 ngy, sau ng cc ln na o chi tnh
ton. chi ny khi da theo trung bnh cng cao 5 im u cc ( 4 im gc v
1 im gia).
Khi th cc phi dng loi ba m trc dng ng cc t lc u : khi
dng ba trng lc, b hi n ng hay ba izen phi chiu coa ri ba ging nh
lc h cc ; khi dng ba hi song ng, phi p lc hi p v tc m ba hi ging
nh lc h cc ; nu dng ba rung, th cc iu kin lc th cc cng ging nh lc ang
h cc.
Mi hi ba th quy nh l 1,3,5 nht tng ng ln lt vi cc loi ba hi
ng, ba izen v ba trng lc. Nu dng ba hi song ng hay ba rung, th cho
ba hot ng lin tc na pht. chi tnh ton ly bng tr s bnh qun i vi mt
hi ba. Nu khi ng 3 5 nht m tr s chi khng xc nh, khng tin cy, ht
ng thm 30 nht ba na.Khi chi tnh ton ly bng trung bnh cng ca 10 nht
ba cui cng.
18
Trong t st hoc ct mn, thng gp hin tng co b ht, ngha l sau mt thi
gian ngh ng, th chi ca cc gim xung. Trong t ct t hay no nc, c th
gp hin tng chi gi, ngha l sau mt thi gian ngh ng, th ln ca cc tng ln
nhiu. Khi nn cc ngh 3 6 ngy m ri ng th li kim tra.
Ti trng gii hn ca cc th tnh theo chi, tnh ton o c bng cng thc ( 6.8).
5.2.3.2. th cc vi ti trng tnh
Cng tc ny ch thc hin khi c nhi ng v khy nng chu lc ca cc, v khi c
yu cu c bit ca n v thit k.
ng cc th bng ti trng tnh ngha l sau khi tnh n cao quy nh, th
dng kch nn p cc xung thng ng, hoc p y u cc sang ngang( th cc theo
ti trng nm ngang tn km nn t khi lm). T kt qu o ln duy ra ti trng tnh
gii hn ca cc.
Cc s t ti trng tnh ln cc nh hnh 6.18 v hnh 6.19 lm ph bin nht
hin nay l dng cc neo v kch thu lc ( hnh 6.20). S lng cc neo c xc nh
cn c vo kh nng chu ko ca cc theo vt liu, v kh nng chu nh ca cc theo
iu kin t, nhng khng t hn 4 cc.C ly trng gia cc neo v cc th t nht 1m v
theo bng 6.17.
Yu cu khi th cc :
- Kch du tt, m bo khng hng trong qu trnh th
- Cc v h dm truyn lc phi c nh, vng chc, khng b chn ng do nh
hng ca ngoi lc.
- Trc khi nn th cc, phi kim tra t m cc mi ni, cc kch, cc chm, h
dm gng v.v
Bng 6.17
S lng cc neo Khong cch trng gia cc mc vi m
Cc neo Cc c th
4
6
1.6
1.0
2.4
1.7
Cc kch thu lc c th ghp vi nhau m bo lc p cc ( bng cch ni
thng cc vi u ca ng vi nhau ). Khi tng hp lc p ca nhm kch bng:
P= F. p. m (6.10)
Trong : F Din tch piston ca kch, cm
2

p S c trn ng h p lc,kG/cm
2

m S lng kch trong nhm kch.
Cc ng h o chuyn v phi c chnh xc n 0.1mm. Thng t i xng
hai ng h qua tim cc th. Nn t c ng h o nh ln ( chuyn v thng ng
hng ln trn) ca cc cc neo, phn tch nh hng ca mi cc neo n cc th.
Cc ng h o chuyn v t trn h thng cc mc c c ly quy nh bng 6.17.
19
Cc giai on cht ti th cc do c quan thit k quy nh. C th tham kho mt
trong ba cch bng 6.18.

Bng 6.18 Cc cch gia ti khi th cc
Cc bc gia ti v gim ti Cc cch gia ti
I II III

Tng n tnh ti thit k
Gim ht ti
Tng n ti trng chnh + Ph theo thit k
Gim ht ti
Gim cn tnh ti thit k
Tng n ti trng chnh + ph
Gim ch cn tnh ti thit k
Tng ti n lc ph hoi
Gim ht mi ti trng

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+

+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ti trng tnh th cc c tng dn tng cp. Mi cp tng ly bng 0.1P
gh
,
khi gn t n P
gh
th

mi cp tng l 0.05 P
gh
(

y P
gh
l ti trng gi hn do thit k d
kin ). Sau mi ln tng ti, cn ghi cc s o trn ng h o ln. Thi gian v s ln
ghi mi cp ti trng theocc quy nh th nghim
Ti trng mi cp tng ti c gi cho n khi t c s n nh v ln
mi tng cp tip theo (tiu chun n nh v ln c qui nh nh sau :i vi t
ct sau 30 pht,i vi t st sau 60 pht ln khng ln hn 0.1 mm )
Kh gim ti cng lm theo tng cp, mi cp gim ti bng hai ln cp tng ti.
Trng hp s ln tng ti l l, cn gim ti trong t u bng mt tr s cp tng ti.
Sau mi ln gim ti, cn ghi cc tr s o trn ng h chuyn v o ln.
Qu trnh tng ti cn lin tc, khng gin on ngay c trng hp th nghim
ko di nhiu ngy. Ngng tng ti khi thy du hiu tng ti ti trng cc hn. Cc
iu kin c th l :
- Khi tng ln cc vt qu 40mm v ln ca giai on sau ln hn hoc
bng 5 ln ln ca giai on trc.
- Khi ln ca giai on sau mi ch ln hn hai ln ln ca giai on trc,
nhng sau mt ngy m vn cha ngng ln.
- Nu mi cc t ln nn , nn cui ct cht, hay t st rn, th c th dng tng
ti khi ln nh hn 40mm, nhng vi iu kin tng ti n tr s ln
nht trong cng th nghim,v tr s phi khng nh hn 1.5 ln tr s
ti trng tnh ton ca cc n trong bn tnh mng cc.
Tr s ln ca cc ly bng trung bnh cng ca s c trn hai ng hg o t
i xng. Sai s cho php gii hn ca s c trn hai ng h o khng c qu 50%
khi ln nh hn 1mm, v 30% khi ln t 1 5mm, v 20% khi ln >5mm.
20
Cn c vo cc kt qu o s v c ng cong quan h gia ln ca cc v
thi gian tc dng ca ti trng, v c ng cong quan h ln ca cc vi ti trng
tnh tc dng ln cc th ( hnh 6.22).
Quan h ti trng - ln dng xc nh ti trng ghi hn ca cc.
Theo kt qu th cc vi ti trng tnh, xc nh sc chu tnh ton ca cc nh
sau:
P = k. m. P
gh
( 6.11)
Trong :
k H s ng nht, thng ly k=0.8
m H s iu kin lm vic, thng m=1.
P
gh
Ti trng gii hn ca cc th, ly bng ti trng ng vi cp tng ti trc
cp tng ti gy ra ln tng cng ln hn 40mm, hay gy ra cc iu kin nu.
Cng tc th cc theo ti trng ng v ti trng tnh c thc hin trc khi
ng hng lot cc. Yu cu t ra l phi xt s tng quan gia ti trng gii hn ln
nht c c do kt qu thc nghim (P
gh
) v ti trng gii hn theo kt qu tnh ton thit
k ( P
tc
) quyt nh chi lm cn c kim tra,hoc iu chnh li thit k mng cc
cho hp l.
Trong thc t c th xy ra 3 trng hp sau :
Trng hp 1: Khi c P
gh
= P
tc
ngha l cc th tho mn iu kin tnh ton ca
mng cc, do chi lm cn c kim tra khi ng hng lot cc cc khc, c th ly
bng chi o c khi ng ln u tin, ngha l :
e
k
=e
1

e
1
- chi ca cc khi th ln u
Trng hp 2: Khi c P
gh
>P
tc
, xt nu mc P
gh
>P
tc
khong hai ln, hc t hn.
y nu vn ly chi kim tra theo chi e th khng kinh t. Nn cn c vo tnh
hnh a cht c th chn gii php sa i thit k, thay i c ly gia cc cc.
Trng hp 3: Khi c P
gh
<P
tc
ngha l chi kim tra phi nh hn d chi thc
t e
1
lc th. Nh vy phi sa thit k, tt nht l tg chiu di cc.
5.2.4. nghim thu cc
Khi nghim thu cng tc ng cc, phi da vo cc cn c sau : n thit k
mng cc, bn v thi cng cc, bin bn kim tra cc trc lc ng, nht k sn xut v
bo qun cc, bin bn th nghim mu b tng, bin bn mt ct a cht ca mng, mt
bng b tr cc v cng trnh, bin bn th cc ( nu c th ), s liu v tnh n mn ca
nc ngm hay nc ngp khu vc mng cc.
Ni dung cng tc nghim thu gm c:
21
- Kim tra mc hon thnh cng tc theo yu cu ca n v ca quy trnh thi
cng.
- Kim tra xem xt nht k ng cc, cc biu thng k cc cc ng
- Khi thy cn thit, th th cc theo ti trng ng v theo ti trng tnh.
Phi lp bin bn nghim thu trong ghi r mi khuyt im pht hin c lc
nghim thu, quy nh r thi hn sa cha v nh gi cht lng cng tc.
Bng 6.19 Sai s cho php khi ng cc
Dng cc v cch b tr cc Sai s cho php ca cc trn
mt bng
I- Cc c mt ct hnh vung, hnh ch nht, cc ng
ng knh nh hn hay bng 0.5
1. i vi mng c 1 hng cc
- Dc theo hng cc
- Theo phng ngang ca hng cc
2. i vi nhm cc v i cc
- Dc theo hng cc
- i vi cc cc bin theo phng ngang
3. i vi bi cc theo cc phng
- Hng cc bin
- Cc cc gia bi cc
4. i vi cc n
5. i vi cc dng ct
II- H thng khung dn hng
1. Khi khung ny khu vc c nc ngp
2. Khi khung ny khu vc cn

0.3d
0.2d

0.3d
0.2d

0.2d
0.4d
5cm
3cm

0.025H
25m
Ch thch
S cc c sai ti a bng vi sai s cho php khng c vt qu 25% tng s cc.
Vn s dng nhng cc c sai s ln hn cho php do c quan thit k gii quyt
K hiu : d ng knh cc trn hoc kch thc nh nht ca mt ct cc hnh ch
nht
H chiu su nc ngp
Khi cc b sai lch v tr so vi thit k th c ly t cnh ngoi ca hng cc bin n
cnh ngoi ca b cc phi 0.15d v khng c nh hn 5cm
Sai s v tr u cc sau khi ct so vi vi tr thit k ca n trn mt bng khng c
ln hn tr s trong bng 6.19
lch trc dc thng ng so vi phng thng ng khng c vt qu 1% sai
s cho php v cao h cc ly theo bng 6.20
i vi cc vn lm bng vng vy ngn nc sai s cho php khi ng c ly theo
bng 6.21
22
Cc biu mu nht k ng cc v ng cc vn c lm theo tiu chun thi cng
v nghim thu cu cng

Bng 6.20 Sai s cho php v cao cc
Dng mng cc Sai s cho php v cao h cc so vi thit
k, mm
C b cc c ti ch
3
C b cc lp ghp
1
Tr cc,c x m lp ghp
5
Cc dng ct 0 3
Bng 6.21 Sai s cho php khi ng cc vn
S th t Loi cc vn Sai s cho php trn mt
bng
1 Cc vn thp c ng
bng gi ni (tu ng cc)
- cao ca nh
cc
- cao ca mt t

300 mm
150mm
2 Cc vn thp khi ng trn
cn
- cao ca nh cc
- cao ca mt t

150mm
100mm
5.2.5 Thi cng mng cc
Sau khi ng cc, cc u cc thng cc cao khc nhau, do phi ct u
cc cho ng cao thit k ca n.Cc cc g ca mng m tr phi c ct t nht 50
cm di mc nc thp nht.Cc cc b tng ct thp c ct u cc bng cc my
chuyn dng ph v phn b tng u cc, sau un gp cc ct thp l ra theo ch
dn ca thit k.
B cc ca mng m tr cu thng c thi cng trong vng vy ngn nc ni
c nc ngm hoc ni c nc ngp mt, sau khi nghim thu cng tc ng cc. ni
cn v khng c nc ngm c th thi cng b trong h mng khng c vng vy ngn
nc. Kch thc vng vy phi rng hn lch thc tng ng ca b cc khong 1 n
1,5 m ch lp t vn khun v lm rnh tho nc xunh quanh mp trong vng
vy.
Khi lng nc thm vo h mng t, c th dng cc bin php ht nc cn,
b tng b cc ngay trn nn y h mng.Khi c nc thm nhiu, ni nc ngp, th
phi b tng bt y vng vy dy t nht 1 m. nh lp b tng bt y khng c
23
cao hn cao y b mng cc.Tu trng hp c th lp b tng bt y c th b tr
cao y vng vy hoc cao hn. Cc h s in hnh v trn hnh 6.23
Lp b tng bt y c thi cng bng mt trong cc phng php b tng di
nc.Thng dng phng php rt ng thng ngv phng php va dng.
Vng vy ngn nc thi cng b mng cc c th l vng vy cc vn thp, vng
vy t hoc thng chp.Thng chp c th lm bng g hoc thp, t ln nn y sng
hoc ln mt sn . Sn ny c h dm cc g khp kht, cc dm sn c c
nh nh kt cu kp u cc ca mng hoc treo vo cc dm thp gc ln cc nh cc
(hnh 6.23)
Trong trng hp c dng khung dn hng ng cc, th vng vy thi cng b
mng cc thng c thi cng da vo khung dn hng

1
CHNG 5-3
Thi cng mng cc ng
Mc lc
CHNG 5-3 ......................................................................................................... 1
Thi cng mng cc ng ............................................................................................ 1
5.3.1 Cc loi mng cc ...................................................................................... 1
5.3.2 Ch to cc t cc ng ............................................................................... 2
5.3.3 H cc ng vo nn ................................................................................... 6
5.3.3.1. Chn thit b h cc .......................................................................... 6
5.3.3.2. Xc nh kh nng chu lc ca cc ng c h xong bng ba
rung ................................................................................................................... 9
5.3.3.3. Ni di cc ng ................................................................................ 10
5.3.3.4. Kt cu dn hng khi h cc ng ................................................. 10
5.3.3.5. S dng ba rung h cc ng ..................................................... 11
5.3.3.6 Ly t trong lng cc ng ................................................................ 14
5.3.4. Khoan di chn cc ng ................................................................. 16
5.3.4.1. Thit b khoan .............................................................................. 16
5.3.4.2. Trnh t khoan ............................................................................. 17
5.3.4.3 Cng nhg khoan ....................................................................... 17
5.3.5. b tng trong lng cc ng ............................................................... 18
5.3.6. Nghim thu cc ng v thi cng b cc ................................................ 18

5.3.1 Cc loi mng cc
Mng cc ng c dng hp l i vi cc trng hp nn t, st cht c bit
khi y nn l tng . Khi nc su, mt tng khng phng hoc tng ph bn trn
mng qu (khng th xy dng cc loi mng khc c ), th dng cc ng l hp l. Do
u im v mt cng ngh ch to, thi cng nn cc ng ngy cng c dng rng ri
trong xy dng m tr cu, c bit l khi chn loi kt cu m tr khng c b cc ch
c x m bn trn cc cc ng.
Cc loi mng su bng cc ng gm c:
- Mng cc ng ng knh =0.4 1.0 m c chn cc kn hay h.
- Mng cc ng ng knh =1.6 3.0 m, khoan su vo trong tng nn.
Tu theo iu kin a cht, thu vn, ti trng truyn ln mng, kh nng thi cng, c
th thi cng mng cc ng dng b thp hoc b cao (5.3.1) hoc dng mng cc ng
khng c b (ch c x m t b k gi hnh 5.3.1d)
Cc cc ng ng knh 2.0 m t thng ng hoc t nghin t 3:1 n 3:2. Cc
cc ng c ng knh f 2.0 m ch ln t thng ng.

2
Cc cc ng c 2 m sau khi h n cao thit k c lp lng bng b tng
Cc ng b tng ct thp lp ghp gm nhiu t ng c ct thp t dc v ct ai xon
c. Chiu di mi t ng c chn tu theo phng php ch to, kh nng cu lp,vn
chuyn, kh gii hn thng xe trn ng vn chuyn, yu cu tiu chun ho .
Khi ch to cc ng b tng ct thp thng dng ct thp mc CT5 hoc mc 35 c ; cn
trong cc ng b tng ct thp d ng lc thng dng ct thp cng cao mc
30 C X 2
Hai u ca mi t cc ng c cc cu to ni vi cc t cc ng khc hoc vi
ba rung. Cc dng cu to mi ni gm c:
- Lin kt mt bch bng u c ren rng ca cc ct thp dc (hnh 5.3.2a) dng
cc ng b tng ct thp d ng lc
- Lin kt mt bch bng bu lng (hnh 5.3.2b) dng ph bin d thi cng trong qu
trnh h dn tng t cc ng.
- Lin kt hn ni u cc ct thp dc th ra (hnh 5.3.2d)
Cc kiu mi ni c hn in (hnh 5.3.2 cv d ) sau khi hn phi b tng bt mi
ni bng loi b tng xi mng ng cng nhanh. K hi khoan l mt bch lin kt bu lng
phi dng bn dng. Sai s ca bn dng v c li tim hai l khoan gn nhau phi
<=0.25mm, sai s v tim l phi <=0.5mm, chnh cao mp mt bch phi <=2mm.
Thp lm mt bch c th l thp c, thp tm thp hnh hn ghp li, mc thp phi tho
mn cc yu cu v tnh cht c l, tnh chu hn.
Cc cc ng loi ng knh ln nn ni bng hn.Khi hn ni cn c b g lp chnh
xc v chc chn, phng do hn. Chn t cc ng di cng c tng cng bng
ai cng ai c l hnh 5.3.3a hoc cc dao thp (hnh 5.3.3 c,d)
Trnh t thi cng mng cc:
- Ch to cc t cc ng
- a cc thit b dn hng h cc(vng vy dn hng hay khung dn hng) vo v
tr thit k trn mt bng
- H cc ng bng ba rung
- Khoan chn cc ng, t ct thp n b tng lin kt chn cc ng vi tng
nn
- ng vng vy cc vn thp, ht bn, b tng bt y
- Ht nc trong lng cc ng v trong vng vy
- Ct b on ng tha pha trn
- Kim tra nghim thu cng tc h cc ng
- Thi cng b mng cc ng
5.3.2 Ch to cc t cc ng
Cc t cc ng chiu l bi s ca mt mt. Cc ng c bng loi b tng th
cng mc khng nh hn 400. Cc t cc ng c c trong khun thp, hay g trn b
quay ly tm v dm rung.Vn khun g ch dng khi ch to n l khi dng mt s t
cc.Mt trong vn khun g c lt tn mng hoc lm cu to mng ghp gia cc tm
vn dy 4 - 5cm, rng 10 12cm trnh r chy va xi mng. Phng php c quay li
tm thng dng c cc t cc ng knh < 2m vi chiu di t 6 n 12m.

3
Khun rung bng thp (hnh 5.3.4) gm vn khun trong v vn khun ngoi c
phu rt b tng.Thp bn lm vn khun dy 4 n 6mm, mi phn on vn khun di
2 n 4m. Cc phn on vn khun c lin kt vi nhau bng mt bch bu lng. Cc
phn on vn khun c cc gn vng cng tng cng cch nhau t 0.7 n 1m. tho
vn khun d dng phi t cc giong m cao su khe ni dc ca cc phn on vn
khun.
Kch thc tiu chun ho ca cc t cc ng ghi trong bng 5.3.1
Bng 5.3.1 Cc t cc ng b tng ct thp

ng
knh ngoi
m

Chiu dy
thnh ng
cm

Chiu di t cc ng m

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Trng lng t

1.0 12 - - 7.2 8.1 9.0 9.9 10.8
1.6 12 9.2 10.8 11.2 13.7 15.2 - -
2.0 12 11.5 13.4 15.3 17.1 19.0 - -
3.0 12 18.7 21.9 24.9 - - - -
4.0 14 28.2 32.7 37.4 - - - --
Trong qu trnh c, b tng cc ng c m rung bng cc my m rung c cng
sut 0.75 1kW gn cht vo sn cng ca vn khun ngoi, cch nhau chng 2m theo
chiu dc t cc ng v cch nhau 2 n 2.5m theo chu vi.
Cc bc ch to t cc ng bng b tng ct thp thng nh sau:
- Ch to khung ct thp v cc bn thp lin kt
- t khung ct thp v cc bn thp lin kt vo khun
- b tng vo khun v dm
- Bo dng cc t cc ng b tng, x l nhit, m b tng
- Tho khun, chuyn cc t cc ng c xong vo bi cha
- Kin tra cht lng, ng nhn hiu v lp l lch t cc ng
Khi ch to t cc ng bng b tng ct thp d ng lc th thm cng on ko cng v
neo ct thp d ng lc
Khung ct thp ca cc cc ng c ng knh <=3m c ch to trn cc my cun
nm ngang.i vi cc cc ng c ng knh >3m th ch to khung v tr thng ng.
Cc chi tit thp khc ca cc ng c ch to trong phn xng kt cu thp.
Hn hp b tng c cc ng c st 2 n 6cm, c vo vn thng qua phu
cp liu. Cc my dm rung c khi ng dn theo mc rt hn hp b tng vo
khun, bt u t dm rung gn di thp, dn dn vi cc my t pha trn. Trn
on ng m hn hp b tng c dm cht, th tt my m rung dn lp b tng.
Thi gian mi t m rung ng vi mi t rt hn hp b tng c xc nh qua th
nghim c th, n ph thuc vo cng sut my m rung, st hn hp b tng v
chiu dy thnh cc ng.
Sau khi b tng t cc ng c bo dng trong khun nhit hn 10 cho n
khi t cng t nht bng 50kg/cm mi tho khun. Nn x l nhit,m i vi b

4
tng cc ng theo cc phng php thng thng. Chng hn, c th p ng x l nhit,
m nh sau:
- Giai on bo dng ban u ko di t 1 n 8 gi tu theo nhit khng kh
nh bng sau:
Nhit khng kh, 10-15 15-25 25-40
Thi gian bo dng, gi 8-6 6-3 3-1

- Giai on hp nhit gm cc vic:
+ Tng nhit ca b tng n 70 80 vi tc tng nhit khng ln hn 15C/gi
+ Hp nng bng hi nc bo ho (70 80C) trong khong 10 n 16 gi
- Giai on lm ngui dn n nhit khng kh xung quanh vi tc h nhit khng ln hn
10 n 15 C/gi
Vic quyt nh ch x l nhit m phi da trn c s th nhgim c th, iu chnh
theo di cht ch trong sut qu trnh thi cng, c xt n tnh cht ca xi mng thc dng v
cc iu kin thi cng c th khc.
Khi a hi nc nng vo trong lng rng t cc ng phi m bo hn ch mc chnh
lch nhit hp nng b tng mt ngoi v mt trong cc ng khng ln hn 15C trnh
nt. Khun c cng vi t cc ng phi c x l nhit m trong bung gi, hay trong lp
ph gi nhit.Tri s tnh theo cng thc sau
- Khi hp trong bung kn gi nhit:
- Khi hp nhit ngoi tri
-
Khi x l nhit, m t cc ng c th nm ngang, cn to dc 1:100 thot nc ng. Nu
cc ng th dng ng, th khong rng th vn khun trong c phn cch bi cc
vch ngn thnh 3-4 khoang, c th hp hi nc nng n tng khoang qua cc ng dn
bng thp.
Bng 5.3.2 Sai s cho php khi ch to cc ng
Kch thc cc ng Sai s cho php
Chiu di t cc ng
ng knh ngoi ca cc ng:
- c ng knh <2m
- c ng knh >2m
cong ca on cc ng
Chiu di thnh cc ng:
- Cc ng c ng knh bng 1 n 2 m
- Cc ng c ng knh<1m
Khong cch gia hai ct thp dc
Bc ca ct ai xon c
Chiu dy lp bo v

+30mm v -30mm

5mm
+5mm v -5mm
1/500 chiu di on

7mm v -3mm
5mm v -0mm
+10 mm v -10mm
0
0

5

Sau khi x l nhit m xong, h nhit n lc nhit b tng cn cao hn nhit khng
kh khong 15C th tho vn khun ri tip tc ti nc, t cc ng hoc ngm n trong nc
cho n lc t cng thit k.
Nghim thu t cc ng c ch to xong phi cn c vo bn v thi cng, cc vn bn v
nghim thu vt liu,v ct thp,v bin bn th nghim mu b tng, nht k c cc ng. Sai
s cho php v cu to cc ng ly theo bn 5.3.2 v 5.3.3
Cc ng khng c php c cc vt nt, nhng cho php c cc vt r cc b trong b
tng su n 5 mm,vi tng din tch r khng ln hn 1% din tch b mt pha trong hay
pha ngoi ca cc ng.Phi loi b nhng t cc ng no c cc vt r xuyn sut v
tr mi ni dc ca cc na khun.
Bng 5.3.3 Sai s cho php v kch thc mt bch ni cc ng
Tn sai lch

Sai s cho php
ng knh ngoi cc mt bch:
- i vi cc ng c ng knh <600mm
- i vi cc ng c ng knh t 600 n 1000 mm
Chiu rng ca mt bch i vi cc loi cc ng c ng knh
<2000 mm
Bn knh ng trc ca l bu lng
x dch l bu lng
ng knh l bu lng
ln sng ca mt bch
Lch mt bch

2mm
5mm
2mm

1mm
1mm
1mm
1.5mm
0.0025

Khi xp d v vn chuyn cc t cc ng trong phm vi nh my hoc bi c c
th dng cc n gnh sao cho khng lm un ct dc v vi iu kin b tng t t nht
50% cng thit k.
Cc t cc ch to xong c bo qun ngay ti bi cha, trong iu kin t
nhin.Cc t cc ng knh t 1 n 1.6 m t nm ngang xp chng hai tng, cc t
cc ng knh >= 2m t nm ngang mt tng. Khi xp cc chng ln nhau phi ch
ch c ghi mc b tng ra pha ngoi ( d kim tra), gia cc chng ni i li.
S ghi m ghi bng 5.3.4. Cc t cc ng c ng knh >=3m bo qutn th t
ng. cc t cc ng dt ln cc tm k khng b ln, cn phi ct vt k thnh
nhng rnh c ng knh bng ng knh cc ng hoc lm nm gi u tm k
Khi cn ni cc t cc ng li vi nhau (trc lc h cc vo t ) thng dng cc
gi con ln nh hnh 5.3.5
Bng 5.3.4 S b b t t cc n khi xp kho v vn chuyn
Cch k t cc ng S ng knh cho php

6
G k m Dng s ny khi xp kho
v v chuyn t cc ng c
ng knh =0.4
t trn b mt phng Cho php k t t cc ng
t trn tm k c bit bng
g hay t vt
Cho php xp kho cc ng t
2.4 n 3 m v cho php vn
chyn cc ng t 0.6 n 3 m
t trn b mt bng phng v tr dng thng ng Cho php khi xp kho v vn
chuyn t cc ng t 4 n
5m
5.3.3 H cc ng vo nn
Cc phng php h cc ng vo trong nn:
- H cc ng bng ba rung kt hp vi vic ly t ra khi lng cc ng.
- H cc ng bng ba rung kt hp vi xi nc v ly t ra khi lng cc ng.
- H cc ng bng ba rung kt hp vi ly t bng hi p.
chn phng php h cc ng thch hp, phi cn c vo tnh cht c l ca t, su
cn h cc v kh nng thit b h cc (bng 5.3.5)
Bng 5.3.5 Cc phng php h cc ng
t trng ca nn su h cc,m Phng php h cc
t dh do mm,do chy
t ti xp m bo ho nc
v cht trung bnh
< 5
5 - 10
>5
-Dng tc dng ca trng
lc
-Nh trn kt hp vi ly
t trong lng cc ng
- Dng ba rung
t ri,cht v cht trung
bnh.t dnh na rn v
do qunh
<=5 Dng tc dng ca trng
lc,kt hp ly t trc
trong lng cc ng
Tt c cc loi t c ln
cc chng ngi nh cc lp
, tng c kch thc
ln hn 30cm v cc vt
ngp su trong t
Khng ph thuc vo
su cc
H trong h khoan sn
bng ba rung kt hp vi
khoan kiu xung kch
5.3.3.1. Chn thit b h cc
h cc ng ng knh = 0.40.6 m c mi cc kn,vo nn t dnh cht
v cht va nn dng cc loi ba hi n ng,nu dng nn t l ct th c th
dng c ba rung. Cc cc ng ng knh >0.6 m c mi cc h h vo cc loi
nn a cht bt k u phi dng ba rung.
Cng sut cn thit ca ba rung thng c chn theo ng knh v trng
lng cc ng, su h cc vo trong t,tnh cht c l ca t (bng 5.3.6)
Bng 5.3.6 iu kin la chn ba rung Lin X

7
ng knh
cc ng,m
Ct pha st,st do mm,ct
xp
Ct pha st,st do qunh ct
cht va
Ct pha st
st na cng
ct cht
Mc ba rung Lin X,tng vi h ccl,m
15 25 15 25 15
1.0 1.2
30
30

B
B

30 B 30 B 80 B 80 B
1.2-1.6 30 B
6 . 1
80

BY
B

6 . 1
80

B
B

6 . 1 BY 6 . 1 BY
1.6-2.0
6 . 1
80

BY
B

160
6 . 1
BY
BY

2.0-3.0
Khi h cc vo trong loi t ri (ti xp),t dnh,do chy, hoc do mm phi
chn loi ba rung tn s dao ng cao (500- 600 dao ng trong mt pht).
Bng 5.3.7 t tnh ba rung tn s thp ca Lin X
c tnh k
thut
S hiu ca ba rung Lin X
B-
1
B-
3M
B-
30
B-
80
B-
160
B-
170
B -
170M
B-
250
BY-
1.6
BY-
3.0
Lc kch
thch,T
18.5 44.2 39 -
57
51-
91
100 -
160
100
-170
100
-169
184-
280
96 280-
340
S trc ti
trng
4 4 4 4 8 8 8 2 4 4
Tn s trc
quay ca trc
ti trng
vng/pht
420 408 414-
505
408-
545
404-
505
408-
550
475-
550
540-
667
458 475-
558
M men tnh
ca khi lch
tm kG.m
93 236 202 275 352 510 500 314-
565
346 994
Cng sut
ng c in
kW
60 100 75 100 160 160 200 250 2*
75
2*
200
Trng lng
ba rung t
4.5 7.5 6.1 9.2 11.2 13.3 13.3 11 11.9 27.6
Kch thc
mm
Rng
Di
Cao

1150
875
1668

1540
1560
2130

1759
1822
1988

1447
1955
2432

1226
2050
3326

1425
2050
3750

1425
2050
3750

1894
2380
2232

2700
2700
1800

4420
5100
2430
Ghi ch:

8
-Ba rung BY 1.6 v BY -3.0 c l ly t t trong lng cc ng ra m khng cn
tho ba.
- Nhng ba rung M B B B 170 , 170 , 160 cho php ghp ng b vi nhau
trn u cc ng tng i mt
Khi h cc vo trong t cht c bit l trong t do qunh,th hp l nht l dng ba
rung tn s dao ng thp (200 500 dao ng trong mt xem bng 5.3.7).Khi cn thit
c th ghp hai ba h mt cc ng, nhng i ba ghp phi ng b v mt c in.
Khi la chn ba rung h cc cn xt n tnh k thut ca n ti trng tnh ton, trong
lng h thng b rung (gm cc ng mi cc v ba rung) v iu kin nn t.Cc tham
s ca ba rung h vo cc loi cc c ng knh khc nhau c su khng n 30
m c th tham kho bng 5.3.8.
Gi s cn h cc ng cc ti trng tnh ton l P loi ba rung thch hp c th dng l
loi c cc tham s cu n tho mn ng thi hai bt phng trnh sau:
Q M
P
M
N
Q
7 . 0
) 1
150
( . 5 . 0
+

Trong
Q: Trng lng tng cng ca cc ng,m cc v ba,t
N: Cng sut nh mc ca ng c in,kW
N: S vng quay ca bnh lch tm trong mt pht
: H s xt ph thuc vo nn t,ly theo kt qu th tnh cc.Khi thiu s liu th
nghim c th ly gi tr i vi t ct theo bng 5.3.9 cn i vi t dnh theo bng
5.3.10 tng ng vi ch s st B
Bng 5.3.8 Cc tham s chung ca cc loi ba rung
ng kn cc
ng,m
M men ca khi
lch tm, kG.m
Lc kch thch,T Cng sut ng c
in, kW
0.4 0.6 100-300 27- 50 60-90
0.6-1.0 200-300 50-100 80-120
1.0-2.0 300-500 100-150 100-160
2.0-3.0 500-600 150-300 160-250

Bng 5.3.9 H s i vi t ct
Loi ct Th Va Nh
Bo ho nc 4.5 5.0 6.0
m 3.5 4.0 5.0
H s i vi t dnh
stB
t
B > 0.75 75 . 0 5 . 0 < B 5 . 0 25 . 0 < B
St pha ct 4.5 3.5 3.0
Ct pha st 4.0 3.0 2.5
t st 3.0 2.2 2.0
Trng hp m nn a cht c nhiu lp khc nhau th gi tr tnh theo cng thc:

9

=
i
i i
l
l

Trong : l
i
: Chiu dy lp t th i tip xc vi mt ngoi cc ng

i
: Gi tr ca lp t th i
5.3.3.2. Xc nh kh nng chu lc ca cc ng c h xong
bng ba rung
Kh nng chu lc gii hn ca cc ng c ng knh m 2 c
Xong bng ba rung,trong lng cc khng nhi b tng n, c xc nh cn c
vo yu cu v bin dao ng ca cc ng pht cui cng khi h cc (vi tc
t 2 n 10 cm/pht) theo cng thc gn ng sau:

+ = Q
n A
N
P
gh
.
153
(5.3.6)
Trong :

gh
P : Kh nng chu lc nn gii hn ca cc ng,T
xem cng thc (5.3.5) v cc bng 5.3.9 ,bng 5.3.10
N : Cng sut ca ng c in,kW
A: Bin dao ng thc t ca ccng,cm ly bng na bin dao ng o
c pht cui cng h cc
n : Tn s quay ca khi lch tm,vng/pht
Q: Trng lng tng cng ca cc ng,m cc,ba rung,t
Gi tr cng sut yu cu ca ng c in,kW l N
y
c xc nh bng ot k lc
kt thc h cc ng. Khi khng c ot k,c th xc ng N
y
gin tip qua cc ch s am
pe k vn k,v pha k thoe cng thc:
* * * 00173 . 0 V I N
y
cos (5.3.7)
Trong :
I: Cng dng in c c am-pe k,A
V: in th,V c c vn k
cos : Xc nh bng pha k hoc c th ly bng 0.7
Cng thc tnh ton xc nh nh sau
N = N
y
*
x
N (5.3.8)
Trong :
: H s hiu dng ca ng c in ca ba rung,ly bng 0.85
N
x
: Cng sut chy khng ti,kW, dng thng nhng tn tht c hc trong
ng c in
i vi ba rung tn s thp c tn s quay ca khi lch tm n=400 500 vng/pht
th tr s N
x
ly gn ng bng 25% cng sut nh mc ghi trong ng c in, c th o
trc tip ng c in khi ang treo ba rung v tr nm ngang trn mc cn cu.

10
Tr s bin dao ng ca cc ng c ghi bng my ghi dao ng.Nu khng c
my th t v cc nt theo hng nm ngang ln giy k li dn sn vo mt bn cu cc
ng.Tr s bin dao ng ly bng mt na chiu cao ca sng ln nht (trn don t
y n nh cc ng) ghi c trn giy.
Cc ch s N
y
,n,A c xc nh giai on cui cng h cc, thi gian khng t
hn 5 pht v khng di hn 10 pht, ng vi tc h cc trung bnh 2 10
cm/pht.Nu tc h cc nhanh hn na th phi tip tc h cc n su m tc
ln xung ca cc gim n tr s trn.
5.3.3.3. Ni di cc ng
Khi lm cng tc chun b h cc,cn kim tra s liu k thut ca cc t cc ng
sp sa dng,v lp s ni ghp chng cho chiu di yu cu.Trn mt bn ca cc
t cc ghi cc du sn nh du su h cc trong lc h cc.Cc dng mi ni
v hnh 5.3.2. Trong lc mi ni kiu bt bu lng th -cu sau khi xit cht s c hn
c nh trnh b lch trong lc h cc.
Bn ngoi cc mi ni c ph bng b tng li thp hoc keo -p-xy chng
xm thc,sau qut lp nha ng nng chy. Nhng mi ni c ct thp hn,th sau
hn ct thp phi b tng mc 400 500 bt mi ni.
5.3.3.4. Kt cu dn hng khi h cc ng
Cc kt cu dn hng c tc dng bo m h cc ng ng v tr v nghing
theo thit k.C hai loi l khung dn hng v cn dn hng: Khung dn hng dng
h cc ng thng ng,cn dn hng dng h cc ng dn hng nghing.
Khung dn hng (khung nh v )c th dng khung phng nm ngang hoc dng
khung khng gian ghp t vi khung phng nm ngang.Trn mt bng chung c cha cc
lun cc ng qua loi khung dn hng phng thng nh v cc ng th thng
ng,khi lu tc dng sng nh hn 1m/giy v nc su khong qu 15m. ni nc chy
mnh hn (v.1 m/giy) v khi cn h cc ng nghing phi dng khung dn hng khng
gian c hai tng tr ln.Thng thng khung dn hng mt tng phng,c kt hp
dng lm chng ca vng vy h mng v thn tr n cao hn mc nc thi cng
chng t 0.5 1.0 m
Trnh lng khung dn hng c th t 10 100 tn tu thuc kt cu mng v kt cu
khung.Nn lp khung dn hng t cc cu kin ca b KM Y " " (hnh 5.3.6) c b xung
thm cc cu kin thp khc
Trong cc lun cc ng ca khung dn hng c p 4 thanh g di 3 5 m h cc
ng xin.Cc thanh g ny gip d dng nh v cc ng v trnh va chm c th lm
hng kt cu thp khung dn hng. Khe h theo chu vi gia mt ngoi cc ng v cc
thanh g p cn m bo khong cch 2 3 cm.
chuyn ch v h khung dn hng xung di nc ng v tr thit k,thng
dng cc b cn cu ni v phao ni c cc thit b ph tr. H ni ny di chuyn trn
sng nh cc tu ko hoc ti mp cp.
Sau khi h khung dn hng xung di nc cn kim tra v tr ca n trn mt bng
v cao ng thit k.

11
Khung dn hng c c nh v tr nh cc hai cc ng h qua dnh cho cc nh v
cc gc khung n su gi cho khung khng b chuyn dch trong qu trnh thi
cng sau ny.
h cc dn xin c ng knh m 2 phi dng cn dn hng c u trn c
neo vo gi cu long mn (hnh 5.3.9),hoc t n trn gi di ng (hnh 5.3.10). Cn dn
hng v gi cu u c th lp t cc cu kin ca b YKM. C bit c th dng cc
gi ba CCCM-680, 55 C ca Lin X
5.3.3.5. S dng ba rung h cc ng
Khi lp ba rung vo u cc ng phi ch cho trc ca ba trng vi trc ca
cc, lin kt ba vo cc phi vng chc v trong qu trnh ng cc lun kim tra h
thng bu lng lin kt ba vo cc
Ngun in cung cp cho ba rung c tnh vi h s vt ti ca ng c in l 30
35%.Li in cung cp cho ba mt cch trc tip khng c cc ph ti khc.Trong qu
trnh ba hot ng cn kim tra in th trn c ba pha iu khin.Nu pht hin thy ch
s in th gia cc pha ln hn hay b hn qui nh qu5% th phi ngng ba v hiu
chnh in th.Mc gim in th trong li in khng c vt qu ch s in th
tiu chun 5%.
Trong qu trnh h cc, trnh lm cng dy cp treo ba. Mc cn trc treo ba rung h
cng mt tc vi tc h cc.Tc h ccv bin rung ca cc c thng
xuyn theo di khi h.
Khi bnh thng tc h cc n khong 0.2 0.5 m/pht hoc hn cht t bin
phn trn dao ng cc ng vo khong 5 10 mm.
Nht k ng cc bng ba rung c ghi theo mu ph lc Tiu chun thi cng v
nghim thu cu cng.Thi gian mi t hot ng lin tc caba rung phi hn ch
theo l lch ba (2 15 pht).Khong thi gian cho ba ngh phi cho ng c in
ngui i hon ton (bng 11)
Khi gp s c ch hot ca ba rung s khc nhiu so vi ch hot ng danh
nh (tc h cc chm li v bin rung u cc tng qu ln) trong vi ng c th
c vt nt cc dc, ngang t 0.1 mm n vi cm. L do l vng vt cn chn cc ng
hoc do hin tng va p thu lc (nu trong lng cc ng c nc). trnh h hng
phi dng ba rung ngay khi t nhin pht hin tc h cc chm li hoc bin
rung u cc tng qu ln, sau tm cch khc phc s c.
Bng 7 - 11 Thi gian lm vic lin tc ca ba rung
T s gia cng dng in yu cu ca ba
rung vi cng dng in danh nh
in th trn bn iu khin (V)
380 360 340
Thi gian lm vic lin tc ca ba rung
(pht)
60 15 8 3
100 10 5 2
110 3 2 0.5

12
Trong thit b rung h cc ca Lin X c trang b mt dng c cm bin(at tric)
php hin kp thi tnh trng trn.
Bng 7 12 gii thiu mt s s c thng gp khi h cc ng.
C th xc nh vhiu su gii hn ca nc (gy ra nguy c nt b tng cc ng do
va p thu lc ) bng cng thc:

2
1

=
C
H
vd
(7 9)
Trong :
vd
H : Chiu su gii hn ca nc,m
: Thi gian va p cc ng vi t,giy
C
1:
Tc truyn p lc nc do va p
Gi tr C
1
tnh theo cng thc

+
+
=

b
t b
n
E
E
d
E
E
C
1
1
1425
1
(5.3. 10)
Trong :
E
n
: M un n hi th tch ca nc.
2
/ cm kG khi nhit
0 0
20 10 = t

2 4
/ 10 * 1 . 2 cm kG E
n
=
E
b
: M un n hi b tng cc ng,
2
/ cm kG
E
b
: M un n hi b tng cc ng,
2
/ cm kG
E
t
: M un n hi ct thp,
2
/ cm kG
d : ng knh trong ca cc ng,cm
: Chiu dy thnh cc ng,cm

f
= : H s dt ct thp vng trn trong cc ng
f: Din tch mt ct ngang ca ct thp t thanh vng trn mt mt chiu di
thnh cc ng,
2
cm
Trong bng 5.3.13 cho sn cc gi tr C
1
ng vi 002 . 0 = v E
t

2 6
/ 10 * 1 . 2 cm kG =
Thi gan va p cc ng vi t ly nh sau:
-i vi t ct cht, st na cng v t st,t st ln si rn, =(0.05 0.08)T
-i vi t ct cht va, ct de, st v st nho =(0.1 0.14)T
Bng 5.3.12 Mt s s c thng gp v cch gii quyt khi h cc ng bng ba
rung
Chiu su
nc
trong
Tc h
cc
ng,mm
Bin
dao ng
ca u
Nguyn
nhn gy sai
lch ch
c im
h hng
c th
Vt nt
xut hin
sau khi
Bin php
ngn nga
h hng

13
lng cc cc ng hot ng
ca ba
rung
xy ra ba hot
ng, pht
cc ng
Bt k 1-5 1 - 3 u di
cc ng b
ngm cht
trong t do
ma st
Vt nt
ngang do
b tng b
ko trong
phm vi
phn cc
ng b t
ngm
cht
3 - 10 Ly t
bn di
chn cc
ng dng
xi nc
hai bn
thnh cc
ng
Bt k 1 10 Chn cc
ng gp vt
cn v xut
hin tnh
trng rung
va mnh
Vt nt
dc do
nn b
tng
trong
phm vi
phn di
ca cc
ng
0.5 - 1 L i hoc
ph v vt
cn di
chn cc
ng
m 5 5 - 20 5 - 10 Xut hin
tnh trng va
p thu lc
trong lng
cc ng
Cc vt
nt dc
do ko b
tng
gn b
mt li
t trong
lng cc
ng
5 - 10 Ly t
n chn
cc
ng,dng
b gim
chn bng
hi p

Bng 5.3.13 Gi tr C
1
ng knh bn
ngoi cc ng
(m)
Chiu dy thnh
cc ng, cm
Mc b tng
300 400 500
1.0 10 1122 1142 1159
1.0 12 1159 1180 1192
1.2 10 1080 1104 1122
1.2 12 1122 1143 1160
1.6 12 1056 1081 1100
1.6 16 1121 1140 1160
2.0 12 997 1025 1048
2.0 18 1097 1121 1138

Bng 5.3.14 Sai lch cho php v v tr cc ngtrn mt bng

14
ng knh cc ng ,cm Chiu di cc ng
10 >10
Sai s cho php,cm
200 100 p
40 50
>200
i vi ct bt, st do chy, than bn st do chy, ly = (0,30 0,5)T.
Trong : T: Chu k dao ng ca cc ng,giy T=(60/n)
N: S dao ng trong mt pht ca ba rung
Nu chiu su trong lng cc ng ln hn tr s H
v
th phi dng b gim chn hi p.
Sai s cho php lch v tr cc ng trn mt bng ghi bng 5.3.14. Tang ca gc nghing
cc ng so vi phng thng ng khng qu 0.01 i vi cc cc ng ng knh 1-2 m
v khng qu 0.02 i vi cc n ng knh ln hn 2m.
Trong sut qu trng h cc ng phi kim tra cc vn sau y thng xuyn:
- chnh xc t v lin kt khung dn hng
- Cht lng mi ni cc t cc ng
- Ch h rung cc ng
- Mc chm su vo tng t chu lc ca chn cc ng
- nh hng ca vic ly t khi lng cc ng n vic h cc ng chnh xc v u
- Ghi nht l h cc ng y
5.3.3.6 Ly t trong lng cc ng
Trong qu trnh h c ng c chn cc h, cn phi ly t ra khi lng cc ng
lm gim lc ma st ca t v gim sc cn ca t mi cc do cc h vo nn
c d dng hn.Cc bin php ly y t trng lng cc ng gm c: dng gu ngom
dng my ht bn khng kh hoc ht bn thu lc (bng 5.3.15)
Bng 5.3.15 Cc phng php ly t trong lng cc ng
Loi t Phng php ly t Loi t Phng php ly t
Ht bn
khng
kh v
ht bn
thu
khng
xi nc
Ht bn
khng
kh v
ht bn
thu c
xi nc
Gu
ngom
Ht bn
khng
kh v
ht bn
thu
khng
xi nc
Ht bn
khng
kh v
ht bn
thu c
xi nc
Gu
ngom
t ct
v t
vn th
t st
v ct
pha st

Ti xp + - + Rn v
na rn
- - +
Cht va - + + Do
qunh
do mm
- - +
Cht - + + Do + + +

15
chy
Chy + + -
Ly t bng gu ngom
Gu ngom ch c dng ly t trong lng cc cc ng h thng ng.Kch
thc gii hn trn mt bng do ng cho ca gu ngom trng thi m gu phi nh
hn ng knh trong ca cc ng t nht l 0.3m Nn dng gu ngom c mt dy cp v
4 ngm ngom.
Ly t bng my ht bn khng kh v my ht bn thu lc.
My ht bn khng kh hot ng c khi chiu su nc trong lng cc ng t
nht l 3 m v chiu cao y bn (hn hp dt v nc ) so vi mc nc trong lng cc
khng qu 0.4 ln khong cch t cao ny n y ng ht bn
Chiu cao y bn ca my ht bn thu lc ph thuc vo p lc v lu lng ca
nc c p trong bung to hn hp ca my.
Khi ly t bng my ht bn c ng knh t 15 20 cm cn phi c p lc hi p
3-5
2
/ cm kG ng vi lu lng pht m / 15 9
3
. Hiu sut ly t ca my ht bn
khong / 30 5
3
m gi (tu theo tnh cht c l ca t,chiu su ht khong cch t mt
t n l ht ca my ).
i vi my ht bn thu lc c ng knh ng t 10 20cm th hiu sut ly t
trong khong 5 20
3
m /gi.
Cc my bm ht bn thu lc c p lc nc t 10 - 15
2
/ cm kG v cng sut n
3
150m /gi.Hiu sut ly t ri cht v t cht va c th tng t 1.5 2 ln nu t
c lm ti trc bng xi nc vi p lc xi 5 15
2
/ cm kG ,bng cc ng xi c u
xi t gn ming ht ca my ht bn khng kh hay my ht bn thu lc (hnh
5.3.11).
V tr ming ht ca my ht bn c nh v bng cc kt cu dn hng c bit l
i vi cc cc ng xin.
trnh hin tng ct tro trong qu trnh ht bn,phi bm nc b vo lng cc
mc nc trong khng b thp hn mc nc bn ngoi.
Trong nn t ct hoc t t dnh, khi bin dao ng ca ng lc h nh hn 5 cm
nn dng xi nc gim ma st. S lng ng xi c b tr cn c vo tnh ton mt
ng trn phm vi t 1- 1.5m theo chu vi cc.Khi h cc ng xin th b tr 2 ng xi trn
mt phng nghin i xng qua trc dc cc th ng xi th 3 th b tr mp trn ca
cc.u di ca ng lp vi xi c l ng tm vi ng knh t 18 25mm v 4 l
bin vi ng knh 8mm(hnh 5.3.12)
My bm xi nc phi cp 50 150
3
m /gi cho mi ng xi vi p lc
ming xi khng nh hn 5atm khi h cc ng vo nn t ct v khng nh hn 10atm
khi h cc vo nn t t dnh kt.
Trong qu trnh rung h cc trnh t trn vo trong cc ng,minh ng xi khng
c h thp hn chn cc ng t 0.5 1.5 m (tu theo ng knh cc ng linh ng
ca t ).khi su h cc kh ln (>20m) tng hiu qu xi nn bm kh nn vo
vng xi qua cc ng dn kh lin kt vi ng xi bng cc ai kp.Lu lng kh nn

16
u ra ca ong phi t nht l 2 3
3
m /pht.u di ca ng dn kh cao cao hn
ming ng xi 1m.
5.3.4. Khoan di chn cc ng
ngm chc cc ng vo tng di chn cc ng sau t ct thp v b
tng khu vc khoan.Chiu su khoan c tnh tu theo tnh hnh chu lc ca
mng cc v cng nn .
Khi khoan khi ph v cc vt chng ngi gp phi trong qu trnh h cc ng
thng dng cc my khoan xung kch (hnh 5.3.13).Chng hn cc my YKC-30 v
YKC 54 do Lin X ch to
Bng 5.3.16 c tnh my khoan xung kch Lin x
Cc ch tiu k thut Loi my khoan
YKC 30 YKC-31 YKC - 54
ng knh ca u khoan, mm 1300 1300/2650 2650
Trng lng ca u khoan,t 3 4.5/7.5 7.5
ng knh h khoan m rng,mm 1350 1350/2700 2700
S va chm ca u khoan trong mt pht
-Ln nht
- t nht

40
40

40
40

48
36
Chiu cao nng u khoan so vi y h
khoan
-Cao nht,m
-Thp nht,m

1.0
0.5

1.0
0.5

1.0
0.6
ng knh ca cp buc u khoan,mm 26 30 36 42 36 - 42
ng c in:
-Loi ng c
-Cng sut,kW

A093/8
50

AM-6
90

-
100
Kch thc my khoan,m
- Cao
- Rng
- Di

16.3
2.84
5.0

9.3
5.2
9.0

9.7
3.2
8.9
Trng lng my khoan(cha k u khoan),t 11.15 17.45 20.9
Tc khoan trung bnh vo tng c
cng 500 1200
2
/ cm kG ,mm/pht
3.4 5.3 -

5.3.4.1. Thit b khoan
My khoan:Kch thc t tnh k thut ca cc my khoan xem hnh 5.3.13 v bng
5.3.16

17
u khoan (hnh 5.3.14) u khoan c trng lng 2.4 7.5 tn tu theo ng
knh l khoan m rng.u khoan gm phn thn bng thp tm dy ghp li v phn
mi khoan (dao khoan ) bng thp hp kim cng.
Vng dn hng: trnh hin tng hng vch b tng ct thp trong lng cc ng
(do va p ca u khoan ) vng dn hng c p cc g m lin kt vo u khoan
bng bu lng.
Cp buc u khoan: cp treo buc u khoan l loi b cp xon,n hi mi
ln ri t trn cao xung th u khoan ng thi xoay i mt gc nh.u khoan nng t
2.5 3 tn dng cp treo c ng knh =26 30 mm, u khoan nng 3.5- 4 tn
dng loi cp =30- 34 tn,u khoan nng 7.5 tn dng loi cp =36 40 mm.
5.3.4.2. Trnh t khoan
Trnh t khoan chn cc ng sau khi h n chn tng nh sau:
- Ly ht bn t trong lng cc ng:phng php ly t ra khi lnh cc ng gii
thiu trong mc 5.3.3-5.Sau khi ht ht bn t,dng ng thm d xem mt tng c
bng phng khng,v chn cc ng h st mt tng cha.S im c thm d ph
thuc vo tnh trng b mt tng phng nghing. Nu mt tng phng th ch cn
thm d khong 5 6 im. Nu tng nghing hay li lm nhiu th cn nhiu im
thm d hn. Sao cho c th da vo kt qu tin cy d kin bin php phng ct
tro.
Cng tc chun b khoan cn c vo kt qu thm d c th gp mt trong cc
tnh hung sau:
- Trng hp chn cc ng ta st b mt tng ,nh vy khng th xy ra hin
tng ct tro do vt xong bn t c th khoan ngay.
- Trng hp chn cc cha h n chn tng nn tip tc cho ba rung h cc
xung n mt tng sau xi nc cho bn t ni ln v ht i.Nu mt tng
khng phng chn cc khng ta kht ln n c,th phi bt kn chn cc bng t
st.Thot tin nm t st xung chn cc thnh lp dy 20 30 cm, sau mt
lp hc ln dm ln trn dy 20 30 cm dng u khoan p t st bt kn cc
khe h chn cc vi mt tng chng ct tro.Tip theo l khoan
- Trng hp mt tng st chn cc ng li lm nhiu th c th b tng di
nc trong lng cc ng,chiu dy lp b tng dy t nht l 1m,cng b tng t
t nht l 100
2
/ cm kG .Sau 3 ngy m b tng xong th c th bt u khoan
Cng tc khoan c thc hin theo ni dung nu phn sau:
5.3.4.3 Cng nhg khoan
- nh v my khoan trn sn cng tc ca nh cc ng sao cho tm ng ca u khoan
trng vi tim cc ng
- Neo c gia my khoan bng cc dy ging
- Lun dy cp buc treo u khoan
- Khoan v tip tc th bn st.Khi u khoan hot ng lin tc,cc mnh vn ra
s trn vi t st c th xung thnh hn hp va bn,c th ht ra lng mt cch d
dng.Va bn ny c trng lng ring 1.5-2 tn/
3
m nn c tc dng bt kn cc khe h

18
chn cc ng vi p lc ln hn mc nc ngm trong nn, v vy trnh c hin
tng tro t
Trong khi khoan cn ch iu chnh cho cp cng mc va phi:
-Dn vn dn vn ly u khoan khi lng cc ng th ng ly vo y
h khoan. Mi ln th phi nhc ng hai ba ln bn chui vo y ng, ri nhc ln
vo mng x ra ngoi phm vi thi cng m tr. Nn dng my ht bn hi p.
- Kim tra h khoan, hnh dng v kch thc ca h khoan c kim tra bng mt
on ng h c ng knh nh hn ng knh h khoan khong 0.2m v c chiu di
bng mt na ng knh ca n.
5.3.5. b tng trong lng cc ng
Sau khi khoan chn cc ng xong cn lm sch y h khoan bng xi nc, ri b tng
bt y cc ng theo phng php rt ng thng ng vi trnh t sau:
- t ng dn b tng c gn phu hng v ng xi (hnh 5.3.15) vo trong lng cc ng n st
y h khoan
- Bm nc p lc 10atm vi lu lng 150 -300
3
m /gi vo ng xi, xi ra v khuy ng
lp bn y h khoan. Cc ht bn t ni ln trong nc, ri b y ra ngoi cc ng, cc ht
ln hn s b trng thi l lng gn y h khoan.
Thi gian xi ra y h khoan l 5 15 pht (tu theo khi lng bn t ).
Trong khi xi ra h khoan, c th b tng vo y phu hng.Khi ngng bm nc xi ra
th cho hn hp b tng vo trong ng dn.Di p lc ca ct b tng trong ng dn,hn hp b
tng s n ra u di ng dn lp u h khoan c xi ra v nc ra.trong qu trnh
b tng di nc,u di ca ng dn lun gp su t nht l mt mt trong lp b tng. Khi
lng b tong u tin vo trong ng dn phi m bo dng cao 1 m, tc b tng di
nc phi dng cao lp b tng t nht 1m/gi.
Thnh phn hn hp b tng di nc c thit k sao cho cng cn thit v c d
linh ng cao. Mc xi mng phi bng 1.5 2 ln mc b tng Lng xi mng cho 1
3
m b tng phi
khng t hn 350kg. Trc khi b tng vo y h khoan nn th xung mt khung ct thp c
chiu cao bng 2 ln chiu su h khoan, tng cng s lin kt gia cc ng v tng . Cc cc
ng c ng knh nh hn 1.4m c th b tng ngho n rut cc nhng ch cn thit. i
khi c th lm dy thm thnh cc ng t pha trong bng cch t vn khun bn trong lng cc ng
ri b tng
5.3.6. Nghim thu cc ng v thi cng b cc
Vic nghim thu cc ng c ni dung tng t nh khi nghim thu cc thng ( trnh by
chng 6)
Trn hnh 5.3.7v 5.3.8 gii thiu s cc qu trnh cng ngh xy dng tr cu trn
mng cc ng, trong c thi cng b mng nm trn t (hnh 5.3.7) hoc nm trong
nc(hnh5.3.8).

chng 5-4
cng ngh cc khoan nhi

Mc lc
chng 5-4 ..................................................................................................... 1
5.4.1. gii thiu chung v CNG NGH THI CNG CC KHOAN
NHI cho CNG TRNH CU ...................................................................... 1
5.4.2.1. Chun b thi cng ................................................................... 1
5.4.2.2. cng tc khoan to l ........................................................ 4
5.4.2.3.Dung dch khoan .................................................................... 12
5.4.2.4. Cng tc ct thp ................................................................. 15
5.4.2.5. cng tc b tng cc khoan ................................... 19
5.4.2.6. m bo an ton khi thi cng cc khoan nhi .... 24

5.4.1. gii thiu chung v CNG NGH THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI
cho CNG TRNH CU
T nm 2000 B GTVT ban hnh Tiu chun thi cng v nghim thu cc khoan nhi
22 TCN 257-2000. Cc Nh thu khi thc hin mi d n u phi bin son mt Quy
trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi c th ph hp vi ni dung ca d n, ph hp vi vt t
v thit b c th ca Nh thu v trn c s tun theo cc ch dn ca Tiu chun ni
trn. Sau trnh Quy trnh cho T vn gim st duyt v thc hin trong phm vi d
n c th.
Sau y trnh by ni dung cng ngh cc khoan nhi ni chung cho mi d n cu v
gii thiu mt s tnh hung c th p dng nc ta vi cc phng php v thit b
khoan to l khc nhau trong cc iu kin in hnh khc nhau: nn t, nn .
5.4.2.1. Chun b thi cng
5.4.2.1.1 Cng tc thit k t chc thi cng cc khoan
Khi thit k t chc thi cng cc khoan nhi cn iu tra v thu thp cc ti liu sau:
1) Bn v thit k mng cc khoan nhi, kh nng chu ti, cc yu cu th ti v phng
php kim tra nghim thu.
2) Ti liu iu tra v a cht, thu vn, nc ngm.
3) Ti liu v bnh , a hnh ni thi cng, cc cng trnh h tng ti ch, nh ng
giao thng, mng in, ngun nc phc v thi cng.
4) Ngun vt liu cung cp cho cng trnh, v tr t khoan.

5) Tnh nng v s lng thit b thi cng c th huy ng cho cng trnh.
6) Cc nh hng c th tc ng ti mi trng v cng trnh ln cn.
7) Trnh cng ngh v k nng ca n v thi cng.
8) Cc yu cu v k thut thi cng v kim tra cht lng i vi cc khoan nhi.
Ni dung ca cng tc thit k t chc thi cng cc khoan nhi bao gm :
1) Lp bn v mt bng thi cng tng th bao gm v tr cc, b tr cc cng trnh ph
tm nh trm b tng, h thng sn cng tc, dy truyn cng ngh thit b thi cng nh
my khoan, cc thit b ng b i km, h thng cung cp v tun hon va st, h
thng cp v x nc, h thng cp in, h thng ng cng v.
2) Lp cc bn v th hin cc bc thi cng, cc ti liu hng dn cc thao tc thi cng
i vi cc thit b ch yu. Lp hng dn cng ngh thi cng v cc hng dn s
dng cc thit b ng b.
3) Lp tin thi cng cng trnh.
4) Lp biu k hoch s dng nhn lc.
5) Lp biu k hoch s dng thit b.
6) Lp bng tng vt t thi cng cng trnh.
7) Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng v cht lng cng trnh.
5.4.2.1.2. Vt liu v thit b
Cc vt liu, thit b dng trong thi cng cc khoan nhi phi tun th cc yu cu nu
trong h s thit k, trong qui nh ca Qui phm ny v cc tiu chun hin hnh.
Cc thit b s dng nh my cu, my khoan, ba rung v.v... phi c y ti liu v
tnh nng k thut, cng nh chng ch v cht lng, m bo an ton k thut ca nh
ch to v phi c ng kim ca c quan thanh tra an ton theo ng cc quy tc k
thut an ton hin hnh (V d: Cc ng kim Vit-nam). Nu t my khoan trn cc
x lan hoc h ni do Nh thu t ghp li t cc phao th cn tin hnh tnh ton v
kim tra k lng v an ton v n nh ca ton h thng ni khi vn hnh cng nh khi
di chuyn trn sng. Trong thc t thi cng nhiu cu tng xy ra s c tut neo, tri
c h ni trong thi gian bo l v t ngt nh cu Sng Hn ( nng), cu Tun
(Hu) v.v...
Vt liu s dng vo cng trnh cc khoan nhi nh xi mng, ct thp, va st, ph gia
v.v... phi c y hng dn s dng v cc chng ch cht lng ca nh sn xut.
Cc vt liu nh ct, , nc, va st, b tng phi c cc kt qu th nghim nh gi
cht lng cng nh th nghim tuyn chn thnh phn b tng, kt qu p mu v.v...
trc khi a vo s dng.
5.4.2.1.3. Thi cng cc cng trnh ph tr
Trc khi thi cng cc khoan nhi, phi cn c vo cc bn v thit k thi cng tin
hnh xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr nh:

1) ng cng v vn chuyn my mc, thit b, vt t phc v thi cng.
2) H thng cung cp nc gm ngun nc (ging nc, mng mng dn nc), cc
my bm, cc b cha, h thng ng ng.
3) H thng cp in gm ngun in cao th, h thng truyn dn cao v h th, trm
bin p, trm my pht in v.v...
4) H thng cung cp v tun hon va st gm kho cha bt bentonite, trm trn va
st, cc my bm, cc b lng, h thng lc xoy, h thng ng ng.
5) H thng cung cp b tng gm cc trm b tng, cc kho xi mng, cc my bm b
tng, v h thng ng ng v.v...
6) Cc sn o thi cng, cc khung dn hng v.v...
Mt bng thi cng phi da vo a hnh, v tr xy dng mng m la chn cho ph hp
v cn lu nhng im sau:
1) Khi thi cng trn bi cn, phi tin hnh san i, p t to mt bng thi cng, ri cc
tm thp dy hoc tm b tng my khoan bnh xch c th di chuyn khoan coc.
2) Nu thi cng trn cn, c th to mt bng thi cng bng phng php p o t.
3) Ti nhng ni nc su hoc a cht phc tp bn ly, phi lm sn o cng t
my khoan v cc thit b thi cng cc. C th dng h ni nh phao, ph t my
khoan nhng phi neo cho h ni n nh. C th lm sn o ngay trn nh h khung
vy cc vn thp cho my khoan di chuyn. Cng c th lm o nhn to trong vng
vy cc vn thp t my khoan ln nh lm d n cu ung, cu Lc-qun.
Tuy nhin khi cn c bit ch ch ng mc nc thi cng v cao t my
khoan trnh s c nh tng xy ra cu Lac-qun: l v sm v mc nc dng
cao qu nhanh gy mt an ton cho o nhn to.
Nu thit b khoan thuc loi ln, nng phi iu tra y c phng n v l trnh
vn chuyn.
Cn m bo c din tch cng trng lp dng thit b, xp dng c. Phi gia c
nn bi, mt ng to iu kin thun li cho vic lp dng cc thit b thi cng v
phng tin vn chuyn i li.
gim thiu tc hi n mi trng xung quanh cng trng, cn d kin phng n
vn chuyn t thi, dn dp chng ngi xung quanh v di mt t, trnh gy
nhim mi trng. Phi xem xt tc hi ca ting n v chn ng v c bin php hn
ch nh hng n khu vc xung quanh.
Trc khi khoan cc phi kim tra li ng c tuyn, lp cc mc cao , cc cc nh
tim cc khoan. Cc mc cao v cc nh tim phi c t v tr khng b nh
hng khi khoan v phi c bo v cn thn.
c bit trc khi thi cng khoan nhng vng c nhiu bom mn trong chin tranh cn
phi kho st thm d v c bin php r ph bom mn.

5.4.2.2. cng tc khoan to l
5.4.2.2.1. Thit b khoan to l
Cng tc to l khoan c th chia thnh hai dng ch yu theo phng thc bo v thnh
vch l khoan nh sau:
1. Khoan to l khng c ng vch, dng bentonite gi vch;
2. Khoan to l c ng vch.
Thit b ly t, trong lng l khoan c cc kiu sau: chong p ; gu ngon; gu
xoay ht bn theo chu trnh thun, nghch v.v...
Vic to l trng lng t c th thc hin bng cc cng ngh, thit b khoan khc nhau.
Mi cng ngh khoan cn c qui nh cc thng s khoan c th m bo cht lng
to l.
Hin nay c rt nhiu nhn hiu v kiu my khoan khc nhau ang hot ng c
nhp t nhiu nc khc nhau: c, Nht, Trung-quc,v.v... Do bn canh cc k s
cu cn c cc k s my xy dng cng tc, Tng ng vi mi lai my khoan, phi
son mt quy trnh thi cng ph hp c th cho iu kin diah cht c th ca cu.

Hnh 5.4.1 Gi khoan t hnh bnh xch Hnh 5.4.2. Gi khoan t hnh trn ray
5.4.2.2.2. ng vch
Theo c im k thut c th chia ng vch thnh hai loi:
a. ng vch thuc thit b khoan c kch thc v ng knh, chiu di mi on ng
c ch to theo tnh nng, cng sut ca tng loi my khoan. ng vch ny c rt
ln trong qu trnh b tng;
b. ng vch theo yu cu thi cng khng thuc thit b khoan v c li trong kt
cu vi mc ch:

- Gi thnh vch;
- Hoc lm vn khun i vi phn cc ngm trong nc, cao hn y sng;
- Bo v cc b tng ct thp trong trng hp sng c vn tc ln v nhiu ph sa.
5.4.2.2.2.1. Ch to ng vch
ng vch c ch to bng thp bn cun v hn thnh tng on ng ti cc xng c
kh chuyn dng. ng knh ng vch theo yu cu thit k, chiu dy ng vch thng
t 6 16 mm; chiu di cc on ng vch thng t 6 10m ph thuc vo c im
thit b, vt t v cu lp, cc yu cu k thut ca cc. ng vch s dng thi cng
cc khoan nhi phi c chng ch m bo cht lng.
Ti cng trng, cc on ng vch ca cc c ni bng ng hn. Vic hn ni ng
vch phi c thc hin trn b g. Nu chiu di ng vch cn h ln hn chiu cao
ca cu, th c th kt hp gia vic h ng vch v ni ng vch cho n khi chiu
cao thit k, nhng phi b tr cc gi ng vch sau khi ni m bo cc yu cu
k thut v thng ng, kn v sc chu ti khi ng h ng vch.
Trong loi cc nhi khoan l phn tun hon thng dng ba ng cc chn ng
ng ng vch xung hoc dng kch chy in p. cho nh ng vch b khng bin
dng hoc ng b on khi gp chng ngi vt th bn thn ng phi c cng v
cng. Ngoi ra b mt ng phi bo m cht lng.
Trong phng php thi cng khoan bng gung xon, to thun li cho vic thi cng
b-tng thng dng loi ng vch c chiu di 4-7m.
-S lng ng vch chun b tt nht c 2 b.
- dy ng vch 9 n 16mm khi ng knh nh hn 1m v t 16 n 25mm
khi ln hn 1m, ng knh ng vch ln hn ng knh ngoi ca l khoan t 100 n
150mm. Nu thi cng trong nc bn x, ct chy th sai lch cng ln thng 20%
ng knh ngoi ca u khoan.
- di ng vch m bo gi n nh, mt nc trong v ngoi l.
+ mc nc ngm thp hn mc nc trong l 2m
+ ch s thay i mc nc ngm.
+ ng ng chng n tng t khng thm nc.
Cng thc tnh ton v di ng chng v su ng xung l:
h l
G e
e
l l
G e
e
l + =
+
+
+ +
+
+
1 1
1
2 2
2
1 1
( ' ) . '
G1, G2: t trng lp ct v lp bn.
e
1
, e
2
: t s rng ca lp t tng ng.
5.4.2.2.2.2. nh v v lp t ng vch
Cng tc nh v, lp t ng vch phi tun th theo Quy phm thi cng v nghim thu
cu cng v cn lu nhng im sau:

1. Khi lp t ng vch trn cn: cng tc o c nh v thc hin bng my kinh v v
thc thp; dng cn cu lp t.
2. Khi lp t ng vch vng nc su: ngoi vic s dng cc loi my mc thit b trn
o c v nh v cn dng thm h thng khung dn hng. Khung dn hng dng
nh v ng vch phi m bo n nh di tc dng ca lc thu ng.
nh v cc trn mt bng cn da vo cc mc ta chun c xc nh v xy dng
trc. V tr, kch thc v cao chn ng vch phi c nh v v h ng theo qui
nh ca thit k.

Hnh 5.4.3 Cc ng vch cu Tn Hnh 5.4.4. Cc ng vch trong vng vy

5.4.2.2.2.3. Thit b h ng vch
Ty thuc vo iu kin a cht cng trnh; kch thc ng vch; chiu su h tnh
ton v chn thit b h ng vch cho ph hp. Thit b h ng vch thng c nhng
dng sau:
1- S dng thit b xi lanh thu lc km theo my khoan xoay lc ng vch h hoc
nh ng vch ln.
2- S dng ba rung ng ng vch xung kt hp vi vic ly t bn trong lng ng
vch bng my khoan, gu ngom, hoc ht bn.
3- H ng vch bng kch thu lc p xung.
5.4.2.2.2.4. Cao nh v chn ng vch
Tu theo iu kin a cht, thy vn; phng php, loi thit b khoan v.v... m quyt
nh t cao nh v y ng vch cho ph hp.
Trong trng hp khoan cc nhi vng b nh hng ca nc thy triu, nu dng
dung dch va st (bentonite) gi n nh vch, th nh ng vch phi cao hn mc
nc cao nht ti thiu l 2m. Khi khoan trn cn, ngoi nhng yu cu trn cn phi t
ng vch cao hn mt t hin ti ti thiu 0.3m.

Khi khoan nhi bng loi my khoan khng c ng vch i km v phi dng bentonite
gi vch, th tu iu kin a cht c th m t chn ng vch ph (ng vch khng
thuc thit b my khoan) ti cao sao cho p lc ca ct dung dch bentonite lun ln
hn p lc ch ng ca t cng vi hot ti thi cng pha bn ngoi thnh vch. Nn
t chn ng vch vo tng t khng thm nc nm pha di mc nc ngm.
Chn ng vch phi t pha di ng xi l cc b c tnh ton ti v tr khoan
ti thiu l 1 m.
5.4.2.2.3. Chun b khoan
Trc khi thi cng cc khoan nhi, cn phi chun b h s ti liu, thit b my mc
v mt bng thi cng, m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Khoan thm d a cht ti v tr c l khoan.
- Ch to lng ct thp.
- Th nghim chn t l thnh phn hn hp b tng cc.
- Lp cc quy trnh cng ngh khoan nhi c th hng dn, ph bin cho cn
b, cng nhn tham gia thi cng cc khoan nhi lm ch cng ngh.
Khi s dng my khoan khng c ng vch i km th cn phi b sung cc yu cu di
y:
- Sn sut cc ng vch thp theo chiu di m thit k thi cng yu cu.
- Lm cc th nghim chn t l pha trn thnh phn va st ph hp vi yu
cu ca l khoan.
Da trn c s phng php v thit b my khoan, ty theo tng v tr c th ca cc m
phi chun b mt bng lp t my khoan. Khi kh nng chu ti ca t nn khng
m bo t my v thit b thi cng c th chn gii php gia c nn t sau:
- Dng xe i san v nn cht t.
- o b lp t yu thay t tt
- Gia c t bng vi hoc xi mng v.v...
- Lt mt bng t vt, vn dy bng g hoc lt bng thp tm, thp hnh.
Khi k bng thp tm cn chng trt v xoay chn chng my khoan.
i vi cc my khoan xon c hay my khoan gu xoay dng thi cng trn cn, my
c bn (b phn chnh ca my) phi c t trn cc tm tn dy 20 mm. Cc chn
my phi c k cng v cn bng khi khoan khng b nghing hoc di ng.
i vi cc my khoan tun hon thun hoc nghch, u khoan c treo bng gi
khoan hoc bng cn cu, trc khi khoan phi nh v gi khoan cn bng, ng tim cc
thit k. Cc sn cng tc phi m bo n nh di ti trng thi cng v ti trng ng.
nh v my khoan cc nh sau:

a) i vi my khoan xoay lc ng vch, c th chn mt trong ba phng php sau
y xc nh v tr lp t my:
+ V chu vi ngoi chn ca ng vch trn mt t.
+ ng t nht 3 cc nh lm mc trn chu vi t my.
+ Lm mt vnh ai nh v bng vi chu vi ngoi ca chn ng vch.
b) i vi my khoan gu xoay, di chuyn my khoan u khoan vo trng tim cc
xc nh.
c) i vi phng php khoan tun hon ngc, c th chn mt trong ba thit b nh
ba rung, ba xung kch hoc kch thu lc h ng vch xung.
Khi nh v, phi kim tra xem ng vch nm ng vo v tr ca cc cha, nu b sai
lch phi lp bn thao tc iu chnh li.
5.4.2.2.4. o c trong khi khoan
Mc tiu ca cng tc o c trong khi khoan nhm t c cc mc tiu sau:
- nh v chnh xc v tr khoan;
- Theo di chiu dy lp a cht ca l khoan;
- Xc nh v tr, cao u khoan.
nh v tim u khoan hoc tim ng vch bng cc thit b o c cng trnh, theo cc
cc mc c xy dng t trc. Trong qu trnh khoan phi theo di tim cc bng
my kinh v, o c su l khoan, ng thi phi lun quan st v ghi chp s thay
i cc lp a cht qua mn khoan ly ra.
5.4.2.2.5. Khoan l
Phi la chn thit b khoan nng lc v ph hp vi iu kin a cht, thu vn ca
cng trnh m bo cho vic to l khoan dt yu cu thit k.
Thit b to l c cc loi sau;
-Thit b trong phng php thi cng c ng vch: gm ng vch c chn sc,
gu ngom c treo bng h mp cp.
-Thit b trong phng php khoan phn tun hon: u khoan c ni vi cn
khoan cng vi dung dch gi thnh ko t khi l khoan.
-My to l trong phng php to l bng gung xon:
Khi la chn thit b cn cn c vo tnh hnh a cht c th, kch thc cc phng
php thi cng la chn cho thch hp.
- Nhm my khoan dng ng vch ch nn s dng trong t mm, nhng ni khng
c nc mt mc nc ngm thp. Nhng ni c mc nc ngm cao hoc cn dung
dch gi thnh ch nn dng khi chiu su l khoan khng ln, v trong iu kin cc
my khoan mi pht huy tt.

-Nhm my khoan vn hnh ngc c th s dng trn tng t . c bit c hiu qu
khi ng knh l khoan ln t 30 n 100m.
-Nhm my khoan trong t thch hp cho loi ng knh ln, c bit gu xoay, c
su t 20 n 30m.
Khi la chn my khoan cn xt tnh kinh t ca mi loi my vi ng knh v su
cc. Khng nn s dng my khoan ng vch, tr trng hp khng c gi php hiu
qu khc, do ko di thi gian v tn km do cng tc ng vch.
Trong trng hp nn l t bnh thng th vic to l c n gin; nhng trong trng
hp nn t cng, si, m ci hay tng nham thch th to l kh khn thm ch
khng lm ni. Tu tnh hnh thc t m vn dng cc phng php to l cho thch hp.
5.4.2.2.5.1. Phng php thi cng c ng chng vch.
Cng ngh to l s dng ng chng vch c u im l vch l khoan n nh, c bit
khi to l qua a tng bn st ct chy m cc phng php khc kh c th khc phc.
Nhng cng c khng t nhng nhc im sau:
- Cn chi ph mua ng vch, h ng vch, c bit c khi phi li mt phn
hay ton b ng vch.
-Khi thi cng trong a tng qua cui si gy kh khn cho h ng vch v to l.
-nh hng cht lng b-tng v cc khi rt ng vch.
v vy cng ngh ny p dng c hiu qu trong a tng bn st, ct chy vi chiu su
khng ln.
5.4.2.2.5.2. Cng ngh khoan vn hnh ngc.
C tc thi cng nhanh, nhng tc khoan v tc bn quay phi ph hp vi
ng knh l khoan v tng loi t .
Cng tc n nh vch khoan cn c quan tm, cng ngh ny c ng dng rng ri
khi c dung dch gi n nh vch l.
5.4.2.2.5.3. Cng ngh khoan dng gung xon.
Gung xon thch hp vi t dnh, mm, khi c th khng cn ng vch, thm ch
khng cn dung dch gi thnh hn na khng gy ting n v chn ng ln do thch
hp cho thi cng th. Nhng khi dng phng php ny cn ch khng lm st l
vch khi nhc gung xn v s l khi gp m ci, tt nht khi gp m ci th nn
s dng cng ngh c ng chng vch.
Khi gp tng rt cng su vi li khoan gung xon hoc khoan thng khng
xuyn qua c phi dng li khoan c bit c rng cng ph v chng bng cch
cho ri t do u khoan vo l khoan hoc c th dng thuc n (nu cho php) hoc
ly my c th vo l khoan ph tng, m ci hoc tng nham thch cng.
Trong qu trnh khoan nu xy ra s c, hin tng bt thng (st l thnh vch, l
khoan khng thng, c s sai lch v ng knh l khoan thc t so vi yu cu ca
thit k v.v...), th nh thu phi nghin cu, xut gii php x l. Phng n x l s

c ca nh thu ch c thc hin khi c ch u t, t vn gim st, t vn thit k
thng nht chp thun.

Hnh 5.4.5. Mt dng u khoan Hnh 5.4.6. u khoan c bnh rng
Phi ch n khi b tng cc bn cnh trong cng mt mng t ti thiu 70% cng
thit k mi c khoan tip. Vic quyt nh chn thi im khoan cn ph thuc vo
khong cch gia cc cc trong mng. Theo Tiu chun thit k hin hnh th c ly tim
cc cc t nht l bng 3 ln ng knh cc
i vi nhng l khoan s dng dung dch va st gi thnh vch, cn b ph dung
dch lin tc trong qu trnh khoan, ngng khoan hoc b tng. Khng c cao
dung dch trong l khoan h xung di mc qui nh gy st l vch.
Khi ngng khoan lu phi rt u khoan ra khi h khoan, trnh khoan b chn vi khi
sp vch, ming h khoan phi c y np.
Khi a mi khoan ln x t hoc ni di cn khoan phi rt t t, khng c cho
u khoan va chm vo vch gy st l.
Sai s cho php trong cng tc khoan to l v Sai s cho php ca l cc khoan nhi
thi cng xong c nu trong Tiu chun nh sau
Bng 5.4.1. Sai s cho php v l cc nhi (theo TCXD 206:1998)
Phng php to l cc Sai s
ng
knh
cc
(mm)
Sai s

thng
ng
(%)
Sai s v v tr cc (mm)
Cc n, cc
di mng bng
theo trc ngang,
cc bin trong
nhm cc
Cc di mng
bng theo trc dc,
cc trong nhm cc
1.Cc
khoan gi
thnh bng
dung dch
st
D 1000mm

-0,1D
v
-50

1

D/6 nhng
khng ln hn
100
D/4 nhng khng
ln hn 150
D>1000mm -50 100+0.0111 150+0.0111

2.Lm l
bng cch
D 500mm

-20

1
70 150

ng ng
hoc rung
D>500mm 100 150
3.Khoan gung xun c m
rng y cc
20
1 50
4.Cc o l bng th cng :
-Gi thnh bng v b tng
ti ch
-Gi thnh bng ng thp di

50
0.5 100

20

1

Ch thch :
1)Gi tr m sai s cho php v ng knh cc l ch s mt ct c bit, khi c m rng
y cc th sai s cho php y cc l +-100mm
2)Sai s cho php v ng knh cc khi dng phng php ng li khng chu hn ch
ca bng ny. Sai s v nghing ca cc nghing khng ln hn 15% gc nghing ca
cc
3)Sai s cho php cho php v su l khoan +-100mm
4)H l khong cch gih ct cao mt t hin trng thi cng vi ct cao u cc qui
nh trong thit k, D l ng knh thit k cc.
Cao dung dch khoan
Cao ct dung dch khoan gi n nh thnh vch phi cao hn mc nc ngm hoc
mc nc mt hn 2m. Ti nhng ni nc ngm hoc c p lc ngang khc cn phi
tnh ton k quyt nh cao ny.
Trong qu trnh khoan phi lun theo di vic cp va st cho bm ht (phng php
tun hon ngc). Nu ht va st d tr th phi ngng ngay khoan. Trong mi trng
hp cm dung dch khoan trong h khoan b h thp hn 1 m so vi cao qui nh.
5.4.2.2.6.X l lng cn
Cng tc x l lng cn phi thc hin trc khi b tng. Khi khoan cc n cao
thit k, khng c ng bn t hoc va st y l khoan lm gim kh nng
chi ti ca cc. i vi mi cc, sau khi khoan u phi thc hin vic x l cn lng
k lng. y l mt k thut kh v cn c thc hin, kim tra cht lng k lng.
5.4.2.2.6.1. Phng php x l cn lng l loi ht th
Loi cn lng c ng knh ht tng i ln, x l, sau khi to l t ti su
thit k, khng c nng ngay thit b to l ln m phi tip tc thao tc thi t ra
ngoi cho n khi kim tra thy sch cn lng y l khoan.
i vi phng php khoan l tun hon ngc, sau khi kt thc cng tc khoan phi
nng u khoan ln cch y khong 20 cm, tip tc quay mi khoan v bm ht va
st. ng thi tin hnh kim tra dung dch khoan trong l khoan theo cc ch tiu
quy nh sn cho n khi t c yu cu. Sau khi hon thnh cng vic phi rt u
khoan ln vi tc t 2 n 4 m/pht.
i vi phng php khoan xoay lc ng vch, sau khi kt thc thao tc to l phi ch
khong t 15 n 20 pht mi c th nh gu ngom xung y l, ngom cn lng

y l ln. Khi cn lng y cn t, dng bm ht ct th xung y l, khuy nh cn
lng ln ht ra ngoi.
i vi phng php khoan l bng gu xoay, sau khi khoan xong yn t 15 n 20
pht ri dng gu khoan c l chn c bit ly cn lng ln.
5.4.2.2.6.2. Phng php x l cn lng l loi ht rt nh, ni trong nc tun hon
hoc nc trong l
Cn phi x l lng cn ht nh trc khi th lng ct thp hoc trc khi b tng. C
th dng phng php bm khng kh xung (phng php ht bn khng kh) hoc
phng php bm ht tun hon ngc ht bn:
- Nu dng phng php bm kh xung l khoan ht bn, phi u ht bn
hoc ming phun nm cng su vo trong nc cng hiu qu.
- Nu dng phng php tun hon ngc th cn phi cho ming ng ht bn di
ng y l khoan y cn lng ln. Trong qu trnh ht phi lun b sung dung
dch khoan vo trong ng, khng c nc trong ng b h thp gy st l thnh
vch.
i vi cc loi cc c su nh hn 10 m, th khng nn dng phng php ht bn
khng kh v hiu qu km; nn dng phng php bm ht tun hon ngc.
5.4.2.3.Dung dch khoan
5.4.2.3.1. Yu cu chung
Tu theo iu kin a cht, thu vn, nc ngm, thit b khoan m chn phng php
gi thnh vch l khoan v chn dung dch khoan cho thch hp.
Dung dch va st (Bentonite) dng gi thnh vch gm: nc, bt st, CMC v tc
nhn phn tn khc. Dung dch va st c th s dng i vi ni c lp a tng d st
l v m bo c cc yu cu k thut sau:
- C th dng mi loi a tng.
- Dng cho mi loi thit b khoan v dng mi khoan.
- Gi cho mn khoan khng lng ng di y h khoan v a chng theo
dung dch ra ngoi.
Dung dch khoan c th l nc thng ti ni m a tng l t dnh nh: t st,
st, t tht, hoc g nai phong ho, v.v...
Dung dch khoan phi chn da trn c s tnh ton theo nguyn l cn bng p lc
ngang, gia ct dung dch trong h khoan v p lc ca t v nc quanh vch l. i
vi cc l khoan c lp a tng d st l, p lc ca ct dung dch phi lun ln hn p
lc ngang ca t v nc bn ngoi.
Trng hp pha trn h khoan chu ti trng ca cc thit b thi cng nng hoc cc
cng trnh xy dng ln cn, phi s dng ng vch chng st l. su ca ng
vch trong trng hp ny phi cn c vo kt qu tnh ton c th, sao cho on l

khoan khng ng vch c p lc ca ct dung dch ln hn p lc t nc xung quanh
thnh vch.
Nu p lc nc ngm cao hn mc bnh thng (v d trong trng hp nc ngm trn
ln c mt t) th cn phi tng t trng dung dch va st ln cho ph hp. t c
mc ch trn c php trn thm vo trong dung dch cc cht c t trng cao nh
barit hoc ct magnetic v.v...
Dung dch dng trong khoan nhi phi c cht lng tt v khng b h hng theo thi
gian. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca dung dch va st s dng cho mi l khoan cn phi
bo m s n nh trong thi gian thi cng. Cc thng s ca dung dch phi c chn
thch hp vi iu kin ca khu vc xy dng v m bo cc yu cu qui nh trong
Quy trnh. Tu theo iu kin a cht ti v tr khoan cc m chn cc ch tiu v
nht v khi lng ring ca dung dch cho thch hp.
S dng dung dch st nhm mc ch l :
- to ra lp mng mng trn thnh l cc chu p lc nc tnh phng b
sp l thnh l cc.
-lm chm tc lng xung ca cc ht ct, gi trng thi huyn ph nhm
hn ch cn lng y l cc.
Ch to dung dch ny phi trn c s thit k cp phi tu theo thit b, cng
ngh thi cng, phng php khoan l v iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn
ca a im xy dng.Cc ch tiu tnh nng ban u (lc ch to) trnh by di y,
nu dng ho phm khc (khng phi l st betonit) lm dung dch gi thnh th cn
th nghim trc, trong cn kim sot cht ch cc ch tiu : t trng, nht, tnh
qua lc, tnh n nh (l ho hc ) v tr s pH.Trn cng trng phi c iu kin
thit b v ho phm cn thit qun l cht ch cht lng ca dung dch st, iu ny
l mt nhn t quan trng trong thi cng cc khoan nhi c cht lng.

Bng 5.4.2. Ch tiu tnh nng ban u ca dung dch st (theo TCXD 206:1998)
Hng mc Ch tiu, tnh nng Phng php kim tra
1. Khi lng ring 1.05-1.15 T trng k dch st hoc bmka
2. nht 18-45 (s) Phng php phu 500/500cc
3. Hm lng ct <6%
4. T l cht keo >95% Phng php ong cc
5.Lng mt nc <30ml/30pht Dng c o lng nc mt
6. dy ca o st 1-3mm/30pht Dng c o lng nc mt
7.Lc ct tnh 1 pht : 20-30 mg/cm
2

10 pht : 50-100 mg/cm
2

Lc k ct tnh
8.Tnh n nh <0.03g/cm
2

9. Tr s pH 7-9 Giy th pH
Khi dng dung dch st phi lu mt s vn sau :
- Khi lng ring v nht ca dung dch cn c s iu chnh thch hp vi iu
kin a cht cng trnh v phng php s dng dung dch.

- B mt dung dch trong l cc phi cao hn mc nc ngm t 1.0 m tr ln, khi c
nh hng ca mc nc ngm ln xung th phi cao hn mc nc ngm cao nht 1.5
m.
- Trc khi b tng, khi lng ring ca dung dch st trong khong 500mm
k t y phi nh hn 1.25. hm lng ct 8%, nht 28s d a ln mt t
Cn c s kim sot cht lng dung dch ph hp cho tng su ca lp t khc
nhau v c bin php x l thch hp duy tr n nh thnh l cho n khi kt thc
vic b tng.
Ngoi ra ti cng trng cng cn h thng thu hi dung dch st ht ln t cc cc l,
lc cc ct sn, b sung thm mt s ph gia (nu cn ) kim tra cc tnh cht ca dung
dch st va thu hi v lm giu dung dch ny dng li cho cc l cc sau.Dung dch
st sau khi s dng cng nh cn lng ca n phi x l theo cc qui nh v bo v mi
trng trnh lm nhim ngun nc mt hoc nc ngm.
Bng 5.4.3. Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st bentonite trong s dng thng thng
Phng
php
khoan
a tng Ch tiu k thut ca dung dch
Khi lng
ring
nht
(s)
Hm
lng ct
(%)
T l cht
keo (%)
Mt
nc
(ml/30m
in)

pH
Tun
hon
thun,
khoan
dp
t st
1.051.20 1622 <84 >9095
<25
810
t ct
t sn
Cui
dm
1.21.45 1928 <84 >9095
<15
810
Khoan
y,
khoan
ngom
t st
1.11.2 1824
<4 >95 <30
811
t ct si
sn
1.21.4 2230
<4 >95 <20
811
Khoan
tun
hon
thun
nghch
t st
1.021.06 1620
<4 >95 <20
811
t ct
1.01.10 1928
<4 >95 <20
811
t sn
1.11.15 2025
<4 >95 <20
811

Bng 5.4.4. Tr s nht thch hp ca dung dch
Cht t nht thch hp
S(500/500cc)
Bn tch ln ct
2023
Tr s ct N<10 >45
Tr s ct N>20
2325
Ct si ln tp st
2335
Ct si >45
Ghi ch : Cc tnh hung sau y tr s s hi ln hn trong bng trn
(1)Khi tn ti tng ct lin tc

(2) Khi nc ngm c kh nhiu trong nn t
(3) Khi ng knh cc kh ln (c 1300mm tr ln )

5.4.2.3.2. Kim tra, iu ch, iu chnh dung dch
S ln th nghim, v tr ly mu c php hp (tham kho ph lc dung dch khoan
km theo) ca Tiu chun ny vn dng cho cng tc khoan cc nhi ti cng trnh c
th.
Dung dch va st sau khi iu ch phi m bo c yu cu gi n nh thnh vch
i vi loi t ni khoan cc. Trong qu trnh s dng va st, phi th nghim v iu
chnh cc ch tiu k thut ca dung dch cho ph hp.
5.4.2.3.3.S dng li dung dch va st
Qua vic kim tra v iu chnh ng qui nh, dung dich va st c th ti s dng
nhiu ln trong thi gian thi cng. Nu cng tc kim tra, iu chnh c thc hin
y th c th s dng li dung dch va st trong khong thi gian thi cng cng
trnh, nhng khng c qu 6 thng.
Nu dung dch b nhim xi mng khng th iu chnh bng cht phn tn c na th
phi loi b.
5.4.2.4. Cng tc ct thp
5.4.2.4.1. Gia cng lng ct thp
Lng ct thp phi gia cng m bo yu cu ca thit k v: quy cch, chng loi ct
thp, phm cp que hn, quy cch mi hn, di ng hn v.v...
Ct thp c ch to sn ti nh my hoc cng trng v c h xung h khoan.
Lng ct thp phi c gia cng ng thit k. Cc ct dc v ngang ghp thnh lng
ct thp bng cch buc hoc hn. Cc thanh ct thp c bit nh: vng ai gi c lp
dng, khung quay dng lng v.v... phi c hn vi ct thp ch. Ct thp dng cho cc
phi l thp chu hn

Hnh 5.4.7. Cu to ct thp cc khoan nhi

5.4.2.4.2. Ct thp ch
ng knh ct thp theo ch nh ca n thit k nhng khng nh hn 12 mm, c
th t ti 32 mm v c bit n 40 mm. t dng ng knh ln hn 25 mm, v kh
hn (t hp vi cc ct ai) v kh thao tc.
S lng ct thp theo ch nh ca n thit k, nhng khng t hn 3 thanh. Khong
cch tnh ti thiu gia ct thp ch l 10 cm.
Chiu di ct thp ch ph thuc vo on chia. Lng ct thp phi ch to thnh tng
on cn c vo chiu di tng th ca cc. Thng thng cc on chia c th l 12 v
14 m, ln nht l 15 m v chiu cao ca mc cu thng khng vt qua 15m. Lng ct
thp ca cc c chiu di ln (ln hn 15 m) phi c phn thnh tng t, sau c
t hp ti cng trng khi h lng vo trong h khoan. Cn lu khi ghp lng, t di
nht phi t pha di vic h lng ct thp xung l khoan c d dng.
Mi ni cc on lng ct thp nn dng bng hn hoc bng phng php dp p ng
ni theo tiu chun TCXD 234-1999. Ch s dng mi ni buc ct thp i vi cc cc
c ng knh nh hn 1.2 m v chiu di ton b lng thp khng qu 25 m..
5.4.2.4.3. Ct thp ai
ng knh vng ai hay vng l so ca lng ct thp theo ch nh ca n thit k.
Khi gia cng ct thp ai cn lu nhng im sau:
- ng knh danh nh ca vng thp ai nh hn ng knh cc 10 cm (2x5 cm lp
b tng phng h) i vi cc cc thi cng khng ng vch.
- ng knh danh nh ca vng ct thp ai nh hn ng knh cc 6 cm i vi cc
cc khoan c ng vch.
- ng knh ct thp ai t 6 -16 mm, khong cch gia cc vng ai thc hin theo
n thit k nhng khng c ln hn 55 cm.
d dng cho vic ch to lng, cn phi s dng cc ct thp c bit lm vng ai
lp dng hoc vng c. ng knh vng ai phi tun th theo ng h s thit k.
Vng ai phi m bo cng c th gi vng lng thp v cc ng thm d khuyt
tt khi nng chuyn. Vng ai c ni kn bng hn chng hoc hn i u.
5.4.2.4.4. Thit bi nh tm lng thp
Khi lp t lng thp trong l khoan, nh v chnh xc tm v trnh s va chm ca
lng ct thp vo thnh vch, cn phi s dng cc thit b nh tm lng thp hoc con
m:
+ Cc con c (Tai nh v): Con c c lm bng thanh thp trn, hn vo ct thp dc
v c gi l thanh trt. Kch thc ca thanh trt c chn cn c vo kch thc
lng ct thp v ng knh l khoan thc t. Thng thng gn 4 thanh trt trn mt
mc (cng mt cao ). i vi cc cc c ng knh ln, c u tin (mc gn m cc
nht) c gn 8 thanh trt. Gia cc mc thng cch nhau khong 2 m. Cc con c
phi cng, khng b bin dng khi gia cng, lp t

+ Cc con m bng b tng: m bo tng phng h lng ct thp v nh tm lng
thp c th dng cc con m, hnh trn bng xi mng. trnh s thm nhp ca nc
gy ra g ct thp dc, khng c c nh con m trn ct thp dc (Xem hnh 06b).
Nn hn c nh con m vo gia 2 thanh ct thp dc cnh nhau bng mt thanh thp
nh.
5.4.2.4.5. Ct thp tng cng cng lng thp
Trong trng hp ton b h thng ct thp vnh ai khng lm cng lng khi nng
chuyn, cn phi gia cng tng cng lng cc ct thp c bit. Cc ct thp ny c th
c nm li hoc c tho d dn khi h lng vo trong h khoan nu gy cn tr vic
h cc ng b tng. Ct thp tng cng ny gm cc loi sau:
- Cc thanh ging cng chng li s lm mo van lng ct thp.
- Cc thanh ct thp gi cho lng ct thp khng nghing v b xon.
5.4.2.4.6. Gi chn lng ct thp
Phn ct thp dc u mi cc c un vo tm cc gi l gi chn lng ct thp. Vic
gia cng gi chn lng ct thp phi tun th ng h s thit k.
5.4.2.4.7. Mc treo
Mc treo phi b tr sao cho khi cu lng ct thp khng b bin dng ln. Cn phi chn
ct thp chuyn dng lm mc cu v phi gia cng mc treo theo ng v tr mc cu
c tnh ton trc
5.4.2.4.8. ng thm d
kim tra khng ph hu cc cc thi cng xong, cn phi t trc cc ng thm d
bng thp hoc bng nha c np y y, c kch thc ph hp vi phng php
thm d trn sut chiu di cc: dng ng 50/60 mm thm d bng siu m v ng
102/114 mm khoan ly mu b tng y h khoan. i vi cc cc cc khoan nhi
ng knh ln hn 1,5 m hoc c chiu di ln hn 25 m cn phi s dng ng thm d
bng thp.

Hnh 5.4.8. t cc ng nha thm d Hnh 5.4.9. Cu lp lng ct thp

Cc ng thm d c hn trc tip ln vnh ai hoc dng thanh thp hn kp ng vo
ai, cch lp dng ng c th tham kho hnh trn.
i vi cc ng 102/114mm dng khoan mu phi t cao hn chn lng thp 1m v
khng trng vo v tr ct thp ch.
Phi c bit lu n v tr ca ng thm d ti mi ni cc on lng ct thp m
bo cho ng chc chn, lin tc. i vi cc khoan su khng qu 20m vi ng knh
cc khng qu 0,80m th khng cn t ng thm d.
5.4.2.4.9. Nng chuyn v xp d lng thp
i vi cc cc c ng knh ln, khng c nng chuyn lng ct thp ti 1 hoc 2
im, phi gi lng ct thp ti nhiu im hn ch bin dng.
Lng ct thp phi c tp kt trn nn bi lng bng b tng hoc nhng khu bai
sch s, kh ro. Lng ct thp phi c xp trn nhiu con k bng g trnh bin
dng v khng c chng ln nhau.
5.4.2.4.10. Dng v t lng ct thp vo l khoan
Trc khi h lng ct thp vo v tr, cn o c kim tra li cao ti 4 im xung
quanh v 1 im gia y l khoan. Cao y khng c sai lch vt qu quy nh
cho php (h 100 m m).
Cc thao tc dng v t lng ct thp vo l khoan phi c thc hin khn trng
hn ch ti a lng mn khoan sinh ra trc khi b tng. (khng c qu 1 gi k
t khi thu dn xong l khoan).
Khi h lng ct thp n cao thit k phi treo lng pha trn khi b tng lng
ct thp khng b un dc v m thng nn t y l khoan. Lng ct thp phi c
gi cch y h khoan 10 cm.
Cc bc c bn lp t v h cc on lng ct thp nh sau:
+ No vt y l.
+ H t t on th nht vo trong h khoan cho n cao m bo cho thun tin cho
vic ni t tip theo.
+ Gi lng ct thp bng gi chuyn dng c ch to bng ct thp ng knh ln
hoc thp hnh.
+ a on tip theo v thc hin cng tc ni lng ct thp (hn cc thanh ct dc vi
nhau hocni buc ti ch hay bt ni bng cc hoc ni bng dy p ng ni).
+ Tho gi v h tip lng ct thp xung.
+ Lp li cc thao tc trn i vi vic ni cc on tip theo cho n on cui cng.
+ Kim tra cao pha trn ca lng ct thp.
+ Kim tra y l khoan.
+ Neo lng ct thp khi b tng lng ct thp khng b tri ln.

Lng ct thp sau khi ghp ni phi thng, cc ng thm d phi thng v thng sut;
lch tm ca ng ti v tr ni lng ct thp khng c vt qu 1 cm.

5.4.2.5. cng tc b tng cc khoan
5.4.2.5.1. Yu cu v vt liu
Thnh phn hn hp b tng phi c thit k v iu chnh bng th nghim sao cho
m bo cc yu cu ca thit k.
Cc loi vt liu cu thnh hn hp b tng phi c kim tra v cht lng trc khi s
dng v tun th theo cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam hin hnh:
+ Xi Mng: Dng xi mng portland PC40 tr ln m bo tiu chun TCVN 2682-1999.
+ Ct liu th: Dng c thnh phn ht cp phi lin tc D
min
= 525 mm, tun th
theo tiu chun TCVN 4453-1995.
+ Ct:Dng ct vng c m un 2,5, tun th theo tiu chun TCVN 4453-1995.
+ Nc: Sch, khng c tp cht, tun th theo qui nh ca tiu chun TCVN 4506-87.
+ Ph gia: C th dng ph gia cho b tng tng tnh cng tc ca b tng v ko di
thi gian ninh kt ca b tng cho ph hp vi kh nng cung cp b tng. Khi s dng
ph gia phi tun th cc qui nh ca Nh nc v thc hin ng ch dn ca nh sn
xut. Hin nay thng dng ph gia siu do chm ninh kt nh Sikament R4 vi hm
lng khong 07% trng lng xi mng.
+ T l nc/xi mng: N/XM 0,45.
Cp phi b tng cc nhi nn c thit k vi hm lng ct hn 700kg/m3 BT v
st ca hn hp BT ti lc b tng vo cc nn gi vo khong 15-16 cm l tt nht.
5.4.2.5.2. Yu cu k thut v b tng di nc
Phi bo m cc yu cu ca va b tng khi b tng di nc ng quy trnh quy
phm hin hnh. Cng b tng di nc phi t yu cu ca thit k. Trc khi
b tng di nc phi tin hnh th nghim la chn thnh phn cp phi b tng
m bo yu cu v cng ca thit k.
Cc ch tiu v st, tch va v tch nc v.v... s c qui nh c th trn c s
kt qu th nghim thnh phn hn hp b tng v phng php bm b tng. Hn hp
b tng trc khi vo cc phi c kim tra nghim thu m bo cc ch tiu k
thut qui nh.
5.4.2.5.3. Trm b tng
Phi cn c vo khi lng cn tnh ra cng sut my trn. My trn b tng phi
cng sut m bo cung cp b tng lin tc trong qu trnh thi cng. Nn b tr my
trn gn v tr thi cng cc gim thi gian ch do vn chuyn.

H thng trm trn phi c kim tra v iu chnh chnh xc thng xuyn vic cn
ong ct liu m bo ng v . Thi gian trn m bo theo tnh nng my trn. Phi
c cn b th nghim c trch vic theo di cng tc trn b tng v th nghim st
ca tng m trn v ghi s theo di y .
5.4.2.5.4. Vn chuyn b tng
Cc phng tin vn chuyn b tng phi bo m kn, khng lm chy mt va xi
mng. Nu trm trn xa cng trng th phi vn chuyn b tng bng xe trn t hnh.
Xe trn cp b tng ti trc tip vo ng dn, hoc cho my bm b tng. My bm
cung cp b tng phi m bo tt, cng sut thi cng cc lin tc.
Thi gian t khi trn b tng xong n khi vo cc khng c qu 30 pht.
5.4.2.5.5. ng dn b tng
ng dn phi m bo yu cu k thut sau:
+ ng phi kn chu p lc trong qu trnh bm b tng, ng phi nhn c bn trong
v bn ngoi, cc mi ni ng khng c li ra v mc vo lng thp trong khi b
tng.
+ Mi t ca ng ni di khong 3 m, mi ni phi c cu to d tho lp (c ren
vung, hoc mi ni hnh thang).
+ Chiu dy thnh ng ti thiu l 8 mm.
+ ng knh trong ca ng ti thiu phi gp 4 ln ng knh ct liu to nht ca hn
hp b tng.
+ ng knh ngoi ca ng khng c vt qu 1/2 ng knh danh nh ca cc.
+ on ng c bit ni t my bm ti ng dn b tng phi c cu to cong c th
thot c bt kh ln trong hn hp b tng ra ngoi.
+ Chiu di ng cn c vo cao y l khoan v cao sn kp c ng tnh ton
quyt nh. Thng thng on mi ng dn c b tr bng 1m ng c bit.
Lp t ng dn vo l khoan gm cc bc sau:
+ nh du chiu cao ng.
+ Lp t h dm k kp c trn sn cng hoc mt ng vch. Dng cu lp tng on
ng dn vo l khoan theo t hp c tnh ton.
+ Ton b h thng ng dn c treo bng kp c trn sn kp phi m bo ng thng
ng.

Hnh 5.4.10. Lp ng dn b tng cc Hnh 5.4.11. Phu b tng
+ ng dn c th c rt ln h xung bng cn cu.
+ Sau khi t hp xong, dng cu h mi ng cch y l khoan 2 m; nh v ng dn
ng tm l khi thao tc ng khng chm vo lng thp.
5.4.2.5.6. Phu
Phu c gn vo pha trn ca ng dn bng ren vic tho lp c d dng, gc
gia hai thnh phu khong t 60 80 b tng d xung.
5.4.2.5.7. Qu cu b tng
Qu cu b tng dng ngn cch b tng trong ng dn vi nc hoc dung dch
khoan. Qu cu b tng c th lm bng:
+ g tin trn hnh cu hoc bn cu, bc bng vi bt;
+ nha hnh chu hoc cc ming xp nh v.v..
+ qu bng nha tr con chi
Trc khi b tng, phi t qu cu ti v tr pha di c phu khong 20 - 40 cm
khi b tng chy trong ng qu cu i trc y dung dch khoan ra khi y ng dn.
5.4.2.5.8. Chun b l khoan v dn y trc khi b tng
Sau khi h lng ct thp vo v tr, cn o c kim tra li cao y l khoan v ton
b lng thp trong l khoan, chnh sa m bo ng yu cu thit k trc khi tin hnh
b tng.
Khi khoan n cao thit k, tu theo phng php khoan m chn cch x l cn lng
lm sch mn trong l khoan.
Trc khi b tng dng ng dn lp trong l khoan lm sch li y l khoan.
Phi th nghim dung trng v hm lng ct v.v... trong dung dch va st, n khi t

yu cu qui nh mi dng cng tc dn y. Thi gian t khi dng cng tc dn y
n lc bt du b tng khng vt qu 1 gi.
5.4.2.5.9. Cng tc b tng cc
Trong trng hp th tch b tng cc khi sai lch so vi tnh ton thit k hn 30%
th phi kim tra v c bin php x l thch hp v s sai lch ng knh cc.
C th b tng cc theo cc phng php c bn sau:
+ Phng php di chuyn thng ng ng dn ;
+ Phng php bm b tng qua ng dn vo cc;
+ Phng php dng gu ng m c iu khin (ch c dng vi cc ging khoan c
ng knh ln).
5.4.2.5.10. Phng php di chuyn thng ng ng dn
Khi s dng phng php di chuyn thng ng ng dn cn tun th cc quy nh sau:
1) Trc khi b tng cc khoan, h thng ng dn c h xung cch y h khoan
20 cm. Lp phu vo u trn ng dn.
2) Treo qu cu b tng bng giy thp 2 hoc 3mm hoc giy thng. Qu cu c
t thng bng trong ng dn ti v tr di c phu khong t 2040 cm v phi tip
xc kn kht vi thnh ng dn.
3) Dng my bm rt dn b tng vo cnh phu, khng c rt trc tip b tng ln
cu lm lt cu. Khng c vo cc phn b tng bi trn my bm.
4) Khi b tng y phu, th si dy thp gi qu cu b tng p cu xung v tip
tc cp b tng vo phu.
5) Phi b tng vi tc chm khng lm chuyn dch lng thp v trnh lm b
tng b phn tng.
6) Trong qu trnh b tng phi gi mi ng dn lun ngp vo trong b tng ti thiu
l 2 m v khng vt qu 5 m. Khng c cho ng chuyn ng ngang. Khi dch
chuyn ng thng ng phi tnh ton xc nh chnh xc mi ca ng dn m bo
khng c a mi ng dn b tng sai vi quy nh ca iu ny. Tc rt h ng
khng ch khong 1,5 m/pht
7) B tng ti trc khi x vo my bm phi c th nghim kim tra cht lng bng
mt v bng cch o st.
8) Nu st khng m bo (thp so vi thit k) th phi iu chnh nhng khng
c cho thm nc vo va.
9) Trong qu trnh b tng, nu tc ng, cm khng c lc ng ngang, cm dng
n kim loi p vo vch ng lm mo ng, phi s dng v g g hoc dng bin
php ko ln h xung nhanh b tng trong ng tt ra. Khi x l tc ng theo phng
php ny, phi xc nh chnh xc cao mt b tng v cao mi ng dn trnh
rt ng sai vi qui nh.

10) Trong khi b tng, phi o c v ghi chp quan h gia lng b tng v cao
mt b tng trong l kim tra tng i ng knh trung bnh v tnh trng thnh
vch ca l khoan.
11) Khi b tng cc giai on cui thng gp va ht nh ni ln, v vy phi tip
tc b tng ton b va ng nht dng n cao nh cc theo thit k. xc
nh mt dm trn lp mt b tng phi ly mu trc tip th nghim kim tra
i chng theo tiu chun TCVN 3110:1979. Ngi thc hin cng tc o phi l
chuyn trch v c kinh nghim.
5.4.2.5.11. Phng php bm b tng qua ng dn vo cc
Png php bm b tng c thc hin theo qui nh sau:
1) B tng c bm qua ng dn xung l khoan.
2) Phn mi ng dn phi c l trng thot khng kh, nc hoc bn. ng dn b
tng phi c bt kn u trn bng np vn, phn u ng dn ny phi c cu to
trong trng hp my bm hng hoc gp s c khc c th t c phu b tng
theo phng phc khc.
Cng vic mi khi bm c thc hin theo cc bc sau y:
+ M np bt ca ng b tng v a vo mt nt mi.
+ Trong thi gian bm u tin phi h np cho khng kh thot ra ngoi. Ch ng
np li khi hn hp b tng y v bt u tro ra ngoi ng.
Vic cp b tng phi u n v lin tc t khi bt u cho n khi hon thnh khi
lng b tng ca ton cc. Khng c di chuyn ng dn mnh, khng c lm tt
mt nt mi.
5.4.2.5.12. b tng bng thng c np van
Phng php ny ch p dng cho vic b tng cc ging khoan c ng knh ln,
chiu di cc nh (ng knh trn 3m, chiu di cc nh hn 20m) v iu kin b
tng phi thun li.
Ch c thc hin b tng bng thng khi phng n thi cng m bo khng lm
nh hng n cht lng ca cc theo qui nh ca n thit k v c c quan c
thm quyn chp thun.
Trng hp gp l khoan kh trong lp ct, l khoan c ng vch (ng thp hoc BTCT)
cng nh l khoan khng c ng vch do xuyn qua a tng st v st ti v tr cao
hn mc nc ngm nhng khng xut hin lp ct hoc ct y l, cho php b-
tng lng cc khng dng ng dn m rt t do cao ri khng qu 6m.
Trng hp gp l khoan y nc, thi cng b-tng trong lng cc theo phng php
rt ng theo chiu thng ng, c qui nh trong Qui trnh thi cng b tng di
nc bng phng php va dng.

5.4.2.6. m bo an ton khi thi cng cc khoan nhi
Phi tin hnh t chc hng dn cng ngh cng nh hng dn bo m an ton lao
ng cho mi ngi lm vic trong cng trng thi cng cc khoan nhi. Ngi cng
nhn phi c y cc dng c bo h lao ng cn thit nh: m, giy, gang tay, mt
n phng h v.v... lm vic, nu thiu thit b bo h lao ng khng c vo cng
trng. Phi b tr ngi c trch nhim lm cng tc an ton. Tt c mi ngi phi
tun theo lnh ca ngi ch huy chung.
Trc khi thi cng cc phi nm y thng tin v kh tng thu vn ti khu vc thi
cng, khng c b tng khi tri ma v khi c gi trn cp 5.
Cc sn cng tc dnh cho ngi lm vic, ng i li trn h ni phi lt vn, b tr lan
can v li an ton ti nhng ch cn thit, ban m phi b tr nh sng y . Cc v
tr nguy him phi c bin bo hiu v c ngi canh gc. Phi dng np y l khi
ngng khoan. Khi thi cng trn sng phi c trang b phao cu sinh, xung cu sinh,
phi c y n hiu, bin bo tn hiu hng dn giao thng ng thu.
Trong qu trnh thi cng, mi ngi phi lm vic ng v tr ca mnh, tp trung t
tng iu khin my mc thit b. Nhng ngi khng c phn s cm khng c
i li trong cng trng.
Tt c cc my mc vn hnh phi tuyt i tun theo quy trnh thao tc v an ton hin
hnh. H thng in hin trng phi b tr hp l, nghim chnh chp hnh cc quy
nh an ton s dng in. Phi c cng nhn chuyn mn ph trch h thng in.
Khi gp s c nh cht lng b tng khng m bo, khi tc ng phi bo co ngay ch
huy khu vc x l v ch x l theo lnh ca ngi ch huy chung.
Phi tun th mi quy trnh an ton lao ng hin hnh c lin quan.

Chng 5-5
Thi cng mng ging chm
Mc lc
Chng 5-5 ................................................................................................................... 1
Thi cng mng ging chm ........................................................................................... 1
Mc lc ..................................................................................................................... 1
5.5.1 c im thi cng mng ging chm ............................................................ 1
5.5.2 p o,c t ging u tin ..................................................................... 2
5.5.2.1 o t (hnh5.5.3a) ................................................................................ 3
5.5.2.2 o c vng vy ...................................................................................... 3
5.5.2.3. Ch to ging chm ................................................................................. 5
5.5.3. H ging chm ................................................................................................ 8
5.5.3.1. Rt g m h ging .............................................................................. 8
5.5.3.2. o t th cng h ging ...................................................................... 9
5.5.3.3. Ly t bng gu ngom ...................................................................... 10
5.5.3.4. o t bng ht bn thu lc v my ht bn khng kh ................... 10
5.5.3.5. o c trong qu trnh h ging v sai s cho php .............................. 15
5.5.4. ni cao cc t ging ................................................................................... 16
5.5.5. b tng bt y ging chm ....................................................................... 17
5.5.5.1. Kim tra vt dn y ging ................................................................. 17
5.5.5.2. Bt y ................................................................................................. 17
5.5.6. c im thi cng ging chm ch ni ......................................................... 21

5.5.1 c im thi cng mng ging chm
Ging chm lm mng tr cu thng c bng b tng ct thp. Bin php ch yu
h ging vo trong l phi khc phc lc ma st xung quanh tng ging,bng chnh trng
lng ca bn thn ging, ng thi ly t trong lng ging bng gu ngom bng ht bn
khng kh hay ht bn thu lc.
Khi ging h n cao thit k th tin hnh kim tra vt dn y ging sau b
tng bt y v y lp ging (hnh 5.5.1). Hnh dng v kch thc ca ging trn mt bng
c xc nh t kch thc,hnh dng thn tr ti mt ct nh ging,lc chu ti cho php
ca t nn y mng, h s h ging, phng php h ging.
Cc bung ging yu cu b tr i xng kch thc bung ging phi tho mn c
tnh khng hot ng ca cc thit b o t v ly t. Chng hn nu dng gu ngom
ly tth kch thc nh nht ca bung ging phi ln hn kch thc ln nht ca gu
ngom khi m ti thiu l 0.5m.
i vi nhng ging phi h n su ln,trong iu kin phi vt qua lc ma st kh
ln, m trng lng bn thn ging khng khc phc c th phi p dng bin php xi
nc kt hp v ht bn thu lc,hay ht bn khng kh.p lc nc ming vi xi tu

thuc vo tng c trng ca tng loi t m ging xuyn qua nhng p lc khong nh
hn 6atm v lu lng nc cho mi ng xi khng nh hn 0.2
3
m /pht
phn di ging b tr cc ng lin thng c ng knh 0.7 1m.Trn mt ng ca
ging phi xt n cc yu t: g ging, phn don, li ging
G ging: h ging c d dng,trn mt ng ca vch ngoi c th cu to nhiu
bc nhng vic ch to vn khun cng phc tp v vy trong thc t t p dng bin php
ny.Thng ch khi h ging bng va st mi p dng khi cu to ca mi g ging
rrng ti thiu l 0.1 0.2m trong qu trnh to ging to thnh cc khe rng gia tng
t v mt ngoi ca ging.
Chia t: t y ca ging chm khng nn c qu cao, trnh trng tm ging khng
b sai lch trong qu trnh h. Mt khc nu t ging qu cao, trng lng s ln s dn ti
hng lot cc kh khn i vi vn khun mt o, g k m - Ni chung cc t ging ch
nn thit k c chiu cao khong 5m ph hp vi nng lc cu lp vn khun v cc iu
kin thi cng khc
Li ging (cn gi l chn vt ging): Gc hp thnh gia mt phng nm ngang v
mt nghing ca li ging phi ln hn
0
45 .Chiu cao ca chn vt phi xt ti vic ch
to v rt g m c thut tin. Khi ging phi h qua tng , hay tng ct kt th li
ging phi cu to kho v gc vt phi ln hn. Phng php ch yu thi cng mng
ging chm l p o ti ch h hay ch ni.
5.5.2 p o, c t ging u tin
Tu thuc vo phng h ging c th ch to t ging u tin trn bi cn trn b,
trn phng tin ch ni hoc trn o nhn to ti v tr thit k ca mng gia dng chy
o c vng vy hoc khng c vng vy. Trc khi ch to ging phi xc nh timv v tr
ca n trn mt bng,xc inh cc chun, cc mc v cao , ng thi nh du ra ngoi
phm vi ln khi h ging.
Trong qa trnh h ging cn ch m bo cho ging c xung u, ng cao
thit k v sai lch t nht so vi v tr thit k. Tu thuc vo cht t p o,lu tc v
chiu su nc, iu kin thng thuyn trn sng c th quyt inh cc hnh thc p o
khc nhau, o t v vy bao ti, o vng vy cc vn g,o vng vy cc vn thp.
Kch thc mt bng ca o c xc nh theo kch thc mt bng ca ging chm,
chiu rng ng i cha sn (h o ) v cc yu cu thi cng khc.Trn mt o xung
quanh ging chm (o t khngc vng vy ) h o khng c nh hn 2m. i vi o
c vng vy cc vn th h o c chiu rng sao cho chn vt ging chm khng nn
lng th ph hoi sau cc vn vy chn t v khng nh hn 1.5m. Chiu rng h o
trong trng hp ny oc xc nh theo cng thc:

2
45 *
0

tg H b (5.5.1)
Trong : H: chiu cao o(hnh 5.5.2)
: gc ni ma st ca gc p o trng thi bo ho

5.5.2.1 o t (hnh5.5.3a)
Loi o ny dng ch nc cn lu tc dng chy b. Chiu su mc nc khng
ln qu 3m. t p o phi chn theo lu tc dng chy sau khi mt ct t b thu hp
(bng 5.5.1)
t p o phi yu cu c tnh thm nc tt ng thi phi tho mn hai iu kin
sau y:
- t phi chu c ng sut ln nht m mt o sinh ra (khi b tng t y
ging chm)
- t phi c tnh ln u
Bng 5.5.1 t p o v lu tc cho php ca dng chy
Loi t p o Lu tc cho php m/giy
Lu tc trn mt t Lu tc bnh qun
Ct nh( =0.05
0.25mm)
0.25 0.3
Ct th( =1.0 2.5mm) 0.65 0.80
Si va( =2.5 40mm) 1.00 1.20
Si th( =40 75mm) 1.20 1.50
nh o phi cao hn mc nc thi cng cao nht ti thiu l 0.5m.Mi dc taluy
trong nc ca o xc nh tu theo loi t nhng khng dc ng qua1/2. Nu c bao ti
p ln taluy hoc c nhng bin php gia c khc th lu tc cho php ca dng chy
khng bi hn ch theo bng 5.5.1. Ta luy phi tho mn yu cu v n nh ca bn thn o
v chu c lc xung kch ca dnh chy khi thi cng. Xt v mt n nh th phi nh hn
gc ni ma st ca t p o.
Khi tin hnh p o cn ch
- Trc khi p o cn dn sch t hu c
- Khi p o phi p theo tng lp dm nn cht (mi lp dy khong 25 30cm). Tin
hnh dm ln t tim o ra xung quanh theo ng nan hoa.Hm lng bn phi di
10%
o khi b xi c th lm tng phng h bng mi nhn r nc thng lu.
Tng phng h phi gi khng xi v khng c khe nt,c th chu c p lc nc
62 . 19 2
2 2
v
g
v
p = =
trong p : p lc tnh ton ln tng phng h,
2
/ m T
: T trng ca nc ly bng
3
/ m t
v : Lu tc bnh qun ca dng chy m/giy
g : Gia tc trng trng g = 9.8
5.5.2.2 o c vng vy
o c vng vy khng chu t p (hnh 5.5.3b) c dng khi su khng qu 3m.
Loi vng vy ny phi thit k chu c p lc nc (p) tnh theo cng thc 5.5.2

o c vng vy chu p lc ca p p c p dng khi nc c su t 10 15 m
lu tc dng chy ln (1.5m/giy) v khi mt ct t ca dng chy khng cho php thu hp.
Tu theo iu kin thi cng c th c th p dng cc loi vng vy sau y:
- o c vng vy bao ti v vng vy lng : dng bao ti gai hay bao ti ci ng y
t ct hoc si lm vng vy bn trong t p o.Loi vng vy ny t cn nc
v gim khi lng t p so vi o t khng c vng vy. Dng vng vy bng lng
p o th lu tc cho php c th t ti 3m/giy. o dng vng vy bao ti hay
vng vy lng thch hp vi chiu su nc nh hn 3.5mv lng sng phi l ct ln
cui, hay loi t kh ln (nh t cng hay nham thch )
- o c vng vy cc vn g: o c vng vy cc vn g dng vi loi nc su t 3 5
m, lng sng l t bn v t ct c th ng c cc vn g. su ti thiu ng
cc vn g vo nn t v n nh ca tng cc vn nhng khng c nh hn 2m.
o c vng vy 2 lp ccvn chu lc ngang tt hn loi ch c mt lp cc vn. Bi v
t khng b lt qua cc vn, o khng b st, nhng tn km niu v din cn nc
ln. Khong cch gia hai lp cc vn thng ly bng 1.5 m. Khi khong chc gia hai
lp ccvn tng i hp,t p cht,th mi lp ccvn s chu p lc ngang ca
t.Nu khong chc gia hai lp cc vn ln th ton b p lc ch ng ca t u do
lp ngoi chu.
- o c vng vy lng g: o c vng vy lng g c p dng khi khng c kh nng
ng cc vn v su ca nc H 6m.G c xp t do theo chu vi o chu p
lc t p k c trng lng bn thn. B rng h o c xc nh tng i vi o
trong vng vy cc vn thp. Lng g c xc nh trong tnh ton v trt vi h s an
ton 5 . 1
1
k v v chng lt vi h s an ton 3 . 1
2
k
- o c vng cc vn thp: o c vng vy cc vn thp thng p dng khi chiu su
nc t 8 10 m trng hp c bit c th ln n 15m.o c vy bng cc vn thp
ng theo chu vi o, n nh ca vng vy c m bo bi s lm vic chu ko
ca kt cu hnh tr. i vi vng vy cc vn thp ca o th lc ngang tc dng ch
yu t trong ra(khc vi cc vn thp phng nc nn phi c ai ngoi). ai ngoi c
th dng thp hoc thp trn ai ngoi nm trong nc v c th lp sau khi ng vn
cc. Khi p o c th lp sn trn mt nc ri h xung. Khi cn c th cho th ln
xung xit cht li.Dng cp lm ai ngoi th vic tho lp s d dng v c th dng
pu ly chuyn hng ko cng.
ng knh ca vng vy cc vn thp v s cc vn thp c th xc nh theo cng
thc sau

b
D
n
d L B D
2
2 2
2
=
+ + =

Trong : D:ng knh vng vy cc vn thp tnh n tim rnh cc,m
n :S cc vn thp cn thit
d:Chiu rng h o,tnh t mps vng vy n mp ging chm,m
B,L: Kch thc trn b mt ging chm,m
B: Chiu rng ca cc vn thp tnh t tim kho n tim kho,m
Vi b rng cc vn thp b=0.4m th

D=0.127324 m v n=7.854D
Cng lc ko t bng 200 T/m rnh cc khi ly h s an ton bng 2 s l
100
2
=
Dq
P T/m rnh cc (5.5.5)
Trong : D :ng knh o
q : Cng p lc ngang ca t p cao y sng
( ) ( ) 2 / 45
0 2
2 1
+ = tg h h q
m

h
3
:Chiu cao tnh i t ti trng tc dng trn mt o ra trng lng t
p.
su ng cc vn thp c th xc nh theo cng thc ;
h
2
> = K
1
+ K
2
h
1

trong K
1
K
2
l cc h s ph thuc vo cc loi t c th tham kho bng 5.5.2
Bng 5.5.2: H s K
1
,K
2

Loi t K
1
K
2

Ct bn 1.78 0.48
Ct sch ht khng u 1.05 0.26
Si,cui 0.96 0.24
St 0.15 0.05
t p o ni chung nn dng t ct,si.Khng c php dng t st,t than bn
5.5.2.3. Ch to ging chm
t u tin ca ging chm c lp ghp hay c ngay trn bi ct hoc ngay trn
mt o
Trnh t thi cng nh sau:
- nh v v c nh tim dc,tim ngang ca ging chm
- Ri g m ln mt o,s lng v cch b tr sao cho m bo truyn c p
lc do trng lng ging ln t,cng nh rt g m c thun li. giai
on h ging p lc di g m ln t khng ln hn 1.5
2
/ cm kG
- Trn g m t chn ging sau t vn khun trong
- Dng ct thp cng nhng kt cu chn sn cn thit v vn khun ngoi.
- b tng c ging.
Ni dung c th nh sau:
5.5.2.3.1. o c xc nh v tr ging:
Sau khi san bng ca o, xc nh v tr tim ging bng phng php giao hi mng
tam gic chnh vi 6 vng o sau o li bng thc thp qua kim nh. Sai s hng
dc ti v tr tim khong qu 10m.Hng ngang th dng my kinh v trc tip chiu im quy
tm.Xc nh xong lun b b tng, ng thi thng lu v h lu,trn hng thng

gc vi hng tim tr,mi bn ng 3 cc phng hng ( tin cho vic kim tra phng
tuyn ch thp v kim tra vic nh v tim tuyn sau ny ).
Tip theo tin hnh o cao c mt o v xc nh tim cc l ging.Phi dng
phng php thun v o my kinh v kim tra phng hng, chnh xc o c ly
khng c thp hn 1/3000. Dng cc g 10x70 cm nh du tim l ging v m
cht,sao cho cao mt t ca o bng mt nh cc ( tin kim tra mt o).Sai s cho
php v cao ca mt o l 10mm.
5.5.2.3.2. Lt di g m (hnh5.5.4)
G k m c th l t vt hoc g vung, yu cu cht lng g phi ng u, khng
c khuyt tt,khng mc nt nt l. Trc khi ri g m mt o phi m cht v bng
phng. phn ng thng ca chn ging th ri g m thng gc cn phn cung trn th
ri hng tm,chnh cao gia cc mt g khng ln hn 10 mm,hng dc v ngang ca g
phi i xng,hai im bt k trn mt phng nm ngang ca g m vng ngoi khng
c chnh cao qu 3cm,hai thanh g m gn nhau khng oc chnh cao qu 5mm (
cho g m tip xc tt vi mt o v chu lc ng u ), sai lch gia tim thit k v tim
lt g k m phi trong khong 20mm.Khi iu chnh cao nh g k khng c k
lt g nh hay hn.Ch tip xc gia g m vi mi chn vt ca ging chm nn dng
bn tho k m.
S g k m c th xc nh theo cng thc nh sau:
[ ]
b l
g V
n
.
. +
=
Trong n- L s g m
V- Th tch b tng ca t ging,m
3

-Trng lng n v ca b tng,kg/m
3

l,b Thiu di v chiu rng ca g m,m
[]- ng sut chu nn cho php ca t ly 1kG/cm
2
=10000kG/m
2

g- Trng lng chn vt ca ging chm kg
5.5.2.3.3. t chn vt, lp dng vn khun
Phn chn vt bng thp ca ging chm (hnh 5.5.5) thng c ch to trong
xng v phn thnh nhiu on tin lp rp
Trc khi lp hn, phi ly du ng bao mi chn ging v ng kim tra trn mt
g k (ng kim tra cch ng bao 20cm) v cn cho tt mt chun. Trnh t hn phi
m bo sao cho kt cu khng b bin dng.Kch thc sau khi hn ghp cc on chn vt
yu cu nh sau:
- Sai lch theo hng dc,ngang gia tim mi chn ging vi tim thit k ca v tr tr
phi nm trong khong 10 mm.
- Mt phng hai on chn vt k nhau khng c chnh cao qu 3mm
- Hai im bt k trong mt phng chn ging chnh nhau khng c qu 5m
- Kch thc ng bao pha trn v pha di chn vt sai lch so vi kch thc thit
k phi trong phm vi 50mm, ng thi kch thc pha trn khng c ln hn
kch thc pha di.
Sau khi hn lp xong chn vt ging chm,th tin hnh b tng ct liu nh vo trong
n chiu cao 0.2m,ri sau lp dng vn khun.

Vn khun ging chm phi m bo n nh bn v cng.Lng cha nc
ca g vn khun khng qu 25%. Mt tip xc vi b tng phi bo nhn mt ngoi
tng ging nhn trn, c li khi h ging.
Vn khun ca t ging u tin c th chia lm 4 phn: vn khun y mt vt ca
chn ging,vn khun y tng ngn,vn khun trong ca l ging v vn khun ngoi ca
tng ging(hnh 5.5.6)
Vn khun ngoi mt ging phi lp ng.Ch tip gip vi chn vn khun g vi
chn vt bng thp phi cht kn trnh r va.
Vn khun trong nn ch to sao cho c th cu lp nguyn khi.Gia vn khun
ngoi v vn khun trong c lin kt vi nhau bng cc thanh ging lm bng thp trn
1620. Khong cch gia cc thanh ging theo phng thng ng l 70 80 cm,theo
phng ngang l 1.5 1.8.C ly ca g np ngang vn khun trong l 70 80cm,ca vn
khun ngoi l 80 100 cm.Cc g np ng c th thay bng cc thanh vn nng ca
bYKM c k hiu l M
1
. i vi vn khun ca ging chm trn hoc elp th ngoi cc
np ngang bng g (lin kt vi nhau bng lp lch thp ). Cn tng cng thm cc ai
bng thp trn 19 (lin kt bng bu lng theo kiu tng )
Khi lp ng vn khun,sai s v kch thc khng ch nh sau:
- Sai s bn knh ng cong khng qu 2cm
- Sai s chiu dy thnh ging khng qu 2cm tng ngn khng qu 1cm
- Sai s v kch thc ng bao ca ging chm pha trn v pha di khng qu 5cm
ng thi kch thc ming trn khng cc nh hn kch thc ming di
- nghing ln nht ca thnh ging l 5%
- Sau khi dng xong vn khun x dch theo phng ngang,dc theo tim ging so vi v
tr thit k khng qu 1cm
5.5.3.3.4. Lp buc ct thp
Sau khi lp t xong vn khun y ca mt vt chn ging,vn khun ca tng
ngn,vn khun trong ca l ging th tin hnh buc ct thp theo bn v thit k.Vi tng
t nh sau:u tin buc ct thp tng ngn,sau buc ct thp bn trong ca tng
ging,cui cng buc ct thp pha ngoi tng ging. khng tr ngi cho vic b
tng th ct thp ai gia thnh ging trong v ngoi phi lp buc dm thnh tng lp trong
qu trnh b tng. Mi ni ct thp ni chung l hn i u.i vi nhng ct thp
25mm do hn i u kh c th p dng hn chng m.
5.5.2.3.5. b tng
b tng c ging c thut li,phi dng gio v lm sn cng tc. gio v
sn cng tc phi c bn v n nh. gio c th lp bng cc thanh vn nng, t
trc tip ngay trn mt o pha trn lt sn v b tr phu,ng b tng.Gi ny cn dng
lm gio dng vn khun v chng vn khun (hnh 5.5.8)
Trnh t tin hnh b tng phi i xng ht sc trnh lch ti, gy ln khng uv
ging d b nt. Mi lp ging nn thnh tng lp ng u v mt ln. Khi m phi
di chuyn, m theo im m c khp mt. m u ti khi mt b tng khng b ln
xung na v trn mt ni va xi mng ln mi thi. lm mt mt ni gia hai lp b
tng th khi dm rung lp b tng trn phi u dm di su xung lp b tng di 3
5 cm v phi m trc khi lp b tng di bt u ng cng. Trng hp mt ngoi
ging chm b r t ong, phi tin hnh phun va xi mng cho tht nhn.

b tng xong phi tin hnh bo dng t nhin bng ti nc, gi iu kin tt cho
b tng ng cng phng hin tng co ngt khng bnh thng gy nt b tng
S ln ti nc trong mt ngy phi quy nh da vo m ca khng kh, loi xi
mng s dng phi m bo sao cho khi b tng hon ton trng thi m t thng
xuyn. Khi b tng t cng 25kg/
2
cm , th c th tho v vn khun ng ca mt bn
ging chm. Khi t cng 100% cng thit k th c th tho b khung chng vn
khun y v vn khun mt vn ca chn ging.
5.5.2.3.6. Tho d vn khun
Trnh t tho d vn khun nh sau: trc ht rt vn khun trong ca l ging, tip tho
vn khun mt bn, tho d h thng v vn khun y tng ngn, cui tho b g m
bn di gi chng , phi tho i xng bt u t tng ngn gia to ra xung quanh,
tho b dn tng thanh g nm.
5.5.3. H ging chm
Phng php c bn nht h ging l ly t trong nc m khng cn thot nc.
ly t trong nc thng dng my ht bn khng kh, my ht bn thu lc v gu
ngom t trng hp t cng th dng vi xi lm ti t.
Khi ly t m khng dng cc bn php thot nc cn tun theo mt s quy nh
sau y:
- Chiu su ly t tu thuc vo cht t nhng ch su nht khng cc thp hn cao
chn ging qu 2m. Nu t mm yu khng c php ly t trc tip t chn
ging.
- Cao bnh qun ca mt t cc l bin khng c thp hn cao chn ging qu
0.5m, chnh lch cao mt t cc l ging khng c vt qu 0.5m.
- Khng c gim lc ni bng cch h mc nc trong ging ( tng nhanh tc h
ging ). H ging vng t mm yu phi lun gi mc nc trong ging cao hn
mc nc ngoi ging t 1 2m trnh hin tng ct tro vo trong ging lm cho
ging b nghing lch v tng lng bn phi ht.
Khi h ging trong ging c tnh n lc y ni trong nc phi ln hn, lc ma st
gia t v thnh ging l 25%.
Tr s lc ma st i v c th cc nh theo h s kinh nghim h ging trong nn t tng
t. Khi khng c gi tr ny th c th ly gi tr s b sau y ca lc ma st trn 1m
2
ging
tip xc vi thnh t:
- t ct 1.2 2.5 T/m
2

- Si 1.5 3 T/m
2

- t st 2.6 5 T/m
2

Gi tr ln ly i vi t cht hn
5.5.3.1. Rt g m h ging
Khi cng b tng ging t ti 100% cng thit k th mi c rt k m.
Rt k m phi c tin hnh trong bn v thi cng, phn chia khu vc, nh s g m,
rt i xng v ng b.

Thng thng phi tho g m theo trnh t sau:
- Tho theo nhm c nh i xng
- u tin tho g m di y vch ngn trong
- Sau nu ging chm hnh ch nht th tho g m cnh ngn trc, tho g m
cnh di sau.
- Cui cng tho g m nh v
- Khi tho g m ngoi g m nh v th tho g m xa trc
V tr g m nh v phi t ng quy nh thit k, nu trong thit k khng quy nh
th vi ging chm hnh trn th nn t 4 g m nh v 4 gc theo 90
0
, cn ging chm
hnh ch nht th trn mi cnh t thm 2 g m nh v i xng nhau.
G m c s hiu ging nhau th rt ra cng mt lc. Sau khi rt xong cc g m cng
nhm s hiu th mi rt nhm s hiu tip theo.
Khi rt g m phi bi ct di g m sau rt ra, rt g n u phi chn t ct
ln cui si hoc dm n ri m cht. Ct chn nn ly loi ct th, t l ct ly
bng 1:1 v phi phn thnh tng lp dy 20 30 cm chn (hnh 5.5.9). Khng c
dng ct p o chn, phng ging b nghing lch.
Nu ch dng ton ct th chn th c th ti thm nc, ct phi m cht ti dung
trng kh 1.6 T/m
3
. V th trc khi chn phi lm th nghim xc nh trng lng qu
m. Sau mt ln rt m k nu chn v m cha xong th khng c rt m k ln sau.
Sau khi rt m k phi ghi ln ca ging. Trc khi rt m k o mt ln, rt xong mt
nhm o li ln na. Nu ta thy ln v nghing qu ln th phi phn tch tm nguyn
nhn, iu chnh s lng g k m b rt tng nhm hoc dng bin php khc iu
chnh.
5.5.3.2. o t th cng h ging
Sau khi rt g m th o ly lp t u tin (lp t chn chn ging ). Lc ny
xung quanh thnh ging khng c lc ma st, h s h ging v cng ln m tm ging li
bn trong mt o. Do o t phi o i xng v phi chia thnh lp nu khng ging
b nghing lch nhiu.
Khi ging chm h n su nht nh th vic o t c th m rng theo din
ng thi phi t my bm ly tm ht nc ra nhm to mt bng kh ro o t.
Nhng quy nh ca vic o t th cng h ging nh sau:
- Khi ly t phi ly i xng u n cao mt t trong cc l ging khng c
chnh nhau qu 0.5m, cn khi iu chnh th khng gii hn trong phm vi ny.
- Khi ly t trong cc l ging phi ch o khot t bn di chn vt v dm bn.
Chiu su ca t ph thuc vo tnh cht ca t thng thng su nht khng c
thp hn cao chn ging qu 2m ( phng ct tri vo trong bung ging)
- Ly t trong ging ra phi ra xa ( phng gy p lc lm hng o va st, nu l
ging h bng o st hoc lm ging b nghing lch)

5.5.3.3. Ly t bng gu ngom
Dng gu ngom c th ly c mi loi t nhng thch hp nht l i vi t st
ct, ct st v st cng c ln nhiu cui kt quan h gia trng lng v dung tch gu
ngom ph thuc vo loi t. Gu ngom c cng dung tch th vi t cng cht ch, nn
dng gu cng nng. Kch thc ca gu ngom tu thuc vo kch thc ca l ging, sao
cho kch thc ca gu ngom khi m ra ht c cn nh hn kch thc l ging ti thiu l
0.5 m. Trong thi cng thng dng loi gu ngom c dung tch 0.56 m
3
1.0m
3
. Gu
ngom c th treo vo cn trc hoc dng ti hai trc ln xung. Trng hp dng cn
trc treo gu ngom th cn trc phi ng ngoi lng th trt ca t. Trng hp dng
ti in th phi lp gi treo (hnh 5.5.10). Kt cu gi treo phi chc chn v n nh
chu lc ngang khi qung t.
cho ging chm h xung dn dn v khng b nghing lch qu ln phi ngom
t theo kiu i xng. lch nhau v chiu cao ca mt t trong l ging khng c
qu 50cm. Lng cho do chn vt o thnh thp hn y chn vt bao quanh khng ln hn
2m v phi cn c vo tnh hnh cht t.
5.5.3.4. o t bng ht bn thu lc v my ht bn khng kh
My ht bn dng thch hp nht vi loi t st ct, t ct v t ct ln si
Khi dng my ht bn khng kh (my ht bn chy bng hi p ) th c th ht c
vin cui nh hn ng knh ng ht mt cht v ng knh ng ht cng ln th ht c
cui cng to. Nhng ng ht hot ng bng hi p thng b chiu su nc hn ch c
bit l nc cn th hiu sut ht bn thp.
Trng hp dng vi xi nc phu tr ch khi gp t st v t cht cng. ng ht bn
thng c treo vo u cn cu hoc dng gi gi cho ng thng ng v c th di
ng ngang trong lng ging
5.5.3.4.1. My ht bn khng kh
Cu to my ht bn khng kh bao gm
- Bung hn hp khng kh
- ng ht bn
- ng x bn v ng hi p
Phn thng ng trong ging ca ng ht bn lm bng thp gm cc on ng di 2m, 4m,
6m. Cc on c ni vi nhau bng mt bch, phn trn dng ng cong c bn knh tng
i ln hoc dung ng cao su, nu dng ng cao su th phi c C-li- kp cht n vo
trong ng thp.
Chiu su ngp nc H ca bung hn hp khng kh k t mt nc trong ging ph
thuc vo loi t cn ht, lu lng v p sut hi p, thng thng H khng nn nh hn
5m.
Theo tnh ton tr s H phi tho mn cc iu kin sau y mi dng c my ht bn:
(H + a)
1
> a.
2
+ (H + h)
3

H >
3 1
1 2 3
) (

+ a h

Trong : h - Khong cch t ming ng x bn n mt nc trong ging,m
a - Khong cch t tim bung hn hp khng kh n ming ng x bn,m

1
,
2
,
3
Ln lt l t trng ca nc,va bn v hn hp va bn vi khng kh
Khi H v h tng i ln th tr s (
2
-
1
) c th b qua v cng thc s l:
H >
3
3
1
h

h H
h H
.
1
1
1
3
>
>

Tr s quyt nh bi
3
bng cch:
C nh chiu cao ming x bn, nng u ming ng ht bn ln cho ti khi khng x
bn ra na, lc chiu su nm trong nc ca ng ht bn H l nh nht, t c th tnh
ra tr s ca
3
. Chiu su nm trong nc ca ng ht bn phi ln hn tr s H
min
cng
nhiu th hiu qu cng tt.
Hi p i qua cc l nh ca bung hn hp, ng knh ca l ny thng l 5mm, gc
kp ca l vi thnh ng khng ln hn 45
0
. Tng din tch ca cc l thng ly bng 1.5
ln din tch c hiu ca ng hi p.
ng ht bn khng nn di qu v cong qu khi b tc. on cong nn m rng
ung knh v ti ch cong nn m mt ca s ng m c ( tin x l khi b tc
ng). y bung hn hp khng kh cng nn lm np y ng m c c th dn
sch bn trong bung hn hp.
Mt s tnh ton:
(1) Lu lng va bn phun ra:q
2
(h) = q
1
(h)

= w
0
1
,m
3
/gi
Trong
q
1
(h) lng t bn ht ra trong mt gi tnh theo trng thi t t nhin, m
3
/gi
1
: Trng lng n v ca t trng thi t nhin.
o
: T trng ca ht t c th ly
0
=2.6.
: Trng lng cn thit cho 1m
3
t trng thi t nhin bin thnh t bn, m
3
/m
3
,
tr s c th tham kho trong bng 5.5.3.
(2) T trng ca va bn

+
+
=
0
1
1
2

Trong : : T trng ca nc

(3) Din tch mt ct cn thit ca ng htF
ht
=
4 2
10 .
v
q
,cm
2

Trong Q
2
: Lu lng bn,m
3
/giy
V : Tc ht bn,tu loi t to nh ly bng1 2 m /giy
(4) Lng nc do my ht bn x ra q(h) =q
1
(h) , m
3
/giy
(5) Lng tiu hao hi p cho mt my ht bn khi tnh i th tch ra th tch di p
sut kh quyn.

10
10
lg .
. . .
2
(min) 2 . 1
(min) 4
+
=
H
C
h q m C
q ,m
3
/pht
Trong
H - Chiu su gp nc ca bung hn hp khng kh k t mt nc trong ging,m
Q
2(min)
- Lu lng va bn trong mt pht,m
3
/pht
C
1
- H s iu chnh ; xc nh trong qu trnh o c khi thi cng, khi khng o
c th ly C
1
= 1.2 20 tnh th.
C
2
h s tnh theo chiu su tng i ca bung hn hp khng kh:
s S
S
a
+
=
m - H s do tnh di lng hi p cn thit a nc trong ln thnh lng nc cn
thit a va bn ln:
( )
( )
3 2
3 2

= m
(6) p sut nc cn thit ca hi p (s c trn ng h o p sut ca my hi p )

10
H
P = + (0.2 0.5),atm*
y atm* =atm thc t - atm bn ngoi
(7) Mt ct cn thit ca ng a bn ln
Trong bung hn hp khng kh, bt khng kh trong va bn chu p sut ca H/10,
atm
Mt ct cn thit bng :
F
hn hp
=
hnhp
giay giay
V
H
q q
10
10
) ( 4 ) ( 2
+
+
.10
4
cm
2

Bng 5.5.3
Tn t
1

(t/m
3
)
0
(t/m
3
)
V
y
(ln) C
v
C
w

2

Ct mn ri rc 1.25 2.6 4 6 10.7 7.4 23.8 1.17

17.2 1.12
Ct va ri rc 1.35 2.6 6 7 8 6.9 18.4
16.2
1.1 1.11
Ct mn cht ch 1.45 2.6 7 8 7.4 6.5 17.2
15.3
1.12 1.1
Ct va cht ch 1.55 2.6 8 9 7 6.3 16.2
14.7
1.11- 1.1
Ct th cht ch 1.65 2.6 10 12 6 5 14.2
12.1
1.1 1.08
t st ri rc v
st ct
1.70 2.2 4 8 16.1 8.8 30 17.5 1.19
1.11
t st cht va 1.75 2.3 8 10 8.7 7.1 18 15 1.1 1.09
t st cht v st
ct
1.80 2.4 4.5 8 14.3 8.6 28.6
18.3
1.2 1.12
t st cng 1.90 2.6 8 12 8.3 5.7 19.2
13.7
1.14
1.09
t ong(ln si) 1.50 2.7 15 18 3.6 3.0 9.1 7.7 -
Si cht va 1.70 2.7 18 20 3.4 3.0 8.6 7.8 -
Si to cht ch 1.90 2.7 20 25 3.4 2.7 8.6 7.0 -
Si kt 2.20 2.7 25 30 3.2 2.6 8.0 7.0 -
t trng trt cht
ch
1.60 2.0 3 6 21.1
11.8
34.8 21 1.21 1.1
mm 2.40 2.6 30 - 40 3.0 2.2 7.4 5.6 -

Ch thch:
1
: Dung trng ca t trng thi t nhin.
0
: T trng ca ht t.
V
y
: Lng nc trong va bn bng s ln ca th tch nc tng.
C
v
: c ca va bn tnh theo th tch.
C
w
: c ca va bn tnh theo trng lng.
2
: T trng ca va bn.
Ti ca thot bn bt khng kh trong va bn chu p sut ca kh quyn, th tch tng
ln do mt ct cn thit bng:

2 4 4 2
, 10 cm
V
q q
F
ra
ra
=
Trong V
ra
: Lu tc ca hn va ca ra, ly bng 68 m/giy
Q
4
: Lng hi p i vo bung hn hp trong mt giy,m
3
/giy
Bng 5.5.4 Tr s
10
10
lg
+ H
khi H=1 35m
H
10
10
lg
+ H

H
10
10
lg
+ H

H
10
10
lg
+ H

H
10
10
lg
+ H

1 0.04 9 0.28 17 0.43 26 0.56
2 0.08 10 0.30 18 0.45 27 0.57
3 0.11 11 0.32 19 0.46 28 0.58
4 0.15 12 0.34 20 0.48 29 0.59
5 0.18 13 0.36 21 0.49 30 0.60
6 0.20 14 0.38 22 0.51 31 0.61

7 0.23 14 0.40 23 0.52 32 0.62
8 0.26 15 0.41 24 0.53 33 0.63
16 25 0.54 34 0.64
i chiu vi cc iu kin cng tc (Hv h) khc nhau tnh cc ch s F
ht
F
hn hp
v
F
ra
kim tra ng ca cc ng. Thng dng ng hnh tr trn c ng knh thng nht
sut chiu di. Trng hp c bit mi dng cc ng knh khc nhau:
(8) Mt ct cn thit ca ng dn hi p
F
hi
=
2 4
4
, 10
1
10
10
cm x
V
x
H
q
hoi
+

Trong : q
4 (min,tng
=(1.2 1.3).n. q
4( min)
.k
Trong n Tng s my ht bn
k H s ng thi lm vic ca cc my ht bn ly nh sau:
n 1 2 3 4 - 6 7 - 10 >25
K 1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5
Quy cch k thut ca cc loi my ht bn thng dng nu trong bng 5.5.5
Bng 5.5.5. My ht bn
Th
t
My ht bn Thng kh L x kh ng vo kh Din
tch
x
kh
ng
knh,
mm
Din
tch mt
ct,cm
2

ng
knh,
mm
Chiu
di
Dung
tch
m
3

ng
knh,
mm
S
l
Tng
din
tch
ng
knh,
mm
Din
tch
mt
c
F
vo
kh
%
1 150 176.72 260 700 0.025 5 110 21.30 50 19.64 110
2 250 490.87 450 530 0.056 5 200 39.27 50 19.64 20
3 300 706.87 700 990 0.358 5 420 82.47 73 44.18 186
4 420 1385.44 1900 1060 2.96 5 840 164.93 75 44.18 372
Cng sut ca my ht bn c lin quan n nhiu yu t, nh di tng ht bn, khong
cch t cc ngun cung cp nh hi p n ch ht bn, chiu su nc khi ht bn cng
sut ca tng loi my c th tham kho bng 5.5.6.
Bng 5.5.6. My ht bn
ng knh my
ht bn,mm
Lng cp hi
ca my hi p,
m
3
/pht
p lc hi
kG/cm
2
Lng ht hi
m
3
/pht -m
3
/pht
50
1 my 20 6.3 2.7 121 2
250
1 my 20 5.5 5.4 564 8.4
300
1 my 20 5.4 684 11.4
1 my 20 5.5 930 15.5
420
1 my 20 5.2 1096 18.3
1 my 20 5.4 1639

5.5.3.4.2. My ht bn thu lc
Cu tao: my ht bn thu lc gm c my ht, ng ht, ng a bn ln, ng nc cao
p. Cu to ca my ht bn c th xem trong hnh 5.5.12
T s gia p lc nc ming phu nc cao p bn trong my ht bn vi p lc nc
cn thit a bn ln bnh qun bng 5. Vic tnh ton ng knh ng nc cao p c th
tham kho chng VI, phn thi cng mng cc c ca va bn thch hp vi my ht
bn c th tham kho tr s kinh nghim nu trong bng 5.5.3. Lng nc cao p cn thit
ht bn gn bng lng va bn.
Hiu sut ca my ht bn thu lc thng bng 10%, 20% hiu sut ca my bm cao p
Dng my ht bn thu lc khng b chiu su nc hn ch nhng hiu sut ca n ph
thuc vo p sut nc v lu lng nc, khi cn thit c th bm thm nc vo trong
bung ging a cao mc nc ln do my ht bn lm vic c hiu qu hn.
5.5.3.4.3. Nhng c im cn ch khi ht bn h ging
trnh ging chm b rng chn, sinh ra hin tng ct tri, chnh cao gia mt t
v lging vi cao chn vt phi quy nh tu thuc vo chn t v iu kin thi cng
thc t. Nu l loi t ct th cao mt t cc l ging cho php thp hn cao chn
vt 0.5 1m. Nu l loi t st th chnh cao ny khng qu 2m.
- cho ging chm c h xung cn bng, khng xy ra nghing lch qu ln, cao
mt t trong cc l ging phi gi chnh nhau khng qu 0.5m.
- Khi ht bn phi lun bm b nc vo trong ging v lng thm thu ca nc
ngm rt nh vi lng nc ht ra ca my ht bn. Do nu khng b nc vo
trong ging th chnh lch ct nc trong v ngoi ging s rt ln, dn n ging
b ln xung t ngt, d b nghing lch. Mt khc, p lc nc bn ngoi ln cng
c th gy ph hoi thnh ging.
- nng cao nng sut, khi ht bn phi thng xuyn lc ng ht, sao cho nng
va bn cng ln, cng tt.
- Khi x bn, phi ch n p lc ca t xung quanh ging chm i vi khung
vy cc vn thp, trnh cho n b qu ti. Nu p lc t qu ln, vt qu tr s cho
php th phi o bt mt phn t xung quanh m bo an ton.
5.5.3.5. o c trong qu trnh h ging v sai s cho php
5.5.3.5.1. Phng php o c
Sau khi tho vn khun t ging u tin, rt b m k, th dng sn vch
ng trc ngang v dc trn nh ging, trn mt b tng vch ngoi, ng trc tim theo
phn b tng nhng trc ngang v dc phi thng gc vi nhau.
im cn o cao t ngay trn trc mp nh ging hoc t bn gc ging.
Cn c vo khi b tng c xong, da vo cc trc xc nh, tm ra mt phng l lun
ca nh ging vung gc vi trc ging. u tin o tm ra mc chnh cao ca bn
im so vi mt phng l lun, c s liu i chiu trong qu trnh h ging, bit c
ging c b nghing hay khng.

Trn ng trc vch ngoi ca ging, dng sn k 4 mia ging nhau. S o ca mia
tnh t chn ging ln. Chiu cao ca chn ging nn o t mt phng l lun trn nh
ging xung. Nu 4 im o chnh nhau, th c th ly im thp nht trong 4 im lm
mc O. Khi ni cao ging, th v ko di mia ln, khng nn dng mia c sn ngoi gn
vo vch ging.
Bng 5.5.7 Quy nh v o dc trong qu trnh h ging c th xem trong bng
5.5.7
Thi gian
Ni dung o
Thi gian, gi
Thi k u Thi k sau
V tr ging
Cao chn ging
Cao lng sng ngoi ging
Cao t trong ging
- l ht bn
- l khng ht bn
Mc nc trong v ngoi ging
Cao mc nc sng
2 ln /1ngy
2gi/1 ln
2 ngy / ln

1 gi/ 1 ln
4 gi / 1 ln
quan st
2 ln /1ngy

1 ln /1ngy
2gi/1 ln
2 ngy / ln

1 gi/ 1 ln
4 gi / 1 ln
thng xuyn
2 ln /1ngy

5.5.3.5.2. Quy nh v nghing lch ca ging
Qu trnh h ging nu v tr v nghing ca ging vt qu tr s sau y th phi
iu chnh:
- Thi k u ging h vo trong t, vi chiu su H >15m, th nghing lch cho
php l 1.5 % H.
- Thi k sau ca qu trnh h ging vo trong t, vi chiu su H>15m, th
nghing lch cho php l 1%H
0
.
Nu v tr ca ging sai lch ( 1%H +) / 2 theo hng Bc Nam hay thng
h lu, th phi iu chnh.
H - Chiu su ging h vo trong t.
- lch ca ging chm ch ni khi h xung y sng.
5.5.4. ni cao cc t ging
Th t ni cao cc t ging chm nh sau:
- Lp dng vn khun trong ca l ging.
- Dng buc ct thp ca cc tng ngn vch trong v vch ngoi.
- Lp vn khun ngoi, vn khun ngoi v vn khun trong c ging bng cc
thanh ging bulng.
- b tng.

5.5.5. b tng bt y ging chm
5.5.5.1. Kim tra vt dn y ging
Khi ging h n cao thit k, tin hnh cng tc kim tra, vt dn y ging,
bng cch dng vi xi v my ht bn xi ra v ht ht bn ni v t ri trong phm
vi y ging. Trong qu trnh ht bn, phi bm nc b vo trnh hin tng ct tri,
lm ging b nghing lch.
Kch thc dn mng ch yu nh theo lc ct m b tng bt y truyn xung
mng, c th xt n tnh hnh n nh ca ging chm ta trn t ( di mt vt chn
ging sau khi dn mng xong).
Tiu chun dn mng quy nh nh sau:
- Bn v t ri trong phm vi ging phi vt dn sch s, b dy lp bn lng ng
trn mt khng ln hn 0.1m ( v nu lp bn lng ng dy qu s nh hng khng
tt ti cht lng ca lp b tng bt y).
- Mt ct y ging sau khi vt dn phi tho mn cc kch thc sau:
+ Hnh chiu nm ngang ca phn chn ging th ln b khng nh hn 0.5m;
phn mt vt th ln a khng nh hn 0.8m.
+ Khong cch thng ngt nh mt vt ca chn ging n y mng d
1

khng nh hn 1.5m.
+ Khong cch t y tng ngn n y mng di tng ngn d
2
khng
nh hn 1.5m.
+ Cao y mng trong l ging c th thp hn cao y mng bn di
tng ngn mt cht, nhng ln nht khng c thp qu 0.5m.
Trng hp chn ging chm phi h xung tng c bn, th sau khi dn b lp
phong ho i, phi gii quyt vn ta n nh trn t y mng, khng cho n h
xung qu nhiu. Do khi nh tiu chun dn mng v kim ton cng ca b tng
bt y, phi lm sao cho cho phn t v mt vt ca chn ging ngm vo sc trng
lng ca ging chm.
Thit b dn mng ch yu gm c my ht bn, ng xi nc thng ng, ng xi
nc nm ngang. Khi ht bn, bt c lc no y l cng khng c vt qu cao chn
ging, trnh ct tri nhiu. Sau khi dng nc cao p xi l, t di mt vt ca chn
ging v bn di tng ngn, dng my ht bn ht ra. Nc cao p do my bm ly tm
cung cp. p lc nc ln nht c th t ti 25kG/cm
2
. Khi xi nc bng ng xi ngang,
phi nh hng xoay chuyn trn sn, c xoay 10
0
mt ln, sao cho tt c cc hng ca
ging chm u b xi.
ng cp nc l ng thp c lin hay ng thp hn, ng knh 75mm v ng cao su
c ng knh trong 75mm c gia cng bng cun dy thp m km (c ng knh
2mm).
5.5.5.2. Bt y
5.5.5.2.1. Chiu dy lp b tng bt y
Tc dng ca b tng bt y ging chm l truyn ton b ti trng ca kt cu bn
trn xung y mng. V vy, chiu dy ca lp b tng bt y ny phi m bo chng

c p lc y ln ca t v nc bn di ging chm. Khi tnh chiu dy lp ny theo
iu kin c hc, phi kim tan ng lc ct trn mt ct xem c nh hn ng lc ct
cho php hay khng. ng sut ko cho php ca b tng di nc xch nh bi cc yu
t bt li, nh lp mt ca b tng tng i km v.v.. Ni chung c th ly []
k
=1 2
kG/cm
2
.
5.5.5.2.2. b tng di nc bng phng php dng ng dn
thng ng
Dng ng dn b tng di nc th bn knh c hiu ca mt ng dn bng 3
4.5m, tu thuc vo chy ca b tng ; tr s ghi trong bng 5.5.8 c th tham kho b
tr ng dn. V tr trn mt bng ca ng dn nn t dng trng tm ca din b tng m
ng dn c.
Bng 5.5.8 Phm vi c ca mt ng dn
Bn knh
c hiu tc
dng, m
Chiu di / chiu rng
= 1/1
Chiu di / chiu rng
=1/2
Chiu di / chiu rng
=1/3
Di v
rng,m
Din
tch,m
2

Di v
rng,m
Din
tch,m
2

Di v
rng,m
Din
tch,m
2

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.2 x 4.2
5.0 x 5.0
5.6 x 5.6
6.3 x 6.3
13.6
25.0
31.4
39.8
5.4 x 2.7
6.2 x 3.1
7.1 x 3.5
8 x 4
13.6
19.2
24.8
32
5.7 x1.9
6.5 x 2.2
7.5 x 2.5
8.4 x 2.8

10.8
14.3
18.7
23.5
Khi b tng di nc nn bt u t y ging thp nht. Trong sut qu trnh
b tng, phi gi cho p lc ca ct b tng ti y ng dn ln hn p lc nc bn
ngoi ng mt tr s P khng nh hn tr s P ghi trong bng 5.5.9, ng thi duy tr chiu
cao nh khi mt nc (h
1
) ca ng dn tu thuc vo P.
Bng 5.5.9
Bn knh tc dng ca ng
dn, m
Chnh p (P),
kG/cm
2

Chiu cao h
1
=4P
0.6h
2
, m
chn su (d)
m
0.3
3.5
4
1.0
1.5
2.5
4 0.6h
2
6 0.6h
2
10 0.6h
2

0.9 1.2
1.2 1.5
1.5 1.8

h
2
- Khong cch t mt nc n mt b tng xung quanh ng dn.
d - chn su ca ng dn trong b tng.
dc lu ng ca b tng khng qu 1/5. Dng nhiu ng dn cng mt lc th
mc chnh cao gia mt b tng ti v tr cc ng dn khng c qu (1/15 1/20) khong
cch gia cc ng, thi gian ngng b tng vo mt ng khng lu qu 15 20 pht.
Lng b tng cung cp trong mt n v thi gian khng c t hn:
Q = n. q , m
3
/gi (5.5.22)
Trong : n - S ng dn b tng cng mt lc.
q - Lng b tng cn cp cho mt ng, xem bng 5.5.10

Bng 5.5.10 Lng b tng cn cp cho mt ng dn
Bn knh tc dng ca
ng dn, m
Din tch phm vi b tng
ca ng dn, m
2

Lng b tng cn cung cp q, m
3
/ gi,
khng nh hn
t
*
= 3 gi T
*
= 4gi
3.0

3.5

4.0
20
10
25
15
30
20
8
4
13
8
18
12
6
3
10
6
14
9
Ch thch:
t
*
- Thi gian m bo duy tr chy ca b tng, tt nht tm bng thc nghim.
T l thnh phn ca hn hp b tng c di nc c quyt nh xut pht t
iu kin v tnh d , cng cn thit i vi cng trnh. Vt liu trn phi m bo
khng b phn tng b tng khi . Thi gian s sinh ca n ln hn hay bng 3 gi. Lng
xi mng dng cho b tng tng 20% so vi cp phi b tng cng ch tiu ngoi tri,
thng khng c t hn 350 kg ximng / 1m
3
b tng. Ct liu c th dng dm hay
cui, c ng knh ln nht khng qu 1/4 ng knh ng dn. Hm lng ct trong b
tng khng qu 45 50%. T l Nc Xi mng da vo th nghim v cng thit k
xc nh, t l ny thng ly thp hn so vi t l trong b tng thng mt cht.
Khi chn thnh phn b tng di nc, th cng ca n ly cao hn cng
thit k 10%.
st ca hn hp b tng ly bng 16 20cm, tu thuc vo iu kin thi tit v c
li vn chuyn ca b tng.
ng dn ca hn hp b tng thng dng loi c ng knh 200 300 mm. Cc t
ng trn cng dng loi ngn 1 2m, cc t di cng di hn: 4 6m. Mi ni gia cc
ng dng mt bch ghp cht bng bulng, gia c m tm Aming hay giong cao su
chng r nc. ng lp xong phi tin hnh th kn, chu ko. p lc th ly bng
1.25 p lc tnh ton.
Qu cu bt u di ca ng dn c cu to nh hnh 5.5.14.
Qu cu g ch to xong phi kim tra, nghim thu. Sai s cho php: + 0mm
-2mm
Sau khi kim tra xong, phi th cho i qua ng dn v qu cu no th vi ng dn
no s t vo ng dn . Ngoi ra, lc b tng phi c mt qu cu d phng.
B cha b tng phi thit k cho dung tch cha khi lng b tng d tr trc
lc ct cu v phi lm cc ca ng m c phn phi b tng cho cc ng dn. Phu
hng b tng ni vi cc ng dn phi c dung tch tng i ln (khng nh hn 1m
3
), ch
lin kt vi ng dn phi m bo c cng mt ng knh, tim phu v tim ng phi trn
cng mt ng thng. Vch trong phi nhn trn, khng lm tc kt qu cu g.

Palng xch nng h ng dn phi chn cn c vo trng lng bn thn ng dn,
trng lng b tng tc y trong ng dn tr i lc y ca nc.
tin hnh b tng di nc, phi lm sn cng tc, bao gm sn b tng,
sn nng h ng dn ( phi c khong trng thao tc thun tin ), sn tho ng dn (
ng thi l sn o c kim tra). Trn sn b tng b tr b cha b tng phn phi
vo cc ng dn. S ngi lm vic trn sn ny kh ng nn sn phi thit k vng chc
v c lan can bao quanh ( m bo an ton ). Gia sn b tng v sn nng h ng
dn, phi c khong trng 4m chiu cao nng phu hng b tng ln v thao cc t
ng di t 1 2m.
Trc khi ct cu b tng bt y, phi tin hnh cng tc kim tra:
- Dng Palng xch nng h 2 3 ln xem c gp tr ngi g khng, ng thi kim tra
xem palng xch c h hng g th sa cha.
- Kim tra xem trong ng c rc ri g khng nu c dng vt bng dy thp an
vt ra. Sau y ming ng li.
- Chy th my rung p ngoi phu xem tn s rung c bnh thng khng, ng thi
kim tra cc bulng lin kt.
- Dng qu thng c ng knh nh hn ng knh trong ca ng dn 10mm, th
vo trong lng ng dn t trn xung di mt ln.
- o c cao y mng ngay di ming ng dn v nhng im ln cn, ri
da vo kt qu quyt nh v tr u ng dn ( u di), trc lc ct qu
cu, phi kim tra cc s liu ny mt ln na.
- Ngoi ra, phi kim tra b cha, mng phu, ng vi voi.v.v v c bit l ca m
b tng vo cc phu, xem vic ng m c d dng khng. Sau khi ct qu cu, ca
m b tng phi lp tc c m, nu khng b tng chy xung s b gin on,
khng m bo c chn su ca ng trong b tng, t nc s chui vo b
tng, lm nh hng n cht lng b tng.
Khi cc cng tc chun b v kim tra hon thnh, tin hnh ct qu cu. Ct qu
cu v m ca s b tng trn b cha phi kt hp ng thi. Sau khi ct qu cu, nu qu
cu g thng qua thun li th nhanh chng b tng lin tc vo ng, sau khi qu cu
chui ra khi ng, h ng dn xung 10 15 cm tng thm chiu sau ngp ng trong b
tng.
Trong qu trnh b tng, ch c php nng h ng dn theo phng thng ng,
khng c c nh ng dn trong b tng qu 1 gi 30 pht.
Nu dc lu ng ca b tng ln hn 1:5, th phi tng thm chiu cao cm ng
dn vo trong b tng, nhng khng c cm qu su, lm cho lu ng ca b tng
gim i.
Chiu cao ca ct b tng trong ng dn (h) v chiu su nc trong ging (H) c
quan h vi nhau
H
h
=0.65 l thch hp nht. Khi nh hn tr s ny phi tng thm chiu
su cm ng trong b tng mt cch thch ng.

Trong qu trnh b tng, phi kim tra o c co mt b tng ti cc im. V
mt b tng c mt lp va ni, nn phi lm qu o c t trng ln hn t trng ca nc,
nhng nh hn t trng ca b tng. Do , t trng ca qu o ly bng tr s trung bnh
cng ca t trng nc v b tng, dy o nn dng loi dy thp ( trnh dn ), cn c
vo s liu o c cao b tng, c th xc nh c chiu dy lp b tng ,
chn su ca ng dn trong b tng.
Khi b tng n cao thit k, th rt ng dn ln khi mt b tng 1m, ri
dng qu thng th vo trong, ko ln ko xung b tng bm thnh ng ri ra ngoi,
ng thi dng nc ra sch phu v ng.
5.5.5.2.3. b tng bng phng php va dng
Vic b tng bng phng php va dng c thc hin bng cch bm va xi
mng vo trong cc khi ct liu th trc. Va c thng qua cc ng t
trong vng vy ging nng h t do ( b tng khng c p hoc qua nhng ng t
trong khi ct liu ln s dng hon ton p lc o ca trng lng ct va ).
b tng bng phng php va dng, ngi ta s dng nhng ng c ng knh
37 100mm. Trn u ng t mt phu cng cp va lin tc. Khi b tng bng
phng php ny, ng dn c t cch y mng mt cht. Trong qu trnh va, ng
phi thng xuyn chn su vo trong lp va ti thiu khng nh hn 0.8m.
5.5.6. c im thi cng ging chm ch ni
nhng ch nc su qu 10 15m, thng p dng phng php ch ni a
ging chm n v tr h l kinh t nht.
Cu to ging chm ch ni c th dng vch ging rng, t y gi, t np tm thi
trn l ging hoc t phao xung quanh ging chm.
Cch ch ni: c th dng ng trt h thu hoc ch to trong u thuyn, ri li
dng nc thu chiu hay nc dng lm ni ln, cng c th t ging trn phao, slan,
ri dng ca n li dt ra v tr, dng cc gi treo trn slan n hng cu ln, ri h xung
y sng. Khi chn ging ln su vo lp t y sng vi mt, lc y mi b tng
cao qu mt nc.
Khi thi cng ging chm ch ni c np tm thi, cn phi ch to t ging u tin
bng kim loi trn b, ri y np trn cc l ging ch ni ra v tr h. Khi ni cao
cc t ging, bm hi p vo cc l ging cho ging chm ni ln mt on, tho np
y mt l ging ni cao ln v y np li, bm hi p vo ni cao cc l khc. Khi
ging chm h su vo tng ph y sng mt on th c th tho h np v h bnh
thng.

Chng 6-1: Thi cng b tng M Tr cu

1
Chng 6-1
Thi cng b tng tr cu
Qu trnh thi cng b tng thn M, Tr cu bao gm ba giai on sau :
- Sn xut hn hp b tng
- Vn chuyn , phn phi v san m b tng
- Bo dng v tho d vn khun
B tng tr cu l b tng khi ln thi cng trong iu kin sng nc nn cn la
chn bin php thi cng cho ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca cng trng.
Trc khi b tng phi kim tra:
- chnh xc ca vic lp t vn khun, gio chng , ng vn chuyn b tng,
cng c v phng tin b tng,
- vng chc ca cc lin kt khi chu ti trng ng do v m hn hp b tng
gy ra.
Vn khun, cc chi tit t sn, ct thp phi c c ra rc, bn t co r trc khi
b tng. B mt ca vn khun g trc khi b tng phi ti m v bt kn cc khe
h. B mt ca vn khun thp phi qut cht chng dnh v phi m bo cht lng b
tng v thm m ca kt cu.
Ngoi ra cn phi kim tra vic chun b tt c cc my mc thit b phc v vic
b tng.
Cht lng ca b tng tr cu phi m bo cng thit k, tnh ng cht, ng
c v lin khi.
1. Sn xut hn hp b tng
Giai on sn xut hn hp b tng gm cc cng vic sau:
- Chn thnh phn b tng
- Tnh ton khi lng cn thit v t chc sn xut b tng
a. Chn thnh phn b tng
- m bo cht lng b tng, phi tu theo c im ca kt cu v iu kin thi
cng chn thnh phn b tng.
- Thnh phn ca b tng phi m bo tho mn cho yu cu thit k v thi cng, phi
c thi gian ng cng thch hp m bo tin thi cng v chi ph s dng xi
mng tit kim nht v khng nn dng xi mng qu mc cn thit.
T l nc / xi mng dng cho b tng phi cn c vo yu cu v cng ,chng nt
chng thm,v.v.. . quyt nh. do ca hn hp b tng c la chn tu thuc vo

2
tnh cht ca cng trnh, mt ct thp, phng php vn chuyn, iu kin kh hu,v.v..
Lun lun phi lm th nghim, tuy nhin c th tham kho theo bng ( 6.1.1)
Bng 6.1.1
Loi v tnh cht kt cu st hnh nn (mm) cng ( S)
m my Th cng
- Kt cu khi ln, khng hoc t ct
thp
Kt cu khi ln c nhiu ct thp,
dm, ct c cnh 0.4 -:- 0.8 m
- Kt cu b tng bng vn khun
trt theo phng ng
0 -:- 20
20 -:- 40

60 -:-80
20 -:-40
40 -:-60
35 -:- 25
25 -:- 15
b. Tnh ton khi lng v t chc sn xut b tng
Khi lng hn hp b tng cn thit m bo b tng lin tc c xc nh
ph thuc vo iu kin v m b tng . Thng thng hn hp b tng c thnh
tng lp dy t 15 -:- 40 cm. Chiu dy lp phi m bo sao cho b tng c lin
khi, tc l lp sau phi c trc khi lp trc bt u ninh kt v chiu lp phi
dy tc dng rung ca m khng nh hng ti phn b tng bt u ninh kt
pha di. Thi gian bt u ninh kt ca b tng ph thuc vo loi xi mng v nhit
thi cng, phi xc nh bng th nghim.
Nu khng c iu kin th nghim , c th dng cc s liu trong bng ( 6.1.2)
Bng 6.1.2
Nhit thi cng (
0
C ) Thi gian ninh kt ( s)
Xi mng pooclng Xi mng puzlan
20 -:- 30
10 -:- 20
5 -:- 10
90
135
195
120
180
-
Chiu dy ti a ca mi lp c th tham kho theo s liu trong bng ( 6.1.3 ), ph
thuc vo phng php m.
Phng php m B dy mi lp ( cm)
m bng tay
m bng my rung trong ( m di)

m bng my rung cnh
m bng my rung mt
- C ct thp tha hoc khng c
- C nhiu ct thp
15 -:- 25
25 -:- 40
( 1.25 chiu di ca m di )
30

25
12
Nh vy khi lnghn hp b tng ti thiu c xc nh nh sau :
) / (
.
3
min
h m
t t
F h
Q
vc n
=

3
Trong tnh ton t chc trn b tng ngi ta thng ly h s an ton l 1.25, khi
khi lng hn hp b tng

vc n
t t
hF
Q
=
25 . 1

Trong : Qmin Khi lng hn hp b tng ti thiu trong mt gi.
Q Khi lng hn hp b tng tnh ton
h - Chiu cao mi lp b tng , tham kho theo s liu bng 6.1.3
F - Din tch b mt ngang khi ;
tn - Thi gian bt u ninh kt ca hn hp b tng;
tvc - Thi gian vn chuyn b tng tnh t lc trn xong n lc n ni
c ly theo thc t nhng khng vt qu tr s ly bng 6.1.4
Trn cc cng trng xy dng cu, hn hp b tng c th c sn xut bng cc
my trn do ng cng sut t 2-:-8 m3/h hoc cc trm trn cng sut 20 m3/h, hoc
c vn chuyn t nh my b tng n trn cc xe ch va chuyn dng tu thuc vo
iu kin thc t.
Nu dng cc my trn di ng th s lng my trn cn thit trn cng trng c
xc nh theo iu kin

w
Q
n
tt
=
Trong : w - Cng sut ca my trn ( m3/h) .
S lng my trn c ly bng s nguyn N nh nht tho mn iu kin N n.
Khi khi lng hn hp b tng thc t s l :
wN Q
tt
=
Chiu cao lp hn hp b tng trong mt gi thc t bng :

F
Q
h
tt
=
0

Cng tc t chc sn xut b tng phi cn c vo s lng thit b chn trn v
phi p ng c iu kin , sao cho khi lng hn hp b tng khng nh hn Qmin.
Quy trnh cng ngh trn b tng bng my trn di ng hoc cc my trn cng bc c
nh phi m bo ng theo cc quy nh k thut. Cc phng tin dng cn, ong ct
liu phi m bo chnh xc.
Thi gian ti thiu trn u mt ci b tng phi c quy nh bng thc nghim (
tnh t lc ct liu vo cho n khi bt u va ra ). Nu khng c s liu thc
nghim th c th ly theo s liu bng 6.1.4
Bng 6.1.4

4
Dung tch ca my
trn ( lt )
Thi gian nh nht trn b tng (s)
st ( cm) My trn cng
bc
2
2 -:- 4 >6
Nh hn 500
Ln hn 500
100
150
75
120
60
90
60
90
Khi b tng tr cu c tit din ln, nhit ca hn hp b tng khi ra khi my
trn khng c cao hn 30
0
C. Nu cao hn 300C phi p dng cc bin php h nhit
bng cch s dng ct liu to, thay cho ct liu nh hn, gim nhit ct liu vo, che chn
nng...
Khi hn hp b tng ra khi my trn cn b tr cc b phn nh hng hn hp b
tng mi ri thng ng xung phng tin vn chuyn, trnh khi b phn tng.
2. Vn chuyn, phn phi v san m b tng
Cng tc vn chuyn , phn phi v san m b tng cn phi t chc ph hp vi tc
trn b tng, trnh hn hp b tng b ng.
Qu trnh vn chuyn hn hp b tng n v tr phn phi b tng vo vn khun c
chia lm hai giai on :
- Giai on I : a hn hp b tng n v tr tr ;
- Giai on II : a hn hp b tng n v tr phn phi .
gio
My bm nc
ng bm BT
Cc nh v 2I300
Cc vn thp larssen IV
B tng bt y dy 100 cm
a) b)
Hnh 6.1.1. a hn hp b tng ln cao
a- Bng cu mi tn; b- Bng h thng cu trn phao
giai on I, hn hp b tng c a n v tr tr bng nhiu cch khc nhau, tu
thuc vo iu kin thi cng thc t cng trng. i vi tr trn b c th t chc trn
b tng ngay v tr tr, gim bt c khu vn chuyn. i vi tr ngoi sng c th
tp kt vt liu trn phao ni hoc sn cng tc t trn cc tr tm trn b tng. Nu
phng n trn ti ch khng thc hin c th s chuyn hn hp b tng t b ra tr
bng cc phng tin nh xe gong, t i trn cu tm, hay trn cu phao hoc bng bng
chuyn, my bm va hoc bng cc phng tin phao ni. Ngoi ra c th dng ng

5
cp treo ( h dy thin tuyn) chuyn b tng t b ra tr ngoi . Khi dng h cp treo
th kt hp c vic a va ra tr v n v tr phn phi lun. ( hnh 6.1.2).
3
1
2
Hnh 6.1.2. Vn chuyn hn hp b tng bng cp treo ( H dy thin tuyn )
1- Thng cha b tng ; 2- Dy cp treo ; 3 - Cu phc v thi cng.
Giai on II phi dng cc thit b cu, nng h a hn hp b tng ln cao n v tr
phn phi vo vn khun.
Ngoi phng php dng my bm hn hp b tng , chuyn trc tip hn hp b
tng ra v tr bng ng ng, cc phng phng php khc u cha hn hp b tng
vo cc thng cha v dng cc phng tin nng h a thng cha hn hp b tng
n v tr phn phi.
Trng hp dng cu mi tn bnh lp hoc bnh xch) a va ln cao, ngi ta c
th cu ng di t( nu c th ) hoc ng trn cc h phao ni lm vic ( hnh
v 6.1.1a). Ngoi cu mi tn ngi ta c th dng cu thp t trn cc ng tm hoc
cu tm a va ln cao . i vi cc tr c kch thc khng ln lm c th dng cu
rich t trn tr tm thi cng ( hnh 6.1.1b)
Trong mi trng hp , qu trnh vn chuyn hn hp b tng phi m bo khng b
phn tng mt nc va xi mng hay thay i t l nc xi mng , tc l ng vn chuyn
phi m thun, cc thng cha phi kn kht v c b phn che chn ma nng.
Ton b thi gian vn chuyn hn hp b tng ( tnh t thi im trng xong cho n
v tr phn phi b tng vo vn khun ) phi c khng ch m bo b tng c lin
khi . Thi gian ny c th nghim i vi tng loi xi mng v theo iu kin thc t
quy nh nu khng c iu kin th nghim , c th tham kho cc gi tr bng 6.1.5.
Cc tr s ghi trong bng 6.1.5 . ch thch hp cc loi hn hp b tng c thi gian ninh
kt ban u nh hn 1 gi. Cc gi tr cha k n nh hng ca cht ph gia dng
trong hn hp b tng.
Bng 6.1.5
Nhit hn hp b tng ( 0C) Thi gian vn chuyn cho php
20 -:- 30
0
C
10 -:- 20
0
C
5 -:- 10
0
C
45'
60'
90'

6
Cng tc phn phi hn hp b tng vo vn khun cn phi m bo iu kin l b
tng c phn phi ng u, khng b phn tng v gy cn tr cho cng tc san m.
Nu phn phi b tng trc tip t thng cha th chiu cao x b tng ri t do thng
l 1,5m v khng cho php x t chiu cao qu 3m. Trng hp chiu cao x b tng cao
hn 3m c th x qua ng dn (ng vi voi). ( Hnh 6.1.3). ng vi voi gm cc on ng
hnh cn ni li vi nhau, phn ming phu c dung tch ti thiu bng 2 -3 ln dung tch
thng cha b tng. Khi b tng qua ng vi voi th ng dn khng nn nghing qa
150 v nu chiu cao ln th cch 4m, trong ng nn c tm chn hn hp b tng
khng b phn tng. Trng hp c chiu cao ln hn 10m c th dng loi ng vi voi c
gn m rung phn phi b tng.
Hn hp b tng c phn phi vo vn khun lin tc theo mt phng php thng
nht v c san ra tng lp c chiu dy ph thuc vo cch m b tng (tham kho
bng 6.1.3). Nu din tch b tng qu ln ( > 100 m
2
) vic cung cp hn hp b tng
s c kh khn , khng lin tc, nh hng n cht lng b tng . Khi ngi ta chia
kt cu ra thnh tng khi c din tch 50 m
2
v chiu cao 1,5 -:- 2,5 m .Cc mt phng
ca khi chia thng gc vi trc ca tr v so le nhau ( hnh 6.1.4). Mt tip gip gia cc
khi cn phi to dnh bm m bo s lin kt gia cc khi c tt. Khi cui
cng trn mt mt bng ( khi chn) ch c tin hnh khi cc khi trc co ngt v
nhit gim tng ng vi quy nh trong thit k b tng.
m hn hp b tng cc kt cu tr thng c dng m di (n chic hoc
chm), cc tng mng cn c th dng m ngoi. Trng hp dng m bn ch cho
php i vi lp b tng trn mt.

Hnh 6.1.3. Cu to ng vi voi
1 -:- 1,5 m
F > 50m2
2
,
5

m

Hnh 6.1.4. Chia cc khi b tng tr
Bc di chuyn ca m khng vt qu 1,5R v m phi cm su vo lp di t 5-
:10cm. ( cn lu trong qu trnh m l khng c m cm qu su , nh hng ti
phn b tng bt u ninh kt). Thi gian m ti mi v tr thng t 20 -:- 40s khi hn
hp b tng ht ln. Khi m gn vn khun cn t cho khong cch m vi vn
khun l 10 cm nhng khng t m vo vn khun hay ct thp. Cn ch san v m b
tng cho u. trnh dn ng v dng m san hn hp b tng.
Trong ton b qu trnh b tng tr cu, v l b tng khi ln nn cn phi ch
n cc vn sau:

7
- Nhit ca hn hp b tng v nhit trong khi b tng mi cn c theo di
thng xuyn v khng ch cht ch. Cc bin php khng ch cn tnh ton c th theo
quy trnh k thut thi cng ring v c th tham kho trong quy trnh thi cng.
- Cn c cc bin php phng nhng s c trong qu trnh nh ma to, hng hc thit
b , bin dng vn khun gio ... Trong trng hp phi tm ngng b tng th thi
gian tm ngng khng c vt qu tr s cho php bng 4.10.
Bng 6.1.6
Nhit trong khi khi Xi mng pooclng Xi mng Puzlan
20 -:- 30
0
C
10 -:- 20
0
C
5 -:- 10
0
C
90
135
195
120
180
-
Nu vt qu tr s cho php trn th phi i khi cng be tng trong lp di phi
t 25kg/cm2 mi c tip tc. Nu cn thit phi tip tc th b mt b tng phi c x
l nh vt ni b tng v cng tc x l phi m bo an ton cho lp b tng pha di.
3. Bo dng b tng, tho d vn khun
Ch bo dng b tng trong thi k ng cng phi bo m.
- Gi ch nhit m cn thit cho s tng dn cng b tng theo tc quy nh.
- Ngn nga cc bin dng ca b tng ( do nhit , co ngt), trnh hnh thnh khe nt.
- Trnh cho b tng khng b va chm, rung ng v b nh hng ca cc tc ng khc
lm gim cht lng ca b tng trong thi k ng cng.
Cng tc bo dng c tin hnh sau khi b tng xong t 10 -:- 12 gi ( trng
hp nng gi th sau t 2 -:- 3 gi ). Dng bao ti ct, mn ca ... che ph, gi m v
ti t cho b mt bn ngoi b tng. Nu kt cu tr c b mt ln, c th be b v
mt lp nc ln trn. Thi gian bo dng b tng phi do th nghim quy nh tu theo
khu vc v iu kin thi tit. Dng xi mng pooclng th thi gian bo dng v ma h l
14 ngy v 7 ngy v ma ng. Nu dng ph gia ng cng nhanh th thi gian bo
dng rt ngn mt na.
Vic tho d vn khun ch c tin hnh sau khi b tng t c cng yu
cu. i vi vn khun thnh ng ca tr cu, khi cng b tng t 25 kg/cm2.
B tng tr cu c kch thc ln, trc khi tho vn khun thnh ng cn xem xt
nhit bn trong v ngoi ca khi b tng, trnh tho vn khun khi c lung kh lnh.
Khi nhit b mt b tng h thp qu 11
0
-:- 14
0
C th sau khi tho vn khun phi c
lp vt liu gi nhit bo v b mt ca b tng.
Khi tin hnh tho vn khun cn trnh va chm chn ng mnh, lm hng mt ngoi
v st m cc cnh gc ca kt cu. Nu b mt ca b tng c cc l hng cn c bin
php x l ngay.
Vn khun y tt nht ch nn tho khi cng b tng t yu cu, nu cn
thit phi tho sm th phi c c s k thut.

8
Trong khi tho d vn khun cn m bo an ton lao ng v c bin php bo m
cho vn khun khng b h hng. Sau khi tho cn v sinh ngay phc v cho ln b
tng tip theo.
4. n hc vo b tng
Trong qu trnh b tng tr cu, nu l kt cu b tng khi ln hoc c t ct thp,
c php cho thm hc tit kin xi mng ng thi gim c nhit trong b
tng.
T l hc cho thm vo b tng vo khong 15 -:- 25% th tch ca khi b tng.
Nu khi b tng rt ln c th cho thm n 35 % hc.
Kch thc ca hc cho thm ph thuc vo iu kin vn chuyn , nng lc ca
m rung v b khng ch bi kch thc ca khi . Kch thc ln nht ca hc
khng vt qu 1/3 kch thc nh nht ca khi . Khi n vo khi b tng th khong
cch ti thiu ti vn khun hay cc mt gii hn ca khi khng nh hn 30 cm v
khong cch gia cc hn khng nh hn 20 cm hoc 2.5 ln ng knh ln nht ca
ct liu hn hp b tng. hc dng n phi c cng khng nh hn cng
ca ct liu ln trong b tng. Khng dng hc b nt n, phong ho , dn v c kch
thc dt n.
Trc khi cho thm vo b tng cn lm v sinh sch s v ti nc cho . Trnh t
cho thm hc vo b tng nh sau:
- v m hn hp b tng lp di;
- t hc;
- v m hn hp b tng gia cc vin hc;
- v m hn hp b tng lp trn.
Cn lu khi b tng c n hc cn s dng loi va c tnh d , v nu thi
cng b tng trong ma h cn c bin php h nhit cho hc.
Khng c n thm hc vo khu vc chu ko ca kt cu. Trong mi trng hp
khi n thm hc vo b tng cn phi cn c vo iu kin c th quyt nh cc
phng n k thut thi cng, bo m c cht lng cng trnh v tit kim c vt
liu.

1
6.2. Thi cng m tr cu bng phng php lp
ghp v bn lp ghp
Phng php lp ghp m tr cu t cc cu kin b tng c sn thng c s dng
trong cc cng trnh cu dn, cu vt, m tr do hoc cc m tr cu c khi lng b
tng rt ln. u im chnh ca phng php ny l rt ngn c thi gian thi cng
cng trng gim bt c vt t, thit b v cc cng trnh phc v thi cng.
Cc cu kin b tng c ch to trong cc nh my hoc xng ri chuyn n v tr
lp ghp, iu ny rt c li cho cc cng trnh trong a bn thnh ph va c mt bng
cng trng hn ch v i hi thi gian thi cng nhanh.
Trc khi tin hnh thi cng lp ghp kt cu nhp cn phi thit k thi cng lp ghp.
Trong thit k thi cng lp ghp cn lu ti vic s dng dy chuyn lp ghp cho c kt
cu m tr cng nh kt cu nhp da trn iu kin thc t ca cng trng.
Thit k thi cng lp ghp bao gm cc cng vic sau:
- Chn phng tin cu lp;
- Chn trnh t lp dng kt cu;
- D kin cc bin php bo m chnh xc lp ghp, cng ca kt cu v
bn vng ca cng trnh.
Chn phng tin cu lp cn phi da trn kch thc trng lng ca kt cu, hnh
dng, kch thc cng trnh v c im ca khu vc lp ghp.
Cc khi lp ghp c chia thnh cc khi c kch thc hp l, ph hp vi iu
kin vn chuyn v thun li cho cng tc ni ghp. Trc khi lp ghp vo ng v tr ca
kt cu, c th tin hnh hn, ghp nhiu khi li cho thnh mt cu kin trn b ri mi
lp ghp vo v tr. Vic ghp cc khi thnh khi ln nh trn s gim c thi gian lp
ghp kt cu nhng cn phi xem xt trc cc khi ghp c kch thc v trng lng
ph hp vi nng lc cu hin ang s dng trn cng trng.
Cc m tr dng ct hoc tng mng c lp ghp bng cu mi tn t hnh hay cu
cng ( cu chn d ). Cc khi mng c t trn m dm m cht. Dng cu dng
ct ln v t vo mng. Ct c k trn mt ming thp m t y mng v c
nh v bng cc nm g bn bn ( xem hnh 6.2.1)

2
4
3
2
1

Hnh 6.2.1. S lp ghp ct tr.
1 - Ct tr; 2 - Nm g; 3 - m thp ; 4 - B tng khi mng.
Trc khi b tng chn ct vo mng cn phi kim tra li v tr cao ca ct,
iu chnh cho ng thit k. B tng chn ct c hai ln, ln mt n cao y
nm g, sau khi b tng c nh c ct th tho nm v b tng cho n nh
mng. lp x m vo v tr, ngi ta lm mt sn cng tc d thao tc v iu chnh
x m vo ng v tr thit k.
Dng cu mi tn t hnh, hay cu cng lp ghp m tr c kch thc nh ( khi
lng khi lp ghp khng vt qu 5 tn ) l ph hp. Ngoi ra c th dng mt loi cu
no ( cu thp...) m ph hp vi ti trng, kch thc ca cu kin v thun li cho vic
b tr mt bng cng trng.
Lp ghp cc khi b tng c sn loi ln ca cc tr ngoi sng thng dng cc
cu ni. Cu kin c sn c ch ra ngoi v tr ca tr trn cc phng tin ch ni (
hnh 6.2.2 ). m bo cho cc khi b tng c sn c lp ghp ng v tr v cc mi
ni gia chng c kn kht, khi lp ngi ta k cc khi c sn trn cc ming m bng
thp, v mp cc khi ngi ta to vt ( hnh 6.2.3 ). Nh vy nh cc ming m bng
thp m c th iu chnh v tr khi lp, gip cho khi lp khng b knh v ngi ta c
th lp ghp n 3 -:- 4 tng ri mi thi cng mi ni gia cc khi.
Phn to vt mp cc khi s c va xi mng hoc va b tng chn kn, nh vy
lm tng n nh ca cc khi ln rt nhiu.
Sau khi lp xong ton b cc khi ngi ta b tng chn gia cc khi. Ngoi ra i
vi cc khi lp ghp hnh hp c th dng mi ni bng thp bn hn ni cc khi vi
nhau. Khi trong cc khi lp ghp cn t sn cc bn thp ch.
Ngy nay, ngoi phng php lp ghp cc khi b tng c sn nh trn, ngi ta cn
dng phng php bn lp ghp hay cn gi l phng php b tng lp ghp ton khi.

3
3
4
1
2

Hnh 6.2.2. Sn cng tc lp ghp x m tr
1 - Ct tr ; 2 - Bu lng; 3 - m g; 4- Vn sn cng tc
Cc khi lp ghp s l cc tm b tng ct thp c sn, ni ghp vi nhau to thnh
hnh bao chu vi ca mt ct ngang thn tr. Gia cc khi vi nhau c ni bng lin kt
hn. Cc khi lp ghp theo ng bao chu vi ny to thnh mt h vn khun. ( hnh
6.2.4)
Phn li gia cc khi s c b tng ti ch nh i vi tr b tng ton khi.
Phng php dng b tng bn lp ghp s tit kim c chi ph vt liu v nhn
cng cho cng tc vn khun.
Cc loi kt cu m tr cu khung c lp ghp t cc khi hnh hp. Sau neo ct
thp d ng lc vo b mng v cng bng kch hai tc dng.
M tr cu vt cc khe c chiu cao ln, a hnh kh khn c th dng cu cp treo
lp ghp.
Vi cc tr ct ng ( tr khng b bng cc ng) lp ghp tng t nh trng hp tr
ct.
Trong cc trng hp khi chn gii php xy dng bng phng php lp ghp, cn
phi cn c vo iu kin c th ( a bn xy dng c im kt cu, nng lc thi cng ca
n v, iu kin cung ng vt liu...) so snh vi phng n thi cng b tng ton khi
c hiu qu v kinh t. Trc khi thi cng cn phi thit k lp ghp chi tit m bo
cht lng cng trnh.

4
1
4
5
3
2

Hnh 6.2.3. Lp tr thn ct bng cu cng
1- Xe ra ; 2 - Cu cng ; 3 - Ct tr ; 4 - X m tr ; 5 - Sn cng tc

3
0
3
0
4
2
1
a)
b)
4

Hnh 6.2.4. Cu to khi lp ghp thn tr
a - Cu to khi hp ; b - B tr cc khi trn mt ct ngang
1 - Khi hp; 2 - m thp ; 3 - To vt mp khi ; 4 - B tng chn gia khi.

5
1) 2)

Hnh 6.2.5. Lp ghp tr cu bng cu ni
1 - Cu ni ; 2 - Khi lp ghp
3
2 1

Hnh 6.2.6.. Cu tr b tng lp ghp ton khi
1 - Khi lp ghp ; 2 - B tng ti ch; 3 - Mi ni

1
Chng 7
Thi cng m tr bng xy
7.1. xy dng m tr bng
7.1.1. vt liu dng cho cng tc xy
Vt liu dng xy hc gm c hc v va xy
dng trong xy dng m tr cu l cc loi cng, khng b phong ho, khng b
nt n c chia thnh cc loi: hc, o v kiu.
hc: Gm hc th, hc phng y v hc vt cnh. Nhng hn ny c
kch thc v hnh dng khng u n nng t 20 -:- 40 kg. Khi xy tu tng v tr ca
khi xy m chn cho ph hp.
o: o l hc c o phng cc mt c hnh dng u n, vung vn
chiu di hn t nht l 30 cm dy t nht 15cm v chiu rng ca mt ph ra ngoi t
nht l 25 cm. Hay dng xy cc tng mng.
kiu: Hn kiu c kch thc hnh dng , kh nng chu lc v cht lng ng
yu cu thit k, mt ph bn ngoi phi tht u cnh v phng nhn.
h
a
d
c
a > 1,5 h
c > h
d > 0,5 h
a
d
c
a > h
d > 0,75 h
c > 2h
a) b)

Hnh 7.1.1. Quy cch xy
a - hc th; b - vt cnh
Va dng trong xy dng m tr cu l va xi mng ct vng c cc loi mc t 50 -:-
150. Trc khi dng va cn phi th nghim thnh phn ht ca ct p ng cc yu
cu cht lng theo thit k ng thi phi p mu va quyt nh cp phi ca va.
7.1.2. Cng tc xy :
Trc khi tin hnh xy phi xc nh ng v tr , kch thc ca khi xy. Dng
gabari xy cho chnh xc v thun li cho cng tc kim tra thng xuyn.
H mng phi c dn sch s, phng. Khi xy t hn gc trc sau th t hng
chun. Nhng ch gc cn chn nhng hn ln, phng y xy. Khi xy phi theo tng
lp, t theo th t t ngoi vo trong. to c t xung, chn chc chn, trnh cho

2
khng b cp knh, chn va vo cc khe cho tht kn. Nu cc khe gia cc hn qu ln
cn chn thm cc hn c kch thc nh hn gim chiu dy mch va.
Trong quy trnh hin hnh quy nh: Mch va xy khng dy qu 20 mm, mch cc vin
phi so le, khng c tp trung thnh nt, khng c cc mch cho ko di, mch ng
song song. Khi mit mch ngoi cn mit su vo 10 -:- 20 mm sau ny dng va mc cao
hn bt li.
a)
b)
2
1
2
3

Hnh 7.1.2. gio xy dng tr
a - gio ghp t di t; b - gio cng son;
1- Ct chng; 2 - Vn lt sn cng tc; 3- Cng son thp
Trong qu trnh xy lun bo m cho thn m tr cao u nhau, trnh trng hp
chnh lch cao gia cc phn tng cao qu 1,2 m.
Xy m tr trong iu kin kh hu kh nng khi tm ngng xy phi ti nc cho
khi xy lun lun m. Trc khi xy tip, trn b mt hng hc phi v sinh v ti
nc.
Xy m tr cn phi c gio, sn cng tc cng nhn thao tc xy v tp kt vt
liu. gio , tu tng iu kin c th c th l gio st , g hoc tre, lung... Nhng
phi m bo chc chn v an ton( c kim ton trc khi s dng). gio phi c
dng cch khi xy ti thiu l 5 cm v khng xa qu, gy kh khn khi xy.
Qu trnh xy phi gi gn cho khi xy khng b va chm chn ng lm nh hng
n dnh kt gia cc vin .
Khi xy xong phi ti m vi thi gian ti thiu l 7 ngy m.
Kch thc ca khi xy phi thng xuyn c kim tra , cc sai s trong khi xy
khng c vt qu cc tr s sau:
- i vi mng: 50 mm.
- i vi thn: 20 mm.
- B mt li lm: 5 mm
1
Chng 8
Ch to cu kin BTCT v BTCT DL

8.1. Ch to Cc b tng ct thp
8.1.1. Cc b tng ct thp
Cc c b tng ct thp nn ch to ti nh my hoc xng chuyn dng. Trng
hp xa xi khng thun tin chuyn ch c th ch to cc b tng ct thp ngay ti cng
trng di dng cc c vung hay ch nht, c chiu di tng phn on ph hp vi
chiu cao cu v nng lc ca thit b cu trc v cc iu kin thi cng khc. c trng
cc ghi bng 8.1.1
Bng 8.1.1 Cc b tng ct thp mt ct c
Loi cc Mt ct, cm Chiu di cc, m
5 8 12 13 15 16 20
Trng lng, T
Cc BTCT thng 3030 1.20 1.84 2.74 - - - -
3535 - 2.50 3.71 4.03 4.95 - -
4040 - - - 5.28 6.45 - -
Cc BTCT d ng lc 3030 1.20 1.84 2.74 2.96 3.41 - -
3535 - 2.50 3.71 4.03 4.64 4.95 6.11
4040 - - - - - 6.45 8.04

Cc b tng ct thp thng v d ng lc mt ct c lm bng b tng c mc t
nht l 300
Khi c cc ti cng trng nn b tr bi c cc gn ni ng cc v c iu kin
vn chuyn cc thun tin. Trn bi c, lm san b tng cc c th lt vn g k trn
cc thanh gi t trc tip trn t, cch nhau 0.71m, sn vn phi kht, vng v m bo
cho cnh di ca cc c thng. Khi s lng cc phi c nhiu, cn lt sn c bng
b tng dy 1020cm, bn di l lp m dm - ct dy 57cm m cht.
Din tch mt sn c cc tnh theo cng thc:
F=k.N.t.l.(b+b
1
) (8.1.1)
Trong :
N - Nng sut bi c cc (s lng cc lm c trong 1 ngy )
t Thi gian cn c cc v bo dng n khi t cng thit k, ngy.
2
l - Chiu di cc, m
b - Chiu rng cc, m
b
1
- Khong cch gia 2 cc c gn nhau, m
k - H s xt n ng i li v cc khong trng khc, thng ly k =1.05
tit kim din tch bi c c th c cc thnh nhiu tng chngln nhau. Khi
ch c php b tng cc ca tng trn khi b tng cc tng di t 25% cng
thit k. Cng thc tnh din tch sn c cc trong trng hp ny l:
) b b .( l .
n
t t ) 1 n [( N
k F
1
1
+
+
= (8.1.2)
Trong :
k = 1.1
n - S tng cc c c chng ln nhau.
t
1
- Thi gian cn thit b tng t 25% cng thit k.
Khi c cc theo phng php xen k nhiu tng th mi tng lc u ch c mt
na s cc (cch nhau 1 cc), khi b tng t 25% cng thit k mi d vn khun
canh ca cc cc c trc v c tip mt na s cc cn li vo cc khong trng gia
cc cc c trc. Nh vy cng thc 8.1.2 phi c thay bng:
) b b .( l .
n
t t ) 1 n 2 [( N
k F
1
1
+
+
= (8.1.3)

Cc rng B tng ct thp c mt ct hnh tr rng thng ch to trong nh my
bng phng php quay ly tm. Mi t cc c c di 812m. Mi ni cc theo kiu
mt bch, c thc hin ti nh my, hoc ti v tr ng cc, ngay trong qu trnh ng
dn tng t. Trong bng 8.1.2 cho c trng loi cc ny.

3
Bng 8.1.2: Cc BTCT hnh tr rng
ng
knh ngoi,
m
Chiu dy
thnh cc,
cm
Chiu di t cc, m
8 9 10 11 12
Trng lng t cc, T
0.4 8 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6
0.55 8 2.4 - 3.0 - -
0.60 10 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1

Bng 8.1.3: V tr t vng treo u cc
Loi cc
A B C D
- Cc BTCT
thng
- Cc BTCT d
ng lc
0.2L

0.294L
0.6L

0.412L
0.3L

0.294L
0.7L

0.706L
Mc b tng ca loi cc b tng ct thp hnh tr rng khng c thp hn 400
i vi bt k loi cc b tng ct thp no, vn khun g thnh cc ch c d khi
b tng cc t 25kG/cm
2
. Vn khun thnh cc bng thp c th tho d ngay sau khi
c xong b tng cc nu hn hp b tng c t l Nc/Xi mng l nh hn 0.4 v c
m k bng m rung.
B mt ca vn khun, ca sn c cc v ca cc cc c trc , phi qut cht
nhn trnh bm dnh vi b tng c cc.
Ct thp ca cc phi m bo c cc yu cu sau:
- Pha gn u cc v gn mi cc phi t ct thp ai gn st nhau hn cc ch
khc.
- Vng treo cu cc c t cng lc vi khung ct thp, v tr vng treo xem bng
8.1.3.
Cng tc b tng c cc c thc hin lin tc theo hng t mi cc n u
cc.
Khi b tng c cc t cng t nht bng 70% cng thit k mi c vn
chuyn cc trong phm vi ngn(ni b cng trng), Khi b tng cc t 100% cng
thit k mi c vn chuyn cc i xa v ng cc.
Trc khi dng cc b tng ct thp phi kim tra. cng trng c th p dng cc
phng php kim tra sau:
- Vy nc pht hin cc ung nt mt ngoi.
4
- Dng thc kp c ln kim tra ng knh trong v ng knh ngoi, cnh ca
cc.
- Dng ke kim tra bng phng v vung gc ca mt phng nh cc so vi
ng trc dc thn cc.
- Kim tra tim mi cc c nm trn ng trc dc thn cc khng.
- Dng dy thp nh v knh phng i kim tra b rng v su ca vt nt.
B mt cc v cc mp cc phi phng, vt r v st m cc b khng c su qu
10mm.
8.1.2 Ch to cc t cc ng
Cc t cc ng chiu l bi s ca mt mt. Cc ng c bng loi b tng th cng
mc khng nh hn 400. Cc t cc ng c c trong khun thp, hay g trn b quay
ly tm v dm rung.Vn khun g ch dng khi ch to n l khi dng mt s t cc.Mt
trong vn khun g c lt tn mng hoc lm cu to mng ghp gia cc tm vn dy 4
- 5cm, rng 10 12cm trnh r chy va xi mng. Phng php c quay li tm thng
dng c cc t cc ng knh < 2m vi chiu di t 6 n 12m.
Khun rung bng thp gm vn khun trong v vn khun ngoi c phu rt b
tng.Thp bn lm vn khun dy 4 n 6mm, mi phn on vn khun di 2 n 4m.
Cc phn on vn khun c lin kt vi nhau bng mt bch bu lng. Cc phn on
vn khun c cc gn vng cng tng cng cch nhau t 0.7 n 1m. tho vn khun
d dng phi t cc giong m cao su khe ni dc ca cc phn on vn khun.
Kch thc tiu chun ho ca cc t cc ng ghi trong bng 8.4
Cc t cc ng b tng ct thp

Bng 8.4: Kch thc tiu chun ho ca cc t cc ng

ng
knh ngoi
m

Chiu dy
thnh ng
cm

Chiu di t cc ng m

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Trng lng t

1.0 12 - - 7.2 8.1 9.0 9.9 10.8
1.6 12 9.2 10.8 11.2 13.7 15.2 - -
2.0 12 11.5 13.4 15.3 17.1 19.0 - -
3.0 12 18.7 21.9 24.9 - - - -
4.0 14 28.2 32.7 37.4 - - - --

5
Trong qu trnh c, b tng cc ng c m rung bng cc my m rung c cng sut
0.75 1kW gn cht vo sn cng ca vn khun ngoi, cch nhau chng 2m theo chiu
dc t cc ng v cch nhau 2 n 2.5m theo chu vi.
Cc bc ch to t cc ng bng b tng ct thp thng nh sau:
- Ch to khung ct thp v cc bn thp lin kt
- t khung ct thp v cc bn thp lin kt vo khun
- b tng vo khun v dm
- Bo dng cc t cc ng b tng, x l nhit, m b tng
- Tho khun, chuyn cc t cc ng c xong vo bi cha
- Kin tra cht lng, ng nhn hiu v lp l lch t cc ng
Khi ch to t cc ng bng b tng ct thp d ng lc th thm cng on ko cng v
neo ct thp d ng lc.
Khung ct thp ca cc cc ng c ng knh <=3m c ch to trn cc my cun
nm ngang.i vi cc cc ng c ng knh >3m th ch to khung v tr thng ng.
Cc chi tit thp khc ca cc ng c ch to trong phn xng kt cu thp.
Hn hp b tng c cc ng c st 2 n 6cm, c vo vn thng qua phu cp
liu. Cc my dm rung c khi ng dn theo mc rt hn hp b tng vo khun,
bt u t dm rung gn di thp, dn dn vi cc my t pha trn. Trn on ng
m hn hp b tng c dm cht, th tt my m rung dn lp b tng.
Thi gian mi t m rung ng vi mi t rt hn hp b tng c xc nh qua th
nghim c th, n ph thuc vo cng sut my m rung, st hn hp b tng v chiu
dy thnh cc ng.
Sau khi b tng t cc ng c bo dng trong khun nhit hn 10 cho n
khi t cng t nht bng 50kg/cm mi tho khun. Nn x l nhit, m i vi b tng
cc ng theo cc phng php thng thng. Chng hn, c th p ng x l nhit, m
nh sau:
- Giai on bo dng ban u ko di t 1 n 8 gi tu theo nhit khng kh nh
bng sau:

Nhit khng kh, 10-15 15-25 25-40
Thi gian bo dng, gi 8-6 8-3 3-1

- Giai on hp nhit gm cc vic:
+ Tng nhit ca b tng n 70 80 vi tc tng nhit khng ln hn 15C/gi
+ Hp nng bng hi nc bo ho (70 80C) trong khong 10 n 16 gi
- Giai on lm ngui dn n nhit khng kh xung quanh vi tc h nhit khng ln
hn 10 n 15 C/gi
Vic quyt nh ch x l nhit m phi da trn c s th nhgim c th, iu chnh theo
di cht ch trong sut qu trnh thi cng, c xt n tnh cht ca xi mng thc dng v cc iu
kin thi cng c th khc.
Khi a hi nc nng vo trong lng rng t cc ng phi m bo hn ch mc chnh
lch nhit hp nng b tng mt ngoi v mt trong cc ng khng ln hn 15C trnh
6
nt. Khun c cng vi t cc ng phi c x l nhit m trong bung gi, hay trong lp
ph gi nhit.Tri s tnh theo cng thc sau
- Khi hp trong bung kn gi nhit:
- Khi hp nhit ngoi tri
Khi x l nhit, m t cc ng c th nm ngang, cn to dc 1:100 thot nc ng. Nu
cc ng th dng ng, th khong rng th vn khun trong c phn cch bi cc vch
ngn thnh 3-4 khoang, c th hp hi nc nng n tng khoang qua cc ng dn bng
thp.

Bng 8.1.5: Sai s cho php khi ch to cc ng
Kch thc cc ng Sai s cho php
Chiu di t cc ng
ng knh ngoi ca cc ng:
- c ng knh <2m
- c ng knh >2m
cong ca on cc ng
Chiu di thnh cc ng:
- Cc ng c ng knh bng 1 n 2 m
- Cc ng c ng knh<1m
Khong cch gia hai ct thp dc
Bc ca ct ai xon c
Chiu dy lp bo v

+30mm v -30mm

5mm
+5mm v -5mm
1/500 chiu di on

7mm v -3mm
5mm v -0mm
+10 mm v -10mm
0
0

Sau khi x l nhit m xong, h nhit n lc nhit b tng cn cao hn nhit
khng kh khong 15
o
C th tho vn khun ri tip tc ti nc, t cc ng hoc ngm n
trong nc cho n lc t cng thit k.
Nghim thu t cc ng c ch to xong phi cn c vo bn v thi cng, cc vn bn v
nghim thu vt liu, v ct thp, v bin bn th nghim mu b tng, nht k c cc ng. Sai
s cho php v cu to cc ng ly theo bng 8.1.5.
Cc ng khng c php c cc vt nt, nhng cho php c cc vt r cc b trong b tng
su n 5 mm,vi tng din tch r khng ln hn 1% din tch b mt pha trong hay pha
ngoi ca cc ng. Phi loi b nhng t cc ng no c cc vt r xuyn sut v tr mi
ni dc ca cc na khun.
Bng 8.1.6: Sai s cho php v kch thc mt bch ni cc ng
Tn sai lch

Sai s cho php
ng knh ngoi cc mt bch:
- i vi cc ng c ng knh <600mm

2mm
7
- i vi cc ng c ng knh t 600 n 1000 mm
Chiu rng ca mt bch i vi cc loi cc ng c ng
knh <2000 mm
Bn knh ng trc ca l bu lng
x dch l bu lng
ng knh l bu lng
ln sng ca mt bch
Lch mt bch

5mm
2mm

1mm
1mm
1mm
1.5mm
0.0025
Khi xp d v vn chuyn cc t cc ng trong phm vi nh my hoc bi c c
th dng cc n gnh sao cho khng lm un ct dc v vi iu kin b tng t t nht
50% cng thit k.
Cc t cc ch to xong c bo qun ngay ti bi cha, trong iu kin t nhin.
Cc t cc ng knh t 1 n 1.6 m t nm ngang xp chng hai tng, cc t cc
ng knh >= 2m t nm ngang mt tng. Khi xp cc chng ln nhau phi ch ch
c ghi mc b tng ra pha ngoi ( d kim tra), gia cc chng ni i li. Cc t
cc ng c ng knh >=3m bo qutn th t ng. cc t cc ng dt ln cc tm
k khng b ln, cn phi ct vt k thnh nhng rnh c ng knh bng ng knh cc
ng hoc lm nm gi u tm k
Khi cn ni cc t cc ng li vi nhau (trc lc h cc vo t) thng dng cc gi
con ln
Bng 8.1.7: S b b t t cc ng khi xp kho v vn chuyn
Cch k t cc ng S ng knh cho php
G k m Dng s ny khi xp kho v v
chuyn t cc ng c ng knh
=0.4
t trn b mt phng Cho php k t t cc ng
t trn tm k c bit
bng g hay t vt
Cho php xp kho cc ng t 2.4 n
3 m v cho php vn chyn cc ng t
0.6 n 3 m
t trn b mt bng
phng
v tr dng thng
ng
Cho php khi xp kho v vn chuyn
t cc ng t 4 n 5m

1
8.2. Ch to dm BTCT v BTCT d ng lc
8.2.1. khI nim
Trong phn ny trnh by nhng ni dung ca cng tc thi cng v nghim thu dm cu
b tng ct thp thng v b tng ct thp d ng lc (BTDL), khng cp n nhng
vn c th cho tng loi cng ngh ring bit nh cc vn chi tit ca kt cu BTDL
cng trc, kt cu BTDL cng sau, cc vn v cng ngh thi cng nghim thu c
hng, lp hng hay c y v.v...
8.2.2. chun b Vt liu
8.2.2.1. Xi mng
Xi mng dng trong b tng c dm BTDL phi l xi mng Portland PC40 tr ln
v phi p ng y cc quy nh theo cc tiu chun hin hnh. Vic s dng cc loi xi
mng c bit khc nh xi mng chng Sunpht, xi mng t to nhit, xi mng Puzolan, xi
mng x v.v... hoc xi mng c mc bng mc b tng ch c php khi c ch dn trong
thit k cng trnh hoc qua th nghim c ch cng trnh cho php bng vn bn.
Mi t nhn xi mng v kho ca cng trnh hoc nh my ch to cu kin phi c
phiu xc nhn cht lng ca nh my xi mng, trong phiu phi ghi r loi xi mng, mc
xi mng, l sn xut, ngy thng nm sn xut v kt qu th nghim phm cht ca l xi
mng .
Xi mng sau khi nhn v kho ca cng trng hoc nh my ch to cu kin nn ly
mu a th nghim kim tra li cht lng xi mng. Trong cc trng hp sau y nht
thit phi th nghim kim tra:
- Khng c phiu kt qu th nghim ca nh my sn xut xi mng hoc c s nghi ng
v cht lng thc t ca xi mng khng ng vi chng nhn ca nh my.
- L xi mng t lc sn xut n lc dng qu 3 thng.
- Vic vn chuyn, bo qun xi mng c s c: gp ma, kho b dt hoc m t... c
nh hng cht lng ca xi mng.
- Cc phiu kt qu th nghim xi mng phi lu gi a vo h s hon cng.
- Vic kim tra cht lng ca xi mng phi tin hnh ti cc phng th nghim hp
chun, c s ng ca ch u t v phi tin hnh theo ng cc tiu chun hin hnh
ca Nh nc quy nh.
Cht lng xi mng phi t cc ch tiu sau:
- Thi gian ng cng ca xi mng
+ Bt u ninh kt khng sm hn 1 gi
+ Thi gian kt thc ninh kt khng sm hn 6 gi.
- Cng ca xi mng: phi ln hn cng quy nh ca mc xi mng.
- Tnh n nh th tch ca mc xi mng: n nh.
2
i vi xi mng dng thi cng b tng bng vn khun trt, th nghim thi gian
ng cng phi k n nhit thc t ca khng kh trong qu trnh thi cng.
Cc hng mc ch tiu khc thc hin theo ch dn ca thit k hoc yu cu ca ch
cng trnh.
Vic vn chuyn v bo qun xi mng ti kho phi tun th cc quy nh hin hnh.
Vn chuyn bng phng tin ng b: sn xe phi sch s, kh ro, c mui hoc bt
che ma.
Vn chuyn bng phng tin ng thu: phi k cao, xa mn, c mui hoc bt che v
thng xuyn bm tt cn nc trong tu thuyn.
Kho cha xi mng phi cao ro, thong kh, khng nc ma dt, ht vo, phi c
sn k cch mt nn 30-50cm. Cc l khc nhau phi xp ring. Trong kho phi xp thnh
hng 2 bao mt, u bao chu vo nhau, hng cch nhau 50cm, khng xp cao qu 2m k t
sn kho.
V nguyn tc phi m bo xi mng nhp vo kho trc phi c dng trc, nhp
sau dng sau v phi m bo trong 1 dm ch dng xi mng cng l sn xut.
Xi mng cho kt cu BTDL trong mi trng n mn nh vng bin, vng ven bin
(cch bin 10km) hoc cc nh my ho cht phi tun th cc quy nh sau:
a) Trong mi trng kh - dng loi xi mng Portland thng cho kt cu khng c lp
bo v c bit nu nng cc cht n mn c trong khng kh khng vt qu cc tr s
quy nh bng 1.
Nu khng tho mn cc yu cu trn phi c lp bo v chng n mn cho kt cu mt
cch c hiu qu.
b) Trong mi trng nc. i vi b phn kt cu BTDL thng xuyn hoc theo
chu k ngm trong nc c mui NaCl (nc bin hoc nc l) phi p dng cc quy nh
ca TCVN v chng n mn trong xy dng.
Bng 1
Loi cht kh n mn Nng (mg/l)
SiF
4
0,01
SO
3
0,02
HF 0,01
H
2
S 0,01
NO
2
, NO
3
0,05
8.2.2.2. Ct
Ct dng trong dm cu BTDL phi l ht ct th (ct vng), ht cng sch, phi m
bo cc yu cu k thut theo cc tiu chun quy trnh quy phm ni iu 1.1.3. Ngoi
cc yu cu chung ra cn phi m bo cc quy nh sau:
- V Thnh phn cp phi ht:
+ Hm lng ht di 0,15mm khng c qu 3%
+ Hm lng ht t 0,15 n 0,3mm khng c vt qu 15%
+ Hm lng ht t 5 n 10mm khng c qu 5%.
3
- V mdun: Phi l loi ct kh c moduyn ln khong 2,0 n 2,8 hoc c th ln
hn.
- V Hm lng tp cht c hi
+ Hm lng bn t khng c vt qu 2% trng lng (th nghim bng phng
php ra)
+ Hm lng mica khng c qu 1% trng lng
+ Hm lng cc tp cht Sulfua v Sunphat (tnh theo SO
3
) khng c qu 1% trng
lng.
+ Hm lng cht hu c (xc nh bng phng php so mu) khng c qu mu
tiu chun.
8.2.2.3. Ct liu th
Ct liu th dng cho dm cu BTDL phi l dm nghin t thin nhin ra.
Khng dng si cui thin nhin khi khng c l do c bit hoc c php.
Ct liu th phi m bo cc yu cu k thut theo cc iu quy nh ca tiu
chun Vit Nam v quy trnh, quy phm hin hnh.Ngoi ra cn phi m bo cc tiu
chun sau:
- ng knh ht ln nht khng c vt qu 1/4 kch thc nh nht ca mt ct cu
kin v cng khng c vt qu 3/4 khong cch nh nht gia cc ct thp.
- C th dng dm c 5-20mm hoc 10-25mm. Tt nht nn dng loi c 10-25mm.
- V Cp phi ht
+ Nu dng dm c 5-20mm th cp phi cho php nh sau (xem Bng 2)
Bng 2
ng knh l sng (mm) 2,5 5,0 10 20 25
T l lt qua % trng lng 0-5 10-12 20-50 90-100 100
+ Nu dng dm c 10-25mm th cp phi cho php nh sau (xem Bng 3)
Bng 3
ng knh l sng (mm) 10 20 25 30
T l lt qua % trng lng 0-5 60-75 95-100 100
- V Hm lng dt khng c vt qu 10% trng lng
- V Hm lng cc tp cht c hi
+ Hm lng cc tp cht Sulfua v Sulphat khng c vt qu 1% trng lng.
+ Hm lng bi , bt ... (th nghim bng phng php ra) khng c vt qu
1,5% trng lng.
+ Khng ln t cc, hoc tp cht khc.
+ Hm lng ht mm yu, ht t phong ho khng vt qu 5% trng lng.
Trc y c Quy trnh quy nh rng cng chu nn v ca trng thi bo ho
t nht phi t gp 2 ln cng thit k ca b tng (mu kch c 5x5x5cm hoc mu
tr trn 5x5cm). ngy nay do nhng tin b v cng ngh, quy nh ny khng cn ng
4
na.V d chng ta ch to c mc b tng 700 Kg/cm2, nu i hi phI dng lai
c cng gp i ,tc l 1400 KG/cm2 th rt kh tm c ngun cung cp .
8.2.2.4. Nc trn b tng v bo dng b tng
Ni chung Nc trn b tng v ti bo dng b tng phi l nc sch, khng
ln cc tp cht, du m, mui, acid, khng phi l nc thi cng nghip v dn dng,
khng phi l nc thi cc ao t ln ru c.
Khng c dng nc bin, nc l trn v ti bo dng b tng.
i vi nc sng c nhiu ph sa cn phi th nghim kim tra kh nng dng
trn b tng. Cn c bin php lng lc gim bt lng ph sa ln trong nc.
Nc trn b tng khng c c thnh phn ho hc vt qu cc tr s sau:
- Tng lng cc cht mui 100mg/l
- Hm lng ion SO
4
3.500mg/l
- Hm lng ion Clo 100mg/l
- pH ca nc khng c nh hn 4.
8.2.2.5. Cc cht ph gia dng trong b tng
Cc cht ph gia dng trong b tng ch to dm cu BTDL tr nn ph bin
v ng tin cy Vit nam Tuy nhin trc khi dng phi c c s th nghim chng minh
c hiu qu kinh t k thut v khng gy tn hi n kt cu, phi c c quan c thm
quyn chp nhn bng vn bn.
Khng c dng ph gia ng cng nhanh l CaCl
2
hoc cc loi tng t c tc
hi n mn ct thp.
Cc loi ph gia dng trong b tng phi l cc sn phm do cc c s sn xut c
c quan Nh nc cng nhn ng k cht lng v cho php s dng. Liu lng dng v
phng php pha trn ph gia phi theo cc hng dn s dng, m bo chnh xc v
tnh ng u trong hn hp b tng.
8.2.2.6. Ct thp d ng lc
Ct thp DL phi theo ng quy nh ca n thit k, cc ch tiu v gii hn
cng , un ngui, gii hn chy, gin di, hin trng mt ngoi... cn phi c th
nghim kim tra theo yu cu ca cc quy nh hin hnh. Bt k s thay i no khng
ng vi quy nh ca n thit k u phi c c quan thit k v ch cng trnh chp
nhn bng vn bn mi c thc hin.
Cc loi thp cng cao lm ct thp DL khi nhp v kho ca cng trng - nh
my sn xut cu kin u phi c chng ch ghi r ni sn xut, chng loi v cc tnh
nng k thut cn thit.
Trng hp thp nhp v khng cc chng ch ni trn, phi phn loi, ly mu
gi n cc c quan th nghim hp chun, c n v ch quan cng trnh chp nhn
lm th cc th nghim ho l cn thit theo tng l thp cng cao xc nh cht
lng thp.
Kt qu th nghim phi thng bo cho n v thit k, ch u t i chiu vi
thit k, nu c chp nhn bng vn bn mi c a vo s dng trong cng trnh.
5
Cc loi thp cng cao dng lm ct thp DL d c chng ch cht lng ca
nh my sn xut cng vn phi ly mu gi n c quan th nghim hp chun lm cc
th nghim theo quy nh ca TCVN 4453-87 ni iu 1.1.3.
Cc c trng c hc ca cc loi thp ang s dng nc ta theo cc tiu chun
ca nc ngoi c trnh by Ph lc 1.
Si thp cng cao, trn hoc c g dng lm ct thp DL hoc dng thnh b
thp DL phi bo m cc yu cu sau:
- Loi thp: thp Cacbon c cng cao.
- Sai s cho php v ng knh: + 0,05mm
- 0,04mm
- van ca si thp khng c vt qu sai s cho php ca ng knh.
- Cng chu ko khi t f
t
170kg/mm
2

- Gii hn n hi chy ng vi dn di 0,2%: f
02
0,8f
t
.
- do un vi r = 10mm, s ln un n khi gy phi 4 ln.
- dn di khi ko t (mu di 100mm) 4%
- Mt ngoi si thp phi sch, khng sy st, dp, nt gy, khng c vy g.
Vn chuyn bo qun thp cng cao lm ct thp DL
Thp si cng cao lm ct thp DL phi c bao gi cn thn trnh b g v sy
st, khng c dnh du m, mui, acid, phn ho hc v cc cht n mn khc. Kho
cha thp phi kh ro, phi k cch t 20cm, cun thp khng c xp ng m phi xp
nm ngang, cao khng qu 1,5m. Khi xp d khng c qung nm t cao xung. Cc
loi thp, kch thc, tng l hng nhn v khc nhau phi xp ring bit nhau, c nh du
ring d nhn bit.
Vic s dng cc h thng thp DL khc nh thp thanh b si cp xon, thp dt...
phi tun theo ch dn ca thit k v cc tiu chun, quy trnh hin hnh.
8.2.2.7. Ct thp thng v cc chi tit bng thp chn sn.
Ct thp thng v cc chi tit bng thp chn sn trong b tng phi theo ng
n thit k v cc quy nh ca cc tiu chun quy trnh quy phm hin hnh nu trong iu
1.1.3.
8.2.2.8. ng to l t ct thp DL
ng to l t ct thp DL nn u tin dng ng thp v nhn hnh sng li
trong b tng, ng knh ng ph thuc theo h thng ct thp DL m phng n thit k
la chn. Hin nay Vit nam ch to c cc loi c ng to l c cht lng cao. Cc
yu cu cht lng c th tm tt nh sau:
- Sai s mo v ng knh bn trong ca ng khng c qu 2mm.
- ng khng c thng l hoc rn nt, lm lt nc va xi mng.
Kiu ng to l t ct thp DL bng ng thp c rt khi b tng ch dng
to cc on l thng. Khi dng kt cu ch to theo tng phn on (tng t ct khc
dm I hoc dm hp) th ch tip ni gii cc phn on phi c ch chuyn tip m bo l
to ra thng sut v khng sai lch v tr.
Kiu ng thp ny phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
6
- Sai s v ng knh hoc mo 2mm
- ng khng c ch thng, nt lm lt va xi mng
- Chu c ma st mi mn, chu c lc ko khi rt ng ra khi b tng
- Khng b bin dng lm bp mo khi v m b tng.
Cc loi ng bng cht do dng bo v cp DL ngoi theo cc quy nh ring do thit
k quy nh.
Din tch mt ct trng trong lng ng hoc l t nht phi bng 2 ln din tch ct thp
DL cha trong . i vi ng hoc l cha si thp n, thanh thp n, hoc cp xon 7
si th ng knh trong ca ng hoc l phi ln hn 6mm so vi ng knh danh nh
ca si thp, thanh thp hoc cp 7 si t trong n.
8.2.2.9. Cht bi trn trong lng ng t ct thp DL
c php dng cht bi trn trong lng ng t CT DL trong kt cu cng sau khi
b tng nhm gim, mt mt S do ma st gia CT DL v thnh ng, cng nh bi
trn cc ng to l t CTDL. gim lc ma st khi ko rt ng cao su hoc ng thp.
Cht bi trn c dng phi:
- m bo hiu qu kinh t k thut.
- C th ty sch bng nc hoc dung mi thch hp sau khi rt ng to l hoc trc
khi bm p va vo lng ng cha CT DL.
- Khng c tc dng n mn ct thp, khng lm gim lc bm dnh va bm vi
thnh ng.
Chng loi, thnh phn, liu lng v phng php s dng cht bi trn phi theo ng
quy nh ca cng ngh ch to v cc hng dn k thut ca ni sn xut. Khi cn thit
phi qua cc th nghim xc nh. Kt qu th nghim phi c bn t vn gim st v
ch cng trnh chp thun trc khi s dng cho cng trnh.
8.2.2.10. Neo CT DL v cc ph kin ca neo
Neo CT DL v cc ph kin ca neo l b phn truyn DL c ko cng trong
ct thp DL ln khi b tng to ra ng sut nn trc trong b tng c ngha quyt
nh ca kt cu BTDL.
Neo v cc ph kin ca neo phi m bo theo ng cc quy nh trong n thit
k.
Neo v cc ph kin ca neo trc khi a vo s dng trong thi cng hoc i vo
sn xut hng lot phi qua th nghim, nu t c cc yu cu k thut, c cc bn t
vn gim st v ch cng trnh chp thun mi c php s dng vo cng trnh.
Nu khng c quy nh khc ca thit k th vic th nghim neo phi m bo cc ch
tiu sau:
- Lc ph hoi ca neo (lm v vng neo, v li neo hoc li neo tt khi vng neo)
phi bng v ln hn lc ph hoi b thp.
- Gii hn chy ca vng neo phi ln hn ng sut khng ch thit k ca b thp.
- H s li dng ca b thp si > 95% hay s si thp tt khi neo 5% (hoc theo ch
dn ring ca n thit k).
Vic gia cng v kim tra cc b phn ca neo phi t cc yu cu sau:
- Vng neo ch nn tin ngui (khng c rn), gia cng xong phi kim tra khuyt tt
bn trong bng siu m hoc thit b kim tra khc.
7
- Cht neo cng ch cn gia cng bng tin ngui, gia cng ct gt xong phi ti hoc
thm than tng cng mt ngoi ca li neo, sau phi ram li.
- cng ca li neo phi bng 1,3-2,5 ln cng ca si thp cng cao v khng
thp hn 52 HCR. Khi th cng li neo phi th trn 10% tng s li neo, mi neo th 3
im ti u nh ca neo cch mp ngoi 3-4mm, kt qu cng trong cng 1 mu khng
chnh lch nhau qu 5 HCR.
- vt ca li neo v vng neo, ng ren mt ngoi cht neo phi kim tra ng kch
thc n thit k qui nh. Khi li neo c t l bm va, phi kim tra l c thng
khng.
Neo v cc ph kin phi c ng gi v bo qun, vn chuyn ng quy nh, khng
c han g, sy st h hng nh hng n cht lng neo trong qu trnh t ch to n
khi s dng vo cng trnh. Vng neo, cht neo phi c kim tra bng siu m tng chic
mt trc khi xut xng m bo an ton tuyt i cho ngi v thit b.
Nu l sn phm ca nh my c kh sn xut neo v ph kin neo khi n v bao thu
thi cng nhn v phi c chng ch xc nhn phm cht ca nh my km theo. Nhng
chng ch ny vn phi th nghim kim tra li cc quy nh ca thit k
(chn cc bng kch thoc neo ca TQ, Php vo y, hoc cho vo Ph lc v qu
di=20 trang)
8.2.2.11. Keo epoxy
Keo epoxy thng c dng dn ni cc phn on c sn cho dm cu
BTDL hoc dng dng dung dch lng hoc va, b tng epoxy sa cha khc phc
cc khuyt tt ca dm.
Keo epoxy bao gm nha epoxy v cc cht ph gia ho rn, ho do.
T l pha trn gia keo, cc cht ph gia, dung mi hoc cc cht n khc phi theo
quy nh ca n thit k hoc cc quy nh c lin quan khc.
Trc khi s dng vo cng trnh, n v thi cng phi da vo cc quy nh ca
thit k, cc quy nh ca ni sn xut cung ng keo lm mu th nghim, kim tra cng
chu ko, chu nn, chu ct, lc dnh bm v cc ch tiu c l khc, th nghim v thi
gian ng cng ph hp vi mi trng kh hu (nhit , m khng kh v.v...) ti hin
trng thi cng s dng n keo. Kt qu th nghim t cc yu cu cn thit, m bo
c cho hot ng thao tc thi cng s dng keo v c c quan t vn gim st v ch
cng trnh chp thun bng vn bn mi c a vo s dng trong cng trnh.
Keo v cc ph gia km theo phi c chng ch xc nhn ca n v sn xut cung
ng. Vic ng gi, vn chuyn phi m bo khng lm nh hng n cht lng sn
phm. Thi hn s dng phi nm trong hn nh cho php k t khi sn xut n lc s
dng. Nu qu hn khng c s dng vo cng trnh hoc phi c cc x l c bit c
n v thit k v ch u t chp thun bng vn bn.
8.2.3. Gia cng ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc
8.2.3.1. Yu cu chung
Vt liu c cung cp n cng trng phi theo ng chng loi quy nh trong
n thit k. Tin cung cp phi ph hp vi tin thi cng chung v c ghi r
trong k hoch thi cng cng nh trong hp ng giao thu cung cp vt liu.
8
Cm s dng trong mt cng trnh cc loi ct thp trn trn c cng ng knh li
c mc khc nhau (c gii hn n hi khc nhau).
Trc khi gia cng h khung ct thp, tng ct thp phi c chi g v lm sch
mi cht bn, du m, sn.Cc ct thp khng c c cc vt nt, vt dp gy, cong veo.
8.2.3.2. Gia cng ct thp thng
Thanh ct thp c gia cng un dng trn mt bng ph hp vi hnh dng v
kch thc quy nh trong n. Ch c php gia cng un ngui, tr trng hp c bit
c quy nh trong n v c ch u t ph duyt mi c un nng.
ng knh un c o pha trong ca thanh ct thp theo ng quy nh trn
n thit k. Nu trn n khng quy nh th ng knh un ti thiu phi ly theo quy
nh ca quy trnh thit k cu hin hnh.
Ct thp c ct bng phng php c hc. Khi un ct thp phi un quanh mt li
vi tc chm sao cho m bo bn knh un cong u v theo ng bn v.
- i vi ct thp trn trn ng knh ca li dng un ct thp phi ly t nht
bng 5 ln ng knh ct thp , tr trng hp cc khung cc t ai (m ng knh ln
hn hay bng 16mm th ly ng knh li un t nht bng 3 ln ng knh ct thp
).
- i vi cc ct thp c g (c bm dnh cao vi b tng) ng knh ca li (tnh
bng mm) un ct thp phi khng nh hn cc tr s cho trong Bng 4.
Bng 4
ng knh danh nh ct thp
(mm)
4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16
20 25 32 40
Ct ai v khung 20 30 30 40 50 60 90 10
0
Khng p dng
Mc cu neo 40 50 70 70 10
0
10
0
15
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
32
0
40
0
Ch un Khng p dng 15
0
20
0
20
0
25
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
50
0
8.2.3.3. Lp t ct thp thng
Cc ct thp phi c gi ng v tr bng cc ming k m v cc nm gi sao cho
khi b tng chng khng b x dch hoc b bin dng qu mc cho php.
- Kiu ming m, bn v s lng phi m bo chu c tc ng ngu nhin
trong lc thi cng b tng nh tc ng do ngi cng nhn i li, rt hn hp b tng, m
b tng.
Cc ct thp c lin kt vi nhau bng mi buc hoc mi hn sao cho gi c ng
v tr. Dy thp buc l loi thp mm. Cc u mu vn ca dy thp buc phi c dn
sch trc khi b tng.
V tr k m, hnh dng v kiu ming k m phi c ghi r trong bn v thi cng
c ph duyt.
9
- Ming k m phi c n nh v khng lm gim bn c hc ca kt cu cng
nh tui th ca n (xt nguy c do g gy ra) v khng lm xu i cht lng b mt ca
kt cu.
- Cm t cc ming k m bng thp tip xc vi b mt vn khun.
- Cc ming k m bng b tng hoc va phi c cc tnh cht tng t nh ca b
tng kt cu (nht l tnh cht b mt).
- Cc ming m bng cht do ch c php dng khi c tiu chun cht lng v k
thut c c quan ban hnh tiu chun cp Nh nc hay cp Ngnh ph duyt.
Nu li ct thp c cung cp theo dng cun trn th phi d thnh dng tm phng ri
mi c dng.
- Cc ct thp thanh no m theo bn v c b li vi nhau th cc mi buc ghp
chng phi cch nhau khng qu 1,8m.
8.2.3.4. Ni ct thp thng
Ct thp c th ni bng mi ni buc chng, bng mi ni hn tay bng ng ni. S
lng mi ni ct thp phi c gim n mc t nht.
Mi ni hn ch c p dng cho cc ct thp no m trong l lch cung cp xc
nh l chu c hn v bn v ghi r. Cm hn bng n x.
Cc mi ni chng ct thp ch c dng nu c ghi trn bn v hoc c php
bng vn bn ca c quan thit k.
Cc thanh ct thp c ng knh khc nhau ch c ni vi nhau nu cp c thm
quyn cho php.
Tr khi c cc quy nh khc c nu trong bn v, v tr v phng php ni cc
thanh ct thp phi c ly theo tiu chun thit k cu hin hnh.
8.2.3.5. t ct thp ch
Ct thp ch hn ni phi theo ng chng loi kch thc v t ng v tr nh
quy nh trong n. Trong lc ch i thc hin mi ni ct thp ch, cn c bin php
bo v chng g tm thi cho cc ct thp ny.
8.2.3.6. Bo v tm thi cho ct thp d ng lc
Vic bo v tm thi cc ct thp DL v ph kin cho chng do nh thu cung cp
ct thp m nhn sao cho khng b g cho n khi thc hin cc bin php bo v vnh
cu.Cc mu neo v ph kin phi c giao hng trong bao gi sao cho m bo chng
c g v an ton.
8.2.3.7. t cc ng cha ct thp d ng lc
Vic vn chuyn v lp t cc ng cng nh cc ct thp phi m bo an ton
trnh mi h hng hoc nhim bn.
Cc ng c gi ng v tr bng cc chi tit nh v sao cho trc v trong khi
b tng khng xy ra bt c x dch hay bin dng no qu mc cho php. Cm hn chm
vo ng nh v.
10
mi ni hoc ch phn cch cc phn c b tng ln lt, cc ng ca phn
c b tng cn phi nh vo vn khun ca phn s b tng tip sau hoc nh
qu v tr mi ni mt on di sao cho m bo cch nc cho ng ca phn sp sa s
c b tng. Mi ni ca ng bao phi c lm kn nc ngn va xi mng xm
nhp vo trong ng lc b tng.
8.2.3.8. Lp t neo v b ni neo
Cc mu neo v cc b ni neo phi c lp t theo hnh dng v kch thc v tr
chnh xc nh quy nh trong n.Chng phi lin kt nh v chc vo vn khun sao cho
trc v trong khi b tng khng xy ra hin tng x dch v bin dng qu mc cho
php. B mt chu lc ca neo phi vung gc vi ng trc ct thp DL tng ng. Tm
ca mu neo phi trng vi ng trc .
Khi ct thp DL c ni bng b ni th phi c khong trng trong ng bao
trong phm vi x dch ca b ni khng cn tr s x dch ca n ni khi ko cng ct
thp DL.
Sau khi t cc b phn ca neo v ct thp DL, phi kim tra li nu thy sai st
phi sa ngay. Nu thy b phn no hng phi thay th ngay.
Khong cch trng t nht gia cc tm neo vi nhau v gia tm neo vi mp
gn nht ca kt cu phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
Khi c mt hng dc mu neo Khi c vi hng dc mu neo
a,a' a
o

b,b' b
o

Khi ch c mt hng dc mu neo th
a' x b 1,6 b
o
2

Khi c vi hng dc mu neo th
a x b' 1,6 b
o
2
a x a' 3 b
o
2

a' x b 1,6 b
o
2
a x a' 3 b
o
2

11
Ch thch:
a
o
: Khong trng nh nht gia 2 mu neo.
b
o
: Khong cch nh nht gia tm ca mt neo v mp b mt.
Bng 5
Lc mu neo khi ko cng (T) 50 50 150 150 300 300 400 > 400
Khong cch C t nht phi bng (mmj) 30 50 70* 80* 100*
* Tr s ny c th gim trong trng hp dng tm neo c kch thc ln nhng khng gim
xung di 50mm
8.2.3.9. Gia cng ct thp d ng lc
Ct thp DL phi c ch to theo hnh dng v kch thc chnh xc nh quy
nh trong n m khng lm gim cht lng ca vt liu.
Cm dng cc ct thp no b un qu mc, b nh hng ca nhit thay i
t ngt hoc ca nhit cao.
Khi ct cc on u ca ct thp sau khi ko cng v neo xong, nn dng phng
php ct c hc. Tuyt i nghim cm ct bng que hn. Ring on ren ca ct thp thanh
DL s dng lm mi ni th khng c ct bng tia la m phi ct bng c kh.
B mt ct thp DL phi c lm sch trc khi dng, trnh cc cht g, du
m, bn v cc cht c hi khc c th gy n mn hoc lm gim dnh bm ct thp vi
b tng cng nh lm gim ma st du ct thp vi cc chm chn nt neo.
8.2.4. B cng, vn khun, gio
8.2.4.1. Khi qut
A) Cc yu cu chung
Vn khun (bao gm c h gio n) v b cng ct thp DL ko trc phi c
thit k v thi cng sao cho m bo c cng v cng yu cu, m bo chnh
xc v hnh dng, kch thc v v tr ca kt cu BTCT.
Vn khun v b cng phi c kh nng s dng li c nhiu ln m khng b h
hng theo ng yu cu ca bn n thit k chung.
Vn khun phi c cu to hp l, d dng lp dng, tho d hoc iu chnh khi cn
thit.
Vic thit k v thi cng vn khun, b cng cng nh vic khai thc chng phi m
bo an ton tuyt i cho ngi v cc thit b lin quan.
B) Ti trng
Vn khun v b cng phi c thit k theo cc loi ti trng sau y:
- Ti trng thng ng bao gm: trng lng ca vn khun, giao, ca b tng v ct
thp, ca ngi v thit b c lin quan (i vi thit b cn xt lc xung kch).
- Ti trng nm ngang bao gm : cc ti trng do rung ng gy ra, do cc lc lc lp
dng vn khun, do p lc gi.
- p lc ngang ca hn hp b tng ti cha ho cng.
12
- Cc ti trng c bit m c th d on xy ra trong thi cng.
Ti trng thng ng c tnh vi t trng b tng ct thp l 2,5T/m
3
, hot ti c coi l
ri u vi tr s khng nh hn 250Kg/m
2
, v c ly tu tnh hnh c th.
Ti trng nm ngang tc dng ln vn khun thnh bn do b tng ti ly nh sau:
- Khi tc b tng khng qu 2m/gi
p = 0,8 + 80R/(T + 20) 10T/m
2
hoc 2,4.H T/m
2

- Khi tc b tng theo chiu cao ln hn 2m/gi
p = 0,8 + (120 + 25R)/(T + 20) 15T/m
2
hoc 2,4.H T/m
2

Trong : p - p lc ngang (T/m
2
)
R - Tc b tng theo chiu cao (m/gi)
T - Nhit ca b tng trong khun (
o
C)
H - Chiu cao ca b tng ti bn trn im ang xt (m)
Khi dng bin php rung ng bn ngoi vn khun dng b tng c st ln, dng
ph gia lm chm ho cng hoc cc ph gia khc, gi tr ca p phi tng ln thch ng.
C/ Vt liu
Vt liu dng lm vn khun, gio, b cng phi c chn sao cho m bo v
cng , cng, vng, khng gy nh hng xy n b tng ti do ht nc v
cng khng lm hng b mt ngoi ca kt cu BTCT.
Khi chn vt liu vn khun gio v b cng phi xt y cc vn nh loi kt
cu, s ln s s dng li, v tr s dng. Nn dng thp lm vn khun kt cu BTDL.
8.2.4.2. Thit k
A/ Thit k vn khun
Vn khun phi c thit k vi hnh dng v v tr chnh xc. Vn khun phi d lp
dng v tho d. Cc mi ni phi song song hoc phi vung gc vi trc dm v trm kn
chng r r va. Vn khun phi c vt cnh ch c gc cnh.
B/ Thit k gio
Vt liu v kiu gio c la chn sao cho ph hp cc iu kin ca kt cu BTCT
v iu kin thi cng. Cc ct ng phi cng v chng c on, cn c cc ging
ngang v ging cho gi n nh cc ct chng. Phi t cc dm tm hoc cc cu
kin tm khc phn b ti trng ln tt c cc ct chng thng ng.
Phi chn cu to sao cho mi ti trng u c truyn xung n mng.
gio phi c c nh phn trn ca n vo cc kt cu hin c hoc nh cc ging
ngang v ging ko. Cn m bo cho vn khun nghing khng b p lc b tng lm cho
bin dng.
gio phi c thit k sao cho d dng tho d an ton, trnh xung kch nh hng
xu n kt cu B TCT, mun vy nn dng cc kch vt, cc nm, kch du, tng v cc
bin php khc.
Cc mi ni ca cc gio v cc lin kt ca ct chng thng ng vi cc dm cu
phi m bo khng b trt, lt v vng chc. Nn dng mi ni i u hoc mi ni m
13
dng cho cc ct chng. Tt c cc mi ni v cc im giao nhau ca cc b phn bng
thp u phi c lin kt bng bu lng bn kp hoc kiu lin kt khc bng thp. Khi dng
xong gio phi c th ti ton b hay nhng b phn quan trng.
Cc dm ca gio c chiu cao qu 300mm phi c cc lin kt ngang chng quay
hoc lt .
Mng ca gio phi c thit k trnh b ln qu mc v trnh hin tng nghing
lch. Khi mng t trn t mm hoc t mi p nn dng mng cc hoc c cc bin hp
hu hiu tng cng mng.
Phi c bin php hu hiu b li ln v bin dng ca gio trong hoc sau khi
b tng. vng ca gio phi c tnh ton trc khi thi cng v c iu chnh,
tnh ton li trong qu trnh thi cng, c bit l i vi cc kt cu thi cng phn on.
C/ Thit k b cng
B cng c nh hoc b cng di ng hoc b cng tho lp c cn phi c thit k
sao cho m bo s dng thun tin, an ton c nhiu ln, m bo bn, cng v
n nh m khng nh hng xu n cht lng kt cu BTDL ko trc cng nh tnh
ng u trong sn xut hng lot cc kt cu .
B cng c nh hoc b cng di ng lm bng thp hoc b tng c ti ch nn c
u tin. Hn ch vic thit k v s dng b cng loi tho lp c bng thp.
Cu to b cng phi m bo thun tin cho vic t ct thp thng v ct thp DL
ng v tr m bo thun tin v khng gian cho vic lp dng v tho d vn khun,
cung cp b tng, thi cng b tng v cu nhc kt cu ch to xong a i ni khc.
V tr ca b cng phi ni cao ro, m bo thot nc tt khu vc quanh b cng
lun lun kh ro, b cng phi m bo tuyt i khng ln.
8.2.4.3. Thi cng
A/ Thi cng vn khun
Cc b phn vn khun phi c lin kt vng chc vi nhau bng bu lng hoc thanh
thp. Cc u bu lng v u thanh thp khng c l ra trn b mt ca b tng sau
khi tho vn khun, tt nht nn t cc thanh thp ni trn trong cc ng bng nha. Sau
khi tho khun th rt bu lng hoc thanh thp ra v trm kn ng nha.
Phn chn vo b tng ca cc thanh thp hoc b tng dng lm ging, nu n su vo
b tng t hn 2,5cm th phi tho b bng cch c b tng ra. Cc l do c o phi c
lp y bng va. L phi c chiu su t nht 2,5cm trnh va b bong ra.
Phi bi trn b mt trong vn khun bng hp cht c la chn cn thn sao cho
d dng tho khun, to c b mt b tng nhn p c mu sc nh mong mun v
khng n mn b tng.
B/ Thi cng gio
gio phi c thi cng ng nh n, m bo cng v n nh. Trc khi
dng gio trn mt t, phi chun b v tng cng nn t mt cch thch ng
chu lc v trnh hin tng ln khng u. Khi lp dng gio phi ch lun lun n
nghing, chiu cao, s thng hng ca cc b phn v cc yu t khc m bo
gio vng chc n nh sut thi gian thi cng.
14
gio phi c to vng ng theo n. vng ny phi c hiu chnh sau
mi giai on thi cng c hay lp kt cu BTCT d ng lc tu theo thc t thi cng.
i vi cc thit b gio - vn khun di ng phi t chc gim st v phng hng,
cao v cc yu t khc m bo vic lp dng thit b an ton chnh xc v vic hot
ng ca n l ng nh n quy nh.
C/ Thi cng b cng
Cc chi tit, b phn bng thp ca b cng phi c thi cng ph hp cc quy nh
ca quy trnh thi cng kt cu thp. Phi m bo thi cng ng cht lng cc lin kt mi
hn, bu lng, inh tn (nu c).
Cc chi tit bng thp c chn mt phn trong b tng ca b cng phi c lin
kt chc chn vi h ct thp ca b cng.
Ch tip xc gia phn thp vi b mt b tng ca b cng phi m bo thot nc
tt v lun lun kh ro trnh b n mn cc b.
Mi b phn bng thp phi c sn chng g.
Phn bng b tng ct thp ca b cng phi c b tng ng mc thit k, vic
thi cng phn ny phi p ng cc yu cu ca quy trnh thi cng kt cu BTCT c lin
khi hoc lp ghp.
i vi dm ch to theo phng php ko cng trc trn b c cn phi th ti b
trc khi c dm xc nh cc thng s k thut cn thit phc v cng b ct thp
cng cao t ng tr s thit k.
Cc phn b tng chn trong t phi c sn chng thm trc khi lp t.
8.2.4.4. Kim tra, nghim thu, tho d
Kim tra vn khun, gio, b cng
Phi kim tra vn khun, gio, b cng trc khi b tng cng nh trong qu
trnh b tng. Phi sa cha kp thi mi hin tng h hng nh: vn khun b phnh ra,
va b r r, kt cu gio vn khun hoc b cng b nghing lch, ln, hng lin kt.
Trong lc cng ct thp d ng lc trn b cng phi kim tra bin dng v chuyn v
ca b cng cng nh tt c cc b phn lin kt, mi hn m bo an ton v cht lng
cng tc ko cng ct thp d ng lc.
Tho d vn khun, gio
Ch c tho d vn khun v gio khi b tng t cng chu c
trng lng bn thn v cc ti trng tc ng ln kt cu trong qu trnh thi cng sau ny.
Phi tho d vn khun, gio theo trnh t v phng php hp l sao cho khng
lm hi n kt cu BTCT mi c ch to. Thi im tho d c quyt nh theo kt
qu th nghim nn th mu b tng tng ng.
Cc phn vn khun chu cc ti trng tng i nh hn th phi c tho d trc
so vi cc phn khc quan trng hn v b chu trng lc ln hn. Vn khun thnh bn
c tho d trc vn khun y.
15
Trong mi trng hp, khng c tho d vn khun sm hn 6 gi k t lc b
tng xong. Thi im d vn khun phi c s ng ca t vn gim st v ch cng
trnh.
i vi loi b cng di ng c
Sau mi ln ch to, dm phi kim tra li ton b kt cu b v mi mt. Nu pht hin
du hiu thiu an ton phi tm cch khc phc ngay v nu cn th phi th li ti trng
trc khi s dng b cng li.
i vi loi b cng tho lp c
Nht thit phi th ti mi ln lp dng li b ny mt v tr mi m bo an ton
v cht lng cng tc ch to kt cu BTCT d ng lc ko trc. Phng php th ti s
c quy nh c th bi cp c thm quyn trong mi trng hp c th.
Gii hn cho php v kch thc hnh hc i vi vic nghim thu vn khun c quy
nh theo Bng 6.
Bng 6
TT Tn sai s Sai s cho php
(mm)
1 2 3
1 Sai s cho php cc b phn vn khun v chiu di, chiu rng,
ng cho tm thp:

- Trn 1m 2
- Trn ton b chiu di o 5
- S mp tm so vi ng thng 1
- Cc l lin kt (cht, bu lng) 0,5
- g gh cc b cc b mt 2,0
2 Sai s lp dng vn khun y
Tip bng 6
1 2 3
- V chiu cao trong phm vi 1m 5
- V chiu cao sut chiu di dm 10
- V lch theo dc dm 6
- Gia 2 mp dm ti mt gi 2
3 Sai s v lp dng vn khun thnh
- thng ng theo chiu dc dm 2
- V chiu di gia 2 mp trong vn khun u dm + 0; - 10
- V chiu dy bng v bu dm 5
- Chiu rng bn mt cu dc theo 2 bn 5
4 Kim tra theo ng cho ( vung gc) 5
8.2.5. Cng ko ct thp
8.2.5.1. thit b Kch cng ko ct thp
Kch dng cng ko ct thp phi s dng ng b vi b neo, phi tin hnh
kim nghim khi a vo s dng. xc nh ng cong quan h gia lc cng ko v s
c ca ng h, kch v ng h p lc phi kim nghim thnh b.
chnh xc ca ng h p lc cn dng n khng thp hn cp 1,5 chnh xc
ca my th nghim hoc o lc k dng kim nghim khng c thp hn 2%. Khi
kim nghim hng vn hnh ca pttng kch phi thng nht vi trng thi lm vic cng
ko thc t.
16
Kch cng ko phi do ngi chuyn trch s dng v qun l, phi thng xuyn
duy tu v nh k kim nghim ton din. Thi gian kim nghim xc nh theo tnh hnh s
dng ca kch. Ni chung qu 6 thng hoc qu 200 ln cng ko hoc trong qu trnh s
dng c xut hin nhng hin tng khng bnh thng phi kim nghim li kch. Thi
gian kim nghim lc k kiu l so khng c vt qu 2 thng.
8.2.5.2. B neo v dng c kp
Kiu loi ca b neo v dng c kp phi ph hp yu cu thit k v yu cu ca
cng ko ct thp.
Khi tin hnh th nghim nng lc ca b neo, lc cng ko khng c nh hn
90% lc ko gii hn tiu chun ca thp d ng lc.
B neo v kp phi thng qua gim nh k thut v gim nh sn phm ca c
quan chuyn mn c thm quyn. Trc khi xut xng bn cung cp phi tin hnh kim
nghim theo quy nh v cung cp giy chng nhn cht lng.
Neo v kp trc lc s dng phi tin hnh kim tra ngoi quan theo tng t,
khng c vt nt, vt tn thng, g n mn kch thc khng vt qu sai s cho php.
i vi cng , cng, nng lc neo c v.v... ca b neo phi cn c tnh hnh
cung cp hng xc nh hng mc, s lng phi kim tra. Khi giy chng nhn cht
lng khng ph hp yu cu hoc khi c iu nghi vn i vi cht lng, phi tin hnh
kim nghim theo quy nh c lin quan, khi ph hp yu cu mi c nghim thu v s
dng.
8.2.5.3. Khng ch ng sut cng ko
Phng php cng ko v ng sut khng ch ca ct thp d ng lc phi ph hp
yu cu ca thit k. Khi cng ko nu cn phi ko vt th ng sut ko vt ln nht l
80% cng tiu chun, vi thp si ko ngui l 75% cng tiu chun.
Khi dng phng php khng ch ng sut cng ko thp to d ng lc phi ly
tr s dn di tin hnh i chiu kim tra. chnh lch ca tr s dn di thc t so
vi tnh ton phi 6%, nu khng phi tm thi ngng cng ko ch lm r nguyn nhn,
c bin php x l v sau khi iu chnh mi tip tc cng ko.
Tnh ton tr s dn di L (cm) khi cng ko thp to d ng lc bng phng php
cng sau theo cng thc (5-1)
L = P.L/A
y
.E
h
(5-1)
Trong :
P - Lc cng ko bnh qun (N)
Phng php tnh xem ph lc (5-4)
L - Chiu di (cm) b thp d ng lc.
E
h
- Muyn n hi ca thp DL (N/mm
2
), xc nh bng th nghim thc t
hoc theo chng ch ca ni sn xut.
A
y
- Din tch mt ct b thp DL (N/mm
2
).
Trc khi cng phi tin hnh cng so dy vi ng sut
o
ly t (0,1 0,2)
k
. Vic
nh du o gin di phi ph hp vi thit b cng.
Tr s dn di thc t L(cm) theo phng php cng sau c tnh theo cng thc:
17
L = L
1
+ L
2
(5-2)
Trong :
L
1
- Tr s dn di thc o (cm) t gia ng sut ban u n ng sut cng ko ln
nht.
L
2
- Tr s dn di (cm) tnh i ca ng sut ban u so dy. Vic tnh i c th
s dng dn di ca cp gn k.
i vi phng php cng sau, tr s co ngn n hi ca b tng trong qu trnh cng
ko c th c b.
Bin dng ca mt neo, co ngn thp DL v bin dng do p cht khe ni xem Bng 7.
Khi cn thit phi tin hnh o c mt mt ng sut do ma st gia b thp cng ko
i vi ming vng neo v vi thnh l lun b thp iu chnh lc cng ko. Phng
php o c tr s ng sut do ma st mt mt i vi vng neo, b neo hnh cn c th
tham kho ph lc 3.
Khi cng ko phi cho ng tc dng lc ca kch trng vi ng trc ca b thp d
ng lc.
Bng 7
TT Loi neo v khe ni Hnh thc bin dng Tr s bin
dng (mm)
1 B neo c cu
p cht khe h

- Khe h ca cu (ai c) " 1
- Khe h ca bn m thm sau " 1
2 B neo t u ca b si thp Bin dng neo 1
3 B neo hnh cn Co ngn thp DL v bin dng neo 6
4 B neo kiu ming kp (cp si thp) nt 5
5 B neo hnh nm: Bin dng vt liu thp ST 3
- Khi dng si thp DL Bin dng neo v p cht
- Khi dng thp trn DL bn m 2
6 Khe ni ca cu kin lp ghp
Khe ni b tng hoc khi ni khe
p cht khe ni
1
Vic ng neo phi c tin hnh lc ng sut khng ch cng ko trng thi n
nh. Cc bin dng co ngn giai on cng ko khng c ln hn quy nh thit k
hoc tr s cho php ghi bng 7.
Khi cng ko ct thp ng sut phi ghi chp vo cc bng biu theo di thi cng.
8.2.5.4. Phng php cng trc
5.4.1. Kt cu b cng kiu tr cho phng php cng trc phi ph hp quy nh sau
y:
1. Kt cu ca b cng phi m bo y v cng v cng. H s nghing lt
khng c nh hn 1,5 h s chng trt di ng khng c nh hn 1,3.
2. Dm ngang phi c y cng. vng sau khi chu lc khng nn ln hn
2mm.
5.4.2. Trc khi cng ko cn phi tin hnh kim tra t m kt cu b cng, dm ngang
v cc thit b cng ko.
5.4.3. Khi ri thp to DL trn b tuyn di phi trnh khng dy bn vo ct thp.
18
5.4.4. gim mt mt d ng lc do chng ng sut, cn tin hnh cng ko vt.
Trnh t cng ko tham kho theo bng 8.
Trnh t cng ko thp bng phng php cng trc.
Bng 8
Chng loi vt liu Trnh t cng ko
B si, b cp 0
o
0,5
k
0,8
k
(gi ti trong 5 pht)
v

k
(neo c)
Thp thanh
0
o
0,5
k

kv
0,9
k

k
(neo c)
Ghi ch:
1/
o
- ng sut ban u:
o
= (0,1 0,2)
k

2/
k
- Tr s ng sut khng ch khi cng ko gm c tr s mt mt ng sut trc.
3/
kv
- ng sut ko vt.
- i vi b thp 24 si 5mm
kv
= 1,1
k

- i vi b cp
kv
= (1 - 1,05)
k
tu thuc thc t x l ti hin trng ca thit
k.
4/ Tr s cng ko vt gii hn c quy nh iu 5.3.
5/ Trc khi cng ko ct thp phi lp t vn khun, b tr ct thp thng v cc cu
kin chn sn.
6/ Khi ng thi cng nhiu b (hoc thanh) ct thp th tr s S ban u ca cc b
phi nh nhau.
5.4.5. S lng si t theo phng php cng trc khng c vt qu s khng ch
ghi trong Bng 9.
Bng 9
TT Loi vt liu Hng mc kim tra S khng ch
1 B si v b cp - Trong mt b thp (hoc b cp) s si b t 1 si
- Trong cng mt cu kin s t l cho php ca
si t trn tng s si thp
1 %
2 Ct thp thanh Ct thp t Khng cho php
5.4.6. Khi ng thi cng ko nhiu b thp, tr s tuyt i sai lch ng sut ca tng
b khng c ln hn hoc nh hn 5% tr s ng sut trung bnh ca tt c cc b trong
cu kin.
5.4.7. Sai lch v tr ca b thp sau khi cng ko so vi thit k khng c vt qu
5mm.
5.4.8. Cng b tng khi bulng ct thp khng thp hn 90% cng thit k.
Vic bung ct thp c th dng kch v nn chia lm nhiu t.
19
5.4.9. Sau khi bulng ct thp, c th dng ngn la Axtylen, ca hoc ko ct ct
ct thp d ng lc.
8.2.5.5. Phng php cng sau
5.5.1. Trc khi cng ct thp d ng lc, phi tin hnh kim nghim cu kin b tng.
B ngoi v kch thc phi ph hp yu cu tiu chun cht lng. Cng b tng ti
thi im cng ko ct thp khng c thp hn quy nh ca thit k. Nu thit k khng
quy nh th cng b tng ti im cng ko ct thp, khng c thp hn 90% cng
thit k. Vi mt s cng ngh c bit nh c hng, c y cn phi rt ngn chu k
thi cng nn i hi phi cng ko sm. Trong nhng trng hp ny phi tun theo quy
nh v gii hn cng b tng cho thi im cng ko ct thp ca n thit k.
5.5.2. Trc khi lun b thp (hoc b cp) DL phi kim tra bn m neo v ng
l. V tr bn m neo phi chnh xc, trong ng l phi thng sut, khng c thnh phn
nc v tp cht.
m bo b thp DL c di chuyn t do trong ng l, cn phi tin hnh kim
tra ng l ngay sau khi lp rp xong v trc khi b tng.
5.5.3. C th chia t, chia on cng ko i xng, th t cng ko phi ph hp quy
nh thit k.
5.5.4. B thp DL vi dng ng cong hoc ng thng c chiu di > 25m nn ko
hai u.
Cc bc cng ko thp DL bng phng php cng sau c quy nh bng 10.
Bng 10
TT Chng loi vt liu thp DL Cc bc cng ko
1 Neo kiu li hnh cn 0
o
0
o
0,5
k
0,8
k

kv
(gi ti trong
5 pht)
k
(neo c)
2 Cc koi neo khc 0
o
0,5
k
0,8
k

kv
(gi ti trong 5 pht)
k
(neo c)
Ghi ch:
1/ ng sut ban u:
o
= (0,1 0,2)
k

2/
k
ng sut khng ch khi cng ko gm c tr s ng sut mt mt d tnh,
3/ Khi ng thi cng ko hai u, vic tng gim kch hai u, vch ch ly du o dn
di, k m v.v... phi thng nht.
4/
kv
- ng sut ko vt
- i vi b si thp
kv
= 1,1
k

- i vi b cp
kv
= (1 - 1,05)
k
tu theo thc t x l ti hin trng ca c quan
thit k.
5/ ng sut ko vt ni trn trong mi trng hp khng c vt qu ng sut ko
vt ln nht quy nh iu 5.3.1.
20
6/ Khi cng ko hai u, c th neo c mt u cng ko trc, sau mi b sung
ng sut trc vo mt u khc v tin hnh neo c.
5.5.5. S lng si t, dch trt theo phng php cng sau khng c vt qu sng
khng ch ghi trong Bng 11.
Ghi ch:
1/ t si l ch si thp trong b cp b t.
2/ Khi vt qu s khng ch ghi trong biu trn, nguyn tc l phi thay th. iu
kin cho php c th dng bin php b sung nh nng cao v tr s ST ca b thp, nhng
tho mn cc yu cu ca trng thi cc hn cc giai on thit k hoc b sung b thp mi
vo v tr l d phng do n quy nh.
Bng 11
TT Hng mc kim tra S khng ch
1 Lng t trong b si t si, dch trt ca mi b si hoc b cp 1 si
v b cp Cng t si ca mi mt ct khng vt qu
tng s si thp mt ct
1%
2 Ct thp si n t hoc dch trt Khng cho php
5.5.7. Sau khi ng sut khng ch cng ko t ti n nh mi tin hnh ng cht neo.

8.2.6. b tng dm
8.2.6.1. Cha sn l t ct thp cng sau
6.1.1. Cn c theo ng knh, chiu di v hnh dng ca ct thp DL tin hnh
cha sn ng l theo cc phng php nh: dng ng to l, ng rt rut v.v... ng to l
phi c cng nht nh, vch ng kn, cht, khng d bin dng, v tr lp t phi chun
xc (sai s cho php 2mm) t ng ni lin nhau phi bng phng, kn kht khng r r
va xi mng, thp chn sn ca u neo c ng l phi thng gc vi tim l. ng knh
trong ng l phi ph hp yu cu thit k, sai s cho php 2mm.
6.1.2. Khi to l bng phng php rt rut nu l ng nha phi tng cng cng,
nu l ng thp th b mt ng phi trn sch, u mi hn phi trn sch bng phng, sau
khi b tng, phi nh gi xoay ng thp, phng trnh ng thp dnh lin vo b tng.
6.1.3. Khi to l bng phng php rt rut, thi gian rt rut phi xc nh qua th
nghim, thng thng khi cng khng nn ca b tng t ti 4-8kg/cm
2
l thch hp.
Khi rt rut khng c lm tn thng n kt cu b tng. Sau khi rt rut phi dng
b thng l hoc nn hi, nn nc v.v... tin hnh kim tra ng l, nu pht hin
ng l b tc hoc vt st trong l hoc thng lin sang cc l gn cnh phi x l kp
thi.
8.2.6.2. b tng
21
A/ Qui tc chung
6.2.1. Cng gii hn chu nn ca b tng phi xc nh qua mu th tiu chun cc
quy nh hin hnh. Mu th ly 3 mu cng tui thnh mt nhm, c v bo dng theo
cng mt iu kin. Cng gii hn chu nn ca mi nhm mu c xc nh bng tr
s trung bnh cng. Nu c mt tr s o c trong nhm mu vt qu -15% tr s thit k
coi nh c nhm mu khng t.
6.2.2. Khi dng mu th c kch thc phi tiu chun th nghim cng gii hn
chu nn phi tin hnh tnh i vi h s tnh i c quy nh trong cc tiu chun hin
hnh.
6.2.3. Mc b tng l cng gii hn chu nn c xc nh khi th nghim nn trn
mu th c kch thc tiu chun trong mi trng nhit 23
o
C (Sai s trong khong
3
o
C), m tng i khng thp hn 90% v bo dng 28 ngy, c tn sut m bo
khng thp hn 90%.
6.2.4. Cht lng ca cc loi vt liu s dng trn b tng u phi qua kim nghim,
phng php th nghim phi ph hp vi nhng quy nh c lin quan.
B/ Chn thnh phn b tng
6.2.5. Thnh phn b tng phi c tuyn chn qua tnh ton, t l theo khi lng v
phi thng qua thit k phi trn th. Phi trn th phi s dng vt liu thc t dng khi thi
cng. Vt liu phi trn b tng phi tho mn iu kin k thut nh nhuyn, ti
ninh kt v.v... B tng trn xong phi ph hp yu cu cht lng nh cng , bn.
6.2.6. T l pha trn hn hp b tng cn phi th nghim cht ch, thng thng khng
ch theo cc iu kin sau:
- Lng xi mng ca b tng mc t 400 tr ln khng vt qu 500kg/m
3
.
- T l nc/xi mng t 0,35 0,45.
C th trn thm cht ph gia vi lng thch hp gim t l nc/xi mng.
Tng hm lng ion Clo (quy i ra hm lng mui Clorua) trong b tng do cc loi
vt liu ca b tng dn vo, khng nn vt qu 0,1% lng dng xi mng, khi ln hn
0,1% v nh hn 0,2% phi s dng bin php chng g hu hiu (nh trn thm cht chng
g, tng chiu dy tng phng h, nng cao kn cht ca b tng v.v...)
6.2.7. B tng sau khi xc nh t l phi trn qua thit k v phi trn th phi vit bo
co th nghim t l cp phi trnh c quan hu quan xt duyt.
C/ Trn b tng
6.2.8. Khi trn b tng cc loi cn ong phi m bo chun xc. m ct v ct liu
phi c tin hnh o kim tra thng xuyn iu chnh lng dng ca ct liu v
nc.
Sai s cho php ca phi liu tnh theo trng lng khng c vt qu cc quy nh
sau:
- Xi mng trng thi kh 1%
- dm, ct 2%
22
- Ph gia v nc 1%
6.2.9. B tng phi trn bng my, thi gian trn ly theo quy nh Bng 12.
Bng 12
TT Loi my trn Dung lng my Thi gian trn tnh bng pht
trn (lt)
ng vi st 2 4
(cm)
ng vi st 5 7
(cm)
1 Kiu ri t do 400 2 1,5
800 2,5 2
1.200 - 2,5
2 Kiu trn cng bc 400 1,5 1
1.500 2,5 1,5
Ghi ch:
1/ Cht ph gia phi pha ch thnh dung dch c nng thch hp ri mi trn vo.
2/ Khi lng vt liu cho vo my trn (tng s ca th tch vt liu ri nh ct liu
th, ct liu mn, xi mng v.v... c vo) khng nn ln hn dung tch nh mc ca
my trn.
3/ Thi gian trn khng nn qu di.
4/ Thi gian ghi trong bui tnh t khi cho nc vo.
D/ Vn chuyn b tng
6.2.10. Nng lc vn chuyn b tng phi p ng c tc ninh kt b tng v tc
b tng cng tc b tng khng b gin on v cho b tng khi vn chuyn
ti a im b tng vn m bo tnh ng u v st theo quy nh.
Khi c ly vn chuyn b tng ti tng i gn c th vn chuyn bng phng tin
khng c my trn. Khi c ly tng i xa th nn dng xe c my trn vn chuyn, thi
gian vn chuyn khng c vt qu quy nh ca bng 13.
Bng 13.
Nhit khng kh (0
o
C) Vn chuyn khng c my trn
(pht)
Vn chuyn c my trn
(pht)
20 30 30 60
10 19 45 75
5 9 60 90
6.2.11. Khi dng phng tin khng c my trn vn chuyn b tng, phi s dng
thng cha khng r va, khng thm nc, c np y v c th rt b tng trc tip vo v
tr b tng.
23
6.2.12. Khi dng xe c my trn vn chuyn b tng trn, trn ng i phi quay
vi tc chm, mi pht t 2 4 vng tin hnh trn u.
6.2.13. Khi b tng c vn chuyn n a im b tng m b phn tng, tch
nc nghim trng hoc st khng ph hp yu cu, th phi tin hnh trn li. Khi trn
li khng c tu tin thm nc, khi tht s cn thit c th ng thi thm c nc ln xi
mng. Nu trn ln th 2 vn cha ph hp yu cu, th khng c s dng.
E/ b tng v dm b tng
6.2.14. Trc khi b tng phi tin hnh kim tra gi , vn khun, ct thp v cu
kin chn sn, phi dn sch rc, cht bn, nc ng trong vn khun v trn ct thp.
Nu vn khun c khe h phi trt bt tht kn, kht. Mt trong vn khun phi qut cht
rc khun. Trc khi b tng, phi kim tra tnh ng u v st ca b tng.
6.2.15. Khi b tng t cao xung vo vn khun, trnh b tng b phn tng, phi
tun th cc quy nh sau:
- cao ri t do thng thng khng vt qu 2m.
- Khi cao ny vt qu 2m, phi thng qua cc thit b rt nh ng vi voi, ng dn
thng, ng dn chn ng v.v...
- dy mi lp b tng c t 15 20 cm (Bng 14). (Trng hp dng bm y
va b tng khng theo quy nh ny).
6.2.16. Khi b tng nn dng cc loi m nh: m di, m cnh v m bn v.v...
tin hnh m. Bn y, bn bng dm hp v bn ca ch ni lin bn nh, ch neo
ct thp DL v nhng v tr c ct thp dy c khc nn ch c bit v dm cht.
Khi b tng cu kin cng trc phi trnh my m va chm vo ng ng v cc
cu kin chn sn ca thp DL. Phi thng xuyn ch kim tra vn khun, ng ng,
thp bn, u neo v cu kin chn sn, b v.v... m bo v tr v kch thc theo yu
cu thit k.
6.2.17. Khi dng m my phi tun th quy nh sau:
- Khi dng m di, khong cch di ng khng nn vt qu 1,5 ln bn knh tc dng
ca m. Phi gi khong cch vi vn khun hng t 5 10 cm, cm vo b tng tng di
5 10cm, mi khi m xong mt ch phi va m va rt t t m di ln, phi trnh
m di va chm vo vn khun, ct thp v cc linh kin chn sn khc.
dy mi lp b tng c quy nh trong Bng 14.
Bng 14
TT Phng php m dy mi lp b tng c (cm)
1 Dng m di 20
2 Dng m cnh (bm cnh vn
khun)
20
3 m bn Khi ct thp tha 20
Khi ct thp dy 15
24
- Khi dng m bn, phi di chuyn sao cho mt m ln phn b tng m cht
khong 10cm.
- Khi dng m cnh (m rung) phi cn c, hnh dng ca kt cu v tnh nng ca
dm v.v... v phi xc nh qua th nghim b tr c ly ca m.
- Phi dm ln cht b tng tng v tr m. Biu hin ca ln cht l b tng
ngng ln, khng si bt kh, b mt bng phng v ni va.
6.2.18. Vic b tng phi tin hnh lin tc. Nu phi gin on th thi gian ngt
qung phi t hn thi gian s ninh, hoc t hn thi gian c php m rung li i vi lp
b tng c trc .
Thi gian gin on cho php phi thng qua th nghim xc nh, thng thng
trong qu trnh b tng thi gian gin on khng qu 45 pht.
Nu vt qu thi gian gin on cho php phi c bin php m bo cht lng hoc
x l theo kiu vt thi cng,
6.2.19. Vt thi cng phi tin hnh x l theo yu cu sau y:
- Phn ty b va, ct, xi mng v tng xp yu trn mt b tng cn x l. Tng b
tng cn x l phi c cng cng thi im x l.
- Phi dng nc sch ra mt b tng x l trc khi b tng lp tip theo. i vi
vt thi cng thng ng phi qut 1 lp va xi mng, cn i vi vt thi cng nm ngang
phi ri 1 lp va ct xi mng t l 1/2 dy t 1 n 2cm.
- Sau khi x l vt thi cng phi ch b tng ca lp x l t cng nht nh mi
c th tip tc b tng.
6.2.20. Sau khi hon thnh vic b tng v b tng ang trong giai on s ninh nu
b mt l ra ngoi phi kp thi sa sang, mit phng. Ch sau khi lng va li mit ln th
hai v lm bng mt hoc to mt nhm.
6.2.21. Trong thi gian b tng phi thng xuyn kim ta tnh trng vng chc ca
gi , vn khun, ct thp v linh kin chn sn v.v... Nu pht hin lng lo, bin dng,
x dch v tr phi x l kp thi.
6.2.22. Khi b tng phi lp bin bn thi cng b tng.
8.2.6.3. Cng tc b tng vi cc cng ngh thi cng
A/ Dm gin n BTDL vi phng php cng sau
6.3.1. Vn khun gio phi kin c, khng h lm, c ly gia cc tr phi thch
hp thng thng 1,5m m bo vng vn khun y khng ln hn 2mm.
6.3.2. Vic b tng thn dm phi phn thnh tng lp v ri u mt ln cho ton
dm. Khi khi lng b tng thn dm tng i ln c th s dng phng php phn on
hng xin phn lp ngang lin tc. Khi b tng, ngoi vic dng m cnh m
cn phi dng m di, m bn.
6.3.3. Khi b tng on dm hnh hp, phi c gng mt ln hon thnh. Khi thn
dm tng i cao cng c th chia lm 2 ln hoc 3 ln . Khi chia nhiu ln th
bn y v chn bn bng trc, sau n bn bng, cui cng bn nh v bn cnh.
25
Vic phn lp ngang b tng, cn trnh dng v tr c mt ct thay i t ngt
trnh gy nt b tng do co ngt th tch khng u.
B/ Dm BTDL c trn gi .
6.3.4. Khi trn gi phi cn c vo tnh n hi ca b tng, bin dng ca gi
b tr vng thi cng.
6.3.5. Thng thng, khi lng b tng ton dm cn c xong trc khi m b
tng c u tin bt u ng kt. Khi khu tng i ln, khi lng b tng
tng i nhiu, khng th hon thnh xong trc khi m b tng c ban u bt
u ng kt th phi b tr vt thi cng hoc chia on theo th t thch hp.
8.2.6.4. Bo dng b tng
6.4.1. B tng sau khi xong, ngay sau khi se va phi nhanh chng ph y v ti
nc bo dng. Vi b tng vo ngy nng nc v b tng ca bn mt cu c b mt
thong ln th sau khi b tng nn che bt, i sau khi se va s ph y v ti nc
bo dng. Khi ph y khng c lm tn thng v bi bn b mt b tng.
Trong sut thi gian bo dng cn gi cho vn khun lun m t.
6.4.2. Nc bo dng b tng phi cng loi vi nc b tng.
6.4.3. Thi gian bo dng b tng thng thng 7 ngy, c th cn c vo tnh hnh
m, nhit khng kh, tnh nng loi xi mng v cht lng ph gia s dng m quyt
nh ko di hoc rt ngn. S ln ti nc trong ngy c quyt nh cn c vo mc
nc bay hi sao cho mt b tng lun trng thi m t.
6.4.4. Khi dng hi nc gia nhit bo dng b tng phi tun theo vi cc quy nh
sau:
- Ch bo dng bng hi nc i vi b tng dng xi mng si li ct hoc xi mng ph
thng. B tng dng xi mng ng cng nhanh khng c bo dng bng hi nc.
- Sau khi b tng xong cn bo dng vi gi nguyn khng di 10
o
C trong
khong thi gian t 2 n 4 gi ri mi c gia nhit.
- Tc gia nhit khng qu 10
o
C/h.
- B tng dng xi mng sili ct v xi mng ph thng c bo dng nhit khng
qu 60
o
C. Thi gian duy tr nhit c xc nh qua th nghim. Ly cng yu cu
lm chun cn c xc nh thi gian .
8.2.6.5. Bm va xi mng
6.5.1. Mc ch bm va xi mng bt kn l lun b thp l bo v ct thp d ng
lc khng b g v bo m s dnh kt gia thp v b tng. Va phi bo m cc yu cu
sau:
- Khng c cc cht xm thc lm g ct thp.
- Bo m lng trong qu trnh bm.
- Khng n lng, t co ngt.
26
- Bo m cng theo yu cu 80% mc b tng ca dm v khng thp hn mc
M250.
6.5.2. Thnh phn va: Thnh phn va gm xi mng, nc v cht ph gia ho do
(khng s dng cht ph gia ng cng nhanh).
- Xi mng dng loi PC40, PC50 c hm lng Clorua v Sunfat 0,5%
- Nc: dng loi nc b tng m bo tiu chun theo iu 2.1.7.
- T l N/X = 0,34 0,38 (khi khng c cht ph gia 0,4; Khi c cht ph gia 0,38).
6.5.3. Th nghim va ti phng th nghim
- Th nghim cng theo mu 7x7x7cm (bo qun trong bao nilon nhit 20
o
C).
Cng va sau 7 ngy 150daN/cm
2
sau 28 ngy cng nn 250daN/cm
2
. Cng
ko un 40kg/cm
2
.
- Th nghim linh ng, chy: dng phu hnh nn tiu chun - linh ng yu
cu 13-15 giy.
- Kim tra lng: va vo ng nghim sau 3 gi lng nc trn mt khng vt
qu 2% lng va v sau 24 gi lng nc ny b va ht ht (khi th nghim phi y kn
ng nghim nc khng b bc hi).
- Th nghim co ngt: sau 24 gi th tch co ngt < 2%
- Th nghim thi gian ng kt bt u 3 gi kt thc 24 gi.
6.5.4. Th nghim va ti hin trng
Trc khi bm va 24 gi phi lm mt s th nghim hin trng kim tra chy
v lng, kt qu th nghim chy khng vt qu phng th nghim 3 giy, nhng
phi nhm gia 13-25 giy, lng vn khng qu 2%. Nu kt qu khng t phi thay i
lng nc (1 2) lt cho 100kg xi mng.
6.5.5. Th nghim kim tra
Th nghim kim tra chy v lng u vo (trong thng cha) v u ra (u vo
lm 3 th nghim cho 1 tn xi mng, u ra lm 1 th nghim cho mt rnh). Kt qu th
nghim phi m bo yu cu sai s 3 giy, nhng phi nm trong khong 13-25 giy v
khng qu 2%. Nu kt qu khng t phi ngng phun v iu chnh li thnh phn. Nu
u ra chy nh hn 13 giy th phi tip tc bm cho n khi t (13 giy).
6.5.6. Sn xut va
- Cn m bo cn ong ng, sai s ca xi mng, nc ho do khng qu 1%. Phi c
sng lc xi mng trc khi vo my trn v lc va trc khi ra ( sng lc 2mm).
- Va phi khuy trn lin tc trong my trn. Khng c trn bng tay. Thi gian
khuy trn t nht l 4 pht.
- Va trn xong phi bm vo l ngay, khng qu 20 pht. Nu v mt s c no y
cha bm c th trc khi bm phi kim tra chy.
- Khi trn va vo ma h cn c bin php h thp nhit .
27
6.5.7. Cng ngh bm va
Tin hnh kim tra u ng vo, ng ra (l thng hi 10mm; l thot va 15mm). Vic
bm va cn tin hnh sau khi cng ko ct thp v khng c chm qu 4 ngy.
Trnh t bm nh sau:
- Trc khi bm cn phun nc vo rnh ra sch ng v ct thp. Phi tin hnh ra
lin tc cho n khi nc bt u trong, sau dng hi p thi kh nc.
- My bm va c p lc khng qu 10kg/cm
2
. cc l bm va phi c van vo v van
ra. Sau khi va y trong l phi gi my mt thi gian nht nh (ti thiu 5 pht vi p
sut 6kg/cm
2
) mi m van (ch tho van xong phi ra ngay).
- trnh va l trn chy xung l di lm tc ng, khi bm va cn bm cc l pha
di xong mi bm cc l pha trn.
- Vic bm va phi thc hin u v lin tc, v vy cn c thit b d tr.
- Trong khi bm, nu bm b vn cc hoc do mt l do khc lm tc ng th phi bm
nc t pha ngc chiu ra sch, sau phi th li v bm li. Ch nu thi tit qu
nng th va s ninh kt nhanh nn phi ch trnh nng. Nu qu nng phi chuyn sang
bm vo ban m hoc sng sm.
8.2.6.6. b tng bt u dm
6.6.1. Sau khi bm va xong cn tin hnh b tng bt u dm bt kn neo.
- B tng bt u dm phi lin kt tt vi b tng dm. Phi nh nhm mt tip xc
sau khi bm va 24 gi (ch khng nh vo si thp phng tt neo).
- Tuyt i khng hn ct thp bt u dm vo neo.
- Khi bt u dm phi m bo kch thc u dm v c ly t u dm n tim gi
nh n thit k quy nh.
6.6.2. B tng bt u dm phi m bo mc 400.
- Sau khi b tng bt u dm xong, cn phi tin hnh bo dng trong 7 ngy theo
ng yu cu k thut nh bo dng b tng dm.
- Vn khun bt u dm c php tho d khi cng b tng 200kg/cm
3
.
6.6.3. K thut vin v gim st vin cn kim tra cht ch qu trnh b tng u
dm m bo cc yu cu k thut ra nh: cp phi b tng, nh nhm, hn ct thp,
kch thc vn khun, m b tng, bo dng v. v...
8.2.7. nh gi cht lng v nghim thu dm cu BTDL
8.2.7.1. quy nh chung
7.1.1. Cng tc nghim thu dm cu BTDL phi tun th cc quy nh ca vic
nghim thu theo cc tiu chun, quy trnh quy phm ni ti iu 1.1.3. ca quy trnh ny.
7.1.2. Ngoi cc quy nh chung, i vi cc cng trnh cu BTDL c ch to trong
cc trng hp sau y phi qua kim tra nh gi cht lng:
28
- ng dng ton b hoc mt phn cng ngh mi c nhp t nc ngoi hoc do kt
qu nghin cu khoa hc trong nc, sn phm sn xut ln u theo mt thit k mi hoc
ci tin mt phn so vi thit k lu nay vn quen s dng.
- n v ln u m nhn thi cng kt cu BTDL.
7.1.3. Cng tc kim tra nh gi cht lng sn phm dm cu BTDL phi do mt
n v chuyn trch hp php v hp chun ca Nh nc, c ch u t chp thun v
phi thc hin theo cng c cp c thm quyn xt duyt.
Vic kim tra nh gi cht lng c tin hnh c lp theo yu cu ca ch u t
v khng thay th cho vic kim tra cht lng nghim thu giai on hoc sn phm ca n
v thi cng, n v gim st cht lng ca c quan giao thu hoc ch cng trnh.
7.1.4. Trng hp cn thit do n v thit k hoc ch u t c quy nh trc, hoc
qua kim tra gim nh v kim tra nghim thu thy cn thit v c quan gim nh hoc hi
ng nghim thu kin ngh, c ch u t chp nhn th cng trnh, sn phm dm cu
BTDL s c th ti kim tra cht lng.
Ni dung cng tc kim tra th ti theo cng do c quan thit k hoc c quan gim
nh lp, c cp c thm quyn xt duyt.
8.2.7.2. Nghim thu qua cc h s, ti liu, nht k thi cng
7.2.1. nghim thu mt sn phm dm cu BTDL, n v thi cng phi xut trnh
cc ti liu sau:
- Bn v thi cng c ghi tt c cc phn thay i c php trong qu trnh thi cng.
Trng hp thay i nhiu phi v li bn v hon cng km theo bn thit k ban u.
- Cc vn bn v ngh thay i v cho php thay i cc phn trong thit k.
- Cc kt qu th nghim v vt liu v cc chng ch v cht lng sn phm lm
nguyn vt liu hoc ph kin trong dm cu.
- Cc bin bn nghim thu tng phn vic hoc nghim thu trung gian nh: nghim thu
ct thp, nghim thu vn khun, nn bi, b cng, nghim thu cng thp, nghim thu bm
va v.v...
- Nht k thi cng cng trnh v cc ti liu khc c lin quan theo quy nh.
8.2.7.3. Kim tra nghim thu sn phm thc t
7.3.1. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc ca dm
Cc kch thc hnh hc ca dm phi ph hp vi kch thc bn v thit k, sai s
phi nm trong sai s cho php do thit k quy nh. Nu thit k khng quy nh th theo
bng 15. S thc o phi ly s trung bnh cng ca 3 ln o ti 3 v tr khc nhau cng mt
i lng cn o.
Sai s cho php v kch thc hnh hc c qui nh trong Bng 15.
Bng 15.
TT i lng o Sai s cho
php (mm)
29
1 Chiu di dm 10
2 Chiu cao dm + 15; 0
3 Chiu rng bn mt (cnh) dm + 20; -10
4 Chiu rng bn dm, bng dm 5
5 Chiu dy bn cnh dm +10; -5
6 V tr trc tm b thp ST 5
7 cong ca dm theo phng nm ngang so vi ng thng tim dm 10
8 vng ngc ca dm 5
7.3.2. Kim tra tnh trng mt ngoi ca dm.
Mt ngoi ca dm phi bng phng, nhn mn, mu sc ng u.
Tr cc ct thp ch t sn, khng c l ct thp ra ngoi mt b tng. Khng c
cc h hng mt ngoi ca b tng nh r, st, v cc cnh gc vt qu mc cho php theo
quy nh.
i vi cc ch c du vt chng t qua sa cha (qut nc xi mng, trt va, p
b tng), khi kim tra thc a phi xut trnh bin bn khi d vn khun v vn bn cho
php sa cha ca c quan c thm quyn.
Nu khng c s, phi c kim tra c bit li cc ch sa cha che khut cc h
hng bn trong.
7.3.3. Kim tra vt nt
Vic kim tra nh gi cht lng dm cu khi c cc vt nt phi c bit ch tu
theo v tr vt nt, thi gian xut hin vt nt, s lng vt nt (c bit hay l ph bin), mc
pht trin vt nt (di, rng, su) v.v... phi c mt t cng tc, c dng c o v ghi li
trn bn v cng nh nh du cc vt nt ti dm tin theo di. Nu vt nt l nghim
trng (di, rng, su, vng chu lc quan trng...) phi dng cc thit b chuyn dng nh
siu m, tia phng x... kim tra v o c.
Vic kim tra vt nt bng cc thit b chuyn dng ny phi tun th theo cc quy nh
ring trong hng dn s dng thit b. Nu khng, c th tham kho ph lc 4. Vic nh
gi cht lng khi c cc vt nt do mt hi ng chuyn gia nh gi.
7.3.4. Kim tra v nh gi cht lng b tng dm bng phng php gin tip.
Vic kt lun v s liu b tng phi da trn kt qu th nghim p cc mu lp phng
c c mu cng vi khi b tng dm theo cc quy nh ni ti iu 1.1.3.
Trong trng hp kt qu th nghim p mu khng kh quan hoc cht lng dm quan
st hin trng khng tt, c nghi ng s khc bit gia cng thc ca b tng dm v
cng mu phi tin hnh kim tra cng b tng ti hin trng ngay trn dm cu.
Phng php chnh xc nht l khoan ly mu ti dm mang v phng th nghim xc nh
cng . Tuy nhin gii php ny ch xy ra i vi nhng trng hp c bit cn thit.
Thng thng dng phng php gin tip tham kho. Trong phng php th nghim
cng b tng gin tip vic o c c th dng ba th nghim b tng Schmidt. Cc s
liu th nghim dng ba bo m tin cy khi b mt b tng cng phng v nhng ht
30
ct liu b chn vi trn b mt v b tng bo m tnh ng u chung. iu lm c s
tin cy v mi quan h gia h s lc y v cng b tng hay gia cng b mt v
cng bn trong.
Ngoi phng php dng ba th nghim b tng, c th s dng phng php xung
siu m. K thut xung siu m da trn nguyn tc khng xc nh trc tip cng ca
b tng m chuyn i gi tr tc sng thnh cng b tng. Cc s liu tham kho v
mi quan h gia tc sng siu m v cng b tng c trnh by Ph lc 5. Cng
t tc sng siu m c th theo tnh h s ng nht v cng b tng K. Vic
tnh ton h s ng nht K theo ch dn ca Ph lc 5.
tin hnh tnh ton xc nh chnh xc h s ng nht K cn tin hnh mt s mu
th nghim chun cho nhiu loi mc b tng ph hp vi mc b tng dm. Da trn cc s
o tc siu m ca tng mu v s liu nn p cc mu ny s xc nh c mi quan
h gia mc b tng v tc sng qua lm c s xc nh cc gi tr o v cng b
tng thng qua tc truyn sng ca cc v tr trn dm. Mc nh gi cht lng b
tng theo h s K c trnh by trn Bng 16.
Bng 16
NH G THEO H S NG NHT CNG B TNG
H s ng nht K Cht lng
0,7 t yu cu
< 0,7 Khng t yu cu
31
Cc ph lc tham kho

Ph lc 1 (iu 2.6.4)
Cc c trng c hc ca mt s loi thp cng cao

- Cc c trng c hc ca tao thp (7 si) theo tiu chun Chu u v M
ng knh tao(mm) 13 15

Tiu chun
EURONORM
138-79 hoc
BS 5896-1986
ASTM A416-
85 cp 270
EURONORM
138-79 hoc
BS 5896-1980
ASTM
A416-85
cp 270
ng knh tiu chun (mm) 12,9 12,7 15,7 15,2
Din tch tiu chun (mm
2
) 100 98,7 1,50 140
Trng lng tiu chun (kg/m) 0,785 0,775 1,18 1,10
Gii hn chy nh nht (kG/cm
2
) 15.800 16.700 15.000 16.700
Cng ko t (kG) 18.600 18.600 17.700 18.600
Lc ko t nh nht (kG/cm
2
) 18.600 18.370 26.500 26.070
Modyl n hi (kG/cm
2
) 1,95.10
6

gin di tng i Max 2,5
- Cc c trng c hc ca mt s loi thp ca Australia
Loi thp v tiu chun ng knh -
tiu chun (mm)
Din tch
(mm
2
)
Lc ko t
nh nht
(kG)
Cng ko
t nh nht
(kG/cm
2
)
5 19,6 3.040 15.500
Thp si - AS1310 5 19,6 3.330 17.000
7 38,5 6.550 17.000
Tao c bit - AS1311 9,3 54,7 10.200 18.600
(Sper) 12,7 100,1 18.400 18.400
15,2 143,3 25.000 17.500
Tao 7 si bnh thng
AS1131
12,7 94,3 16.500 17.500
23 415 45.000
Thanh d ng lc 29 660 71.000 10.800
AS 1313 32 804 87.000 10.800
38 1.140 123.000 10.800
32
- Cc c trng c hc ca cc loi cp thp ca hng Liu Chu (Trung Quc)
ng knh tao (mm) 12,0 15,0
Tiu chun GB 5524-85
Din tch mt ct (mm
2
) 89,45 89,45 139,98 139,98
Cng ko t nh nht (kG/cm
2
) 15.700 16.700 14.700 15.700
Lc ko t nh nht (kG) 14.024 14.906 20.580 21.952
Gii hn chy gi nh khi bin dng
t 0,2% (kG/cm
2
)
11.917 12.671 17.493 18.659
gin di > % 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Trng lng (kg/m) 0,70 0,70 1,10 1,10
- Cc c trng c hc ca thp si 5 ca hng Liu Chu (Trung Quc)
ng knh si 5
Tiu chun GB 5223-85
Cng ko t nh nht (kG) 14.700 15.700
Din tch mt ct (mm
2
) 19,63 19,63
Lc ko t nh nht (kG) 2.886 3.082
Gii hn chy khi bin dng 0,2% nh nht (kG/cm
2
) 12.550 13.300
gin di > % 4 4
Trng lng (kg/m) 0,15 0,15
- Cc c trng c hc ca mt s loi thp Nht Bn
ng knh
tao (mm)
Din tch mt
ct (mm
2
)
Trng lng
(kg/m)
Lc ko t
nh nht (kG)
Gii hn chy
nh nht (kG)
chng
12,4 92,9 0,729 15.985 13.631 Max 3%
15,2152 138,7 1,101 22.663 19.319 Max 3%
chng ng vi tr s lc 0,8 ca lc ko t trong thi gian 10 gi.
33
Ph lc 2: Tnh ton lc cng ko bnh qun
to d ng lc (cc iu 5.3)

( )
P
P e
K
k x
=
+
1
. .
. .

Trong cng thc:
P : Lc cng ko (N) ti u cng ko.
x : Chiu di ng l (m) t u cng ko ti din tch mt ct tnh ton. : Cng ca
gc kp (rad) ca tip tuyn ca ng l t mt ct tnh ton ti u cng ko.
K : H s nh hng ca sai lch cc b mi mt ng l i vi ma st ly theo
Bng P-1.
: H s ma st ca ct thp DL vi vch ng l ly theo Bng P-1.
Bng P-1.
T
T
Loi ng to l K Tr s u

B si, b cp v
ct thp trn
ct thp g
1
ng ng bng tn chn sn 0,003 0,35 0,40
2
Kiu ng cao su rt rut 0,0015 0,55 0,40
3
Kiu ng thp rt rut 0 0,55 0,60
4
ng ng sng chn sn 0,0006 0,001 0,16 0,19 (b cp)
34
Ph lc 3 (iu 5.3.6)
xc nh tn tht ng sut trc

1. Xc nh tn tht do ma st cn vnh vng neo
Xc nh bng kch p lc. C th tin hnh trn b cng ko hoc trn mt cu kin b
tng ct thp c ng l thng. Khi hai u u dng neo hnh cn, th cc bc tin hnh
nh sau:
a) Bm du ng thi c hai u vi tr s p lc du duy tr 4Mpa, sau bt u B
lm u b ng, ly u A lm u ch ng, cng ko ti lc khng ch. Gi thit p
lc u B l N
b
, p lc tng ng u A l N
a
th:
Lc ma st cn vnh vng neo: N
o
= N
a
- N
b

H s cng ko vt khc phc lc ma st cn vnh vng neo
n
N
N
o
a
b
=
Tin hnh o 3 ln, ly s bnh qun.
b) Bt u A, cng ko u B dng phng php nu trn, tin hnh 3 ln, ly tr s bnh
qun.
c) Tr s bnh qun ca 2 ln, s l tr s xc nh ca N
o
v n
o
.

2. Xc nh tn tht ma st ca ng l.
Khi xc nh ma st ca ng l cong bng kch, cc bc nh sau:
a) ng thi bm du duy tr 1 tr s p lc nht nh (khong 4mpa) i vi kch c 2
u dm.
b) Bt u A, cng ko u B. Khi cng ko tng p thnh cp, cng ko p sut khng
ch, tin hnh 3 ln, ly tr s bnh qun ca chnh p lc hai u.
c) Vn theo phng php nu trn, nhng bt u B cng ko u A, ly tr s bnh qun
ca chnh p lc 3 ln ca 2 u.
d) Tr s bnh qun ca chnh p lc ca 2 ln o trn, s l tr s xc nh ca lc ma
st cn ng l. Nu 2 u dng neo hnh cn, tr s xc nh k trn cn phi khu tr lc
ma st cn vnh vng neo.
35
Ph lc 4 (iu 7.3.3)

Hng dn o su vt nt bng thit b thm d khuyt tt bng siu m
1. Trn chiu di vt nt nh o nh du cc im t u pht P
1
, P
2
...P
n
v cc im
t u thu T
1
, T
2
... T
n
. Cc im ny nm trn ng thng vung gc vi tim ng nt i
qua N
1
, N
2
... N
n
. Khong cch gia cc im ny bng nhau, ln chiu di ca n c
ly tu theo chiu di v su ca vt nt, thng thng t 5 15cm.
2. lm sch mt ngoi b tng ti cc im nh du s t u pht v u thu.
3. t u pht v u thu ca my siu m vo cc im ni trn, ln lt o v ghi li
thi gian v vn tc truyn sng siu m qua cc on P
1
- T
1
, P
2
- T
2
, P
n
- T
n
... Do b tng b
nt nn thi gian truyn sng s khc so vi truyn sng trn cng mt di khng b nt.
4. Chiu su vt nt xi ti im Ni c xc nh nh sau;
X
t
t
i
i
io
=
2
2

Trong :
t
i
: Thi gian truyn sng t P
i
n T
i

t
io
: Thi gian truyn sng t Pi n T
i
ti mt phng khng c vt nt.
a: Khong cch t P
i
n N
i
(P
i
N
i
= N
i
T
i
)
36
Ph lc 5 (iu 7.3.4)

1. Mi quan h gia tc sng v iu kin b tng (theo Whitehurst)

USA-CANADA Lin x c
Tc sng
(m/s)
Cht lng Tc sng
(m/s)
Cht lng Cng
(KG/cm
2
)
> 4.600 A >4.500 Tuyt vi > 400
3.700-4.600 B 4.000-4.500 Rt tt 250-400
3.100-3.700 C 3.000 - 3.500 t yu cu 40-100
2.100-3.100 D 3.500-4.000 Tt 100-250
< 2.100 E 2.000-3.000 Xu <40
<2000 Rt xu -
2. Hng dn cch o v tnh h s ng nht cng K
Tnh h s K theo s o cng b tng c xc nh trn c s quan h tc sng
v cng .
- Cng thc tnh h s ng nht K
K = 1 - 3 C
v
.
Trong : C
v
- H s bin sai v cng .
- Cng thc tnh h s bin sai C
v
.
C
S
X
v
= S
V
n
i
=
2
1

V X X
i i
= X
X
n
=

Trong :
X - Cc gi tr o v cng b tng.
X - Gi tr o trung bnh.
n - S ln o.
- m bo chnh xc ca s liu o siu m cn tun th cc iu kin sau:
a) Ti v tr o siu m khng c ct thp i qua. Tia sng siu m ch c php chy
song song vi ct thp trong b tng.
37
b) i vi nhng kt cu b tng c ct thp ng knh > 12mm th khong cch gia
tia siu m v ct thp t nht bng 1/6 chiu di truyn siu m.
c) Khong cch t im t u o n cnh ca cu kin b tng a cn tho mn iu
kin:
a
f
min
10
3

Trong :
v- Vn tc siu m (km/s);
f - Tn s u pht (kHz).
d) S lng im o i vi mi cu kin o khng t hn 15 im.
- Khong cch gia cc im o c th cch u nhau hoc khc nhau.
- Mt b tng t u pht v u thu phi kh sch v nhn.
Nu mt ngoi b tng c vt nt hoc r nh th ng knh l r khng qu 5mm v
chiu su khng qu 1mm. Nu mt ngoi b h hng nng th khng c t u d siu
m.
38
Ph lc 6
Cc biu mu ghi chp
S liu ban u
Dm BTCT ST cng sau

S liu dm :
Ngy dng phn khun :
Ngy lp t ct thp :
Ngy b tng :
Ngy cng b thp :
Ngy phun va :
Ngy sng ra khi b :

Bin bn s 1: Thi cng vn khun

Lp trn b s :
Vn khun s dng lun chuyn ln th :
Dch chuyn tim vn y :
C ly hai gi :
Kch thc hnh hc: - Chiu di :
- Chiu cao :
- Bu :
- Bng :
- Cnh :
cong vnh lc :
Lin kt cc mt bch v tm u :
Bi trn chng dnh vn khun :
Kt lun: t yu cu cho php chuyn sang bc thi cng tip theo.

39
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Bin bn s 2: Thi cng vn khun

Sai s lp t ct thp bu :
Sai s lp t ct thp bng :
Sai s lp t ct thp mt cu :
Sai s lp t ng to l :
Sai s tng bo h :
S lng con k /m
2
:
Xc nhn: S lng ct thp ai, ct thp li, ct thp nh v, ct thp mt, s lng
ng to l dng theo thit k.
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)

Bin bn s 3: iu kin cho php b tng

Cht lng vn khun v vng chc, chng mt nc.
Vic lp t cc cu kin chn sn v ct thp ng to l.
Tnh trng thit b, my in, my trn, xe vn chuyn.
Cung cp nc, chng ma nng.
Cht lng thng l.
T l pha trn b tng
Loi xi mng
Loi ct: Loi : Nc:
Ph gia v t l
st thit k
N/X
40
Mu th nghim s: ngy
C R3 = , R7 = , R14 = , R28=
ng b tng
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Kt qu to ng sut trc

Cng trnh :
Dm s :
Ngy thc hin :

Tnh ton Thc hin
STT B thp
s
Cp lc
cng
Lc
cng
Dn di
tng ng
p lc
ng h
Dn di
o c
Mt mt
dn di khi
dng
Ghi
ch
1 0,2P
K

2
0,4P
K

3 0,6P
K

4
0,8P
K

5 1,0P
K

6
1,05P
K

Cng b tng dm: tui: ngy:
Dng thp cng cao ca nc :
Cng gii hn th nghim ti vn bn :
Dng kch loi : Kim nh ngy :
Dng ng h loi: Kim nh ngy :
Lc ma st gia vng neo v kch xc nh ngy:
Vi h s trit gim :
41
Cng b tng ch v :
kim tra d ng lc chnh xc, ng cho bm va vo l
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Bin bn s 4: Thi cng b tng
Bt u b tng :
Kt thc b tng :
S gu b tng :
Thi gian m b tng v kt thc m :
Nhit lc b tng :
Nhit lc kt thc b tng :
Bt u bo dng: gi: ngy:
Kt thc bo dng: gi: ngy:
Tho vn khun thnh: gi: ngy:
Kt qu th nghim:
N/X =
S (cm) =
R3 =
R7 =
R14 =
R28 =
Bin bn s 5: To ng sut trc
Tnh trng thng l :
Cht lng b thp :
Cht lng thit b cng :
u to ng sut trc t gi: ngy: n gi: ngy:
Lng co n hi ca bu di :
vng ca dm :
Cc s c v x l trong qu trnh cng :
42
Ph trch cng b thp :
KTV kim tra :
(Km biu ghi kt qu cng dm) :
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Bin bn s 6: Bm va - ngy bm va
Dm s : c ngy:
Tnh trng thng l bm va :
Loi va (Mc xi mng) :
Dng my khuy va loi :
Thi gian khuy :
N/X :
lu ng ca va :
Ph gia v t l :
T l tit nc :
Nhit khng kh :
Nhit va :
Bm va vo l : t gi n gi
S c khi bm va :
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Bin bn s 7: Bt u dm
Ct thp tha xong ngy :
Tnh trng c nhm u dm :
Khung ct thp :
Chiu di tnh ton dm sau khi dng khun :
T l pha trn b tng bt u dm :
Xi mng loi: ct loi: loi:
43
N/X = S =
Ph gia v t l :
Tnh hnh bo dng :
Cng b tng khi tho khun :
Cng BT bt u dm R7, R14, R28 :

Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Phn xng (B)
(K tn)
Ngi kim tra (A)
(K tn)
Chng nhn k thut
ch to dm BTCT ST cng sau

Khu dm cu : m
S hiu bn v thit k :
Cp ti trng :
Trng lng mt phin dm : Tn
Ngy ch to :
Phn xng ch to :
Phng k thut cng ty :
Ngy... thng... nm 199...
Gim c cng ty

S hiu k thut ch yu ca phin dm

I/ Nguyn vt liu
1. Thp si CC: - ng knh:
- im chy 0,2
- S ln gp gy R = 10mm
- Cng chu ko
- H s dn di L = 100
44
- Ni ch to thp:
2. Ct thp khng DL:
- Loi thp CT3: - Cng chu ko:
- Loi thp CT5: - im chy
- H s dn di
- Un ngui 180
o

- Tnh chu hn
3. Ct liu th mn: Ct: MJ
: c cng khng p
4. Xi mng loi: Nc sn xut:
Mc:
Thi gian s ninh:
Thi gian kt thc ninh kt:
II/ Tm tt cc cng on sn xut ch yu
1. b tng dm
Ngy thng nm b tng
Mc b tng thit k
T l pha trn
Cht ph gia v t l s dng
ht thit k
nh mc xi mng (Kg/m
3
)
Phng thc dm
Phng thc bo dng
Cng b tng cc tui 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 ngy

2. To ng sut trc
Ngy to ng sut trc
Cng b tng khi to ST tui b tng
S v quy cch b thp si
Quy cch ng to l
45
Lc cng mi b (T)
Co n hi (mm)

3. Bm va vo l
Ngy bm va
T l N/X thit k
Loi xi mng Cht ph gia
Phng thc bm va
Cng va: R28

4. Kch thc hnh hc
Tng chiu di: - Mt cnh dm:
- bu dm:
Chiu rng mt dm
Thp chn sn sai lch vi v tr thit k
- bn ng ngi i
- gi
B rng bu
B rng bng
Chiu cao dm
cong vnh lc
vng

5. Cc khuyt tt b mt v x l

6. Cc vn khc

Ph lc
h thng vt t-thit b d ng lc ca
cng ty freyssinet
( h thng c )

H thng C ca Cng ty Freyssinet c p dng ht sc rng ri trn ton th gii, c
nhng c trng ch yu sau y:

Tnh linh hot :
H thng C c thit k cho phm vi ng dng rt rng ln vi cc dng neo khc nhau:
- Dng cho mi loi tao cp xon v kch c ca n m c chun ho trn quc
t c ng knh danh nh l 15mm, bao gm c cp m km v khng dnh bm .
- p dng cho d ng lc trong v ngoi :
- Loi c dnh bm
- Loi tho lp c
- Loi tho lp c v iu chnh c
- Loi tho lp c , iu chnh c v loi b lc cng c.

Tnh gn nh :
Cc loi neo gn s phn phi tt hn d ng lc vo trong b tng v cho php thit k t
hiu sut cao hn bng cch :
- gim chiu dy sn trong dm c sn v thnh dm hp
- cho php tp trung b tr m neo khu vc u dm.
- gim bt kch thc cc khi neo d ng lc vi un cong cp l nh nht.

Kch c trng lng nh
Kch ca h thng C nh v t ng cho php chng ta :
- gim l neo d ng lc nh u kch rt nh gn
- gim khong cch n tng , nh m gim nhng moment sai nhiu v cng
gim bt c lng ct thp yu cu , nh vy m b tng d dng hn .
- Ci thin nhng iu kin cng trng nh l cu lp v ko cng cp

cp d ng lc ca h thng C

AC TRNG CHU YU CUA CC LOA CP THNG THNG MA C TH SU
DUNG V H THNG C

Tiu
chun
Cng
cng
danh
nh
N/mm
2

ng
knh
danh
nh
mm
Din tch
cp danh
nh
mm
2

Khi
lng
danh nh
kg/m
Lc
ko t
nh
nht
kN
ng sut
tiu
chun ti
0.1%
kN
Lc ban u ln nht *

Eurocode2 Tiu
chun
Php
BPEL 91
Tiu
chun
M
AASHTO
96
pr EN
01138.3
1770 16 150 1170 265 228 191.25 205.2 185.5
(41700lbf
)
1860 16 150 1170 279 240 201.45 21.6 195.3
(43903
lbf)
BS 5896
1980
1770 15.7 150 1180 265 225 191.25 202.5 185.5
(41700lbf
)
1820 15.2 165 1295 300 255 216.75 229.5 210
(47.508
lbf)
ASTM A
416-96a
1860 15.24 140 1102 260.7 234.6 195.50 208.5 182.5
270
kpsi
0.6
in
0.217
in
2

0.74
lb/ft
58600
lbg
52740
lbf
43950
lbf
46870
lbf
41026
lbf
Ghi ch
* Lc ban u ln nht l:
- d ng lc sau khi truyn t kch ti b cp ly tu theo :
- theo Eurocode 2 (tr s no nh hn ca 0.75f
prk
v 0.85f
p0.1K

)
- theo AASHTO (0.7f
p0.1K
)
- d ng lc ly tu theo ;
- theo Tiu chun Php BPEL (nh hn 0.8f
prk
v 0.9f
p0.1K
)
- gin di c trng do ti trng cc i cho tt c cc si cp l >3.5%
- chng ln nht sau 1000 h di ng sut 0.7
pK
cho tt c cc si cp < 2.5%

CC TAO CP CUA H THNG C

C b
cp

s tao
cp
Loi tao cp
pr EN v BS* cp 1770 pr En 10138-3
cp 1860
BS 5896-80 Cp 1820, cp
ko
ASTMA- 416 - 96
Cp 0.6" 270
Din
tch cp
mm
2
Khi
lng
kg/m
UTS
kN
Din
tch cp
mm
2

Khi
lng
kg/m
UTS
kN
Din
tch cp
mm
2

Khi
lng
kg/m
UTS
kN
Din
tch cp
mm
2

Khi
lng
kg/m
UTS
kN
3 450 3.54 795 450 3.54 837 475 3.89 900 420 3.306 782
4 600 4.72 1060 6000 4.72 1116 660 5.18 1200 560 4.41 1043
7 1050 8.26 1855 1050 8.26 1953 1155 9.07 2100 980 7.71 1825
9 1350 10.62 2385 1350 10.62 2511 1485 11.66 2700 1260 9.92 2346
12 1800 14.16 3180 1800 14.16 3348 1980 15.54 3600 1680 13.22 3128
13 1950 15.34 3445 1950 15.34 3627 2145 16.84 3900 1820 14.33 3389
19 2850 22.42 5035 2850 22.42 5301 3135 24.61 5700 2660 20.94 4953
22 3300 25.96 5830 3300 25.96 6138 3630 28.49 6600 3080 24.24 5735
25 3750 29.5 6625 3750 29.5 6975 4125 32.38 7500 3500 27.55 6518
27 4050 31.86 7155 4050 31.86 7533 4455 34.97 8100 3780 29.75 7039
31 4650 36.58 8215 4650 36.58 8649 5115 40.15 9300 4340 34.16 8082
37 5550 43.66 9805 5550 43.66 10323 6105 47.92 11100 5180 40.77 9646
55 8250 64.9 14575 8250 64.9 15345 9075 71.23 16500 7700 60.61 14339

* khi lng ly theo Tiu chun BS 5896-80. Nu theo prEn th phi nhn vi h s
0.991

ng cha cp

Nhng loi ng cha cp chnh c dng cho nhng b cp h thng C ca Freyssinet :
Cho cp d ng lc trong
- ng c v dng xon (c np ) lm t cc di thp mng cun li, yu cu dy nh
nht l 0.3 mm. ng knh yu cu c ch ra cho tng loi neo. Ni chung, va xi
mng c s dng tim lp lng ng sau khi cng cp nhm chng g cho cp, i
khi ngi ta s dng c m hoc sp (v d trong xy dng l phn ng ht nhn ). i
vi mt s ng dng c bit, c th dng loi ng cun li t cc di thp mng m
km .
- Loi ng nha mi c pht trin gn y cng p ng cc tiu chun quc t , Loi
ng ny hon ton kn nc.

Bn knh cong
Bn knh cong ca ng cha cp nn ti thiu bng :
- 100 , i vi loi ng thp cun c gn na cng
- 3 m, i vi loi ng thp cng.
Trng hp c bit, bn knh c th gim n 20
i
cho ng thp cng khi m:
- Cng ca thp d ng lc khng bao gi vt qu 0.7F
prg
trong phm vi b
cp ni c bn knh nh hn 3m
- Gc lch tng ca b cp khng qu 3/2 radians;
- Khu vc c un cong gt qu s c coi nh mt loi neo c nh nu gc
un nh hn /2 radians ( = bn knh trong ca ng cha cp)

Trng hp c bit
Nu dng loi ng c bi trn (loi LFC Freyssinet ) hoc loi ng kht c bit th c th
gim bn knh cong ca ng c gn na cng, m vn m bo s truyn lc ko cng
. Gii hn thp nht ca bn knh cong l R
min
1.35 n, vi n l s tao trong b cp.

Cho cp d ng lc ngoi
- i vi nhng h thng c dnh bm tng phn (c tim va)
- ng v thp cun c gn hoc ng thp t trong lng khu vc b tng (vch ngang
v chuyn hng cp )
- ng Polyethylene mt cao (HDPE) hay ng thp (him khi dng) t bn ngoi
b tng. Cc loi ng HDPE c tiu chun ho nhiu nc. Khuyn co s
dng h thng ng vi t s p lc l 0.63 N/mm
2

(6.3 bar).
- i vi h thng khng dnh bm,c k hiu N
0
1 ( h thng ng kp cha cp, s c
tim va xi mng)
- ng thp bao ngoi khi t trong lng khu vc b tng
- ng HDPE dng cho on khong gia cc chuyn hng cp
- i vi h thng khng dnh bm, c k hiu N
0
2 (h thng ng n, c ng k
sang ch, c v ng thp v c thp bi trn lp y bng m trc khi ko cng cp)
- ng thp trong lng khu vc b tng
- HDPE cho khu vc ngoi b tng (loi ng 0.4 N/mm
2
c th c s dng)
Bn knh cong
- i vi h thng c k hiu N
0
1
- Ti chuyn hng cp
Bn knh cong ti thiu ca b cp : R
min
ly gi tr no ln hn trong hai gi tr
sau
R
min
1m hoc R
min
30
[ = ng knh ng cha cp]
- Ti vng t mu neo
Bn knh cong ti thiu ca b cp : R
min
ly gi tr bng gi tr no ln hn
trong hai gi tr sau
R'
min
2m hoc R'
min
R
min
+ 1m
- i vi h thng c k hiu N
0
2
- Tng tao cp c lp ring r : R
min
1m
- B cp gm nhiu tao cp : R
min
2.5m

Cc loi Neo ch ng ca h thng C

Cc loi neo ch ng c s dng cho :
- D ng lc trong vi lp bo v hoc bng va , hoc bng m v hoc sp;
- D ng lc ngoi c dnh bm tng phn vi lp va bo v (Khng th thay th)
- D ng lc ngoi khng dnh bm, c tim m hoc sp vo trong ng lp lng

Trn hnh v sau l cc loi neo :

(hnh v trang 5 sch ca Freyssinet, phi chp hoc scan )

Size A B C D H 1* 2*
3C15 150 11 120 85 50 40 45
4C15 150 120 125 95 50 45 50
7C15 180 150 186 110 55 60 65
9C15 225 185 260 150 55 65 70
12C15 240 200 165 150 65 80 85
13C15 250 210 246 160 70 80 85
19C15 300 250 256 185 80 95 100
22C15 330 275 430 220 90 105 110
25C15 360 300 400 230 95 110 115
25C15P 350 290 360 220 95 110 115
38C15 350 290 360 220 100 115 120
31C15 385 320 346 230 105 120 125
37C15 420 350 466 255 110 130 135
55C15 510 420 516 300 145 160 165

Neo ch ng R c th thay c

Loi neo ny c nhng ch dn c bit v c s dng cho :
- D ng lc trong khng c ng ghen (H thng khng ng ghen ng k sng ch c
quyn ca Cng ty Freyssinet), vi v bc cp c bi m. i vi nhng b cp m d
nh sau ny c th thay th c th nn s dng mt u neo di hn vi chiu di si
cp di m sau ny c th lm d lc cng cp d dng (dng loi cp c th iu
chnh c ) . (*)
- D ng lc ngoi khng dnh bm, c th thay th vi cp trn, ( s c tim va) (H
thng d ng lc ngoi N
0
1)
- D ng lc ngoi (loi c th thay hoc loi khng thay c ) vi cp c bc v v
tim m trc khi ko cng cp d ng lc (H thng d ng lc ngoi N
0
2) . Vi u
m di hn nh trn, dng loi b cp c th iu chnh c. (*)

(hnh v trang 6 sch ca Freyssinet, phi chp hoc scan)

Ch
ng knh v nhng im ni bt ca neo ch ng kiu nR15 ging neo nC15, tr
nhng im sau
Ct thp b tr phn b c bn trong vng neo c gii thiu trang 13

C
1* 2* 3*
3R15 50 70 63
4R15 63 82.5 75
7R15 63 82.5 90
9R15 75 82.5*** 90
12R15 90 114.3 110
13R15 90 114.3 110
19R15 110 133 125
22R15 110 139.7 125
25R15 125 152.4 140
25R15P 125 152.4 140
27R15 125 152.4 140
31R15 140 177.8 160
37R15 140 177.8 160
55R15 180 219.1 200
Tt c ng knh vit bng mm

Neo phng ch ng ,k hiu F

Loi neo phng ( bt) ny thng dng cho cp d ng lc theo hng ngang cu,c t
trong b tng ca bn mt cu. Xin xem hnh v v bng sau

(Hnh v trang 8 sch Freyssinet)

C A B C G1* G2*
R15 190 85 163 58** 20*
R15 230 90 163 75 20
R15 270 95 163 90 20
Tt c ng knh ghi theo mm
* kch thc ng cha cp
** ng cha cp phng loi 75 x 20 c th c ni trc tip
Ch
Neo F c thit k cho cng b tng ti thiu l 30N/mm
2
(cng mu tr)
Phng php thi cng thng dng l t cp nm sn trong ng cha cp vo v tr
trong vn khun t trc khi b tng. Tuy nhin, nu cn th cng c th lung cp vo
trong ng sau khi b tng ho cng.H thng Ductless (xem trang 6) c th c s
dng vi neo F.
Ct thp t phn b quanh khu vc t mu neo s c trnh by trong trang 14.

B ni nhiu tao cp, k hiu CC

B ni cp c s dng khi kt cu lin tc c xydng trong mt s trng hp
phi ko di cp t trc, ko cng v phun va trong phn trc.V d nh cc
dm c y. Ni chung chng c s dng cho cp d ng lc trong.
Loi CC bao gm mt neo ch ng C (trang 5) t vo gia , m trong n khong
gia ng loa v v khi neo, c mt ci ai vng . on cp th hai c neo bng kiu neo
T15D c rp khun nhng rnh nh . Ton th b neo kp ny s c bo v bng m c
nh ti mt u ng loa, v cha c vi ming np nha do. u kia c t va vn vi
loa neo ni vi ng cha cp ca cp giai on 2.

(Hnh v trang 9 ca sch Freyssinet)

Size E L MxN* P G
3CC15 8 740 184x184 174 40
4CC15 8 775 194x194 184 45
7CC15 10 780 210x210 200 60
9CC15 10 725 296x296 248 80
12CC15 10 725 296x296 248 80
13CC15 10 1000 270x270 250 80
19CC15 10 800 320x320 305 95
22CC15 5 900 360x360 330 110
25CC15 5 900 360x360 330 110
25CC15P 5 900 360x360 330 110
27CC15 5 900 360x360 330 110
31CC15 5 1180 360x360 400 120

B ni tng tao cp n

Cch ni cc cp c ko cng xong

Nhng b ni cp cho php ni b cp giai on th hai vi b cp ca giai on th nht
bng cch s dng loi b ni tng tao cp n , b ni ny c ch to sn nh my, c
kho t ng to ra bi hai chm ngc chiu v l xo trung tm. Mu neo dng cho cp c
cng giai on th nht l mt neo kiu nC15 (xem chi tit trang 5)
Cc b ni tng tao cp n s c t so le nhau, v b cp bao gm nhiu tao cp, nh vy
m bo bn chc ca lin kt.


Cch ni cc cp cha c ko cng

Thit b ni ny dng ni hai u hai b cp cha c ko cng
Cu to ca n tng t vi b ni tng tao cp n m m t trn, ch khc l khng c
mu neo cho giai on mt. V bc on ni y s lm di hn m bo dn ra gia
nhng b ni khi cp c ko cng.


Ch :
V thp v trong hnh trn y c th c thay th bng loi v nha HDPE. Trong trng
hp , ng knh phi thay i . Lin h vi Cng ty Freyssinet bit thm chi tit

ng knh ch yu

Tt c cc loi
B cp D M N PCI PR X1 X2 X3 V
3C15 40 1050 1000 102 102 250 500 750 130
4C15 45 1050 1000 127 108 250 500 750 140
7C15 60 1050 1000 127 114 50 500 750 150
9C15 65 1100 1050 180 159 300 550 800 200
12C15 80 1150 1100 193 159 300 550 800 200
13C15 80 1200 1150 203 168 300 550 800 200
19C15 95 1200 1150 219 194 300 550 800 230
22C15 105 1250 1200 267 203 350 600 800 230

Cp c ko cng
25C15P 110 1300 1250 267 - 350 600 850 -
27C15 115 1300 1300 267 - 350 600 850 -
31C15 120 1350 1350 273 - 400 650 900 -

Cp cha c ko cng
25C15 110 1250 1200 - 219 350 600 850 250
27C15 115 1300 1250 - 212 350 600 850 250
31C15 120 1350 1300 - 244 400 650 900 280

neo c nh ( neo cht)

Cc u neo c nh kiu N v G c chn ngm vo trong b tng,chng khng c dng
ko cng cp m ch gia 1 u cp,u cp cn li s c ko cng v t neo ch
ng. V vy u neo cp c nh ny s c t trc vo trong vn khun ri c b
tng bao kn thnh khi.
Kiu u neo c nh N
Kiu neo N ca mi tao cp c lp vi mt chp kp cht v c t ln mt bn thp .
( 2 Hnh v trang 12 sch Freyssinet)

Kiu u neo c nh G

Kiu u neo G l kiu neo ri .
u tao cp c lm thnh nhng
hnh qu trm.
110
1
1
0
110
1
1
0
Kiu 1
Kiu 2
Khong cch li
Tt c cc kch thc l mm

Ct thp cu to cho u neo C & R

Li ct thp chu ng lc cc b sau mu neo
N G

T
Kch thc

S
Tao cp

W1

W2

W1

W2
3 300 300 950 450 G 1/2"
4 350 350 950 500 G 1/2"
7 500 400 950 550 G 1/2"
9 600 400 950 550 G 1/2"
12 900 500 1300 650 G 1/2"
13 1200 500 1300 650 G 1/2"
19 1500 650 1300 800 G 1"
22 1800 750 1500 1000 G 1"
25 2000 850 1500 1000 G 1"
27 2000 1000 1700 1250 G 1"
31 2200 1100 1700 1250 G 1"
37 2500 1280 2000 1250 G1.1/2"
55 2800 1400 2500 1250 G 1.1/2"
Ct thp ch khng nhn thy
Li ct thp cng kiu
(
2
n
+
1
)
d
+
S
d/2 nd s sd d/2 nd d/2 d/2 s sd
(
2
n
+
1
)
d
+
S
Kiu 1 Kiu 2
A/2 A/2 A/2

Kch thc ghi mm
Kch thc A tham kho trang 5
Cng ct thp 235 N/mm
2

Ct thp xon

Ct thp ch khng nhn thy
n
g

k
n
h

n
g
o
i
e
L

Kch thc u ghi mm
* ng knh yu cu ca ct thp xon cu
to ln hn ng knh thng dng
(12mm)
Cng ct thp 235 N/mm
2

Ghi ch :
C
Kiu
li
k
thanh n s
3C15 1 8 4 100 170
4C15 1 8 4.5 100 180
7C15 1 10 5.5 120 240
9C15 1 12 5.5 150 280
12C15 1 14 5.5 150 330
13C15 1 14 5 180 340
19C15 1 16 6 195 410
22C15 2 14 8 200 150
25C15 1 20 6 220 180
25C15P 1 20 6 220 180
27C15 1 20 6 240 500
31C15 2 20 6 270 530
37C15 2 20 6.5 300 580
55C15 2 25 7 335 710
C
S
vng
D
thanh
D
ngoi e L
3C15 5 8 160 50 250
4C15 5 10 180 60 300
7C15 6 12 220 60 360
9C15 6 14 2660 70 420
12C15 7 14 310 50 350
13C15 7 14 320 70 490
19C15 7 16 400 70 490
22C15 8 16 430 70 560
25C15 7 20 450 80 560
25C15P 7 20 450 80 560
27C15 7 20 470 80 560
31C15 8 20 500 80 640
37C15* 9 20 550 90 810
55C15* 9 25 650 100 900
- Cc kiu t ct thp chu ng lc tp trung sau mu neo c nu ra y l an ton
nhng khng bt buc p dng m ch tham kho. Mi ngi thit k c th tu kinh
nghim v tnh ton ring chn kiu ring ca mnh, kiu ct thp cu to c th c
nh r nh nhng li phng trn mt vi mt phng, hoc ct thp dng xon ( xon c).
- Ct thp dng li hoc xon biu th trn bng l mt vi gi tr cho neo ring bit trn
mu b tng lng tr (khi th nghim) cho b tng c f
cmin
khong t (20 40) N/mm
2
v
cho b tng c f
cmin
khong t (40 70) N/mm
2
( cng hnh tr ) tham kho t s tay K
thut h thng C.
- Khi nhng u neo c sp xp thnh mt nhm hoc trn vi ng thng , ct thp t
lin tc c din tch mt ct ngang tng ng ln lin kt c tt c u neo. Xin
tham kho t s tay K thut h thng C.
- Mt ct ct thp cu to ghi trong bng l kt qu tnh ton l thuyt cn thn da theo
ng Tiu chun. Din tch mt ct ny hu ht c b xung bi cc thanh ct thp c bn
khc cu kt cu m chng ta khng v trn hnh.
- Ngi thit k phi kim tra v s cn bng tng th ca khu vc neo.
Ct thp chu ng lc tp trung sau mu neo
phng kiu F

Kiu neo 3 F15
60
1
25
1
1
60
5
2A
3 2 1 1 3A
3A
2A 1

*
Cng ct thp 235 N/mm
2

Tt c cc kch thc ghi mm

Kiu neo 4 F15
75 35
1 1
3 2 2A 1 1 3A
5
4
1 1
1 1
70 70
Cng ct thp 235 N/mm
2

Kiu neo 5 F15
40
1
75
1
1A
1A
2
1
1 3 1A 3A 2A
1A
5
1A
2A 3A
1A
75

*
Cng ct thp 235 N/mm
2

S
thanh
*

Qty

L1
ext
L2
int
L3
Int
h
ext
1 6 12 250 - - -
2 1 8 250 20 150 120
2A 2 6 250 45 110 120
3 1 8 250 20 150 120
3A 2 6 250 45 110 120
5 4 8 170 - - -
S
thanh
*

Qty

L1
ext
L2
int
L3
Int
H
ext
1 6 10 340 - - -
2 2 8 340 60 160 145
3 2 8 340 60 160 145
4 2 10 340 - - 145
5 4 8 250 - - -
S
thanh
*

Qty

L1
ext
L2
int
L3
Int
h
ext
1 4 12 380 - - -
1A 8 10 380 - - -
2 1 10 380 55 195 145
2A 2 8 380 80 160 145
3 1 10 380 55 195 145
3A 2 8 380 80 160 145
5 4 8 210 - - -
L1
h Thanh s
1 ,1A
L1
L2
L3
1
0
d
h
2 ,2A
Thanh s
L3
1
0

d
h
L1
Thanh s
3 , 3A
L1
h
4
Thanh s
L1
5
Thanh s

Nhm neo

Khong cch nh nht khi cc neo kiu C c t trn vi ng thng
A
B
a
'
b
'
a a b
a
'
a
'
b
'
b a
A
B

a
0
: khong cch nh nht
gia 2 neo t ng trung
tm
a
0
= A ( hoc B )
*
+30 mm
(
*
tu thuc vo cch b tr
hng, xem trang 40,41,42
hoc 43)
b
0
: khong cch nh nht
gia trng tm ca nao v
trng tm mt b tng
Kim tra cc iu kin sau:
a hoc/v a' a
0
,b hoc b'
b
0

a'b hoc /v ab' >1.6 b
0
2

a'
a f
F 5 . 1
min c
0

Vi : F
0
: lc d ng sut
F
cmin
: cng khi b tng hnh tr thi im d ng sut
Nhng ngh v khong cch nh nht s c qui nh li hoc Tiu chun

C Kch thc b
0
(mm) ca b tng vi f
cmin
(N/mm
2
)
23 33 43 63
3C15 120 105 105 105
4C15 140 115 110 110
7C15 185 155 140 135
9C15 210 175 160 155
12C15 240 200 185 180
13C15 250 210 190 185
19C15 300 250 225 220
22C15 325 270 245 240
25C15 345 290 260 255
25C15P 345 290 260 255
27C15 360 300 270 265
31C15 380 320 285 275
37C15 420 350 310 295
55C15 510 425 375 345

Khong cch nh nht khi cc neo kiu C c t trn mt ng thng
Cho v d u neo trn sn
ca dm hoc on dm hoc
neo ca ct thp d ng lc
theo phng ngang cu.
b
00
: b dy ca tng b tng
Kim ta cc iu kin ca b
c a ra t bng di:
b b
00

b' 1.5 b
00

a'
a f
F
min c
0

a
'
b
'
2b
Vi :
F
0
- d ng sut
f
cmin
- cng b tng hnh tr ti thi im d ng sut

Nhng khuyn co v khong cch nh nht ni trn cn phi c ngi thit k kim
tra li cho ph hp vi nhng qui nh ng dng hoc tiu chun ring ca mi D n.
C Kch thc b
0
(mm) ca b tng vi f
cmin
(N/mm
2
)
23 33 43 63
3C15 90 85 85 85
3F15 80 75 75 75
4C15 105 100 95 95
4F15 95 87.5 85 85
5F15 95 87.5 85 85
7C15 145 125 120 120
9C15 165 140 135 135
12C15 185 165 155 155
13C15 190 170 160 160
19C15 230 200 190 190
22C15 250 215 205 205
25C15 265 230 220 220
25C15P 265 230 220 220
27C15 280 240 225 230
31C15 300 260 240 235
37C15 330 285 260 255
55C15 400 350 315 300
Lp t kch cng cp

Cc cp thuc h thng C s c ko cng bng loi kch thu lc cht lng cao k hiu CC
.Loi kch ny ko cp ri lp chm hay tho chm mt cch t ng

Nhng loi kch thuc h thng K ca Freysinet cng c th c s dng , chng c kh
nng p ng c nhng yu cu t ra.

S liu v kch ca h thng C
Loi kch CC 350 CC 500 CC1000 CC1500
Piston 250 250 250 350
Di tch ko (cm
2
) 473 692 1349 2130
Lc ln nht mi tao (kN) 255 255 255 255
Dieej tch vng kho 69 99 148 219
Lc kho cc i cho 1 tao cp 8 8 8 8
Khi lng kch (kg) 410 600 1124 2200

Cc kch thc ch yu v khong trng lp kch cng cp

Loi kch Loi cp
A
E G L
(x50)

7C15 360 1105 690 120 11
o
9C15 1105 690 150 8
o
12C15 1115 700 150 8
o
13C15 1074 660 150 9
o

7C15 1085 688 120 15
o
9C15
438
1085 688 150 13
o
12C15 1095 698 150 13
o
13C15 1110 703 150 12
o
19C15 1071 674 170 11
o

19C15

593
1160 723 170 16
o
22C15 1170 733 210 13
o
25C15 1175 738 210 13
o
25C15P 1175 738 210 13
o
27C15 1180 743 210 13
o
31C15 1146 709 210 13
o
37C15 1151 714 240 10
o
37C15 722 1550 770 240 9
o
55C15 1986 700 280 8
o

Khong trng cn c t mu neo v kch

( xem hnh v trang 18 sch Freyssinet)

Loi cp M N H
3F15 200 95 50
3C15 200 170 120
4F15 240 100 50
4C15 200 180 125
5F15 280 105 50
7C15 230 210 125
9C15 275 245 130
12C15 290 260 145
13C15 300 270 150
19C15 350 310 160
22C15 380 335 170
25C15 410 360 170
25C15P 410 360 170
27C15 400 350 175
31C15 435 380 180
37C15 195 410 195
55C15 560 480 230

Vic ko cng cp c dng loi t neo phng

Cc loi cp nh 3F15 , 4F15 v 5F15 ( dng neo phng-dt )c th c to d ng lc
bng cch ko cng cc tao cp ng thi bng loi kch K-100 hoc bng cch ko tng tao
cp ln lt ring r nh loi kch n tao cp c k hiu M23

c im v kch thc ca cc loi kch (palng) c biu din di hnh sau

(hnh v)

Loi kch M23 c nhiu thun li khi s dng dng ko cng ln lt tng tao cp mt

(hnh v)

My bm du kch

Loi my bm p lc cao lm cho h thng kch c hot ng d dng.
Chng hn my bm P7.7 cung cp di 11.5 (l/min) ti p sut nh nht khong 63
(MPa).

bo v chng g

Cc b cp h thng C s c bo v bi bt k h thng bo v quen thuc no nh
va xi mng , m ,sp .

Vi trng hp cn c bit ch nh sau:

D ng lc ngoi vi tim va xi mng :
Kh nng chu p lc ca ng cha cp cn phi c kim tra trc khi tim va .Mun vy
cn dng my nn kh. Cm dng my bm nc

Tim va cho H thng cp N
o
2 :
Trong trng hp ny va tim lm nhim v ngn cn lc p t cc tao cp thp vo thnh
bn trong ca ng nha, gy nn ph hoi ng nha trong vng tip xc cht kht gia cc cp
ni m ng b un cong .Mt vi c trng ca va lng nh cng (10 N/mm
2
l ) hay
co ngostchir c ngha th yu.Va lng cn tim trc khi ko cng cp d ng lc.

K thut chn khng:
Cng ty Freyssinet sng to ra k thut tim va lng chn khng sau hn hai mi nm
nghin cu. N rt thch hp cho cc d n ln vi nhng iu kin kh khn

H thng khng ng cha cp:
Trong h thng ny , cc b cp trong v c bi trn v t trong vn khun ri mi b
tng bao bc , khng yu cu v tim va laasp lng ng

Tim sp. m cng nghip:
ng cha cc b cp cng c th c tim lp lng bng loi sp c gc du m c thc
hin bi cc nh chuyn mn (chng hn nh kim tra sau khi mt s nm hoc bo v
cho cc thanh cng tm thi khi ang thi cng cng trnh)

Lng va tim cn thit:
Bng di y ch r khi lng va tim vo ng cha cp , n v o l litre/m ng

Cho cp d ng lc trong ca h thng C
S tao Va lng (l/m) ng knh ng thp
3 0.8 40
4 1.1 45
7 1.9 60
9 2 65
12 3.4 80
13 3.1 80
19 4.4 95
22 5.6 105
25 6 110
27 7.6 120
31 7 120
37 8.2 130
55 12.5 160

Cho cp d ng lc ngoi N-2 ca h thng C

S tao Va lng
(l/m)
ng knh ng
nha
3 1.57 63
4 2.30 75
7 2.96 90
9 2.40 90
12 3.99 110
13 3.71 110
19 4.16 125
22 3.31 125
25 4.88 140
27 4.32 140
31 6.85 160
37 5.15 160
55 8.84 200

Cho cp dng neo phng ca h thng C

S tao Va lng
(l/m)
Kch thc
ng thp
3 0.71 58 x 20
4 0.90 75 x 20
5 1.05 90 x 20

Tt c cc kch thc ng ghi bng mm

1
Phn 9:
Cng ngh c kt cu nhp BTCT trn gio c nh

9.1 c im cng ngh
Cu b tng ct thp c ti ch trn gio c nh cn mt khi lng cng tc rt ln
xy dng cng trnh tm phc v thi cng: ch to v lp dng gin gio (gi vm) v vn
khun, tn km sc lao ng, thi gian thi cng ko di, gi thnh t. Vn khun g chim
t 0,3-0,6m
3
cho 1m
3
b tng. Nu dng cc loi gin gio khc cng khng km phc tp v
tn km. Nhiu khi gin gio hoc ga vm cng thc s l mt cng trnh s, khng
km g nhp cu b tng cn c ton khi. V vy phng php thi cng c dm BTCT ti
ch trn gio c nh ch dng trong trng hp c bit, c yu cu ring hoc xy dng
cu vng sn vt liu ct si, v g.
9.2. Xy dng cu dm trn gin gio
Xy dng cu dm b tng ct thp ton khi trn gin gio c nh bao gm cc vic
sau: lm gin gio, lp dng vn khun, t ct thp, v m b tng, bo dng b tng,
tho d b tng v gin gio.
Vt liu lm gin gio c th l thp, g
Gin gio phi cng m bo cng v n nh theo yu cu, chng hn
vng cc thanh trong gin gio khng ln qu 1/400 chiu di nhp.
Cu to gin gio phi n gin d tho lp v s dng c nhiu ln. Mi ni phi tht
kht gim bin dng khng n hi, khe ni khng h qu 1mm. Sai s kch thc khng
qu 10mm. Sai s khong cch gia tim gin khng vt qu 30mm. Gin gio c tu
chn chiu di nhp, chiu cao cu, vt liu v thit b thi cng c sn . Gin gio c nhiu
dng chng hn gin gio di ng, gin gio c nh.
9.2.1 Cu to gin gio c nh.
Gin gio c nh l loi hnh n gin nht l gin gio kiu ct ng, khong cch gia
cc ct thay i t 2-4m (hnh 9.1a). Khi cu cao, ct ng phi b tr dy. Do tn g
ng thi trong thi gian thi cng thuyn b khng qua li c cho nn cng c th dng
gin gio thanh chng xin dng tam gic hoc hnh thang (Hnh 9.1 b,c).
Khong cch gia cc ct s tng ln t 6 n 8m
Mt ct ngang gin gio c cu to tu theo b rng cu v s lng dm ch. Cc ct
ng lun lun phi b tr ng di dm ch. (Hnh 9.2) gii thiu cu to mt loi gin gio
g tnh t trn xung c cc b phn sau: vn y dm ch, g ngang, dm dc, thit b h
gin gio v pal gm g m, ct ng, chn g, v cc thanh p cho. Cc v pal c th k
trc tip trn nn t tt. Nu t yu phi k trn nn cc.
Trng hp cu nhp ln v sng c thng thuyn thng s dng gin gio vi dm thp
hnh I (Hnh 9.3) s hp l hn. Tuy nhin v thp hnh t tin, cn tn dng lng c kch
thc sn, tt nht l nguyn, khng khoan ct ba bi, t so le trn pal, s dng li ,
gim gi thnh. Nu cn c th ni di theo kiu lin kt chng, p g (b tng) v bulng.

2

Hnh 9.1: s gin gio g

Hnh 9.2 Mt ct ngang gin gio g

Thit b h gin gio c th t di dm I hoc di chn cc v pal g (Hnh9.3)

Hnh 9.3 Gin gio dm I
Trong thi gian thi cng nu cn c kh thng thng gm cu ln hn na, ta dng dm I
c thanh tng cng hoc dn thp vt nhp ln (Hnh 9.4). Dm hoc gin thp c gi
ln vai ca tr cu.

3

Hnh 9.4 Gin gio khng tr gia.
Gin gio thp bng thanh vn nng c dng nhiu Lin X c. thanh vn nng
cng c s dng kh rng ri. Tuy nhin v tht lc nhiu, nn hin nay t thy kt cu
gin gio. Thanh vn nng trc kia gm 25 linh kin, nay ln ti 61 linh kin, thanh nng
nht l 76,4daN, cc bn nt c th nng n 93daN, cc chn (u b) nng 260,3daN;
Cc thanh thp hnh I lm dm ngang c th nng n 1154daN. Cc thanh u bng thp
CT3, thanh ghp c th t hp t 1 n 6 thanh thp gc. Bn ni v bn ging c 26 loi.
Cc thanh lin kt bng bulng ng knh 22 v 27.

Hnh 9.5 Linh kin thanh vn nng
Thanh vn nng c th lp thnh gin, thnh tr, thnh thp cu v nhiu hnh thc kt cu
khc vi khoang 2m. Hnh 9.5 v hnh 9.6 l cc linh kin thanh vn nng.

4
Ngoi ra, cn c nhng b thanh vn nng lm bng thp cng cao, lp bu lng tinh
ch v ch gm 43 linh kin.

Hnh 9.6 Linh kin thanh vn nng
Hnh 9.7 gii thiu cc loi gin gio bng thanh vn nng gm mt, hai ba tng, mi
tng cao 2m.
Hnh 9.8 l cu to mt s bn nt ca gin.
Vi thanh vn nng ta c th lp thnh cc tr nh hnh 9.9. Khong cch gia cc ct
t 0,26-2-4-6m. Tr phn nh v chn tr cao 0,561m, cn li mi khoang cao 2m.

5

Hnh 9.7 Gin gio thanh vn nng

6

Hnh 9.8 Nt gin thanh vn nng a,b nt bin di; c, d Nt bin trn
Hnh 9.10 l cu to mt s bn nt lp cc thanh tr .
Hnh 9.11 l cu to mt s thp cu. Bng 9.1 gii thiu quy cch ca thanh vn nng.
Bng 9.2 Gii thiu din tch v nng lc chu ti ca kt cu thanh vn nng.
u im ca thanh vn nng l c th lp c nhiu loi hnh kt cu khc nhau, k c
nhng cu tm phc v trong chin tranh. Tuy nhin nhc im ca thanh vn nng l lp
rp tn cng sc v thi gian. vng ca gin kh ln, chu tc dng ng km v gi
ca lin kt vi l inh c ng knh ln hn bulng khong 1mm.

7

Hnh 9.9 Tr ghp bng thanh vn nng

8
Hnh 9.10 bn nt tr ghp bng thanh vn nng
a-Bn nt tr nh; b-Bn nt gia tr
c-Bn nt ngang; d-Bn nt chn tr

Hnh 9.11 Cc lin kt ph tr bng thanh vn nng
a-Cn trc long mn v gin gio; b-Gin gio v tr gia;
c-cn trc ni; d-Cn trc long mn; e-Cn trc ni mt tha.

Lu nay, lm gin gio c nh, nhiu nc s dng cc loi linh kin thp ng, ni
vi nhau bi cc ct v rc co khc nhau. nhiu cng ty ln, cn s dng nhng mng gin
gio ch to sn theo mu m nht nh, bo m linh hot trong lp rp cc loi hnh
gin gio khng gian mt cch nh nhng v thun li, lin kt vi nhau bi nhng chi tit
gia cng tinh bng kim loi, chu c nhng lc trt tng i ln.
9.2.2 cu to gin gio di ng
Gin gio di ng l gin gio c th chy c ch to t nhp ny n nhp khc.
Gin gio di ng thch hp xy dng cu b tng ct thp c ti ch bc qua sng su,
lng sng khng th ng cc lm gin gio c nh hoc khng kinh t. Hnh 9.12 gii
thiu mt kiu gin gio di ng bng thp. Hai bn gin thp c gi tam gic treo dm dc
v vn khun. Dm ngang v vn y t trn dm dc (hnh 9.12b). t vn khun lp ct
thp, c dm v bo dng b tng u thc hin trn gin gio treo. Khi b tng t cng
tho vn khun v ko gin gio sang nhp khc v cc cng vic s lp li nh trn.
Gin gio di ng c th lm bng dm hoc gin thp nh hnh. Khi di ng cn mt s
thit b ph tr.
9.2.3 Cu to cc vn khun
Vn khun cu dm b tng ct thp c ton khi ti ch c th lm bng g, g thp
lin hp, hoc bng thp ton b. Yu cu i vi vn khun l cng v cng , n
gin d ch to, d tho lp v s dng c nhiu ln.

9

Hnh 9.12: Gin gio di ng a-V tr gin gio; b-Mt ct ngang gin gio

Vn khun phi kht trnh r r va xi mng khi b tng. Tu theo s lng nhp c
th chn dng vn khun g hoc thp. vn khun thp c s dng nhiu ln, do gi
thnh c th h xung.
Cu to vn khun g c gii thiu nh trn hnh 9.13
Vn khun g c dm b tng ct thp gm nhng b phn sau:
+ Vn g: dy khong 4-5cm, khong cch mp ng t 70-100cm. Vn khun c th
chia on ch to sn, nh vy s lp ghp c nhanh. m bo b dy sn dm b
tng cn b tr bulng cng lun qua l ca thanh chng bng b tng.

Hnh 9.13 cu to vn khun g cu dm v chi tit bulng cng c thanh chng
1-G ngang; 2-Khung ngoi; 3-Khung trong; 4-Vn;
5-Thanh ng; 6-Vn khun; 7-Bulng cng; 8-Thanh chng.

10
+ Khung chng: l nhng thanh g lin kt vi nhau bng inh hoc bulng, thnh
tng mng khng bin hnh, dng thng ng thnh tng b, cch nhau khong 70-100cm.
Vn khun y v khung chng c t trn g ngang. Khi dm cao v bu dm b tr
nhiu ct thp c th m ca s trn sn dm v m b tng (c th kim tra ct thp
v b tng ti qua ca s)
b tng n ca s phi bt li tip tc c phn trn.
9.2.4 Cng tc ct thp
Ct thp c ch to thnh li, thnh khung sn vi kch c ph thuc vo phng tin
cu lp. li v khung thp c ch to trong phn xng ct thp nh cc khun mu, v
phi m bo chnh xc. cng ca khung ct thp nh hn cc thanh v cc ct xin.
Sn ct thp ri t trong vn khun cn phi ph hp cu to vn khun v khng bin
dng d.
Lp bo v ct thp c bo m bng cc ming m va xi mng c b dy bng lp
bo v. Trong ming m c t cc si thp nh buc vo ct ch. Khong cch t con
m ty theo ng knh thanh ct thp.
Trc khi b tng phi lp bin bn nghim thu ct thp v chng loi, kch thc v
cch b tr t trong vn khun so vi bn thit k. trong trng hp c sai st phi sa cho
ng thit k sau hai bn A v B k vo bin bn nghim thu.
9.2.5 Cng tc b tng
Khi thi cng kt cu c ti ch, b tng cng phi lin tc v tn lng dng bin
php c gii, tt nht l dng my bm y b tng. Phn dm c ct thp b tr dy nn
dng ct liu nh. Vn chuyn t trm trn n ni khng c b tng b phn tng.
B dy mi lp t 10-40cm. B tng c th tng lp nm ngang hay xin. Tc b
tng phi m bo sao cho khi lp sau th lp trc cha bt u ngng kt (hnh 9.14)

Hnh 9.14: Phng php b tng kt cu nhp
a-Lp nm ngang; b-Lp xin; c- b tng bng dm
1. Ca s; 2. Vn khun
Trng hp cu nhp ngn, c th theo lp nm ngang trn c chiu di nhp v khi
lng cn c khng ln lm. Khi n bn mt cu, b tng s t dm dc sang hai bn.

11
trng hp cu nhp ln nu theo lp nm ngang khng th cung cp b tng, c th
theo cc lp nghing mt gc =2028
0
, t hai u vo gia nhp. Bn mt cu v dm
c cng mt lc (c theo chiu cao dm). Phng php theo cc lp nghing c u
im l din tch mt s hp, khi lng tng m trn b tng c th t, lng my mc s
dng khng nhiu. khi dm cao hn 1,5m hoc ct thp trn bn mt cu kh dy, sn dm
v bn mt cu s khng lin cng mt lc. Trc tin dm dc v dm ngang. Sau
lp ct thp b tng bn mt cu v b tng phn bn. Trng hp bn mt cu rng, c
th chia theo phng ngang v b tr khe cng tc trn dm ngang trnh cho b tng
khi nt do gin gio bin dng trong qu trnh b tng. cng c th dng phng php
cht ti trn gin gio kh bin dng d v ln ca gin gio. Chng hn cht ti bng ct
hoc y nc (nu vn khun kn). b tng n u tho ti trng n . Nhc
im ca phng php cht ti l tn cng sc v thi gian thi cng ko di.
i vi dm kin tc v mt tha c ti ch thng gia nhp gin gio c bin
dng ln, tri li cc im ta, ln khng ng k (hoc khng ln) v ln khng u,b
tng s b nt ch gy gc ca vng. V vy, khi b tng phi khe cng tc trn
nh tr (k c tr tm). Khe cng tc cn c tc dng lm gim ng sut do co ngt ca b
tng. B rng khe cng tc ly khong 0,8-1m. Mi on phi c b tng t hai u vo
nh gii thiu trn hnh 9.15

Hnh 9.15: Trnh t b tng (I-V), cc on ca dm lin tc

Khi b tng khe cng tc, phi lm nhm mt b tng c bng cch c ty ra sch
m bo lin kt tt gia cc khi b tng.
9.2.6 Tnh ton gin gio vn khun treo.
Ti trng tc dng ln gin gio gm trng lng bn thn ca gin gio, vn khun, on
b tng ct thp c hng, cc thit b v ngi lm vic trn gin gio. Ngoi ra p lc gi
cng tc dng ln gin gio, vn khun. Cn tnh ton gin gio treo theo cc trng thi gii
hn . C th l duyt cng v n nh ca gin gio c hai giai on b tng v di
chuyn. Duyt bin dng trong giai on c hng. Tnh ton dm dc ca gin gio di ng
b tr trn kt cu nhp nh hnh 9.16a hoc dm dc b tr di kt cu nhp nh hnh 9.16b.

12

Hnh 9.16: S tnh gin gio di ng

Tnh kh nng chu lc dm ngang di 8, dm ngang trn 7, thanh ko 5 v dm dc mt
tha 4. Ti trng thng ng do trng lng on b tng va mi tc dng trc tip ln
vn 6, ti trng ngi v cc cng c t trn gin gio truyn qua thanh ko 2 v dm ngang
3, truyn ln dm dc mt tha. u cui dm dc c c neo 3 vo giai on b tng

13
trc. Dm dc, dm ngang chu m men v lc ct do do trng lng gin gio, vn
khun ngi v thit b. Lc trong thanh ko chnh l phn lc ca dm ngang di R
c
v R
D
.
Khi duyt n nh lt ca dm dc cn phi xc nh c lch tm e
0
ca hp lc trn
dm bao gm c i trng Q v lc neo R
A

+
+
=
A
A
R P
y R M
e
0
0

trong :
M
0
- Tng m men tt c cc lc, tr lc trong neo.
Hnh 9.16 s tnh gin gio di ng
P-Tng cc lc thng ng tr lc trong neo
iu kin n nh ta c:
m
R P y
y R M
m
y
e
A
A
+
+
) (
;
0 0

Lc nh nht trong neo R
A
:
m
y
M
P m
R
A

=
1
.
0

Trong : m l h s n nh. T lc R
A
tnh ton b tr cu to neo trong btng.
Chn i trng Q t iu kin n nh khi gin gio di chuyn n v tr mi. Xc nh
bin dng ( vng) ca gin gio treo mt tha t trng lng bn thn gin gio, trng
lng khi b tng, cc thit b v ngi lm vic trn .
9.2.7 Tho vn khun v h gin gio
Khi b tng t n mt cng nht nh, c th tho vn khun. i vi cc loi
vn khun thnh, c th tho sm, khi cng b tng t trn 25daN/cm
2
. Sau khi tho
vn khun phi kim tra k mt ngoi v lm bin bn nghim thu, nh gi cht lng b
tng.Khi cng b tng t trn 70% cng c th h gin gio. Thit b h bao gm :
nm g, nga g, hp ct, hoc kch nh gii thiu trn hnh 9.17.
Nga g v nm dng cho kt cu nhp c chiu di nh. Hp ct v kch dng vi nhp
ln. Hp ct gm ng thp, y ct kh v c nn cht, ln ct l trc g c ng
knh b hn ng knh hp ct 1cm. Nguyn tc lm vic ca hp ct tng t mt kch
thy lc, nhng y dng loi vt liu ri c gc ni ma st ln thay cht lng, nh vy s
trnh c tn tht v an ton trong qu trnh s dng. Hp ct hin i c cu trc n gin,
bao gm mt hp thp hnh tr hn chc chn v mt nt (pittng) bng b tng c trong
mt ng thp mng, d dng trt trn thnh trong hp ct (hnh 9.17).

14

Hnh 9.17 Thit b h gin gio
a-Nm g; b-Nga g; c-Hp ct.
1.Pittng; 2. Xi lanh; 9. Ct; 4. Nt

C th thay th nt b tng bng g t thit. Ct nn dng cc loi ct thch anh hoc silic
hy mn v sch d chuyn ng chy v chu c p sut ti 200daN/cm
2
khng b v.
Trc khi vo hp phi rang ct v trong qu trnh thi cng phi lu bo v chng m
cho ct trong hp, chng hn c vnh mi che ma chung quanh, nhi x gai v trt mt tt bi
tum kn khe h gia hp v pittng, cht cht bng nt g 4, l b tr sn gn y hp.
Khi h gin gio, sau mt hiu lnh tt c cc hp ct c h cng mt lc theo t l nht
nh bng cch m nt cc l ct chy ra vi mt lng nht nh c cn o cn thn.
n gin hn nu hn tm y rng hn hp ct mt cht, ct s t ng chy khi nh cn
ct tch t cao ti l tho. Bng mt hiu lnh tip theo, chcn qut i cc cn ct , cc
hp ct ging nhau s li c h mt cao nh nhau.
Nu ct trong hp lu b nhim m, hot ng ca hp ct s km linh hot, khi phi
dng que no khi ct chy ra. Dng hp ct h gin gio s m thun, nhp nhng v
chnh xc.
Hp ct c thit k theo yu cu cao cn h h v phn lc ta. Cng ca hp
phi c kim tra vi p lc ct trn thnh hp.
Chiu cao cn h c tnh theo cng thc sau:
h=y++C
Trong :
y- vng ca nhp do trng lng bn thn dm b tng gy ra;
-Bin dng n hi ca gim gio
C-Khong h cn thit gia gin gio v dm b tng, thng t 10-30mm.
trnh dm b rn nt trong qu trnh h gin gio phi tho ct t t bng cch chia
lm nhiu ln h. Chiu cao mi ln h h/n (n s ln h)

15
Gin gio c h t gia nhp vo hai gi nh hnh 9.18.

Hnh 9.18: Trnh t h gin gio
i vi cu dm kin tc cng h tng t nhng phi cn xng trong ton b dm cng
nh trong tng nhp. i vi cu mt tha, cn h hai mt tha trc. B tng phi t 100%
cng mi cho php hot ti qua cu.

Phn 10
Cng ngh
c btng ti ch
trn gio di ng
10.1. c im chung ca cng ngh thi cng cu btng ct thp
D ng lc bng phng php gio y
Do kt hp c kh nng chu nn ca b tng vi kh nng chu ko cao ca ct thp,
c bit l ct thp cng cao cng vi u im d dng to mt ct kt cu chu lc hp
l v gi thnh h, t th k th 19 n nay kt cu BTCT v BTCT DL c p dng ch
yu trong cc cng trnh cu trn th gii.
Vic ch to kt cu nhp c tin hnh theo 2 phng php ch yu:
Phng php c sn trong cng xng (hoc ti cng trng).
Phng php b tng ti ch.
i vi kt cu nhp cu c ch to theo phng php b tng ti ch, tu theo
khu nhp, dng s kt cu, iu kin a hnh v a cht cng trnh m cc nc
trn th gii c th p dng cc cng ngh thi cng ch yu sau:
10.1.1. Cng ngh b tng ti ch trn gio c nh
y l cng ngh lu i nht, i din in hnh cho phng php b tng ti ch.
Vic c dm b tng c tin hnh trong vn khun l b phn kt cu c bng h
thng gio c nh dng ti v tr mi nhp. Khi thi cng kt cu nhp tip theo th tt c
cc cng on tho lp b vn khun v h thng gio li phi tin hnh t u.
Nhc im ca cng ngh l gy tht hp lng sng, gim tnh khng giao thng khi xy
dng v b chi phi bi l lt, mt khc do h thng gio c lp dng t trn a hnh t
nhin do vy chu nh hng, chi phi ca a hnh v a cht khu vc.
V vy, cng ngh ny ch p dng ch yu cho cc cu c kt cu tnh nh, c tit din

ngang khng phc tp, b ngang hp vi khu nhp hp l 35m v cu t nhp.
10.1.2. Cng ngh b tng ti ch theo phng php c y
c y thuc phng php b tng ti ch, h thng vn khun v b c thng
c lp t, xy dng c nh ti v tr sau m. Chu trnh c c tin hnh theo tng
phn on, khi phn on u tin hon thnh c ko y v pha trc nh cc h thng
nh: kch thu lc, mi dn, tr y v dn hng v.vn v tr mi v bt u tin hnh
c phn on tip theo c nh vy cho n khi c ht chiu di kt cu nhp.
Mc d cng ngh c u im ng k v thit b di chuyn cu kin kh n gin, to
c tnh khng di cho cc cng trnh giao thng thu b di cu v khng chu nh
hng ln ca l nhng cng trnh ph tr li pht sinh nhiu nh: b c, mi dn v tr
lc v.v... Chiu cao dm v s lng b cp nhiu hn so vi dm thi cng bng cng ngh
khc, mt khc chiu cao dm khng thay i to y dm lun phng nhm y trt
trn cc tm trt ng thi chiu di kt cu nhp b hn ch do nng lc ca h thng ko
y. Cu thi cng bng cng ngh ny c kt cu nhp lin tc vi khu nhp ln nht
hp l khong t 35 60m. Vi cng ngh ny kh nng ti s dng h thng vn khun,
b c v ph tr cao.
10.3.1.3. Cng ngh b tng ti ch trn gio di ng
H thng gio di ng c pht trin t h gio c nh truyn thng. i vi cu
c kt cu nhp di v iu kin a cht, a hnh phc tp i hi xem xt v gi thnh lp
dng, tho lp h thng gio v vn khun kt cu dm th vic p dng cng ngh ny
gip gim ti a gi thnh lp dng v thi gian chu k thi cng bng vic di chuyn ton
b h thng gio, vn khun t mt nhp n nhp tip theo.
Cng ngh ny thuc phng php b tng ti ch. Sau khi thi cng xong mt nhp,
ton b h thng vn khun v gio c lao y ti nhp tip theo v bt u cng on
thi cng nh nhp trc, c nh vy theo chiu dc cu cho n khi hon thnh kt cu
nhp. Vi cng ngh ny trong qu trnh thi cng ta vn to c tnh khng di cu cho
giao thng thy b, mt khc khng chu nh hng ca iu kin a hnh, thu vn v a
cht khu vc xy dng cu. Kt cu nhp cu c th thc hin theo s chu lc l dm
gin n v lin tc nhiu nhp vi chiu cao dm c thay i hoc khng thay i. Chiu
di nhp thc hin thun li v hp l trong phm vi t 3560 m. S lng nhp trong mt
cu v nguyn tc l khng hn ch v ch cn lc y dc nh v khng ly tin qua cc
nhp. Tuy nhin cc cng trnh ph tr ca cng ngh ny cn kh cng knh: Dn y, tr
tm, mi dn nhng vi tnh cht vn nng ca cng ngh c th ci tin c nhc im
ny nh ch to: dn cng chuyn dng dng cho nhiu nhp, nhiu kt cu, kt hp dn
cng vi mi dn, thn tr tm lp ghp v di chuyn c.
10.1.4. Cng ngh b tng ti ch theo hai phng php l c hng v c

hng cn bng
c hng thc cht thuc phng php b tng ti ch nhng theo phn on trong
vn khun di ng tng t treo u xe c. Cng ngh ny thng p dng cho kt cu c
mt ct hnh hp vi khu nhp ln t 60200m.
c im ca cng ngh l vic c cc t dm theo nguyn tc cn bng, sau c
hp long bng cc cht gia, dm treo hoc lin tc ho, trong qu trnh thi cng trn mi
tr t hai xe c, mi xe di chuyn v c mt na nhp mi bn theo phng dc cu.
Ty theo nng lc ca mi xe m mi phn on c c th di t 5-10m v tng t s lp
li cng ngh t t th nht m ch iu chnh vn khun. Cng ngh c hng ph hp
trong cc trng hp cu c khu nhp v tnh khng di cu ln, vi cng ngh ny
chiu cao dm v s lng b cp i hi cao hn, nhiu hn so vi dm thi cng bng
cng ngh khc nhng tin thi cng nhanh, cng trng gn gng v thit b phc v thi
cng khng i hi c bit.
Bng 10.1.1. Tm tt c im ch yu cc cng ngh
Cng ngh
Khu nhp
p dng hp l
(m)
S kt cu
p dng
Tnh khng
di cu khi thi
cng
Yu t t nhin
nh hng n
cng ngh
b tng ti ch
trn gio c nh
35 Gin n Khng m bo
a hnh, a
cht, thu vn
b tng ti ch
theo phng php
c y
35 60 Lin tc m bo a cht
b tng ti ch
trn gio di ng
35 60
Gin n, lin
tc
m bo -
b tng ti ch
theo phng php
c hng v c
hng cn bng
60 200 Lin tc m bo -
Ghi ch:
Cc yu t t nhin nh hng n cng ngh c ngha l iu kin a hnh, thu vn v a
cht nh hng n vic thc hin cng ngh hoc i hi bin php k thut ph tr cho cng
ngh lm tng kinh ph xy dng cng trnh.
Bng 10.1.2. Mt s cu p dng cng ngh thi cng gio di ng
TT
Tn nc
p dng
Tn cu
Tng chiu
di cu (m)
Mt ct
Chiu di nhp
ln nht
(m)
1 Php 2.410 2 Hp 50

TT
Tn nc
p dng
Tn cu
Tng chiu
di cu (m)
Mt ct
Chiu di nhp
ln nht
(m)
2 CHLB c Sinn Bridge 880 Hp n 44
3 Thy S Obbola Bridge 976
Cu i,
Double - T
42
4 NaUy Bergen Bridge 850 Hp n 42
5 NaUy Menstad Bridge 880 Hp n 60
6 B o Nha Lisboa - Faro 1.300 Double - T 42.5
7 B o Nha Moita 987 Double - T 35
8 B Tainan Interchange 3.000 Hp n 55
9 Trung Quc Nacha Bridge 2.300 Hp n 55
10 Hng Kng Truen Wan 1.950 Hp n 45
11 i Loan Ta Tu Bridge 2.100 Hp n 55
12
Cng ho
CZECH
Ring Road Olomouc 1.500 Mt ct c 45
Ghi Ch: Cc cu nu trn cho cc v tr vt sng, cu cn trn ng st, ng b.
10.1.5. Tnh nng c bn ca cng ngh
Vi c im trng lng nh, d dng tho lp trong qu trnh thi cng vi s tr gip
c bit ca h thng thu lc, h thng nng h hon chnh. H thng gio di ng
(MSS - Movable Scaffolding System) c nhng tnh nng ni bt sau:
- C kh nng s dng li h thng thit b t cng trnh ny n cng trnh khc c
cng quy m. Tt nhin l c s thay i mt phn h thng vn khun cho ph hp vi
mt ct kt cu nhp.
- D dng p dng cho cc cu vi cc loi s kt cu nhp v cc loi mt ct ngang
(hp n, hp kp, Doube -T...). ng thi c p dng cho cc loi dm vi chiu di
nhp t 18 80 m trong chiu di p dng hp l 35 60m.
- Chiu di cu thng c p dng t 500 mt n vi kilmt. Trong trng hp
chiu di cu ln hn, c th trin khai thi cng nhiu mi bng vic b tr thm nhiu h
thng MSS.
- Thi gian chu trnh thi cng mt nhp thng thng: 7 9 ngy.
- C kh nng p dng cho cc cu nm trn ng cong vi bn knh nh nht
R
min
= 250m.
- dc dc ln nht ca cu: i
max
= 5%.
- dc ngang ln nht: i
max
= 5%.
- vng ln nht ca h thng MSS: Max1/400.
10.2. Cc loi hnh ca cng ngh v chu trnh hot ng

Khi p dng cng ngh thi cng cu BTCTDL c trn gio di ng, i vi mi
loi hnh ca cng ngh i hi c thc hin trn c s nguyn tc chung nht v s
kt cu v cc chu trnh chung thc hin cng ngh nh sau:
S kt cu:
1. Chiu di nhp bin bng 0,8 chiu di nhp gia (0,8L).
2. Chiu di mt tha on c bng 0,2 chiu di nhp gia (0,2L).
Trn c s kho st cng ngh thi cng dm BTCT DL c trn gio di ng cc
hng ca CHLB c v NaUy thm nhp vo Vit Nam, da trn vic b tr cao ca
h thng MSS so vi cao kt cu h vn khun, cng ngh c chia lm 3 loi:
- H thng MSS loi chy di.
- H thng MSS loi chy gia.
- H thng MSS loi chy trn.
10.2.1. H thng MSS loi chy di
10.2.1.1. B tr h thng
H dm chnh c b tr di h vn khun v cc kt cu ph tr ca chng. di
chuyn h thng ln pha trc v h thng c th qua c v tr tr nn h vn khun
c chia thnh 2 na dc theo tim kt cu nhp. Hai na ny s cng di chuyn theo
phng ngang cu cng vi h dm chnh bng h bn trt ca h cng xn.
Trong trng hp cn ng vn chuyn thit b, vt liu trn kt cu dm c
thi cng th khung trn c thit k vi chiu cao m bo tnh khng cho cc
phng tin vn ti.
10.2.1.2. Chu trnh hot ng
a) b tng kt cu nhp
b tng, bo dng b tng kt cu nhp. Sau khi b tng t cng tin hnh
cng ko thp d ng lc.
H dm chnh c h thp xung bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr h cng xn pha
trc v h treo pha sau (pha trc mi ni thi cng) ca nhp dm va thi cng.
b) Chun b lao h thng MSS
Tho d lin kt gia 2 phn dm ngang, di chuyn ngang cc dm chnh bng xe gong
trn b cng xn theo hng xa kt cu tr, n v tr m cc dm ngang c th i qua v
tr kt cu tr.

c) Lao h thng MSS
Tin hnh lao cc dm chnh n v tr b tng ca nhp tip theo bng h thng m
t thu lc hoc h thng thy lc. Hai dm chnh c th c di chuyn c lp hoc ng
thi n nhp tip theo.
d) Sng h thng MSS vo v tr thi cng
Hai dm chnh c di chuyn theo phng ngang theo hng gn tr bng xe gong
trn b cng xn, lin kt cc h thng dm ngang.
Lp dng khung treo ti v tr pha trc mi ni thi cng, h dm chnh c nng ln
bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr h cng xn pha trc (truyn lc xung kt cu mng
tr) v h treo pha sau ca nhp dm chun b c thi cng (truyn lc vo sn ca kt
cu dm).
e) Chun b b tng nhp tip theo
Lp rp, iu chnh h vn khun ngoi ng v tr yu cu. B tr, lp dng ct thp
thng v ng ghen k c cp d ng lc.
Di chuyn tng phn on vn khun trong vo v tr bng xe gong v iu chnh h
vn khun bng cc xylanh thu lc.
10.2.2. H thng MSS loi chy gia
10.2.2.1. B tr h thng
H vn khun ca kt cu phn trn c b tr gia 2 dm chnh ca h thng MSS.
Kt cu ph tr c gi theo phng ngang bi h dm chnh. di chuyn h thng MSS
ln pha trc, h vn khun c chia lm 2 na ring bit dc theo tim kt cu nhp v
c di chuyn theo phng ngang theo hng xa tr trn dm cng vi dm chnh.
i vi loi hnh ca cng ngh ny th khong khng gian cn thit thc hin cng
ngh nh hn loi chy di. Trong trng hp kt cu dm c th mt trong ca kt cu
dm chnh c th ng thi c s dng nh l mt phn ca h vn khun.
Cng nh loi chy di, trng hp cn ng vn chuyn thit b, vt liu trn kt cu
dm c thi cng th khung treo c thit k vi chiu cao m bo tnh khng cho
cc phng tin vn ti.
a) b tng kt cu nhp
cng ko thp d ng lc.
H dm chnh c h thp xung bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr h cng xn pha

trc v h treo pha sau (pha trc mi ni thi cng) ca nhp dm va thi cng.
Tho d lin kt gia 2 phn dm ngang, di chuyn ngang cc dm chnh bng xe gong
trn b cng xn theo hng xa kt cu tr, n v tr m cc dm ngang c th i qua v
tr kt cu tr.
c) Lao h thng MSS
t thu lc hoc h thng thy lc. Hai dm chnh c th c di chuyn c lp hoc ng
thi n nhp tip theo.
d) Sng h thng MSS vo v tr thi cng
Hai dm chnh c di chuyn theo phng ngang theo hng gn tr bng xe gong
trn b cng xn, lin kt cc h thng dm ngang.
Lp dng khung treo ti v tr pha trc mi ni thi cng, h dm chnh c nng ln
bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr h cng xn pha trc (truyn lc xung kt cu mng
tr) v h treo pha sau ca nhp dm chun c thi cng (truyn lc vo sn ca kt cu
dm).
Lp rp, iu chnh h vn khun ngoi ng v tr yu cu. B tr, lp dng ct thp
thng v ng ghen k c cp d ng lc.
Di chuyn tng phn on vn khun trong vo v tr bng xe gong v iu chnh h
vn khun bng cc xylanh thu lc.
10.2.3. H thng MSS loi chy trn
10.2.3.1. B tr h thng
H dm chnh c b tr pha trn kt cu nhp dm c xy dng. H vn khun
c b tr thnh khung bao quanh kt cu phn trn v kt cu dm chnh thng qua kt
cu dm ngang hoc kt cu khung.
c th lao dm qua v tr tr, h vn khun c chia lm 2 na tch ri nhau c kh
nng di chuyn ra ngoi phm vi khng gian ca tr. Lc ny h thng MSS mi c th bt
u lao bng cch trt (ln), trn h bn trt t trn tr c lin kt vi tr. i vi
loi hnh ny ca cng ngh, th yu cu tnh khng di cu c p ng cao. Li th ca
loi hnh ny l p dng xy dng nhng cu nm v tr sn i, sn ni hoc cc cu
nm trn ng cong bn knh nh. Mt khc, khu vc lm vic d c bo v khi nh
hng thi tit bng cc tm che ma.

a) b tng kt cu nhp
cng ko thp d ng lc.
H dm chnh c h thp t trn bn trt lao dm bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr
tr trc v sau nhp dm b tng.
Tho b lin kt h vn khun vi thanh treo cng .
H thp h thng vn khun, tho b lin kt gia 2 phn ca h v a h vn khun
ngoi n v tr thp nht m h vn khun c th i qua v tr kt cu tr.
H thng MSS by gi sn sng chun b lao.
c) Lao h thng MSS
t thu lc hoc h thng thy lc.
d) Lp t khung treo
Thi im ny khng c tr no ti v tr u dm chnh pha sau. Lp dng khung
treo ti v tr pha trc mi ni thi cng (u dm chnh pha sau).
v tr b tng nhp tip theo, h vn khun c lp t v lin kt vo v tr thit
k. Cc thanh treo cng cao c iu chnh.
H dm chnh c nng ln bng cc kch chnh t ti v tr u dm chnh pha sau v
tr pha trc n v tr b tng. B tr, lp dng ct thp thng v ng ghen k c
cp d ng lc. Di chuyn tng phn on vn khun trong vo v tr bng xe gong v
iu chnh h vn khun bng cc xylanh thu lc.
0.2Lg
0.2Lg
0.2Lg
Lb = 0.8 Lg
Lb = 0.8 Lg
Lb = 0.8 Lg
Giai on 1
Lg
0.2Lg
0.8Lg Lg
0.2Lg
Giai on 2
Giai on 3

Hnh 10.1.1. V d mt chu trnh thi cng dm lin tc 3 nhp

Hnh 10.1.2a. H thng MSS chy di

Hnh 10.1.2b. Mt ct ngang h thng MSS chy di

Hnh 10.1.2c. H thng MSS chy gia

Hnh 10.1.2d. Mt ct ngang h thng MSS chy gia

0.8

L

L

0.

2

L

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0,8 x L
L
0.2 L

Sn

cng tc
Kch
chnh
Dm
chnh

Dm
ngang
H
Xe
gong

Vn khun ngoi
Dm chnh
Dm
ngang
Tr
H bn trt

Dm chnh
H bn
trt
Vn khun
Xy lanh thu lc
H cng xon
Sn cng tc
Xe gong
Kch chnh
Dm ngang

Hnh 10.1.2e. H thng MSS chy trn

Hnh 10.1.2g. Mt ct ngang h thng MSS chy trn
10.2.4. Cc phn c bn ca h thng gio
Cc b phn c bn ca h thng MSS bao gm:
1. Dm chnh - Girders.
2. Mi dn - Nose.
3. Dm ngang - Tranverse beam.
4. H thng bn trt lao dm - Launching Wagons.
5. Khung treo - Suppension Gallows.
6. Tr - Pier Support.
7. H cng xn - Supporting Brackets.
8. H vn khun Formwork.
9. Sn cng tc Platform.
10. Thit b lao, thit b thu lc - Launching Equipment / Hydraulic Equipment.
3 2.4.1. Dm chnh
Kt cu dm chnh c 2 loi:
- H dm thp hnh, bn t hp.
- H dn thp.

.
. .
.
0.8L L
0.2 L

a) H dm thp hnh, bn t hp
H dm chnh c cu to theo kiu dm thp hnh, thp bn t hp v c chia
thnh cc on c kch thc thch hp vn chuyn, c lin kt vi nhau bng
bulng cng cao.
Cu to kt cu dm bao gm: 2 dm sn c lin kt vi nhau bng cc thanh ging,
dm ngang v thanh ging c cu to tm phng cu to thnh dm chnh c mt ct
hnh hp h hoc hnh hp h c h thanh ging chng xon. Cc thanh ging c cu to
tm phng ngoi tc dng v mt kt cu cn c tc dng lm ng cng tc. Ti hai u
dm c b ni kiu cht lin kt mi dn vi dm chnh.
Trng lng mt n v kt cu ln nht l 1,5 tn, nh dm chnh c th c lp
dng th cng bng cc cn cu quay bnh thng. B rng ng bao ca kt cu dm ln
nht l 2,5 m, do vy h thng cho lp sn vn chuyn n cng trng tng phn on
ca kt cu dm. Dm sn c cu to t dm dc cnh trn, di v cc tm sn c
ch to sn vi chiu di tiu chun 2m, 4m v 6m, t c th lp rp thnh dm chnh c
chiu di yu cu.
H dm chnh gm 2 dm. Bn cnh di dm hp c gn cc ray, khi lao h thng
MSS cc ray ny c trn bn trt lao dm.

Hnh 10.1.3. Dm chnh

Trong qu trnh b tng h thng MSS c trn bn kch c t ti v tr khung
treo v h thng bn trt lao dm trc, sau nhp dm cu ang thi cng. Dm chnh mang
theo h vn khun ngoi v cc xylanh thu lc m bo thun tin cao nht cho vic
tho, lp v iu chnh vn khun.
i vi cng ngh CHLB c cc cu kin ca kt cu dm c thit k nh hnh ho
ly tn gi kiu HV (Horizontal - Vertical). Tu theo chiu cao, kiu m dm chnh c m
men chu lc t 3200 n 36000 kNm (trng hp c bit c th ln n 46000 kNm).
Trong trng hp cu trn ng cong tu kh nng chu xon ca dm ta c th xc nh
lch tm cho php ca kt cu vi vng ca tm sn nh. Mt ct dm dc cnh thng,
h u c kh nng cho php t cc lc cc b ln ti bt k im no ca dm.
Dm chnh

b) Kt cu dm chnh kiu dn thp
Kiu kt cu dn thp cho dm chnh l h gio chuyn dng phc v thi cng cc
nhp t 20m n 30m c chp thun v s dng CHLB c, c cng ty
Thyssenkrupt p dng lm dm chnh trong cng ngh gio y c tn gi l: Heavy
Duty Truss 50.
Kt cu dm chnh c t hp t cc phn on dn thp tam gic ch to sn, trong
cc phn on u dm di 2,5m, 3,0m v cc phn on gia c chiu di 4,0m, 6,0m, mt
khc tu theo cu to dm m u dn c lp cc thanh chng.
S t hp cc phn on v cc thanh gia cng ph thuc vo chiu di v s kt cu
m kt cu dm l gin n, lin tc hay mt tha lp thm cc thanh tng cng
thanh m trn, di v m di kt hp vi thanh chng u dm
Kt cu dn bao gm cc thanh ging ngang c lin kt vi dn ch bng bulng
cng cao ti v tr cht, vi khong cch 2m trn m thng, m h.
10.2.4.2. Mi dn
Phn ko di ca kt cu dm chnh l phn mi dn hai u. Mi dn gm 2 phn. Phn
u ca mi dn s c un cong theo chiu ng to gc theo phng ngang 4 5. Mt
khc kh nng quay theo phng ngang ca bn trt lao dm c tc dng nh hng ca h
thng MSS.

Hnh 10.1.4. H mi dn cho loi chy
di

Hnh 10.1.5. H mi dn cho loi chy trn
Mi dn c lin kt vi dm ch bng bulng cng cao ti hin trng. Khp ni
gia dm chnh v mi dn s cho php iu chnh phng ngang, khi khp ni theo phng
ng gia mi dn phn I v II c s dng cho iu chnh dc dc ca h thng gio.
Kch thc chiu cao, b rng ca mi dn bng kch thc ca dm chnh. Mi dn
c thit k nh l dn thp vi mt ct ch H hoc tam gic - v cc thanh xin. Mi dn
c lp vi ray t ti thanh m di pha trong.
10.2.4.3. H thng bn trt lao dm

H thng bn trt lao dm l h thng nh hng cho h thng gio di ng
(MSS) v l phn ct yu ca h thng. Tu theo h thng MSS l loi chy trn, chy di
m h bn trt c t trn tr hay h cng xn dm.
H thng bn trt lao dm chnh s h thng MSS trong qu trnh lao. Khi b
tng kt cu nhp cu, dm chnh s c bng h thng kch thu lc. i vi MSS loi
chy di, h bn trt lao dm c sng ngang nh cc xylanh thu lc v a dm
chnh vo v tr b tng kt cu nhp. Nh gi h bn trt c kh nng xoay theo
phng ngang do vy vic chnh hng lao ca dm chnh c thc hin d dng.
C 2 loi h bn trt: H bn trt vi h thng lao bng m t thu lc v h bn
trt vi h thng lao thu lc. i vi h bn trt th nht, m t thu lc truyn ng
vo bnh xe ch ng c tc dng nh hng v y dm v chc nng ca cc bnh xe b
ng pha ngoi c tc dng chng li s lch ca dm chnh nhm m bo an ton. Bnh
xe ny s khng c lc tc dng khi hot ng bnh thng.
Hnh 10.1.6. Lp t bn trt Hnh 10.1.7. Lp t bn trt
Vi h bn trt th hai xylanh thu lc truyn lc y vo tim trc dm chnh, dm
c nh hng v lao trt trn cc tm Teflon hoc ln trn cc bnh xe ch. Trong
bnh xe ch c tc dng chu lc chnh v bnh xe ph c tc dng nh bnh xe b ng
ca h bn trt th nht.
i vi MSS chy di cc kch thu lc ca h thng bn trt cng vi cc thanh ko
ca khung treo v vi MSS chy trn cc kch thu lc l cc vt h thng MSS ch yu
khi b tng. Kinh nghim cho thy, i vi kt cu nhp cu 50m th ti trng trn mt
kch vo khong 600 tn pha trc/400 tn pha sau.
Khi dm chnh vo v tr, tt c cc kch thu lc c t di im kch ca dm
chnh, l im k trn cho kch ca h cng xn. p lc du bt u nng trc y ca
kch. Sau khi trc y ca kch chuyn ng khong 50mm, trc y ca kch tip xc mt
di ca im kch v kch bt u nng h thng MSS.
Khi t cao khi u, nt an ton ca kch c vn cht v p lc du c gim.
10.2.4.4. Khung treo

i vi h thng MSS loi chy di, khung treo bao gm khung chu lc bng thp v
cc thanh treo bng thp cng cao, n c dng cho tt c cc nhp dm, tr cc v tr
nhp dm u tin v nhp dm c khe co gin. Khi b tng phn sau ca dm chnh
c treo bi h thng khung treo v truyn lc xung phn kt cu dm cu btng
kh nng chu lc.
Khung chu lc bng thp hnh c trc tip ti cc v tr ca sn dm kt cu cu.
H khung ny m bo cc b thanh treo i qua l cha sn trn bn mt cu, bc qua kt
cu nhp dm. Khung treo c trn 2 kch thy lc cng loi vi kch trn h thng bn
trt lao dm nhng kh nng nng thp hn (khong 400 tn). Chiu cao ca khung treo
tu thuc vo s cn thit tnh khng cho xe ti phc v thi cng hay khng.
i vi h thng MSS loi chy trn, gi treo cng c kt cu tng t nh h thng
MSS loi chy di. c lin kt vi dm ngang ti v tr u dm kt cu nhp cu v
truyn lc phn lc kch vo dm ngang.
Khi b tng kt cu nhp h 2 kch di gi treo kt hp vi 2 kch trn tr c tc
dng chu ton b tnh ti kt cu v thit b thi cng.
Ni chung gi treo ca cc loi h thng MSS c tc dng truyn tnh ti thi cng vo kt
cu nhp dm btng kh nng chu lc, tit kim vt liu cho kt cu nhp chnh v
s chu lc ca kt cu nhp dm cu trong thi cng tng ng vi giai on khai thc.
10.2.4.5. H cng xn
H cng xn c thit k truyn lc t trn dm chnh xung nn mng ca tr
khi b tng v di chuyn cho h thng MSS loi chy di. Chng c b tr hai mt
bn ca tr, ngoi hai cp ca h cng xn th cp th 3 rt cn thit c b tr v tr tr
tip theo khi lao dm.

Hnh 10.1.8. H
gio

Thanh PC 32 H thng gio
H thng gio
H thng vn khun

H cng xn bao gm cc dm hng thp hnh t theo phng ngang cu v c
bi cc thanh chng xin. Mt thanh ko thng ng truyn mt phn lc thanh ko ln dm
hng thp hnh gn v tr thn tr. Thanh ngang ca h c t su vo trong thn tr
thng qua hc trng ch sn v thanh ko bng thp cng cao dng lin kt cht hai
h cng xn vi nhau. T h cng xn s truyn lc thng ng vo tr.
i vi h cng xn c kch thc ngang ln th h cn c lin kt vi h thanh
treo ln nh tr.
Vi h thng MSS theo cng ngh ca CHLB c, trong qu trnh lao dm th s di
chuyn ca h cng xn cng c di chuyn theo ti cc v tr 2 tr ca nhp b tng
v 1 ln cn theo chiu tin ca hng lao.
Ngc li h cng xn theo cng ngh NaUy c lp t sn ti 3 v tr nh trn, khi
lao dm th s tho lp lun chuyn c thc hin tun t.
10.2.4.6. Tr
i vi h thng MSS loi chy trn, h cng xn lao dm ging nh trong h thng
MSS loi chy di, tr t trn nh tr c thit k cng cc kch di khung treo
truyn lc t trn dm chnh xung nn mng m tr v phc v cng tc lao h thng MSS.
Tr thng c thit k bng kt cu thp hnh v thp bn lin hp v c lin kt
vi tr cu bng cc thanh thp d ng lc nhm m bo an ton trong qu trnh lao h
thng MSS. Trn tr c lin kt h bn trt, kch thu lc c tc dng nh hng,
lao h thng n v tr quy nh.

Tr ti v tr tr pha cui nhp dm c b tng trong qu trnh b tng
nhp tip theo khng c tc dng lc. Lc ny khung treo di dm ngang u tin ti v tr
cui nhp trc cng vi tr cui nhp mi s c tc dng chu ton b ti trng trong
qu trnh thi cng btng kt cu nhp. Giai on ny tr trn s c di chuyn, lp
dng ti v tr tr u tin ca chu trnh mi.
10.2.4.7. H vn khun
H thng MSS c kh nng phc v b tng dm cu vi mt ct bt k, k c i vi
kt cu c mt ct c vi chiu cao thay i. Ring i vi dm hp (rng) cng ngh i
hi mt ct ngang c chiu cao khng i c th c gii ho vic tho lp vn khun
trong. nm bt c c im v nguyn tc h vn khun ca h thng MSS, phn ny
ch m t h vn khun i vi kt cu dm hp bao gm h vn khun trong, vn khun
ngoi di y. H vn khun trong bao gm:
- Vn khun trn.
- Vn khun thnh bn.
- H thng ph tr.
H vn khun c chia thnh cc phn on ring bit theo phng ngang cu dc theo
tim ca kt cu nhp, chiu di phn on khong 6m. Mi phn on cc tm vn khun
trn, vn khun thnh v cc kt cu ph tr nh: x chu lc, xylanh thu lc... c
lin kt vi xe gong chy bng m t thu lc.
H thng ng ray phc v s di chuyn ca xe gong c t trn cc con k b tng
c sn vi tng chiu di bng 1,5 ln chiu di nhp c v c lun chuyn trong qu
trnh c kt cu t nhp ny n nhp tip theo.

Hnh 10.1.9. Vn khun trong
Trong qu trnh di chuyn xe gong cc tm vn khun thnh, vn khun trn v kt cu
ph tr c gp li, thu vo nh h thng cc xylanh thu lc, sao cho ng bao ca cc
phn on c kch thc nh nht c th dch chuyn qua cc v tr vch ngn ti nh tr
ca kt cu nhp dm.

Sau khi vn chuyn cc phn on vn khun vo v tr, h cc xylanh s ko, y trc
tip cc tm vn khun trn, vn khun thnh nhm iu chnh h vn khun trong vo v
tr hnh dng thit k. H thng cc xylanh thu lc c chia lm 2 phn chnh:
Phn th nht: cc xylanh c gn kt c nh vi xe gong c tc dng ko, y
cc vn khun thnh, vn khun trn vo v tr. Sau khi nh v xong phn on vn
khun trong, cc xylanh ny cng vi xe gong quay tr v v tr xut pht ban u (ni
cung cp cc phn on vn khun) chun b chuyn ch, lp t cc phn on vn
khun tip theo.
Phn th hai: l h cc xylanh lin kt cc tm vn khun thnh, vn khun trn vi
nhau v chng kt hp vi cc kt cu ph tr gi n nh h vn khun trong sut qu
trnh b tng kt cu nhp.
Cc phn on vn khun c lp t v lin kt tun t t xa n gn, theo chiu tin
ca qu trnh c dm vi s lng cho chiu di ln nht ca kt cu nhp cu. S
lng cc xylanh thu lc phn mt khong t 10 12 v s lng cc xylanh thu lc
phn hai ph thuc vo la chn thay th bng cc kt cu thanh chng sau khi c nh,
iu chnh cao vn khun theo yu cu thit k.
H vn khun ngoi bao gm:
- Vn khun sn (k c vn khun bn bn cnh).
- Vn khun y.
- H thng ph tr.
H vn khun c chia thnh cc phn on ring bit theo phng ngang cu v dc
theo tim ca kt cu nhp, chiu di phn on khong 6m tr phm vi tr. Cc phn on
c lin kt vi dm chnh ca h thng MSS v di chuyn theo khi lao dm. Khi lao dm
n v tr nhp b tng, vic a h vn khun vo v tr c thc hin bi vic sng
ngang kt cu dm chnh bng h thng bn trt lao dm. Mi phn on vn khun sn
c lin kt vi h thng dm chnh bng cc xylanh thu lc v cc x chu lc. H
thng xylanh c tc dng iu chnh v tr v cao vn khun sn theo yu cu thit k.
10.2.4.8. Thit b lao, thit b thu lc
Trong qu trnh b tng, h thng MSS c trn bn kch ch yu. Chng c
t ti h cng xn trc v sau nhp chun b c (v trn mt cu, bn di khung
treo). Kch c trang b c hm chu lc mt cch an ton v khp khuyn yn nga.
Sau lao h thng MSS bn kch bt u hot ng. Dm chnh c nng ln khong
200mm pha trn kch. Khi t ti cao khi u, c hm an ton c vn cht v p lc
du c gim xung.
10.2.5. Mt s vn lin quan n cng ngh

10.2.5.1. Mi ni thi cng dm
i vi cu BTCT DL lin tc nhiu nhp, cng ngh thi cng b tng trn gio
di ng cng nh phn ln cc cng ngh thi cng khc u i hi mi ni trong qu trnh
thi cng kt cu dm. Mi ni thi cng mt mt cho php thi cng tng on mt lin tip
mt cch hiu qu nhng mt khc chng l im yu trong kt cu cng trnh.
Hu nh tt c cc bin php thi cng u d kin t neo, ni cc b cp d ng lc ti
mi ni thi cng v mt ct b tng tip tc gim yu gy ra bi h thng neo. Chnh v vy
trong phm vi ny ct thp thng c b tr c bit cn thn. b li s gim cng
chu ko ti mi ni thi cng th ct thp dc c t nh ct thp ni.
Trong on mi b tng, ct thp c yu cu t song song cho mi ni chu
ng sut ko sinh ra do co ngt. ng sut ko sinh ra do nhit ca qu trnh Hydrat ho,
c bit vi cc b phn kt cu dy hn c th gi gi tr nh thng qua theo di gi
nhit gii hn hp l.
Nu cc cp d ng lc c neo ti mi ni thi cng, btng ca cc on ln cn
tip theo b hn ch ra khi nh hng ca bin dng do t bin ca on trc v ng
sut nn ln ng sau neo. ng sut ko v th pht sinh cc v tr gn v sau neo, c
th dn ti nt b tng nu cc ng sut ny khng c cn bng bi to ng sut trc
lin tc. ng sut nn cng pht sinh v nhng l do tng t, nhng chng mc no
chng c mt khi phm vi neo. Chnh v vy ct thp thng phi c b tr gn
neo em li vt nt nh.
10.2.5.2. Mi ni cp d ng lc
Mi ni cp trc khi to d ng lc cho b cp c ni (The Coupled Tendon) c
c cu lm vic nh mi ni thi cng vi mt b cp neo. Sau khi to DL cho b cp
th c cu lm vic cng nh vy nhng vi iu kin ngc li. Gn cc b cp hin
tng tng ng sut nn xy ra v ch trong phm vi ng sut ko pht sinh cn b tr ct
thp thng. Nhng ng sut ko ny cn li v cng nh nu cc b ni (The Couplers)
c phn b xa nhau bng tm m on b tng tip theo. Ton b DL c
truyn vo b tng thng qua mi ni cp. Tt nhin tt nht l nn trnh b tr v tr ni
cp trn cng mt mt ct.

4240
3440
330
8
0
450
860
4
C Tr
L
4300
3200
3200 800
3 2
80
1
L
Tr C C Tr
L

Hnh 10.1.10. B tr ct thp dc cu
Mi ni cp

Hnh 10.1.11. Mi ni cp sut chiu dm trong sn hp
u neo cp d ng lc
cp d ng lc
coupler ni cp d ng lc
1245
250 395 250 55 120 120 55
2
5
0
82 82 150.5 60 80 80 150.5 60
C
L

Hnh 10.1.12. Mt ct ngang in hnh b tr cp d ng lc

L L
4
5
4
@
3
5
6
5
3
@
1
5
2
0
5
20 2
5
0
2
5
0
3
@
1
5
20
1/2 mt ct 4-4
L
1/2mt ct 3-3
C
2
5
0
2
@
2
3
3
8
5
9
.
5
3
8
L
C
2
5
0
1/2 mt ct 2-2 1/2 mt ct 1-1
C C

Hnh 10.1.13. Mt ct ngang b tr cp d ng lc

81
Chng 10.2
CNG NGH lp ghp
cu B TNG CT THP
PHN ON trn
GIO DI NG

10.2.1. Gii thiu mt s cng trnh p dng cng ngh thi cng
lp ghp phn on dm trn gio di ng
Qua phn tch chng m u, gii php cng ngh CN4 - Cng ngh thi cng lp
ghp cc phn on dm trn gio di ng - c cc u im vt tri nh sau:
Cu to h gin gio kh nh nhng, vic y ng b h gin gio khng cn thit s
dng quy m h thng thit b y vi cng sut cao.
Vic thi cng cu khng nh hng n tnh khng di cu. c bit ph hp cho cu
trong thnh ph vi yu cu cao v v sinh mi trng v giao thng th, ph hp vi khu
nhp trung bnh v mt bng thi cng cht hp, phng tin giao thng ng c.
Tin thi cng kt cu nhp l rt nhanh v vic c cc phn on dm hon ton c
lp vi qu trnh lao lp kt cu nhp (k lc v tin t c trong thc t thi cng l 2
ngy/1 nhp). m bo yu cu b tng cht lng cao.
Kh nng s dng lun chuyn h gin gio c nhiu ln cao v c bit l c hiu
qu i vi cu di nhiu nhp vi cc nhp c chiu di xp x nhau.
Trong thi gian qua, nhng c im mang tnh li th, cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT
phn on lp ghp di gio di ng c mt s nc p dng v tng bc hon
thin v k thut cng nh thit b, cng ngh nh: Nauy, CHLB c, Php, Sau
cng ngh ny tip tc c pht trin hon thin v c p dng rng ri ti cc nc
nh: M, Trung Quc, i Loan, Singapor, Malaysia, Thi Lan
Di y l bng tham kho c im ca mt s d n thc hin trong vi nm gn y
p dng cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT phn on lp ghp di gio di ng cc nc.
C th nhng thng tin nu trn cha y nhng qua cng cho ta thy c phm
vi p dng rng ri v ngha thc s to ln ca cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT phn on
lp ghp di gio di ng trong lnh vc xy dng cu BTCT.

82
nc ta thc t cha c cng trnh cu no c thit k, thi cng bng cng ngh
ny. Trc y c cu Ro Hi Phng c thi cng theo cng ngh lp ghp thit k
theo quy trnh ca Lin X c, tuy nhin gp s c sau 7 nm s dng.
Bng 10.2.1: Mt s d n thc hin cng ngh cc nc
STT Nc p dng Tn d n Cc c im chnh
1 USA
I-90/93 C19BI
Boston
Massachusetts
- Tng chiu di: 4km
- Chiu rng: 12,1m
- Tit din ngang 1 hp
- S dng 1 h gio chy trn
Spaghetti Bowl
I-15/US 95
Interchange
Las Vegas, Nevada
- Tng chiu di: 4km
- Chiu rng: 11,6m
- L
max
= 65,0m -R
min
= 130,0m
2 SINGAPORE
C810, LRT systems
Sengkang & Punggol
New Towns
- Tng chiu di: 20km
- Chiu rng: 12,1m
- L
max
= 40,0m ; - R
min
= 75,0m
- S dng 2 h gio chy di
3 MALAYSIA
Middle Ring Road
Missing Link
Kuala Lumpur
- Tng chiu di: 3,2km
- Chiu rng: 12,2m
- L
max
= 45,0m; - R
min
= 500,0m
Light Rail Transit 2
Kuala Lumpur
- Tng chiu di: 30km;
- Chiu rng: 7,6m
- L
max
= 36,0m; - R
min
= 100,0m
- S dng 5 h gio chy di
4 THAILAND Wat Nakorn In Bridge
- L
max
= 42,0m; - R
min
= 100,0m
5 BANGLADESH Paksey Bridge
- Tng chiu di: 1,9 km; - Chiu rng: 18m
Hin nay trong qu trnh pht trin t nc, rt nhiu cng trnh cu ln c u t v
xy dng nhng ng tic cng ngh thi cng lp ghp di gio di ng vn cha c
xem l gii php cc n v t vn thit k xem xt, la chn. Trong tng lai gn, hng
lot cc tuyn ng trn cao s c xy dng mi, chc chn cng ngh thi cng lp
ghp di gio di ng khng th b b qua v tnh li th v hiu qu thc t ca n.
H thng gio di ng dng lp ghp cc phn on dm c kh nng xy dng cc
cu khu trung bnh, chiu di v chiu cao cu ln bng phng php lp cc phn
on thnh tng nhp mt p ng mi iu kin a hnh, a cht, thy vn cng trnh.

83
Vi h thng gio di ng c th gim ti a gi thnh lp dng v thi gian chu k
thi cng bng vic di chuyn ton b h thng gio c lp t t nhp u tin n
tng nhp tip theo. Bng vic p dng h thng gio di ng, giao thng di cu c
m bo thng sut trong qu trnh xy dng.
Trong nhng nm qua cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, ngnh giao thng vn ti
xy dng nhiu cng trnh quan trng vi nhiu cng ngh tin tin khc nhau. Cng
ngh thi cng dm cu BTCT phn on theo phng php lp ghp trn gio di ng
(LG - Launching Gantries) cn kh mi m v mi c gii thiu bc u vo Vit Nam.
cc nc pht trin, cc cng ty i u v cng ngh ny nh: STRUKTURAS v
NRS ca Nauy, RoRo ca CHLB c, Freyssinet ca Php, VSL ca Thy S mi cng
ty u c b dy kinh nghim v cng ngh thi cng dm cu BTCT phn on theo
phng php lp ghp trn gio di ng. H i su vo nghin cu pht trin hon
thin cng ngh theo hng ci tin mt s chi tit v cu to h gio, v ng dng thit
b k thut tinh xo, chnh xc hn Nhng tt c vn phi tun th v nguyn l v trnh
t chung ca cng ngh. c th nm bt c cc c im ch yu ca cng ngh,
phn ny tin hnh kho st cng ngh ca 2 cng ty hng u nghin cu, pht trin v
ng dng cng ngh ny l STRUKTURAS v NRS ca Nauy. Vic kho st cng ngh tp
trung vo cc c im c bn sau:
- Tnh nng c bn v nguyn l hot ng ca cng ngh.
- Cc b phn c bn ca h thng gio.
- Tng hp cc thit b ch yu v gi thnh nhp cng ngh.
- Cng ngh ch to cc phn on dm c sn.
- Cng ngh lao lp cc phn on dm.
10.2.2. Tnh nng c bn v nguyn l hot ng ca cng ngh
10.2.2.1. Cc tnh nng c bn ca cng ngh
Vi c im trng lng h thng gio nh, d dng tho lp trong qu trnh thi
cng cng vi s tr gip c bit ca h thng thy lc, h thng nng h, lao y hon
chnh, cng ngh lp ghp phn on dm di h thng gio di ng c nhng tnh
nng ni bt sau:
C kh nng s dng li h thng thit b cho tng nhp vi chu trnh cng ngh lp i
lp li to s vn hnh thun thc ca nhn lc, thit b. Do vy em li s chun xc trong
cng ngh, hiu qu v kinh t, p ng nng sut v tin cng trnh rt cao.
H thng gio di ng c lp t trn cc m tr thi cng xong v c tun t lp
xong tng nhp li lao lp cc nhp tip theo. Cng ngh ny m bo c khong khng
bn di cho cc phng tin lu thng thy, b c bit l trong cc thnh ph ln vi mt
bng thi cng cht hp, phng tin giao thng ng c, yu cu v mi trng th cao.

84
D dng p dng cho cc cu vi cc loi s kt cu nhp gin n hay lin tc, cc
loi mt ct ngang hp n hay hp kp v cc loi khu nhp thng thng vi chiu
di nhp t 3560 m. Chiu di cu thng c p dng t 500 mt n vi kilmt. Trong
trng hp chiu di cu ln, c th trin khai thi cng nhiu mi bng vic b tr thm
nhiu h thng gio di ng.
Vi c im thi cng cc phn on dm c sn c lao lp di gio vo v tr,
sau cng cp DL lin kt cc phn on vi nhau to thnh kt cu nhp, do vy thi
gian thi cng rt nhanh, chu trnh thi cng mt nhp trong thc t thng thng t c l
2 3 ngy/1 nhp.
H gio c cu to cc cht c bit c kh nng thi cng cc cu nm trn ng
cong vi bn knh nh nht c th p dng: R
min
= 75m.
vng ln nht ca h dm chnh: f
max
= L/500
Trng lng ln nht ca 1 phn on dm: S
max
= 80T
10.2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca cng ngh
H gio di ng dng lao lp cc phn on dm c phn thnh hai loi da trn mi
tng quan gia cao h gio v cao kt cu nhp:
- H gio chy trn (Overhead).
- H gio chy di (Underslung).
10.2.2.2.1. H gio chy trn
H gio chy trn l h gio t cao bn trn kt cu nhp v truyn ti trng ca
h gio trc tip xung kt cu nhp v nh tr. im c trng ca loi hnh ny l
h gin chnh v mi dn lao trn 2 dm chnh: dm sau t trn mt ct nhp
lao lp pha trn nh tr, dm trc t trc tip trn nh tr (hnh 10.2.2a) hoc
cng t trn phn on dm lp trc trn nh tr (hnh 10.2.2b). Cc phn on
dm khi lao lp s c treo di gio bng cc thanh bar cng cao cho n khi
cng cp DL lin tc cc t dm.
Do h gin chnh v mi dn chy cao bn trn kt cu nhp nn hai u mi dn trc
v sau c cu to cc h kch chng c bit xung nh tr v kt cu nhp phc v
trong qu trnh lao dc gio. Vi loi hnh ny, tnh khng di cu hon ton c m
bo trong qu trnh thi cng.
Bin php thi cng nh hnh 10.2.2a: dm trc (cu to cao hn dm sau) chng
trc tip xung x m tr, cc t dm c lp ht ton b mt nhp v cng cp d ng
lc lin tc to thnh nhp cu gi ln x m tr. Do vy x m tr phi rng va
dm trc va mt u nhp cu.

85

Hnh 10.2.1: Kh nng thi cng cu c bn knh cong nh nht l 75m.

Hnh 10.2.2.a: H gio chy trn - Dm trc t trn nh tr.

86

Hnh 10.2.2b: H gio chy trn Dm trc t trn dm ch.
Bin php thi cng nh hnh 10.2.2b: t dm trn nh tr c lp trc v c nh
chc chn trn nh tr to mt bng cho dm trc (cu to tng t dm sau). C th
lp cc t cn bng qua nh tr trc ri mi lp cc t gia nhp sau gim ti trng ln
h gio hoc lp bnh thng tng nhp ri cng cp d ng lc lin tc to thnh nhp
cu. Vi bin php ny c th gim ti trng ln h gio (vi cc nhp cu L > 50m), cu
to tr mnh hn khng c x m tr nhng phi cu to cc mi ni t.
10.2.2.2.2. H gio chy di
H gio chy di l h gio ta trn cc gi cng xn c m rng t thn
tr, do vy cao ca h gio c th ngang bng hoc thp hn cao kt cu nhp.
im c trng ca loi hnh ny l phi thi cng cc gi cng xn m rng t thn tr
lm im ta cho h dm chnh v mi dn lao pha trn. Dm chnh c cu to cc tay
to im ta gi cc phn on dm khi lao lp. Cc im ta ny c th iu chnh v tr
v cao bng kch v cc tm m m bo v tr yu cu khi lao lp v cng cp DL
lin tc cc t dm.
i vi h gio chy di, h dm chnh v mi dn lao trc tip trn cc bn ln t
trn gi cng xn nn mi dn pha trc c cu to un cong ln theo chiu ng t 7
o

10
o
thun tin trong qu trnh lao dc khi mi dn tip xc vo bn ln. Vi loi hnh
ny, tnh khng di cu b hn ch mt phn do kt cu gi cng xn m rng tr v h
gio chy di.

87

Hnh 10.2.2: H gio chy di H dm chnh v mi dn lao
trn gi cng xn m rng tr.
10.2.2.2.3. Chu trnh cng ngh
Qu trnh thc hin cng ngh thi cng dm BTCT phn on lp ghp trn gio di
ng d l loi hnh chy trn hay chy di u phi tun th nguyn tc chung v chu
trnh thc hin cng ngh nh sau:
a) Lp t h gio trn nhp u tin
H gio c lp rp trn nhp u tin bng cu v c th s dng h tr tm.
b) Tin hnh lao lp cc phn on dm
Cc phn on dm c sn c vn chuyn ra cng trng theo hng ln t pha sau
m hoc theo ng chui di cu hoc sng. Cng trc chy bn trn h gio nhc cc
t dm vo v tr v treo gi trn gio.
c) Cng cp DL lin kt cc phn on dm
Sau khi lao lp ton b cc t dm vo v tr, tin hnh cng cc b cp DL lin kt
cc phn on dm thnh nhp cu u tin.
d) Lao dc gio n nhp tip theo
Sau khi cng ko DL nhp u tin xong, gii phng cc thanh treo hoc kch
t dm v di chuyn h gio ti thi cng nhp tip theo vi chu trnh tng t.
Gi cng xon

88

Hnh 10.2.3. Chu trnh cng ngh
10.2.2.3. Cc phn c bn ca h gio
Cu to ca h thng gio gm c cc b phn c bn sau:
- H gin chnh, dm chnh (Main truss, Main girder).
- Mi dn (Nose truss).
- Cng trc lao lp t dm (Crane).
- H dm , gi cng xn (Support beam, Bracket).
- H thng kch y lao dc gio (Launching system).
10.2.2.3.1. H gin chnh, dm chnh
Vi yu cu gin chnh hay dm chnh phi m bo cng chu tnh ti cc phn
on dm, c th lao y dc gin trn cc trc ln v t n phi lm ng ln cho cu
a) Lp t h gio trn nhp u tin
b) Tin hnh lao lp cc phn on dm.
c) Cng cp DL lin kt cc phn on dm
d) Lao dc gio n nhp tip theo

89
cng di chuyn bn trn, do vy c th cu to chng dng gin thanh khng gian (i
vi h gio chy trn) hay dng dm hp thp (i vi h gio chy di). Thng
thng h gin thanh khng gian c bin cng song song c s dng ph bin lm
gin chnh v nhng u im nh: trng lng nh, d thao tc thi cng, d lp dng ti
hin trng H gm c 2 gin chy 2 bn, mi gin phi t ng thng n nh nn trn
mt ct ngang, gin c cu to m rng chn thnh hnh tam gic vi hai thanh m h.
Hnh 10.2.4 m t cu to chung ca gin chnh.

Hnh 10.2.4: H gin chnh Dng gin thanh khng gian c bin song song.
Ty theo yu cu v khu nhp, b rng mt cu, cc yu t ny sinh ra ti trng ln
h gio ln hay nh, t h gin chnh c cu to ph hp, phi t cc ch tiu k
thut v chiu di, cng Cu to chung ca mt h dm chnh dng thi cng nhp di
45,0m vi b rng mt cu 26,0m gm 2 hp n c m t ti hnh 10.2.5.
H gin chnh
1/2 Mt bng
1/2 Mt ng
Pha trong
Pha ngoi

Hnh 10.2.5: Mt v d cu to chung h gin chnh dng thi cng nhp 45,0m

90
10.2.2.3.2. Mi dn
Hai u gin chnh c ni vi h mi dn gm c:
- Mi dn trc (Front nose truss).
- Mi dn sau (Rear nose truss).
Tng t gin chnh, mi dn cng cu to dng gin thanh khng gian c bin cng
song song. Vi c im tng ng v quy trnh thi cng v s chu lc, cu to chung
mi dn ca h gio chy trn v h gio chy di hon ton ging nhau. Ring
u mi dn c cu to khc bit gia hai loi hnh chy trn v chy di ph hp cho
cng tc lao dc h gio.
a) Mi dn h gio chy trn
Do h gin chnh v mi dn chy cao bn trn kt cu nhp nn hai u mi dn trc
v sau c cu to cc h kch chng c bit xung nh tr hoc kt cu nhp phc v
trong qu trnh lao dc gio. B tr chung ca h kch chng c m t ti hnh 10.2.6.
b) Mi dn h gio chy di
i vi h gio chy di, h gin chnh v mi dn lao trc tip trn cc bn ln
t trn gi cng xn nn mi dn pha trc c cu to un cong ln theo chiu ng
t 7
o
10
o
thun tin trong qu trnh lao dc khi mi dn tip xc vo bn ln. Cu
to c bn ca h kch chng c m t ti hnh 10.2.7.
H kch chng
Mi dn sau
5150
3
8
0
5
6
8
0
5
H kch chng
5150
Mi dn trc

Hnh 10.2.6: V d cu to kch chng u mi dn h gio chy trn

91
on mi 2 on mi 1
on mi 2 on mi 1
Mt bng
Pha trong
Pha ngoi
Mt ng

Hnh 10.2.7: Mt v d v cu to u mi dn ca h gio chy di
10.2.2.3.3. H dm , gi cng xn
10.2.2.3.3.1. H dm gio chy trn
H dm thng c cu to dng dm hp thp, ty theo c im chi tit ca cng
ngh, h dm gm c:
- 1 dm trc (Front support beam).
- 2 dm sau (Rear support beam).
Cc dm c t trn nh tr hoc trn mt cu pha trn nh tr thng qua cc
chng, kch thy lc v cc tm m iu chnh m bo mt dm lun nm ngang.
Ty theo b rng cu v chiu di nhp m ta c tnh ti cc t dm, trng lng h
gio, t quyt nh cng ca dm . Thng thng dm c tit din ngang hnh
hp vi kch thc:
Chiu rng: 0,5 0,8 m.
Chiu cao: 1,6 2,6 m.
a) Dm trc
Vi bin php thi cng nh ni trn, dm trc thng c tit din cao hn dm
sau do yu cu cng cao hn v ch c hai im k chnh trn nh x m v trong
qu trnh lao dc trng lng ca gio s chuyn lch dn v dm trc. Dm
trc c gi trn nh tr bng 4 kch thy lc 600T ti hai im k, mi im c 2 kch
i xng qua tim dm . Hnh 10.2.8 m t b tr chung ca dm trc.
Vi bin php thi cng nh hnh 10.2.8, cc t dm pha trn nh tr c lp trc v
c nh vng chc to mt bng cho dm trc. Do vy, dm trc cng c t

92
trn kt cu nhp nh dm sau nn cng c cu to tng t nh dm sau v c th
gia cng thm hoc b tr thm im k xung t dm nh tr.
Kch 600T
Dm trc

Hnh 10.2.8: Dm trc, h gio chy trn
b) Dm sau
Dm sau ta trn mt cu thi cng. Ty theo b rng mt cu m c th b tr
thm cc im k dm ngoi hai im k chnh.
Ti hai im k chnh hai u ngoi cng, dm sau ta ln mt cu thng qua 4
kch thy lc 500T, mi im c 2 kch i xng qua tim dm . Hnh 10.2.9 m t b tr
chung ca 1 dm sau, y c thm hai im k ph pha trong s dng 4 kch 250T.
H gin chnh
Kch 250T Dm sau
Kch 500T

Hnh 10.2.9: Dm sau, h gio chy trn

93
Vi yu cu c trng ca cng ngh lao dc h gio, cn phi c 2 dm sau
thay i trong qu trnh lao dc. Ti thi im u mi dn trc va lao n tr trc v
chng kch ln tr trc gi n nh, phi tin hnh tho h dm trc t tr sau
chuyn ln tr trc, do vy phi lp t thm 1 dm sau vo st bn dm trc trc
khi chuyn dm trc i.
10.2.2.3.3.2. H gi cng xn gio chy di
H gi cng xn c neo gi vo thn tr m rng thn tr ra hai bn theo
phng ngang cu, to mt bng cho bn ln v kch h gio. Hnh 10.2.10 th hin
h gi cng xn m rng tr. Hai gi cng xn i xng hai bn c lp vo cc
mu neo ch sn trn thn tr v c neo cng vi nhau bng h thng cc thanh bar
cng cao. Cu to chung ca h gi cng xn c m t ti hnh 10.2.11
10.2.2.3.3.3. Cu cng lao lp cc t dm
Cu cng c tc dng nng cc phn on dm v a vo ng v tr ca kt cu nhp.
ng ray chy dc cho cu cng chnh l m trn ca h gio di ng. H thng cu
bn trn c th di chuyn theo phng ngang iu chnh v tr cc phn on dm. Hnh
10.2.12 m t cu to cu cng trn h gio di ng chy di.
Thanh Bar DL
1/2 mt bng
Thanh Bar DL
Thanh Bar DL
1/2 mt ng

Hnh 10.2.10: V d cu to ga cng xn, h gio chy di

94
i vi trng hp cc phn on dm c xe vn chuyn ch ra trn cc nhp thi
cng xong, h cu cng phi di chuyn v pha mi dn sau nhc t dm t mt cu
thi cng trc. c th a ra pha trc, cc t dm phi v tr xoay dc theo tim cu
di chuyn khong trng gia hai gin chnh. Khi ti v tr t dm phi c h thp
pha di h gin chnh ri mi xoay ngang v c nng ln vo ng v tr yu cu. Do
vy, cc t dm khi lao lp c treo di cu, cng qua b phn mm xoay c kh nng
quay cc t dm theo phng ngang.

Hnh 10.2.11: Ga cng xn, h gio chy di

Hnh 10.2.12: Cu cng chy trn h gio di ng

95
10.2.2.3.3.4. H thng kch y lao dc gio

Hnh 10.2.13: H kch y lao dc gio
Sau khi thi cng hon tt mt nhp, cc lin kt treo gi hay chng cc phn on
dm c tho d, h gio c h xung cc bn ln v lao dc ti nhp tip theo bng
h thng kch y gn ti cc dm hay cc gi cng xn. Hnh 10.2.13 m t h
thng kch y gn trn h gi cng xn ca loi hnh gio chy di.
Hnh 10.2.14 m t cu to h thng kch y lao dc gio, mi chu trnh y l 1,0m.
1700 200
KCH 100T Hnh trnh
1000 460

Hnh 10.2.14: Cu to h kch y lao dc gio
10.2.3. Tng hp cc thit b ch yu v gi thnh nhp cng ngh
Qua phn tch phn 10.2.2 c th thng k cc thit b ch yu ca cng ngh thi cng
cu BTCT phn on lp trn gio di ng theo bng 10.2.2. Cc s liu chi tit ca thit
b ly theo cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT phn on lp trn gio di ng chy trn ca
cng ty NRS thc hin nm 2000 ti d n Middle ring road ni th Kuala Lumpur -
Malaysia vi cc c im d n nh sau:
Kch y
dm

Cht
Bnh xe

96
Tng chiu di cu: 3,2km.
Khu nhp ln nht: 45,0m.
Mt ct ngang: 2 hp song song, mi hp rng 12,2m.
Bn knh cong: 500m.
Bng 10.2.2: Tng hp cc thit b ch yu ca cng ngh
STT Hng mc, cu kin n v Khi lng
1
H gio: gm:
Gin chnh
Mi dn
Kch chng mi dn
Cu cng 50 T
tn
gin
gin
b
ci
400
2
4
4
1
2
H dm : gm:
Dm trc
Kch 600T
Dm sau
Kch 500T
Kch 250T

b
ci
b
ci
ci

1
4
2
8
8
3
H kch y lao dc gm:
Bn ln gn trn dm
Kch 100T

ci
ci

6
2
Qua tip xc v trao i, cng ty NRS a ra gi tm tnh i vi ton b thit b v
chuyn giao cng ngh nh bng 10.2.3 di y.
Bng 10.2.3: Gi thnh thit b v chuyn giao cng ngh
STT Hng mc ch yu Khi lng Gi thnh
Thit b 678.000 USD
1 Ton b kt cu thp: USD 850/T 400 Tn 340.000 USD
2 H kch, bn ln, cu, thanh bar Ton b 338.000 USD
o to v chuyn giao 237.000 USD
3 o to k s tnh ton thit k 2-3 ngi 177.000 USD
4 Gim st lp t v vn hnh 3-4 thng 60.000 USD
Tng cng 915.000 USD
Bng gi trn ch l tm tnh, c th bn bc v tha thun li trong cc cuc tip xc v
k kt hp ng. Gi tr trn cha tnh n thu nhp khu, thu VAT v cc thu khc
theo lut Vit Nam.
Phn kt cu thp mc 01 c tnh vi gi 850USD/Tn. Tt c kt cu thp c ch
to sn, vn chuyn v bn giao ti cng theo yu cu ca khch hng. Khch hng t lp
rp theo ch dn v gim st ca nh sn xut nh mc 04 - bng 10.2.3.
Vic o to k s tnh ton thit k nh mc 03 c tin hnh ch yu vn phng
NRS Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia hay vn phng NRS Bang Kok - Thi Lan. Chi ph di
chuyn, n cho cc k s do khch hng chi tr.

97
Vi tnh ton s b, ton b kt cu thp ca h gio chng ta c th sn xut hon
ton trong nc, ch mua cc thit b chuyn dng v hp tc chuyn giao cng ngh, gi
thnh cng ngh c th gim xung 25%.
10.2.4. Cng ngh ch to cc phn on dm c sn
Vi gii php cng ngh ny, im c trng l cc phn on dm BTCT c c sn
trong cng xng v sau c vn chuyn ra lao lp ti hin trng. Ngy nay, vi rt
nhiu nghin cu v p dng v vt liu BTCT, vic thi cng cc kt cu BTCT tr nn v
cng thun tin, m bo c nhng yu cu v cht lng rt cao c bit l vic thi
cng kt cu BTCT trong cng xng. Hin ti mt s nc s dng b tng cng
cao 60 70 MPa.
10.2.3.1. Yu cu v vt liu
Vt liu s dng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
Thp thng s dng theo tiu chun ASTM phi l loi c g, tr khi s dng cc thanh
thp trn, si thp trn trn lm thp ai xon, lm mc treo hoc lm li thp.
B tng dng trong kt cu dm hp c cng ti thiu l 35 MPa ti 28 ngy tui.
thi im tho d vn khun cc t dm, cng b tng chu nn khng c nh
hn 17 MPa. Khi lao lp cc t dm phi c tui tng ng 14 ngy nhit 21
o
C.
Vic s dng cc ph gia b tng phi nm trong danh mc c php s dng, phi
c s cho php ca ch u t v tun theo cc ch dn ca nh sn xut.
10.2.3.2. K thut c phn on dm theo nguyn tc ni tip xc (phng
php in on)
s lin kt gia cc phn on dm kh nng chng li lc ct pht sinh trong giai
on thi cng v khai thc, mt tip xc gia cc t phi c cc kha chng ct v mi ni
tip xc phi kn kht, trnh s xm nhp ca mi trng. tha mn cc yu cu trn, vic
c dm c tin hnh theo nguyn tc ni tip xc hay k thut in on (Match casting).
Ni dung c bn ca k thut ny l vic thi cng cc t dm phi theo trnh t ln lt
tng t ni tip nhau, b mt lin kt ca t c trc lm vn khun cho t tip theo.
K thut ny c hai phng php c chnh: B c ton nhp (Long line casting) v b c
phn on (Short line casting).
10.2.3.2.1. B c ton nhp (Long-line-casting)
B c dm c chiu di bng chiu di nhp v c to dc dc theo ng dc thit
k ca kt cu nhp khi hon thin. H thng vn khun di chuyn dc chiu di nhp v
c iu chnh theo ng dc dc v trc ngang ca kt cu nhp. Cc phn on dm
c c ln lt theo k thut in on.

98

Hnh 10.2.15. t dm c sn Hnh 10.2.16. c t dm tip theo
Phng php ny c thun li l tin sn xut nhanh hn, d dng kim sot chnh
xc dc dc cng nh dc ngang ca kt cu nhp c bit l nhp cu cong. Tuy nhin
yu cu v mt bng b c ln hn, m bo vng chc khng b ln nh hng n
hnh dng chung ca kt cu nhp v s kn kht ca cc t dm khi lin kt.
10.2.3.2.2. B c phn on (Short line casting)
B c dm c chiu di ch bng 2 ln chiu di t c, vn khun dm v 1 mt vn
khun bt u t c nh, vn khun y c th iu chnh cao v nghing theo
phng dc cu. Sau khi c xong v b tng cng yu cu, phn on. t
dm c sn dm c di chuyn v pha trc ly mt bng c phn on tip theo.
Phng php ny yu cu mt bng b c nh hn nhng cc t c phi ch mt thi
gian ti thiu b tng cng trc khi nhc chuyn v phi tnh ton chi tit
iu chnh dc dc, dc ngang v c gc chuyn hng (i vi cu cong) cho tng t
dm m bo hnh dng tng th ca kt cu nhp.
10.2.3.3. Cng ngh lao lp dm
Cng tc lao lp cc phn on dm trong cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT phn on lp
trn gio di ng v nguyn tc khng c g khc bit vi cng tc lao lp cc t dm
trong cng ngh lp hng. Tuy nhin vi c th ring ca cng ngh, cng tc lao lp cc
phn on dm y c mt s bin i, pht trin cho ph hp cng ngh, m bo yu
cu, tiu chun k thut.
10.2.3.3.1. Lao lp bng cu cng
Khi iu kin mt bng bn di thun tin, cc t dm c th c vn chuyn n
pha di nhp v vic nng ln, t cc t dm vo v tr rt thun tin.
Trong trng hp iu kin mt bng khng cho php, cc t dm c ch n pha
mi dn sau trn mt cu hon thnh. Cu cng chuyn cc t dm t sau ra trc v
xoay ngang t dm h vo ng v tr yu cu.

99
10.2.3.3.2. Thi cng lao lp tng nhp (Span-by-span erection method)
y l phng php thng dng s dng cho cc nhp trung bnh t 35m # 50m. c
im ca phng php ny l thi cng lp ton b cc phn on ca mt nhp, tin hnh
cng ko cp DL tt c cc t dm, hon tt v lao dc gio tip tc thi cng cc nhp
tip theo. Phng php thi cng ny n gin, tin thi cng nhanh hn.
10.2.3.3.3. Thi cng hng cn bng (Balanced-cantilever erection method)
Phng php ny s dng ph hp cho cc nhp ln hn, chiu di nhp t 50m n 70m.
c im ca phng php ny l thi cng lp i xng cn bng qua tim tr v cng trc
cc phn on dm vi nhau to thnh h khung T i xng. Cc phn on gia nhp c
lao lp sau cng, thi cng mi ni t v tin hnh cng ko DL ni lin tc kt cu nhp.
S dng phng php ny ph hp cho cc nhp ln v trong qu trnh thi cng, cc t
dm khi lp i xng qua tr c th t cn bng do vy h gio ch chu ti trng ch yu
ca cc t dm gia, khng i hi gio phi c cng cao, c cu to to ln v nng n.
10.2.3.3.4. Mi ni gia cc t dm
im c trng ring bit ca cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT lp ghp ni chung v cng
ngh thi cng cu BTCT DL phn on lp ghp di gio di ng ni ring l x l
mi ni gia cc phn on. Trn b mt tip gip gia hai t dm phi b tr cc kha
chng ct trn sut chiu cao sn dm v c cc bn nh v y. Vn c bit quan
trng i vi cc mi ni l phi m bo b mt tip xc tt, kht cht gia hai t dm.
C hai loi mi ni theo tiu chun 22TCN-272-01 bao gm:
- Mi ni loi A: mi ni t (Wet joint).
- Mi ni loi B: mi ni kh (Dry joint).
a) Mi ni kh:
Mi ni kh l loi mi ni khng dng bt c vt liu dnh bm no gia hai mt tip
xc ca hai t dm. Keo epoxi c th dng ch mit mch bn ngoi ngn cn cc tc
nhn xm thc t mi trng. y l gii php mi ni to thun tin cho cng tc lao lp,
gim bt mt s cng tc hin trng gip y nhanh tin thi cng.
Ngc li, yu cu i vi cng tc sn xut cc phn on dm trong cng xng i
hi phi t cht lng rt cao v vt liu, v kch thc, c bit i vi cc b mt tip
xc phi m bo kn kht.
Tuy nhin sau mt s cng trnh p dng, mi ni kh pht sinh nhiu khuyt im nh:
cng tc qun l cht lng mi ni ti cng trng rt kh khn, kh nng chng xm
thc ca mi trng thp. Vi nhng l do nh vy, va qua cc nh khoa hc trn th
gii a ra nhng cnh bo v khuyn khng nn s dng loi mi ni ny.

100
b) Mi ni t:
Mi ni t l loi mi ni s dng vt liu dnh bm gia hai mt tip xc ca hai t
dm. Gii php mi ni ny c s dng ph bin trong rt nhiu cng trnh v m
bo c cc yu cu v cht lng i vi mi ni kt cu nhp.
Khi thit k loi mi ni t rng, phi b tr ct thp v c th s dng loi b tng
ring bit cho mi ni.
Yu cu i vi vt liu dnh bm:
- m bo yu cu v cng v tui th s dng.
- Kh nng dnh bm, linh ng lp ch rng khi thi cng.
- Ngn cn c cc tc nhn xm thc t mi trng.
- Thi gian ng cng ph hp vi cc yu cu c trng ca cng ngh.
Khi s dng mi ni dng keo dnh bm, phi s dng h thng to DL gy nn ng
sut nn nh nht l 0,21 MPa v trung bnh phi bng 0,28 MPa i qua mi ni cho ti khi
cht keo dnh bm ng cng.
Hin nay, trn th gii cng nh trong nc thng s dng keo dnh bm c dng va
gc nha epoxy 3 thnh phn vi ct liu chn lc c cng cao (7080 MPa).
Cng trnh cu Kin QL.10 ang c thi cng ti Thnh ph Hi Phng l dng cu
treo dy vng c kt cu dm ch BTCT tit din hnh hp thi cng lp ghp cc phn on
c sn. Mi ni dm ch s dng keo Sikadur 731 gc nha epoxy 2 thnh phn
thixotropic cng cao, ng cng nhanh v khng co ngt.
Cc thng s k thut ca Sikadur 731 ph hp vi tiu chun ASTM C881-78 do nh
sn xut cung cp theo bng di y:
Cc thng s k thut ca SIKADUR 731
Cng nn 65 MPa
Cng un 30 MPa
Cng ko 20 MPa
Mdun n hi 8500 MPa
Khi lng ring 1,7 kg/lt
Cng dnh kt vi b tng:
Lc nh bt (b tng v)
Lc ct trt

3,5 MPa
20 MPa
Thi gian cho php thi cng:
30
o
C
20
o
C
10
o
C
05
o
C

20 pht
40 pht
90 pht
150 pht

101

Phn 11
CNG NGH LP Y VA C Y

11.1. nhng vn chung v cng ngh c y
11.1.1. Phn loi cc phng php lao y dc kt cu
nhp dm B Tng Ct Thp

C th a ra 5 cch phn loi cn c vo cc du hiu sau :
11.1.1.1. Xt theo iu kin thi cng c cc t dm v
y ra
Ton b vic c dm ri y ra c th c t chc mt pha u cu hay
c hai pha. Nu lao dc t hai pha cn phi thm cng vic hp long gia cu .
Nu t chc thi cng ch mt u cu s c cc u im l khi lng cc kt cu
ph tm nh b chun b v.v... gim, tn cng vn chuyn b tng ti, cng
tn cng tho d, thu dn, sa cha v bo dng thit b.
Vic t chc thi cng y dc t c hai pha u cu l hp l nu cu nhp ln
, c cc on gn b l dm lin tc cn on gia sng l dng kt cu nhp ln
hn v c dng thc khc hn nh : cu treo, cu dm thp, cu dm hoc cu
khung c chiu cao mt ct thay i. Phng php ny cng thch hp khi thi gian
hn ch, cn thi cng nhanh m li c sn thit b, vt t, nhn lc , hoc khi nhp
gia di xp x gp i nhp bin khi m cu c s nhp l l.
11.1.1.2. Xt theo phng php lm gim cc ng lc pht
sinh lc lao dc
Sau y l nhng tnh hung c th xy ra :
- S dng mt mi dn
- S dng h dy treo xin v ct thp
- Lm cc tr tm gia cc nhp
- Thi cng lao dc vi mt ct dm cha hon chnh, sau khi lao dc xong
mi lm nt phn mt ct cn li ( lm gim trng lng bn
thn trong luc lao dc).
- Kt hp cc bin php ni trn vi nhau
11.1.1.3. Xt theo phng php x l bo m va chu
c cc ti trng thi cng trong qu trnh lao
y dc v va chu lc tt khi khai thc cu
Ton b kt cu nhp lm xong trn ng u cu s c t cc b ct
thp d ng lc rt ln v di sut kt cu nhp. Chng c th x dch v tr theo
phng thng ng ln trn hay xung di nh cc thit b c bit tu tnh hung
trong tng thi im chu cc ng lc i du xut hin trong qu trnh lao dc,
cng nh khi khai thc cu.
Theo mt phng php khc th kt cu nhp c c dn tng t trn h
chun b, sau ko cng nhiu b ct thp d ng lc ngn hn v khng qu ln
, ch to ra trng thi ng sut c li cho vic lao dm BTCT, cc b ny thng
ch yu c t thng. Sau khi kt thc lao cu th mt s ct thp d ng lc
khc li c t thm vo cc v tr khc sao cho kt cu nhp cu m bo kh
nng chu lc trong giai on khai thc, cc ct thp d ng lc t thm trong t
sau cng ny thng c dng ng cong parabol bc hai .
11.1.1.4. xt theo cch thc y dc mt cch gin on
Cc thao tc sau y s c thc hin lp li nhiu ln:
- y dm tin ln mt on di bng di hnh trnh ca pistng ca kch
y
- Kch nng thng ng kt cu nhp ln vi milimt co rt phn di ng ca
thit b trt v v tr xut pht u ng trt.
- Tip tc y dm tin ln
Nu lao y dc mt cch lin tc th gim bt c cc thao tc kch nng v
kch h kt cu nhp, do thi gian co rt Pistng ca kch y li chun b y
tip t na rt ngn v hu nh qu trnh y l lin tc.
Phng php ny cng c t cc kch nng d phng dng khi cn thit.
11.1.1.5. xt theo cch to lc y dm BTCT tin ln
C nhng hnh thc sau y thng c p dng :
- t kch y cui b chun b v y vo cui kt cu nhp.
- t kch y di ng cng vi t cui ca kt cu nhp v c dy cng vi
mt u neo vo m.
- t kch y trn m v truyn lc qua dy ko, qua neo tm gn trn dm
BTCT lm dm BTCT di chuyn.
- t hng lot cc kch y trn m, trn b chun b v thm c trn cc
tr. Nh vy gim c cc lc y ngang vo nh tr nhng phi iu khin c h
thng hot ng nhp nhng bng mt h thng in t phc tp .

11.1.2. cu to v thit b phc v c y
Trong cng ngh c - y, c nhng vn c bit v cu to v thit b,
in hnh l nhng vn sau :
- Cu to ca b chun b ( nn mng, dm b, b ).
- Cu to vn khun v h kt cu ph tm phc v vic tho lp vn khun.
- Cu to cc trt v thit b trt t trn trt.
- Gii php k n ng trt i vi dm c chiu cao mt ct thay i.
- Cu to cc thit b y v dn hng, nng h kt cu nhp.
- H thng o c ng sut, chuyn v v phn lc xut hin trong dm ti cc
trt trn m v thn tr.
- H thng iu khin ng b cc thit b.
- Cu to mi dn v lin kt mi dn vo u t dm th nht.
- Cu to h ct thp v dy cng xin tm thi tng cng dm lc thi cng
lao dc.
- Cu to cc neo v b ct thp d ng lc ngoi tm thi tng cng
dm trong lc lao dc.
- Cu to cc b phn ni, cc mu neo ca cc on ct thp d ng lc trong
cc t dm c to ra dn dn trong qu trnh thi cng.

11.1.3. Phn nhp cu
Trong qu trnh c lao dc, dm BTCT khng ngng bin i s chu lc,
ngha l ni lc trong dm khng ngng bin i , tr s ca nhp di nht s quyt
nh ni lc ln nht trong dm. Khi mt mt ct no phi vt qua nhp ln
nht ca cu th ni lc ln nht ca mt ct u do di ca nhp ny quyt
nh. Bi vy cch phn nhp cho cu mt cch hp l kinh t nht l lm cho cc
nhp di bng nhau. Tuy nhin i vi nhp u tin v s c ni vi mi dn thp
gim nh m men un m xut hin trong lc lao hng nn chn chiu di nhp
nh hn , thng bng 0,6 - 0,7 so vi chiu di cc nhp khc . cho s cu
i xng th nhp cui cng nn ly di bng nhp u tin . V d s cu Hin -
Lng l :
30,75m + 4 nhp 42 m + 30,75 m
S cu Qun Hu (Qung -bnh) do iu kin cc b ly l :
4 nhp 42 m + 30,75 m
Trong trng hp phi vt mt khu c bit ln, th c th b tr tr tm
trong giai on thi cng lao dc th dm phi vt qua cc nhp vi chiu di
gn bng nhau.
Ti cc nhp st vi bi c dm u b trong phm vi (1,3 - 1,5) L
max
nn b
tr 2-4 nhp c khu tng i nh mmen dm phi chu s tng dn t pha
b ra pha ngoi sng. Bin php thc hin c th nh sau :
- Li dng cc khu nh ca cc nhp cu dn
- B tr cc tr tm

Mc ch ca cc bin php l :
- m bo cho dm thng bng, n nh
- Khng cui dm pht sinh gc quay, m bo ch khe tip gip ni b
tng khng pht sinh gy gc.
Trong qu trnh kch y, cc on dm mi c u tin i qua vi khu
nh, m men phi chu s tng dn t nh n ln , c th tng dn s lng cc b
cp d ng lc, trnh c vic phi cng ko mt lc nhiu b cp d ng lc
ngay trong lc tui b tng ca t dm cn t ngy, gim bt nh hng bt li
ca t bin , gim c s lng cng ko u ni cc b cp d ng lc.

11.1.4. Phn on c thn dm
11.1.4.1. Nguyn tc phn on dm theo hng dc cu
- Khi la chn cch phn on , phi trnh b tr khe ni cc t vo v tr c
tr s mmen ln nht M
max

- Trnh v tr c M
max
nhng phi ng thi xt n tnh trng chu lc trong
giai on thi cng v tnh trng sau khi lao dm xong, m ch yu l xt n cc
tnh hung khi kch y
- Trong trng hp iu kin thi cng cho php ( nng lc cung cp b tng,
thi gian c lin mt mch) , y nhanh tin thi cng, cc on dm nn c
di ln mt cht cng tt.
- Nu tn dng b thit b b c sn c dng mt s cu khc trc th
c th chn chiu di t c sao cho tit kim cng ch to nht
11.1.4.2. Kinh nghim
Ni chung theo kinh nghim, cc on c ln lt nn bng 1/3 - 1/4 chiu
di nhp

Hnh 4-1 : V d phn on c thn dm v v tr mi ni gia cc phn
on.

11.1.5.kch thc tr
Trong cng ngh lp y ,c y hnh dng v kch thc ca tr c la
chn sao cho to iu kin thun li cho vic thi cng tr v ng thi phi tho
mn cc yu cu v kch thc ca nh tr nh sau:
+ Theo phng ngang cu: chiu rng ca nh tr ti thiu phi bng chiu
rng ca bn y dm hp ,nhng tt nht l rng hn mt t.
+ Theo phng dc cu: chiu rng ca nh tr phi rng b tr cc
thit b nh: cc gi trt tm thi, kch thng ng nng dm cu sau khi lao
xong t cc gi vnh c, cc kch iu chnh s chuyn dch tng i gia
cc tr v dm cu.

Hnh 4 -2 : Chi tit nh tr theo phng ngang cu.

Hnh 4-3 : Chi tit nh tr theo phng dc cu.
11.1.6. Cc iu kin c bn c th p dng phng
php thi cng c y
Ni chung c th dng phng php c -y hp l trong nhng tnh hung
sau :
- Bn knh cong nm ngang ca cu l khng i hoc bng v cng ( trng
hp cu thng).
- Bn knh cong ng ca trc dc kt cu nhp l khng i.
- Dm cu c chiu cao khng i , dng mt ct hnh hp hoc ct ch TT
(ch T kp).
- Chiu di cc nhp trong khong 40 - 60 m . Trong khong nhp ny khng
nn dng loi dm gin n v s khng kinh t v kh thi cng . Nu nhp lm hn
60 mt th mun c y phi chn chiu cao dm khng thay i dc nhp v cao
n 3,0 - 3,5 m , s qu nng n v tn vt liu . Lc nn s dng kt cu nhp
c hng hoc lp hng th hp l hn .

11.1.7.thi gian ca mt chu k c y

Tin thi cng c - y thng c b tr sao cho mi tun l l mt chu
k thi cng hon chnh mt t dm.
Sau y l mt v d in hnh v tin thi cng trong 1 tun l:
- Th hai: + Ko cng cc ct thp thng d ng lc
+ y dm ra thm mt t
+ Chun b vn khun cho t tip theo
+ Lp t cc ct thp
- Th ba:
+ Lp t ct thp bn y hp v thnh hp
- Th t:
+ Lp vn khun pha trong ca thnh hp
- Th nm:
+ Tho d vn khun pha trong ca thnh hp
+ Lp vn khun ca bn mt cu (bn np hp)
+ t ct thp bn mt cu (bn np hp)
- Th su:
+ t ct thp bn mt cu
+ b tng bn mt cu
- Th by v ch nht:
+ Bo dng b tng
11.2. cu to v thit k
11.2.1. Trnh t thi cng ca phng php c y
1- Xy dng m (n phn tng u) v mng b chun b vi cc tm
thi.
2- Xy dng cc tr cu , bt u t tr gn m.
3- Lp t cc gi trt tm thi ln cc tr m v cc gi trt.
4- Lp h vn khun vi cc kch nng thy lc ca n.
5- Lp mi dn thp hoc BTCT ta ln cc gi trt tm thi v hm gi
cho c nh.
6- Lp t h thng to lc y.
7- c b tng t th nht ca dm cu BTCT ngay sau mi dn thp.
8- Khi b tng ca t th nht t n cng th tin hnh ko
cng cc ct thp d ng lc tm thi ni mi dn thp vi t th
nht ca dm.
9- Ko cng cc ct thp thng cng cao ri tho h vn khun.
10- Lao y t th nht ra khi b.
11- Chun b ct thp , vn khun ch to t tip theo ca dm cu.
12- Cc bc 9-10-11 c lp li nhiu ln thi cng v y tng t
dm.
13- Khi t cui cng c xong, c ko cng ct thp xong v y ra v
tr cui cng ca n cng tc l lc lao xong kt cu nhp. Khi s tho
b mi dn.
14- Lp t cc gi cu vnh cu trn cc m tr.
15- Ko cng cc b ct thp cong parabol, l cc ct thp d ng lc cn
c thm vo kt cu nhp kh nng chu lc khi khai thc.
16- Lm nt tng u ca m cho n chiu cao thit k v t khe bin
dng, hon thin ng hai u cu.
17- Hon thin h thng thot nc, lp ph mt cu, va h, lan can, v.v...

11.2.2. Mt ct ngang
11.2.2.1. dng mt ct ngang thng dng cho kt cu
c- y.
Dng kt cu mt ct ngang dm cu thi cng theo phng php lao y dc c
th l loi bn c sn hoc dng hp.Trong dng mt ct hnh hp c thnh
xin thng c dng hn c v cc l do sau:
- C v p kin trc v dng lu tuyn khi xt v mt kh ng hc
- Gim bt c kch thc tr m v to v p thanh thot, gim sc cn
dng nc ca tr m.
- m bo b rng phn xe chy thng thng nht ( t 7 m n 11,5m)
- Thun tin b tr cc thit b b, kch, trt, mi dn, v.v... phc v thi
cng c - y dc
11.2.2.2. Nhng im ch yu trong thit k mt ct dm
nghing ca thnh hp c la chn cn c vo cc iu kin c th v
iu kin thi cng. Ngoi ra, chiu rng ca y hp c chn c xt n kh
phn xe chy, ln ca m men xon, hnh dng v kt cu ca m tr, iu kin
t gi cu. Ni chung c xu hng gim chiu rng y hp.
Chiu cao dm hp c chn tu theo chiu cao kin trc cho php ca cu
tng ng iu kin b tr tng th ca cu, yu cu v b tr cc thit b thng tin
trong lng hp dm, yu cu v v p kin trc . Ni chung chiu cao dm nn
c ly khng i, tuy nhin cng c th dng loi dm c chiu cao thay i,
nhng mc thay i khng nn qu ln, qu phc tp dn ti nhiu kh khn
trong tnh ton.
Trong trng hp tr cu rt cao th chiu cao kin trc h c coi l hp l
nht bng 1/17 tr s nhp di nht. Nu tr cu khng cao th to v p nn
ly h = 1/20 tr s nhp di nht.
Ch mt ct gy gc nn b tr vch ni qu , b phn vch ny c th
b tr b thp, cn ch n cng nch pha di (im tc dng lc kch
y). Nu mt cu rng, dm nng, nn chia thnh hai dm hp ring r , mi hp
s c thi cng lao y ln lt ring r . Cui cng s thi cng bn mt cu ch
ni gia hai hp dm ni trn ( ni chung mt cu rng qu 8-10 mt, c th chia
lm hai hp kch y ring r).
Vch ngn ngang : mi on dm c th b tr mt vch ngn ngang, Ring
ch s t gi ta cua kt cu nhp , do vch ngn ngang phi chu phn lc gi rt
ln nn cn phi dy hn mt cht ( c th n 80 cm), cn cch vch ngn thng
thng ch cn dy 25cm l c. Trn cc vch ngn thng b tr cc l rng
cho ngi i, hoc lun dy cp in, ng dn kh, ng dn nc. v.v...
Do yu cu b tr cc b ct thp d ng lc, cn phi b tr bn rng ca vi
kch thc m bo chu lc ct v yu cu kch cng ko. Pha trc bn
rng ca, v c lc ko do cng ko d ng lc gy ra, cn b tr dy c ct thp
tng cng.
Cng cn xt ti vic b tr cc rnh rng ca, cc l ct thp i qua vch
ngn trong hp, cn thit cho vic cng ko cc b ct thp d ng lc tm.
Cc vch ngn gia hai hp c th b tr cng mt ch vi vch ngn trong
hp, lin kt trong- ngoi thnh 1 tng lin tc , nhng cn tng thm ct thp
thng tng cng cng chng xon.
Va h c th t trn cc bn np hp hoc trn cc bn t sau nh hng ra
trn bn np hp.
Hnh dng v kch thc bao ngoi ca mt ct ngang c gi nguyn theo
dc chiu di kt cu nhp thun tin cho thi cng c - y. Ngc li , hnh
dng, kch thc ng bao trong lng hp c th thay i dc theo chiu di kt
cu nhp tng gim chiu dy, cc bn y, sn hp, np hp cho ph hp vi
tnh trng chu ti ca kt cu nhp cng nh yu cu cu to mu neo, , kch.

Hnh 4-4 : Mt vi mt ct ngang cu dm lin tc thi cng c y.

11.2.3. Cu to cc khi dm
Ni chung cc khi dm trong lc c hoc y dc thng c dng mt ct
ch to hon chnh . Tuy vy mt s cu c bit c mt ct h hnh lng
mng trn mt phn hoc trn ton chiu di kt cu nhp thi k c v y dc,
sau khi y xong mi c mt phn bn np hp cn li, nhm lm gim trng
lng bn thn ca kt cu nhp khi lao dc.
Cch b tr ct thp d ng lc ( t h trong rnh hay t trong ng kn cha
sn , t thng hay t cong) v cu to mu neo, hp ni neo u nh hng ti
vic chn cu to khi hp dm. Nhiu cu t cp d ng lc thng trong rnh
h, c cc neo bng thp c lin kt cht vo b mt ca bn y hp, bn np
hp v ca thnh hp. Nhiu cu khc c ct thp d ng lc ngoi, nm bn ngoi
b mt b tng khi hp nhng c bo v bi cc ng polytylen mt cao v
c bm va lp lng ng sau khi cng ct thp, c dng neo BTCT c lin
kt vo hp dm nh cc bu lng cng cao xuyn qua thnh hp.
Chiu dy thnh hp c ly trong khong 25-40cm, t dm trn tr phi c
chiu dy thnh ln hn cc t khc. Chiu dy bn y 18-25cm, ring cc v tr
t neo cn c chiu dy n 30cm. Bn np hp dy trung bnh 12 - 24cm. Ct
thp thng ca hp dm c b tr sao cho chu c cc tc ng lc lm
un bn v un thnh dm ngoi mt phng ca chng cung nh chu lc ct trong
dm hp. Cc lc ny xut hin do s lm vic khng gian ca ton kt cu nhp
di hot ti thng ng, dm hp thng b xon do hot ti t lch tm,. Ring
ti ch t mu neo cn phi b tr ct thp thng theo yu cu chu ng sut cc
b rt ln do d ng lc gy ra.
Khi ch t ct thp d ng lc thng nm trong bn np hp v y bn hp
th trnh xut hin cc vt nt trong cc thnh hp do ng sut ko ch , cn
phi d kin tng chiu dy thnh hp mt s on dm cn thit v tng s
lng ct ai thng hoc b tr ct ai d ng lc .
Cp d ng lc c t trong cc ng thp nhn ln sng mm, cc ng ny
c t trong vn khun dm t trc lc b tng c dm, nh vy cc ct
thp c bo v chng r tt.
i vi nhng cu rng c hai hp cnh nhau th to c d dc ngang
mt cu, c th dng cc hp c thnh cao khc nhau v bn y hp nm ngang.
Tuy nhin khi s b tr ct thp d ng lc dc s phc tp hn. Do ngi ta
thng lm cc khi hp c chiu cao thnh ging nhau v to dc ngang mt
cu bng cch to ra cao khc nhau ca cc b k gi khc nhau .
Nh vy trong qu trnh y dc c th vn gi cho y bn y nm ngang,
nhng sau khi lao dc xong th dng cc kch lm nghing ngang ton b dm
nhm t dc ngang chng 2% trn b mt bn phn xe chy.
Trong qu trnh thi cng c-y, ngi ta thng s dng mt b vn khun
c cho mi on dm vi chiu di bng khong na chiu di nhp gia cu
tit kim. Khe ni gia cc t dm khi thng b tr khong 1/4 nhp th hp
l nht v mt trng thi ng sut v v thun tin cho vic cu to dm.
Chiu di nhp bin nn ly khng di qu 0,75 chiu di nhp gia, nh vy
vt qua nhp bin cn chng chiu di ca mt t ri dm, cn vt qua cc
nhp khc th u cn hai t dm.
Nu chn chiu di t cng di cng lm tng thm trng lng ca cc thit
b b tng t dm v phi lm b chun b qu di. Cn nu chn chiu di
t qu ngn th nhp iu thi cng s b chm li.

Hnh 4-5 : V d cu to khi hp dm ca cu thi cng theo phng php
lp-y

Hnh 4-6 : V d cu to neo li

11.2.4. B tr cp d ng lc
Do c im ca qu trnh y dc dm BTCT, trong cc mt ct dm lc
y dc xut hin cc m men un khc v du v v tr s so vi m men cng
mt ct trong giai on khc thc cu. V vy cn c nhng ct thp d ng lc
ch phc v cho giai on thi cng y dc. n giai on khai thc cu th mt
s ct thp tr ln tha hoc c hi. V cn phi tho b chng sau khi thi cng y
dc xong. Nh vy cn c cc neo v ng cha ct thp d ng lc ph hp vi
iu kin c th tho - lp cc ct thp d ng lc v mu neo ca chng, sau khi
lao dc xong c th phi t thm mt s ct thp d ng lc nhng on dm
no m bo kh nng chu lc ca dm khi khai thc cu.
Trong cng ngh c y ca nc Nga c xu hng dng mt s b cp d
ng lc di chuyn v tr tu theo thi im thi cng ( lp thm vo hoc tho b ra).
Cc nc khc t dng gii php nh vy.
n gin cu to, nhiu cu c ct thp d ng lc t thng trong bn
np hp v bn y hp dm, n neo th cc ct thp c un nghing 1:7
trong mt phng ng n v tr t kch ko cng ( hnh ) .
Ti v tr neo cn t vi tng li thp hn chu ng sut cc b. B mt t
mu neo ln neo phi c bn thp dy 20mm c c gn vi b tng ca hp.
Bn ny c khot l lun cp d ng lc i qua.

Hnh 4-7 : Chi tit cu to t neo

Trn hnh 4-6 l v d cu to neo li c sn bng BTCT. Bn knh cong
ca ng cha ct thp trong neo ny l 4m, b mt tm thp m c t
nghing thun tin t mu neo v kch ko cng c thp.
Cc dng ct thp d ng lc hin i ca mt s hng nc ngoi c u t
xy dng cu Vit Nam c nu ra trong Ph lc tham kho cui sch
Cc neo d bng thp hay bng BTCT u nn m bo cho cc ct thp
song song nhau l hp l nht. Nhng ct thp d ng t hon ton thng cng c
th ko cng nh mt t kch tm thi nh hnh v . U ny gm hp thp hnh
nm c cc sn dc v bn t kch. Khong trng gia cc sn dc c t mt
cht quay chuyn hng cp.
Mu neo ca ct thp d ng lc thng nm ngang c lin kt vi mt on
dy cng un c v c b ngm mu neo v ni vi kch ko cng. Chn kch t
vo b mt bn t kch ca neo thp, cn dy cng mm gm cc si y thp
cng cao c u tn chn to ra th di ng trt qua cht quay ni trn. S si
ca dy cng mm ny bng 1,5 ln s si ca b ct thp d ng lc m bo
an ton.

Hnh 4-8 : U neo vn nng ko cng cc b thng nm ngang
Ch thch :
1- neo BTCT ca dm 6- Dy cng mm
2- B ct thp d ng lc 7- Cp khung ca neo thp
3- Thanh ni 8- Kch ko cng
4- Vng m ca mu neo 9- Dm BTCT
5 - Cht quay c chuyn hng

chng r tm thi cho cc ct thp d ng lc trong lc thi cng c th qut
ln chng hn hp polime b tng. Tt hn c l nn dng loi ct thp m km
chng r. Cc ct thp t trong ng chn sn trong ng chn sn trong lng b
tng c chng r tt.
Cc ct thp phc v thi cng s c t trong ng thng.
Cc ct thp vnh cu c chia lm hai nhm:
1/- Nhm cc ct thp c t thng t trc lc lao y dc kt cu
nhp.
2/- Nhm cc ct thp c t sau khi kt thc lao y dc, chng c
dng ng cong.
Nh vy khi tnh ton d ng lc trong giai on y dc c th ch xt l
cc lc nn dc dm.
Mt s cu c dng nhng b ct thp d ng lc rt ln vi lc cng c th
n 5000 T to d ng sut nn n 140kg/cm2 trong giai on y dc kt cu
nhp nh cu Garoni, nc Venuxuda , y l trng hp ca bit.
Mt v d in hnh cho cc cu thi cng c - y l cu Boivre Php, Cc
ct thp d ng lc dc c ko cng n 170 tn, nm trong bn v c neo
bn trong lng hp.
C ba nhm ct thp:
- Ct thp vnh cu c ko cng v bm va t trc lc lao y dc
dm.
- Ct thp vnh cu c ko cng sau khi kt thc lao y dc dm.
- Ct thp tm thi, c cng t trc lc lao y dc v s c tho ra
bt mt s no t ra khng cn thit na trong giai on khai
thc cu.
Khi lng si thp cng cao l 55 tn ct thp vnh cu v 25 tn ct thp
tm thi.
Cc ct thp d ng lc ngang trong bn np hp c ko cng t mt pha v
t neo c nh sn pha i din. Trong thnh hp ca on dm gn tr c t
cc ct thp thanh d ng lc lm ct ai d ng lc ( xem hnh ).
Mt v d khc v dng kt cu nhp c to d ng lc theo c ba trc l
cu SEMORIL ( nc Italia ) , ct thp d ng lc dc y c neo vo neo li
ra trn thnh hp.
Cc ct thp ca cu ny c ko cng theo ba giai on l:
- Trc khi lao y dc
- Sau khi lao y dc nhng trc khi b tng lm lin khi mi ni
gia bn np hp v phn kt cu nhp hnh lng mng.
- Sau khi lm lin khi cc mi ni ni trn.
i vi giao on to d ng lc th nht, ch t cc cp d ng tm thi
(phc v thi cng) v cc cp vnh cu no sao cho tt c chng gy ra nn ng
tm vo mt ct ngang hnh lng mng vi lc nn ln.
Sau khi lao y dc xong, cc bn np hp lp ghp c t vo v tr thit k
th bt u giai on to d ng lc th 2 tho cc cp tm thi v t thm cc cp
vnh cu b sung vo nhng ch cn thit.
Giai on to d ng lc th 3 gm vic ko cng cc cp sau khi mi ni
t n cng tnh ton.
Hin nay mt s nc nh c, Php, c nhiu cu thi cng m khng
tho b cc cp d ng lc tm thi tn cng v lm tng thm tnh cht
n hi ca BTCT v tin cy ca n khi phi chu nhng ng lc ngu nhin,
c bit l do ln m tr gy ra.
Nu lm cc tr tm th s gim kh nhiu tr s ng lc lc thi cng, thm ch
cu Inh ( nc Ao ) cho t ct thp thng mc thp 50 chu d ng lc thi
cng. Cc ng sut ko b tng lc khng ln hn 15kg/cm2.
Hnh 4-9 : S v chi tit t ct thp d ng lc trong kt cu nhp cu
Boivre Php
1- 6 b loi KA-36 2- 10 b tm thi loi KA-40
3- 10 b vnh cu loi KA-40 4- 6 b vnh cu loi KA-40
5- 8 b tm thi v 2 b vnh cu loi KA-40
6- 6 b tm thi loi KA-40 7- 4 b vnh cu loi KA-36, c ko cng
sau khi lao y dc
8- 2 b kp loi KA-36 c cng sau khi lao y dc
9- Ct thp d ng lc ngang 10- Khu vc t ct thp d ng lc dc
11- Ct thp d ng lc thng ng trong thnh nghing ca hp.

11.3. Mi dn , tr tm , h ct thp- dy xin
Khi thi cng lao dc thng dng cc kt cu ph tm phc v thi cng nh :
mi dn, cc tr tm , h thng ct thp - dy treo xin tng cng v.v..., nhm
gim bt v iu chnh cc ng lc xut hin trong kt cu nhp lc thi cng. Cc
ng lc ny khc vi ng lc lc khai thc cu c v tr s v v du. Nh c cc
kt cu ph tm m trnh c vic phi tng kch thc mt ct dm hoc tn
thm ct thp m ch chu cc ng lc lc thi cng.
i vi mi iu kin c th ca tng cu v tu thit b vt t, tay ngh sn c
ca n v thi cng, cc kt cu ph tm c chn trn c s so snh nhiu
phng n tm cu to hp l nht. Cu to ca cc kt cu ph tm rt a dng.
11.3.1. Cc vn lin quan n thit k mi dn
Mi dn c th lm bng thp hoc bng BTCT d ng lc, c th c dng
c lp hoc kt hp vi h ct thp - dy treo xin, hoc kt hp vi h thng tr
tm. Tuy nhin rt nhiu cu c thi cng m ch dng mi dn thp. Cch lm
ny c cc u im sau y :
- Ch to mi dn tng i n gin t cc kt cu gio, thp hoc dm
thp ph tm sn c, cng c th lm ring loi mi dn s dng cho nhiu cu.
- Gi thnh khng cao, d tho-lp, vn chuyn n cng trng d ng
xu.
- D dng ni ghp vi dm BTCT d ng lc cn lao dc, cng d tho d
chng.
- Khng cn bo dng mi dn trong qu trnh lao y dc.
11.3.1.1 - Chn chiu di hp l cho mi dn
Xt v mt chu lc trong qu trnh kch y dm cu, nn ly chiu di mi
dn di bng ( 0,6 - 0,7 ) ca tr s khu nhp l thch hp.
Chiu di hp l ca mi dn nn chn sao cho mmen m cc i pht sinh
trong dm khi kch y ( ti trng thi k u) bng mmen m ti gi trong giai
on khai thc cu.
11.3.1.2. Chn cng ca mi dn
Phn tch v mt chu ng ca dm: khi kch y trong dm xut hin hai ln
mmen m cc tr, cc tr ln u ( cc tr 1) xut hin khi mi dm ti st tr pha
trc m cha t ln tr, khi dm dn gc ln tr, mmen m gim hn, sau
dm cng tin ln, mmen m dn dn li tng ln cho ti mt v tr no th xut
hin cc tr ln th hai ( cc tr 2).

Hnh 4-10 : S m men un lc lao dc

cng ca dm dn ln th cc tr 1 ln, cc tr 2 nh, ngc li cng
dm dn nh th cc tr 1 nh, cc tr 2 ln.
- Xt v mt chu lc, cng ca dm dn phi chn sao cho cc tr gim
nh, ng thi cc tr 1 v cuqjc tr 2 gn bng nhau. Cn c vo yu cu , t l
cng thch hp l 1/9-1/15 so vi cng ca dm.
- Trn y mi ch xt ring v mt chu lc ca dm, cn mt khc cn xt ti
l vng ca mi dm dn khi trng thi hng. cng nh mt cht c li l
gim nh c cc tr 1, nhng nu v th m vng mi dm qu ln th khng
c li cho vic kch y, hoc cn phi b tr im tm nng dm. Nh vy
cng qu nh cng khng tt.
+ Cn c vo hai iu trn, tnh ton v so snh quyt nh la chn t l
cng (kinh nghim ca Trung Quc l khong trn di 1/10 l tt nht).
Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng mi dn dng dn v dng c bng,
hoc kt hp mt dng dn vi mt on dm c bng. V d nh Trung Quc
s dng dn qun dng T66 lm mi dn. Thng dng nht l mi dn kiu dm
c bng c cc sn tng cng ng v sn tng cng ngang.
V y mi dm lin tc chu lc tp trung rt ln ch tip xc vi trt
nn phi kim ton n nh cc b bng dm v t sn tng cng. u di ca
sn tng cng c hn vo bn cch di hoc t qua bn m dy 16-20mm,
rng 30-40mm, bn m ny hn vo sn cng ng, khng hn vo bn cch
di. y dm dn phi tht trn chu, khng ch v tr pha trc, pha sau, bn
phi, bn tri, khng ch chnh lch cao y dm.
ng lc tnh ton trong cc dm ch ca mi dn c xc nh c xt n
s lm vic khng u ca hai dm ch . y l hu qu ca s g gh chnh
lch cao y hai thit b trt gn nhau, sai s lp rp dm hay mi dn, chuyn
v quay ca tr hoc ln khng u ca tr v.v... c trng hp pht hin thy
ng lc ton b ln mi dn thc t ch do mt dm ch ca n chu.
cng chng xon ca mt ct mi dn tng t ngt ch c dm ngang
v ln nht cui mi dn st u dm BTCT. Hn na, cng chng xon
chung ca on u ca h dm ang lao dc tng dn theo mc trn qua thit
b trt ca mi dn v mc tin n gn tr ca mt ct ni mi dn vi dm
BTCT lc cng chim gn ht nhp cu.
Phi xt n h s vt ti khi tnh ton cc kt cu ph tm phc v thi
cng. i vi mi dn c th ly h s vt ti thay i theo chiu di tng ng
vi iu kin lm vic ca n.
hnh 4-11 : Cu to mi ni mi dn vi dm BTCT
1- Dm ch ca mi dn 2- X ngang thp t vo bn np hp dm BTCT
3- U neo danh cho ct thp d ng lc pha trn
4- B ct thp d ng lc pha trn 5- Dm BTCT c lao dc
6- B ct thp d ng pha di 7- Chi tit thp ch
8- X ngang t vo bn y hp
9- Bn thp ni mi ni bn bng ca mi dn vi u kt cu BTCT
10- Mu neo ct thp d ng lc.
Bng 4-1
H s vt ti tnh mi dn
Tc ng tnh
ton
on ca mi dn Cc ni dung tnh ton

0 -
1/3 l
1/3l -
2/3l
2/3
l - l

Phn lc thng
ng

1,9

1,6 1,3 Tnh ton p dp mt v
un ln thnh thng ng v
sn cng, tnh v n
nh cc b ca thnh
dm, tnh cng cc lin kt
ngang, tnh xon.
Lc ct 1,9

1,6 1,3 Tnh v ng xut ch, ng
sut tip khi un, tnh v cng
mi hn v
lin kt, cng mi ni
nh my v cng trng.

M men un 1,9

1,6 1,3 Tnh ton ng sut ch v
ng sut php khi un i vi
bn mi hn,
cc kin kt v cc mi
ni, tnh n nh dng un
phng, tnh v cng
v n nh h lin kt
dc v cc lin kt ca h .

Ghi ch: Trong mc tnh v "lc ct", xt n cng ln ca ch ni
mi dn vo dm BTCT, i vi tnh ton bu lng lin kt bng dm ch ca
mi dn th c php ly cc tr s tiu chun ca lc ct.

Theo tnh ton ca cc tc gi ngi Nga, khi chp nhn cc dung sai nu
trc y th ch cn xt h s vt ti v s lm vic khng u ca hai dm ch
ca mi dn bng 1,3, ging nh khi tnh cc kt cu ang c kch nng. Tuy
nhin cc dung sai nu ra l qu cng nhc. Nu sai lch ca kt cu ch t
ln thit b trt tng vi +3mm, v d tng n 10mm (s ny ln hn thc t) khi
thi cng cc nhp dm di 40-60m th cc h s vt ti tnh ton mi dn c th
ly theo bng 4-1
ni mi dn vo dm BTCT c th dng kiu mi ni b tng c cc ct
thp d ng lc vi mt u neo vo mi dn, cn u kia neo vo dm BTCT.
Tr s d ng lc nn cn phi m bo thng c tc ng mmen un
mt ct ngm mi dn trn mi giai on thi cng lao dc, khng cho xut hin cc
ng sut ko trong mi ni.
ui mi dn thp ni vo dm BTCT thng c dng khung cng thp
(hnh), b phn nm ngang ca khung cng ny l mt x ngang p st trc tip
vo b mt bn ca bn np hoc bn y hp dm BTCT. X ngang ny ng thi
c dng neo cc b ct thp d ng lc, v vy trong n phi cha cc rnh
khe h hnh vung hay hnh ch nht.

ln ca lc dnh b mt tip xc ca mi ni b tng vi b mt thp
ui mi dn ph thuc nhiu vo trng thi b mt thp v v vy khng nn xt
trong tnh ton v s truyn ng lc ct trt mi ni. Bn bng thng ng ca
mi dn c ni vi dm BTCT bng cc bn ni c bu lng thng thng. Mi
ni ny c tnh ton chu ton b lc ct xut hin trong qu trnh lao dc ti mi
ni mi dn vi dm BTCT.
Cc x ngang pha trn v pha di dng neo gi cc b ct tho d ng
lc c tnh ton nh dm trn nn n hi di tc ng ca cc ng lc nm
ngang trong cc b ct thp d ng lc, cng nh chu cc ng lc nm ngang tp
trung, c truyn t cc dm ch nh ca mi dn ln cc x ngang.

Thit b n mi dn t ln tr trong qu trnh lao dc dng kch nng
u mi dn v a n t vo thit b trt. N c thit k theo vng cng -
xon lc hng nht. Thit b ny c dng cng - xon ngn c gn cht vo dm
ch ca mi dn hoc gn vo dm ngang cng ni u ca hai dm ch ca mi
dn vi nhau. Bn di cng - xon ny c t kch vt vi rng c th t tm
trt. Chng hn, mt s cu dng kch vt loi 20T vi dui ca Pistng l
50cm.
Trn cc hnh v t n gii thiu s ho cu to mi dn s dng
cu MET (Lang-Sn) v cu HIN-LONG (Qung Bnh)

Hnh 4-12 : Mi dn thp dng cu Hin-Lng

Hnh 4-13 : Mi ni ca Mi dn thp dng cu Hin-Lng
11.3.2. v d PHN TCH V MI DN
- S kt cu nhp lin tc 3 nhp l: 35m + 45m + 35m
- c trng ca dm b tng ct thp d ng lc:
+ Cao 2,5cm
+ y
trn
= 53,3cm
+ y
di
= 250 - 53,3 = 196,7
+ T s y
di
/y
trn
= 196,7/53,3 = 3,69 = 1/0,27
+ Jmc = 942583575 cm
4

+ qtnh = 124 KG/cm = 12,4 T/m
- c trng ca mi dn bng thp:
+ di 30m = 2/3 L
max

+ Cao 250 cm, c 3 t 9m + 9m + 12m
+ y
trn
= 125cm
+ y
di
= 250 - 125 = 125 cm
+ I
midn
= 21920333 cm4
+ q
tinh
= 26,8 kg/cm
+ T s cng:
EI
E
x
x
dm
i I
,
m
= =
315000 942583575
2100000 21920333
6 45
+ T s tnh ti:
- Th tnh duyt mi dn vi h s vt ti 2 cho an ton:
M
max
= -74250000 kg.cm
ng sut = M
max
. y . n / I= 74250000 . 125 . 2 / 219203333
= 846,8 Kg/cm2 < 2050 Kg/cm2
Vy c th gim m men qun tnh ca mi dn I
midn
xung cn mt na m
vn thin v an ton. Khi t s cng ca dm v mi dm s tng gp i, tc
l bng:
2 x 6,45 = 13
- Mt khc qua cc s liu tnh th th thy i vi mi dm, m men khng
ch l m men m ch khng phi l m men dng.
Nh vy trnh t tnh ton s b nn l nh sau:
+ Chn mi dn di = 2/3 nhp di nht.
+ Xc nh s b mt ct dm BTCT theo cc kinh nghim v n c tham
kho. Hiu chnh sao cho t s y
trn
/ y
di
nm trong phm vi 0,55 - 0,65.
+ Tnh I
midn
theo I
dn
vi t s I
dn
/ I
midn
= (1/15 --- 1/20 ) l hp l nht.
+ La chn mt ct mi dm sao cho m bo c c tr s m men qun
tnh I
midn
ca mi dn nh tm ra trn.
Lu rng nhiu ti liu c kt lun l t s cng ca dm vi cng
mi dn thay i t 5 n 20 th m men trong dm BTCT ch bin i trong phm
vi 10%.
- Vi v d tnh trn th M
max
l 303750000 kg.cm = 3037,5 T.m
trong dm BTCT
By gi phn tch s thay i cc t s cng t 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18 - 21
v trn th bin thin ca M
max ,
t tm ra t s cng ti u v v ln
th. Lu l khi cng EI
midn
ca mi dn gim i th t s tnh ti qdm/qmi
s tng tng ng.
Nh vy chng ta phi s dng 2 chng trnh tnh c trng hnh hc ca
dm v c trng hnh hc ca mi dn cho vo y tnh li nhiu ln (chng
trnh trn a cng Trng DHGTVT ). Sau khi tnh xong s ln c bng kt
qu.
Nh vy cn tnh v lp bng kt qu thy l phi xt kt hp 2 vic:
+ gim I
midn
v gim trng lng gim M.
+ nhng vn phi m bo iu kin cng ca mi dn thp.
V d trn cho thy nu gim t s ( EI
dm
/ EI
midn
) t 6,45 n 12,9 ln th
m men m gim i n 35% nhng ng sut li tng ln 47,5% v nu xt h s
vt ti = 2 th qu nguy him.
Tm li cn tnh th vi ln. Vic ny lm trn my tnh c theo 1 chng
trnh con, thit k hp l mi dn theo ch hi thoi.
Phi th ti mi dn sau khi lin kt n vi phn dm BTCT trc khi lao y .
Phng php th l dng kch to ra s chu lc bt li cho c h dm BTCT v
mi dn , b chun b ri theo di , phn tch cc s liu o v ng sut, vng ,
ln , tr s phn lc ti cc b phn .

11.4.3. S dng kt hp mi dn v h ct thp - dy
treo xin tng cng
i vi cu c nhp di, vic dng mi dn khng phi l gii php ti u,
vic dng tr tm th t. Nn dng h thng ct thp - dy treo xin tm thi mt
cch c lp hoc c kt hp vi mi dn gim bt m men trong phn u ca
dm trong qu trnh lao hng. Bin php s dng h dy treo xin v ct thp
tng cng trong lc lao dc c u im l gim lng thp lm mi dn v c kh
nng iu chnh ch ng trng thi ng sut bin dng ca dm BTCT bng cch
iu chnh lc cng dy v lc nn ct thp.
Chng ta hy tin hnh so snh cc trng hp ch dng mi dn v trng
hp dng h treo xin tng cng. Xt v d s nhp 10 + n.15m chu lc ri
u 1T/m ( hnh ) . tnh vi s t dy treo xin i xng vi chiu cao
ct ln lt bng 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 chiu di nhp lao dc. cng dy xin trong mi
s hnh hc ca h l 10%, 14%, 18,5% v 30% so vi cng ca dm. Sau
khi phn tch kt qu tnh ton c th nu ra cc nhn xt sau
1/ Anh hng ca h dy xin tng cng ch th hin r trn on dm
trong phm vi hai nhp chnh. ngoi phm vi ny hnh bao m men un trong
dm khi lao dc d cho c dy xin hoc c mi dn hay khng c g cng coi
nh tng t nhau.
2/ Ni chung hiu qu dng h dy xin tng cng gim m men un
trong dm BTCT t ra km hn so vi vic dng mi dn. i vi cc cng thc
t ca dy xin trong khong 10%-15% cng ca dm BTCT th ngay c khi ct
kh cao (bng 1/3 chiu di nhp) th m men un ln nht ngm ca cng-xon
vn ln hn 20 - 30% so vi khi dng mi dn.
3/ Nhm mc ch gim m men m, gim vng u mt cng xon nn
iu chnh ni lc trong dm BTCT ang lao dc bng h dy xin. nh c th
t hiu qu tng ng vi khi chn mi dn c cc tham s ti u.
4/ Lc dc trong dm cng, do ko cng dy xin gy ra ci thin kh
nng chu m men un ca dm, do h dy xin gip gim bt ct thp d
ng lc trong phn u ca dm BTCT.
5/ M men dng ln nht trong dm ang lao dc khng ph thuc vo s
hnh hc v cc c trng cng, ng lc dy xin m hu nh tng t
nhau trong mi phng n s . ng ch l khi lao dc c mi dn th m
men dng cng c tr s tng t, khi ti mt ct c t ct thp th m men
nh hn i cht ( 20% - 30% ) so vi m men dng ln nht. Khi iu chnh tng
ng lc trong ct th m men dng trong dm di chn ct s tng v m men
theo chiu di dm s u hn.
6/ Vic lao dc c dy xin tng cng gy ra s phn phi li t ngt lc
ct theo chiu di dm. Trn cc on ring bit lc ct tng n 1,5 - 2 ln so vi
dm lin tc thng thng c cng nhp v cng ti trng nh nhau. Khi
iu chnh ng lc, hiu qu ny cng r rt v cn phi c xt n trong lc tnh
ton thit k cc dm nh th.

Hnh 4-14 : Cc hnh bao m men un trong dm c tng cng bng
h dy treo xin.

1- Khi lao dc c dng h dy xin vi ct thp cao bng 1/3 chiu di nhp.
2- Cng vy, vi mi dn bng 2/3 nhp.

m bo tnh hiu qu ca h ct thp - dy treo xin trong mi giai on
lao hng th cn phi lun lun theo di kim tra tr s p lc ca ct thp t ln
mt dm BTCT. Khi ct thp v tr bn trn mt tr no th tr thp pht huy
c tc dng cn khi ct thp bn trn v tr gia nhp no th li l v
tr c m men dng trong dm. Tnh hung khin cho h ct thp - dy treo
xin li c tc dng khng tt cho dm BTCT. V vy phi b tr cc kch chn
ct thp, t ln mt dm BTCT. Dng cc kch ny c th iu chnh lin tc c
mt cch ti u tr s ca p lc ct tc dng ln dm BTCT.
11.4.4. S dng tr tm
Vic dng tr tm lc lao dc l hp l nu chiu cao t mt t n y
dm l nh v c iu kin nn t tt, khng cn phi gia c thm. Trong nhiu
trng hp c th phi kt hp vic dng mi dn vi dng tr tm, v d khi nhp
di n 63 m v hn na. Cc tr tm c th lm gim c vi ln tr s ng lc
thi cng trong dm BTCT. V d khi thi cng cu In nc Auxtria lm hai tr
tm trong khong nhp cu 102m th ng lc thi cng gim n mc l ch cn
b tr ct thp thng cng chu.
Cc tr tm thng c dng khung thp. Khi tnh tr tm cn xt hin tng
t ti khng u ln cc khung phng ca n , ngha l phi gii bi ton kt cu
khng gian .Trn hnh.. . l s b tr tr tm thi cng lao dc cu
Tosimi. Nhng nm gn y cc nc ngoi hu nh khng s dng tr tm
na v cc mi dn thp l dng cho vic lao qua cc nhp di n xp x 55m.
Nhc im ca vic dng tr tm l tn km v cn tr khong khng gian di
cu.

Hnh 4-15 : S lao y dc dm cu Tosimi
1- Dm BTCT d ng lc 2- H ct thp - dy treo xin tng cng
3- tr tm. 4- Tr vnh cu.

11.4. b chun b u cu
Trn b chun b s thc hin cc cng vic :
- c cc t dm,
- ko cng cc ct thp
- kch y kt cu nhp.
B ny phi chu trng lng bn thn, trng lng cc t dm v lc y dc
do cc kch thu lc gy ln v cc kch ny c lin kt vi cui b. chnh xc
v n nh ca cc t dm c trn b ph thuc vo trc dc ca b chun b,
bn v tnh khng bin dng hc ca kt cu b di tc ng ca trng ti trong
mi giai on thi cng cc t dm.
B chun b s c lm sau m , trn nn ng p u cu. ln ca
nn p u cu c nh hng quyt nh n s thay i trc dc ca b. B chu
ng lc thay i theo thi gian. Cc kt cu chu lc ca b chun b c lm bng
BTCT hay bng ct thp. Do s lin kt lch tm ca cc thit b trt vi b chun
b nn b ny phi chu ko lnh tm phn cui ca b. Cc ng lc ln nht xut
hin ngay di cc v tr lin kt cc thit b y, v vy phn cui ca b phi c
tng cng.
Kinh nghim thi cng cu Mt (Lng sn ) cho thy v khng tnh ton t m
n ln khng u ca nn ng bn di b chun b nn xy ra nhiu vt
nt trong b va nhiu s c khc na sut trong qu trnh lao y dm
Trong nhng trng hp khi m nn ng p bng ct c n nh mt
nm trc khi c cc t dm th bin dng ca b chun b rt nh v hu nh
khng nh hng n trc dc ca cc t dm ang c c trn b. Cn lu
l d m cht nn t n h s K = 0.98 th vn khng m bo s khng bin
dng ca b chun b, bi v t 2/3 n 3/4 ln ca nn t p u cu
khng phi l do t p m do nn bn di n. Nu b nm trn nn t mi p
cao hn 6-8m th phi c mng cc cho b ny.
Chiu di ca b chun b ni chung phi c b tng c t di nht
bng xp x 1/2 chiu di nhp lao hng nht. Nhiu cu lm b di bng 0,6 -
0,7 chiu di ca nhp di nht.
Chiu cao ca b so vi mt t phi d dng h tho vn khun y ca
cc t c xong sao cho vic lao dc c thc hin thun tin. Vn khun y
c th t trn nh h mng dm thp, h ny c th t trn cc kch thu lc
c th iu chnh nng ln hay h xung tu tnh hung thc t. Mt ct ca h
mng dm thp ch c b mt trt phi cng m bo chnh xc ca
vn khun +_1,5mm.
Chiu di ca b chun b c th c chia thnh 2 on. on pha sau cch
xa m hn l ni dng b tng phn bn y hp ca mi t . on ny c
vn khun y ta trn cc kch thu lc c th h vn khun y. d dng .
on phia trc ca b thng c dng c b tng phn thnh hp v bn
np ca mi t.
m bo cho h cng, khng bin dng, khng ln chng ta c th phi
t b trn cc mng cc ng su vo nn ng u cu. Cng c th thay h
mng dm thp ca b bng h dm b tng ct thp c ti ch, Nh vy c th
tn km hn v sau mi khi thi cng xong phi b li.
Khi thi cng mt s cu ngi ta lm cc trt nh cao di 0,6-1,0m, rng
0,4-0,5m trong phm vi chiu di ca b chun b. Cc trt ny cch nhau 3-5m.
Trn b mt cc t cc gi trt tm thi m tm thp trn cng ca n lm
kim nhim v vn khun y hp ca n . u b c b tr li li sau m
chng 8--20 m ngha l c th lp mi dn trn khong , Trn khong
ny, cn t mt vi trt na.

Hnh 4-16 : Mt vi s ca b chun b

Kinh nghim thi cng cu Mt ( Lang-sn) nm 1996 cho thy : v khng d
tnh y tnh trng ln b chun b nn chn cu to mng b n gin ch l
mng nng ngay trn nn ng c u cu .Trong qu trnh y , b b ln
khng u gy nt b v lm thay i tr s phn lc cc trt khc vi tr s d
kin lc u khin cho tn nhiu thi gian v kinh ph khc phc cc s c . Tri li
,b chun b ca Cu Hin Lng c t trn h thng mng dm thp rt cng
nn khng xy ra s c g .

Cn phi lm nh c mi che trn khu vc b chun b m bo mi khu
cng ngh t chun b ct thp , vn khun , b tng , cng ko cp , lao y
dm u khng b nh hng xu ca ma bo , nng v.v...

Hnh 4-17 : B lin tc bn di cc thnh hp , trong phm vi b chun b

Hnh 4-18 : Cc v tr gi trt trong phm vi b chun b

Hnh 4-19 : B chun b kiu h mng dm bng thp

Hnh 4-20 : Mi ni kt cu thp ca b chun b

Hnh 4-21 : Chi tit vn khun ngoi ca khi hp , lp trn b chun b

Hnh 4-22 : Chi tit cu to ng ray di chuyn vn khun trong ca khi hp ,
lp trn b chun b

11.5. cc thit b y v nng h kt cu nhp
11.5.1. Cc thit b y
11.5.1.1. Nguyn l chung
Cc thit b to lc y cho dm BTCT lao dc phi p ng c cc yu cu
sau :
1- Nng lc y ca kch y phi bng hay ln hn 1,2 - 1,3 ln lc y cn
thit lao dc.
2- Cu to ca kch y phi m bo hot ng u n, khng b git cc,
tc y phi ph hp vi tc a cc tm trt vo trt.
3- C b phn hm an ton, ng h kim tra p lc y so snh c vi
lc y thit k.
4- C my bm du kch, cc ng dn du, van v h thng tp trung, m bo
tt vic iu chnh ch hot ng ca tng kch mt.
5- My bm c b iu tc c kh nng tng hay gim tng cp vic a dm
vo kch.
11.5.1.2. cc dng thit b y
Ni chung c bn dng thit b y thng dng nhiu nc.
Dng th nht:
Gm hai kch thu lc t cui b chun b y dn tng t dm ra khi
b. Thn kch c th t nm ngang theo dc chiu di b chun b hoc t
nghing mt gc trong mt phng thng ng (nh thit b ca hng
VOSPANTECA NICH nc c). u c nh ca kch c th c b ngm lin
kt vo b ray hay h dm I ca b chun b. u di ng ca kch (y ptng) t
vo thnh hp y ( hnh )
Dng th hai:
Gm hai thanh ko bng b cp cng cao. Mt u pha sau ca mi thanh
ko c lin kt cht vo neo tm li ra trn b mt ngoi thnh hp hoc
y hp. u pha trc ca mt thanh ko c lin kt vi mt kch nm ngang.
Kch t trn m (hnh ). Khi cc kch hot ng s to ra lc ko thanh ko, t
thanh ko truyn qua neo to ra lc y dm BTCT tin ln.Cu to neo tm
ny cho php s tho lin kt nm gi u thanh ko khi ptng ca kch co vo
trong thn kch. Nh vy t dm BTCT no cng c bu lng neo ch bt cht
vi neo tm ni trn. Nhiu hng xy dng ca Php, ca Trung Quc, ca
Singapo thng p dng kiu ny.

Hnh 4-23 : Thit b y nhanh cui b chun b
a) cu Lorup (Nga)
b) cu Lnhepr (Ucraina)

Hnh 4-24 : Thit b y c t m cu
a) Cu Dnhepr (Nga)
b) Cu Tomisi (Sc)
1- Dm ngang lm t pha sau 2- Cc t thanh ko
3- ngang ngn 4- Thanh ko
5- t pha trc 6- Kch
7- Dm BTCT c lao dc 8- ng trt ca gio ngn
9- M cu 10- Bn trt di gio ngn
11- Mng ca ng trt 12- B chy
13- Thanh ko c l khoan sn 14- Pistng ca kch

Dng th ba:
Cng c hai thanh ko bng b cp cng cao nhng c mt u pha
trc c lin kt neo vi tng m, cn u pha sau c neo gi vo cui b
chun b (hnh ). Hai kch thu lc c di chuyn dc theo hai thanh ko v
s y dm BTCT tin ln.

Hnh 4-25 : Thit b y c kch y di ng cng vi dm BTCT
1- Dm BTCT c y dc; 2- Dm ngang ngn; 3- Kch
4- My bm du kch; 5- Dy ko bng ct thp cng cao ; 6- B chun b
7- M cu 8- neo trn m

Dng th 4:
Dng ny gm 2 hay 4 c cu kch thu lc. Mi c cu nng thu lc gm
mt kch y nm ngang v mt kch nng h thng ng. Kch thng ng ta ln
mt gi trt tm thi (hnh ). Khi lao y th theo tng chu k chng
ta phi kch nng kt cu dm BTCT ln cht t ri dng kch y y kch nng
cng vi dm BTCT trt tin ln mt qung ng bng chiu di co dui ca
Pistng kch y. Sau kch thng ng li h dm BTCT xung cho ta ln
cho Pistng kch y co li, a kch thng ng v v tr u trt. Thao tc
ni trn c lp li nhiu ln sut trong qu trnh lao y

Cng sut v s lng thit b y c b tr ph hp vi tr s lc y cn
thit. Lc ny ph thuc theo tnh trng thun li ca ng ray trt hoc lc ma
st cc trt. Ni chung h s ma st trn b mt nh ray c bi m trn bng
0,17 - 0,2 cn trn thit b trt c tm Tflon bng 0,04 - 0,05. Khi tnh ton lc
y cn ch n gc nghing ca ng lao (dc xung pha sng hay dc ln
pha sng).

Hnh 4-27 : Thit b trt gm c kch nng v kch y
1- Bn m 2- Dm BTCT c lao dc
3- Bn m c kho rnh tng ma st 4- Kch nng thng ng
5- ng trt 6- M cu
7- Kch y nm ngang

Qua phn tch thc t, ngi ta rt ra kt lun sau:
- Nn lao dc cc kt cu nhp nm trn ng dc xung pha sng vi
dc nh hn 0,01. Nu dc hn na th phi lm thit b hm an ton.
- Cc kt cu nhp c di tng cng 200 - 250m th ln c lao theo ng
dc cong hng ln trn bi v vic tng cng sut cho thit b y cn r hn
vic phi lm thm thit b hm.

11.6. cc thit b trt , dn hng.
11.6.1.cc thit b trt
Thit b trt (gi trt tm thi) c nhim v tip nhn v truyn ln m tr
cc lc thng ng v lc nm ngang t kt cu nhp dm BTCT ang c lao y
dc, m khng cn tr s bin i gc quay ca dm BTCT. ln ca lc nm
ngang y vo tr, ph thuc vo lc ma st, m lc ma st li tng dn trong qu
trnh lao dc. gim lc ma st cn chn ng loi vt liu c h s ma st nh.
Gc quay ca mt ct gi ca dm BTCT thay i theo hin tng nn lch tm cc
m cao su ca thit b trt do vy c th coi thit b trt l cht trn s tnh
ton.
Trong thit b trt thng dng cc tm cht do Teflon c h s ma st
nh, cng vi tm thp m Crm khng g v c mi bng n bng cp 10.
m bo hiu ng cht xoay th trong thit b trt c th t gi cao su nhiu
lp.
Cc trt c t trn cc m tr cu vi gc nghing bng gc
nghing ng lao dc v vi lch tm ngc vi pha ch lao dc. Trn nh
m tr cn rng t kch nng kt cu nhp (khi cn thit). Nu gc nghing
dc ca ng lao dc ln hn 0,01 th phi c bin php hm an ton trnh hin
tng dm BTCT t tri
C 2 cch thng dng lao y dc theo chu k l :
- phng php y gin on
- phng php y lin tc.

Hnh 4-28: Thit b gi ng v tr kt cu nhp trn mt bng (cu Abei, )
1-Kch ngang hng 2- Tm Teflon
3-Dm BTCT 4-Bn trt 5-Tr cu 6- Cong xon

Hnh 4 - 29 : Cu to b hn ch dch v ngang, c lp km vi thit b trt.
1-Tng 2- Bnh xe quay 3-Dm ang lao 4-Thit b trt

11.6.1.1. phng php y gin on:
Bn trt di chuyn cng vi dm BTCT trn on di bng di trt qui
nh sn. Ri sau phi dng cc b kch thng ng kch nng kt cu nhp
ln cht t ko li bn trt v v tr u trt ( hnh ).

Hnh 4-30: V d cc giai on hot ng khi y dc theo phng php gin
on.
I- Dm BTCT c y dc. II- Kch nng dm BTCT.
III- Ko li bn trt v v tr ban u. IV- H dm BTCT xung bn
trt.
1- Dm BTCT. 2- Bn trt c gn tm Tflon.
3- Tm thp m crm. 4- Kch nng dm BTCT.
l- on di chuyn trn trt, hnh ny tm Tflon di ng cn tm m
crm th c nh.

Cc tm cht do Tflon thng c lm dy 4mm vi dung sai +-1 -
1,5mm, v vy trc khi s dng chng ta phi o th chiu dy v phn loi sao
cho chiu dy cc tm Tflon trong cng mt trt ch c chnh nhau khng
qu +_0,2mm. Nu do y dm BTCT khng phng m vic a cc tm trt vo
y dm b h hay kh a vo th phi chun b sn mt s tm trt c b dy
khc nhau nhng phi ring trnh ln ln vi cc tm chn trc dy u
nhau. Cc tm Tflon c t v tr nh sn Trc lc lao dm phi lau sch
bi rc trn trt . Cn bi du nhn thch hp ln mt tm trt ch ngay trc
lc t n vo thit b trt trnh bt bi bn.
11.6.1.2. phng php y lin tc
Phng php ny ( hnh 4- ) c nhiu u im hn v c th y dc m
khng cn phi kch nng dm BTCT. Khi trt ng yn bn di cn cc
tm trt c ln lt a vo - nh ra theo qu trnh tin ln ca dm BTCT.
Cng c khi phn ra 2 kiu c bn tu theo vt no c gn vi bng vng kn lin
tc : tm cht do Teflon hay tm thp m Crm.
Trn hnh 4 - l thit b trt lin tc thng p dng nc c, t
bn di thnh nghing ca hp dm BTCT. Phn trn ca n ghp t cc tm thp
c bc bng tm cht do dy 2mm. Tm thp m crm bng c b gp
xung ghim cht vo BTCT, ny c gn bng va xi mng vi nh tr
cu. B gi hng c nhim v gi cho dm BTCT lao i ng hng.

Hnh 4-31 : V d v h thng nng y

Hinh 4-32 : Thit b trt hot ng lin tc (ca c)
1- Tr cu. 2- Tm thp m bng. 3- Tm teflon.
4- Dm BTCT c lao dc 5- B phn gi hng.
6- Chi tit ghim gi tm thp m bng vo BTCT. 7- BTCT.
8- Lp va xi mng.

cu S dng thit b trt hot ng lin tc c cc tm trt c ni
ghp dn theo qu trnh lao dc ( hnh ). Gi cao su c t trn tr cu,
trn gi t bn thp v hp thp c cao su, khung thp c vin mp s cn tr
bin dng phng ca cao su trong khe h ca cc thnh hp thp. Np thp c cu
to ghp nhm gim cng ca n. Nu np thp qu cng th khi y dm BTCT
g gh khng phng s c p lc nn khng u ln tm cht do tflon v n s
chng hng. Np thp c ghp t tm trn v tm di. Trong tm di c
rnh hng ngang, tm trn c hn mt g li ghp khp hai tm vi nhau.

Hnh 4-33 : Thit b trt hot ng lin tc c cc tm trt kiu ghp.
1-Dm BTCT 2-Vn g m 3- Tm trt bng thp khng g dy 3mm
4- Tm cht do teflon 5- Ba cng 6- Tm trn ca np
7- Tm di ca np 8- m cao su 9- Thp gc vin mp
10- Hp thp 11- Bn thp 12- Gi cu bng cao su

Tm Teflon dy 8 mm c gn vi tm trn ca np sao cho n nh ln cao
hn 2 mm. Cc tm trt bng thp khng r dy 3 mm s c t dn cng vi
vn g dn in vo bn di ht cu nhp thay cho cc tm tng t t
trc v c nh ra trong sut qu trnh lao dc dm BTCT tin ln.
Tm cht do Teflon c th chu c p lc ln n 250kg/cm2 v s dng
cho sut mt nhp 42--63 m m khng cn thay i . Khi thi cng nu pht hin
thy h hng tm Tflon th phi thay th n cng vi tm trn ca np.
Trong thit b trt kiu hot ng lin tc phi dng cc tm trt c chiu
dy ging nhau. chnh lch dy cc tm khng c qu 0,2mm mp cc
tm ny phi lm vt nghing c kch thc 1 x 4 mm v vut trn bn knh 8-
10mm ch bt u vt nghing.
11.6.2.cc thit b dn hng
gi cho dm lao ng hng trong qu trnh y,trn cc nh tr ngi ta
b tr cc thit b dn hng. Trn cc hnh l cc v d v cu
to v cch b tr cc thit b n hng.

11.7. cng tc vn khun, cng tc b tng
Cc cu thi cng c - y cc nc ngoi thng c b tng theo chu
k mt tun l, c th l hn hp b tng c vo ngy th su c hai ngy
cui tun cho b tng ho cng trong iu kin c gia nhit bng hi nc. Theo
chu k ny ngi ta thng ch to 20--30m dm ( coi l mt t). Hn hp b
tng c theo hai giai on: trc tin c bn y hp, sau c nt cc
phn cn li ca mt ct dm.
Vn khun ngoi thng gm hai khi cng, quay c quanh cc cht bn
di.
Vn khun trong c ghp t 2 phn thnh bn v mt phn bn y np
hp, chng c t ln lt vo v tr thit k. Sau , phn y bn np hp
c lin kt sao cho khi d vn khun th n c th h thp xung c, tip theo
cho phn thnh bn s c rt ra khi lng hp.
d v iu chnh cc phn vn khun lng hp phi dng cc tng- hay
cc kch thu lc. Cu to vn khun phi m bo c s thay i chiu dy ca
thnh hp dm v ca bn y dc theo chiu di kt cu nhp. Cc vch ngn
ngang v vch ngn mt ct gi dm thng c b tng cui ca cc t
ca kt cu nhp.
Trnh t cng vic thng nh sau :
a- b tng bn y v sn dm. Vn thnh trong ca sn dm c lin
kt cht vi vn thnh ngoi.
b-tho d vn thnh sn dm bn trong v ko vn khun bn np trn vo v
tr, b tng bn mt cu.

hiu r hn, chng ta c th ly v d b tng kt cu nhp cu Boivre
Php. Bi c c b tr phia tri, trn ng u cu v pha sau m tri ca
cu ( hnh ). Sn b tng l mt bn c sn n gin dy 0,15m
nm trn nn t m cht. trt dm trong phm vi bo c b tng phi
c 5 trt nh hnh v. Ti trng t kt cu nhp ln trt khng ln hn
500 Tn. Chiu di ton b bi c, bao gm c on dm c lao u tin, di
66 m (gp i nhp di nht). Chiu di ny c chn theo iu kin n nh lt
ca na dm trong lc thi cng lao hn ra nht nhp u tin.

Hnh 4 - 34 : Bi c kt cu nhp cu Boivre.
1- on dm c b tng 2- Vn khun b tng dm
3- Kch y 4- M trt 5- trt 6- Nn ng p
7- Bn trt 8- Kch nng kt cu nhp 9- Thanh ko, ni vi kch
y.

Hnh 4 - 35 : Cc giai on c b tng kt cu nhp
I- c bn y v thnh hp II- c bn np hp.

Kt cu nhp c b tng v lao dc theo tng t di 43m. Mi t c
b tng theo 2 phn t ngn (hnh) mi phn t di 21,5m; u tin c bn
y hp v thnh hp, sau c bn np hp. Trnh t nh vy s lm n gin
vn khun v thun tin t chc dy chuyn b tng cc t dm.
Nhng nc x lnh thng dng kiu vn khun gi nhit to ra trong qu
trnh thu ho xi mng gp phn t sm khong 80 % cng b tng lc 3
ngy tui . Vn khun thng c lp g xp gi nhit . Mun trnh nc ngm
t va xi mng vo g v to b mt bng lng cho b tng ,ngi ta dn lp
nha phoc-mi-ca mt g s tip xc vi hn hp b tng .Bn ngoi c lp gi
nhit bng vi si thu tinh na . Kiu cu to ny tt nhng t tin v phc tp .
Ti cu Mt ch dng vn khun bnh thng , nhng b tng c ph gia siu do
tng cng sm .

Hnh 4 - 36 : V d cu to vn khun

Hnh 4 - 37 : Chu trnh s dng vn khun trong

11.8. cng tc ct thp
Cng tc ch to v lp t ct thp thng trong cu c y cng tng t
nh i vi cu hnh hp c s bt k , nhng c lin quan cht ch vi tng
bc lp dng vn khun v b tng dn tng phn ca mt ct hnh hp .
Trnh t thi cng nh sau :
- Thot tin cn t ct thp v ng to l trong bn y v thnh hp , sau
b tng bn y .
- Tip theo dng cn cu lp t h thng chng vn khun trong lng
hp, h thng ny ta ln bn y hp .
- Lp vn khun y bn np
- Lp ct thp bn np hp ( bn mt cu )
- b tng thnh v bn np hp

11.9. t v ko cng cp d ng lc

Vic lun cp ch vo trong cc ng v ko cng cp c lm theo phng
php thng thng , c dng my lun cp chuyn dng . iu c bit l trong
cu c y cn c cc b ni cp ( couple ) v c nhng cp ch di i qua nhiu
t , c cui mi t li phi ko cng cp ri t mu neo . Tip theo phi t
b ni cp vo mu neo ri t on cp ni nm trong t dm tip theo . Cu
to cc b ni cp c gii thiu trong Ph lc ca sch ny .

11.10. cp d ng lc ngoi
Cng nh trong phng php thi cng c hng , i vi cu c y cng
c th t cp d ng lc ngoi vi thi hn tm thi ch phc v lc y hoc
c th coi mt s cp l ct thp vnh cu , iu ny tu theo tnh ton v d
nh ca k s thit k .
Ni chung sut trong qu trnh y , cc mt ct ca kt cu nhp lun c
s thay i ni lc ( mmen un , lc ct ) c v tr s v v du . Do vic t
thm cp vo lc ny ri li tho n ra lc khc l chuyn cn thit bnh thng c
th xy ra . Vn l thit k hp l sao cho vic lp vo - tho ra khng qu phc
tp v tn km .

11.11. o c , theo di kim tra v hiu chnh

Trong qu trnh thi cng, kt cu nhp c c y lun thay i trng thi
ng sut - bin dng . Cc phng php thi cng c hng, lp hng hay ch ni c
s kt cu trong hu ht thi gian thi cng u l cc s tnh nh. Nhng
phng php c y c s kt cu lun lun l s h siu tnh. Do cc
tnh trng thc t nh hng rt ln v trc tip n cc gi thit tnh ton. Cc sai
lm tnh ton c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng trong lc thi cng c - y.
Do trong sut qu trnh lao y, nhiu cu phi lun lun theo di
cao cc tr, m, b chun b, kt cu nhp ang lao dc hiu r bin dng
thc t ca kt cu v trng thi ng sut - bin dng ca n trong sut qu trnh
lao dc.
C th xy ra cc sai lch gia tr s thc t v tr s tnh ton ca ng
n hi ca kt cu nhp do sai s trc dc ca b chun b (v d do ln khng
u...), do sai cao ca cc trt hay ca cc gi cu, do sai s ch to cc t
dm... Hu qu l sut hin cc bin dng ln do cc m men un b sung v m
men xon trong giai on thi cng cng nh trong giai on khai thc cu.
Do kt cu hnh hp c cng chng xon ln , c bit l t trn tr,
ni c vch ngn , nn khi t kt cu nhp ln cc gi c th c tnh trng l kt
cu nhp phi chu m men xon thng xuyn rt ln do trng lng bn thn. V
vy khi t kt cu nhp ln tr phi ht sc iu chnh cn bng cc phn lc trn
hai gi cu ca cng mt m, tr. Mun vy phi dng b ghp hai kch ni chung
vi mt my bm du kch.
Trong nhng trng hp m do b chun b ln nn cc kch thc kt cu
nhp b sai khc thit k th trc khi t kt cu nhp ln gi phi iu chnh bng
cc kch thu lc t trn cc tr, m. Phi iu chnh ng thi trn tt c cc m,
tr hoc ln lt tng nhm 4-5 tr.
Cn ch ti cc nguyn nhn ngu nhin , v d nh b mt tip xc khng
phng kht gia cc tm cht do Teflon v tm thp m Crm trong cc thit b
trt, hoc c th c rt nhiu g mu y vt ni gia cc t kt cu nhp hoc
do dng cc tm teflon c chiu dy khc nhau trong cng mt thit b trt v.v...
m sc cn ma st s tng t ngt khin cho tr phi chu lc y dc nm ngang
ln n qu mc cho php. Phi t h thng o tr kim tra pht hin thi im
lc y ngang vo tr qu ln , sau phi tm c nguyn nhn v khc phc ri
mi tip tc lao dc.
Cn theo di chnh ng hng lao dc ca kt cu nhp . Nn t cc kch
tc dng theo nm ngang theo phng ngang trn m, tr iu chnh hng lao
dc.

11.12. mt s v d cu thi cng theo cng ngh
lao y dc
Cng ngh ny c thc hin thi cng nhiu cu nc ngoi.
Sau dy chng ta s tm hiu mt s v d thc t.
11.12.1. cu sampini (php)
S kt cu nhp l h dm lin tc 35 + 70 + 35 m . Mt ct ngang
dng mt hp c chiu cao khng i , b rng y hp 4 m , bn np hp rng
10,25 m . Thnh hp nghing c dy bn trn tr l 0,5 m, gia nhp v
bn trn m l 0,4 m. Bn np hp dy khng i, bng 0,2 m . Bn y hp c
chiu dy thay i t 0,2 m -- 0,4 m . B mt trn ca bn y hp ( trong lng hp
) c cc li ln t mu neo ca ct thp d ng lc tm thi cng nh mu
neo ca ct thp d ng lc vnh cu. Ngi ta dng loi kch KA-40 to lc
ko cng cp n 170 T.
Cu c thi cng nm 1969 theo trnh t sau:
- p ng hai u cu, trn c b tr b chun b b tng tng t
dm di bng na chiu di ca c kt cu nhp. ( hnh 11.38 )
- thi cng mng v thn cc m tr ,ng thi b tng tng t di bng na
kt cu nhp b bn phi
- b tng na kt cu nhp b bn tri (hnh 11. 39)
Cc t c ca kt cu nhp u di 7,1 m. V c ln lt cc t trn b
phi v b tri nn dng lp c nhiu ln b vn khun v cc thit b cng
ct thp. Trm trn b tng lc u t b bn phi , sau c a sang b bn
tri. Trong kt cu nhp khng c vch ngn ngang nn qu trnh b tng c
thc hin u n. mi t c ch to trng nm ngy.
Cu nm trn tuyn ng cong vi bn knh 2000 m ,do b mt u
ca cc t c to hng tm .Trc lc lao dc ko cng 2 b KA-40 trong
bn y hp. sau ny chng s c tho b ra. B phn c nh ca thit b trt
bao gm bn thp khng r nm trn cc tr v trn cc b chun b. tm cht do
teflon c trong thnh phn ca b phn di ng pha trn ca thit b trt .
Kt cu nhp c lao dc ( hnh 11.39 ) theo cc chu trnh lin tip nhau
. Trong mt chu trnh cng ngh ngn th kt cu nhp i c 95 cm vi thi gian
trung bnh 10 pht . kch nng dm t ln cc gi b tr cc kch nhm x
dch b phn di ng ca thit b trt v v tr ban u
m bo n nh chng lt phi t cc i trng phn sau ca mi
na dm . Trong giai on lao dc cui cng khi cn cha li khong trng 3 m
gia nhp phi thm lin kt neo thng ng gi u dm vo cc m . Nhm
kch y lao dc gm 2 kch 75 T, c t c nh trn mi m v 2 thanh cng
bng thp c ng knh 26 mm ( hnh 11. 38 ). Mi na kt cu nhp c trong
lng 1100 T, lc y cn thit lao dc khng qu 120 Tn , tng ng vi h
s ma st trong cc thit b trt l f = 0,11
chnh hng cho hai on kt cu nhp gp nhau ti gia cu , trc tin
cc u ca hai on ny c iu chnh cao nh cc kch thu lc sao cho
chng cao bng nhau . Kch ny t trn tr , sau t cc b ct thp d ng lc
b sung trong mt phng bn y hp dm v b tng on hp long di 1 m .
Bi v s lm vic ca hai na kt cu nhp lc lao dc l khc vi lc khai thc cu
nn phi iu chnh nhn to ng lc bng cch thay i cao cc u kt cu
nhp (to ra chuyn v cng bc )nh cc kch 350 T t trn m
Hnh 11.38 : Khu vc b tng dm cu SAMPINI
N- 1-5- cc khi ca kt cu nhp : 1 - m cu :trn t cc kch y
2- g d vn khun 3- kch nng kt cu nhp
4-dm thp mi ni vn khun 5- bn b tng
6- li chu cc ng lc nm ngang 7- lp m mng b tng
8- mng b tng

Hnh 4-39 : Cc giai on(1-4)lao y dc kt cu nhp cuSAMPINI t c hai
b
1 - cc t dm di 7,1m
2 - i trng

11.12.2 Cu BRERILE ( Php )
Kt cu nhp c s l dm lin tc 22,5 + 46 + 22,5 m , Mt ct
ngang dng mt hp rng 2,5 m , cao 1,8 m .Thnh nghing ca hp dy 0,35 m .
Cp d ng lc l loi KA-40 . Kt cu nhp c ko trt tng na ca n t
c hai b v tn dng cc kinh ngim thi cng cu SAMPINI .
Hnh 11.40 : Thit b y
1- thanh ko ; 2-hp ni ; 3- bn trt ; 4- kch y ;
5- t ca kch y 6- m ; 7- mu li gn thm vo dm y
8- c gi v tr kch y (mi tn ch chiu cao dc m)

Chu trnh lm vic gm c 4 cng on c bn l :
- b tng dm tng t kt cu nhp di 7,5 m
- lao y dc ln lt c hai na kt cu nhp vag ni chng vi nhau gia
nhp chnh
- iu chnh ng lc
- to thnh h dm lin tc
ph hp iu lin a phng trn b bn tri , ngi ta b tng
cc t v tr gc xin 10 so vi tim dc cu .Do vy din thi cng b tng
c m rng ra sau quay kt cu nhp di 21,7 m a vo v tr thit k (hnh
3.4)

Hnh 11.41 : Cc giai on thi cng kt cu nhp cu BRESIL php
1- b tng na b bn tri ca kt cu nhp theo tng t di 7,5m v dc
i 21,7m
2- quay na kt cu nhp i 10
3- lao dc v ni c hai na kt cu nhp

11.12.3. Cu MONFERATOc
Cu di 1205,25 m vi s nhp l 32 + 27*46,35 + 32 m . Cu thng trn
on di 905 m , cn mt on di 300 m nm trn tuyn ng cong bn knh
2000 m . Mt ct ngang cu gm 2 kt cu hnh hc c lp khng ni vi nhau ,
mi hp cao 2,76 m (bng 1/16 chiu di nhp ) . Bn np hp rng 13,05 m . Bn
y hp rng 3,6 m . Cp d ng lc thng (cp phc v thi cng ) c t trn
b mt bn . Cp d ng lc cong (cp vnh cu ) c t trong cc ng cha nm
trong b dy ca cc bn v thnh hp . Tt c cc cp u l loi b gm cc si
thp cng cao bn knh 7 mm c u si c chn to a vo mu neo
11.12.4. Cu VALRESTEL ( nc ITALIA )
Cu c s dm lin tc di 334 m vi mt on dm cu di 320 m nm
trn on tuyn ng cong c bn knh 270 m . Chiu cao ln nht ca tr l
64,61 m . Chiu rng cu 9m .Chiu cao dm hp 2,5 m . V cu cong nn mt
cu c dc ngang 5% .B chun b di 32m b tr trn ng u cu c mi
che . B ny c dng cong trn mt bng m bo c kh nng c - dy c
dm cong (hnh 11. 42 )
Mi t dm c c bng b tng theo 2 giai on :
- trc tin c bn y hp
- sau d c cc thnh nghing v bn np hp
Cc cp d ng lc l loi b si ng knh 7 mm c u si c chn to
ra a vo mu neo .Nhng cp vnh cu nm trong cc ng mm c chn
sn trong b dy ca thnh hp v ca bn .Nhng cp tm thi phc v thi cng l
dng cp d ng lc ngoi , nm bn trong lng hp , nhng bn ngoi b mt b
tng bn v c neo vo cc neo li ra ch sn .
Cc t c xong s c y ra pha sng , mi t bao gm c phn xe
chy , va h , lan can lm hon chnh .
H thng kch gm 4 kch y loi 200 T v hai kch kim tra loi 400 T.
Mi dn thp di 22,5 m , tc l di bng 0,7 chiu di nhp

Hnh 11.42 : S c y cu VALRESTEL ( italia )
1- nh xng bao che kn hp nhit ton b b chun b ; 2- b
chun b
3- vn khun ngoi ca mt t dm ; 4- on dm c xong
5- m cu ; 6- trt trn m ; 7- mi dn ; 8- tr
9- gi cu trn tr ; 10- vn khun c gn dm rung trn b
11- bn y hp c xong ; 14- vn khun trong ; 15- bn np hp ;
16- lan can

11.12. Cu TSARITSA VONGAGRAD (nc Nga)
Cu c kt cu nhp h dm lin tc , di 440 m .S cu 33,9 m
+9*45,2 m
Kh cu phn xe chy 2*13 m ,va h 2*2, 25 m . Mt ct ngang cu gm hai
dm hp hnh thang cao 3 m . Bn np hp rng 17,5 m .Bn y hp rng 5,35 m
Trn mt ng dn u cu xy dng mt b chun b cng trn
lp dng h vn khun c nh . trong vn khun ny s t ct thp , b tng ,
ri ko cng ln lt tng on dm , mi on di bng na chiu di nhp
Sau khi lm xong on dm th nht s np mi dn thp vo . chiu di
mi dn bng 2/3 chiu di nhp cn vt .Ti cu ny dng mi dn di 30 m
,n cho php gim ni lc ngm ca phn hng ca kt cu nhp ang y ra ,
khin cho mmen un khi lao y c gi tr xp x bng mmen un khi khai thc
cu sau ny
Sau khi y on dm th 1 nh ra th trn phn b c c gii phng
s chun b c on dm tip theo .Sau khi on dm mi c t cng
v d vn khun th on dm mi ny c ni bng ct thp d ng lc vi phn
lm xong trc ca dm . Tip theoli y ton b kt cu i ra mt qung
bng chiu di on dm va lm xong .
Chu trnh ni trn c lp li nhiu ln cho n lc lao y xong c cu
Ct thp d ng lc t bn np v bn y hp . Khi ko cng chng s
to ra c d ng lc nn ch yu trit tiu ng sut ko sau ny c th xut
hin do mmen i du trong qu trnh y
Cc cng tc t ct thp , t vn khun, b tng v ko cng ct thp
c thc hin lp li nhiu ln theo chu k trn b chun b ng u cu sau
m . Do d m bo cht lng cu
B chun b c t trn mng cc . H thng vn khun bng khung thp
lt vn g dy 6 cm c dn tm nha dy 1 cm , c h kch thu lc lp v tho
vn khun nhanh chng .
Mi on dm c ch to qua 2 giai on
- trong giai on th nht : trn vn khun y v vn khun ngoi s t
khung ct thp thng ca bn y hp v ca thnh hp , t ct thp d ng lc
ca bn y sau t b vn khun trong ca thnh hp v lp cc thanh chng
ngang gia chng .Tip theo s b tng vo vn khun .
- trong giai on th hai s t vn khun v ct thp ca bn np hp ., b
tng bn np hp , ch cng b tng s ko cng cp thp trong bn
np.
Ct thp d ng lc l cc b 48 si cng cao c u chn to ra c t
trong ng thp ln sng mng ko di t nhp ny sang nhp khc . Vic bm va
xi mng vo ng cha ct thp DUL phi c lm trc lc y on dm ra
Cng tc y dm c thc hin vi dc nghing 3%
kim tra ng lc trong qu trnh y phi lp sn cc b cm bin t
dng o cc lc mi ni . Nu pht hin c s sai khc qu ln gia cc ni
lc tnh ton v ni lc o th mt thit b c bit s t dng diu chnh cc kch
thu lc
Sau khi lao y xong mi chnh thc t gi . thnh phn b tng dc
chn sao cho t mc 550 v thi im c b tng t 2 ca mi on th cng
b tng phi t 5 MPa , cn trc lc cng ct thp phi t 50 MPa
Thit b y hot ng theo nguyn tc nng y gm kch nng 1000 T
(chiu cao thp ) v kch y ngang 320 T. . Tc y dm t c 8m/h
Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut
- so vi kt cu lp ghp th
+ khi lng thp gim i 20%
+ trong ct thp cng cao gim 2 ln
- khi lng vt liu cho mt m2 cu:
+ b tng ct thp = 0,502 m3
+ ct thp (cng ) = 116kg
+ ring ct thp cng cao = 18kg

Hnh 11.43 : S d qu trnh c y cu TSARITSA
1- mi dn bng thp ; 2- cc t ca kt cu nhp ; 3- thit b trt t trn m
4- bng thp 5- vn khun v gio ; 6- b ct thp d ng lc
7- bn y hp v sn hp ; 8- bn np hp

11.12.6. Cu tr cao qua thung lng BOIVRE ( Php )
Vt liu :
- tng din tch mt cu 3890m2
- b tng lm dm 2200m3
- ct thp thng 135 tn
-ct thep DUL
+ t dc cu 55 tn
+ t ngang cu 390 tn
+ t thng ng 8 tn
11.12.7.- Cu tr cao qua thung lng LUC ( Php )
Cc c im :
- chiu di ton cu 286, 40m
- s nhp 35,7 + 5*43 + 35,7m
- chiu rng mt cu 13,55m
- chiu cao tr cu t 13,5- 34m
- mi t dm c di 21,5m tc l bng chiu di na nhp di nht
- mi dn thp di 2,5m
- c mt tr khung tm dng trn nh dm vi cc dy cng treo xin tng
cng trong qu trnh y
- cc tr u c ct thp d ng lc kh nng chu lc ln trong lc lao
y dm , mt ct tr hnh ch H
- mt ct dm hp cao 2,5 m , y hp rng 0,7 m , mt np hp rng 13,34 m
. Thnh hp nghing dy 0,46 m , trong c c ct ai DUL on gn gi . B
chun b b tng di 86 m c lp sn b tng dy 15 cm c cch
qung bi cc b tng . Mi ny nng 500 T . Mi t dm c c di 43 m
. t no c xong th c lao ra nhng ch cho vic c t tip theo . Lc
lao c h ct thp - dy xin tng cng tm thi gm 12 b cp v ct thp cao
11 m , Cc ct thp ny t ln nh dm nh 2 kch nmh lc 350 Tn c dch
chuyn ca PISTONG l 500 mm . Mt mi dn bng thp di 2,5 m cng c s
dng lc lao y .
- mi tr cu c tnh ton chu lc y lc lao dc bng 2% lc thng
ng thi im ang lao dc trn tr
- d ng sut nn ln nht khi lao dc nhp gia l 36kg/ cm2 v nhp bin
l 50kg/cm2
- ng sut ko b tng ln nht khi lao dc khng qu 20kg/cm2
- ng sut ln nht trong y treo xin 70kg/cm2 tc l bng 45% gii hn
cng ca dy treo xin
- d vng ln nht u cngson khi lao l 40m m
- ng lc nn trong ct ca h ct thp - dy treo xin t n 640 tn khi kch
chn ct nng ln 400mm
Khi lng vt liu ch yu nh sau :
- b rng mt cu 8050 m2
- b tng c dm 5500 m3
- ct thp thong 315 t
- ct thp d ng lc
+ t dc cu 200 t
+ t thng ng 12,5 t
11.12.8. Cu tr cao VAR
Cc c im chnh :
- chiu di ton cu 311,5m
- s nhp 32,8 + 42 + 26 m
-chiu rng mt cu 15,95 m
- chiu cao hp 2,6m
- dc dc 1,58%
- mt ct ngang nhp l kiu dm mt hp c thnh nghing
- mi dn thp di 18m
- c h thng ct thp = day xin tng cng tm thi c dng trn nh
m tng cng dm khi lao y
Khi lng vt liu chnh :
- b tng c dm 6400 m3
- ct thp thng 660 T
- ct thp d ng lc :
+ t dc nhp 260 Tn
+ t thng ng 8,5 Tn
11.12.9. Cu tr cao ORLI ( Php )
Cc c im chnh :
- chiu di ton cu 617m
- s nhp 7 * 34 + 8*41 m
- chiu rng cu 12,4 m
- chiu cao dm (ch TT ) 3,10 m
- bn knh ng cong 2000 m
- dc dc 5,35 %
- chiu cao cc tr t 14 --55 m vi mt ct hnh ch H
- m c hai neo DUL
- mt ct ngang dng TT vi sn dy 85 cm , c ct ai DUL
- khi lao y c dng mi dn v khung ct tm vi cc dy cng xin tng
cng
- b tng dm 5585 m3
- ct thp thng 547 Tn
- ct thp DUL :
+ t dc nhp 243 Tn
+ t thng ng 11 Tn
11.12.10. Cu qua sng SAONE ( Php )
(ng st cao tc TG V , PARI - LYON )
Cc c im :
- s d nhp 47,20 + 5*50 + 41,80 m
-chiu cao hp 3,51 m
- chiu rng hp 11,89 m
- chiu dy sn hp 0,5 m
- xy dng nm 1981
- mt ct ngang cu c t mng ba- lt
- kt cu nhp dm mt hp c mmen qun tnh mt ct khng thay i . Mi
t dm c c di 25 m v tr u cu . Khi lao y ra c dng mi dn
thp
- 10 m3 b tng cho mi mt di cu
- 1150 kg thp cho mi mt di cu
- 540 kg ct thp cho mi mt di cu
11.12.11. Cu tr cao SAINT_ISIDORE
Cc c im chnh:
- chiu di ton cu 227,94 m
- s nhp 28,24 + 4*40,10 + 39,3 m
- chiu cao hp 2,5 m
- chiu rng np hp 10,61 m
- chieu di thnh hp 0,34 m
-xy dng nm 1976
- cu nm trn on dc dc 6 % v c thi cng c y
- dm kiu mt hp c mmen qun tnh khng thay i , chiu di mi t
dm c c l 20 -- 22,48 m
- mi dn di 7 m bng b tng ct thp d ng lc
- 6,63 m3 b tng cho mi mt di cu
- 8,18 kg thp cho mi mt di cu
-356 kg thp d ng lc cho mi mt di cu
11.12.12. Cu tr cao DIGOINE (Php)
Cc c im chnh :
- s d nhp : 33,4 + 8*44 + 33,4 m
- chiu cao hp 3,30 m
- dc dc 2,5 %
- dm hp c thnh hi nghieng ,gm 19 on dm 22 m
- mi dn thp di 36m
11.12.13. Cu qua sng LOISE ( Php)
Cc c im chnh :
- chiu di ton cu : 154 m
- s nhp 38,5 + 77 + 38,5 m
- chiu cao hp 3,85 m
- kt cu nhp c thi cng c y i xng t hai u cu ri hp long gia
sng
- dm kiu mt hp c thnh hp thng ng , c ct ai d ng lc
Khi lng vt liu chnh:
- tng din tch mt cu 1710 m2
- khi lng btng dm 1275 m3
- ct thp thng 138 Tn
- ct thp DUL:
+ t dc nhp 44,7 Tn
+ t thng ng 5,7 Tn

Phn 12
Cng ngh thi cng
dm lin tc
theo phng php
c hng cn bng
12.1. Cc phng php c hng cu Btng ct thp d ng lc
12.1.1. Gii thiu
Phng php c hng l qu trnh xy dng kt cu nhp dn tng t theo s hng
cho ti khi ni lin thnh cc kt cu nhp cu hon chnh. C th thi cng hng t tr i
xng ra 2 pha hoc hng dn t b ra. Phng php ny c th p dng thch hp thi
cng cc kt cu nhp cu lin tc cu dm hng, cu khung hoc cu dy xin c dm
cng BTCT. i vi cu dm c th xy dng nhp di t 70 - 240m, nu l cu dy xin
dm cng c th vt nhp t 200 - 350m.
12.1.1.1. Ni dung c bn ca phng php c hng

Hnh 12.1. Cu dm hp trn ng cong

Hnh 12.2. Cu dm hp trn ng thng
Khi thi cng theo phng php c hng, kt cu nhp BTCT c c ti ch trn
gio di ng theo tng t ni lin tip nhau i xng qua tr cu. Ct thp thng ca cc
khi c lin kt vi nhau trc khi c b tng m bo tnh lin khi v chu ct tt
ca kt cu. Sau khi b tng t dm cng cn thit th cc t ny c lin kt vi
cc t c trc nh cc ct thp d ng lc.
Phn cnh hng ca kt cu nhp dm BTCT c thi cng xong phi m bo kh
nng nng trng lng ca cc t dm thi cng sau cng vi trng lng gin gio
vn khun c dm v cc thit b phc v thi cng.

gio thp di ng
b)
gio di ng Thit b c di ng
c)
a)

Hnh 12.3. Cc s in hnh c hng kt cu nhp BTCT
Trn hnh 12.3 l s in hnh c hng cu khung BTCT. C th dng mt dn thp
bc qua v ta trn cc tr lm gio treo vn khun pha di c cc t dm
(hnh 12.3a). Cng c th dng mt gio chng di ng trn mt t hoc trn cu tm
vn khun bn trn (hnh 12.3b). Theo cc s ny phn cnh hng thi cng
xong trc ch chu ti bn thn v thit b thi cng bn trn. Nu dng b vn khun di
ng treo ngay vo phn kt cu nhp thi cng xong nh hnh 12.3c th cn phi tnh
thm ti trng ca vn khun, gio tc ng ln cnh hng.
T
h
a
n
h

P
C

3
2
t

d
m

t
r
n

t
r
a)
G
i

t
m

B
T

M
5
0
0
T
h
a
n
h

P
C

3
2
b)

Hnh 12.4. Neo t dm u tin trn tr
m bo n nh chng lt trong sut qu trnh thi cng c hng phi m bo tnh
i xng ca hai cnh hng (thi cng hng t tr ra) hoc nh trng lng bn thn ca
nhp st b c trn gio lm i trng (hnh 12.3b).
i vi cc s cu khung, t dm trn nh tr c lin kt cng vi thn tr nh
cc cp thp d ng lc chy sut chiu cao tr (hnh 12.4a), vi cc s cu dm t ny
cng c lin kt cng tm thi vo tr cu nh cc gi tm v cc cp thp hoc cc
thanh ct thp d ng lc m sau khi thi cng xong s tho b (hnh 12.4b). Qu trnh thi

cng hng cu Ph Lng (Quc l 5) dng bin php nh vy.
giai on thi cng cnh hng, kt cu nhp ch chu mmen m do ch cn b tr
ct thp d ng lc pha trn. Sau khi c xong mt cp t dm i xng th ko cng
ct thp d ng lc t u mt ny sang u mt kia v bm va b tng lp kn khe h
gia ct thp v thnh ng ngay bo v ct thp. Nu phn cnh hng qu di th phi b
tr im ni cp d ng lc hay c th phn thnh hai on t tr ra mi cnh mt tha.
Trong qu trnh c hng cc t dm phi theo di cht ch vng ca cnh hng v
bin dng xon ca mt ct. Ct thp d ng lc cn c b tr i xng qua tim dc cu
v m bo t nht mi sn dm c mt b ct thp c ko cng v neo li cui t.
Sau khi c xong t cui cng ca cc cnh hng tin hnh ni ghp chng li thnh
kt cu nhp hon chnh theo s nhp thit k. C ba hnh thc ni ghp.
Nu l cu dm hay cu khung lin tc th tin hnh ni cng ln lt cc cnh hng.
t ni gia hai cnh hng k nhau gi l t hp long c chiu di t 1,5 - 2 m c
c trn vn khun treo gia hai u mt tha. Sau khi c xong tin hnh ko cng cc b
ct thp chu mmen dng pha di y dm. Cc b ct thp chu mmen dng c
b tr trong bn y hp v un cong ln neo cc neo b tr sn trn b mt bn y.
Mt s b ct thp c th c un cong v neo vo sn dm.
d)
c)
b)
a)

Hnh 12.5. Lin kt cc cnh hng thnh cc s
cu khung lin tc khung T cht v khung tnh nh
Trn hnh 12.5a gii thiu v d ni cng phn cnh hng vi on dm ca nhp st b.
on ni c c sn trn gio gn m v ni cng vi cnh hng bng t ni hp
long chn tng ng vi v tr i du ca biu mmen ca kt cu nhp.
Trong cc cu khung cht th t ni cng c thay th bng lin kt khp quay hay
khp mm (hnh 12.5c v hnh 12.6).
Trng hp t gia hai mt hng mt on dm eo th s hnh thnh h thng cu
khung hay cu dm tnh nh (hnh 12.5d).
Sau khi kt cu nhp c hp long v ni thnh h thng hon chnh, c th phi t
thm v ko cng mt s ct thp d ng lc tng cng cc v tr cn thit nhm m
bo kh nng chu lc ca kt cu trong giai on khai thc cu. Cc ct thp ny thng
c un cong v tp trung trn nh tr. Nu s lng cc b cp qu nhiu c th a

mt s b ra ngoi tit din (d ng lc ngoi). cu sng Gianh (Qung Bnh) p dng
gii php ny.
Hnh 12.6. Cu to lin kt khp
1. o ng;
2. Lp ngn cch phng nc;
3. Tm ph bng kim loi khng g;
4. B thp d ng lc;
5. Dm ngang;
6. Li thng vo bung kim tra;
7. Bung kim tra.
1 3
4
5
6
7
2

a) Khp mm
B
r
A-A
B

A
B-B
A

b) S khp quay
12.1.1.2. Cc u im ca phng php c hng
Vic c hng tng t trn gio di ng gim c chi ph gio. Vn khun c
dng li nhiu ln vi cng mt thao tc lp li s lm gim chi ph nhn lc v nng cao
nng sut lao ng.
Phng php c hng thch hp vi vic xy dng cc dng kt cu nhp c chiu cao
mt ct thay i, khi c cc t dm ch cn iu chnh cao vn khun y dm cho
ph hp. Mt ct kt cu nhp c hng c th l hnh hp, bn ch nht hay dm c sn.
Vic thay i chiu cao tit din cho php s dng vt liu kt cu mt cch hp l gim
c trng lng bn thn kt cu v cho php vt cc nhp ln (cu Hamana Nht Bn
thi cng c hng vt nhp ti 240m).
Trong trng hp xy dng cc cu c s kt cu hp l th qu trnh c hng to ra
s ph hp v trng thi lm vic ca kt cu trong giai on thi cng v giai on khai
thc. iu ny lm gim s lng cc b cp phc v thi cng dn n vic h gi thnh
cng trnh do khng phi b tr v cng ko cc b cp tm thi.
Phng php thi cng hng khng b ph thuc vo khng gian di cu do c th thi
cng trong iu kin sng su, thng thuyn hay xy dng cc cu vt qua thnh ph, cc
khu cng nghip m khng cho php nh tr sn xut hay giao thng di cng trnh.
Tuy nhin vic c hng kt cu trong iu kin hng km n nh, mt bng cht hp
i hi phi c trnh t chc tt, trang thit b ng b, cng nh trnh cng nhn

ph hp mi c th m bo cht lng cng trnh.
12.1.1.3. Cc s cu thch hp vi phng php c hng
Phng php c hng ph hp vi cc s cu c trng thi chu mmen m trn gi
tr. l cc s cu dm lin tc, cu dm hng, cu khung siu tnh hoc tnh nh,
cu treo dy xin - dm cng.
Khu nhp kinh t l nhp 70 L 50m. Vit Nam p dng phng php c
hng thi cng cc cu khung T - dm eo tnh nh cu Nng Tin, cu Bnh. Gn y
thi cng cc cu c chiu di nhp kh ln vi s siu tnh nh cu Ph Lng, cu
Non Nc, Ph ng, Tn v cu Thanh Tr hin ang c thi cng.
12.1.2. Phn loi cc trng hp c hng
12.1.2.1. c hng t tr ra hai pha
y l hnh thc ph bin nht ca phng php c hng (hnh 12.5a, c). Nguyn l
chung l t on dm u tin c neo chc chn trn nh tr, kt cu nhp c c
hng vn di ra hai pha theo nguyn tc m bo tnh i xng qua tr gi n nh
chng lt . Cc b cp d ng lc cng c b tr theo nguyn tc i xng c trn
phng din mt bng cng nh qua tim tr. Phng php ny c u im l li dng c
tnh i xng, t cn bng n nh, tc thi cng nhanh.
Trong qu trnh thi cng cn xt cc tnh hung m ti trng ca hai cnh hng khng
cn bng nh:
- Khi t lch thit b thi cng,
- Khi xy ra s c mt s t ang c ca mt bn cnh hng,
- Thi im lp t dm eo mt bn cnh hng,
- Ti trng gi tc dng ch yu vo pha di mt bn cnh hng c th gy ra cc
mmen un rt ln bt li cho tr.

Hnh 12.7. Thi cng hng i xng
cu Ph ng

Hnh 12.8. Thi cng hng i xng
cu Tin Cu
Vi cc nhp di chng 70 120m ch cn neo chc chn kt cu nhp vo tr l m
bo n nh. Vi cc nhp di hn c th phi dng thm mt vi tr tm gim nh
chiu di cnh hng gim tr s vng u mt hng v ng lc mt ct gn tr.
C th dng thm mt tr tm trong trng hp c hng ton b kt cu nhp m chiu

di hai cnh hng tnh t tim tr khng bng nhau. Mt gii php khc l thit k tr thnh
hai thn t song song t cch nhau mt on m bo chng lt ng thi thu ngn
cnh hng nh cu Choisy le Roi (Php). Cng c th thay th cc tr tm bng h thng
dy vng tm thi.
12.1.2.2. c hng kt cu nhp t b ra
cc nhp st b khong trng di cu khng cao lm nn c th dng h gio c
nh bn di c ti ch ton b nhp st b (hnh 12.5b). Nhp gia sng s c
c hng tip ni t tr st b ra v nh trng lng ca nhp b gi n nh chng lt.
Nhp b s c cng ko ct thp hon chnh trc khi c hng nhp gia. Phng php
ny thch hp cho cc cu c ba nhp m nhp gia c chiu di ln vt qua phn dng
chnh ca sng. V d: in hnh l s ca cu Abtozabogckuu Nga c s kt cu
nhp 36,4 + 148 + 36,4 m, cc nhp b c thu ngn v c kch thc ln trng
lng lm i trng cho thi cng hng nhp gia.
i vi cu c mt nhp cn c cc bin php m bo n nh nh dn u nhp vo
m bng i trng ln hay neo gi chng bng cc cp d ng lc tm thi.
Hnh 12.9 v d kt cu nhp cu mt nhp c xy dng hng t mt m ht ton b
kt cu nhp. Kt cu m bn tri c cu to c kch thc ln ch yu lm vai tr i
trng gi n nh cho thi cng hng ton nhp. M bn phi c cu to thng thng.
48.50
300
15.00
14.50
50
15.00
1
5
.
6
3
3
.
5
0

18.85
2.00
12x3.55
12.30
12x3.55
12.30
2.00
18.85 3.00
101.3

Hnh 12.9 a. Thi cng hng t mt bn m.
b. Thi cng hng t hai bn m (cu Grande Cote).
12.1.3. Mt ct ngang dm BTCT d ng lc c hng
Phng php thi cng hng thch hp vi nhiu dng mt ct. Dng mt ct ngang hnh
hp c thnh thng ng hay xin v c chiu cao mt ct thay i c p dng ph hp
vi phng php thi cng c hng v cc l do sau y :
Trong sut qu trnh thi cng hng v qu trnh khai thc sau , phn kt cu nhp trn

nh tr v gn chu mmen m do ti trng. ng sut nn rt ln s tc dng phn
y dm ti khu vc nh tr. Phn bn y BTCT ca hp ti v tr ny c th c chiu dy
thay i ph hp vi tr s ng sut nn pht sinh trong n. Ngoi ra bn y hp cn
ng vai tr nh mt bn ging m bo n nh cho cc sn dm chu nn.
So vi cc dng mt ct dm c sn, vic b tr bn y hp BTCT c chiu ngang ln
s nng cao c cnh tay n ni ngu lc lm tng kh nng chu mmen ca kt cu.
Trong qu trnh c hng, c bit cc giai on c cc t mt hng, kt cu nhp
phi lm vic trong iu kin km n nh nh phi chu cc ti trng gi ngang, chu cc
tc ng lc do s di chuyn ca cc thit b thi cng, hay do lc cng ko cc b cp d
ng lc khng m bo tuyt i ng u. Khi mt ct ngang hnh hp tho mn iu
kin chng xon tt gip cho kt cu nhp gi c n nh di cc tc ng phc tp ca
nhiu loi ti trng nu trn.
i vi cc kt cu nhp dm lin tc, cu dm hng, hay cc loi cu khung th khu
vc nh tr ng thi vi tr s mmen ni lc ln cn pht sinh lc ct c tr s ln. V
vy chiu cao mt ct dm ti y thng chn H = (1/16 1/20)L
max
v gia nhp thng
chn H = (1/30 1/40)L
max
ph hp vi yu cu chu lc. Vic thay i chiu cao mt ct
cho php phn phi vt liu ca kt cu nhp mt cch hp l, tit kim vt liu ng thi
gim c trng lng bn thn kt cu. Chiu cao nh nht ca mt ct khng nn chn nh
hn 1,5m to iu kin cho cc thao tc thi cng trong lng khi hp.
1300
5
6
4
500
40 50
1510
2
2
0

325 400
5
5
0
2
5
0
1510
450 450

1700
32
450 550
2
8
5
45 45
5
5
0
300 400
c)

1
0
0
2
0
50
350 125 375 425 75 350
850 850
8
0
0

Hnh 12.10, a, b, c, d: Cc dng mt ct ngang in hnh ca cu BTCT c hng
1800
3
6
0
650
1300
150
150
5
4
0
495 1170 495
1
8
0
2160
1080 1080
e)
f)

Hnh 12.10 e, f: Cc dng mt ct ngang in hnh ca cu BTCT c hng
Vic thay i chiu cao mt ct c th thc hin d dng nh vic iu chnh cao vn
khun y hp ca dng mt ct ngang hnh hp c thnh hp thng ng. Nhng nu l
cc hp c thnh nghing th vn tr nn phc tp v nh vy ng thi phi lm thay
i chiu rng ca bn y hp.

A B
A-A
A
B
B-B

Hnh 12.11: Thay i kiu dng mt ct ngang theo chiu di dm.
Mt ct gi l hnh hp, mt ct gia nhp dng ch T
on dm gia nhp phi chu mmen dng, bn y hp ti lm vic trng thi
chu ko. Nu l cc s cu tnh nh th on ny b tr cc dm eo c mt ct ch T
hoc ch I l hp l. cc s cu dm lin tc th c th b bt bn y dm khu vc
ny tit kim vt liu, tuy nhin cn b tr mt on vt dc chuyn i m bo s
truyn lc ng u (hnh 12.11).
Nu xt theo quan im chu mmen xon th tt nht l cu to bn y hp vi dy
ti thiu chng 20cm. Trong trng hp ny c th b tr ct thp d ng lc chu mmen
dng bn y trnh tp trung qu nhiu b ct thp sn dm.
Tu theo chiu rng cu c th b tr cu to mt ct ngang ph hp. Nu B 13m ch
nn b tr mt hp c 2 sn dm 13 B 18m b tr mt hp c 3 hoc 4 sn dm. Nu
B > 18m nn b tr 2 hp.
cc cu m trn mt ct ngang b tr hai hp th mi kt cu nhp hp c c hng mt
cch c lp, sau tin hnh ni ghp chng li thnh kt cu nhp hon chnh. gim ti
trng thi cng cho cc kt cu nhp di c th c hng phn chnh ca mt ct ngang trc
tin, phn cnh hng ca va h s c c sau khi hp long hon chnh s nhp.
Chiu dy cc sn dm phi tho mn yu cu chu lc ct, ng thi c cu to
gip cho vic c b tng d dng cng nh kch thc cha cc b cp d ng lc
un cong trong sn dm. Kch thc hp l vo khong 35 45cm, c th thay i cht t
tu theo khu nhp.
Chiu dy bn y dm thay i theo yu cu chu lc vi chuyn tip t 1:3 n 1:5.
Theo yu cu cu to nn b tr chiu dy bn y t nht l 20cm d b tr cc li ct
thp thng. Khi trong bn y c t cc b cp thp d ng lc th chiu dy ca n
khng c nh hn 3 ln ng knh ca ng ghen cha cp.
Ngoi ra ch n s phn b lc hi ho gia cc b phn th chiu dy bn y
hp khng nn nh qu 1/3 chiu dy thnh dm chnh.
Chiu dy bn mt cu c xc nh theo yu cu tnh ton. Thng thng c th chn
trong khong 1/20 1/22 nhp tnh ton ca bn. Trong trng hp nhp bn qu ln c
th b tr thm cc sn theo phng ngang cu.
Nu dng dng mt ct ngang c thnh xin c th dng chiu cao khng i hoc chiu
cao thay i. Dng mt ct dm c sn nh trn hnh 2.6a hin nay t dng.
12.2. Cc thit b v kt cu ph tm phc v c hng

12.2.1. B vn khun di ng
B vn khun di ng c 2 nhim v:
- Bo m ng v tr hnh hc ca cc t kt cu nhp trong khng gian.
- Treo trng lng ca cc t kt cu nhp trong thi gian b tng ca chng ha
cng v khi ang ko cng ct thp d ng lc.
B vn khun di ng gm phn vn khun treo v mt khung bng thp c lin
kt chc chn vi phn kt cu nhp c lm xong trc .
12.2.1.2. Cc vn khun di ng kiu c in
Trng lng cc t kt cu nhp trong lc b tng s truyn qua cc thanh treo ca
vn khun ln khung ri truyn vo u cng xn ca phn kt cu nhp c lm
xong trc .
12.2.1.2.1. Vn khun di ng c khung t trn nh kt cu nhp
Cc dm dc ch ca khung c t cao trn nh kt cu nhp, vn khun ngoi,
sn y, sn i li v thao tc ca cng nhn u c treo vo cc dm dc ch ca
khung . Vn khun trong c treo vo mt xe gong di ng trn kt cu nhp. n nh
ca thit b ti v tr b tng c bo m nh vic neo cc u dm dc ch ca khung
vo t kt cu nhp lm xong trc . Khi di chuyn thit b th nh i trng
m bo n nh chng lt. i trng c th l cc thng cha nc. Cc dm ch ca
khung c th bin dng ln trong qu trnh b tng gy ra nhng vt nt ngang ti
ch tip gip cc t kt cu nhp. Cc vt nt ny thng thy mt trn ca bn y hp
do bin dng ca thit b di trng lng b tng ca thnh hp v ca bn np hp.
C th trnh c cc vt nt bng cch lm cho thit b cng nhng nh vy n
s nng v i hi phi tng cng kt cu nhp chu trng lng , vn m bo n
nh cng tn km hn. Nu thit b nh hn th phi tng cng n hn ch hoc b li
cc bin dng ca n trong qu trnh b tng.
Trng lng khng k i trng ca cc thit b ny thng nh hn na trng lng t
nng nht ca kt cu nhp cn b tng (250kg cho 1m
2
b mt vn khun).

vn khun di ng
vn khun y
sn cng tc di
sn cng tc trn
vn sn ln xung
bung iu khin
kch
t iu khin
Hng thi cng
r1 r1
k0 k1
k2
Ga di ng
Thit b nng h bng tay
+ B chy
+ Kch di chuyn vn khun
+ T iu khin

Hnh 12.11a: Mt ct dc s thit b c hng cu dm hp 3 sn
3130 2900 1670 7700
10600
Dm ngang dui sau
Dm ngang trn sau
Kch
Dm dc
Dm ngang dui truc
Dm ngang trn trruc
Dm chnh
Ray
2600 5100 5100 2600
15400

Hnh 12.11b: Mt ct ngang s thit b c hng cu dm hp 3 sn.

mt ct ngang
Sn thi cng
lan can
mt ct dc
lan can
kch
kch
ga di ng
ray
con ln
lan can

Hnh 12.12: S thit b c hng cu Non Nc (Ninh Bnh) c dn treo pha trn
12.2.1.2.2. Vn khun di ng c khung t bn cnh kt cu nhp
Trn hnh 2.8, b l kiu thit b c khung nm bn cnh kt cu nhp. N c u im
l nm ngoi v bn cnh t kt cu nhp nn khng cn tr cc thao tc thi cng nh lp
dng vn khun, t ct thp, b tng. Tm li l thi cng s nhanh hn.
12.2.1.3. Cc vn khun di ng kiu t treo
Trong vn khun di ng kiu c in, cc bin dng xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng
hon ton do dm dc ch ca khung chu. Phn vn khun hu nh khng tham gia
chu lc tng th.
Hin nay p dng kiu vn khun cng chu lc chung vi khung (hnh 2.9). N
c cc u im:
- Trnh c cc kh khn khi kim tra v hiu chnh dng hnh hc ca kt cu nhp.
- Trnh c cc vt nt ti ch tip gip gia cc t kt cu nhp do s bin dng ca
thit b kiu c in.
- Trnh c s vng vu trn b mt thi cng.
Kiu thit b ny u tin c dng ti cc kt cu nhp c chiu cao khng i.
Trong giai on b tng, thit b ny lin kt cht vi phn kt cu nhp thi cng
xong nh cc thanh thp d ng lc. V tr ca thit b c hiu chnh nh cc tng
nm pha sau thit b v xuyn qua cc l khot sn trong b tng ca t c trc .
di chuyn thit b tin ln pha trc vo v tr mi cn phi c xe gong di ng trn
hai ng ray t ng bn trn ca hai thnh hp. Sau ny thit b vn khun t treo
c dng cho c cc kt cu nhp c chiu cao bin i dc nhp v c n 3 thnh hp.
Cc b phn chu lc gm cc vn khun ngoi ca cc thnh bin hp v sn y, c
tng cng ngang bng 2 khung ngang pha trc v pha sau thit b cng cc dm ngang
ni gia chng (hnh 12.14).

Cp nm ngang
Xe gong
V tr cht
Vn khun treo
Thanh treo

Hnh 12.14, a: S vn khun di ng t treo i vi dm c chiu cao khng i
T hp cc b phn ny to thnh mt thit b gn cng vi kt cu nhp.
S bin i chiu cao mt ct bn trong vn khun c thc hin bng cch nng h
thng ng sn y vn khun, mt u sn ny t vo mt di bn y hp ca t
c trc cn mt u c nh vo khung ngang trc ca thit b.
Vn khun trong gm cc phn c lp, t vo khung ngang pha trc v treo vo pha
sau ca t kt cu nhp c trc .
Trng lng bn thn P ca thit b v ca b tng gy ra mmen lt, n phi c cn
bng nh 2 lc nm ngang F bng nhau: mt lc ko t vo mu thp trn v mt lc
nn t vo mu thp di. Lc ct c coi nh do cc mu thp trn chu c.
V mu thp trn phi chu lc rt ln nn n c neo vo neo b tng ch sn
trnh gy ra ng sut qu cao trong b tng t tui. Lc t cc mu thp s truyn vo ch
sn nh ma st m cc thanh d ng lc Dywidag to ra c.
y vn khun
y vn khun Vn khun bn
Cht
Xe di ng

Hnh 12.14, b: S thit b di ng t treo dng cho mt ct nhp
c 3 thnh h v chiu cao thay i

12.2.2. Chu trnh thi cng cc t kt cu nhp
12.2.2.1. Thi cng t kt cu nhp bn trn tr
U L >2U U
C2 C1
U U U
L <2U
U L < 2U U
U Lc + U/2 U Lc
C2 C1 C2 C1
C1
C2
i trng
Mi ni thit b c

Hnh 12.15: Cc s lp thit b c hng di ng ln nh tr
mi v tr trn tr c mt t kt cu nhp gi l t trn tr s c b tng trn
gio nhm to ra din tch b mt cn thit lp rp c b thit b di ng ln .
Khi tr qu cao hoc ch ngp nc su, c th thay gio ny bng cc cng xn
thp hay b tng c lin kt sn bng d ng lc vo u tr. Chiu di ca t trn tr
ly ty theo kch thc thit b di ng v ty theo s lp t n ln nh tr.
Trn hnh 12.15 l vi s thng p dng hin nay.
a) Hai b vn khun c lp i xng nhau v cng tin dn ra hai pha l s thng
dng nht hin nay, khi thng chn chiu di t trn tr l 6 10m.
b) Gii php th 2 cng tng t nhng c hai b thit b c ni ghp tm thi vi
nhau thi cng cc t u tin trn tr. Nh vy gim c hng ban u.
c) B vn khun th hai ch c t sau khi thi cng xong t th nht v di chuyn
b vn khun th nht tin ln.
d) Trng hp t trn tr c dng khng i xng.
Thi gian thi cng t trn tr kh lu, n nhiu tun l.

Giai on 2: c bn np hp
Giai on 1: c mt ct U

Hnh 12.16: Cch phn on mt ct b tng mt t kt cu nhp
12.2.2.2. Thi cng cc t khc ca kt cu nhp
Chiu di cc t khc thng l 3 - 4m. Cc giai on b tng mt t nh sau:
- b tng bn y hp.
- b tng cc thnh hp sau khi t vn khun trong, b mt tip gip thnh hp
vi bn y hp thng l b mt thng ng.
- b tng bn np hp.
Hai giai on sau c th kt hp thnh mt giai on.
Kinh nghim thi cng cho thy vi mt thit b di ng kiu c in c th thc hin
mt chu trnh sau 6 ngy, bao gm:
+ 1 ngy ko cng ct thp ca t c t tun l trc, tho vn khun v di chuyn
thit b ln pha trc.
+ 2 ngy t cc ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc.
+ 1 ngy b tng t kt cu nhp.
+ 3 ngy bo dng v ch cho b tng ha cng (gm c ngy ch nht).
Hnh 12.17. Cnh hng cu Sng Gianh

Hnh 12.18. Cu Ho Bnh
Chu trnh ny l p dng cho cc t di 3m, tc l vi tc : 23/6 =1mt/ngy, khi
dng hai b vn khun.
Tin ny l kh chm nn c th p dng mt s cch sau y tng nhanh hn:
- Dng kiu vn khun c dm ch t bn cnh kt cu nhp hoc kiu vn khun t
treo nhm to ra din cng tc rng ri thong bn trn t kt cu nhp v cho php thi
cng 2 i t kt cu nhp trong mt tun l.

- Tng chiu di ca mi t. V d mt vi cu Php v Brazil dng cc t c
chiu di 6 - 6,6 m. Nhng khi trng lng v gi thnh ca thit b li tng ln nhanh.
- Thi cng mt ct ngang theo hai giai on x dch nhau. Trong giai on th nht
ngi ta b tng bn y hp v thnh hp bng thit b di ng - vi mt phn ca bn
np hp nhm to ra mt bng t cp d ng lc, nh vy to ra mt ct hnh ch U
(nu c 2 thnh hp) hoc hnh ch W (nu c 3 thnh hp). Sau khi ko cng cc cp d
ng lc v di chuyn thit b th bn np hp c b tng bng vn khun n gin.
Giai on th hai c th chm hn 2 hay 3 t so vi giai on th nht v c th c bn
np di hn cc t (hnh 12.19).
Phng php ny c u im l gim khi lng b tng bng thit b di ng v nh
vy c th gim trng lng thit b . Mt khc vic thi cng giai on hai hon ton c
lp v khng nh hng n tin thi cng chung.
Cc phng php ni trn cho php gim r rt thi gian thi cng, sau mt tun l c th
hoc lm c hai i t kt cu nhp, hoc mt i t di gp i. Tc thi cng
khong 2 mt/ngy.
Kh khn chnh cn tr vic tng tin thi cng l cng b tng tui t ngy v
cc vn lin quan n vic ko cng ct thp d ng lc. C th vt qua cc kh khn
ny bng nhng bin php sau:
- X l nhit - m cho b tng rt ngn thi gian ha cng b tng.
- Tng nhanh tc ha cng ca b tng trong khu vc neo cp d ng lc.
- Dng cc bn bt u hoc bn bt thnh hp ch sn.
1
3
2
1 2 hay
2
1 hay 2

Hnh 12.19: Thi cng mt ct ngang theo cc giai on x dch nhau
Sau y ni k hn v phng php si v phng php hp.
Trong phng php si nng th b tng c si n nhit 30
o
-35
o
C trc khi
vo vn khun bng cc bin php sau:
- Si nng thit b nh hi nc, tuy n gin nhng khng thun tin cho vic ly
nc ra khi thit b.
- Dng nc nng trn b tng, gii php ny km hiu qu. V d: vi nc nng
60
o
C th nhit b tng ch tng c 10
o
C.
- Lm nng trc tip b tng bng cch phun hi nc vo my trn b tng. l gii
php tt nht v d iu khin nht.
trnh mt nhit lng th cc vn khun ni chung phi c bc lp cch nhit
v c mt my si kiu bc x (v d my pht tia hng ngoi) c t bn trong t
ang c b tng. Hoc l b tng c si nng trong khun ca n bn trong mt

bung kn bao bc cho hi nc p lc thp phun lun chuyn n mi ch.
Nh vy sau 2-3 ngy, k c trong ma ng, cng b tng c th t mc cn
thit ko cng cp d ng lc (khong 250 kG/cm
2
). Nu mun ko cng sm hn na,
chng hn ch sau 24 gi, th cn phi x l cc b khu vc t mu neo.
12.2.3. gio, tr tm
Khng k thit b c di ng ni n trn, trong thi cng c hng cn dng n
nhiu gio c nh v tr tm khi cn thit. V d: i vi cu Ph Lng c nhiu nhp
lin tc, mt phn ca nhp bin gn m s c c trn gio c nh, gio ny c
dng dn thp c lp dng trn mt t ging nh cc trng hp thng thng.
Cc tr tm thng c s dng khi thi cng c hng dm lin tc nhiu nhp. Chng
kt hp vi on gio ni t chng sang tr chnh nhm to mt khong m rng tr,
cn thit cho vic b tng phn dm bn trn tr v t thit b di ng thi cng cc
t hng tip theo. Cc tr ny thng bng kt cu thp t trn b cc cao vi cc cc
thp tm thi.
12.3. mt s vn k thut ring ca phng php c hng
12.3.1. Mt s phng php khc c b tng ti ch kt cu nhp
12.3.1.2. b tng trn gin gio di ng bn di
i khi gp trng hp kt cu nhp thi cng v tr khng cao qu so vi b mt t
nm ngang, ngi ta c th thi cng cc t vi vn khun ta ln gio v c th di ng
c trn gio bn di mt ct. V d phng php ny p dng khi thi cng cu
Valence (Php) vt qua knh dn nc ca nh my thy in trc khi cho nc vo
knh. dng cc t kh di (6 - 8m).
gio cng c th khng ta ln t m ta ln mt cu tm thi no .
12.3.1.3. b tng trong vn khun treo bn di mt gio di ng kiu dn, ta
trn cc tr cu
Trong trng hp cu cao c nhiu nhp bng nhau c th dng mt gio dng dn
thp c lao ra trc v ta ln cc tr cu. gio ny c kh nng chu c trng
lng ca cc b phn kt cu nhp trong thi gian b tng chng. Cc vn khun c
neo gi bng cch treo vo dn thp v s c di chuyn dn tin ln pha trc sau khi
lm xong mi t kt cu nhp. Chiu di cc t c th n 10m, tc l t n tc thi
cng bng (210)/6 = 3,3 mt/ngy m nh cu Siegtalbrucke (c).

Hnh 12.20: S cc giai on c b tng ti ch kt cu nhp dm lin tc bng gio di ng
12.3.2. Qu trnh c hng bt u t cc tr
Nn thi cng hng i xng qua tim tr trnh xut hin mmen lt qu ln. Nh
vy kt cu nhp s c dng mt n gnh vi hai cng xn bng nhau (hnh 12.21). Tuy
nhin bi v khng th b tng mt cch ng thi tuyt i c hai cng xn nn cc
tr vn phi chu cc mmen un, v phi kim ton n nh lt ca tr trong tng giai
on thi cng hng mi t.
Nu kt cu nhp c ni cng vi tr bng cch no nh trong cc cu khung th
kh nng chu mmen un ni trn tt hn. Nu kt cu nhp l dm lin tc th phi tm
cch lin kt cng tm thi n vi tr trong qu trnh thi cng (v d: dng cc ct thp d
ng lc), hoc dng cc tr tm b sung ngay gn tr vnh cu. Trong chng 3 s ni k
hn v cc iu kin ta ca kt cu nhp trong qu trnh thi cng.
Dm b tng Bn cnh Sn dm Bn y
1. b tng bn y hp ti v tr tr trc v hai pha
2. b tng bn y hp ti v tr pha trc khung treo n ht dm
3. b tng sn v dm ngang hp ti v tr tr pha trc
4. b tng sn hp ti v tr tr pha trc
5. b tng sn hp ti v tr khung treo n ht dm
6. b tng bn cnh hp ti v tr tr trc v 2 pha
7. b tng bn cnh hp ti v tr khung treo n ht dm
Khung treo

Cng xn

Hnh 12.21: Thi cng vi hai cng xon i xng

Hnh 12.22: S dng cc pal tm thi
Cng c nhng trng hp nn thi cng khng i xng bt u t tr nh sau:
12.3.2.1. Ch dng mt tr tm hoc dng vi tr tm kiu pal c b tr dn theo
mc nh hng ra xa ca kt cu nhp ang c thi cng
V d nh cu Medway (hnh 12.23). Phng php ny thng i hi c ct thp d
ng lc tm thi.
12.3.2.2. Trng hp c mt on kt cu nhp c b tng trn gio ri lm
nhim v i trng cho vic thi cng hng phn cn li ca kt cu nhp
Phng php ny thch hp cho cu 3 nhp m nhp gia phi di vt qua dng sng
hoc tuyn ng bn di vi iu kin thi cng khng th dng gio chn ngang sng
hoc chn ngang ng c (hnh 12.24).
Mt s cu nh Rio Tocantins, Rio Cuaiba (Brazil), cu Port de Bouc (Php) c thi
cng theo cch ni trn.

Hnh 12.23: Thi cng cu Medway

Hnh 12.24: Trng hp nhp trong b c b tng trn gio
12.3.2.3. Trng hp neo gi hoc dn mt u ca mt cng xn trong khi thi
cng cng xn i din.
Phng php ny thch hp khi thi cng nhp chnh vt qua khong di m nhp bin
li qa ngn. C th gii quyt bng hai cch:
+ Cch th nht l dn u pha trong b ca mt cng xn hoc lm i trng
+ Cch th hai l neo mt u ca cng xn pha trong b hoc bng mt thanh chu ko
c d ng lc hoc c cu to c bit treo m cu vo u cng xn ni trn.

Hnh 12.25:
a. Dn mt u cng xn
a)

trong b bng i trng
i trng
i trng

b. Dn mt u cng xn
trong b bng thanh neo
d ng lc
b)
Thanh neo
Cp d ng lc
h
d
d ng lc d ng lc
Thanh neo
Cp d ng lc

Thanh chu ko bng BTCT d ng lc gm mt v c ni khp hai u v c cc
cp d ng lc xuyn dc qua lin kt u kt cu nhp vi m hoc vi t nn (hnh
12.25). Chiu cao ca chng cn phi c th chuyn hng gc ca cp d ng lc
ti v tr cht di nh hng ca cc lc bin i tuyn tnh ca kt cu nhp m khng
gy ra hiu ng mi qu ln. Do , cc chi tit ca cp (cc b xon, cc si thp) phi
t chm vo mt ti v tr cc cht.

Hnh 12.26: Neo
gi u cng xn
bng thit b neo
gi v mng khc

Cc thit b neo gi v cc mng c t trn phn ko di ra ca thnh hp u
cng xn kt cu nhp v xuyn qua cc khc cha sn trong tng m.
bo m s gin n t do ca kt cu nhp cn t gi cu pha trn ca cng xn
(gi ngc) nu cc phn lc gi ca kt cu nhp lun lun l hng ln trn (u nhp
trong b lun b nng bng ln).
Nu cc phn lc trn m c lc hng ln trn, c lc hng xung di th cn phi
tng s lng gi cu gp i v t chng c pha trn, c pha di ca cc cng xn.
Cc gi bn di c t sau khi t xong cc gi bn trn nhm ngn cn khng cho u
cng xon chuyn v thng ng s hoc c dt ch hoc c t mt loi kch dt c
bm cho phng ln.
V d trong cu to cc m ca cu qua sng Seine ti Puteaux (Php) c cc thit b neo
gi v mng khc. Khi cn nghin cu k v sc chu lc ca tng m v cng xn kt
cu nhp. Cc phn lc gi trn m phi c tnh ton theo ti trng qu ti 50%.
Mt gii php ng lu l lm nhp chnh qua sng bng loi b tng nh, nhp neo
trong b bng b tng nng thng thng nh cu Ottmarshim (c). Nh vy gim c
phn lc nng u cng xn m.
12.3.2.4. Dng mt dm thp vt qua hai tr treo vn khun c kt cu nhp v

m bo cn bng hai cng xn ca cng mt nhp ang thi cng hng ra
Trong phng php ny, kt cu nhp c thi cng i xng so vi trc ca mi nhp.
Mt dn thp tm thi c vt qua khong nhp trng gia hai tr (v d l loi dn
qun dng kiu Bailey), n c nhim v treo cc vn khun bn di v chu trng lng
ca vn khun cng nh ca cc t dm cu c b tng v trng lng cc thit b
thi cng. n nh ca tr v cc cng xn trong lc thi cng c m bo nh gio
treo bng dn thp ta ln cc tr.
12.3.2.5. Trng hp thi cng hng mt cng xn sau khi lin kt chc c mt
cng xn khc vi phn kt cu nhp lm xong trc .
Gii php ny thng p dng khi cc nhp cu thay i mt cch khng quy lut t
nhp ny sang nhp khc. B tr cp d ng lc s rt phc tp.
12.3.3. o c v iu chnh trong qu trnh c hng
Kim tra v iu chnh v tr trn mt ng v trn mt bng ca thit b c hng l v
cng quan trng v phi c cc k s chuyn trch m nhn. Hng ngy phi thc hin
o c vi cc mc o bng thp bn chn sn trn b mt bn mt cu v v thnh biu
theo di. Nu thy c sai lch so vi thit k phi tin hnh tnh ton hiu chnh vn
khun ca t tip theo mt cch kp thi.
12.3.4. Ni cc phn cng xn c hng
Sau khi c c hng vn ra hng v nhau, hai u cng xn trong cng mt nhp
c ni vi nhau. C nhiu cch ni chng nh sau:
- Ni bng cht xoay hoc cht trt, to ra h cu c cht.
- Ni bng mt nhp dm eo gi gin n ln 2 cng xn, to ra h cu c dm eo.
- Ni cng 2 cng xn, to ra h cu lin tc.
12.3.4.1. H thng kt cu nhp c cht ch ni hai u cng xn vi nhau
Gii php n gin nht l lm kt cu nhp c cc cng xn di bng nhau v ni cc
u cng xn vi nhau bng cht xoay.
Cc cht ny c nhim v truyn lc ct (trng hp c hot ti t ch trn mt
cng xn) v bo m chuyn v dc t do ca kt cu nhp khi hai u cng xn trt
dc tng i so vi nhau.
i vi nhng cu nhiu nhp, nu c cht ti mi nhp th mi tr u phi cng
khe gi c n nh ca kt cu nhp chu cc lc tc dng khng i xng.
Trong cc cng trnh ny chiu di nhp bin c th:
- Bng xp x 1/2 chiu di cc nhp vt sng chnh, m cc nhp ny di nh nhau.
- Bng chiu di cc nhp chnh, khi u nhp bin c ni cng vi m.
Cc cng trnh ny khng phc tp lm v chng c dng kt cu tnh nh di tc dng
ca trng lng bn thn v ca d ng lc. Chng ch tr thnh kt cu siu tnh khi c cc
tnh ti b sung v hot ti tc dng sau khi thi cng cht xong. S bc siu tnh ca cng
trnh bng s cht, cc n lc tha chnh l cc phn lc thng ng truyn qua cc cht.
Ngoi ra, v tnh ti ln hn nhiu so vi hot ti nn mmen un trong kt cu nhp ch

mang du m, nh vy thun tin v n gin cho vic t cc cp d ng lc.
Nhng nhc im ca dng kt cu ny l:
- C bn ph hoi km hn so vi dng kt cu lin tc, mi cht ging nh mt cht
do m mmen un bng 0.
- Kh thit k v thi cng cht vi cht lng cao, kh duy tu, sa cha cht.
- Phi lm nhiu khe bin dng trn kt cu nhp.
- C nguy c vng thp xung dn dn cc u cng xn sau vi nm khai thc cu
v nh hng ca cc bin dng tr do co ngt, t bin b tng v t chng ca cp d
ng lc. Nh vy xe chy qua cu km m thun. C th ci thin tnh hnh phn no nu
c tnh chnh xc c vng v tm cch to ra vng thi cng tng ng ngay
t lc thi cng.
Lc mi lm xong cu c th nhn thy vng ny bng mt thng nhng ch sau 3
nm khai thc cu s khng thy vng ny na.
Kiu cht xoay ni trn c th c thay th bng kiu cht trt, cho php c bin
dng dc t do ca kt cu nhp nhng bo m tnh lin tc hn
Trn cu Escaut Oriental (Php) t cht kiu trt u cc cng xn di dng cc
kch thy lc nm ngang. Kch ny c xylanh cha y du (c gn cht vo u ca
mt cng xn) v pistng (c gn cht vo u cng xn kia).
Cc kch thy lc nm ngang ny cho php xy ra cc chuyn v nm ngang t do tu
theo bin dng thng ca kt cu nhp, chng cng chu c cc chuyn v nhanh do lc
va tri ca tu thuyn hoc do lc hm xe trn cu.
u im th hin r hn khi xy ra ng t. Tuy vy gi thnh kiu cht ny kh cao.
Trong mt s cu vi s tnh hc l vm cht tnh nh, kt cu nhp gn lin vi m
v phi chu c lc y ngang t t p ng. V d nh cu Grande-Cte (Php).
12.3.4.2. H thng c dm eo, ta ln hai u ca hai cng xn
S h thng cng xn c nhp eo c v trn hnh 2.20. Dm eo l dm gin n.
Cc gi ca dm eo c th l gi kiu cht xoay, gi cao su-thp.
Dm eo
Dm eo
Dm eo

Hnh 12.27: S kt cu khung T c dm eo v cu to gi ta u cng xn
H thng ny c mt s u im so vi h thng cng xn c cht gia nhp nh sau:

- Gim c khong 1/2 tr s gc gy trn trc dc mt xe chy. Nh c nhp eo m
cc chnh lch cao ca hai u cng xn t nh hng n m thun thng xe.
- Gim mmen un trong on kt cu nhp trn tr v trng lng dm eo nh hn
trng lng phn cng xn m n thay th v tr.
T s L'/ L ca chiu di nhp eo so vi chiu di ton nhp c th thay i trong phm
vi kh rng:
- cu Rio Ulua: L'/L = 36/120 = 0,30
- cu Rio Parana: L'/L = 45/109 = 0,41
- cu Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne: L' / L = 49,7/55,3 = 0,9
V d s ca cu Saint - jean - de - Maurienne c cc nhp bin rt ngn, ch bng
khong 1/3 chiu di nhp chnh.
Nhp dm eo thng c mt ct ngang hnh ch T ghp vi cc sn b tr trng vi v tr
cc sn ca mt ct hnh hp ca cc cng xn trn hnh chiu mt ct ngang nhp.
H thng ny cng c nhng yu im tng t ca h thng cng xn c cht l c
nhiu khe bin dng. Hn na khi thi cng phi dng hai loi thit b khc nhau: mt loi
cho thi cng phn cng xn v mt loi khc cho thi cng nhp eo.
12.3.4.3. H thng c cc cng xn c ni cng vi nhau thnh h lin tc
Cc cng xn ca h thng ny sau khi thi cng hng xong th c b tng ti ch ni
hoc lp thm mt t gi l t hp long. Ti y phi t cc cp d ng lc bo
m ni cng cc cng xn thnh mt h lin tc thng nht vng chc. Do u im vng
chc m t nm 1961 a s cc cu mi c hng chu u u thuc h thng lin tc ny.
Cc bin dng thng ng ca h lin tc rt nh so vi ca h thng c cht v h
thng c dm eo. Nh vy xe chy qua cu m thun hn.
C nhiu phng php thi cng t hp long ni cc u cng xn vi nhau nh trn
hnh 12.28:
- Nu hai u cng xn c b tng ng thi th ni hai thit b c hng di ng
li thi cng t hp long (hnh 12.28a).
- Nu hai u cng xn c thi cng khng cng lc th s t thit b c hng di
ng ln u mt ca cng xn thi cng sau (hnh 12.28b). Cng c th s lm mt t ni
di t vi chc centimt n khong hai mt ty theo kch thc ca loi kch thy lc
dng ko cng cc cp d ng lc ca t ni ny.

a)
b)
c)
d)

Hnh 12.28: Cc cch ni cc cng xn
a- b tng t hp long sau khi ni cng 2 thit b c hng
b- b tng t hp long khi ch dng 1 thit b c hng
c- b tng t hp long trong b vn khun c bit
d- b tng t hp long ca kt cu nhp lp hng
Tnh cht lin tc ca kt cu nhp c bo m nh cc cp d ng lc ko cng sau
khi b tng ca t hp long ha cng cng . Cc cp ny t trong bn y hp
s gy ra nhng phn lc b sung trong kt cu siu tnh m cn phi xt k trong lc tnh
ton kt cu nhp. Cc mmen un b sung do s bin i nhit , do t bin c th kh
ln nu trong lc thi cng t hp long c s chnh lch nhiu gia nhit ca phn bn
np hp v ca phn bn y hp u mt cng xn. Trong sut qu trnh ha cng ca
b tng t hp long th t ny phi c gi cht trong khung c bit.
H thng ny l siu tnh di tc ng ca trng lng bn thn kt cu cng xn v
ca d ng lc. siu tnh ca n cao hn ca h thng c cht. Kt cu lin tc i hi
phi b tr gi sao cho bo m cc chuyn v dc t do ca kt cu nhp m khng gy ra
cc mmen un ln trong cc tr. Mun vy cn li dng mnh sn c ca cc tr hoc
nh dng cc gi kiu cao su-thp hoc gi trt.
i vi cu ln c nhiu nhp nn lm vi nhp theo s c cht hoc c dm eo
bo m cc chuyn v nm ngang t do ca c h thng. Cc khe bin dng thng t
cch nhau 300 - 600m. Khng nn t khe bin dng gia nhp m nn t chng cc
im c mmen un bng 0 (ngha l khong 1/4 nhp gim bin dng).
Cc tnh ton ca cu Oleron (Php) cho thy di ti trng thng xuyn th cc bin
dng thng ng gim theo t l t 3 n 1, cc chuyn v gc gim t 15 n 1. Cc t s
tng t i vi hot ti l 2,2 n 1 v 3,3 n 1.
12.3.5. t kt cu nhp ln cc gi cu

Sau khi thi cng xong ton b cc nhp th s cu vn ang nm trn cc gi tm
thi. t kt cu nhp ln cc gi chnh thc c th cn phi dng cc kch nng h c
nng lc ln. C mt cch lm n gin hn l ph d dn cc gi tm thi kt cu nhp
dn dn h xung ri ln gi vnh cu.
Vn tnh ton cao t cho tng gi c xt mi tng quan gia cao cc gi l
rt quan trng v c th gy ra cc ng lc ph do gi ln vi s kt cu siu tnh.
Bi ton ny phi c gii t lc thit k nhng s phi gii li vo thi im chun b h
dm ln gi.
12.3.6. Chn chiu di nhp trong cu nhiu nhp
12.3.6.1. Chn cc nhp chnh di bng nhau
Ni chung, nn c gng chn s c cc nhp di bng nhau tr hai nhp bin. Nh
vy gim c chi ph thit k, thi cng, dng li c nhiu ln cc thit b v vn khun.
Chiu di cc nhp bin nn ly ln hn mt na chiu di nhp trong sng. V d, nu
cu c 3 nhp c c b tng ti ch, xt theo quan im phn b hp l mmen trong
kt cu th t s gia chiu di nhp bin vi chiu di nhp gia nn l 0,75 - 0,80. Tuy
nhin, cn phi xt n cc quan im khc na i vi cc kt cu c hng, v d: phi
xt n trnh t tc dng ca trng lng bn thn, hnh dng ng trc cc cp d ng
lc trong kt cu v hiu ng siu tnh ca chng, phng php thi cng nt on u mt
st m ca kt cu nhp.
Nhn chung, kinh nghim nhiu nc cho thy nn p dng t s 0,65 - 0,70.
Nu chn chiu di cc nhp nh trn th cc m khng bao gi c phn lc m bt li.
Khi v nhp bin di hn mt na nhp cnh n nn sau khi c hng i xng phi c
nt mt on ngn st m ca nhp bin trn gio hoc trn tr tm.
Ngc li, nu c tnh chn nhp bin di xp x bng mt na nhp cnh n th vic thi
cng c hng i xng s d dng hn nhng s phi c mt gii php cu to c
bit no dn u kt cu nhp xung, trnh xut hin phn lc m . Nh vy r
rng l tn km hn.
Trn thc t, cc cu thng c nhp bin di thm 1 hay 2 t so vi na nhp cnh n
v vn c c hng khng dng n gio tm thi m dng i trng m bo n
nh trong lc c hng.
Khi s tnh hc kt cu nhp l dm lin tc m nhp bin li c hp long trc khi
hp long cc nhp chnh th trng lng cc t b sung c c hng cn bng s tc
dng ln m.
Ngc li, nu nhp bin c hp long sau khi hp long nhp chnh cnh n th s
phi dng kch t trn tr hay trn m iu chnh cao y dm m t gi trn m
cho ng theo n.
12.3.6.2. Trng hp cc nhp c chiu di khc nhau
Nu do iu kin thng thuyn hoc iu kin cc b no m bt buc phi lm cc
nhp gia sng di hn (bng L) cn cc nhp gn b ch cn lm ngn hn (bng l) h
thp gi thnh cng trnh th cn b tr mt nhp vi chiu di chuyn tip gia hai on

cu ni trn (di bng ).
Khi nn ly nh sau: (L + l)/2
i vi nhng cu c cc nhp di khng bng nhau v thay i mt cch hi ha th
vic thi cng c hng phi km theo cc bin php sau:
a) Thay i chiu di cc t trong kt cu nhp cu bng cch iu chnh kch thc
ca cc vn khun.
b) Thay i di ca t trn tr ca kt cu nhp nh cu to vn khun c bit.
c) c b tng ti ch nhiu t u cng xn ngn sau khi hp long vi phn kt
cu nhp lm xong trc .
V d: cu Givors qua sng Rhne v cu Gennevilliers qua sng Seine u c nhp gia
ngn m hai nhp bn cnh li rt di. Vic thi cng c hng cc cu ny i hi phi lm
cc nhp di hn hai bn cc nhp ngn theo 2 t.
S thi cng nh vy bt buc phi t cc phn cnh hng ta ln cc gi gin n
trong giai on thi cng th hai trnh s truyn mmen un qu ln vo tr.
12.4. Trnh t tnh ton thit k kt cu nhp thi cng c hng
hoc lp hng
Ni chung, trnh t tnh ton thit k mt kt cu nhp cu c hng nhiu nhp c th
nh sau:
- La chn s nhp, dng v kch thc chnh trong mt ct ngang ca cu, phn cc
on c ln lt ca dm cn c vo kinh nghim v cc ti liu tham kho, cc n
thc hin trc ;
- Xc nh phng php c hng phn on, phng php hp long, thit b c di
ng v cc bc thi cng c hng ln lt cc nhp lin tc ca kt cu nhp cu dm
hoc cu khung;
- Xc nh cc s cu to v b tr ca cc h thng m rng tr, tr tm (nu c);
- Xc nh cc s tnh hc ca kt cu nhp thay i qua tng bc thi cng c hng;
- Tnh ton ni lc kt cu nhp dm, ni lc tr v tr tm, cc phn lc gi v cc
chuyn v thng ng, chuyn v nm ngang pht sinh trong qu trnh c hng. V cc
hnh bao ni lc v biu vng trong giai on thi cng;
- Tnh ton lng ct thp cn thit ti mt ct c trng ca dm trong giai on thi cng;
- Tnh ton ni lc dm, cc phn lc gi pht sinh trong qu trnh khai thc cu di
cc t hp tnh ti v hot ti. V cc hnh bao ni lc trong giai on khai thc cu;
- Tnh ton lng ct thp cn thit ti mt ct c trng ca dm trong giai on khai thc;
- Kt hp cc kt qu tnh ton ct thp trong giai on thi cng v giai on khai thc
b tr hp l ct thp d ng lc;
- Tnh duyt cc mt ct c trng theo cc trng thi gii hn trong giai on thi cng
cng nh giai on khai thc cu. Hiu chnh kch thc mt ct v b tr ct thp thng
cng nh ct thp d ng lc;
- Tnh ton mi ni gia cc t kt cu nhp c c hng;

- Tnh ton n nh lt trong qu trnh c hng, chn thit b y;
- Tnh ton hp long;
- Tnh ton ng sut cc b pht sinh khu vc neo;
- Tnh ton nh hng ca co ngt v t bin trong giai on khai thc;
- Tnh ton nh hng ca gi ln khng u trong cc giai on thi cng v giai on
khai thc cu;
- Tnh ton v xon kt cu nhp;
- Tnh ton h dm xung gi sau khi c hng v hp long xong hon ton.
12.5. v d cu to b tr cp d ng lc cu c hng
y l s b tr cp d ng lc trong mt cu c hng. Trn hnh 12.29 l s t
cp d ng lc trong kt cu nhp lin tc c hng hoc lp hng.
a)
c)
t hp long
t hp long
t hp long
b)
d)

Hnh 12.29 a. S t cp d ng lc trong kt cu nhp lin tc c hng hoc lp hng

Bt neo
p nc, p kh
Tho kch, neo cng c
H ti, theo di ng neo v o dn di
Gia cng cp theo kch thc
Cng 0,2P lp con tr o dn di
Cng tip cc cp ti trung gian v cp 0,9 P
Lp bm du vo kch
Lp neo cng c
Lun b cp
Ra sch ng to l
Cng b tng
cho php cng cp
Cng tip n Po (khng qu 5%P ) o dn di di tnh trc
Lp kch ng tim b cp v vung gc vi m neo

Hnh 12.29b. S trnh t cng cp d ng lc
trong kt cu nhp lin tc c hng hoc lp hng

130
P2
P1 A1
1
3
5
2
0
0
0 4
x
1
2
0
C5
C4
C3
C1
C2
4
@
3
5
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
150
5
@
1
2
0
5
@
1
2
0
400
8000
150
2
0
0
4
0
0
4
@
3
5
0
C2
C1
C3
C4
C5
4
x
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
5
42000
42000
b tr cp d ng lc nhp dn (42+42+8)m
3
0
0
2000
6500
7000
4
@
3
5
0
255
c2
c5
c3
c4
c1
c2-7,c2-8
c2-5,c2-6
c2-1,c2-2
c2-3,c2-4
c1-6
c1-11(2)
c1-9(2)
c1-10(2)
c1-8(2)
c1-7(2)
c1-5
c1-4
c1-3
c1-2
c1-1
c3-3
c2
c5
c3
c4
c1
c3-1
2
0
0
0
c1-r
c1-10(2)
c1-11(2)
c1-r
c1-6
c1-7(2)
c1-9(2)
c1-8(2)
c1-4
c1-5
c1-1
c1-2
c1-3
c3-2
c2-r
c3-1
c3-2
c3-3
MT ng cp D ng lc
5
0
0
5
0
0
13000/2
2000
7000
255
5
0
0
3
0
0
5
@
1
2
0
1
3
5
4
@
1
2
0
255
500
13000/2
255
4
@
3
5
0
6500
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
tl1:50
mtcta-a
a
a
c
c
b
b
d
d
tl1:50
mtctd-d
tl 1:50
mt ct c-c
tl 1:50
mt ct b-b
1000 1000
2
5
0
2000
4
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2000 1000

Hnh 12.30. V d b tr ct thp DL ton cu v phn nhp dn (cu Non Nc)

131

c1-8 c1-9
c1-10
c1-11
c1-2 c1-6 c1-7
1
3
0
0
0
/2
c1-11
c1-10
c1-9 c1-8 c1-7 c1-6 c1-2
c3-1
7
0
0
0
/2
c3-2
c3-3
tIMDCCU
c1-11
c1-9
c1-10
c1-8
c3-1
c1-7 c1-5 c1-7 c1-1
c3-3 c3-2
c1-4
c1-3
c1-4
c1-1
c2-8
c2-7
c1-3 c1-5
c2-1
c2-2
c1-10
c2-4
c2-3
c2-6
c2-5
c1-8 c1-9
c1-11
MT bng cp dl ng lc nhp chnh
MT ng cp D ng lc nhp chnh
3500
c1-5
3 K4
14500 4000
3 K 10
3000 8000
CP23
c1-11(2)
TIMTRp2
L p2 C
3500 3500 3500 3500 4000 4000
c1-8(2) c1-10(2)
3 K9 3 K8
c1-9(2)
3 K 7
c1-7(2)
3 K6 3 K5
c1-6
3500
3 K 7
6000 6000 3000 3000 3000
c1-3 c1-4
3 K 3 3 K2
c1-2
3 K 1
3 K 0
c1-1
TIMTRp3
L
C p3
3500 3500 3500 3000 3000 3000
3 K 2
3 K 1
c1-1 c1-2
3 K 3
c1-3 c1-4 c1-6 c1-5
3 K 4 3 K 5 3 K 6
c1-7(2)
3000 4000 4000 4000
c1-9(2) c1-8(2)
3 K8 3 K 9
c1-10(2) c1-11(2)
3 K 10 CP34
c3-1 c3-3
c3-2
c3-3 c3-2
c3-1
c2-7
c2-8
c2-5
c2-6 c2-1
c2-2
c2-3
c2-4
c1-10(2)
c1-11(2)
c1-9(2)
c1-8(2) c1-8(2)
c1-9(2)
c1-10(2)
c1-11(2)
c1-7(2)
c1-6
c1-5
c1-3
c1-1 c1-1
c1-3
c1-5
c1-6
c1-7(2)
c1-4 c1-4
c1-2 c1-2
c2-1
c2-2
c2-3
c2-4
c2-5
c2-6
c2-8
c2-7
c3-1
c3-2
c3-3
c3-1
c3-2
c3-3
c2-R
c1-R c1-r
c2-R
c1-R
c1-R c1-R
c1-R
9500
7000
13000
3
0
0
500
3000
9
0
0
4
3
5
5
8@200 8@200
1
5
0
100
8@200 8@200
1
5
0
2
5
0
1
5
0
7
6
0
2
0
0
0
7000
13000
850 6@200
1
5
0
3
0
0
6@200
2
5
0
3
3
0
0
1
5
0
4
5
0
1000 500
900
300
300
2
5
0
50
5
3
2
300 300
50 2
5
0
50
200 200
2
5
0
6@200 650 900
50
7000
200
13000
2
5
0 2
9
7
3
900
300
4
6
1
4
5
0
500
2
0
0
5@200
3
0
0
2
5
0
2
5
0
5@200
2
0
0
0
200
1
5
0
50
2
5
0
211 50
2@250
a
b
b c
c
a
d
d
e
e
f
f
mt ct a-a
tl 1:75 tl 1:75
mt ct b-b
tl 1:75
mt ct c-c
tl 1:75
mt ct d-d
tl 1:75
mt ct e-e
tl 1:75
mt ct f-f
h
h
2
0
0
0
7000
585
13000
900
3
0
0
tl 1:75
mt ct h-h
tl 1:75
mt ct g-g
900
2
5
0
1000
4
5
0
900
300
4
5
0
235
g
g
1
2
5
1
2
5

Hnh 12.31. V d b tr cp DL nhp bin v nhp gia (cu Non Nc)

132

132
12.6. thi cng t hp long
Khi hp long l khi cui cng ni cc dm hng vi on dm c trn gio
hoc ni cc dm hng vi nhau to thnh dm lin tc. C th chia hai loi khi hp long:
12.6.1. Thi cng khi hp long ni dm hng vi on dm c trn gio
Trnh t thi cng khi hp long loi ny nh sau:
(a) iu chnh cao ti khi hp long.
(b) t v chnh cao vn khun cho khi hp long theo cao dm c iu
chnh. Buc ct thp.
(c) t cc thanh chng tm. lp va dy ti thiu 3cm vo cc khe h gia u
thanh chng v mt b tng (loi va cng cao khng co ngt).
(d) V sinh v va cho gi chnh.
(e) Cng ko cc b cp trc khi b tng.
(f) Ct thanh chng di.
(g) Cng ko cc b cp y cn li.
(h) Tho xe c.
(i) Bm va lp l ng gen ca thanh ng sut trong, khi nh tr v thn tr.
Sau y trnh by ni dung chi tit cc hng mc ni trn.
12.6.1.1. iu chnh cao ti khi hp long
Trong qu trnh thi cng, do nh hng ca nhiu yu t, c bit l nh hng ca co
ngt v t bin b tng, cao v vng ca dm hng c sai s. Hn na on dm thi
cng trn gio cng c th c sai s v cao do ln t nn ti gi ca gio vn
din ra. Ngoi ra, tin thi cng khc nhau khin cho tui b tng ca cc t thuc 2
cnh hng s khc nhau vo thi im trc lc hp long vi nhau, nh vy vng ca 2
mt hng s khc nhau. V nhng l do phi iu chnh cao ti hai u ca khi hp
long. Vic iu chnh ny c thc hin bng xe c hoc cht ti trng tu thuc vo
tng trng hp c th.
Trng hp 1: Sai s v cao v vng ca dm hng nm trong sai s cho php (
5mm), cao v vng ca on dm c trn gio thp hn cao thit k vi sai s
vt qu sai s cho php.
Trng hp ny n gin nht, vic iu chnh cao theo trnh t sau:
- Xe c c di chuyn n v tr thit k.
- Chnh xe c theo cc bc trnh by trn.
- t thanh chng trc thng ng v thanh ng sut ti nt pha trc ca dn chnh. Lu
chn ca thanh chng trc phi trng thi t do, khng tip xc vi mt b tng dm.
- t cc kch nng lc kch gio v dm trn gio n cao yu cu. Dng
cc nm thp chm vo khe h trong qu trnh kch.
- t cc thanh ng sut ging cho gi n nh ngang (chng hin tng ung a
ca cnh dm hng) v ko cng chng.

133
- Dng nm thp nm cht chn ca thanh chng trc vi mt cu. Cng thanh ng sut
pha trc.
- va khng co ngt c cng cao vo chn thanh chng.
Kch chn pha sau Kch chn pha trc
Thanh ng sut
Thanh chng

Hnh 12.32. V tr ca xe c khi thi cng khi hp long
Trng hp 2: u dm hng cao hn cao thit k, u on dm trn gio c sai
s v cao nm trong sai s cho php. Trnh t iu chnh nh sau:
Di chuyn v c nh xe c, t thanh chng trc thanh ng sut ti nt trc ca dn
chnh ging nh trng hp 1. Ch rng chn thanh chng cng trng thi t do.
t kch thng tm loi nh ln nh ca thanh ng sut trc v kch i xng vi mt
lc ti a l 25T cho tng cp 5T vt u dm hng xung n cao yu cu. Kim tra
li cao ca u hng pha bn kia ca dm hng c phng n thi cng cho dm hng
trn tr k tip.
t v cng cc thanh ng sut ging cho gi n nh ngang, nm chn thanh chng
trc v va cho n ging trng hp 1.
Trng hp 3: u dm hng v u on dm trn gio u thp hn cao thit
k. Trnh t iu chnh nh sau:
i vi on dm trn gio iu chnh ging nh trng hp 1, b tr kch kch ln.
i vi dm hng, c th gii quyt bng vic cng b cp d phng ti nh dm. Nu
sau khi cng b cp d phng nhng vn cha t cao thit k, bin php nng cao
u dm hng ln c th c gii quyt bng cch:
- t kch chnh vo chn trc v chn sau ca xe c.
- Lp thanh chng trc v thanh ng sut ti nt trc ca gin chnh. t nm st
(hoc va) vo chn ca thanh chng trc. Cng thanh ng sut ti chn chng trc p
cht chn thanh chng trc xung mt b tng. Ch rng lc ny cc thanh ng sut
gng dm ngang pha trc v pha sau ca dn chnh th lng (khng c lc cng).
- Dng kch thng tm loi nh cng cc thanh ng sut gng dm ngang pha trc.
- Hot ng kch chnh pha sau to ra mt lc ti a cho mi kch. Kch chnh phi
hot ng i xng theo tng cp lc trnh hin tng dm b xon. Thng xuyn kim
tra s di chuyn ln ca dm hng bng my cao ti mi cp lc v dng li khi cao
t yu cu hoc t n lc kch ti a. Kho vnh kho an ton ti kch chnh.
- Dng kch thng tm loi nh cng cc thanh ng sut gng dm ngang pha sau.

134
V tr chn trc xe c
V tr chn thanh chng
Thanh ng sut ging cho
Tim dc cu

Hnh 12.33. Thanh ng sut n nh dm theo phng nm ngang
Ch :
Phng php ny to ra lc nng u dm hng ln, khng ng vi s chu lc ca
dm hng nn khi s dng phi ht sc thn trng. Tt nht ch s dng trong phm vi iu
chnh chuyn v nh hn 10mm theo chiu hng ln. Nu phm vi iu chnh ln hn
10mm th phi thay i bng cch gi chnh cao gia hai u ca khi hp long, ngha
l h u on dm trn gio xung.
Ngoi ra, cn mt bin php na nng u dm hng ln bng cch cht i trng
u pha bn kia ca dm hng. Trng lng ca i trng phi c tnh ton k lng.
t v cng cc thanh ng sut gi n nh ngang lm ging nh trng hp 1 v 2.
12.6.1.2. t cc thanh chng tm. lp va dy ti thiu 3cm vo cc khe h gia
u thanh chng v mt b tng (loi va cng cao khng co ngt)
Cc thanh chng tm c th c t nm ngang theo phng dc cu v t vo cc b
tr sn trn b mt bn y hp ca 2 t mt hng ca 2 cnh hng. Nhim v ca cc
thanh chng ny l gi khng cho cc u mt hng chuyn dch li gn nhau. Mun vy
sau khi t cc thanh chng ny s phi va khng co ngt vo khe h gia u cc
thanh ny v mt b tng ca m cc u thanh s t vo. Lp va ny phi dy t nht
3cm pht huy tc dng.
12.6.1.3. V sinh v va cho l chn bu lng neo ca gi cu chnh thc
V sinh b mt b tng v cc l ch chn neo ca gi bng nc p lc cao, sau
dng my hi p thi ht nc.
Sau khi v sinh xong, b mt b tng ti y c gi m trong vng 24h trc khi
va vo .
Va c trn bng my v c bm vo v tr theo trnh t t trong ra.
Lng va bm vo phi tip xc 100% vi mt di ca tht gi di v phi cao
hn mt di gi ti thiu 5mm. Dng chy va phi lin tc khng b gin on.
Vic bo dng va gi lm lin tc trong 7 ngy.
12.6.1.4. Cng ko cc b cp trc khi b tng

135
Trc khi cng b cp y phi cng cc thanh ng sut thng ng b tr u on
dm c trn gio. Ch cng ko cp y khi cng va gi v u cc thanh
chng t cng yu cu. Trc khi cng ko cp y, cc bulng lin kt hai tht
gi s c tho ra.
Trnh t cng ko cc b cp y trc khi b tng s do k s thit k quy nh,
thng thng hai cp b cp u tin s c cng ko.
Trong lc cng ko, hai ng h o chuyn v c gn vo hai thanh chng di o
chuyn ca thanh chng. Tr s chuyn v s c ghi li v theo di ti hai thi im trc
v sau khi cng vi mc ch khng xut hin ng sut ko ti th di ca khi hp
long trc lc b tng.
Trong khi b tng cho bn y v thnh, cn phi thng xuyn theo di 2 ng h
chuyn v ni trn. Nu khi b tng thnh xong m kim ng h vn cn xa v tr ban
u, ngha l th di vn ch c ng sut nn th tip tc b tng cho bn mt. Nu kim
ng h tr v v tr ban u ca n, ngha l sp sa xut hin ng sut ko th tip tc
cng b cp ln 75% lc cng thit k, trong khi b tng cho bn mt.
12.6.1.5. Ct thanh chng di
Khi b tng t cng bng 75% cng thit k th tin hnh ct thanh chng di.
12.6.1.6. Cng ko cc b cp y cn li
Trc khi cng ko phi tch cc vn khun ri khi b mt b tng, tr vn khun y.
Trnh t cng ko do k s thit k quy nh.
12.6.1.7. Tho d xe c
Xe c c tho theo trnh t ngc vi trnh t lp rp.
12.6.1.8. Tho d thanh neo d ng sut tm thi trong khi nh tr, tho d cc
khi k tm
Cc thanh d ng sut thng ng neo tm trong khi nh tr K0 s c gim h d
ng sut bng cc kch thng tm loi ln (v d: loi kch ZPE-7A) theo trnh t i xng.
Ch trc khi bt u gim h d ng sut th pittng ca kch lun phi dui trc ti
thiu 3cm.
Khi gim ht d ng sut th tho d cc thanh neo d ng sut ra khi v tr.
Sau di chuyn khi k tm ra khi v tr cn bng theo cch dng my khoan hi p
khoan ph lp va m gia khi k tm v nh tr. Dng palng xch hoc palng cp
ko cc gi k tm ra khi v tr di y dm.
Cui cng phi lm v sinh v tn trang li nh tr. Ch khng cc mnh va vn
ri vo trong cc ng gen cha thanh neo tm d ng sut ca thn tr.
12.6.1.9. Bm va lp l ng gen ca thanh ng sut trong, khi nh tr v thn tr
Dng va xi mng bm vo cc l ca thanh ng sut bng my bm va chuyn dng.
12.6.2. Thi cng khi hp long gia hai u dm hng
V c bn, thi cng khi hp long ny tng t nh thi cng khi hp long cho nhp c
khi c trn gio, nhng b qua khng cn thc hin cc bc: v sinh v bm va gi
chnh, h ng sut v tho gi tm.

136
Cn phi ch cc im sau y:
- Do iu chnh cao ti khi hp long ca nhp bin nn cao ca cnh hng cn li
(s hp long vi cnh hng ca tr k tip) s c thay i (thng l u mt hng s h
thp xung do d ng lc t vo khu vc bn y hp nhp bin lm cho nhp bin vng
ln). Tr s thay i cao ny s c tnh n khi thi cng cnh hng tng ng ca tr
k tip theo nguyn tc m bo chnh cao gia hai u ca khi hp long theo thit k.
Sai s c chia dn vo vng ca tng khi thi cng khi thi cng chng.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng cnh dm hng trn tr k tip s phi thng xuyn theo di
nh hng ca co ngt, t bin ca b tng theo thi gian n vng ca cnh dm hng
c thi cng xong trc .
- V tr ca xe c khi thi cng khi hp long ny phi th hin r trong khi tnh ton
vng ca dm.
- Nu dng ti trng iu chnh cao th ti trng khng vt qu mt gii hn
tnh ton (v d khong 25 tn).
- Trnh t cng y cp trc, trong v sau khi b tng theo quy nh ca thit k.
- Cc thanh neo tm d ng lc thng ng lin kt gia nh tr v khi dm K0 trn
nh tr s c h ng sut v tho d ngay sau khi cng xong cp cp y hp u tin
ti 75% lc, trc lc cng tip b th hai v b tng.
12.6.3. Trng hp khng cn dng xe c v khng cn thanh chng dc tm thi
khi hp long
Nu hai u ca 2 cnh hng c cao gn nh bng nhau th c th khng dng xe
c to chuyn v cng bc m ch cn dng mt h kt cu gng tm thi treo vn
khun ca khi hp long. Khi 2 dm ca xe treo s bc qua bn trn khi s hp
long, hai dm ny xe treo ton b trng lng ca h gio vn khun b tng khi
hp long. Khi cng c th khng cn t thanh chng dc tm thi trong khi hp long
na. Trnh t hp long s bao gm cc thao tc sau:
- Lp t h gio treo v vn khun cho khi hp long.
- b tng khi hp long.
- Khi b tng t cng khong 300 kG/cm
2
(mu th hnh tr trn) th cng ko 4
b cp di n lc cng thit k. S b cng lc ny c th n 50% tng s b cp bn
y, iiu ny c th do tnh ton m quyt nh. Phi cng ko ng thi c hai pha
thng lu v h lu i xng qua tim cu.
- Khi b tng t > 90 % cng thit k (t nht mu th hnh tr trn t khong 360
kG/cm
2
) th cng ko tt c cc b cp di n lc cng thit k.
- Gii phng lin kt tm ti cc nh tr c lin quan n nhp c hp long (tu theo
thit k), bao gm vic ct cc thanh d ng lc neo tm thng ng v ph d cc tm
BTCT k tm trn nh tr.
- Tho d gio vn khun khi hp long.
Trn hnh 12.34 l v d m t cu to h gio treo vn khun dng cu Ph
ng (cu ung mi) m vn c dng cc thanh chng tm nm ngang t hp long.
12.6.4. o c

137
Cng tc kho st, o c trong khi thi cng l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng nn
phi lm thng xuyn v i hi chnh xc cao.
12.6.4.1. t mc cao
Khi thi cng cc cp khi ca dm hng, b tng c cho tng khi ring bit
nn dm hng c kh nng bp bnh, do mc cao phi t vo tim ngang tr v
phi thng xuyn kim tra so vi mc cao thit k pht hin xem c bt k s sai
khc no khng.

138
3000
2
2
Vn khun t hp long
Dm ung chy ca xe c
2L-250x90x9x13
I-250x90x9x13
2L-380x100x13x20
H-300x300x10x15

gio vn khun y
Thanh chng
2975 2975
14700
7350 7350
3
0
0
0
2
6
0
0
Vn khun bn cnh
2
5
0
Thanh DL 32
3
0
0
0
2
6
0
0
2I-250x90x9x13
2
5
0
Vn khun y

T HP LONG
L=3000
1500 1500
1
4
7
0
0
1
7
3
5
0
7
3
5
0
NG TIM CU
1

Ch :
Xe c c tho d trc khi lp t gio vn khun t hp long
Vn khun uc treo thng qua cc tm v cc thanh DL qua cc
l cha sn u dm hp
Qu trnh b tng t hp long, cng ko DL cc b cp di, cc
b c nh tm khi nh tr

Hnh 12.34a. B tr vn khun xe c thi cng t hp long

139
CLOSURE SEGMENT
T HP LONG
L=3000
2000 400
K DI
400 2000
LC K
6
0
0
2
8
5
MT TRN BN Y
CP DL
2
3
1
5
8
5
THANH CHNG DI
CON K B TNG T2
8
5
3
1
5
2
8
5
6
0
0
THANH CHNG TRN
THANH DL 32 L=13690
4400
2
2
8
2
300 3500
3
0
0
6
3
2
CON K B TNG T1
DM CNG
1
5
0
DM GNG
KHI NEO B TNG T1
6
3
2
3
0
0
2
5
0
2
8
2
3500 300

3250
3650
KHI NEO B TNG
500 400
900
400 500
900
THANH CHNG DI
2
8
5
3
1
5
6
0
0
2
5
0 2
8
5
3
1
5
6
0
0
2
5
0
THANH CHNG TRN
6600
7400
3250 800
3650
3250
200
402
198
2
8
2
2
1
8
2
5
0 2
0
0
4
5
0
3
0
0
6
3
2
3
2
4
1
2
5
6
DM GNG
800
200
200
1
5
0 3
0
0
THANH DL 32 L=13690
DM CNG
CON K B TNG T2

1
4
7
0
0
1
T
H
A
N
H
D
L

3
2
L
=
1
3
6
9
0
3
7
0
0
3
3
0
0
NG TIM CU 1
5
0
T HP LONG
L=3000
1500 1500
a
3
6
5
0
KHI NEO B TNG T1
2
5
0
5
0
0
2
5
0
1
0
0
0
175
250
175
600
8
0
0
3
2
5
0
DM GNG DM CNG
KHI NEO B TNG T2
5
0
3
6
5
0
3
7
0
0
2574 192
192 2253
KHI NEO B TNG T2
700 3500 300
3
3
0
0
3
2
5
0
8
0
0
2
3
0
0
3
8
3
2
4
6
1
3
8
3
KHI NEO B TNG T1

Hnh 12.34b. B tr vn khun xe c thi cng t hp long

140
12.6.4.2. Thi im o c
Chnh lch v nhit c nh hng ln n vng ca dm hng nn cao ch
c nghim thu vo lc nhit khng kh 25C. Ni chung vo u bui sng (v d
trc 7 gi v ma h) khi nng mt tri cha nh hng n nhit ca kt cu nhp l
lc o thch hp nht.
Dm hng c kh nng t bp bnh nu c lch ti gia hai u nn phi nghim thu
cao vn khun c hai khi ca mt cp khi xong mi tin hnh b tng.
Ti mi mt ct ca dm hng, cc gi tr cao ly cc thi im:
- Trc khi b tng.
- Sau khi b tng.
- Sau khi cng ko.
- Sau khi lao xe c v buc xong ct thp cho cp khi mi.
12.6.4.3. o c vng ca dm theo cc giai on thi cng
Kt thc xong mt cp khi dm, trc khi b tng cho cp khi mi, phi o c li
cc s liu v vng kim tra mc sai s v sai s phi nm trong sai s cho php.
Vic o c phi tin hnh vo thi im m nhit khng thay i trong ngy v c
nhit 25C, ti thi im th :
- B cp ca cp khi trc c cng xong.
- Xe c c lao n v tr sn sng cho vic c khi mi.
- Ct thp ca khi mi c t.
- V tr cc im o c t theo dc chiu di dm ti 3 v tr
+ Tim cu.
+ Mp thng lu cu.
+ Mp h lu cu.
Ring vng ca dm khi thi cng khi hp long c o c ti thi im sau:
- Sau khi thi cng xong khi cui cng ca dm hng.
- Sau khi lao xe n v tr thi cng khi hp long.
- Trc khi iu chnh cao .
- Sau khi iu chnh cao .
- Sau khi thi cng xong khi hp long
vng ton cu s c o c sau khi khi hp long cui cng ca cu hon thnh.
Ni chung, vic o c vng phi gn lin vi s t ti c ngi thit
k tnh n tng ng vi giai on thi cng.
Phn 13: Ch to cu thp

13.1. Phng php ch to kt cu thp v cc nh my ch to
Trong cc nh my hoc cc c s ch to kt cu thp, thng phi dng cc
loi thp cn c bn (do cc nh my cn thp sn xut) ch to thnh cc kt cu
c th theo n t hng ca cc c quan thit k.
Cc thnh phm cng nghip xy dng ca cc nh my cn thp thng ch
to cc dng thp c bn sau y:
1. Thp tm c chiu di t 4,5 8m, rng t 1,5 2,2m vi tng
chiu rng t 0,1 0,2m. Chiu dy thp tm c th ti 60mm. Trong , thp
di thng c chiu dy ln hn trnh bin dng qu ln khi vn chuyn v
xp kho.
2. Thp tm rng vn nng, chiu di t 5 18m, rng t 1,5 2,2m vi
thay i chiu rng 10 30mm. Chiu dy ca htp bn vn nng cng c th
ti 60mm.
3. Cc loi thp hnh nh thp gc cnh u hoc cnh lch, cc loi thp
ch V hoc ch I.
4. Cc loi thp trn ch to inh tn, bulng v con ln.
T cc loi thp ny, c th ch to thnh cu thp, phi lp cc nh my
chuyn dng, cc xng c bit hoc cc c s c qui m ln c trang b my
mc hin i.
Qu trnh ch to trong nh my bt u t vic bc d hng ho n ch to
cc b phn, cc chi tit v cui cng l cc thnh phm, tc l ton b kt cu nhp
cu hoc l b phn ca cu. Vic ch to ton b kt cu nhp trong nh my ch
thc hin trong cc trng hp rt c bit, vi iu kin kt cu nhp c th t va
ln cc phng tin vn chuyn. V d nh cc kt cu nhp cu ng st xe chy
trn, nhp di 33 45m, cn thng thng cc thnh phm xut xng dng cc
b phn ring bit ca kt cu nhp cu (thanh bin, thanh cho ca cu gin, dm
dc, dm ngang phn xe chy, cc b phn dm ch ca cu dm c v.v). Ti u
ca cc thnh phm xut xng, thng b tr sn cc l bulng hoc inh tn c
th d dng thc hin cc mi ni ti cng trng. Trong s cc thnh phm xut
xng cn phi c c cc b phn lin kt nh cc bn nt, bn ni, bn m
c ch to sn vi y l inh tn hoc bulng.

Hnh 13.1: Cc loi thnh phm xut xng
a/ Lin kt hn b/ Lin kt inh tn 1/ Lin kt hn trong xng
2/ Lin kt inh tn trong xng 3/ Cc l lp rp ti cng trng

Trc khi gia cng, thp cn c ra, co g v phn loi theo hnh dng, theo
s liu, theo kch thc v.v Nu thp b cong vnh th cn hiu chnh cc bin
dng v xp kho.
Tip theo l qu trnh gia cng cc b phn chi tit bao gm t vic ly du,
nh du ng bao, tm l v cc ng ct trn cc tm thp, thp gc.
Theo cc ng nh du t v tm l, tin hnh ct un, khoan hoc t l
bulng v inh tn, gia cng u v mp bng my bo hoc my phay. Cc chi tit
chun b v nh du c chuyn sang khu lp rp ghp thnh tng thanh,
tng on dm, hoc tng b phn kt cu cu. Trong giai on ny, cc chi tit
c lin kt vi nhau bng inh tn trong xng hoc bng hn in t ng. Trc
khi hn hoc tn, m bo chnh xc, cc chi tit thng c g tm bng cc
mi hn nh hoc bng cc bulng g lp. Khi cc thanh hoc cc b phn ca cu
ch to xong, cn kim tra li kch thc ri mi chuyn sang bc to l cho cc
mi ni lp rp ti cng trng. Bc cui cng l sn v nh du.
thc hin qu trnh sn xut nh trn, nh my ch to kt cu cu phi c
cc phn xng chnh sau y:
1. Xng thu nhn, co g, phn loi iu chnh cong vnh v xp kho.
2. Xng ly du, ch to v gia cng cc chi tit.
3. Xng lp rp cac chi tit bng hn in.
4. Xng lp chi tit bng tn inh.
5. Xng kim tra tng th v lp th.
6. Xng sn v xp kho.
Ngoi ra, cn cn cc cng xng ph nh xng ch to inh tn v bulng,
xng rn, xng lm cng c v sa cha, xng gia cng nhit, trm xy, trm kh
nn, xng ch to cc khun mu v.v
Cc phn xng chnh cn tp trung vo mt cn nh chnh. Th d s cn
nh chnh thc ca mt nh my ch to cu c ln (hnh 13.2). Trong da trn
nguyn tc vn chuyn ca nh my hin i, tc l khi vn chuyn dng cc
phng tin di chuyn trn ng ray nh xe gong hoc cc toa trn. Mt trong cc
u im ca s ny l vic treo, cu cc chi tit rt thun li.
Trong tng phn xng, cn trc cu chy di chuyn ngang theo dy chuyn
cng nghip, cn cc b phn kt cu trong qu trnh ch to di chuyn dc theo cn
nh chnh trn ng ray, b tr thnh 2 tuyn. Cc thit b v trnh t ch to phi
b tr sao cho cc b phn ch to khng b ln i ln li nhiu ln.
Sc nng ca cn cu trong cc phn xng cng khc nhau. Trong kho v
cc phn xng gia cng dng cc cn cu nh 25KN, trong cc phn xng lp rp
dng loi 2x100KN v 2x200KN, cng trong phn xng lp rp tng th l ni cn
nng nguyn khi vn chuyn ca kt cu nhp th c th phi dng cu ti 500KN.
Cng vic sn xut trong nh my ch to cn phi tin hnh theo phng php
dy chuyn, trong trit tn dng cc dy chuyn chuyn mn cao. Chuyn
mn ho trong kho thp th hin khu chun b thp tm v thp hnh, cn trong
xng gia cng th hin khu gia cng cc chi tit nh (k c cc chi tit bn nt),
cc b phn ring ca thanh nh thp gc v.v..
Mi dy chuyn chuyn mn u b tr cc thit b m bo qu trnh cng
ngh khi gia cng. Vic phn b cc thit b phi m bo hng di chuyn ca dy
chuyn dc theo cn nh chnh.

Hnh 13.2: Bnh cn nh chnh ca nh my ch to cu thp
(mi tn ch hng ca dy chuyn sn xut)
v chi tit treo cu ca cn trc cu chy.
I- Xng chun b thp (kho) II- Xng gia cng thp
III- Kho cha cc chi tit gia cng xong v cc b phn ca cu kin (bn
thnh phm)
IV- Xng lp rp v tn inh V- Xng lp rp v hn
VI- Xng lp rp tng th VII- Xng sn

Cc chi tit chun b xong c a vo kho bn thnh phm, t chuyn
dn sang cc phn xng lp rp.
Chuyn mn ho trong cc phn xng lp rp m bo ch to cc b phn
bng hn hoc tn, hoc ch to cc thanh, cc b phn cng loi, mi khu ch to
i hi phi sp xp cc thit b cng nghip mt cc hp l. Trong cc phn xng
ny, dy chuyn sn xut s di chuyn theo phng ngang.
Kt cu cu thp c ch to theo cc bn v thi cng do c quan thit k ca
nh my phi lp cc bn v chi tit, trong nu r dng cc loi thp hnh, thp
tm no trong xng c th a vo ch to. Sau khi c cc bn v chi tit, phng
cng ngh nh my lp cc bn v cng ngh, trong phi nu r trnh t gia cng
chi tit v cc thit b ch to c th. Trong cc trng hp cn thit th phng cng
ngh nh my cn phi thit k cc thit b g lp v trang b cho vic ch to.
Khi lng thp tnh gi thnh ly theo cc bn v chi tit, nu l kt cu
hn thi thm 1% cho khi lng ng hn v nu l inh tn th thm 2% cho khi
lng u inh.
13.2. Tip nhn v chun b thp
Cc loi thp hnh do cc nh my ch to thp xut xng phi c du hiu
kim tra ca nh my, du chng nhn th nghim v cc nu v s hiu thp. Trong
giy chng minh ca thp, cn ghi r thnh phn ho hc v cc s hiu th nghim
c hc. Trng hp c bit c th tin hnh th nghim xc minh cc c trng
c, l, ho ca thp. Tuy nhin khi kim tra mt ngoi ca thp hnh, thp tm yu
cu phi khng c x, bt, nt, phn lp hoc cc khuyt tt khc.
Sau khi tip nhn thp v ly h s, cn nh du bng cch dng sn trng ghi
s hiu h s tip nhn ln u ca thp. Ngoi ra trn u ca thanh cn nh du
bng cc mu sn khc nhau phn bit s hiu thp. V d thp M16C nh du
bng cc vch trng nm song song vi nhau, thp C15XCHD bng cc vch sn
mu da cam.
Trc khi gia cng, thp cn c nn thng, mc ch l khc phc bin
dng ca thp hnh do qu trnh ngui lnh khng u sau khi cn, hoc do va chm
trong qu trnh nng, cu v vn chuyn.
Nn thp l khu c bn trong cng tc chun b. Thng thng thp c un
nn, iu chnh trng thi ngui. Trng hp thp b cng vnh qu ln mi iu
chnh bng nung nng. Un nn thp trng thi ngui thc cht l bt thp lm
vic trong giai on chy do, lm gim tnh do v do lm cho thp km phm
cht hn.
V vy bin dng dc tng i cho php ca thp khi un nn phi nh hn
1%, tc l mi chim mt phn nh trong ton b bin dng do ca thp than v
thp hp kim thp (2,5 - 3%). Cc tr s bn knh cong ti thiu
min
v vng cc
i cho thp f
max
khi un nn ph thuc vo kch thc tit din ngang v chiu di
on c bin dng l (bng 13.1).
Bng 13.1

Nu khi un nn, bin dng ca thp vt qu tr s cho php th phi tin
hnh un nn trng thi nng. Nhit khi nn nng phi m bo t 900 -
1100
0
C v qu trnh un nng phi kt thc nhit khng nh hn 700
0
C.
Nn ngui
Khi nn bn thp trn my nn th thp c di chuyn qua mt h thng con
ln b tr xen k cho thp c bin dng hnh sin. Khong cch tnh gia cc con ln
b tr nh hn chiu dy ca thp bn mt cht trong qu trnh di chuyn ch th
ngoi cng ca thp xut hin bin dng do. gim chiu dy cng nh cong
v un khng c vt qu tr s cho php ghi trn bng 13.1. m bo un
nn tht phng, thp tm c di chuyn qua h thng con ln vi ln.

Hnh 13.3: My nn thp tm
a/ S b tr con ln b/ S my nn thp tm

My nn thp tm (hnh 13.3) thng c nm con ln, trong tht di gm
ba con ln c nh, tht trn gm hai con ln c th di chuyn theo chiu ng
iu chnh theo chiu dy ca cc tm thp khi nn ngui. Hai con ln trn ngoi
cng (con ln th su v th by) khng tham gia un nn thp nhng chng thp
khi b un cong ln trn khi ra khi bn ln. cao ca cc con ln ny b tr sao
cho khi ra khi bn ln tm thp hon ton thng. Cc con ln di chuyn ng nh
mt ng c in truyn lc qua b truyn ng.
Pha trc v sau my c b tr hai chic bn, trn bn c b tr con ln c
nh. Thp tm trc v sau khi nn u ln trn cc bn ln ny. Mt trn ca bn
ln c cng cao vi mt trn ca cc con ln lm vic tht di.
S lm vic ca my nn thp gc cng ging s my nn thp tm,
nhng cc con ln u c hnh dng nh thp hnh v trc cc con ln c b tr
hng (hnh 13.4).

Hnh13.4: My nn thp gc
1/ Cc con ln 2/ B my

un nn cc loi thp I v U phi dng my p trc khuu tc ng c chu
k. Thp hnh di chuyn i li qua my v chu lc p ngang (hnh 13.5). Khi chu
lc p, thp hnh ta ln hai gi to thnh mt dm k trn hai gi ta. Lc p
(chuyn v) trong qu trnh un nn c tng dn cho n khi thp c un thng.
Chuyn ng c chu k iu ho do tay quay 1 m nhim. Tay quay 1 quay trc 2
di tc dng ca bin 4. Bin 4 li t lch tm vo trc quay 5. Thay i lc p
thc hin bng cch iu chnh v tr ca trc 2 nh b phn iu chnh 3.

Hnh 13.5:
S my p p nn thp
Hnh 13.6

Nn nng
Nn thp bng cch nung nng ch yu kh cong vnh ca cc loi thp
hnh ln, tc l nhm khc phc bin dng trong mt phng c cng ln nht.
Thp c nong nng ti mp li bng ngn la xi axtilen (ngoi axtilen c th
dng cc kh chy khc). Sau khi t nng n trng thi chy do th dng li.
Trong qu trnh ngui lnh, thp nng chy co li nhng khng co t do, do phn
thp khng b nung nng cn tr. Kt qu s gy lc ko S (hnh 13.6), lc ny gy
mmen lch tm M i vi trc trng tm tit din. Mmen un ny s iu chnh
cong vnh ca thp ngay c trong mt phng c cng ln.
Kt qu ca vic nn thp bng nhit lm cho th c cong lm (i din
vi th t nng) b ko v xy ra bin dng. Nh vy, v bn cht th nn bng nhit
cng khng khc g nn bng c hc trong trng thi ngui. V vy nn nng cng
coi nh nn ngui v cng cn gii hn bng cong v vng nh trong bng
13.1.
Nhit nung nng cc b khi nn vo khong 850 - 950
0
C. Min nung nng
nn t theo dng hnh nm. S lng im t nng ph thuc cong vnh cn
iu chnh. s b iu chnh chiu rng v s im cn t nng c th tnh vi
chiu di t nng 100mm th thp co li 1mm.
Tt nhin cng c th dng phng php nn bng nhit thay cho phng php
dng my nn dp khi cn un nn thp U v I. Khi nn cc loi ny cn phi hp c
cc nhung nng cc b hnh nm v t nng thnh vt. Nm b tr trong mt phng
un, cn vt trong mt phng vung gc vi mt phng un. Trong c th s b
nh sau: vt nung nng s cho bin dng dc t mp ny sang mp kia khong 0,5 -
1mm, cn bin dng ngang t 0,1 - 0,2mm. Chiu rng ca vt c th ly bng 0,8 -
2 ln chiu dy thp trong s ln ng vi tc nung chm, tc l s dng cc
loi kh chy c nhit nh hn.
13.3 Cng tc ly du v gia cng thp
13.3.1. Ly du
ch to cc thanh v b phn cu thp, trc khi gia cng cn v hnh dng
thanh ln thp hoc nh v tm ca l inh. Cng tc trn gi l ly du. C hai hnh
thc: ly du trc tip v ly du gin tip. Ly du trc tip tc l cn c vo hnh
v ch to, trc tip v ln thp ng bao cn ct, tm cc l inh tn cn khoan.
Ly du gin tip tc l thc hin vic nh du ln thp thng qua cc bn mu ch
to sn.
Khi ch to cc bn mu, cn cn c trc tip vo bn v nn cng cn phi ly
du trc tip.
Ly du trc tip i hi cng nhn chuyn nghip bc, cn ly du gin tip
s cho nng sut cao, khng cn cng nhn lnh ngh, nhng tn vt liu ch to cc
bn mu. Chi ph v ch to bn mu cng t nu bn mu cng c s dng nhiu
ln. S ln s dng bn mu ph thuc vo vic ch to hng lot cc kt cu thp
cng loi v vic tiu chun ho kch thc cc b phn v bn nt trong tng kt
cu.
Cc bn mu c th lm bng ba, g dn, bng thc g hoc trng hp c
bit c th lm bng thp. ng bao quanh ca bn mu phi trng vi ng bao
ca cc chi tit lm bng thp bn, cn tm l trn bn mu trng vi tm li ca cc
chi tit.
Khi ly du trc tip ln thp hoc ln bn mu cn lu n hao ht kch
thc do co ngt mi hn v do gia cng c kh mp tm. Hao ht do co ngt ca
mi hn c th ly nh sau:
- Chi 1m chiu di mi hn gc 0,05 - 0,1mm.
- Cho mi hn i u 1mm.
- Cho mi cp sn tng cng 0,5 - 1mm.
Sai s do gia cng thp ph thuc vo phng php ct thp v c th ly vo
khong 2mm khi ct bng dao ct thp c hc, 3mm khi ct t ng bng hi t v
4mm khi ct th cng bng kh chy.
Phng php ly du thp bn hin i nht l chp nh (photocopie). Cc chi
tit bn c v chnh xc ln giy ri chp, in dn ln thp nh v cc ng
tm bao l cn ct.
Trong qu trnh ly du cn s dng mt s thit b c bit (hnh 13.7):
- Kim vch k cc ng ct.
- t ngui cc l hn vo thp dc theo ng bao cn ct thp, v
nh v l khoan khi ly du trc tip.
- t trung tm dng nh v l khi ly du qua bn mu. Khi ,
ng knh d ca t phi ng vi l ca bn mu.
- t kim tra dng ng hn v thp thnh mt vng trn c ng
knh ln hn ng knh l tiu chun khong 1 - 2mm kim tra mc
chnh xc ca l sau khi khoan.

Hnh 13.7: Cc dng c ly du thp
a/ Kim vch b/ t ngui c/ t trung tm
d/ t kim tra e/ t vch ch g/ Thc o h/ Thc vung

- B vch ch vch cc ng tim l inh ln thp gc v ln cc loi
thp hnh khc.
- Thc o gc v thc kp to hnh.
- Thc thp cun hoc thc thng o chiu di.
13.3.2. Cng tc gia cng thp
Cng tc gia cng thp ch yu l ct thp v gia cng mp.
Cc phng php ct thp trong nh my gm ct bng dao, bng kh chy v
bng ca.
- Ct bng dao: l phng php ct dng nguyn l c hc, ch yu l
dng ct thp bn. Cu to dao ct gm li di c nh, li trn di ng
v mt b phn c nh tm thp trong qu trnh ct (hnh 13.8).

Hnh 13.8: S ct thp bng dao
a/ Cch t dao b/ Li dao
1. Tm thp cn ct 2. u p 3. Li dao trn 4. Li dao di

Khi ct, li dao trn p ln tm thp lm cho thp b ct t hon ton. Theo
chiu ngang, hai li dao t gn st nhau khi mt ct thng v t bin dng. Theo
chiu dc li dao c cu to xin, to vi thp tm mt gc nghing khong 2 - 5
0
,
nh vy tm thp s khng b ct ngang trn ton b tit din, hin tng ct s xy
ra cc b ri lan dn nh hin tng ct bng ko. Phng php ct cc b lan dn
lm gim lc ct v lc ct cng gim khi gc nghing cng ln. Tuy nhin khi gc
nghin ln ti v tr ct thp b bin dng nhiu.
Hnh 13.9:

1- Dao 2- Thp gc

Khi cn ct cc thanh thp c kch thc nh, thng dng li dao c chiu
di nh hn (t 0,25 - 0,5m) v c gc nghin ln hn. Cn khi ct thp gc, thp
hnh th thng dng li dao c dng gc (hnh 13.9). Ct thp gc khc vi ct
thp bn ch cn ct trn ton tit din. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi li dao dng
ct thp U v I. Tuy nhin trong cc nh my ch to cu th thp U v I dng khng
nhiu. Do , vic trang b cc my ct thp U v I thng khng kinh t bng cch
ct theo phng php khc.
Ct bng hi t: tc l dng ngn la chy bng hi, t thp n nhit
nng chy 1050
0
v lm cho thp b chy trong ngn la kh xy. Hn hp kh chy
thng l xy v axtilen, l loi kh cho nhit nng chy cao hn c (3100 -
3200
0
C) hoc cc loi kh nh mtan, hi xng, hi than cc v.v Di tc dng
ca nhit v p sut cao ca kh xy, thp b chy v x thp b thi ra ngoi. Tu
theo chiu dy ca tm thp b ct m chiu rng vt ct c th t 2 - 15mm.
xy v axtilen c cung cp bng ng dn t cc trung tm cung cp hoc t
cc bnh cha. Cc ng dn hi tp trung v phun ra ti vi phun, vi phun c th
iu chnh l rng hp tu theo chiu di tm thp b ct.
Tu theo hnh thc di chuyn v cung cp kh m c th chia lm ba loi: ct t
ng, ct bn t ng v ct th cng.
My ct t ng gm nhiu mi ct c th di chuyn dc, ngang theo cc
ng c nh, c th ct c cc ng thng, ng cong, ct xin v ct theo
khun mu. My ct t ng, trong vi phun c gn trn mt xe nh di chuyn
trn tm thp b ct (hnh 13.10a).
Khi ct bng tay th vi phun do tay ngi di chuyn.
c im ca phng php ct bng hi l n gin v d ct, khi ct bng
my t ng v bn t ng s cho cc ng ct thng v mn. Ct bng hi cn rt
vn nng, n c th ct c bt k loi thp hnh, thp bn, ct cc mp vung gc,
xin gc, c th ct ton tit din hoc ct mt phn tit din.
Thng thng sau khi ct bng hi t ng v bn t ng th khng cn gia
cng mp. c bit khi cn gia cng mp cc chi tit cho lin kt hn th ct bng
hi rt d to cc ng ct nghing ti mp thp (hnh 13.11).

Hnh 13.10: Thit b
ct bng hi
a/ Ct t ng
b/ Ct bn t ng

c/ Ct bng tay
1. Mi ct
2. Tay vi

3. Xe gong
4. Khp quay
5. Khung mu
6. ng dn bng cao su
cung cp xy v
axtilen
7. Dy dn ti my
pht in
8. My di chuyn bn
t ng
9. My ct tay

Hnh 11:

Ct bng hi thng c dng trong cc nh my ln ct thp c chiu dy
ln, hoc ct mt tm thp bn to nng sut cao, ct ng cong hoc ct bn
thp c mp xin dng cho kt cu hn. Cn cc c s nh, cng trng th ct
bng hi li rt thun li v trnh phi trang b li cc my ct cng knh phc tp.
Phng php ct bng ca: cc loi my ca ct thp thng c hai loi: ca c
rng v ca a khng c rng. Ca c rng c th c li dng thng hoc dng ca
a. Rng ca thng lm bng cc loi thp hp kim cng. Tc quay ca a
khong 18 - 20vng/pht. Ca a thng khng rng c tc quay rt ln (khong
120vng/pht). Tc mt a c th ti 150m/s. Do tc quay ln to ra dng
ct ngang cc loi thp hnh, nh thp U, thp I hoc thp trn ng knh ln
lm con ln, cht hoc cc b phn ca gi cu.
Cng tc gia cng mp (bo, phay):
Cng tc gia cng mp cn c tin hnh trong cc trng hp sau:
- Sau khi ct thp bng dao ct c hc, nu sau khng dng lin kt
hnh theo ng ct th mp b ct phi c bo gt su 2 - 3mm kh b
lp thp b ho cng.
- Sau khi dng my ct hi, nu li lm ca vt ct ln hn 3mm th
mp thp phi c bo nhn.
- Cc mp bn thp yu cu c chnh xc cao (mp ca thanh ng
dm I tn inh, bn ngang ca tit din ch H), cn c bo nhn m
bo kch thc chnh xc.
i khi kh cc khuyt tt ca thp hnh, mp ca cc bn thp cng c
bo nhn.
Vic bo mp thp bn l mt cng vic phc tp, tn thi gian, nng sut thp.
V vy gim khi lng gia cng mp l mt vn quan trng, n lin quan trc
tip n vic tng chnh xc khi ct bng hi hoc dng lin kt hn.
13.3.3. Cng tc to l inh
To l bng khoan
Cn c vo v tr lin kt v c im ca vic lp rp kt cu c th c cc
phng php khoan l nh sau:
- Khoan theo l thit k.
- Khoan nh hn thit k.
- Khoan m rng thnh l thit k.
Thit b khoan thng c hai loi: khoan tay v khoan my. Khoan my c
nng sut cao hn khoan tay v c chnh xc cao, v trong qu trnh khon my
lun nm v tr n nh v mi khoan lun lun vung gc vi mt tm thp. V
vy trong cc nh my ch dng khoan tay khi khng th khoan my c.
Cc b phn chnh ca my khoan ng (hnh 13.12) bao gm tr ng 1 c
th xoay c quay trc dc, tay hng 2, b phn 3 m bo di chuyn mi khoan
trn tay hng, b phn kp 4 v mi khoan 5. Trc ng li c t trn mt xe
gong c hai bnh chy dc theo hai ng bin ca tm thp cn khoan. Nh vy
my khoan c phm vi hot ng rt ln theo c chiu cao v trn mt bng. Cn nu
dng xe gong trn ng ray hp th cc tm thp cn khoan c b tr dc hai
bn ng ray.

Hnh 13.12: My khoan ng.

Khi khoan theo l thit k, ta dng mi khoan hai rng (hnh 13.13a). Trong
mt ct thp to vi nh mt gc khong 110 - 130
0
. Phn hnh tr ca mi khoan
lm khun ca l khi khoan theo l thit k.

Hnh 13.13: Cu to mi khoan
a) Mi khoan 2 rng; b) Mi khoan 3 rng

Khi khoan m rng th dng khoan ba rng (hnh 13.13b). c im ca loi
mi khoan ny l cc mp rng to vi nh mt gc 25 - 30
0
. Vi mt u nhn nh
vy, ta c th d dng a su mi khoan vo l c sn khoan m rng dn
thnh l ln bng cch gt dn vch l khoan. Do c ba rng khoan trn phn hnh
tr nn mi khoan d xoy su vo l v m bo khoan ng tm.
To l bng t dp
Phng php to l nhanh nht l dng my t dp. Di p lc ca con t
qua mt l lm khun, thp b bin dng, ri b ct theo ng knh ca l khun.
L khun d
k
phi ln hn ng knh ca t d
mt cht. Thng c th ly:

d
k
= d
+ 0,1.
- chiu dy bn thp
Khi t dp, ti mp l thp b ho cng lm gim cht lng thp khi chu ng
sut tp trung, c th xut hin vt nt. V vy i vi cc cng trnh quan trng th
ch c t dp to l nh hn ng knh.

Hnh 13.14: My t l
1. My t l 2. Mi t 3. Khun

Chng hn nu ng knh tiu chun ca l l 23mm th ng knh t dp
khng qu 19mm.
Mi my c th c mt, hai, bn hoc nhiu mi t. Trng hp cc l cn
t nm trn mt ng thng th dng my t nm trn mt ng thng th dng
my t mt mi, v cng v vy thng dng my t to l cho thp gc.
13.4. Cng tc lp ghp to hnh cc sn phm
Sau khi gia cng v ch to, cc chi tit c bn c a sang phn xng
lp rp thnh tng thanh, tng b phn to ng hnh dng v kch thc ca
thanh theo thit k.
Nu dng lin kt hn th b phn quan trng nht l cc khun g lp. Khun
g lp n gin nht to thnh thanh tit din ch H hoc dm ch I (hnh 13.15)
bao gm mt khung c to bi mt dm ngang 1 bng thp I. Trn dm ngang gn
mt tm k 2, cc thanh ng 3 c cc vt 4 nh v cc bn ng, cn bn ngang
c nh v bng vt 4 ta vo thanh ngang 5.
Trnh t g lp c th tin hnh nh sau: thot u t v nh v bn ngang, ri
n cc bn ng. Nh vy hnh dng thanh ph thuc vo chnh xc ca bn
thn thanh, tc l chiu rng ca bn ngang. V vy cn c chnh xc cao th phi
gia cng mp ca bn ngang tht chnh xc.
Sau khi lp rp cn tm thi lin kt c nh v tr tng i gia cc b
phn thanh. bc ny thng ch dng cc mi hn nh, tc l cc mi hn mng,
ngng (40 - 50mm) phn b cch nhau 0,5 - 1m theo chiu di v ch dng hn tay.
Cc mi hn nh thng b tr ng v tr ca mi hn chnh sau ny cc mi
hn nh c hn li n m bo cht lng.
Sau khi hn nh th thanh c tho ra khi khun g lp a n phn
xng hn t ng.

Hnh 13.15: Khun g lp cc thanh
a/ Khun g cc thanh lin kt hn
b/ Khun g cc thanh lin kt tn.

Khun g lp trn hnh 13.15 l loi khun c nh dng g lp nhiu loi
thanh c tit din khc nhau. Mun vy ch cn b tr mt trong hai thanh ng s 3
c th thay i c v tr theo chiu di ca dm ngang 1.
Nu cc thanh c lin kt bng inh tn trong nh my th c th thc hin
theo hai phng php nh sau:
Phng php th nht c ni dung ging nh ch to cc thanh hn, tc l dng
khun g lp. Khun g lp n gin nht ch to tit din ch H trnh by trn
hnh 13.15. Sau khi g lp cc thanh mi tin hnh khoan bng my khoan tay mt
s l inh theo ng ng knh thit k.
Khi lp rp to hnh thanh thng dng con li nh v c dng hnh cn (hnh
13.16) c nh cc thanh. Sau dng bulng lp rp p cc tm vi nhau

Hnh 13.16: Con li nh v hnh cn v con li lp rp
a/ Con li nh v hnh cn b/ Con li lp rp
Con li hnh cn c th ng vo l iu chnh sai lch ca cc l inh.
V vy phn b u cc sai lch th li nn ng t gia thanh ra hai u. Sau khi
ng li v xit bulng lp rp thanh c a n b p hn khoan m rng cho
ng knh l. Thot u khoan cc l trng, ng lun cc con li lp rp v bulng
lp rp tiu chun. Sau tho dn cc con li nh v hnh cn v bulng lp rp,
theo trnh t tho n u khoan n .

Hnh 13.17: S lp rp thanh lin kt tn inh khng cn khun g
Sau khi khoan m rng tt c cc l, thanh c chuyn n b phn tn.
Phng php lp rp theo khun g m bo chnh xc cao, cho nng sut
cao v tn t cng lao ng hn. V vy phng php lp rp khng khung ch dng
khi khi lng ch to nh.
13.5 Cng tc hn lin kt
Khi ch to kt cu thp trong nh my, trn cng trng ln thng dng my
hn t ng, bn t ng v hn tay. Vic la chn phng php hn tu thuc vo
v tr, hnh dng, khi lng, chiu di ng hn v loi sn phm.
Hn t ng l phng php hn c nng sut cao nht, cht lng mi hn tt
nht. Tuy nhin phng php hn t ng ch thch hp cho nhng mi hn nm
thng v di.
Que hn t ng thng l mt si dy thp trn. Khi hn, ngn la hn
c ph kn bng mt lp ph. Lp ph mi hn l mt hn hp ca pheuorit
manhezit (MgCO
3
) ht t 0,25 - 0,3mm. Trong qu trnh hn, di tc dng nhit,
lp bt nng chy to thnh lp ph ngn, khng cho php tc dng vi xy v zn
trong khng kh ng thi thp li phn ng tt vi mt thnh phn nm trong cht
bt ph lm tng thm cht lng ca thp hn.
Hn t ng c nhit tp trung v ln nn mi hn su, do c th hn c
cc bn thp c chiu dy ln hn.
My hn t ng thng c dng mt chic xe t di chuyn c (hnh 13.18).
Trong qu trnh hn, my di chuyn dc theo mi hn trn hai ng ray.
Trng lng my hn t ng kiu TC-17 khong 450N. Nng sut hn c th ti 30
- 60m/h. Que hn thng c ng knh 2 - 4mm. My lm vic vi dng in mt
chiu c nn dng bng mt bin in (hnh 13.19).
Cng dng in khi hn ln ti 400 - 1000A (tu theo ng knh que hn
v chiu dy thp) vi in th khong 40 - 50V.

Hnh 13.18: Xe hn t ng kiu TC-17
1. Que hn 2. Thn ng c di ng 3. Thng cha cht ph
4. Cun que hn 5. Ray di chuyn dc 6. Lp ph
7. Tm thp hn 8. Lp bt lt 9. Gi

Hnh 13.19: S b tr hn t ng
1. Tm thp hn 2. My hn
3. Bin in 4. Bung iu chnh

Dng my hn t ng ch c li khi hn cc ng di trn 3m.
Khi hn, bt ph t trong thng t ng chy ra v ph mt lp dy khong 30
- 40mm. Tc chy ca que hn ph thuc vo tc hn v ln ca mi hn.
Cc mi hn trong nh my thng l mi hn ni ni cc bn khng kch
thc v cc mi hn gc lin kt cc bn thnh cc tit din khc nhau.
Thp trc khi hn cn c gia cng mp v khe m bo mi hn ni
thm su trn ton chiu dy lin kt, ng thi trnh phi quay lt thp trong qu
trnh hn, thng ch b tr hn mt pha. V vy khi chiu dy tm thp hn di
10mm th c th hn khng cn vt mp bn thp. Khi thp dy ln hn th phi vt
mp bn thp que hn c th thm su trn ton tit din ngang cn hn. Cc mp
cn gia cng dng ch V hoc ch X (hnh 13.20b,c).

Hnh 13.20: Chun b mp mi hn
a/ Hn hai mt khng cn vt mp b/ Hn hai mt vt mp ch V
c/ Hn mt mt vt mp ch V d/ Vt mp ch X
e/ Hn gc khng vt mp g/ Hn gc vt mp ch K
h/ Hn nhiu lp.

Trong qu trnh hn, phng m hn chy qua khe h gia cc tm xung
di, thng m bng mt lp bt ph b tr dc theo mi hn.
trnh cnh thp gc chm vo tnh khng ca my hn, yu cu tit din c
cc kch thc ti thiu v ti a b tr my v khng cn tr li i ca my.
Hn ch ny cn c nghin cu k khi thit k ch to ph hp vi tng loi
my hn.

Hnh 13.21: V tr ca my hn t ng khi hn gc ca dm I v dm H

Khi hn cc dm I v dm H, phi xoay dm ln lt 4 t th, t dm c
th dng loi gi c nh. Sau khi hn xong, dng cn cu quay dm n v tr
mi. tng nng sut hn, nn b tr hai gi t lin nhau (trong khi cn cu quay
dm th nht th my hn sang dm th hai).
Nhng tt nht l dng gi quay, trong thanh g lp kp vo mt khung
trn, khung c th quay trn trn cc con ln (hnh 13.22).

Hnh 13.22: S gi hn c nh v gi xoay

Khung trn gm hai mnh ghp li vi nhau bng bulng. S lng khung kp
v s gi ta tu theo nhp v mnh ca thanh khi hn khng gy vng qu
ln do ti trng bn thn. Khi hn th na khung trn c tho b hoc khot l
my hn di chuyn khi b vng.
Cc con ln c gn vi mt mt, khi cn thit ngi ta m my cho cc con
ln quay v khung trn quay lt thanh n v tr cn thit.
Thit b g lp v quay lt hon chnh nht l gi quay c vng hoc gi quay
na vng (hnh 13.23). Loi gi ny cho php g lp cc thanh v hn ngay ti mt
v tr m khng cn phi hn nh bng tay.

Hnh 13.23: Gi quay na vng
1. Xilanh kh p 2. Nm 3. Thanh cn g lp v hn

u im c bn ca h g ny l khng cn ng tc hn nh v chuyn dm
t v tr g sang v tr hn.
Khi hn cc tit din hnh hp cng cn phi ch n mt s c im ring.
Ni chung khi hn cc tit din hnh hp, cn hn ch yu tm ng hn c bn,
trong bn ng trong hp v bn ng ngoi hp.
Khi hn cc mi hn bn trong, my hn t ng phi di chuyn dc trong lng
hp. m bo thng thong v sau ny c th chui vo sn v kim tra bn
trong th mt trong cc vch hp phi b tr l giao thng c bit.
c th g lp v hn cc tit din hnh hp, phi dng gi g lp nh trn
hnh 13.24. Thot u t bn y di ri dng bulng t qua cc l xin kim tra
bt cht xung cnh st gc ca gi g lp bn di. Sau t cc tm ng ri bt
bulng cht vo ct ng ca g. Nh vy cc bn ng buc phi khoan mt s l
tm, sau ny s bt li bng bulng hoc inh tn. c th p cht bn ng vi ct
ng ca gi g lp, trc khi hn, b tr mt kch hi chy dc trong lng hp p
cht bn ng ri hn nh bn ng vi bn ngang, ng thi xit cht bulng
gim bin dng khi hn gc.
Sau khi g lp xong bn y v hai bn ng, a my hn t ng hn hai
mi hn di. Khi , tit din hnh hp khng cn t nghing m vn t nm, que
hn s b tr nghing hng vo gc cn hn. Khi que hn nghing, m hn c
khuynh hng chy lan trn bn y t ngang lm gim chiu cao mi hn ng v
tng chiu rng mi hn ngang. V vy khi hn cn iu chnh sao cho m hn t b
chy lan v khng ch chiu rng mi hn ngang khng qu 4 - 6mm.
V bn y t ngang v dng que hn nghing nn mt lc c th b tr hn c
hai ng. Nh vy, phi dng loi my hn c hai que. My hn hai que trn cn
bn cng ging nh my hn mt que loi TC-17, ch cn b tr hai thng bt ph v
hai cun dy que hn. Nh vy, loi my hn ny ch khc nhau v s lng que hn
v cch t bnh xe di chuyn

Hnh 13.24: Ch to tit din hp
I. t bn y v cc bn ng vo gi g lp II. Hn mi hn trong
III. Lp bn y IV. Hn mi hn ngoi
1. Gi g lp 2. Xe ch kch 3. Kch p kh
4. Thng cha cht ph 5. Dy dn
6. My hn hai que hn trong 7. My hn hai que hn ngoi.

Thot u hn cc mi hn gc bn trong bng my hn hai que, sau lp t
v hn nh bn ngang bn trn, tip theo tho thanh khi gi g lp, quay u hn
ni hai mi hn gc bn trong. Cc mi hn ngoi cng c th dng loi my t
ng hai que theo tun t hn bn trn ri bn di. Nh vy yu cu phi lt thanh
2 ln.
Qu trnh hn, cc thanh tit din hnh hp thng phc tp v tn nhiu cng,
ch yu l do phi hn cc lin kt bn trong hp. l iu khi thit k cn phi
quan tm sa i, to thun li cho vic ch to. V d c th thit k tit din hon
ton kn, trng hp ny ch cn hn bn ng hn bn ngoi. Vn chng g bn
trong c m bo bng cch to kn kh m v hi c khng vo c.
to kn th cc u thanh, t cc bn np y v hn bt kn li.
Ngoi ra, my hn t ng hai que cn dng hn cc sn tng cng dnh
vo tng ng ca dm hp. Khi my hn t ng di chuyn theo phng php
ngang vi bin dm. Cng theo nguyn tc tng t, ngi ta tin hnh lm cc sn
ng v ngang khi ch to bn mt cu c sn.
Hn bn t ng: Khi hn cc ng hn ngn hoc cong, ngi ta dng my
hn bn t ng. My hn bn t ng khc my hn t ng ch khi lm vic,
que hn khng phi do my m do ngi iu khin.
vt cm tay khng qu nng, my cp que hn t c nh mt v tr, cn
que hn truyn n v tr hn bng mt ng cao su mm (hnh 13.25). Khi ngi
th ch cn cm mt cn mang hp bt ph.
ng dn que hn c mt cng tc cho php th hn c th ch bm nt t
ng cung cp que hn hay ngt ngun in. Mun vy, que hn b tr ti chnh gia
dy, cn dy dn nm bn ngoi lp cch in bao bc dy que hn.
Hn bn t ng cng nh hn t ng u c nhc im lm khng hn c
cc mi hn kh. V d nh khi hn trn mt ng hoc nghing th m hn thng
b rt, trong cc trng hp nh vy, hn bn t ng thng phi dng lp bt ph
c nhim t cao hoc hn trong mi trng hi cacbonic.

Hnh 13.25: My hn bn t ng v cu to ng dn que hn
1. My cp dy que hn 2. Dy dn que hn 3. Hp cha bt ph
4. Tay cm 5. V cch in 6. Dy dn in
7. Que hn 8. Dy dn in.
Bt ph nhim t l bt ph c trn bt st. Khi c dng in ln qua que hn,
lp ph cng que hn nng chy v phun vo mi hn. Lp ph loi ny chng
nhng c th khng cho m hn tc dng vi xy v zn trong khng kh m cn
hp kim ho thp mi hn. Khi hn trong mi trng kh cacbonic th khng cn
lp ph na v m hn c mi trng cacbonic bo v. Hi cacbonic c cha
trong bnh qua dy dn n v tr tay cm. m bo kh bo v c mi hn tt,
vi phun kh phi b tr cch mt mi hn khong 1,5 - 2,5cm.
Hn tay ch dng hn cc mi hn nh, cc mi hn ngn ti cc v tr m
my hn t ng v bn t ng khng th thc hin c. Khi hn tay, phi dng
que hn c bit c ph mt lp thuc hn dy bn ngoi m bo n nh
ngn la khi hn, ng thi lp ph khi hn cng b nng chy bao ph khng cho
m hn tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi v tc dng cho mi hn ngui lnh t
t.
Ch hn tay khc hn vi hn t ng v bn t ng ch hn tay cn
cng dng in nh hn nhiu (khong 250 - 300A). Cng nh s cho nhit
lng nh v khi lng m hn t. thm su v kch thc mi hn nh. V vy,
hn tay ch dng vo mt s trng hp khi que hn khng nhng cn di chuyn dc
m cn phi di chuyn ngang.
Ch nhit trong qu trnh hn c bit nh hng n cht lng mi hn.
Qu trnh hn bao gm vic nung nng thp v sau l qu trnh ngui lnh.
Tc ngui cng nhanh nu lng nhit khi hn nh, chiu dy thp hn ln v
nhit ban u ca thp thp. Tc ngui nhanh c bit nh hng khng tt
n cc loi hp kim thp, v n xy ra hin tng ti gi lm thay i cht lng
thp theo chiu hng xu. Do khi hn, tuy loi thp v tu chiu dy, cn hn
ch nhit ban u ca thp theo bng sau y:
Chiu dy
tm thp (mm)
Nhit ti thiu ban u ca thp hn (
0
C)
Hn bn t ng v hn tay
Hn t
ng
Thp than
Thp hp kim
thp
Di 16 -30 -20 -30
17 - 30 -20 0 -20
31 - 40 -10 +5 -20
Trn 40 0 +10 -20
Khi hn tay v hn bn t ng, nu nhit ban u ca thp nh hn cc tr
s trong bng th ngi ta t nng cc b ti v tr mi hn khong t 100 - 150
0
C.
Khi hn t ng th c th gim tc hn chng nhng bng cch t nng bn
thp m cn c th iu chnh ch hn c lng nhit cao.
Sau khi hn xong, cn kim tra cht lng mi hn nhm xc minh cht lng
v xc nh cc khuyt tt. Cc khuyt tt khi hn c th l cc vt nt bn ngoi
hoc bn trong c th c bt, c x, hn khng thy cc mi hn i u, mi hn
gc (m theo thit k cn hn thu). Ngoi ra thp chnh cn c th b thng tt
do qu trnh hn gy nn.
Nt l hin tng nghim trng nht, gy ng sut tp trung ln lm cho mi
hn khng th lm vic an ton khi chu ti trng. V vy hin tng nt khong th
b qua c. Khi pht hin vt nt (c th bng my thng hay my do siu m) th
phi ct b ch nt bng ngn la xy - axtilen, sau li hn li. Cc mi hn
khng thu, khng chu lc cng lm theo bin php trn (hnh 13.26).

Hnh 13.26: Cc khuyt tt mi hn
1. Hn khng thu mi hn ni
2. Vt nt ngoi 3. Thp b
thng
4. ng x 5. Bt bn trong
6. Bt ngoi 7. Nt trong
8. Hn khng thu mi hn gc

Vi cc khuyt tt khc, nu s lng v kch thc khuyt tt khng vt qu
cc tr s qui nh th c th b qua, ngc li cng cn c x l nh trn.
Vi cc khuyt tt nm trong mi hn cn c cc my kim tra c bit.
Cc my pht hin khuyt tt ca mi hn c th l my chp bng tia
rnghen, tia gamma hoc my d siu m.
pht hin cc khuyt tt ca thp c chiu dy di 100mm th c th dng
my chp bng tia rnghen (v d my RY-400-5-L ca Lin X c).

Hnh 13.27: S chiu tia rnghen
1. n chiu rnghen 2. Hp 3. Phim nh 4. Mn nh
n chiu tia rnghen c t cch mi ni sao cho cc tia chiu vung gc
vi mt tm thp, di tm thp t mt hp kn, trong hp c t phim nh rnghen
(3) v hai mn nh (4). Sau khi chiu tia rnghen, ngi ta tho phim ra em trng
dng m bn. Trn nh m bn ca mi hn, ta s thy c vt mu sm nht khc
nhau. Cc tia i qua cc khuyt tt b tiu hao t hn so vi cc tia i qua thp c v
tc dng ln phim mnh hn. Khi cn pht hin cc l hng hoc c cc khuyt tt
nhiu v tr khc nhau, mp ca cc mi hn hnh tam gic th ta c th di chuyn
n chiu sang cc v tr II v III. Khi cc khuyt tt mp ng hn tam gic
hin trn phim nh bng nhng vt sm mu. Khi pht hin khuyt tt ca cc mi
hn gc th n chiu t sao cho gc gia tia chnh lm vi mt phng ca tng
ng khong 10 - 15
0
. Khi c th pht hin c mi hn khng thu mp ca
tng ng. Tuy nhin khi pht hin mi hn gc, cc tia chiu phi i qua nhiu
chiu dy tm thp khc nhau, nn chp mi hn gc khng thun li bng chp cc
mi hn ni.
Trn nguyn tc chp bng tia gamma cng ging nh tia rnghen, nhng my
mc nh gn v n gin hn nhiu.

Hnh 28 Hnh 29

Do tia gamma c hi i vi c th ngi nn cc cht phng x phi ng
trong cc hp kn c bit (hnh 13.28). gia hp bo v c mt bng n trong
ng cht phng x, v 1 v nt 2 ca hp u lm bng gang, pha trong bnh ca
v v nt u c lt ch 3.
Nguyn tc v k thut chp tia gamma cng ging tia rnghen nhng so vi
tia rnghen chp bng tia gamma c cc u im sau:
- My phng x c th chp nhng v tr m my chp tia rnghen c
kch thc ln khng th chp c.
- My phng x thun tin cho vic chuyn n o mi hn ti cc cng
trng.
Nhc im ca my chp tia gamma l c nhy km khi pht hin cc
khuyt tt trong cc mi hn c chiu dy nh hn 50mm. Ngoi ra ngi dng my
d b nhim phng x. V vy, khi dng phi tuyt i tun theo cc nguyn tc an
ton.
Phng php dng siu m da trn nguyn tc phn x sng siu m mt
ngn cch gia cc mi trng c truyn m khc nhau. Dng siu m c th pht
hin cc vt nt, s phn lp, hin tng r, hn khng thu, c x, c bt.
My pht siu m nghing mt gc khong 45 - 70
0
so vi mt bn thp v
phn chiu li vi gc ng bng gc ti. Nu gp cc khuyt tt th cc tia siu m
cng phn chiu li nh vy, nhng khi phng v chiu di ng i thay i
lm xy ra s nhiu ca cc sng m v c th hin trn dao ng k. V d nu
mi hn khng c khuyt tt (mi hn c thu) th khong cch gia cc inh ca
sng m th hin trn dao ng k tng i u (nh a v c hnh 13.30), nu gp
khuyt tt ng phn chiu s ngn hn (nh b hnh 13.30). Khong cch gia a v
b cho php ta xc nh khuyt tt nm su bao nhiu, nh vy cn c vo tn
hiu trn dao ng k, ta c th xc nh c c im v kch thc ca khuyt
tt. My d siu m c th kim tra cc mi hn ni cng nh hn gc.

Hnh 13.30
My d siu m kim tra rt thun tin v pht hin khuyt tt nhanh, nhng
chnh xc, xc nh loi khuyt tt v kch thc khuyt tt li km hn so vi
phng php chp. V vy thng phi dng c hai phng php, phng php chp
thng c dng chnh xc ho hoc kim tra kt qu ca my d bng tia siu
m.
Cht lng mi hn ch yu ph thuc vo ch hn (cng , in th v
tc hn) v vt liu hn (dy dn, que han v bt ph). nh ch hn cn cn
c vo loi lin kt, nhit ban u ca thp, chiu dy ca tm thp. Khi khng c
qui trnh qui nh v ch hn th chn theo kinh nghim, da c im lin kt,
chiu dy bn v ln ca mi hn.
13.6 ng sut v bin dng khi hn thp
Qu trnh hn thng gy ni ng sut trong kt cu v lm thay i hnh dng
ban u ca sn phm. Nm c qui lut ny, ta c th thit k qu trnh cng
ngh, hn thch hp m bo cho ng sut v bin dng khi hn l nh nht.
Ta hy xem xt hin tng xut hin ng sut hn trn hnh 13.31a. Hin tng
ny ging nh t nng chy mt bng di gia tm thp lin, khi nung nng c
di thp b dn di ri chy lng, sau khi hn thp ngui lnh v tr li trng thi n
hi. V vy s co ngn di gia li b cc di bin c nhit thp hn cn tr. Kt
qu l bng gia ti v tr mi hn, xut hin ng sut ko, cn cc th mp li b
nn.
Trn ton tit din, biu ng sut s t cn bng. Theo cc s liu o c
thc nghim th im cao nht ca ng sut ti mi hn t ti gii hn chy.
Khi tc dng lc ko, ton thanh b dn di v bin dng s phn b u trn
ton tit din. V ng sut ca bng gia ti gii hn chy nn trong qu trnh
chu lc s khng tng thm na. cc th ngoi, lc u ng sut nn b gim dn,
sau s chuyn sang ng sut ko v tng dn n gii hn chy, khi ng sut
chy s phn b u trn ton tit din.
Khi ng sut trong thanh t ti gii hn chy th cng ng vi ti trng gii
hn ca thanh. Trng thi chy do li hon ton khng ph thuc vo trng thi ng
sut ban u, nh vy th c th kt lun rng bn ca thanh hon ton khng ph
thuc vo ng sut ban u do hn gy ra. iu ny c thc nghim chng
minh. Tuy nhin, trng thi ni ng sut lm gim min chy do, lm thp chng b
gi, tc l c tnh nng c hc ti hn. i vi cu thp l cng trnh lm vic
nhit thay i, khi nng khi lnh, li chu ti trng trng lp nn rt cn thp c
tnh do cao, v vy vic hn ch ng sut do hn c ngha rt quan trng.

Hnh 13.31: ng sut trong thanh do hn.

Cng c th lp biu ng sut do hn trong thanh thp ch H v I. Phng
php gim ng sut hn c hiu qu hn c l nung nng u thay thp khi hn
lm gim hiu s nhit gia mi hn v thp. Tuy nhin, i vi kt cu cu, do
din tch tm thp ln nn bin php ny khng th thc hin c. Khi ch to kt
cu cu th ch yu nghin cu ch v trnh t hn sao cho cc loi ng sut c
th trit tiu nhau, ng sut d trong thanh do hn nh nht.
V d khi ch to dm thp I hn th qui trnh ch to tt nht l hn ni tt c
cc tm thp to thnh mt tm tng ng hon chnh sau mi hn cc mi
hn gc lin kt tng ng vi cc bn bin.
Cn mi hn do bin dng b co ngt trong qu trnh ngui lnh to nn lc ko
cng mt th, gy mmen un vi trc trung ho ca mi tm, hoc vi tng b
phn. iu chnh cong vnh do bin dng khi hn cng tng t nh khi iu chnh
cong vnh bng nhit (hnh 13.32).
Tu theo hnh dng cong vnh, ta phn ra cong vnh ton b (n tiu biu cho
s sai lch ton thanh, v d bin dng do thanh chu un theo mt hay hai mt
phng, thanh c th bin dng xon v ) v cong vnh cc b trong ch gm sai
lch kch thc tit din ngang.
Nu p dng ch hn c hm lng nhit ln, hoc kch thc mi hn ln
th cng tng bin dng do co ngt mi hn. Nu dng my hn t ng hai que
th c th gim c bin dng do tin hnh hn i xng.
Nhc im cn bn a bin dng do hn l lm sai lch hnh dng gy phin
phc trong khi lp rp cc thanh v c bit khi lin kt thanh vi bn nt. V vy
qui trnh ch to yu cu phi m bo chnh xc, cc sai s phi nm trong phm vi
ca qui trnh.

Hnh 13.32: Cc bin dng do hn
I. Thanh thng b un II. B xon v III. Bn c sn b un phng
IV. Bin dng ng bao ca tit din H V. Bn cnh b cong hnh nm
VI. Bn bin khng song song VII. Tng ng b phnh
VIII. Tit din hnh hp bin dng theo hnh thoi.

Hin nay c hai phng php khng ch bin dng hn. Phng php th nht
da trn c s to bin dng trc khi em hn cng. Khi to bin dng trc, cn
lu chn tr s bin dng sao cho sau khi hn xong, thanh s v tr gn nh mong
mun. V d trnh bin dng ca cnh dm I hn, ta c th to vng ngc ca
cnh theo s trn hnh 13.33.

Hnh 13.33: To vng ngc trc khi hn
Cc thit b to vng ngc thng c ch to v thit k ngay trong qu
trnh ch to v thit k khun g lp. Nu khng c iu kin to vng ngc
trc khi hn th cn nghin cu cc bin php un nn cho ph hp vi yu cu.
Cc phng php un nn trong nh my c th dng c hc, nhit hoc nhit c.
Phng php un nn bng c hc thc cht l tc dng mt ngoi lc cn thit
to cho thp lm vic n giai on chy, gy nn bin dng ngc chiu vi bin
dng do hn. Trn nguyn tc, vic un nn cc cong vnh bng phng php c hc
cng ging nh khi un nn cc loi thp c bn, tc l dng kch cng vi cc thit
b g lp cho thch hp vi tng tit din. V d khc phc cong vnh ca bn
cnh tit din ch I hoc H ta c th dng mt thit b un nn cho php di chuyn
lin tc dc theo chiu di thanh (hnh 13.34).

Hnh 13.34: S nn thp
a/ Nn c hc b/ Nn bng nhit
1. Cc im kch 2. Con ln di ng
Un nn bng nhit cng da trn nhit ca ngn la xy axtilen ging
nh un nn thp c bn.
Phng php nn bng nhit c ch dng khi thanh c cng ln (nu dng
nhit th khng iu chnh hoc rt lu cng). Sau khi nung cho thp mm ra
ri mi dng kch c hc, nh vy s d dng iu chnh c bin dng theo yu
cu.
13.7 Tn inh lin kt cc thanh trong nh my
Khi ch to cc thanh, cc b phn bng inh tn th inh phi c tn trng
thi nng. Thng thng, i vi cng trnh cu, cc inh tn c ch to bng thp
trn m mt u gia cng sn m inh c dng na m cu (hnh 13.35).

Hnh 35: Cu to inh tn
M inh ch to sn gi l m cht, cn m th hai s hnh thnh trong qu
trnh tn chiu di ca thn inh hnh tr to m na hnh cu xc nh gn
ng bng cng thc:
1,12.h + 1,4.d
Vi: h - chiu dy ca bn thp cn tn
d - ng knh thn inh
ng knh inh thng nh hn ng knh l 1mm vi sai s +0,4 v -
0,3mm, c th t lt l inh nung nng vo l. L inh c dung sai +0,5 v -
0,2mm. Trong qu trnh tn nng, di tc dng ca lc nn xung kch inh tn b
chn li, tng ng knh v p cht vo l khoan. Khi ngui, inh co ngn li to
thm lc p gia cc tm thp bn.
Khi chiu dy ca cc bn thp cn tn dy hn 3,5 ln ng knh v nu tn
bng ba tay th rt kh p y l inh. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi ta
thng lm m inh cht c kch thc ln hn mt cht v lm inh c dng hnh
cn. Khi tn, lng thp tha m cht s c p vo l nht y khe h gia l v
thn inh.
Trong nh my, thng dng my p inh tn (hnh 13.36). My tn p gm
hai b phn: b phn c nh m inh cht v phn di ng p to m. B
phn ny di ng theo hng ln xung c l nh gn vo mt tay quay ni vi
mt my p kh. phn c nh cng nh di ng u lp mt khun p m c th
d dng tho lp thay i ty theo kch thc ca m v ng knh inh.
p lc p ln inh khong 500 - 800KN. i vi thp than, sau khi tn p,
thp ca inh vn khng b thay i v kt cu cng nh v tnh cht c l, cng tc
tn p phi kt thc khi nhit vo khong 500 - 600
0
C. Nh vy, khi p dp bng
my th nhit nng inh phi vo khong 650 - 700
0
C (inh c mu ). i vi
inh lm bng thp hp kim thp, nhit nng inh tng thm khong 100 -
110
0
C.
Khi tn bng my p, bn c nh thng t trn, bn di ng di.
Nh vy s thun li cho cng tc t inh v do nng cao nng sut tn p.
S b tr p c th tham kho trn hnh 13.36. My tn p c treo ln mt
cn cu cngson, cn cu c th di chuyn dc theo phn xng tn. Thanh cn tn
t trn gi. Sau khi tn xong mt hng li quay dm tn cc hng tip theo.

Hnh 13.36: Cc thit b v s my tn p inh tn trong nh my
a/ My tn p b/ S p inh c/ Khun m inh
d/ Phng php p dp inh tn bn bin ca dm I c chiu cao ln
1. Cn cu hng 2. Bn m tm.

My p dp inh dng thun tin nht cho cc thanh c tit din ngang hnh
ch T, ch I hoc ch H. Cc loi tit din ny thng ph hp vi kch thc ca
cc my tn thng thng: a = 1 - 2m, b = 0,6 - 0,7m (hnh 13.36a). Trng hp cc
kch thc ny khng ph hp th phi thay i trnh t tn inh.
V d khi dm ch I c chiu cao khng thch hp th c th tn lin kt thp
gc vi bn bin trc, khe h lin kt vi tng ng c m bng mt bn
m. Sau khi ch to xong bn bin mi tn p thp gc bin vi tng ng.
Khi ch to cc tm ca tit din hnh hp th cn nghin cu trnh t c th
tn dng c my tn p. Cn cc inh khng th dng my c th dng ba tn
tay.
Ba tn tay l mt chn ng v p chy bng hi p c s nht p khong
1000 nht/pht vi lc xung kch ca ba t vo u inh b nng chn, cn u
kia c bng mt bn , bn c p cht vo m cht ca inh. Khi tn tp
bn dy qu 3,5 ln ng knh l phng inh khng y l c th dng bn
xung kch. Bn xung kch c th dng ba tn tay nu khng gian c th cho
php tn hai u. Nhng thng dng bn xung kch chuyn dng c kch thc
ngn hn c th ti v tr hp.
Thi gian tn ba bng tay lu hn so vi tn bng my tn p, v vy nhit
nng inh phi vo khong 1000 - 1100
0
C. Khi inh c mu vng da cam. Nu
inh t nng ti nhit sng trng (> 1200
0
C) s b chy en, thn inh b r. Sau
khi ngui. inh s b mt tnh do. Ngc li, nu nng inh khng chn, inh s
khng lp y l.
Kim tra cht lng inh tn, ch yu thng xem cc bn thp c c p
cht hay khng, inh tn c nht y l hay khng. kim tra cht kht vo cc
tm thp bn, c th dng ba nh khong 0,4kg g nh ln m inh, nu u i
din b rung tc l bn p khng cht, cn thay bng inh khc. Cc khuyt tt khc
c kim tra bng mt. Nu c hin tng nghi ng, c th cht mt s inh
kim tra mc y l. Cc khuyt tt nghim trng cn c thay bng inh khc.

Hnh 13.37: S tn tay
1. ng dn hi p 2. Gi 3. u tn to m 4. Ba tn tay

13.8 Cng tc chun b l cho cc mi ni lp rp cng trng
Cc thanh, cc b phn sau khi ch to trong nh my c chuyn n lp rp
ti cng trng. Nu cc mi ni lp rp ti cng trng bng inh tn hoc bulng
cng cao th cn chun b trc cc l trn thanh v trn bn nt trong nh my.
Cng tc to l lp rp l mt vic phc tp v phi m bo chnh xc v v
tr cao. Nu cc l inh khng trng kht s gy kh khn ln cho lp rp. Cn nu
khong cch gia cc chm l sai s dn ti s sai lch hnh dng cng trnh, khng
th khc phc c cng trng.
chun b lin kt cng trng th thng c hai bin php to l. Theo
phng php th nht, cng tc khoan l c tin hnh trn c s kt cu c
lp sn. Cn theo phng php th hai, cc l c khoan theo cc bn g lp sn
(bn mu).
Khi g lp tng th thng lp rp theo tng mt phng ca cng trnh, chng
hn nu l cn gin thp c ng xe chy di th tun t lp rp tng gin mt,
phn xe chy lp lin vi thanh bin di ca gin, k c hai lin kt ngang. Cc lin
kt ngang bn trn lp vi thanh bin trn, cc thanh lin kt cng cu cng lp vi
cc thanh xin u dm. Mi h lin kt ngang lp vi cc thanh ng tng ng ca
gin ch. Tt c cc mt phng u c lp trn mt bng.
Trong qu trnh lp cn m bo chnh xc v cc kch thc hnh hc (k
c vng ngc cn thit) v v tr thit k ca tng thanh theo ng trc ca
thanh v tim nt.
Sau khi lp xong mi tin hnh khoan cc l lp rp. V tr tm l c xc
nh trc bng cch ly du trc tip hoc qua cc bn mu ch to sn. Cng c
th s b to l c ng knh nh vo cc chi tit, cc bn nt. Khi khoan cc l lp
rp thng phi dng khoan tay v khng th b tr c khoan my.
V khoan l theo kt cu c to hnh nn sau ny khi lp tht s khng
xy ra hin tng khng trng l v hnh dng ca cng trnh hon ton ng nh
hnh dng g lp.
nh v tr tm l bng cch ly du trc tip hoc qua bn g u c th gy
sai lch tm l so vi thit k. sai lch ny mang tnh cht ring bit ca tng
bn nt, tng lin kt. V vy khi lp rp cn m bo ng v tr cc thanh, cc bn
nt nh khi lp nh v khoan l, tc l v tr ca cc b phn kt cu trong trng
hp ny khng th thay i c, tuy rng chng c kch thc hnh hc ging nhau.
iu ny yu cu phi nh du cc thanh cc b phn tht chi tit, tht r rng. V
d khi ch to kt cu nhp gin thp th c th nh du cc thanh v cc nt theo
k hiu sau. Cc nt c nh du theo th t ch v s. V d thanh bin trn k
hiu ch T. Thanh bin di k hiu ch H (hnh 13.38), cc gin thng v h lu
cng nh du theo ch T v H. Nh vy c mi thanh c k hiu bng hai nt
u v cui (v d thanh bin H
1
H
2
, thanh xin T
1
H
2
, thanh ng T
2
H
2
).

Hnh 13.38: nh s nt cc thanh.
Theo cch th hai th cc l lp rp c khoan ring theo tng bn nt, tng
thanh. Sau cc thanh c rp ngay ti v tr khng cn bc lp nh v.
m bo chnh xc ca l khoan v khi lp rp cc l gia thanh v bn
ni c th chng kht, v tr l thng c nh v bng cc khun mu, g lp. Nu
l cc bn nt th dng bn mu, cn i vi cc thanh th dng khung mu khng
gian. Bn mu phng thng l mt bn thp gia cng nhn, phng, dy t 10 -
20mm, trn khoan l (hnh 13.39). Da vo l sau ny s khoan vo cc bn
nt hoc thanh. c th s dng cc bn g c nhiu ln, trnh l b mn trong
qu trnh khoan, ngi ta dng mt vng khuyn lm bng thp cng c c gia
nhit. Vng khuyn c gn cht vo l ca bn g.

Hnh 13.39: Bn mu
1. Bn mu 2. Chi tit vng khuyn

Vic phn b chnh xc l trong bn g c th thc hin theo hai phng php.
Phng php th nht c thc hin nh sau:
ng knh ngoi ca vng khuyn c khoan theo bn g chun, l cc bn
g c ch to trn cc my c bit m bo chnh xc cao v kch thc v
khong cch gia cc l inh. Bn g chun thng c dng hnh ch nht, v vy
ch thch hp khoan tng nhm l ring. Trong bn mu dng cho bn nt, bn g
chun c nh v vo bn mu nt theo cc ng trc thanh c vch sn trn
bn c chnh xc cao.
Phng php th hai l khoan l vo bn mu tm trn cc my c chnh
xc cao, hoc theo cc bn g chun. Sau , khi khoan cc bn mu c gn cc
vng khuyn v theo cc ng trc, ta nh v cc bn g chun ln bn mu nt
bng cc mi hn nh. Sau li tho ra dng ch to bn khc. Phng php
th hai so vi phng php th nht mang li hiu qu kinh t hn v mi vng
khuyn cho php c th khoan c 500 l mi b mn.
Trong c hai phng php, gim s lng bn g chun v s bn g nh
hnh, cn tin hnh chun ho vic b tr l inh.
V d cc l inh theo nh hnh ca Lin X c u cch n hau 120mm, cc
ch c khe ni cng nh khong cch qua cc thanh nu c b tr mt bn ngang
gia, cn tt c cc v tr khc u ly 80mm hoc bi s ca 80 (hnh 13.39).
Khun g khng gian (hnh 13.40) thng gm mt cp bn g phng ghp li
dc theo chiu di thanh. Cc bn g ny thng c gn cht vi mt khung to
thnh mt khong rng va ng bng chiu rng ca thanh. Sau , thanh cn
khoan l c a vo khe rng, iu chnh v tr theo chiu ng bng cch m
cc bn mng v dng bulng p cht thanh vi khung g. Sau khi nh v, c th
tin hnh khoan l. V trc l inh nm ngang nn phi dng my khoan tay.
tng nng sut khoan, c th ch dng khun g khng gian khoan mt
s l nh v, sau tho thanh ra, ly ra bn g phng a vo my khoan ng
khoan cc l cn li.

Hnh 13.40: Khun g khng gian
1. u chun 2. Bn mu phng 3. Khung p
4. Khung ngang 5. My khoan 6. Thanh cn khoan 7. Bulng p.
u im ca vic to l theo khun g l c th gim c din tch ch to do
khng cn lp ton kt cu nhp, tng nng sut lao ng v cht lng mi ni lp
rp. Vic m bo tnh nh hnh ca cc thanh v bn nt s tn cng nh du,
xp d kho v chn lc trong qu trnh lp rp.
Khi ch to theo cc khun g lp th cc thanh, cc bn nt c nh du
theo s, k hiu theo loi sn phm cng loi gi l m xut phm. Cc sn phm
phng cng loi c xp thnh tng xp.
Hin nay, vic to l trn c s lp tng th cng trnh ch dng ch to cc
cng trnh c bit, t n t hng, khi gi thnh khung g qa t.
Theo quy trnh ch to, cn tin hnh lp, kim tra kt cu nhp nh hnh sau
khi khoan th mt s l lp rp. Khi lng lp kim tra gm lp hai khoang ca
mt trong cc gin ch, hai khoang b mt cu v lin kt ngang, mt cng cu
v.v
Cht lng ca khun g c nh gi tt nu khi lp kim tra cc l lp rp
chng kht ln nhau. Khi kim tra, ta dng mt con li kim tra c ng knh nh
hn ng knh li chun 0,5mm. Li kim tra phi qua c t nht trn 85% s l
khoan trong nhm.
Nu cc thanh khi lm vic trc tip chu lc nn vo u thanh th s hnh
hc ca thanh c xc nh theo v tr u thanh (trng hp ny xy ra i vi
thp cu treo v cu dy). m bo truyn lc nn tt nht, u cc thanh cn
c a ln my phay phay cho phng mt. Vic phay u thanh chng nhng m
bo chnh xc v v tr mt gi m cn m bo chnh xc v v tr mt gi m
cn m bo chnh xc c chiu di thanh. Ngay c vi cc thanh rt di, sai lch
chiu di cng khng qu 2 - 3mm.

Phn 14
Lp rp kt cu nhp cu thp

Kt cu nhp cu bng thp c th c phn lm nhiu loi l: Kt cu nhp dm
thp v loi kt cu nhp gin thp, cu vm thp, cu quay, cu ct, cu treo. Cng tc
xy dng kt cu nhp cu thp thc cht l vic lp rp cc thanh, cc b phn ca kt
cu nhp cu c ch to sn trong cc nh my, hoc gia cng ngay ti cng trng.
Trong chng ny ch trnh by cc vn lin quan n vic thi cng kt cu nhp cu
dm thp v cu gin thp.
Lp rp cc kt cu nhp cu thp ti cng trng cn tin hnh theo ng thit k t
chc thi cng. Cc kt cu thp dng cho mi dm cu, k c cc b phn lin kt v gia
c phi c cung cp n cng trng b v theo mt th t bo m thc hin c
trnh t lp rp c thng qua. Cng vi vic cung cp cc b phn kt cu nhp dm
cu, nht thit phi c cc ti liu:
- Qui hoch tng th mt bng cng trng thi cng gm: ng di chuyn ca cn
cu, cc cng trnh ph tm phc v thi cng nh nh kho, cc thit b nng h, trm kh
nn, h cung cp in
- Cc s lp rp c nh s cc dm cu, km theo cc danh im cc b phn kt
cu. Cc ch dn qu trnh lin kt cc thanh.
- Cc bn v ch to ca cc b phn kt cu.
- Cc vn bn v thay i trong ch to cc b phn kt cu, cc bn v, cc bn tnh
ton v cc bn ph chun ca ban kim tra nh my.
- Bin bn nghim thu dm cu ca ban kim tra nh my.
- Tin thi cng lp rp, tin v thi gian s dng cc cng c, thit b v cn cu
- S kho tng v phng php t chc b tr trong kho
- Cc bn v thi cng cc cng trnh ph tm nh gin gio, bn sng, cc thit b g
lp thanh
- c im ca cc cn cu lp rp v cc thit b khc
- Bn thuyt minh trong phi c c cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca phng php
lp rp chn, bn tnh v m bo bn v n nh ca kt cu c lp dng v
cc cng trnh h tr.
Mi cng tc chuyn ch, xp kho, lp rp cc b phn ln v cng tc t dm cu
phi c c gii ha ti mc cao nht. Trc khi khi cng vic lp rp, trn cc trc
cn nh du ng tim ch d thy v cc mc cao c xc nh v tr gi cu v
cao gi cu.
Trng hp tin hnh lp rp trn ng st ang khai thc phi theo ng "cc qui
nh m bo an ton on tu vn hnh trong trng hp lm cng tc trn ng" v
"qui tc k thut an ton trong cng tc thi cng lm ng".
V tr bi lp phi ph hp vi bin php thi cng kt cu nhp. Bi lp rp c m
k. Nu thi tit ma gi th trn bi phi ri dm m bo v sing mt bng.
1. Cng tc vn chuyn cc cu kin lp rp
Cc thanh hoc cc b phn cu thp c chuyn n cng trng c th bng xe la,
t, bng tu thu hoc bng cc phng tin hn hp khc.
Khi vn chuyn bng t th kch thc cc thanh thng c chiu di khng qu 20m,
chiu cao khng qu 3m. Cc b phn nh v ngn hn 5m b tr nm ngang gn trong
thng t. Cc thanh di hn th dng rmoc. Cc thanh qu nng th t trn cc
rmoc c ti trng ln v ko bng xe xch.
Nu iu kin vn chuyn bng ng thy thun tin th nn lp ghp thnh cc khi
ln trong nh my, ri dng h phao thuyn v tu ch n v tr, nh vy cng tc lp rp
ti cng trng s n gin hn.
Nu khi lng vn chuyn ln ng thi cng trng li nm gn cc tuyn ng st
th nn t thm mt nhnh ng st ni t tuyn chnh ti cng trng xy dng. Cc
cu kin c vn chuyn v bc d trc tip n cc kho trung tm ga xa la, ri t
ch n kho ca cng trng, hoc n ngay v tr lp rp. Vn chuyn bng xe la th
cc kch thc ti a ca cu kin hn ch nh sau: Chiu cao khng qu 3,4m, rng
khng qu 3m. Trng hp vn chuyn trn ng cong th phi gim chiu rng cc
thanh di.
Trong qu trnh lp rp cn cu s di chuyn cng vi cc cu kin trn mc cu. Do
vy cn b tr sao cho ng ti mt v tr cn cu c th quay c on di nht ti v
tr cn lp rp.
2. Cng tc b tr kho bi.
Kho cn t trn v tr bng phng, khng ngp nc trnh s han g thp, khng nn
xa v tr cu qu 1000m v cng gn ch lp rp cng tt. Cc kho thit k c sc cha
khng nh hn 25% tng khi lng thp v khng t hn mt nhp cu, v tr trung tm
c sc cha trn mt na khi lng cu.
Thng thng c 1m
2
din tch kho k c ng b tr c th cha 5 - 10KN thp
cu dm c v t 6 - 8KN cc thanh cu gin.
Cn phi thc hin tt cc cng tc sau y ti kho cha kt cu kim loi:
- D v phn loi cc b phn a n
- Co g v bn ca cc b phn a n
- Sa cha mi h hng pht hin thy
- Lp cc b phn nh thnh kt cu ln hn v tn inh
- Ghi cc du hiu kim tra trc c vic lp rp dm cu trn bnh din v trc dc.
- Ghi ch buc dy cc b phn lp rp.
Khi tin hnh mi cng tc xp kho u phi c bin php chng lm lp sn ca cc
b phn kt cu b h hi.
Cm qung cc b phn t xe tu xung t. Cm buc dy nng vo cc thanh lin
kt ngang hoc thanh lin kt cho trong cc b phn kt cu.
Khi xp d kho nn dng cc loi cn cu ng st hoc cn cu cng, nu khng c
ng st th dng cn cu t hoc xe xich. Nu kt cu c vn chuyn bng ng
st m cc thanh li c bc d bng cn cu tay quay th kho nn b tr hai bn ng
st. Trong kho b tr hai nhnh ng st, mt nhnh di chuyn cc toa tu cn nhnh
kia di chuyn cn cu.

Hnh 1: S b tr kho bi v ng di chuyn cho cc thit b
Vic sp xp trong kho cn qui hoch v tr cc thanh thp sao cho khi lp rp c th
ly vn chuyn ra vo c thun tin, s ln xo trn v nng h l t nht.
Cc thanh thng ch t mt lp trn cc chng t vt g (t vt cao 20-30m). Khong
cch gia cc g k b tr sao cho cc thanh khng b bin dng d do vng qu ln.
Nu cn t hai lp th sau lp th nht cng g k nh lp th hai. Cc chi tit nh
th t trn sn lt vn, inh tn, bulng, crngen ng trong cc hm.
Nh vy th cc thanh sp xp sao cho cng vic lm sch, s lp c th thc hin ngay
ti kho cha. Vi s b tr kho nh vy th cc thanh cn c t cch nhau khong
trn 1m b tr ng ngi i, cc thanh ch c b tr mt lp v tng i cao (0,7 -
0,8m trn mt t) c th tin hnh gia cng thp bn di. Cc thit b phun ct lm
sch thp lc b tr thnh mt trm di ng trn xe gong. Cch sp xp kho ny i
hi khng b khng ch v din tch mt bng.

Hnh 2: B tr mt bng cng trng
Trng hp a hnh cht hp th nn b tr khu xp kho, khu lm sch, v khu s lp
ring bit theo trnh t t kho sang khu lm sch thp n khu s lp ri n v tr cu.
Cc thanh c th xp chng hai hoc ba lp, khong cch gia cc thanh ch cn 0,25 -
0,3m thc hin buc mc trong qu trinh nng h cc b phn cu kin.
Cc b phn trong kho cn phi c bo qun theo cc yu cu sau y:
- Phi t cc b phn kt cu ln cc thanh m
- Cc b phn kt cu khng c c vng d do trng lng bn thn gy ra.
- Cc b phn kt cu khng c chm t
- Phi t cc b phn nh ln trn sn g v xp theo s hng
Trong kho phi b tr cc b phn kt cu theo th t lp rp v thun li cho vic
kim tra:
- Xem cc b phn c b khng
- Xem trn cc b phn c du nghim thu ca ban KCS nh my khng
- Xem cc b phn kt cu c h hng g khng
Cc du s hng ca cc b phn phi t quay v hng d nhn thy.
Phi sa cha v kim tra li cc b phn kt cu c h hng nh. Trong trng hp
ny, cho php un ngui cc phn b cong nh. Cc phn b cong nng phi un thng
bng cch t nng. Nhit t nng ly theo qui nh. Nu cc b phn quan trng b
h hng nng th phi gia c hoc thay mi. Phng php gia c phi c c quan thit
k v kin thit c bn tho thun.
Trc khi a b phn kt cu ra lp rp phi dng my phun ct, bn chi in hoc
bn co co sn, r bn cho sch khi cc b mt s p dng cc mi ni cng nh cc
b mt di cc thanh ging, thanh m p ln.
3. Cng tc lp rp.
Trc khi vn chuyn n v tr lp rp, cc thanh thp, cc chi tit v cc b phn cn
c kim tra mc g, bn, cong vnh v cn c lm sch, iu chnh. Cng tc ny
gi l cng tc chun b. Chun b tt s y mnh tc xy dng, to iu kin thun
li v an ton lp rp.
C th lm sch g bng my phun ct, bng n hi hay bn chi st. Dng my mi
hi hoc in kh cc bavia quanh cc l inh tn. Trong qu trinh vn chuyn, xp
kho cc thanh b cong vnh cng cn c un nn bng c hoc nhit.
Cc cn cu s dng trong qu trinh vn chuyn nng h cc cu kin nn s c s
dng trit , gim khi lng lp rp ti v tr cu. Cc thanh v cc b phn chi tit
nn tin hnh s lp thnh cc khi ln nht m cn cu lp rp c th m nhim. Mc
s lp cn c cc c quan thit k lp rp qui nh. Cc mi ni trong giai on s
lp c th dng hn hoc inh tn. Sau khi nghim thu cn c sn lt. Khu vc s lp
trong nh my cn b tr trn bi bng. Cc b phn s lp c k trn gi cao khong
0,7-0,8m.
Khi tin hnh lp rp cn tun theo cc qui nh sau:
- Phi tin hnh cng tc lp rp ng theo s lp rp v qui tc k thut k c cc
qui nh v trnh t t v c nh cc b phn kt cu.
- Trong trng hp c cc b phn kt cu ca dm khng th thay i v tr cho nhau
c th phi t cc b phn theo ng h thng nh s hng ca nh my.
- Khi lp cc b phn ca dn ch v h mt cu phi lp mt s lng cc thanh lin
kt chng gi m bo n nh ca phn dm cu lp.
- Trng hp t dm cu trn gio v tr khung gian phi qui nh ni t b ta
v cc kch loi tr cc h hng cc b c th xy ra trong kt cu ang lp
- Vic t cc b phn ghp vo nhau sao cho trng l tn inh c tm quan trng nht
nh nn cm tho dy buc cc b phn ra khi mc ca cn trc trc khi t y s
lng cc li hay bulng cn thit c nh cc b phn , cng nh trc khi dng
inh li by cho trng cc l inh tn khi chng khng trng nhau.
- Khi lp dm cu trn gio, ti cc mi ni phi t t nht mt s lng li v
bulng bng 33% tng s lng l tn inh ca mi ni v trong c 2/3 l li v 1/3 l
bulng.
- Phi ch to cc li bng thp c ng knh tiu chun s hiu CT5, nu khng c
thp ng knh tiu chun th phi dng thp tin. ng knh ca li phi nh di
ng knh qui nh ca l inh l 0,2mm cn chiu di ca phn thn tr phi ln hn b
dy ca tp bn thp s ghp. Sc chu cho php ca li cng tnh nh sc chu cho php
ca inh tn lp rp.
- Trong n thit k thi cng phi qui nh cch b tr v phng php t cc kch
u. Lc nng ca kch phi vt t nht l 25% trng lng ca phn phi nng hoc
trng lng ca ca ton b dm cu. trnh cho dm cu hoc cc kt cu n (
gio, tr tm) khi chu ti trng qu mc, phi b tr thm cc p lc k kim tra cc
kch.
- Khi dng kch nng h dm cu, ch cho php kch lm vic ng thi hai im
trn mt tr. Trong lc phi kim tra n nh ca dm cu khi b tc ng ca lc
ngang sinh ra bi kch nng nghing ti 0,01 v ca lc gi.
- Phi dng lp m bng g dn mng gia kch v phn st thp tip gip truyn
lc cho u v trnh trn trt. Khng nn dng cc thanh m bng tm g dy trnh
cho kch cho kch khi nng xin khi g b bp.
- Trong thi gian lm vic cho php kch u nghing khng qu 0,005 v phn pttng
thi ra nhiu nht khng qu 2cm mi c php khng, cha cn t vng bo him,
king hoc m g an ton.
Trong thi gian lp rp dm cu, i vi mi ca lm vic phi ghi nht k cng tc lp
rp. Tin hnh c h thng cng tc kim tra lp rp dm cu ngay t lc mi khi cng.
Cng tc kim tra ny gm vic kim tra chnh xc ca cc l lp rp v kim tra bng
trc c v tr dm cu trn mt bng v trc dc. Khi ghp tng b phn phi kim tra
chnh xc ca cc l v sau khi lp rp tng khoang mi tin hnh trc dc.
Sai s v v tr ca dm cu trn mt bng v trc din so vi s liu thit k khng
c vt qu cc tr s qui nh trong bng sau:
Sai s cho php khi lp rp dm cu
(bng 43 tiu chun k thut thi cng v nghim thu cu cng)
Tn cc sai s
Tr s sai s
(sai s cho php)
- Sai s v ng tim ca b phn kt cu c chiu di l so vi
ng thng ni hai u ( cong vnh lc)
a - i vi cc b phn kt cu dm ch v dm mt cu
b- i vi cc b phn lin kt

0,001l
0,0015l
- phng ca bn bng dm c c chiu cao h 0,003 h
- Hiu s (v hng ngang) cao gia cc tip im ca gin
ch sau khi t ln tr vi khong cch gia hai gin l b:
a- Tip im ti ch ta
b- Cc tit im i xng trong mt gin hoc gia cc gin
vi nhau.

0,001b

0,002b
- Sai s trn mt bng ca cc tit im gin ch so vi tim m
cu khi khu l L

0,002L
- Sai s ca cc thanh ng gin ch c chiu cao H so vi
ng thng ng theo hng ngang

0,0015H
- Sai s ca cc tit im gin ch trn mt bng so vi ng
thng ni 2 tit im k bn

5mm
- Sai s tung vng ch to sau khi t dm cu ln cc
tr (c tnh n vng n hi do trng lng bn thn dm
cu gy ra):
a- i vi cc tung 50mm v nh hn
b- i vi cc tung ln hn 50mm

4mm
Tn cc sai s
Tr s sai s
(sai s cho php)
8%
- Sai s v tr b gi trn mt bng 10mm
- chnh lch theo chiu ngang tim cu ca b gi cu
lp so vi c ly ca tim 2 gi.

0,002
Ch thch: Ch cho php c sai s trong gii hn sai s cho php qui nh i vi
cc tung vng cu to vi iu kin c t cc t vt cu tiu chun khc ngm ln
nht l 3cm.
Phi loi tr cc sai s vt qu sai s cho php nh.
4. Cng tc tn inh v bt bulng.
Bulng lp rp dng loi ch th c ng knh b hn l inh tn 1mm v chiu di
tng ng vi b dy ca tp bn thp s ghp. Khng cho php dng crngen vi s
lng qu 4 ci v b dy tng cng qu 40mm.
Sau khi phn dm cu lp rp hnh thnh mt h thng cng c nghim thu v
lm bin bn th c th bt u cng tc tn inh.
Cc l lp inh tn v bulng tin ti cc mi ni phi p ng c cc yu cu ra
trong bng sau:
Sai s cho php v ng knh l so vi ng knh thit k
(Bng 41 Tiu chun k thut thi cng v nghim thu cu cng)
ng knh l ng knh l thit k
inh tn Bulng
20 23 26 29 20 22 24 27 30
ng knh ln nht
cho php
20,5 23,5 26,6 29,7 20,3 22,3 24,3 27,3 30,3
ng knh cho
php nh nht
19,8 22,8 25,7 28,8 20 22 24 27 30
Ghi ch: bu dc ca cc l cho php nm trong gii hn sai s cho php cng v
tr vi ng knh cc l.
Ngoi ra, so vi tng s l inh mt mi ni cho php:
a). Khng qu 10% l c d n 1mm
b). Khng qu 20% l b lch hng trc (khng ng tm) n 2% b dy ca tp bn
thp ghp nhng khng lch qu 2mm.
Tng cc l d v lch hng trc 1 mi ni khng c vt qu 25% tng s inh
tnh ton mi ni v khng vt qu 50% tng s inh trong mi mt ct ngang.
Cc l khng p ng c nhng yu cu ni trn, phi c khoan rng cho ti
ng knh to hn mt cp (bng 43 - TCKT nghim thu cu cng) nu c cn c tnh
ton. Khng cho php hn sa cha cc l h hng.
Khi bt bulng cc mi ni tn inh, s lng bulng phi m bo ghp cht
cc inh tn c cht lng tt. Khe h gia 2 phn ghp li khng lt bn thp 0,3m.
Khi tn inh cc tm bn thp dy qu 3,5 ln ng knh ca l, phi dng loi inh
tn thn vut hnh chp tn bng hai ba tn hi p, hoc nt ba tn hi p v mt e
xung kch. Ch cho php tn inh cc tm bn thp c b dy hn 5 ln ng knh l
hoc khng nhiu hn 8 bn vi ng knh l 23mm hay ln hn, v nhiu hn 8 bn vi
ng knh l 26mm khi c nhng quy nh ring trong n thit k.
u tin phi tn inh vo cc l khng t li v bulng, sau vo l c li v sau cng
vo l c bulng. Vic rt cht li v bulng ra khi l phi tin hnh tun t theo s cn
thit ca vic tn inh. S lng inh tn v li phi lun lun t nht bng s lng li
tnh ton.
Trc khi tn inh phi co sch mp l khi bn r v g sch vy nung khi inh tn.
Phi nung cc inh tn vi mu sng (nhit 1000-1100 ). Vic tn m inh phi
lm sao nhanh kp khi xong m inh hy cn mu xm.
Cc bulng tinh ch dng lin kt c nh trong cc kt cu ghp ch c th c
ng knh nh thua ng knh l khng qu 0,3mm. S lng crngen trong cc
bulng ny theo qui nh:
- Nhiu nht l 2 v t nht l 1 nu t di c bulng (cu).
- Nhiu nht l 1 nu t di u bulng.
Khi dng bulng tinh ch mun bulng khng b lng cn t cc crngen n tnh
hoc cc c m.
5. Cc phng php lp rp cu thp trn gin gio
Phng n lp rp cu thp c chn cn c vo cu to c th ca tng loi cu, kch
thc v trng lng cc khi lp rp, cc iu kin a hnh, a cht, thy vn v vn
t chc xy dng chng, mi phng n u th hin r cc ch tiu kinh t k thut c
th.Vic lp rp kt cu nhp cu thp trn gin gio ch p dng trong iu kin cu
khng cao, iu kin a cht thun li cho vic lp t h gin gio, mt bng thi cng
khng gian lp rp cc cu kin. Nu cc kt cu cng trnh chuyn n cng
trng di dng cc thanh, cc b phn ring bit th c th tin hnh lp rp thnh nhp
ngay ti v tr cu hoc bn ngoi v tr cu cn xy dng sau mi chuyn n t ln
m. Lp rp cu ngay ti v tr nhp ch thc hin sau khi hon thnh m tr nn i
khi ko di thi gian thi cng nhng li hn ch c chi ph cho cc cng trnh tm v
thit b lm ng ln, ng trt v t kt cu nhp vo v tr. Lp rp kt cu nhp
ngoi v tr cu c th tin hnh song song vi vic xy dng cu, nhng trong mt s
trng hp gi thnh xy dng c cao hn lp cu ti v tr nhp.
Trnh t thi cng lp rp kt cu nhp cu thp trn gin gio bao gm: xy dng
gin gio, lp cn cu, lp t v lin kt cc thanh, cc b phn kt cu nhp, h nhp
xung gi, tho d cn cu v gin gio.
Tu theo iu kin a hnh, a cht m chn loi gin gio chmo ph hp. Nu a
cht cho php th c th dng mng cc, trong c th dng cc g, cc BTCT, cc thp
hoc cc ng, cc loi cc lm mng nn chn cng loi vi cc ca mng cu chnh
hoc cc loi cc thp c th ti s dng. Vi cc sng khng cho php ng cc th c
th ln cc loi mng tm nh mng bng r , ci ... Gin gio hay c s dng
hin nay l cc loi thp hnh nh: thp I cc loi, thanh vn nng, YIKM, MIK, hoc cc
dm qun dng H8, H10...
Nu lp rp cu bng cn cu di chuyn trn kt cu nhp th c th cu to gin gio
ch gm cc tr tm t di cc nt gin, khng cn h dm dc v vn lt.
Nu iu kin a cht, thy vn khng tt, chiu cao cu qu ln, vic xy dng tr
gin gio phc tp th nn dng t tr v thay bng h dm dc, vn lt. Khi nhp di
11m th nn dng dm dc bng cc thp hnh ch I. Cc dm dc I thng c ni lin
tc vi nhau bng bn ni v lin kt bng bulng. Dm dc ni lin tc m bo
truyn ton b lc ngang ln m tr chnh, cn nhp ln hn th nn dng gin lm bng
cc thanh vn nng hoc cc dm qun dng nh H10, H15... (nhp lc c th dng
n 20 - 24m).
S lng dm dc v s sp xp theo phng ngang cn cn c vo chiu rng cu,
chiu rng bnh cu lp rp v chiu rng ng ray ch hng, thng thng cn cu lp
dm di chuyn ngang trn dm thp va lp xong. Chiu cao t mt vn gin gio n y
di phi b tr t vt v kch iu chnh vng ngc v lin kt bn nt.
C hai phng php lp cu thp trn gin gio l lp theo nhp v lp theo on. Lp
theo nhp l lp cc thanh bin di dm mt cu, cc thanh lin kt di trn ton nhp,
sau mi lp cc thanh ng, thanh xin, v cc thanh bin trn. Cng c th lp phn
di thnh mt h cng ri ko dc trn cc tr gin gio, sau lp phn trn. Lp theo
on l lp khc no xong khc y. Thng thng mi khc l mt khoang gin
nhanh chng to thnh mt t khng bin hnh.
Hnh v
Vic tn inh hoc xit bulng cng cao c thc hin sau khi iu chnh
chnh xc v tr ton nhp hoc ton on. Nu vic tn inh hoc xit bulng c tin
hnh song song vi cng tc lp rp, do c th gim c thi gian, tuy nhin khi
rt kh m bo chnh xc, vng ngc ca cu.
Ngoi hai phng php trn cn c th dng phng php lin hp. Phng php ny
dng hai cn cu, mt cn cu lm nhim v lp phn di, cn cu kia lp phn trn, lp
c on no iu chnh ngay v tr v cao nt gin, ng thi tn inh hoc xit
bulng lin kt lun on . Nh tc lp rp nng cao. Trnh t lp rp thng lp
t u ny sang u kia.
Trong qu trnh lp rp cu lun kim tra v tr cc thanh trn mt bng v trn trc
dc. iu chnh v tr cu trn trc dc m bo ng vng ngc, ta dng kch du
t di cc nt gin. Khi cc nt ca gin ch c k trn chng n g cao khong
0,7 n 0,8m c th xung di lp t inh tn hoc xit bulng cng cao. Khi
kch iu chnh vng ngc ta dng thm cc nm chn v nn dng phng php kch
h ng thi cng phi hp iu chnh ng v ngang.
Lp rp trn gin gio thng c thc hin bng cn cu t hoc cn cu xch, t
khi dng cn cu cng v vic b tr ng i cho cn cu cng yu cu lm gin gio
rng. Sau khi lp rp, tn inh hoc xit bulng xong ta tin hnh h dm xung gi bng
cch t kch hai u dm ngang u dm. Thng trn mi dm ngang t hai kch.
Sc nng ca kch tnh theo trng lng nhp cu sau tng thm 1,5 ln. Kt cu nhp
c h thnh nhiu t theo thit k ring. Khi h di cc nt gin, trn mt tr phi
t cc chng n v nm bo v, khong cch gia nm v nt gin khng vt qu 2-
3cm. Trc ht h cu xung gi c nh sau n gi di ng. V tr v nghing ca
con ln phi xc nh theo nhit h cu trng thi nhit trung bnh hng nm
con ln v tr thng ng. Lp rp cu thp trn gin gio n gin v m bo c
chnh xc, nhng vic xy dng gin gio tn nhiu vt liu v cng sc, v vy lp rp
trn gin gio ch c ng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
a). Lp kt cu nhp gn bi sng, sau lao ra v tr, nh vy gin gio c s
dng li nhiu ln
b). Lp rp cu trn gin gio ri dng on lp trn gin gio lm i trng cho
vic lp hng nhp tip theo.
c). Lp kt cu nhp c lin kt hn ngoi cng trng. c th hn ni kt cu nhp
th v tr mi ni buc phi nm trn gin gio c hoc tr tm m bo mi hn
hon ton khng lm vic trong qu trnh thc hin lin kt.
Trong qu trnh lp rp, ty theo tnh hnh c th ti cng trnh, ty theo trang thit b
v phng php lp rp cc thanh cc b phn cng trnh c th c vn chuyn trn cc
xe gong t trn ng ray, trn xe t, hoc trn phao thuyn
Trnh t lp t cc thanh ph thuc vo loi kt cu nhp v cch b tr mi ni. Nu
kt cu nhp l cu dm c th c th lp rp tng on dm ch sau mi lp h lin
kt ngang, dc hoc c th lp rp tng khi dm trong gm mt s dm ch ghp
sn vi h lin kt dc v ngang. Lp rp theo phng php ny thng yu cu cn cu
c sc nng ln.
Kt cu nhp cu gin thng lp ring tng thanh theo hai nguyn tc:
- Nhanh chng to thnh h khng bin hnh (to thnh cc tam gic khp kn)
- Trong phm vi mt khoang th cc thanh di lp trc, cc thanh trn lp sau,
ng thi lu cc thanh lp trc khng cn tr vic lp thanh sau.
Trong qu trnh lp rp trnh t thc hin cc lin kt (tn inh hoc xit bulng) ph
thuc vo loi gin gio treo. Nu dng gin gio c nh treo vo kt cu nhp th
khoang ang lp rp khng th c gin gio treo. Ton b cng tc lp rp trong giai on
ny do th lp dm m nhim. Nhim v ca ht lp dm l a u thanh vo nt,
chnh cho trng cc l g lp, lp s lng con li v bulng ti thiu cn thit (nu l
mi ni tn inh) hoc mt s bulng cng cao.
Cng vic lin kt tip theo s rt kh khn nu khng c gin gio cng tc, v vy
trong khi lp rp khoang th hai, tc l khoang k ngay khoang ang lp, th tin hnh
lp gin gio. Cc gin gio ny thng lm bng g treo trc tip ln thanh bin, cng
tc ny thng do th mc m nhim.
khoang th ba khi gin gio treo lm xong th th tn lp thc hin tn inh hoc
xit bulng cng c cao cho lc, thay con li v bulng lp rp, hon tt cng tc
lin kt bn nt.
Nu dng gin gio di ng th cng tc lin kt bn nt c tin hnh hai khoang,
khoang ang lp v khoang k . Tt nht l dng loi gin gio treo ph kn c hai
khoang. Khi vic lp rp c tin hnh ngay trn gin gio khng cn th lp rp
chuyn lm vic trn cao. trng lng gin gio treo khng qu ln th ch s dng khi
khoang gin khng qu di. Nu cu c khoang qu di th ch dng kt cu gin gio nh
cho php lm vic trong phm vi mt nt, cn cng tc lp rp vn phi dng th lp trn
cao nh trng hp dng gin gio c nh.

Chng 15-1

Cc phng php lao dc v lao ngang cu thp

Gii thiu chung
Trong mt s trng hp cu c lp rp hon chnh ngoi, sau mi dng cc bin
php lao cu t kt cu nhp vo v tr thit k. Cc bin php lao cu nh vy c dng
trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi cn gim thi gian xy dng cu, trong vic xy dng m tr v lp rp kt cu
nhp tin hnh song song. Khi m tr chu lc lp t ngay kt cu nhp vo v tr.
- Khi cn thay nhp cu c bng nhp mi (i hi thi gian phong to t nht).
- Khi mt giao thng ng thu ln khng cho php xy dng cc cng trnh ph
lng sng lp rp kt cu nhp ta v tr thit k.
- Khi gi thnh cc cng trnh ph tm phc v cho vic lp ti ch t hn phng n lao
cu.
Phng php lao cu c s dng ph bin trong thi cng cu thp (lao ko dc, lao ko
ngang), cu btng (phng php c y). Ni chung, phng php thi cng ny c mt s
c im sau:
- M rng din thi cng, va c th xy dng m, tr v lp kt cu nhp, do y nhanh
tin thi cng.
- Khi lao dc ta lp kt cu nhp trn nn ng u cu nn thun tin cho vic chuyn
ch lp rp, d c iu kin m bo k thut.
- Khi kt cu nhp v tr c hng ln nht c mt s thanh c ng sut v bin dng ln
cn phi tng cng, c mt ct c ng sut ln, vng u hng ln phi khc phc lm
tn thm kinh ph v thi gian.
lp t kt cu nhp ch to nm vo v tr cu c th dng cn cu, dng phng
php lao dc, lao ngang trn cc ng ln, ng trt t trn cc tr chnh, tr tm c th
dng phao, x lan ch kt cu nhp ti v tr ri lp t trn m tr, hoc c th chn phng
n hn hp.
15.1.1. cc gii php k thut v cng trnh ph tm uc dng
trong Phng php lao dc v lao ngang kt cu nhp cu thp.
15.1.1.1. Ni dung v phm vi p dng
Phng php lao dc c p dng khi kt cu nhp c lp rp trc trn nn ng dn
vo cu. Sau khi m tr cng chu lc ta ko cu dc theo tuyn a vo v tr thit k
m khong cn chuyn ngang. Phng php lao dc thng c p dng xy dng cc cu
mi.
Trng hp cn thay cu c, gim thi gian phong to n mc ti thiu, kt cu nhp
cu mi c lp rp trn nn ng p cnh tuyn ng vo cu, sau khi lp xong ko cu
dc trn cc tr tm ra v tr song song vi cu c. Khi mi phong to, t chc ko ngang
kt cu nhp cu c ra ngoi, ko ngang nhp cu mi vo v tr.

Hnh 15.1.1. S lao ko dc v v ngang cu
1. Gin cao thit k
2. Gin cao lao cu
Khi lao dc, kt cu nhp c th lp t trn nn ng cao, cao ng bng cao thit
k nh m tr, nh vy nn ng ch p bng cao m m tr, cn tng nh ca m v
t nn ng cn li s c b sung ng cao sau khi lao dm. Nh vy khi lao, dm s
k ngay trn m tr, trnh c cng tc k kch v h dm xung gi nu ta lp v ko dm
trn nn ng p cao .
15.1.1.2. Cc gii php k thut
Cng tng t nh lp hng khi lao dc c th lao trc tip trn cc tr chnh (hnh
15.1.2a). Bin php ny thng c dng co cc cu nhiu nhp c ni lin tc lm i
trng cho nhp hng. Nhng khi lao hng c nhp th vng u hng thng qu ln, ng
sut cc thanh chu lc c th qu ti. khc ph hin tng ny c th p dng mt s
bn php sau:
- Bin php th nht dng mi dn kt hp vi m rng tr. Mi dn l mt kt cu nh
ni di kt cu nhp v pha trc gim ni lc v vng khi lao ko dc cu. gim
chiu di nhp hng th c th m rng tr lm cho mi dn sm k ln tr, lm thnh s
dm k trn hai gi ta lm gim m men ti u ngm.
- Bin php th hai c hiu qu ln trong vic gim bin dng v ng sut trong kt cu
nhp ng thi tng an ton chng lt l ng thm tr tm. S lng v v tr tr tm c
xc nh t iu kin m bo n nh, bn, vng ca kt cu nhp trong qu trnh
lao lp. Phng php lao dc trn tr tm c dng ph bin trong cc cu nhiu nhp v c
bit trong cu mt nhp khi khng c iu kin ni lin tc. Tr tm c th l tr c nh, tr
di ng hoc tr ni. Khong cch gia cc tr tm vi m tr chnh v khong cch gia cc
tr tm xc nh t iu kin n nh chng lt ca kt cu nhp c cn nhc n ng sut bin
dng ca cc thanh chu lc un ln nht. Phng php ny c p dng cho kt cu nhp
gin n mt nhp v c nhng cu nhiu nhp khi lao ni vi nhau, iu kin n nh
chng lt c m bo nhng ng sut, bin dng trong thanh qu ln hoc vng u
hng qu ln.
Trng hp tr tm di ng trn gio ch dng loi tr tm ny trong iu kin lm
gio d dng v khng lm tng kinh ph xy dng cu. Tr tm c nh l loi c s dng
nhiu nht. Tr tm trn phao ni c dng khi sng su lm tr tm c nh kh khn. Cng
nh tr tm di ng trong qu trnh lao cu tr gn lin vi kt cu nhp v di ng cng kt
cu nhp, n v tr bm nc vo phao h kt cu nhp xung gi.
- Bin php th ba trng hp gp cc sng su, nc chy xit, vic lm tr tm gp kh
khn hoc qu t tin th c th dng bin php tng cng kt cu nhp c mi dn bng
mt dy cng (hnh 15.1.2c). Mt u dy cng c neo vo u hng, mt u neo vo im
neo nm ti nhp sau. tng hiu qu dy cng c vt qua mt ct chng b tr trong
khong v tr ngm. C th dng kch thay i cao ca ct, hoc dng tng thay i
di ca dy iu chnh ni lc v bin dng trong dm cng cho ph hp vi iu kin
lao lp.
Vi cc cu lin tc nhiu nhp hoc cu gin n nhiu nhp c tm thi ni lin li
c th lao dc khng cn tr tm. Trong trng hp ny nu cc thanh gin c ni lc v bin
dng hoc mt ct st gi phn hng ca dm c ng sut qu ln th phi tng cng thanh
hay mt ct. Vi cu dm th cn phi kim tra n nh cc b ca bn bng. C th gim ni
lc cc thanh v mt ct, ng thi gim vng u hng bng khung chng v dy
vng, cng c th dng mi dn. Mi dn c lp pha trc kt cu nhp, n phi m bo
cng v c trng lng mt mt di nh hn ng k so vi kt cu nhp. i vi mt
nhp chiu di mi dn thng ly bng 0.6 n 0.8 chiu di nhp, i vi kt cu nhp lin
tc chiu di ny thng t 0.25 n 0.5 chiu di mt nhp.
Trong thc t khi lao cu thng cn kt hp c cc bin php trn nh va c tr tm va
c thm mi dn, cng c th cn m rng tr hoc pha trc m n kt cu nhp sm
hn nhm gim ng sut v bin dng trong cc thanh bt li v mt ct bt li.

Hnh 15.1.2. Cc bin php lao ko dc cu
a. Lao dc khng cn tr tm
b. Lao dc trn tr tm
c. Tng cng kt cu nhp khi lao
d. Lao cu trn xe gong
Trong mt s trng hp c bit cng c th lao dc kt cu nhp cu thp bng gong
chy trn nn ng v trn gin gio c. Nhng v vic xy dng gin gio c rt phc tp
v tn km nn phng php ny ch c p dng trong cc trng hp rt c bit, v d v
l do no m kt cu nhp buc phi lp rp kh xa v tr cu hoc khi lm mt cu mi k
ngay vi cu c, khi li dng cu c lm gin gio. Sau khi ko dc trn cu c li ko
ngang vo ng v tr thit k cu mi.
15.1.1.3. Cu to ng ln
Trong qu trnh lao dc hoc lao ngang, kt cu nhp c ko trn mt h ng trt
hoc ng ln. Tu theo trng lng v s cu to ca kt cu nhp m thit k h ng
trt, ng ln thch hp.
ng ln: thng lm bng g hoc ray v b tr theo ba kiu sau:
- ng ln trn v di u lin tc. Tc l ng ln trn b tr chy di sut di y
vt. ng ln di bc chy sut qung ng ko vt ia qua, con ln c ri u di y
vt nng.
- ng ln trn lin tc, ng ln di gin on
- ng ln trn gin on, ng ln di lin tc.
Nu kt cu nhp l cu dm c th c th dng h trt hoc gi ln. Cc gi trt hoc
gi ln c b tr c nh trn nn ng v trn cc tr chnh, tr tm m kt cu nhp s
ko ra. i vi cc cu dm c nhp nh th cc gi trt c th ch gm mt thanh ray hoc
mt dm I c bi m gim ma st (hnh 15.1.3c).

Hnh 15.1.3. S lao ko dc trn cc gi trt, gi ln
a. Lao dc trn cc gi trt b. Lao dc trn cc gi ln
c. Cu to gi trt d. Cu to gi ln
Hin nay, ngi ta ang nghin cu p dng lao cu trt trn cc tm m bng cht do.
Cc tm m bng cht do c ma st nh, chu lc tt khi ko li rt m nn c dng
ko cho c cu nh v cu ln.
i vi cc cu nhp ln, gim ma st lc ko cu v lc ngang tc dng ln tr th c
th dng cc gi ln (hnh 15.1.3d). Gi ln gm cc ng rng hnh tr quay quanh cc trc c
nh gn vo mt h gi xoay t do.
S lng ng rng v ln ca ca trc c xc nh theo tr s phn lc ln nht tc
dng ln cc gi ln. Kh nng chu lc ca mt ng rng ng knh 60mm ti 250mm
khong 150KN.
c im ca h gi trt (ln) l chim din tch b tr rt nh trn cc tr chnh hoc tr
tm, ng thi qu trnh lao ko cng n gin hn, nhng cc gi trt (ln) s tip xc v
do tc dng lc ln sut chiu di y dm trong qu trnh ko, v vy thng khng p
dng c cho cc cu gin thp thng thng (khng c bin di cng). khc phc cng
c th b tr h ng ln (trt) di h dm dc mt cu (hnh 15.1.4) nu h dm mt cu
chu lc. Tuy nhin khi cn ch rng n nh chng lt ngang s km hn do
khong cch gia cc im k hp hn v ln n hi ca gi k ln hn (dm ngang v
dm dc cng bin ng trong qu trnh lao).

Hnh 15.1.4. Lao ko cu gin thp trn h dm dc mt cu
trnh cc thanh bin di ca gin khi chu un trong qu trnh lao thng dng
phng php ko dc trn cc con ln. Trong ng ln di thng thng b tr lin tc
trn nn ng, ng ln trn b tr gin on v tp trung ti nt gin to thnh cc bn ln
(hnh 15.1.5).

Hnh 15.1.5. S lao dc cu gin thp trn con ln
Bn ln thng c lm bng cc on ray lin kt ci nt gin qua cc on g ngn v
bu lng. Cc thanh ray ca bn ln trn thng c un cong hai u mt ln trn d lp
con ln v gim lc xung kch khi con ln ra khi bn. S lng ray bn ln trn c xc
nh theo tr s phn lc ln nht khi lao nhng thng c s lng t hn ng di mt
thanh cc nh ray trn v di tip xc qua cc khe h, nh vy phn lc truyn ln trn
cc ray s u hn, khi ko cu s m hn do c s n hi ca cc con ln chu un (hnh
15.1.5). Con ln: C th lm bng g cng, thp trn c hoc trn rng bn trong btng.
ng knh con ln thng l 10cm tr ln. Con ln phi c di th ra ngoi hai mp
ng ln di t nht mi bn 15-20cm.
ng ln di c s lng ray ln hn ng ln trn mt chic c t ln cc t vt k
trc tip trn nn ng hoc trn trc chnh, tr tm. S lng con ln c xc nh theo ni
lc ln nht khi dm c hng ln nht trong qu trnh lao.
m bo phn lc ca con ln ch tc dng vo tim gin, trnh cho bin di ca gin
ch chu un khi ko qua tr ( chnh hoc tm) th chiu di ng ln di trn cc tr (chnh
hoc tm) phi ln hn chiu di khoang gin t nht 1.25 ln, do trn tr bao gi cng c
t nht mt bn ln trn. Nh vy thng bt buc phi m rng cc tr chnh. Trong trng
hp cn c tr tm th chiu rng mt trn ca tr tm t nht cng phi ln hn 1.25 ln chiu
di khoang gin. ng ln trn gn vi thanh bin di b tr gin on v ch b tr di cc
tit im dn trnh cho thanh bin di khng chu un, ng ln gin on di cc mt
dn c gi l bn trt hay thuyn trt. Thuyn trt thng c lm bng cc on ray
un cong hai u v lin kt vi nt dn bi cc on g vung v bulng. S lng ray
thuyn trt xc nh theo p lc ln nht trong qu trnh lao. ng ln di c s lng ray
ln hn thuyn trt mt ray, cc thanh ny t ln t vt g v lin kt vi t vt bng inh
Crmpon. T vt g t trc tip trn nn ng hoc trn nh tr. S lng con ln xc nh
theo p lc ln nht xut hin trong qu trnh lao.
Con ln thng lm bng thp trn c hoc rng, rng trong btng. ng knh cc
con ln thng chn t 60-140mm. Trong qu trnh ln, con ln c th b nghing, lch lm
chch hng lao, khi cn phi chnh li con ln bng cch dng ba nh vo u con ln,
v vy khong cch tnh gia cc con ln khng c nh hn 10cm n 15cm c ch nh
ba. T c th xc nh c chiu di ca ng ln trn b tr s con ln cn thit
cho mi nt gin, v xc nh m rng tr cn thit. Chiu di con ln thng ly ln hn
chiu di rng ng ln 20-30cm.
15.1.1.4. Cu to tr tm
Tr tm phi c cng chu lc ko cu truyn qua cc con ln, ng thi theo
chiu dc cu tr tm phi c rng b tr s lng con ln cn thit khi tr tm
chu p lc thng ng ln nht trong giai on lao cu.
Trong qu trnh ko cu nu dng tr tm (hnh 15.1.6) tng n nh, gim ni lc v
bin dng ca kt cu nhp th tr tm cn c chiu rng 1.25d (d l chiu di ca khoang
gin) v cng chu lc ko cu truyn qua cc con ln. V vy, kt cu cc tr tm
thng c thit k bng cc thanh vn nng. H ng ln trn nh tr tm c t trn h
dm dc qua cc t vt g. H ng ln trn nh tr tm c t trn h dm dc qua cc t
vt g. H dm dc v dm ngang trn nh tr tm m bo truyn phn lc thng ng ln
cc nt chu lc ca tr. Trn nh tr tm cng cn b tr sn cng tc theo di, lp, tho
con ln v chnh nghing lch trong qu trnh ko dc.
Cao nh tr tm xc nh bng cch tnh n ln ca tr khi chu ti trng ln nht,
vng u hng ca kt cu nhp, cao thit k ca gi trn m, tr chnh. Cn phi xc
nh chnh xc cao tr tm phng trng hp u hng b kch ln tr tm tip theo phi
s l tn cng sc v thi gian.
khi lao ti tr tm hoc tr chnh con ln bm vo v nh ra mt cch m thun nn un
cong cc u mt ng ln trn v di, vi ng ln trn dc vo khong 5% v trn
chiu di 1m hai u.
Khi chiu cao tr tm khng ln v kt cu nhp tng i nh c th lm tr tm bng g
c mng cc, cc va lm mng va lm ct tr ca tr tm. Thng thng tr tm c lp
bng cc thanh vn nng t trn mng cc.
Khi ra khi bn cc con ln s c ri vo mt thng hng khi ri xung sng v m
bo an ton lao ng. Tuyt i cm cn b, cng nhn ng trc din vi ng ra ca con
ln.

Hnh 15.1.6. Tr tm khi lao dc v chi tit cu to
15.1.1.5. Cu to ng ln khi lao ngang
lao ko ngang kt cu nhp vo v tr th ng ln trn c t di hai dm ngang
u gin nhng b trng v tr t gi cu, ng ln di t trn tr chnh v cc tr tm
nm thng v h lu tr chnh (hnh 15.1.7)
Ti v tr tip gip vi tr chnh v tr tm nn b tr mi ni ca ray di sau khi ko
cu vo v tr c th thu dn ngay nh tr v lp t gi cu.
Sau khi ko ngang kt cu nhp vo tr ta dng kch thu lc t trn ray ca ng ln
trn (hnh 15.1.7) kch bng kt cu nhp, lp t gi v h cu. Sau c th thu dn ng
ln.

Hnh 15.1.7. S cu to tr tm v ng ln ngang
a. S ko ngang kt cu nhp
b. Cu to ng ln v im t kch
Khi lao ko ngang th phn lc qua cc con ln tc dng phn b u trn sut chiu di
dm ngang nn thng gy ra m men un ln hn khi kch v vy cn thit phi kim tra li
kh nng chu lc ca dm ngang u gin.
15.1.2. Cc phng php lao dc cu
C rt nhiu phng php lao dc cu, tu theo iu kin c th m chn cch lao cho hp
l.
15.1.2.1. Lao dc c tr tm
Phng php ny thng p dng vi cc loi cu thp c khu di, nc sng su, lm
dm c tn km. Trc ht lm tr tm gia m v tr ri dng thit b ngn hoc trt
ko dm vo v tr. Khi thi cng theo phng php ny cn ch n vic mm con ln khi
u dm cu va chm n nh m hoc tr tm. Nu mm sm qu th u ng pha kia
d b by vnh ln, con ln d b bt ra gy nguy him, ng thi chng n d b chn ng
mnh. Do vy phi ch khi dm thp ln 2, 3 thanh t vt th mm con ln vo. Cho con
ln u tin vo ngc chiu vi chiu ko dm. Khi n bt u chu lc th mm tip cc con
ln sau cng chiu ko dm.
Khi ko dm n ng v tr ri dng kch, kch dm ln hoc dng cn cu treo dm ln,
rt b ng ln, chng n...v h dm xung gi.
15.1.2.2. Lao dc c dm dn
Phng php lao dc c dm dn thng c p dng ni c nc su, kh lm tr tm.
u dm thp trc khi lao c lp thm mt on dm bng thp. Tc dng ca dm dn l
gim bt chiu di hng ca dm khi lao. Khi dm cn mt na trn ng ln u ny th u
dm dn n m tr bn kia. Chiu di dm dn khng nn di qu 0.55 ciu di dm lao
v c kiu tam gic gim bt trng lng.
Nu dm khu ln th phi dng dm d bng thp c kt cu c bit. Nu dm lao c
khu nh, c th dng g hoc b ray ni vo u dm lm dm dn.
Cng loi vi lao c dm dn l loi lao lin tc, kiu ny dng cho nhng cu thp nhiu
nhp, lin kt cc cu thp li thnh cu lin tc, dng nhp sau lm i trng cho nhp trc
lao.

Nhng iu cn ch khi lao cu:
Lao cu theo phng php c dm dn, khi u nhp ti m tr bn kia hay b chc xung.
x l phi dng bin php va kch va ko. Vi bin php ny, di y dm dn hoc
dm thp lp mt bn c bit khi ng trt trn u dm sp ln ng trt
di trn nh m hoc tr, khi dng kch b tr sn hai u m tr kich cao dm
ln. Di kch c bn mp v con ln, do vy c th va kch ln nhanh chng va c th
ko dm i t t. Kch cao u dm ti mc mm con ln v ti khi gia ng ln trn
v di c 2, 3 con ln th tho b kch v khi phc tc ko bnh thng.
Mt s quy tc c bn khi lao cu trn con ln
- Khi lao ko cu cc con ln phi ln u v phi lun lun vung gc vi ng ln, nu
con ln xin th phi dng ba nh vo u con ln cho thng li.
- Khi lao ko nu nhp i lch tim cu th phi g cho tt c cc con ln lch i t 3 n 5
iu chnh cho kt cu nhp i ng tm, khi i ng tm th phi g li cc con
ln u v tr vung gc vi ng ln ri mi ko tip.
- Tc ko cu khng c vt qu 0.5 n 0.6m/pht khi lao trn con ln v 1.5 n 2
m/pht khi lao trn gi trt hoc gi ln c nh, v lao nhanh qu s kh iu chnh con ln
v iu chnh sai st trong qu trnh lao.
- Trong khi lao cn t chc theo doic cht ch, nu pht hin c sai st nh kt cu nhp i
lch hng, ng ln b ln qu nhiu, con ln b kt... th phi ngng ko lc ngng ko
phi chn tm kt cu nhp v x l kp thi sai st.
- Phi kim tra con ln trc khi s dng, nhng con ln h hng nh nt, b mt c khuyt
tt v..v.. phi c thay th. ng knh con ln phi ng vi thit k, sai s khng c vt
qu 0.1mm. Chiu di con ln phi t hn b rng ng ln t 20 n 30 cm.
- Phi c nhng bin php an ton trong khi lao. Sut trong qu trnh lao phi c s ch huy
thng nht. Khng c ng gn dy cp ko v khng c ng trc ch ra ca cc con
ln.
- Khi lao ngang hai u kt cu nhp phi di chuyn u, on ng di chuyn ca u
khng c c chnh lch vt qu 0.1% chiu di nhp v trong mi trng hp khng c
vt qu 10 cm.
15.1.2.3. Lao dc c gi di ng
Dng trong trng hp lng sng cn hoc trn bi sng. Gi lm bng thp hoc g, c
th di chuyn trn ng ray bng xe gong hay trn con ln, nh gi c lin kt cht
vi y dm.

15.1.2.4. Lao dc khi c tr ni
Khi thi cng cu mt nhp hoc nhp u tin ca cu nhiu nhp nhng khng th lao hng
ton b nu nc su lm tr tm hoc gio tn km v nh hng n giao thng trn
sng th dng tr ni l hp l nht v tit kim.
Kt cu nhp c lp trn nn ng u cu. Qu trnh lao thc hin theo hai giai on,
giai on u cu c ko dc trn nn ngvo cu, trong ng ln di lint c v
t trn ng u cu, trn l cc thuyn trt gn vo cc nt di ca kt cu nhp. Giai
on u kt thc khi kt cu nhp c ko hng ra sng mt on tr ni c th vo
n kt cu nhp. V tr ca tr ni cn phi m bo c th a u kt cu nhp vo v tr v
h c xung gi. Giai on hai : thay ton b thuyn trt bng mt xe gong hoc mt
thuyn trt ln hn, nh vy trn ng ch cn mt gi. di sng tr tm ng v tr
di kt cu nhp ri bm nc ra tr tm ni ln kt cu nhp. Nh vy trong giai on
hai kt cu nhp v phn lc gi tm s khng thay i trong sut qu trnh lao gi cho mc
nc phao tr tm khng thay i. Trong giai on ny kt cu nhp phi c neo chc
vo phao. Khi lao n v tr, iu chnh kt cu nhp chnh xc, neo phao, bm nc vo
h kt cu nhp xung gi. Ch rng khi lao bng tr ni phi xem xt n s ln xung ca
mc nc sng khi lao cu. Cng cn ch n mc nc phi bm ra v bm vo phao khi
n v khi h kt cu nhp bo m an ton trong sut qu trnh lao.
15.1.2.5. Phng php lao dc kt cu nhp vi phao, x lan
Khi thi cng kt cu nhp cu hoc nhp u tin ca cc cu nhiu nhp, nu gp sng su,
nc ln, vic xy dng tr tm rt kh khn, qu tn km hoc do tu b i li qu nhiu,
vic xy dng tr tm s lm tc nghn giao thng ng sng.
Khi phng php lao dc kt hp phao, x lan rt hp l v tn km.
Kt cu nhp c lp trn nn ng vo cu. Qu trnh lao c chia lm hai giai on,
giai on u ko dc cu trn h ng ln b tr trn nn ng, trong giai on ny bn ln
trn v cc con ln trn ch b tr vo cc nt gia cu, cn cc nt u v cui gin thng
trng. Giai on u kt thc khi dm c ko hng ra sng mt on, phao, x lan c
th vo n kt cu nhp. V tr ca phao, x lan cn phi m bo sau ny c th a, h
kt cu nhp xung m tr.
chun b cho giai on hai, ta thay ton b h con ln bng mt xe gong hoc mt bn
ln ln cu to bng cc dm ch I t di gin (15.1.8). di sng ta a h phao, x lan
ni ln kt cu nhp. Nh vy trng lng ca dm ch ch truyn ln phao v bn ln u
dm nh mt h tnh nh nn cc phn lc gi s khng thay i trong sut qu trnh lao. Sau
tho b tt c cc bn ln trn ti cc nt gia gin.

Hnh 15.1.8. S lao dc kt hp phao, x lan
Sang giai on hai, ta ko dc kt cu nhp mt u trn phao v mt u ln trn nn
ng. ui kt cu nhp k trn bn ln qua mt khp, m bo kt cu nhp c th xoay t
do khi mc nc sng ln xung. gim mmen un trong bn ln th c th b tr im k
trn hai nt cui gin. Nhng iu chnh phn lc gi lun bng nhau ta phi ke di mi
nt mt kch c ng dn du thng nhau (hnh 15.1.9). ng ln di c th b tr ngang
hoc hi dc v pha sng gim lc ko. Tuy nhin dc phi c tnh ton lc y ra
sng khng vt qu 50% lc ma st ln ca h.

Hnh 15.1.9. S bn ln c b tr kch du
15.1.2.6. c im lao dc cu dm c
Khi lao dc kt cu nhp cu dm c, vng u hng thng rt ln, c khi ti 2 3m.
u dm hoc u mi dn c th k c ln tr phi b tr mt thit b c bit iu
chnh vng ca u hng cho bng cao nh tr (chnh hoc tm). Thit b hnh 15.1.10
gm mt ct c hai thanh thp U (2) kp qua mt dm I (1) lin kt hng ti bn bin trn ca
dm ch, chn khung ni khp vi mt gi m (4). Kch (3) nng dm c t vo
khong gia ca ct chng. Kch t trn bn (11), u trn ca kch k vo dm ca bn
(10). Bn (10) v bn (11) c cc tai c th cht vo cc l (8) khoan sn trn hai thanh
chng ch U. Lc u cht c nh bn (11), bn (10) t do. Khi kch, u dm s i ln,
p lc qua ct chng (7) truyn ln tr. Khi kch l xo (9) lin kt hai bn b bin dng (p
li). Khi kch ln ht cao , ta neo tai hai bn trn vo thanh chng qua cc l cht. Sau
khi h kch, p lc u hng ca nhp truyn ln ct qua bn trn, do cc cht ca bn
di c th tho b, khi l xo li gin ra, ko c bn di v kch n v tr lm vic
mi. Khi l xo co ht ta li cht bn (11) v tho cht bn (10) v qu trnh kch li
c lp li cho n khi cao y dm ch bng cao nh tr. Trong qu trnh nng dm,
bn ln trn tr (5) phi c k bng chng n (6).

Hnh 15.1.10. Cc thit b nng u kt cu nhp dm c khi lao ko dc
a. B tr chung, b. Chi tit t, c. S nng dm cu
1. u hng, 2. Thanh ct , 3. Kch, 4. Gi m, 5. Gi ln, 6. Chng n chm gi ln,
7. Thanh U ca ct, 8. Cht, 9. L xo, 10. Bn trn, 11. Bn di
15.1.2.7. Cng tc ko cu
Cc thit b ch yu ko cu gm ti ko, h bnh xe gi l mp hoc cc loi kch y
ngang. Tc di chuyn ca kch thng rt nh, chiu di ngn nn kch ch c dng
thc hin cc chuyn v nh, v d khi cn chnh v tr kt cu nhp theo phng ngang, khi
t kt cu nhp ln m tr.
Khi ko dc hoc ko ngang kt cu nhp t tr tm vo tr chnh ch yu dng h ti v
mp cp. H ti mp lao ko cu c chia lm hai h: ti ko v ti hm. Ti hm neo
dy vo sau dm c tc dng gi kt cu nhp khi b chuyn ng qu t ngt do gi, do
ng ln qu dc hoc do qun tnh ca dm khi chuyn ng, do lc n hi ca h dy cp
ko. Ti hm cn khng ch tc cao lao dm m bo a dm chnh xc vo v tr thit k
(hnh 15.1.11). Mp c nh ca ti hm (2) c b tr ti h neo trn b hoc trn tr chnh,
mp c nh buc vo ui dm c ti hm (1) th c th b tr trn dm hoc trn nn ng.
Ti ko l b phn chnh m bo chuyn ng ca cu. Mp c nh ca ti ko thng c
ni vo mt dy (5), dy ny c neo vo m hoc h neo trn b i din. c th thu
ngn chiu di ca dy (5) ta neo vo mt ti (6). Khi cn co dy (5) di chuyn mp c
nh ta cn x dy (4) ri quay ti (6). Dy (5) c tc dng lm gim chiu di dy (4) (hnh
15.1.11). i vi cc cu nhiu nhp th thng ko xong mi nhp ta li chuyn mp c nh
mt ln. Mp di ng c t vo u dm. i vi cc cu ngn th c th b tr ti ko trn
b, cn vi cc cu di th nn b tr ti ko trn kt cu nhp cho tin ch huy chung. Ti ko
c th dng ti tay hoc ti in. Ti tay c th iu chnh tc di chuyn d dng nhng
tn sc, v vy nu c iu kin th nn dng ti in. Vic chn ti v h mp cp c da
trn tc ko v lc ko.
Trong qu trnh di chuyn phi kim tra v iu chnh hng chuyn ng (chnh con ln),
tc ko cu khng nn vt qu 0.5m/pht khi lao trn con ln v 2m/pht khi ko trn gi
ln c nh.

Hnh 15.1.11. S b tr ti v h mp khi ko dc
1. Ti hm, 2. Mp hm, 3. Ti ko, 4. Mp ko
5. Dy neo, 6. Ti c dy neo
Mt s yu cu khi tin hnh ko cu:
1. Vic ko v sng nhp cu phi c tin hnh di s ch huy trc tip ca k s trng
hoc i trng cng trnh. Nhng ngi qua hiu bit cc quy tc thi cng thch hp v
cc quy nh v an ton k thut mi c php tham gia cng vic ko v sng nhp cu.
2. Lao ko nhp cu cn c thc hin bng cc thit b y, vic di chuyn kt cu nhp
phi m bo u n vi tc cho php bng cch lp t kp thi cc tm m lm t vt
liu d trt ln, nhm trnh lao mnh dm v chch hng i.
Trong qu trnh lao ko cc nhp cu lin tc phi kim tra cc phn lc thc c ca tr
v cc bin dng trong kt cu, ph hp cc hng dn ca BVTC.
Trn nhp cu v c bit mi dn, khng c t nhng thit b v vt liu ngoi d
tnh ca BVTC.
3. Khi lao ko nhp cu ti nhng ni c dc dc hay c cong ng th mt dc trt
trn mi gi ta cn song song vi mt phng y dm trn cc gi gi .
Trong BVTC cn c tr b trc thit b hm hoc cn cn thit.
4. Trong qu trnh lao ko, phi b tr sn thit b c bit theo di hng i ca kt cu
nhp m bo chun xc v tr thit k tim cu theo mt bng.
5. kim tra vic sng ngang nhp cu, cc ng ln phi c nh du bng sn
bn vng vi 0,001 tr s khong cch gia cc ng ln.
6. Trong qu trnh ko v sng nhp cu, phi kim sot c vic di chuyn dm trn cc
tr cu bng cch dng thit b m bo t ngt hot ng khi cn thit.
Trong thi gian lao ko (bng con ln ) nhp cu phi lp t h thng in m t i ch
huy n cc v tr iu khin ln trn cng trng.
7. Kt cu ca gio cc phn on kt cu nhp t trn ng dn phi iu chnh
c cao trnh v phi m bo khng b ln qu tr s cho php khi chu tc ng ca trng
lng cc phn on v ca my cu.
8. Kch thc ca b phn y trt phi c t dc theo mt pha cng hng vi kch
hot ng v d sa cha b phn trt ny.
9. Khi lao ko kt cu m trong rnh dc ct thp khng c phun p va hoc c phun
p nhng cng va t nh hn 20 Mpa (200kg/cm2 ) th phi xt tnh thm cho kt cu
ny trng hp c ct thp chu lc nhng khng c lin kt vi b-tng.
10. Vic lao ko (trn con ln ) nhp cu c tin hnh vo ban ngy l thun tin; trong
sut thi gian lao ko cho n khi kt thc hon ton, phi m bo nhp cu lao ra lun ta
ln tr chnh v tr ph tm lin tip nhau.
11. Khi pht hin c bin dng cc b h thng di chuyn ca nhng b phn nhp cu v
nhng thit b ph tr, cng nh c s vn hnh no khng tt ca cc phng tin di chuyn,
th cn lp tc dng ngay c cc bin php x l cn thit.
Trong thi gian di chuyn nhp cu, cm lp t s dng bt k dng c thit b no b
hng hc.
12. Nhng yu cu k thut khi lao ko dc v sng ngang cc nhp cu BTCT khi lng
cng vic v cc phng php kim tra gim st thi cng, phi thc hin theo bng sau.
Yu cu k thut i tng kim tra Phng php kim tra
1. sai lch cho php ng tim nhp
cu lao ra so vi thit k khng ln hn
50mm.
2. lch dch cho php mt u nhp
dm so vi u kia khi sng ngang, khng
ln hn 0,001 chiu di ca nhp

3. Dung sai cho php (theo mm) khi b tr
tm m trn nhn trong kt cu trt
khng ln hn cc tr s sau:
50 - i vi khe h ca cc tm m lin
k theo chiu di nhp.
2 - i vi hu s chnh v dy ca tm
m.
10 - i vi chuyn dch tng i ca
ng tim thit b ln.

4. Hiu s cho php (theo mm) v cao trnh
ca thit b sng ln trn mi tr nh
sau:
Khng ln hn 2, khi nng kt cu nhp
thay tm m.
Khng ln hn 2, i vi cao trnh ca
thit b sng ln trn mt tr
5, sai s so vi cao trnh thit k.

Mi nhp dm

nt

Tng tm m

nt

nt

Trn cc tr

nt

nt
Dng my kinh v v
o bng thc.

nt

o bng thc

nt

nt

nt

nt

Dng my kinh v

15.1.2.8. Phng php ghp ni v tng cng kt cu nhp khi lao lp
15.1.2.8.1. Ghp ni thnh lin tc
i vi cc cu dm c mi ni c cu to ging nh cc mi ni lp rp ca dm ch.
Cc bn ni b tr tng ng v bn bin. Mi ni c lin kt bng bu lng cng
cao, bng bu lng tinh ch, bng inh tn hoc bng con li kt hp vi bu lng lp rp. i
vi cu gin thp th ni lin tc c thc hin bng cch lin kt trc tip cc thanh bin
trn v bin di ca gin. giai on thit k k thut, trn cc bn nt u gin ngi ta
thng cha sn cc l inh c th lp thanh ni gin thnh lin tc. Ring nt gin di
nm trn gi ch chu lc nn trong qu trnh lao ko hoc lp hng th c th thc hin theo
hai phng php:
Phng php th nht l dng mt thanh ni ngn lin kt hai nt gi ca gin. Thng
thng mun b tr s inh chu lc th thanh ni phi lao ko vt qua tim gi su vo
pha trong gin. Nh vy khi tho thanh ni c th xy ra hin tng bn nt ti gi b mt n
nh khi chu phn lc gi v lc t thanh xin truyn xung do thao mt cc inh lin kt cc
bn nt vi nhau. khc phc hin tng ny th sau khi lp hng hoc lao dc xong ta
khng tho thanh ni m ct t theo u bn nt (hnh 15.1.12a).
Phng php th hai c th gii quyt bng cch t vo hai u bn nt hai bn gi tip
tuyn v mt nm thp (hnh 15.1.12b). Phng php ny thng c p dng khi lp hng v
khi mi lin kt u dm bin di lun lun ch chu nn. Cch cu to nh trn n
gin li khng can thip vo cu to ca bn nt gi do sau khi lp xong c th t do v d
dng tho g phn ni lin tc.

Hnh 15.1.12. Cch lin kt thanh bin di
1. Lin kt cn li khi tho thanh ni 2. Lin kt b i khi tho thanh ni
3. Gi nm tip tuyn
Cu to ca thanh lin kt bin trn cng tng t nh thanh di. Mun b tr s lng
bulng lin kt th thanh ni phi ko di qua tim nt gin, v vy khi tho thanh ni phi rt
thn trng, thanh bin trn khi s chu nn v do phi lp t ngay cc bn np v bn
ngn thay cho thanh lin kt. Nu bn nt dm ch bin trn c thit k m rng trc khi
cu to mi ni ca thanh lin kt vi nt rt n gin, khng cn ko thanh ni qua tim nt,
do d tho khi lao lp.
Khi lp hng hoc lao ko dc, m bo n nh cc nhp n gin thng c ni
thnh lin tc. i vi cu dn ni lin tc bng cch ni hai thanh bin di vi nhau, hai
thanh bin trn vi nhau v thm thanh ng gia. Vi hai thanh bin di dng mt thanh
ngn ni hai nt gi ca hai dn. Thng thng b tr s inh chu lc thanh ni phi
vt qua tim gi cu su vo pha trong ca mi dn. Sau khi lao xong tho thanh ni mun
khng nguy him cho bn nt nn ct t thanh ni hai mt ct u hai bn nt ngoi ca
mi dn. Cng c gii php khc khng phi ct thanh ni nhng ta khng nghin cu
y. i vi hai thanh bin trn hai u dn cng xy ra tnh trng tng t nh thanh bin
di, tt nht l ngay khi thit k k thut b tr u cc thanh di ra b tr s inh m
khng cn ph ko thanh ni su vo trong bn nt.
Trc khi tho thanh ni cn phi iu chnh cho thanh hon ton khng chu lc, bng
cch dng kch thay i cao gi trn tr chnh. S thay i ni lc do kch phi xc nh
theo tnh ton v kim tra bng ng h o.
15.1.2.8.2. Tng cng thanh
Kt cu nhp khi lp rp cn c tng cng nu di tc dng ca ti trng thi cng cc
thanh khng chu lc. Phng php tng cng c bn l tng din tch tit din, gim
chiu di t do ca cc thanh chu nn hoc thay i s chu lc ca kt cu.
Cc thanh cn tng cng thng nm ti v tr gi hng khi lp hoc ko hng. Cc cng
tc trn c th phi lm trc (trong qu trnh thit k k thut), tuy nhin trong giai on khai
thc cng vt liu trong cc thanh c th khng s dng ht. V vy cng c th tp
thm thp bn vo thanh, sau khi lp xong li tho d i.
Cc bn tp thm thng p bn ngoi v lin kt vi thanh, bn nt bng bulng cng
cao.
Trn hnh 15.1.13 trnh by phng php tp thm bn p vo thanh bin di ca mt cu
gin thp c tit din thanh hnh hp. Cc bn tp c p vo hai tng ng ca thanh bin
di pha ngoi v lin kt vi thanh qua cc tm m. Bn c ko di vo nt v ni vi
bn nt bng bu lng cng cao. S lng bulng cn li khi tho bn tng cng phi
chu tnh ti trong giai on tho. Trong qu trnh tho cng cn gii phng ni lc trong
thanh bng cch t kch trn tr chnh d iu chnh ni lc.
Trong qu trnh lp rp c th xy ra trng hp mt s thanh b nn, nhng giai on
khai thc li chu ko, v d cc thanh bin di hoc cc thanh xin trong cu gin hoc
thanh ng khi ko dc cu lc thanh ng k trn tr. V thanh ng c cng rt nh nn
thng khng chu nn. Trng hp ny cch tng cng n gin nht l gim chiu
di t do ca thanh bng cch kp thm thanh tng cng hnh 15.1.13.
15.1.2.8.3. Cng dy
thay i s kt cu khi lao dc thng dng mt dy cng. Dy cng cho php gim
mmen, lc ct v vng ca nhp (hnh 15.1.14). Dy cng thng lm bng b thp cng
cao hoc dy cp. Dy c neo vo hai im u v cui dm, gia ta ln mt thp (ta
nh s cu treo dy vng). diu chnh ni lc trong dy ta dng mt kch t di chn
thp hoc dng mt tng b tr ti v tr neo dy.

Hnh 15.1.13. Tng cng thanh chu nn bng cch gim chiu di t do
1. Thanh tng cng , 2. Thanh ng , 3. Bu lng

Hnh 15.1.14. Tng cng kt cu nhp bng dy cng
1. Kch thu lc iu chnh ni lc , 2. Dy cng

15.1.2.8.4. B tr ti, mp, cp
Khi lao cu nht thit phi b tr c ti ko v ti hm (tr trng hp khng ko bng ti).
Ti ko c t trn u pha trc ca kt cu nhp, trn tr trung gian hoc trn b sng
pha trc. Ti ko lm nhim v ko kt cu nhp ra v tr. Rng rc c nh c c nh
trn b sng, cn rng rc di ng c b tr vo u trc ca kt cu nhp.
Ti hm c t trn b sng pha sau kt cu nhp vi mc ch gi cho kt cu nhp
khng chuyn ng t ngt do ng lao dc xung, gi thi dc cu theo chiu lao... Ti
hm cn c dng khng ch tc lao. Rng rc c nh c c nh trn b sng t
ti hm, rng rc di ng c c nh pha sau kt cu nhp.
Ti ko c th dng ti hay ti in. Ti tay c th iu chnh tc di chuyn d dng
nhng tn sc, v vy c th dng ti in quay chm. Sc ko ca ti c th 3, 5, 7 tn hoc
ln hn. Vic chn ti v h mp cp c da trn tc ko v lc ko khi lao cu.
15.1.3. Tnh ton khi lao lp kt cu nhp
15.1.3.1. Ti trng tnh ton
iu 2.1 Quy trnh thit k cc cng trnh v thit b ph tr thi cng quy nh ti trng
nh bng 18-1
Th t Tn ti trng v lc tc ng
1 Trng lng bn thn ca cng trnh ph tr
2 p lc do trng lng ca t
3 p lc thu tnh ca nc
4 p lc thu ng ca nc (bao gm c sng )
5 Tc dng ca vic iu chnh nhn to cc ng lc trong cc cng trnh ph tr
6
Nhng tc ng bi cc kt cu c xy dng (lp rp, btng hoc c di
chuyn) ti trng gi, ti trng cn cu v trng lng ca cc thit b t kt
cu
7
Trng lng ca gi ba, ca cc thit b lp rp (hoc thit b nng ti) v ca
cc thit b vn ti
8 Trng lng ca ngi dng c, cc thit b nh
9 Lc ma st khi di chuyn kt cu nhp, my mc v cc kt cu khc
10 Lc qun tnh nm ngang ca cn cu, gi ba xe t
11 Ti trng do v m chn ng hn hp BT
12
Lc tc dng ca kch khi iu chnh ng sut hoc iu chnh v tr v vng
cu to ca nhng kt cu lp rp. Lc tc dng do cng ct thp d ng lc
13
ng lc bn do s xin lch ca con ln hoc do ng trt khng song song
hoc lch ca chn cn cu
14 Lc tc dng do ln ca t
15 Ti trng gi
16 Ti trng do s va p ca tu v h ni
17 Ti trng do g v cy tri
18 Ti trng do s va chm ca t
19 Ti trng do s thay i nhit
20 Khi tnh cng trnh ph tr khng tnh ti trng ng t
Ti trng tnh ton c xc nh bng tch ca ti trng tiu chun vi h s vt ti n ly
theo bng 18 -2
H s vt ti ca ti trng
Lc tc dng v ti trng tiu chun n
- Trng lng bn thn cc kt cu ca cng trnh ph tr
Kt cu lun chuyn
Kt cu khng lun chuyn

1.2 v 0.9
1.1 v 0.9
- p lc thng ng do trng lng t
1.2 v 0.9
- p lc ngang ca t
1.2 v 0.9
- p lc thu tnh ca nc
1
- p lc thy ng ca nc
1.2 v 0.75
- Lc tc dng do iu chnh nhn to ng lc trong cc cng trnh ph tr 1.3 v 0.8
- Trng lng ca cc kt cuang c xy dng (c lp rp, BT,
hoc c lao lp)
1.1 v 0.9
- Trng lng ca cc vt liu xy dng v lp gi nhit ca vn khun 1.3 v 1
- Trng lng ca gi ba v cc thit b lp rp (cu) v cc phng tin
vn chuyn
1.1 v 1
- Trng lng ngi dng c, cc thit b nh 1.2 v 1
- Lc ma st khi di chuyn kt cu nhp v cc vt khc
+ Trn bn trt (gi trt)

1.3 v 1
+ Trn con ln 1.3 v 1
+ Trn xe gong (b chy)
+ Trn thit b trt bng plyme
- Ti trng do v m hn hp BT
- Lc qun tnh ca cn cu gi ba t
- Lc tc dng ca kch khi iu chnh ng sut hoc iu chnh v tr v
vng cu to ca nhng kt cu lp rp
Khi dng kch rng

Khi dng kch thu lc
- Lc ngang do s cong lch ca con ln hoc do s khng song song ca
ng ln

- Ti trng gi
- Ti trng do s va p ca tu, cc phng tin ni
- Ti trng do s va chm ca cy tri
- Ti trng do s v chm ca t
a/. Trng lng bn thn ca cc cng trnh ph tr xc nh theo bng thng k vt liu
trong thit k. Vic phn b ca ti trng do trng lng bn thn ly nh sau:
- Trong vn lt, trong dm ngang, dm dc... v trong cc cu kin thng khc ly theo
phn b u theo chiu di kt cu nu nh mc khng u thc t khng vt qu 10% tr
s trung bnh.
- Trong cc ct ng ca gio, tr tm, cu cn cho cn cu... dng kt cu th ti
trng c coi l phn b u gia tt c cc ct ng ca khung hay tr.
- Trong nhng kt cu khc th ti trng c phn b theo trng lng thc t ca tng b
phn ring bit ca n.
b/. p lc thng ng do trng lng ca t
p = g H
Trong : g - Trng lng ring ca t (T/m
3
)
H - Chiu dy tnh ton ca lp t (m)
c/. p lc thu tnh ca nc i vi cc b phn cng trnh v t nm di mt nc
hoc thp hn mc nc ngm trong t c tnh bng cch gim trng lng ca b phn
cng trnh v a vo tnh ton p lc ngang ca nc v p lc nc vi mt y kt cu.
p lc ca nc theo phng bt k
P = H
Trong : - Trng lng ring ca nc ( T/m
3
)
H - chiu cao tnh ton ca nc ( m)
d/. p lc thu ng (tnh bng kG) :
N
d
= N
n
+ N
s

Trong :
N
n
= 50
0
FV
2

N
s
= f SV
2

Trong :
N
n
- p lc ca nc ( kG) ln nhng b phn nm di nc;
N
s
- Lc ma st ln b mt vt ni ( kG)
V - Tc (m/s). Vi kt cu khng di ng v l vn tc trung bnh ca dng nc. Vi kt
cu di ng th V l tc tng i ca dng nc vi vt ni;
j
0
- H s xt n hnh dng ca vt th ngp nc dng mi nhn hay ln trn trn mt
bng j
0
= 0.75, dng ch nht j
0
= 1;
F - Din tch cn nc (m
2
)
f - H s c trng cho ma st ca nc vi b phn ngp nc, vi b mt kim loi f =
0.17, g f = 0.25, b tng f = 0.2
S - Din tch b mt ma st ( m
2
)
- i vi phao v s lan
S = L ( 2t+B)
- i vi cc loi thng chp, hp khng y
F = [ H + (0.5 1)] B
S = L[ 2 (H + 0.5 1) + B]
t - chm ca h phao hay s lan (m)
H - Chiu su nc ch h thng chp (m)
B - b rng h phao, s lan, thng chp ( m)
L - Chiu di h phao, s lan, thng chp (m)
Khi v > 2m/s th phi tnh n dnh ca mc nc H v tr cng trnh
H =
g
v
2
2

Ti trng do sng tnh vi cng sng 0.03 T/m khi sng rng di 300m v 0.12 T/m
khi sng rng 500m.
e./ Ti trng thng ng ca kt cu cu ang thi cng cng nh ca vt liu xy dng, hay
cc vt th khc xc nh theo bng thng k vt liu
Khi t mt s (nhiu hn 2 dm dc, hng chng n lp rp...) theo phng ngang th ti
trng do kt cu xy dng ly l phn b u theo phng ngang nu cng chng xon ca
chng ln hn cng chng xon ca cng trnh ph tr.
Trng lng ca cc b phn v vt nng (tr btng) c iu chnh hoc t bng cn
cu ln cng trnh ph tr tnh vi h s xung kch 1.1
Gi ba ly h s xung kch 1.1; ba ly l 1.2
g./ Ti trng ca ngi, dng c, thit b nh
- Tc dng thng ng, phn b u vi cng 250 kg/m
2
khi tnh cc tm vn khun,
vn lt sn gio thi cng li i, ng b hnh hoc cc b phn trc tip chng chng.
- Ti trng thng ng phn b u vi cng 200 kg/m
2
khi tnh gio thi cng, tr
tm, cu tm c chiu di phn t ti b hn 60m, cng 100 kg/m
2
khi chiu di phn t
ti ln hn hay bng 60m.
- Ti trng 75kg/m
2
i vi s cht ti ca kt cu nhp lp ghp khng c ng b hnh
(khi xc nh lc ln cc tr tm).
- Ti trng nm ngang tp trung 70kg t im gia ct lan can hoc t vo mi ct lan
can.
- Nhng tm vn khun v vn sn gio, bc cu thang v cc kt cu trc tip chng
chng khi cha nu trn c kim tra vi ti trng tp trung 130kg. Khi b rng ca tm
vn nh hn 15cm th phn ti trng cho hai tm vn k nhau (vi iu kin chng c
ghp vi nhau bng nhng thanh ngang). Ti trng tnh mc treo thang 200kg. Sn treo thi
cng dng cho mt ngi 120kg, dng cho hai ngi 250kg.
h./ Tr s lc ma st khi dch chuyn kt cu nhp theo mt phng nm ngang tnh nh sau:
- Khi di chuyn theo ng ray trn tm lt hoc trn nn btng, t cng, g:
N = f
1
P
- Khi di chuyn theo ng ray trn con ln:
N =
1
2
R
P f

- Khi di chuyn theo ng ray trn con ln c trc bc
N = ) (
3 2
2
r f K f
R
P
=
- Trng hp c trc bi
N = ) (
4 2
2
r f K f
R
P
=
- Khi di chuyn bng thit b trt bng polime :
N = f
5
P K
Trong :
P : Ti trng tiu chun ca kt cu di chuyn ( T)
f
1
: H s ma st trt ly theo bng
Bng 15.1.3. H s ma st trt
Vt liu lm ng trt
H s ma st (f)
kh Bi m
Thp vi thp (p lc 10kN/cm
2
)
0.15 0.11
Thp vi thp (p lc 10kN/cm
2
)
0.25 0.12
G vi thp 0.60
G vi g 0.62 0.11

f
2
: H s ma st ln,
Khi ng knh con ln 300mm : f
2
= 0.04,
Khi ng knh con ln 400 500mm : f
2
= 0.05,
2
= 0.08,
Khi ng knh con ln 800mm : f
2
= 0.1,
2
= 0.12.
f
3
: H s ma st trt trong trc bc, f
2
= 0.05 n 0.1;
f
4
: H s ma st ln trong trc, f
4
= 0.02 cm;
f
5
: H s ma st trt ca mt trt bng polyme;
R
1
: Bn knh con ln (cm)
R
2
: Bn knh bnh xe (cm)
K : H s xt n nh hng s l lm cc b ca ng ray... K = 2; trn tm cht do K
=1.5;
r : Bn knh trc bnh xe
i./ Lc qun tnh ngang theo phng dc ng di chuyn ca cn cu gi ba, ly bng
0.08 trng lng bn thn ca b phn v t trng tm ca cc b phn
k./ Ti trng do v m hn hp btng c ly nh sau:
- Ti trng thng ng do m chn ng ly bng 200 kg/m
2
tc dng ln b mt nm
ngang ca vn khun.
- Ti trng nm ngang tc dng ln mt vn khun ng ly theo iu 2-14 quy trnh
22TCN-200-89.
l./ ng lc bn (H) do s cong lch ca con ln, do s x dch ngang ca kt cu ang lao
lp v do s khng song song ca ng ln c xc nh theo :
- Khi lao trn cu tm c b chy, mt u kt cu nhp c gi k di ng
H = 0.015 P
- Nh trn nhng c thit b ta c nh c hai u kt cu nhp :
H = 0.15 P
- Khi lao dc tren con ln
H = 0.03P
- Khi lao bng thit b trt polyme
H = 0.015P
Trong :
P : Ti trng tiu chun ca kt cu lao lp;
Lc H tnh trn ch p dng khi tnh cc kt cu chng , cc chi tit lin kt chng, cc
dm dc ng ln, tr ng ln c chiu cao nh hn 1m,
Khi tnh ton tr ca ng ln c chiu cao ln hn 1m v nn ca chng lc bn ly bng
50% gi tr tnh theo cc cng thc trn.
m./ Ti trng gi tiu chun ( kg/m2) thng gc vi b mt tnh ton ca cc cng trnh ph
tr, cc thit b lp rp, kt cu tnh theo cng thc:
q = q
0
. k.c
Trong :
q
0
: p sut gi ng ( kg/m2) ly nh sau :
c : H s kh ng ly theo bng 15.1.4
k : H s xt n chiu cao (c tnh ring cho tng b phn ca cng trnh ng vi
tng chiu cao ca n), ly theo bng 15.1.5

Bng 15.1.4. H s kh ng c
Tn ca cc b phn H s c
* Vn khun v nhng b phn tng t hp thnh trong mt
phng ngang
+0.8 - 0.6
* Nhng cu kin c c tit din chn gi ch nht 1.4
* Nhng b phn c tit din trn v kt cu dn 1.2
* H dy treo v dy chng 1.1
* Tu keo, s lan v tu thu 1.4 (theo phng ngang)
0.8 ( theo phng dc )
* H phao 1.4
* Nhng b mt nm ngang ( vng ht gi ra) -0.4
Bng 15.1.5. H s K
Chiu cao cng trnh k t mt nc ma cn
(im thp nht ca lng sng cn ) (m)
10 20 40 100
H s k tnh n s thay i p lc gi theo
chiu cao i vi s phn vng khc nhau
A 1 1.25 1.55 2.1
B 0.65 0.9 1.20 1.80
Ghi ch: Vng thuc loi A : Bi hoang, h;
Vng thuc loi B : Cc vng cn li nh thnh ph, khu rng c chiu cao
cn gi ln hn 10 m.
- Khi tc gi lc thi cng phi hn ch m bo an ton th p sut gi ly nh sau:
v < 10 m/s th ly 9 kg/m
2
;
v < 13 m/s th ly 18 kg/m
2

- Din tch chn gi l din tch hnh chiu cc b phn cng trnh ln mt phng vung
gc vi hng gi. i vi nhng b phn kiu dn din tch tnh ton l din tch thng gc
nhn vi h s .
H s ly nh sau :
Vi dn : dn th nht = 0.2;
dn th hai v sau : = 0.15
Thp dn hnh li v tay vn ca cu = 0.8
Kt cu bng thanh vn nng YUKM khi c hai mt phng dn = 0.6 khi c bn mt
phng dn = 1
- Lc go dc ( nm ngang) tc dng ln dn ly bng 60% v lc go dc tc dng ln dm
ly bng 20% lc gi tiu chun theo hng ngang.
n./ Ti trng v p do tu thuyn v h ni tc dng ln cng trnh ph tr hoc kt cu
bo v chng
- Do tu thuyn trn sng ly theo bng 15.1.6
Bng 15.1.6. Ti trng va p
Cp ca ng
sng
Ti trng do va p ca tu thuyn (Tn)
Theo phng dc tim cu t pha Theo phng ngang cu t pha
Thng
thuyn
Khng thng
thuyn
Thng lu H v thng lu
khi nc lng
I 100 50 125 100
II 70 40 90 70
III 65 35 80 65
IV 55 30 70 55
V 25 15 30 25
VI 15 10 20 15
VII 10 5 15 10
Ch : Bng 15.1.6 ly theo quy nh ca nc ngoi, khi tnh nu nc ta c bng th
chuyn i tng ng cp sng hoc ly trc tip:
- Do h ni phc v thi cng. Khi va chm vo cng trnh s pht sinh ra lc nm ngang
theo hng ngang H
x
v lc dc H
y
( tnh bng tn);
H
x
xc nh t phng trnh cn bng nng lng bin dng cng trnh v ng nng va
chm :
0.7
g
D
e
k
H
v x
2
2 2
=
Trong :
D - Trng lng khi nc do tu chon ch ( T)
v - Thnh phn thng gc ca vn tc tu, ly bng 0.2 m/s
e - H s xt n s hp th ng nng ca tu ly bng 0.45 i vi cng trnh trn mng
cc;
k - H s cng ca cng trnh, c th ly k = 200 T/m;
H
y
tnh ton theo cng thc :
H
y
= f H
x

f - H s ma st, khi mt ca cng trnh ph tm l b tng hay cao su f = 0.5, khi l g f =
0.4
Ti trng va p ca tu thuyn coi nh t gia chiu di hay chiu rng ca cng trnh
cao mc nc thi cng, tr trng hp c phn nh ra cao thp hn hay bng mc
nc thi cng ti trng va p t .
p./ Ti trng va p do t. Khi b tr tr gio trong phm vi ng xe chy th lc
ngang do va chm ca t ly bng 20 tn vi iu kin hn ch tc xe chy di 25 km/h.
Lc ny t chiu cao 1 m trn mt ng xe chy.
q - Ti trng va chm g tri. Ti trng ny c xc nh nh sau:
Do mt cy g tri:
H = 1.5 V
2
( Tn)
Trong : V - Vn tc dng nc ( m/s)
- Do n tc g :
H = B.L.10
4
( 1.5V
2
+ q)
Trong : B.L - Chiu di v rng n tc (m);
V - Vn tc dng nc (m/s)
q - Cng gi tnh ton
15.1.4. Tnh ton cc cng trnh ph tm phc v cho xy dng cu
thp
15.1.4.1. Tnh ton gin gio
Cc ti trng tc dng ln gin gio gm: Trng lng bn thn; trng lng kt cu nhp
cn lp; trng lng cc thit b cu lp v vn chuyn (cn cu v xe ch hng); ti trng
ngi v cc thit b nh, ti trng gi
Ni dung tnh ton gin gio : Tnh ton vn lt, dm ngang, dm dc, tnh tr v mng ca
gin gio.
a./ Tnh ton vn lt
Vn lt c coi nh mt dm gin n k t do trn hai gi c nhp l
v
bng khong cch
gia tim hai dm ngang
Ti trng ca ngi c coi l ti trng phn b u vi cng p = 2500N/m
2
v c
kim tra li bng mt lc tp trung p = 1300N. Nu chiu rng mi tm vn nh hn 15 cm th
lc tp trung coi nh phn b u trn 2 tm vn.
Khi kim tra ca vn th ti trng phi nhn vi h s siu ti n ( i vi ti trng tnh n
= 1.2; i vi ngi n = 1.3). Cn khi tnh vng thng tnh vi ti trng tiu chun.
vng cho php ca vn lt phi nh hn 1/150 l
v
.
b./ Tnh ton dm ngang
Dm ngang ca gin gio coi nh mt dm hng hai u, c nhp bng khong cch gia
hai trc dm dc. Nu ch c hai dm dc th dm ngang l tnh nh, nu ln hn hai dm
dc th dm ngang l siu tnh, tuy vy cho n gin c th tnh nh dm gin n hoc
dm c mt u tha.
Ti trng c: Trng lng bn thn v trng lng vn (h s vt ti n = 1.2), trng lng
ngi v thit b nh 250 kg/m
2
(n = 1.3). Trng lng ng vn chuyn, v xe ch hng c
ti nu t ng vn chuyn ln mt cu tm. Trng lng ca chng n v lc kch nu c.
Sau khi xc nh ti trng cn kim tra bn v cng ca dm ngang.
c./ Tnh dm dc
Dm dc c xem nh dm gin n ta trn cc tr vi gi thit lc ngang hon ton
truyn vo m, tr chnh cn tr ca dn gio ch chu lc thng ng.
Ti trng tc dng ln dm dc c:
- Ti trng phn b u: Trng lng vn mt, dm ngang, dm dc, trng lng ngi v
thit b nh, trng lng ng cn cu, xe ch hng i li (nu c).
- Ti trng tp trung: Ti trng ny gm c:
+ Lc truyn qua cc chng n v kch, l ton b cc ti trng m kch phi chu (trng
lng kt cu nhp, trng lng cc thit b trn kt cu nhp v c hng nu c...).
+ Nu cn cu chy trc tip trn gio lm vic th lun lun phi k n p lc
truyn qua bnh xe ca cn cu khi ang lm vic vi ti trng cu gy ra bt li nht.
+ p lc gi tc dng ln kt cu nhp v c cc thit b t trn kt cu nhp nh cn cu
(nu c) truyn qua chng n v kch xung gio. Nu cn cu trc tip trn gio th
p lc gi ln cn cu s truyn qua bnh xe ca cn cu xung gio.
Sau khi c ti trng cn kim tra bn v cng ca dm dc. Nu cn dng cho loi
cu chy trn ng ray th vng ln nht do hot ti tiu chun sinh ra khng c vt
qu 1/600 chiu di nhp khi cn cu c sc nng b hn hay bng 50 tn v 1/750 chiu nhp
khi cn cu c sc nng ln hn. Nu l cu tm thi cng dng cho cc phng tin vn
chuyn, cc my mc xy dng v my nng hng i li lm vic th vng ca nhp cu
tm khng hn ch.
d./ Tnh ton tr ca gio
Lc tc dng ln tr ca gio gm c:
- Phn lc thng ng do cc dm dc truyn xung
- Lc gi ngang tc dng ln kt cu nhp ca cu chnh lp
- Lc gi ngang tc dng ln cn cu
- Lc gi ngang tc dng ln h dm mt cu ca cu tm
- Lc gi tc dng ln tr gio
Ni dung tnh ton tr ca gio
- Kim tra n nh chng lt theo phng ngang cu
- Kim tra bn ca tr
- Kim tra kh nng chu lc ca nn mng
Ni dung tnh ton gio ta nghin cu kt cu g, cu g y ch khc l ti
trng tc dng, chnh v vy trong phn ny ch gii thiu ch yu v cc ti trng tc dng
ln cc b phn gio v ni dung tnh ton cc b phn ny.
15.1.4.2. Tnh ton tr tm
Cc tr tm khng chu ti trng nm ngang theo phng dc cu (tr ti trng gi khi
ang lp rp tr).
- Kt cu tr cn c tnh ton v bn v n nh khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
trong t hp bt li nht c th xy ra trc lc kt cu nhp lp bt u lm vic. Nhng t
hp ti trng dng khi tnh ton tr tm lp kt cu nhp cho trong bng 15.1.7 vi ch :
+ Trng lng ca gio di ng v cc phng tin vn ti c cht hng c tnh ph
thuc vo v tr bt li ca chng trn kt cu nhp.
+ Lc gi tc dng ln cn cu di chuyn theo ng xe chy ca kt cu nhp c tnh
vi b mt chu gi ca cn cu khng b che khut bi kt cu nhp.
+ Khi tnh ton v n nh v tr th ti trng gi c ly vi cng tnh ton, khi tnh
v bn th trong t hp th ba ly tng ng vi v = 13 m/s tc l 18 kgf/m
2
cn trong t
hp th hai th ly theo cng tnh ton nhng khng ln hn tr s dng trong thit k kt
cu nhp trong giai on lp rp.
Bng 15.1.7. T hp ti trng tnh tr tm khi lp bn hng
Th t
ti
trng
Ti trng v lc tc dng Cc t hp ti trng
Khi tnh ton v bn Tnh
n
nh
1 2 3
1 Trng lng bn thn ca tr hay ca
phn hng ca tr
+ + + +
2 Trng lng kt cu nhp lp rp + + - +
3 Trng lng ca dn gio, gio di
ng cc ng ng, ng vn chuyn
v ng di chuyn v ng di chuyn
cn cu
+ + - +
4 Trng lng ca cn cu lp rp:
- Khi c ti
- Khi khng c ti

+
-

-
+

-
+

-
+
5 Trng lng ca cc phng tin vn ti
k c hng
+ - - -
6 Trng lng ca ngi, dng c v thit
b nh
+ + - -
7 p lc gi theo phng ngang tc dng
ln cn cu, kt cu nhp v tr
- + + +
8 p lc ca kch khi iu chnh ti trng
gia cc tr
- - + -
- Tnh n nh v tr ca tr tm:
Ti trng tnh n nh ngang ly theo t hp trong bng trn. n nh v lt theo
phng ngang c c trng bng lch tm (e) ca tng hp lc ca tt c cc lc ng v
ngang so vi trng tm ca tit din tr quy c.
ml
P
M
e
i
io
< =

Trong :
M
io
- Tng m men ca tt c cc lc i vi im 0 (v tr im 0 xem hnh )
P
i
- Tng cc lc thng ng
l - Khong cch t trng tm (0) n mp (C) ca tit din quy c
m - H s iu kin lm vic, m = 0.75
Khi kim tra n nh v tr ca tr theo cng thc trn phi tnh vi ti trng tnh ton, khi
nhng ti trng gy nguy him c nhn vi h s vt ti n ln hn n v, cn nhng ti
trng gi n nh c nhn vi h s vt ti b hn n v.
- Kim tra bn ca tr tm
Vi mi t hp s xc nh c tng cc lc thng ng P
i
, tng cc lc ngang H
i
v
tng cc m men i vi trng tm 0 ca tit din quy c M
io
. Mng cc c tnh nh
mng cc b cao, trong b c xem nh tuyt i cng, cc u trn c lin kt khp
vi b, cn u di cc c ngm trong t su t 5 n 7 ln ng knh cc tnh t
mt t sau khi xi l (do gi thit trn nn cc ca tr tm cng phi ng su).
Lc dc tc dng ln mi cc bt li:

=
2
max
i
io
i
x
x M
n
P
N ;
M men un ti tit din ngm ca cc :

m
i
l
n
H
M

=
Trong :
x
max
- L khong cch t cc xa nht n 0;
x
i
- Khong cch t cc th i n 0;
n - S cc ;
l
m
- Khong cch t u cc n im ngm. Cn c vo ni lc N v M d dng kim tra
c bn ca cc theo :
R
W
M
F
N
+ =
Trong R ly cng tnh ton dc trc hay un tu theo gi tr ca N/F ln hay nh
hn M/W.
Nu thn tr lm bng cc thanh vn nng nh trn th cn thm kim tra thn tr gm tnh
ton x m trn, di v thn tr. X m trn chu tc dng ca cc dm dc, x m di chu
phn lc ca u cc, l cc dm chu un nn d dng kim tra bn.
Thn tr lp bng cc thanh vn nng nh trn hnh... th cn thm kim tra thn tr gm
tnh ton v thin v an ton c th tnh nh h tnh nh, chng hn ta xem nh cc thanh
ng chu ton b lc thng ng cn cc thanh xin ch c tc dng nh cc thanh lin kt v
gim chiu di t do ca thanh nn. Khi tnh lc ngang ta gi thit thn tr l mt khung,
trn chiu chiu cao c im m men un bng khng (M = 0). V tr ca khp (im c M
=0) ph thuc vo cng ca h ging trn v di, nu hai h ny nh nhau c th xem nh
khp nm gia chiu cao ca khung. S tnh tip theo
Phn lc V
A
, V
B
xem nh phn b u cho cc thanh ng, cc lc ngang H
A
, H
B
xem nh
phn b u cho cc thanh ngang, vi cc thanh ng cn cng thm lc do lc thng ng
sinh ra, t kim tra c bn ca cc thanh thn tr.
15.1.4.3. Tnh ton khi lao cu
a./ Tnh lc ko, lc hm khi lao dc kt cu nhp:
Tr s lc ko T khi lao dc c xc nh theo cng thc:
- Nu kt cu nhp trt trn ng trt khng c con ln
T = k f
1
P P.i
- Nu kt cu nhp ln trn cc con ln
T = K
1
2
R
P f
P.i
- Nu kt cu nhp c ko trn xe con (xe ra)
T = K
R
P
(f
2
+ .r) P.i

Trong :
i - dc dc ca ng ln (trt)
Cc h s khc ch thch trn
Lc ko tnh ton bng lc ko tnh trn nhn vi h s vt ti n. Tr s n c th ly theo
bng sau:
Dng ng ln H s n ng vi t hp
Chnh Ph
Khi trt hoc ln trn con ln 1.1 1.0
Khi chuyn trn xe gong 1.2 1.0
b./ Tnh ton lc hm
Tnh lc hm b tr ti hm thch hp. Ti hm nhm mc ch cho kt cu nhp khng
t do di chuyn, ng thi khi cn thit c th ko li kt cu nhp li mt c ly ngn. Lc
hm c tnh theo cng thc:
T
h
= T + W
Trong : W - Lc gi tc dng theo chiu dc cu.
c./ Tnh ton s phn b p lc trn cc m tr trong qu trnh lao cu
Khi tnh ton lao ko dc, xut pht t gi thit kt cu nhp l cng tuyt i v p lc xc
nh theo phng php nn lch tm. Trong qu trnh lao ko cn tnh cc trng hp nh sau:
- Khi kt cu nhp ch t trn cc tr, m chnh th phn lc gi c tnh nh phn lc
ca dm lin tc t trn gi cng (xem c hc kt cu), n s phn b p lc nn trong
trng hp ny phn lc gi cng c tnh nh dm lin tc t trn cc gi cng.
- Khi kt cu nhp l cu dn ng xe chy bn di th do dn c cng ln khi tnh
ton c th p dng phng php nn lch tm. Sau y xt cho tng trng hp c th:
Trng hp 1: Kt cu nhp cn ta hon ton trn nn ng u cu, ta xem nh p lc
c phn b trn mt din tch quy c c chiu di c bng chiu di phn ng trt ang
lm vic trn nn ng v chiu rng bng mt n v chiu di.

Hnh. S tnh ton p lc ln ng trt di khi lao dc
Nu lch tm e nh hn C/6 th trn tit din quy c ch xut hin ng sut nn. Thay e
= C/2 - a ta c iu kin trn ton tit din ch c ng sut nn l C < 3a v cc ng sut
nn p
1
, p
2
tnh c l:
Nu C < 3a : )
6
1 (
1
C
e
C
P
p + =
)
6
1 (
2
C
e
C
P
p =
Nu C 3a im t lc P s ri ra ngoi phm vi li trn tit din xut hin ng sut hai
du ( ko v nn ), nhng nn khng th chu c ko nn c s phn phi ng sut nn trn
chiu di nh hn C v ta c :
p
1
= 0
p
2
=
a
P
3
2

Trng hp 2: Trng hp kt cu nhp ta trn hai hay nhiu tr th phi tm trng tm v
mmen qun tnh ca b mt ta:
Khong cch t A n trng tm ca tit din quy c:
=
i
i i
C
C a
a
0

M men qun tnh ca tit din quy c i vi trc trng tm v song song vi cnh c
chiu di n v l:

+ =
2
0
3
) (
12
1
a a C C I
i i i

p lc ln ng ln di im c to x so vi trng tm tit din tnh ton quy c
c xc nh theo:
I
Pex
C
P
P
i
x
=

Tr s ln nht ca ti trng phn b:
I
C a e P
C
P
I
x e P
C
P
P
n i
i i
) .( . . .
max
max
+
+ = + =

trong x
max
l khong cch trng tm tit din chie lc n im c P
x

d./ Tnh s lng con ln
Sau khi xc nh c p lc ln tr hoc ln nn ng, ta s da vo p lc ny kim
ton h thng ng ln (trt). C th xc nh c s lng con ln trn mt mt di
ng ln:
n =
mR
p
K
n

Trong :
p - p lc trn mt m di ng ln;
K
n
- H s phn b p lc khng u, c th ly l 1.25
m - S ray ca ng ln trn hoc di tu theo s no t hn ( chn s t hn );
R - Kh nng chu lc tnh ton mi ch tip xc gia con ln vi ng trt, ly theo
bng 15.1.8 (bng ny trch t iu 5-80 Quy trnh thit k cc cng trnh ph tm v thit b
ph tr thi cng).
Bng 15.1.8
Kh nng chu lc ch tip xc gia con ln vi ng trt
ng knh con ln thp
(mm)
Kh nng chu lc ca cc im tip xc R ( Tn )
Vi ray I 550 v I ln hn
80
100
120
140
3
5
6
8
7.5
10
11
13
e./ Phn phi lc ko, p lc gi theo phng dc v ngang cu cho cc tr
Theo iu 5-36: Lc ko, p lc gi theo phng dc v ngang cu tc dng ln kt cu
nhp c phn b gia cc tr (phn ta ca kt cu nhp) t l vi ti trng thng ng ca
kt cu nhp tc dng ln tr

P
P N
N
n K
kn
=

P
P W
W
n d
dn
=

P
P W
W
n n
nn
=
Trong :
N
kn
, W
dn
, W
nn
- Lc ko, p lc gi dc, p lc gi ngang phn cho tr n;
N
k
, W
d
, W
n
- Lc ko, p lc gi dc, p lc gi ngang tc dng ln c kt cu nhp.
P - Trng lng ca kt cu nhp;
P
n
- Ti trng thng ng (trng lng kt cu nhp) tc dng ln tr n, tnh P
n
theo biu
p lc.
Chng 15.2
Lao lp cu b tng ct thp lp ghp
15.2.1 c im lao lp cc dm b tng ct thp c sn
Cc khi c sn trong kt cu nhp b tng ct thp lp ghp thng rt nng n, cho
nn vic lao lp rt kh khn v phc tp, i hi phi ht sc cn thn v nh nhng. Rp
ni cc khi lp ghp cng tn nhiu cng sc v thi gian, v vy khi thit k ch to cn
ch phn phi cho ph hp vi phng tin vn chuyn v lao lp. Cc mi ni khi ch
to cng nh khi thi cng phi chnh xc, nu khng kt cu s chu lc khng chu lc
thit k v gy ra nhiu kh khn sau ny. Cu kin b tng ct thp v b tng ng sut
trc l nhng kt cu chu lc theo s nht nh v khng ng u cc chiu khc
nhau, cho nn trong qu trnh xp d, vn chuyn v lao lp phi ht sc cn thn, c khi
phi gia c thm v mc cu ti nhng v tr thch hp. B tng l vt liu rn, khi lao lp
cn ch khng cu kin va chm mnh v b tng phi cng quy nh.
Thit b cu lp phi m bo thao tc nhanh gn y mnh tin thi cng v tt nht
c th d dng di chuyn cu kin v mi pha.
Cn c bit ch kim tra an ton cc thit b trc khi lao lp. Cng vic cu lp cu
kin c sn trong kt cu kin lp ghp v bn lp ghp bao gm hai giai on: Chun b
v lp rp.
- Giai on 1 gm: Chun b hin trng nh lm gin gio, dng cn trc, chun b
bi dm v ng vn chuyn; tip nhn cu kin, lm v sinh v ty g cc chi
tit, mi ni; sa cha v cc khuyt tt v sai lch; lp th; kim tra thit b kch
ko, cn trc
- Giai on 2 gm: b tr cc g lp buc v cu dm; lao lp cc phim dm vo
v tr bng cn trc hoc gi lao; iu chnh v lin kt cc mi ni; hon thin
mt ng trn cu.
Khi buc v nng dm cn c bit ch v tr buc phi chnh xc (nu khng c
mc cu phi nh du cn thn), nng lc trng ti ca thit b phi m bo cu c
trng lng cc phin dm. Khi cu phi ng chiu chu lc ca cu kin, tuyt i
khng c quay lt ty tin.
15.2.2 Lao lp cu dm n gin b tng ct thp lp ghp
15.2.2.1 Lp dm v bn bng cn trc
Cu kin c sn ca cu dm v cu bn b tng ct thp c cu lp bng cc loi
cn trc hoc cc thit b lao c bit. Ty theo a hnh cn trc c th ng ngay trn
mt ng hoc bi sng gm cu lp dm vo v tr, cng c th b tr cn trc ng
trn kt cu nhp thi cng lp nhp sau. Nu mc nc trong qu trnh thi cng
khng su vchiu cao gm cu va tm, cn c th cho cn trc i trn gin gio, cu
tm lao lp kt cu nhp.
Cn trc thng dng l loi t hnh, bnh xch hoc bnh lp. trong cu ng st c
th dng cn trc ng st c cn (hnh 15.2.1) chy trn ng ray t mt pha u cu
lp dm.
Nu cn trc di chuyn trc tip trn mt t th cng ca nn phi tt. Chng hn,
nu lao bng trc bnh lp, ng sut nn t phi l 4-5daN/cm
2
; Nu l cn trc bnh
xch, ng sut t nht cng phi t 2-3daN/cm
2
. Trng hp nn t yu, c th k vn
g hoc lt tn thp vt bnh xe ca cn trc. Hnh 15.2.1 l mt phng n lao lp
bng cn trc ng trn bi sng. Cn trc c th quay mt gc 180
0
ly dm v t
vo v tr.
Mun s dng ti a kh nng cn trc, tm vi ca cn phi v tr nh nht. m
bo cu kin tng i di lm vic ng thit k, khi lao lp phi dng mt n treo.
Dng n treo cn c tc dng gim c dy cu v trnh cho dm b tng chu lc nn
khi cu dm. Dy n treo s chu ti trng bn thn, trng lng khi cu, tnh c h s
xung kch. Sau khi dm lp vo v tr gi cu, cn trc li ra, ly dm khc v lp tip. V
tr cn phi l v tr c kh nng cu c ti trng ln nht, m bo c n nh ca
cn trc lc di chuyn. Tuy nhin, ch khi no cu kin nh hn 50% kh nng cu, mi
cho cn trc va mang cu kin va di ng.

Hnh 15.2.1 s lp dm bng cn trc c cn
a. Chnh din; b. Nhn cnh; c. Chiu bng
1. bi dm; 2. cn trc; 9. dm lp; 4. n treo; 5. ng di chuyn cn trc

Hnh 15.2.2 S lp kt cu nhp
1.ng ray; 2. Cn trc; 9. u my; 4. Toa xe; 5. cn trc; 6.Nhp lng xong; 7.dm
ch lp; 8.Ni dt dm.
Dng cn trc c cn, i trn bi sng lao lp thng ch cu c cc phin dm
c chiu di ti a l 21m vc trng lng khng vt qu 300-350KN. Nu mt cn trc
khng cu ni c th dng 2 cn trc nhng phi ch iu khin khi cu lp dm
dc nhp nhng, cn i. Trng hp dm khng di, c th buc trc tip vo mc cu
(hnh 15.2.3a), vi gc nghing ca dy cp buc trong gii hn t 30
0
n 60
0
. Nu gc
nghing nm ngoi gii hn trn, hoc dy s qua di, hoc lc cng trong dy s qu ln.
bn ca dy cp buc tnh theo cng thc sau:
K
R
n
mQ
cos

Lc nn lch tm do dy treo tc dng vo cu kin s l:
g n
mQ
N
cot
=
Nh vy, khi treo trc tip, cu kin s lm vic nh mt dm mt tha chu tc dng
ca ti trng bn thn g v lc nn lch tm N.
Trng hp dng n treo v dy cu dm buc gin tip, cch im treo ca n mt
on thng bng a (hnh 15.2.3b), bn ca dy cp s tnh theo cng thc:
K
R
n
P n Q n m
+
cos
) (
2 1

Trong cc cng thc trn, ta k hiu:
Q-trng lng cu kin
m-h s xung kch (xem ph lc)
n-s nhnh dy treo (n>3 ch ly n=3)
-gc nghing ca dy treo so vi ng thng ng
P-trng lng n treo
n
1
, n
2
-h s vt ti ln lt ca Q v P;
R-lc ko t ca dy cp treo
K-h s an ton ca dy cp ly t 3-8
Ni lc trong n treo ti im buc cp s l (nu n=2):
+ =
l
a P
n Q n
Ma
M
.
2
2 1

g
P n Q n m
N
cot 2
) (
2 1
+
=
trong : l-l chiu di ca n treo

Hnh 5-3 Dy cu dm
a-treo trc tip; b-qua n treo
Cn ch khi s dng n treo bng thp, ti ch buc phi c m g trnh cho
dy cp c gc gy v b tng b st m do dy cp sit cht lc cu. Khi nn t bi sng
yu hoc mc nc su, cu trc lp dm c th dng phng n i trn nhp lao.
Trng hp ny cn trc phi c tm vi di cu dm pha trc. cc phin dm lp
ghp sau khi vn chuyn v t ni tp kt c a ln xe gong cn trc cu ln
a vo v tr. V cn trc i trc tip trn kt cu nhp nn ch lao c cc phin dm c
chiu di ti a l 16m, tng ng vi trng lng ti a khong 140-150KN.
Lp nhng nhp sng, c th s dng c cn trc t trn h ni, gim tm vi
v tng sc nng ca cn trc. cu lp c thun li phi b tr cc mc treo ti v tr
quy nh theo tnh ton trn kt cu. Hnh 15.2.4 gii thiu mt s cu to mc treo dm
lp ghp. Mc treo n gin nht l dng mt thanh mc ct thp chn vo b tng nh
hnh 15.2.4a. i vi dm c trng lng ln hn nn dng bn thp hn vi ct neo
trong dm nh hnh 15.2.4b. Trong trng hp trng lng cu ln na, c th dng mc
nh hnh 15.2.4c gm trc ngang 2 ni vi mp 1, thanh kp 3 v trc 4. Hai thanh kp
c b tr i xng v lun qua l cha sn trn cnh dm.
15.2.2.2 Lp dm v bn bng gi long mn
Gi long mn (cn trc cng) dng thch hp lao lp cu dm b tng ct thp
nhiu nhp, c bit vi cu c chiu cao kh ln v nhp di. Cn trc long mn thng
thng c sc nng n 650KN. Cn trc long mn lp bng thanh vn nng c sc nng
1000kN

Hnh 15.2.4 Mc treo cu
a. Mc bng thp trn; b. Mc bng thp bn; c. Mc ngoi
Cn trc loi ny c nhc im l thi gian lp rp lu, nhng u im ni bt l cu
lp c cu kin c trng lng nng, cao ln, v vy c s dng rng ri trong
xy dng cu.
Lao lp dm c chiu di 18-21m c th dng mt cu trc long mn. Nu nhp di
24m hoc ln hn phi dng hai cn trc cu lp. Cn trc di chuyn dc cu bng
ng ray t trn bi sng (nu cu thp v a cht tt), hoc i trn cu tm (nu cu
cao v a cht xu). Kt cu nhp dm vn chuyn bng bng xe goong ra v tr, c gi
long mn nng ln v vn chuyn ngang, ri h xung gi nh hnh 15.2.5.
Khng c nng ti khi cn trc long mn di chuyn. Mun khng cn tr dng chy,
cu tm (gin gio) cho cu trc di chuyn c th lm bng thanh vn nng, vt nhp
di v tit kim vt liu.

hnh 15.2.5 Cu trc long mn lp dm
1.cu tm bng thanh vn nng; 2. cu trc long mn bng thanh vn nng; 3. Dm p

Ngoi ra, khi sng su, y sng l nn , c thng thng ng thy trong thi
gian thi cng, dng cn trc long mn lao lp i khi khng thch hp, v xy dng cu
tm gin gio s ko di thi gian v tng gi thnh xy dng cu ln n 20%.
15.2.2.3 Lp dm bng cc thit b t hp lao cu
T hp lao lp cu l mt t hp cc thit b c bit gm dn hoc dm dn, cc gi
long mn, toa xe hoc xe goong ch dm. hnh 15.2.6 gii thiu mt loi t hp thng
dng lao lp cu dm c nhp di n 21m, vi kh ng xe chy rng 7m v ng
ngi i b 2x1,5m. trng lng mi phin dm nng n 240KN.

Hnh 15.2.6 T hp lao cu
T hp gm cu dn (2), hai cn cu long mn t hnh (1) chy bng ng ray t
trn cu dm dn, c kh nng cu 120KN, nng h phin dm (3). i trng (4) c
tc dng gi n nh cho cu dn khi ko v pha trc bng ti v dy cp. Cu dn gm
hai dm chnh (6) ni vi nhau bng lin kt ngang (5).
Cn trc long mn t trn h bnh xe cch nhau 7,8m v 9,2m theo chiu ngang
tng ng vi khong cch, gia 2 dm bin. Khi t phin dm (3) ln gi cng phi
dng 2 cn trc vn hnh cng mt lc. Nh vy, cc phin dm c th c lao dc v
sang ngang mt cch d dng.
trnh t lp kt cu nhp nh sau : cn trc long mn cu dm b tng ct thp chy
dc trn ng u cu v cu dn (2). Sau phin c chuyn ngang v h xung gi.
Mun lao nhp tip theo, cu dn c ko dc n v tr mi. T hp ny ch dng lao
lp nhp cu c tng chiu ngang cc dm rng ti 8-9m.
Khi lao lp kt cu nhp dm c trng lng di 1000KN c th dng cc t hp kiu
mt tha. Hnh 15.2.7 gii thiu mt loi t hp mt tha lao lp nhp c chiu di ti
a l 33m, trng lng mi phin dm 600KN v khong cch hai dm bin l 8,7m.

Hnh 15.2.7 T hp kiu mt tha lao cu
T hp gm: gin lin tc hai nhp (3) gi trn tr (2) v (4). Khi lm vic dn cn
c gi ln tr (8). Chn tr (2) t trn h bnh xe mt trc, chn tr gia t trn
goong ba trc v do ng c in iu chnh di chuyn. Tr (8) c t kch rng iu
chnh vng ca u dn khi lao sang nhp khc. vn chuyn phin dm b tng ct
thp dc theo dn phi dng 2 dm ngang mt tha (7). Khi phin dm b tng ti v tr,
dng bnh xe v palng xch (6) sng ngang h dm xung gi. Mun dn n nh khi
ko sang nhp khc, cn b tr t i trng (1). Dm b tng ct thp (9) c t trn xe
gong (10) di chuyn ra tr (4). Sau dng pa lng xch (6) nng dm v ko v pha
trc. Tr (2) v (4) chy trn ng ray.
lao lp dm b tng ct thp nhp di ti a 42m, kh cu rng hn 8m, trng
lng phin dm 1000KN c th dng loi t hp lao lp kiu mt tha loi ln. Hnh
15.2.8 gii thiu mt loi t hp lao cu c sc cu ln. Cu to gm: dn chnh v dn
ph trong dn ph lm lm cn mt tha lp tr cu v lm cu tm lao dn
chnh n v tr lp dm b tng ct thp.
Cc phin dm c nng h lao dc nh cc h thng rc rch v c sng ngang
cng vi t hp. Dm b tng ct thp c ch bng xe goong n t hp, c nng ln
, chuyn dc ri c sang ngang v c t xung gi cu. Sau khi lp ht cc dm
trong mt nhp li c tin hnh cc bc nh trn cho cc nhp tip theo. T hp c cc
chn chng di chuyn c trn ng ray. Chn chng c th quay xung quanh trc
ng, do c th lao lp c cu cho v cu cong.
15.2.2.4 lao lp kt cu nhp bng dm dn v gi long mn
Dng xe goong i trn mt dm dn ch phin dm ra v tr, sau dng hai gi
long mn t trn m tr nng ln v sang ngang ri h phin dm xung gi cu.

Hnh 15.2.8 T hp lao cu ti trng ln
I.Lp tr; II.Di chuyn gi t dm; III.Di chuyn dm BTCT
1.Dn ch; 2.tr pha sau; 3.Gong nng ti; 4.Dn ph; 5.Gong nng ti; 6.t tr
cu; 7. Tr trc dn ph; 8.t dm vo v tr.

Dm c th lm bng thp hnh hoc l mt dn thp gm cc thanh vn nng hoc cc
phin dn qun dng Nht, dn Bailey ghp li.
Lp dm dn ng u cu, ri dng con ln, ng trt, ko dc ra v tr. Gi
long mn cu to hoc bng thp hnh, lp ng u cu, ri dng gi ch A dng ln.
sau dng gi con bmchy trn dm dn gi long mn t trn tr cu (hnh
15.2.9)

Hnh 15.2.9 Lp gi long mn
Gi con bm c th lm bng g hay bng thp nh hnh 15.2.10.
Hnh 15.2.11 l cu to gi long mn lp ghp cc phin dm tit din ch T di
khong 20m
Trn mt ct ngang, v dn dn chim ch, nn phin dm cui cng c gi long
mn t tm ln phin dm lp. Sau khi ko dm dn v pha trc lao nhp tip
theo, gi long mn nng dm ny v h vo v tr.

Hnh 15.2.10: Gi con bm bng g v thp kch thc mm
cng vic lao lp cc nhp tip theo s c lp li cc bc tng t. sau khi lao lp
xong phi tho dn dn v gi long mn bng cch dng gi long mn v gi ch A cu
gin dn, t trn xe gong vn chuyn i. gi long mn c tho d nh gi ch A.

Hnh 15.2.11 cu to gi long mn, kch thc mm

15.2.2.5 Lin kt cc phin sdm v cng tc hon thin
Sau khi cc phin dm BTCT c t vo v tr, cn lin kt li tr thnh mt kt
cu chnh th. Mi ni c th bn mt cu, dm ngang v thngdng ct thp lin
kt. Sau khi ni xong tin hnh b tng. Mi ni ct thp c th dng lin kt hn hoc
b tng. Mi ni ct thp c th dng lin kt hn hoc neo. trc khi hn phi nn thng
ct thp theo thit k.
b tng mi ni thng dng vn khun treo p vo bn mt cu. Mi ni c th
bo dng bng hi nc nng b tng nhanh chng t cng v thng xe c th
sm.
Mun tin hnh lin kt cc mi ni dm ngang phi lm gin gio treo bng g
hoc bng thp nh hnh 15.2.12. Gin gio treo c th di ng c nh bnh xe chy
trn lng thp I hoc thp U. Nh vy c th thi cng d dng tt c cc mi ni trong
mi dm ngang ca nhp cu.

Hnh 15.2.12: Gin gio treo di ng khi lin kt dm ngang
Sau khi cc phin dm c lin kt thnh mt khi cht ch, tin hnh ri lp m
tam gic, to dc thot nc. Tip theo l t cc khi b hnh v lan can. V trnglng
nh, cc khi ny c ch ra v tr bng t, ri dng cn trc bnh lp lp v lin
kt cht xung bn mt cu. Th t t cc khi b hnh t u nhp n cui nhp. Ct
lan can lin kt hn vi bn thp hoc lin kt bng bulng t trong khi b hnh. Sau
khi t xong phi b tng ph bn thp hoc bulng bo v v gi c m quan.
Thi cng cc cng vic trn lp mt cu gm:
t ng thot nc, lm khe bin dng, t tng phng nc, lp bo v, t va,
cui cng ph lp mt ng.
ng thot nc t vo l cha sn trn bn mt cu. ng phi c nh r qut
mt lp nha ng nu cn. Lp to dc tam gic thot nc c th l va xi mng hoc
b tng, mt trn phi nhn. Sau khi lm c hai ba ngy m mi cho php t tng
phng nc. Khe bin dng phi m bo lm cho mt cu lin tc, xe i m thun, (c
th dng cc bn thp ci rng lc).
15.2.3. Lao lp cu dm lin tc v mt tha
15.2.3.1 Cc phng php lao lp
Cu dm lin tc bng b tng ct thp cng c th lp ghp vi nhiu cng ngh khc
nhau. Dm lin tc c ct ra tng on. V tr ct c b tr hoc trn tr, hoc ch
dm chu m men nh nht. Sau khi cc khi dm lao ra v tr, phi lin kt li thnh dm
lin tc. Cng tc lao dm c tin hnh hoc bng cn trc hoc gi long mn v cu
tm.
Phng php khc, cc khc dm c ch to nh my b tng c sn v lp rp
trn ng u cu, sau c lao dc v t ln gi cu bng h kch y thy lc.
Phng php th 3, cu dmlin tc c vit ra nhiu phin theo chiu dc , ch to trc
tip trn cng trng, v lao lp trn gin gio hoc trn h thng ch ni.
15.2.3.2 Lao lp cu dm lin tc trn gin gio c nh.
Cu dm b tng ct thp lin tc c th ch to dm v bn ring r v lp ghp li
trn gin gio c nh. Khi lp rp c th dng cn cu, gi long mn hoc cn trc mt
tha. Cn trc c th di chuyn trn bi sng hoc trn cu tm; cng c th cho i trn
kt cu lao lp, lao nhp sau, ty theo chiu cao cu v a hnh v tr xy dng. hnh
15.2.13 l s lp dm lin tc BTCT ng sut trc trn cc tr tm. Tr tm c lp
bng thanh vn nng.

Hnh 15.2.13: s lp dm lin tc ch to t cc khi ln.
a. Cn trc long mn 450 kN
b. Cn trc nt tha kh nng nng 2x300kN
1. Khi dm; 2. Tr tm; 3. X y tr tm; 4. Cc tr tm;
5. Cn trc long mn; 6. Cu tm; 7. Gong ch dm; 8. Cn trc mt tha
Khi lp bng gi long mn, di chuyn trn nn t v tr tm, khi lp ghp trn tr
tm v tr c nh ch chu ti trng bn thn. Nu lp bng cu trc mt tha, cn xt
thm ti trng ca thit b lao lp. trong mi giai on thi cng cc khi dm v tr tm
phi chu lc. Mt s b ct thp lin kt cc phin dm c th t trong rnh kn
hoc nm ngoi kt cu (dm b tng ct thp ng sut trc) v ch ko sau khi trt
khe ni ngang, do mt s mi ni ngang phi rng t kch. Sau khi hon thin
dm lp ghp c nng ln, gii phng tr tm v h xung gi bng kch thy lc.
Nhc im ca phng php xy dng l: khi lng cng tc ln, chi ph lao ng
nhiu v phi xy dng tr tm v b tng ti ch vi khi lng chim khong 20-
25% khi lng nhp. Phng php lao lp ny thng t dng nhng nc c thi tit
khng thun li.
15.2.3.3 lao lp cu dm lin tc trn gin gio di ng
Cu dm lin tc trn ng t v cu thnh ph c ch to thnh tng khi ln
trong nh my. Cc khi ny vn chuyn ra cng trng tin hnh lao lp v ghp cc
mi ni. Khi lng b tng ti ghp cc mi ni ti cng trng c hn ch ti
mc ti thiu, ch chim 3-4% khi lng b tng kt cu nhp. tng nhanh tc thi
cng c th lm sn lp phng nc v lp bo v ngay trong nh my. Cc khi lp ghp
c ch to vi b rng bng b rng cu (Hnh 4.14) khong 11-15m, b dy ca mi
khi khong 3m. trng lng mi khi t 300-500KN.

Hnh 15.2.14: S lp dm trn gin gio di ng
1. ng ray; 2. Dm ngang; 3. Gin gio di ng; 4. Con ln;
5. Dm thp gin gio; 6. Tr
Cc khi c sn c lp ghp trn nhp bng mt dn hoc dm thp ta trn tr m
cu v sau c th lao dc lp rp cc khi dm ca nhp tip theo. Sau y gii thiu
mt loi dm thp lp rp nhp t 33-63m, cu to gm hai dm I hn cnh rng, chiu
cao 230cm, t cch nhau 260cm, ni vi nhau bng lin kt ngang v dc (hnh 15.2.15)

Hnh 15.2.15 Mt ct ngang gingio thp
1.Khi gin gio; 2.Mi ni bulng cng cao; 3. Ray bin trn; 4. Vn; 5. gi
cng tc; 6,7. Bin di khi lp
Dm I gm nhiu on di 9-13,5m, ghp vi nhau bng bulng cng cao. lap
rp cc khu dm ti nhp, dm I phi c chiu di ph hp khi lao dc, chng hn vi
nhp 33m, dm phi di 72m; vi nhp 42m, dm lp phi di ti 90m. Pha trc c mi
dn gim vng ca gin gio. Pha sau cng ko di thm c ch lm vic cho
cng nhn. Mt trn dm thp c t ng ray vi vng cn thit chng vng di
tc dng ca ti trng cc khi lp. Cc trc con ln t trn tr di chuyn dm thp v
pha trc bng ti v mp cp.
Sau khi lao dm thp , t kch thu lc trn tr cu h dm thp vo v tr v bt u
lao cc khi dm b tng ct thp trn ray v ni rp ngang gia nhp.
Mi dn cn c th dng dng cu lp tr cu. Trng hp ny mi dn c xe
gong nh nng h v vn chuyn cc khi lp ghp. Phng php ny ph hp vi tr
cao. Trng lng cu kin tr lp ghp c th ti 250kN nu nhp ch di 33m. Trng
hp nhp di hn, chng hn 42m, mi dn ch c kh nng cu c 200KN.
Hnh 15.2.16 gii thiu cc bc lp rp cu dm lin tc c nhp di 33 v 42m.
Bc th nht t con ln ng trt trn nn ng u cu, sau lp ghp dm
thp v t thanh ray trn cnh dm lao cc khi lp ghp nhp v tr (nn ng ch
p cao ti cao m m)

Hnh 15.2.16: Cng ngh lp dm lin tc
1. Cn trc 600kN; 2. Gin gio; 3. Con ln chuyn gin gio;
4. Ti nng t tr lp ghp; 5. Khi tr; 6. Khi nhp;
7. Khi nhp trn gin gio; 8. Ti
Bc 2: Ko dm thp ra nhp u tin, k kch trn nh m v lp tr th nht. Sau
khi mi ni tr lp ghp t cng, dm thp c ko sang nhp th hai v p tip
nn ng n cao thit k, ng thi lp tr 2. Lc ny dm thp k trn 3 im v
bt u phc v cho cng tc lp rp cc khi dm: cn cu lp dn cc khi ln nh ray
trn dm thp v cc khi c ko trt vo v tr. Gia cc khi lp c khe h khon 20
cm thun tin khi pht keo. Sau khi khe dn c p li nh cng ct thp lin kt
cc khi bng kch thu lc. Cc bc thi cng nh vy c tip tc thc hin vi cc tr
v nhp. Gia cc on quy nh gm nhiu khi phi b tr cc khe t neo c b rng t
60-70cm ni cc b ct thp. Cc mi ni thng b tr ti tit din c m men b
nht. Sau khi lp t xong tong on v cng ko ct thp, c th b tng kh ni rng
bng vn khun chuyn dng. Cng vic cui cng l phi bm va bo v b ct
thp. Mi cng vic ph tr u tin hnh trn xe treo nh, di chuyn trn kt cu nhp.
Sau khi lp rp xong nhp cui cng dm thp c ko vo nn ng u cu v tho
ra tng on chuyn i ni khc. ng u cu s c p tip n cao thit k.
Cc khi lp c t tng phng nc v lp bo v trong nh my, do vy khi lao
lp xong, ti cng trng ch cn t tng phng nc v lp bo v ti ch mi ni.

Phn 17
C im thi cng
cu dm thp lin
hp bn BTCT

17.1. Lp rp kt cu thp v kt cu thp lin hp B-tng
17.1.1. Khi lp rp cc kt cu bng thp v thp lin hp chu lc vi b-tng ct thp
(TLHBT) cn phi tun theo cc yu cu tiu chun ngnh "Cu thp v kt cu thp - Quy
trnh thi cng v nghim thu " hin hnh v cc ch dn ca phn ny.
Nhng yu cu trong phn ny c p dng thi cng lp rp cu thp v cu TLHBT
vi cc loi lin kt: hn, ma st, bu lng, t hp, hn hp hn ma st trong mt mt ct.
i vi cc cu c lin kt inh tn, phi tun theo cc quy nh ca Quy trnh thi cng v
nghim thu cu cng ban hnh nm 1975.
Khi lp rp phn kt cu ca thp cu treo dy vng, cu treo dy xin, cu nng m, ngoi
nhng yu cu ca phn ny, phi thc hin cc ch dn ring ca thit k cng trnh v h
s BVTC.
17.1.2. Tt c cc cu kin trc khi a lp rp vo kt cu cn phi c kim tra v thc
trng v ghi vo bin bn. Khi c kt cu kim loi b h hng hoc bin dng vt qu mc
cho php ca tiu chun nghim thu, tiu chun k thut hoc nhng ch dn ca thit k
khi ch to, cn lp hi ng nh gi v lp bin bn. Trong hi ng cn c s tham gia
ca i din nh thu, n v thit k, ch cng trnh v nn c thm i din ca c quan
nghin cu khoa hc - cng ngh.
Hi ng cn phi lm r nguyn nhn h hng, a ra gii php sa cha (hoc thay mi)
giao cho n v no c nhim v sa cha h hng. Bin bn kim tra gi cho n v lp
bn v lp rp kt cu.
Nhng khuyt tt do mi hn nu khng c pht hin trong xng th nh my ch to
phi chu trch nhim sa cha kt cu ngay ti chn cng trnh.
Nhng cu kin nu pht hin c nhng vt nt trn vt liu hn lan chuyn sang kim loi
c bn, hoc b tch lp mp cu kin th phi thay.
17.1.3. Nhng cu kin (hoc b phn cc b ) b cong vnh, nu khng c vt gy, ng
nt v gy gc, cn phi c sa cha bng phng php gia nhit hay c nhit. Vic sa
cha bng phng php ny cn c thc hin theo ng cc quy nh hin hnh. Tt c
cc cu kin b vnh cong u phi nn sa li trc khi a vo lp rp.
17.1.4. Khi tho d v xp t cc chi tit kt cu thp cn t vng chc trn cc dm k
bng g dy trn 150mm, khong cch gia cc dm phi thch hp khng pht sinh
bin dng cc b. Khi xp theo nhiu tng th phi t mt lp ng so vi lp di. Chiu
cao mi chng cu kin khng c qu 1,5m. Cc bn nt, bn ph ni v nhng chi tit
nh nh khc cn c bo qun trn gi c vn ghp, cn bu lng v cc chi tit kim loi
khc c trong ln tri hoc trn k c ph kn.

Tt c cc cu kin c xp theo trnh t sau: theo vn n, theo m s k hiu, v theo
th t a ra lp rp. M s ghi sn xng ch to phi c nh du v tr d c.
Trng hp ghi m s bng sn phi dng loi sn bn mu, ghi vo hai v tr trn cu kin
trn mt thong tm mt. Vic chuyn kt cu v a vo lp rp cn thc hin c gii ho,
nhm trnh b va chm mnh cng nh trnh to ra nhng vt st lm trn b mt kim loi
v bin dng. Nghim cm dng sc ngi qung nm v lt cc cu kin.
Khng cho php hn g hoc hn nh cc thit b cu lp vo cc cu kin ca nhp cu v
kt cu chnh.
17.1.5. Cc phi kin lp rp thnh khi ln phi c thc hin theo trnh t cng ngh,
trn c s n thit k thi cng lp rp cc phi kin thnh khi ln.
17.1.6. lp rp cc cu kin cho kt cu nhp phi s dng lun chuyn cc gio vn
nng, sn treo, cu thang, trong qu trnh thi cng.
Khi thi cng lp rp cc cng trnh phc tp, nn s dng nhiu ln cc cu kin vn nng
hoc kt cu nh hnh, cc phng tin ni, mi dn cc x , dm gnh, cc xe y, bn
trt.vv...
Cho php tin hnh tho d cc b phn lin kt v cc chi tit tng cng khi ni lc trong
c trit tiu, tc l khi nhp cu lp rp xong t n tr s chuyn v v ni lc
tnh ton trng thi : tr s chuyn v v ni lc trong kt cu khi kch v v tr t kch
cn dn gii trong BVTC v kim tra trong qu trnh tho d.
17.2. Cu to v lin kt lp rp
17.2.1. Khi thi cng nghim thu kt cu thp v kt cu TLHBT lin kt bng bu lng
CC, phi tun theo tiu chun ngnh "Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu dm cu thp lin
kt bng bu lng CC" hin hnh v nhng quy nh trong h s thit k kt cu v BVTC.
17.2.2. H s ma st tnh ton ph thuc phng php gia cng mt tip xc ca lin kt
nh sau:
0,58 - Gia cng bng phun ht kim loi hay phun ct, sau a ra lp rp ngay.
0,50 - Gia cng bng phun ht kim loi hay phun ct mt mt tip xc sau to mng
bo v tm thi bng cht c ch, mt bn cn li, dng bn chi thp khng c mng bo
v.
0,42 - Gia cng bng la sau lp ngay.
0,35 - Gia cng bng bn chi thp sau lp ngay.
17.2.3. Khi thi cng nghim thu kt cu thp v kt cu TLHBT lin kt bng hn, phi
tun theo tiu chun ngnh Kt cu thp - yu cu k thut gia cng hn v nhng quy
nh trong h s thit k kt cu v BVTC.
17.2.4. Khng c di chuyn v nng bc bng my cu cc cu kin ln hn g vo
nhau, m phi dng cc thit b g c bit m bo cu kin khng b
bin dng.
17.2.5. Khi lp dng kt cu nhp lin kt bng hn trn h khung , gi hoc gio,
phi m bo tr s vng xy dng ng theo thit k. Phi quan st k nhng gc cnh
v im t gy mi hn ghp ni khi chnh sa kt cu b bin dng do cc tr s ca kt
cu c n nh trong BVTC v c kim tra ngay khi hn cc khi lp ghp u tin.
Khi lp dng v hn nhng cu kin ln cng phi xt tnh n s bin dng v x dch
gia cc cu kin v tr mi ni do nh hng ca nhit ngoi tri.
17.2.6. Trc khi trin khai mt mi hn, phi bo cho i trng thi cng kim tra cng
vic chun b. Nu nhng mi no chun b xong nhng qua 24 gi cha tin hnh hn,
nht thit trc khi hn phi sy kh v lau sch mt ln na, bo li cho i trng bit.

17.3. Thi cng lp hng, na hng v hng cn bng
17.3.1. Thit k thi cng lp hng, na hng v hng cn bng phi c nghin cu v
khng nh tnh ton cc gii php m bo bn, tnh n nh, tnh bt bin ca kt cu
lp rp v cc chi tit lin kt qua cc giai on thi cng.
17.3.2. Cc im neo gi nhp cu c tnh ton theo iu kin m bo n nh v tr
ca h thng "nhp cu - cn cu" ng vi di hng ti a v c th trc khi chu ti
trng lp rp, cao hn 20% so vi ti trng tnh ton. Kt qu th nghim cc im neo cn
c lp thnh bin bn.
17.3.3. Khi cn kim tra tr s phn lc gi trn cc tr k tm, phi dng kch du c ng
h o hoc my to p lc thu tnh c tm cm ng.
17.3.4. m bo n nh chng trt dc cho nhp dm ang lp, phi ghm dm vo
u tr chnh thng qua vic bt cht tt c bu lng neo gi nu l loi gi c nh, hoc
thng qua va bu lng neo gi va chm cht cc con ln, nu l gi di ng.
17.3.5. Khi lp rp dm cu trong vng c ng t, phi tin hnh lp t ngay cc b
phn chng ng t theo thit k nu khng gy tr ngi trong qu trnh lp rp.
17.3.6. Khi thi cng lp hng cn bng hai pha ca nhp cu, khng c lp pha ny
hng cha ra sm hn pha kia mt khoang dm. ni "hp long" hai u hng ca nhp
cu, cn m bo c nh c s trng tim theo hng thng ng, hng ngang v gc
nghing ca cc u on ni ghp vi nhau. Vic "hp long" cn c tin hnh trong mt
khong thi gian ngn nht thi im nhit khng kh ngoi tri t n nh.
17.3.7. V tr thit k theo mt bng v mt ct ca nhp cu lp theo phng php hng
phi c iu chnh mt cch chnh xc v v tr hnh hc t khoang lp u tin hoc t
khi khung lp u tin. Trong trng hp ny, vng xy dng phi c m bo chnh
xc qua cc l khoan sn nt lin kt, xc nh c kch thc hnh hc ca kt cu
bng cch lp cc con li v bu lng cc nt lin kt.
Vic iu chnh v tr kt cu nhp vo ng tim cu cn tin hnh ngay sau khi h nhp
dm xung m tr chnh.
Trong qu trnh lp bu lng CC lin kt theo phng php ma st phi m bo tin hnh
xit hon chnh lc tng khoang theo cch lp ui v nu chm hn, cho php vn ra
cha xit hon chnh khng qu ba khoang dm, k c khoang ang lp.
Khi thi cng lp hng kt cu nhp c lin kt dng hn hp bu lng - hn ni, phi lp
hon chnh ton b vic hn ni v xit bu lng cho tng nt, tng khoang, khng c
chm li.
17.3.8. Khi lp dm dng gin hoa, cn m bo s khp kn tng khoang lin tip khng
b bin hnh; khi lp rp khoang gin dng khung, cng phi m bo tng on khng b
bin hnh.
Thanh ng chu lc ko khi lp thnh khung kn tam gic, cho php dng cn cu lp rp
a mt cch chnh xc vo l lin kt, bo m sao cho kim sot c tr s ni lc
pht sinh khi lp vo v tr.
Khi lp rp ng thi mt on ca gin ch v cc b phn mt cu, phi lp cc thanh
lin kt dc v ngang sao cho m bo c n nh cc b phn lp rp ca kt cu

nhp. Khng cho php chm tr lp rp cc thanh lin kt dc v ngang pha trn ca gin
qu hai khoang, k c khoang ang lp.
17.3.9. Khi so l lin kt cc kt cu lp rp, khng c dng dng c hoc bin php no
lm lch lc v gy mo m cc l. Khng c dng thc Panme kim tra trng
kht cc l lin kt.
17.3.10. Vic di chuyn v nh v my cu lp t trn kt cu nhp phi thc hin theo
hng dn ca BVTC.
Vic di chuyn my cu sang khoang tip theo ch c tin hnh sau khi to thnh h
bt bin v lp s lng bu lng theo thit k ca khoang trc.
17.4. Cng tc chng g kt cu thp
17.4.1. Trc khi khi cng chng g dm cu thp v kt cu thp phi hon thnh v
nghim thu mi cng tc lp rp v sa cha xong mi sai st trn kt cu.
17.4.2. Trng hp chng g cu thp v kt cu thp bng phng php sn to mng, phi
theo cc ch dn v yu cu k thut ca tiu chun ngnh "Sn cu thp v kt cu thp -
Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu".
17.4.3. gio v gi treo thi cng sn phi m bo cng , ch to n gin v bo
m an ton lao ng.
Trc khi khi cng, phi th nghim gi treo theo ti trng thit k v nht thit phi lp
bin bn th nghim. i vi cc cu ang khai thc phi t gio v gi treo ngoi kh
tnh khng an ton ca cng trnh.
17.4.4. Nhng yu cu k thut thc hin bo v kt cu thp khi b g, khi lng
cng vic v cc phng php cch thc kim tra, phi tun theo quy
nh trong Bng 22.
Bng 22
Phng php
hay cch thc kim tra
1. Cc yu cu v vt liu sn ph thuc mc
n mn ca mi trng, vng kh hu
v
tnh cht quan trng ca kt cu cn khai
thc, tun theo tiu chun ngnh "Sn
dng cho cu thp v kt cu thp "
2. Chun b b mt sn, thi cng sn, tun
theo tiu chun ngnh "Sn cu thp v
kt cu thp - Quy trnh thi cng v nghim
thu "
3. dy tng cng ca mng ph, quy nh
ph thuc mc n mn ca mi trng:
- n mn yu: 70 - 80 m
- n mn trung bnh: khng nh hn
80 m
Theo tng l hng

Tng cng on sn

Sau khi sn lp cui
cng
Theo tiu chun ngnh
(22TCN) v tiu chun
Nh nc (TCVN)

Theo tiu chun ngnh

o bng my o chiu
dy mng sn kiu cm
ng in t. dy thch
ng vi tr s trung bnh
cng ca 5 ln o.

- n mn mnh: khng nh hn 100 m

Phn 18 Xy dng cu vm v cu treo
18..1 c im v yu cu chung trong xy dng cu vm
Kt cu nhp vm c ng dng xy dng nhng cng trnh cu m v tr ca n
phi vt qua a hnh min ni him tr nu s dng dng cu khc s gp nhiu kh
khn trong gii php kt cu. Ngoi ra cu vm cn c xy dng nhng ni c yu
cu v cnh quan khu vc. Cng trnh cu cn phi to dng kin trc p.
C nhiu bin php thi cng kt cu nhp vm c p dng cho ph hp vi khu
ca vm, vi cu to ca thn vm v iu kin a hnh ca khu vc lm cu. Chng ta
c th thng k nhng bin php chnh sau y:
1. Thi cng c ti ch: Dng cho thi cng cu vm BTCT c khu va v nh
hoc nhng thn vm BTCT khu ln (l>100m) nhng iu kin a hnh thun li cho
vic xy dng h thng gio di.
2. Thi cng lp hng: c s dng i vi cc loi nhp vm bng thp, thn vm
dng c hoc dng dn. Bin php thi cng tng t nh khi lp hng bng thp, iu
khc bit l phi c h thng cp neo gia hai na thn vm trc khi hon thnh giai
on hp long . Hnh 18..1 m t mt cng trnh thii cng cu dn vm thp theo bin
php lp hng.
3. Cu vm b tr xe chy di (dm cng, vm mm) bng BTCT thng c thi
cng theo phng php lp ghp. u tin lao lp h dm cng bc tip theo dng cn
cu i trn h dm lp dn tng on thn vm v cc thanh treo.
4. Bin php quay dng khi phi xy dng cu vm qua nhng khu vc m a th
khng th dng c gio, trong khi a hnh dc hai bn b cho php t chc c
bi thi cng. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cho lp rp hoc c thn vm v tr nm
trn mt t, mt na mt bn b, chn vm t trn khp quay tm thi. Tip theo
dng h thng ti cp v puli kp dng hai na thn vm ln ri quay ngang so vi dng
chy theo ng v tr tim cu. Nh h thng ti cp, ngi ta iu chnh v hp long hai
na thn vm.
i vi kt cu nhp vm BTCT, bin php b tng ti ch trn gio vn l ph
bin nht. Vi iu kin nc ta cc cu vm c xy dng ch yu cc tnh min ni,
c khu va v nh, thi cng ti ch l ph hp.
Trong chng ny chng ta ch xem xt k thut thi cng c ti ch thn vm BTCT
v xy dng vm , khng xt n nhng bin php khc.
Vi cng mt khu , so vi kt cu nhp dm thi cng nhp vm phc tp hn rt
nhiu. Bi vy trong khi t chc thi cng v trin khai thc hin cng tc xy dng cng
trnh cu vm BTCT cn lu nhng c im sau:
1. xy dng cu vm vnh cu phi dng trc c mt cu vm tm bng vt
liu khc, chnh l h thng gio, mt bn c dng cong vng ln ng vi hnh
dng ca y thn vm. Vt liu lm cu tm c th bng g, thp hoc t p. Mt cong
ca gio phi chnh xc nu khng lm gim yu kh nng chu lc ca thn vm. Do
thng c thit k theo s vm hai cht hoc khng cht v c cu to bng vt
liu b tng nn thn vm rt nhy cm vi cc bin dng ca gio. Nhng sai st v
thit k gio v vic thc hin khng ng cc bc cng ngh trong qu trnh thi cng
s lm pht sinh cc bin dng vt tr s cho php, dn n rn nt cng trnh ngay trong
giai on cn ang xy dng.
2. Thi cng cu vm i hi k thut phc tp v tin thi cng ko di hn so vi
thi cng kt cu nhp dm c khu tng ng.
3. iu kin thi cng cu vm kh khn v v tr xy dng thng nhng ni a
bn phc tp, iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn trong sut qu trnh thi cng rt d xy ra
mt an ton lao ng. Nh trong c im ban u nu, cc cng tc u c thc
hin trn mt cong, dc ca h gio v vi cao thng l trn 10m nn d xy ra tai
nn lao ng.
Xut pht t ba c im nu trn trong k thut thi cng cu vm phi m bo
nhng yu cu sau y:
1. Mi cng trnh phi c thit k gio chi tit.
2. C thit k cng ngh giai on b tng (hoc xy) thn vm v giai on tho
d gio.
3. Thc hin nghim chnh cc bc cng ngh do thit k bin php ch dn.
4. i vi cu vm , vt liu ng vai tr rt quan trng nn phi c la chn
ng k, ng qui cch thit k cho n tng vin xy.
5. Yu cu v cht lng: m bo kch thc hnh hc vi chnh xc cao. ng
nt ngn gn, p ng yu cu kin trc.
6. i ng cng nhn c o to v trong n v c nhng ngi qua kinh
nghim thi cng cu vm lm nng ct.
7. C bin php phng h tt, to iu kin lm vic thun li v an ton cho mi v
tr lm vic.
18..2 gio v vn khun thi cng cu vm
thi cng b tng ti ch cn c h thng gio di. Chu ton b ti
trng ca b tng thn vm trong thi gian ng cng ca va v nhng ti trng thi cng
khc. gio cn lm khun to cho thn vm c ng cong ng nh thit k.
Ngi ta phn bit hai loi gio: khng chuyn dng v chuyn dng.
Loi gio khng chuyn dng c thit k v lp dng n chic i vi mi cng
trnh c th, thng khng c s dng li, vt liu ch yu l g hoc g kt hp vi
thp hnh.
gio chuyn dng cn gi l gi vm thp, c s dng nh mt thit b chuyn
dng thi cng cc kt cu nhp vm vi nhng khu khc nhau.
18..2.1. Cu to gio khng chuyn dng
u im: - S dng vt liu ti ch v sn c.
- Ph hp vi khu v hnh dng vm.
Nhc im: - Chi ph nhiu cho vt liu g v nhn lc lp t m t c kh nng s
dng li.
- Cn dng chy trong thi gian thi cng.
Nhng cu kt cu nhp vm c khu di 50m v khng c iu kin khai thc
c gi vm thp u phi s dng loi gio ny.
Kt cu chung gm hai tng: tng di c cu to nh gio thng dng thi cng
nhp dm v tng trn l gi vm. Cn c vo iu kin a hnh thc t v kh nng khai
thc vt t ti ch thit k gio nn hnh dng kt cu rt a dng. Da vo kt cu
ca gi vm tng trn ta chia thnh hai nhm sau:
Nhm gi vm c bc khoang chia nh: cu to gi vm, vnh vm phi chia
thnh mt s cnh c chiu di u nhau. Mi cnh t trn mt dm nghing v mi gc
l im ta ca hai dm nghing k tip nhau. Chng mi im ta l mt hng ct
ng v cc thanh nng chng (hnh 18..2a) hoc cc thanh xin hnh nan qut (hnh
18..2b) . Dm nghing bng g, lm vic chu un nn khu khng th ln. Cc
khoang chia v vy nm trong khong 2,0 n 3,0m.
Trong hnh 18..2a l mt v d mt dng kt cu gio di gm cc hang ct
ng t dy, c lin kt vi nhau bi cc hang x dc v ging cho, cc ct ng trc
tip xung lng sng thay cho mng tm. Kt cu dng ny ch p dng i vi cu vm
khu nh v thoi v tn nhiu g v chon dng chy ng k.
Hnh 18..2b tng di li l cc tr tm trung gian bng kt cu YKM dng sn trn
cc mng tm l cc g. Gi vm hnh nan qut dng trn cc nh tr tm v cc phn
m rng m.
lm sn o thi cng dng cc thanh I360 gc trn cc tr tm ri ri vn. So vi
kt cu trc, bin php ny t cn tr dng chy, t nguyn cng lp dng v tn dng
c kt cu c sn. Trong thc t ta c th kt hp hai gii php trn thnh mt s
phng n kh d khc. Gia gio tng di v gi vm tng trn bao gi cng b tr
cc thit b tho d gi vm, thng l cc loi nm, t ti cc im t ca tng trn ln
tng di.

2 4
1
5
3

Hnh 18..2a gio g tr ng t dy v gi vm ct ng nnh chng
1. gio tng di 2, 3. Ct ng v nng chng ca gi vm
4. Dm nghing 5. Thit b h gi vm

3
6
7
1
2
4
5

Hnh 18..2b. Cu to gi vm c tr trung gian
1. Mng cc ray; 2. Tr tm bng YKM 3. Dm ISSO; 4. Cng xon bng thp [
chn vo tr; 5. Thit b h gi vm; 6. Thanh xin gi vm; 18.. Dm nghing gi vm.

Dm nghing c ch to t cc thanh g hp, pha trn o thnh hnh vnh lc sao
cho sau khi ghp, gi vm c hnh dng ca y vm b tng b tng. Dm nghing v
th cn gi l dm vnh lc. Ti cc im ta, dm nghing lin kt vi ct ng v ct
xin thng qua bn tp bng thp p hai bn m v cht mi u thanh bng mt bu lng.
Yu cu cu to ti nt l cc tr phi i c ln cc u dm vnh lc (hnh 18..3).
Cc hng chn ct ng v xin ta trn cc tr. tr l cc on thp [ ngn t
thnh lng mng, lng ch [ lin kt vi thanh ko ca gi vm.

7
8
1
2
1
2
8
7
4
3
3
2
5
6
a)
b)
c)

Hnh 18..3. Cu to cc nt ca gi vm g
a. im t ca dm nghing khng bn tp; b. im t c bn tp;
c. im k gi vm vi gio.
1. Dm vnh lc; 2, 3. Thanh ng v thanh xin; 4. Bn tp;
5. Nm; 6. Thanh thp ch [; 7. X ngang; 8. Vn y thn vm.

Nu gp phi vng nc su, trong phm vi dng ch kh thi cng tr tm, ta dng
tr tm hai pha b ni c th thi cng c phn khong trng gia dng cc thanh
dm thp ln hoc kt cu YKM lp thnh dn vt qua.
Phng n ny m bo thng thuyn trong thi gian xy dng. Bn trn dn lp dng
gi vm, phn cn li dng trn tr tm (hnh 18..4).
Nhm gi vm c bc khoang di:
Bc khoang y l khong cch gia cc tr tm trung gian ca h gio, l = 8
n 10m. dm nghing l cc thanh dm I gc trn cc tr tm c cc cao khc nhau.
Kt qu gi vm l cc thanh dm ny cng vi nhng tm cn n trn mt dm to
ng bin cong. Cc thit b h gi vm t cc v tr k.

Dm thp I

Hnh 18..4 Gi vm c ca thng thuyn

Dng ny c u im: kt cu n gin, lp dng nhanh v s dng nhiu kt cu ch
sn, nhng c nhc im: b phn k to vng yu cu chi ph nhiu g v nhn cng
kh lin kt v kh kim sot c sai s.

1
2
3

Hnh 18..5a Gi vm dm nghing di k trn cc tr trung gian
1. Thit b h gi vm; 2 Tr tm; 3 Dm thp I

Xt theo mt ct ngang cu, mt h thng gio gm nhiu mt phng gi vm, ta
gi l sn gi vm. S lng sn gi vm ph thuc vo b rng ca thn vm b tng
v kch thc ca ngang, trn lt vn y ca khun vm. Cc thanh ngang lm
bng g cy o phng hai cnh hoc g x thnh hp. Khu tnh ton thng ti a l
2m. Cc thanh x g gc ln cc dm nging ca gi vm. V vy khong cch cc sn
gi vm l khu tnh ton ca x ngang.
Cc mt phng sn gi vm c lin kt vi nhau bng cc thanh ging ngang v
ging cho cu to gio thnh mt h khng gian bn vng v n nh cc lin kt
ging c th thc hin bng inh ta.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Hnh 18..5b Mt ct ngang gi vm g ct ng, nnh chng
18..2.2. Gi vm thp
u im: Thun tin, lp dng nhanh , t bin dng v kinh t. Vt c khu ln,
khng cn dng chy.
Gi vm l mt loi thit b nu khng khai thc c thng xuyn s khng pht huy
c hiu qu kinh t. V vy khi la chn phng n thi cng cn so snh vi phng n
s dng gi vm khng chuyn dng.
1. Khun BT vm;
2. X ngang; 3. Dm nghing
4. Ct v nnh chng;
4. Ging ngang v ging cho;
5. Thanh ko
6. Thit b h gi vm;
7. Dm dc ca tng di;
8. Tr tng di.

Gi vm thp c lp ti ch t nhng n nguyn ch to sn. Mi n nguyn c
dng hnh thang ghp t cc thanh bin c tit din 2[ N
0
30, cc thanh ng v thanh xin
l cc thp gc kp i 2 L 75x75x8. Cc thanh lin kt vi nhau bng bu lng.
Nhng n nguyn k lin nhau ni vi nhau ti cc nh ca hnh thang bng bu lng
cht. cht c bng bu lng, ngi ta ghp khong cch gia hai thanh [ ca thanh
bin ln lt rng, hp to thnh khe mang c, thanh bin ca n nguyn sau lun vo
thanh bin ca n nguyn trc. ng cong dy vm c thay bng ng gy khc
ni tip. Cc gc b ca ng gy khc c iu chnh bi chiu di ca thanh ni
bn di. Sau , to li ng cong ny bng cch n nhng tm vn ct hnh vnh
lc ln thanh bin trn (hnh 18..6).

Hnh 18..6 Cu to gi vm thp chuyn dng
I-XII - M hiu cc cu kin
m - thanh bin c khe ni rng. y - Thanh bin c khe ni hp

Bng cch ni ghp nh trn ta s lp c nhng mt phng dn vm c khu v
ng tn theo yu cu vi cc s vm 3 cht, 2 cht hoc khng cht c 3 bc siu
tnh, lp theo s vm khng cht rt phc tp nhng s vt c khu trn 100m.
Thng mi gi vm c ghp t 4 hoc 6 mt phng dn v ni vi nhau bng h thng
bn lp v h lin kt ngang, h ging dc.
Cc thit b h gi vm thng dng l kch thu lc, hay hp ct v c b tr v
tr kha vm (i vi s vm ba cht) hoc hai bn chn vm.
Dng gi vm theo phng php lp hng l thun li hn c, cc n nguyn c
ghp sn v dng gi cu ng trn phn lp, cu lp tng n nguyn thnh dn. V
lp hng thc hin t hai pha, cho nn giai on hp long, hai na gi vm phi iu
chnh mi ni c vi nhau. Khi iu chnh mi na gi vm quanh quanh khp thi cng
t ti chn vm nh h thng ti mp ko qua nh tr hoc nh m.

Hnh 18..7. Cc s lp gi vm thp

8
2
3
7
1
4
5
6

Hnh 18..5 Lp hng gi vm

18..2.8. Vn khun vm
Vn khun ca thn vm cng ging nh i vi cc kt cu b tng khc gm vn
y v vn thnh. Nhng im c bit khi ch to v lp dng vn khun vm so vi kt
cu thng thng l:
+ Vn y l mt mt cong, khi lp d b hin tng vn v . Trc khi lt vn y
phi chnh b mt cc x ngang tht chnh xc bng cch dng cc nm g mng k
xung y cc dm ny v chnh cao trc khi lin kt c nh
+ Vn thnh c ghp t nhng tm ng sn khi ghp vn thnh phi st vi y,
chiu cao cc tm phi bng ng vi chiu cao thn vm v phi cong theo mp di .
Vt ghp ng phi kn, kht. t c nhng yu cu ny ngi ta phng dng mt
ct chnh din thn vm theo t l tht ln mt mt bng v theo mu ny ch to cc
mnh vn khun thnh.

Hnh 18.-9 Vn khun vm
1 - Mp;
2 - Khung thp;
3- Cp neo;
4 - Ct ta ca cu;
5 - Cu chn cng;
6 - n nguyn lp;
7 - Cp ni vi ti;
8 - Cht thi cng.

1 - Dm nghing; 2 - X ngang ; 3- Khung dng khun; 4- Np ng ca vn thnh;
5 - Np u tm ni vn thnh; 6 - Vn lt y; 7 - Vt lt thnh; 8 - Khe lun vn
np; 9 - Vn np

+ Bt u t mt ct thn vm m ti tip tuyn vi ng cong trc vm hp vi
mt phng ngang gc 30
0
, cho n chn vm, phi y vn khun np, nu khng va
s tri xung pha thn vm v trn ra ngoi. Vn np lp khi b tng gn y khun;
bng cch lun qua khe h cha sn trn vn thnh.
Vn khun c dng v c nh bng h thng khung v ging chng nh v d trn
hnh v.
Kt cu ca mi tm vn v tnh ton tng t nh vn khun ca kt cu thng
thng.
18..2.4. Tnh ton gi vm.
i vi gi vm ch tnh trong giai on b tng thn vm. Cn i vi gi vm
thp phi tnh ton c hai giai on: giai on lp rp v giai on b tng.
Ni dung tnh ton gm:
1. Xc nh cc ni lc trong cc b phn chnh v kim tra kh nng chu ti ca
chng.
2. Tnh ton vng thi cng v hng tho d gi vm.
3. Kim tra iu kin n nh chung ca h ti trng tc dng khi tnh ton gi vm:
- Trng lng bn thn gi vm v ca mi b phn tnh ton vi h s vt ti
n = 1,1.
- Trng lng vn khun n = 1,1.
- Trng lng b tng, ct thp thn vm n = 1,1.
- Ti trng thi cng do cc thit b cu lp (ly theo s liu ca thit b c th)
n=1,1.
- Ti trng thi cng do cc thit b cu lp (ly theo s liu ca thit b c th)
n=1,1.
- Ti trong gi (kim tra vi t hp ph thm q).
Do c im cu to nn cch tnh ton gi vm g v gi vm thp khc nhau.
a) Tnh ton gi vm g:
S lm vic ca mi b phn trong gi vm: Vn y khun vm lm vic nh mt
dm lin tc, gi trn cc x ngang, chu ti trng thi cng, trng lng va b tng, ct
thp v trng lng bn thn ca b vn khun, t hp ti trng ny quy i ra ti trng
phn b.
Vn y tc dng ln h x ngang cc phn lc gi ri u. Phn lc ny c phn ra
mt thnh phn theo phng tip tuyn vi ng cong, gi vm; thnh phn th hai
vung gc vi n. Nh vy x ngang lm vic un xin.
X ngang truyn phn lc gi cng di dng hai thnh phn k trn thng qua h
thng g n v lin kt cc dm nghing (dm vnh lc). Dm nghing ta trn cc tip
im nh ct v nnh chng lm vic nh mt dm va chu un va chu nn dc trc.
Cc ct ng v cc thanh nnh chng chu lc nn dc trc do phn lc t dm vnh
lc truyn xung.
tnh ton chnh xc ni lc trong cc b phn theo s nu trn l mt bi ton
phc tp v i vi cng trnh tm l khng cn thit. Ta c th tnh ton mt cch gn
ng cc dm nghing nh sau:
- Xc nh trng lng ca ton b ti trng kh d c nm trong phm vi
khong cch gia hai mt phng gi vm (khu x ngang) v chiu di ca dm xin.
a trng lng ny v ti trng tp trung t ti trng tm ca on b tng thn vm, ta
gi lc ny l Q. mc gn ng lc Q t ti mt ct gia nhp ca dm nghing.
-

Hnh 18..10 S tnh dm nghing

Lc Q c phn thnh:
T = Q.sin
N = Q.cos (18..1)
- Gc nghing gia tip tuyn mt cong vn y vi mt phng nm ngang, mt cch
gn ng ta ly bng gc nghing ca dm vnh lc (nh hnh v).
Thnh phn lc N gy nn m men un trong dm, cn thnh phn lc T truyn ln
dm nghing thng qua lc ma st gia b tng vi vn y T
1
= N.f.
f - h s ma st ly bng 0,5 v cc lin kt vn vi dm ngang; dm ngang vi dm
nghing.
Nu:
- T T
1
hay ( - gc ma st tg = f). lc T s truyn ton b ln dm
nghing.
- Ngc li s ch mt phn T
1
= N.f truyn ln dm nghing. Gi tr cn li T
2
= T -
T
1
truyn vo m hoc tr nu ta b tng lin tc t chn vm ln n nh. Nu b
tng phn on l T
2
s do vn chn cui mi on chu ri truyn ln h chng ca vn
ny.
Ni lc trong cc thanh khc nhau ca gi vm (ct ng, nnh chng, cc thanh
xin) xc nh theo phng php cn bng nt. Lc tc dng l cc thnh phn lc gi ti
hai u dm nghing k nhau.
Gi vm lp dng vi vng thi cng c tnh ton trc sau khi tho d
gio, kt cu nhp bin dng do tnh ti bn thn cng vi na hot ti cng vi bin dng
co ngt, trc vm c hnh dng nh thit k.
vng thi cng c tnh theo cng thc:

2 1
+ = (cm) (18..2)
Trong
1
l bin dng ca cc b phn trong gi vm tnh t cao vn y xung
n mng, gi tr ny c cng li t nhiu thnh phn.

+ + =
m
E
H
i
i tb
.
1
(18..3)
Trong cng thc ny
tb
ng sut trung bnh trong ct ng v cc thanh xin (Mpa)
H
i
Chiu cao ca tng thanh (cm).
E
i
M un n hi ca thp: 2,10.10
6
KG/cm
2
, g 8,5.10
4
KG/cm
2

m S mt tip xc ca cc b phn trong mt mt phng tnh.
ln do p ti mi mt tip xc ly bng 0,1 n 0,3 cm;
Ln ca mng.
2
l vng ca vm b tng do tnh ti. mt na hot ti v bin dng do co ngt v
bin thin nhit gy nn, tr s ny ly theo thit k k thut, hoc tnh theo cng thc
gn ng:
+ +
+
=
) 15 (
4
4
2 2
2
t
E f
L f
bt
(18..4)
Trong : f, L ng tn v khu vm b tng (cm)
, E
bt
ng sut v m un n hi ca b tng thn vm (KG/cm
2
)
t hiu s ca nhit trung bnh trong nm vi nhit thi cng (
0
C);
h s dn nhit ca b tng.

b) Tnh ton gi vm thp:
Ti trng tc dng t va b tng thn vm xung n thanh bin trn ca gi vm
xc nh tng t nh i vi gi vm g. Thnh phn N gy nn m men un cc b
trong thanh bin trn. Lc dc trc trong cc thanh ca gi vm xc nh theo s kt
cu ca gi vm. Tnh cho thanh mt ct li nht. i vi gi vm ba cht l mt ct
1/4 nhp, cn gi vm hai cht gia nhp. Ni lc xc nh theo phng php cht ti
ng nh hng. V tr cht ti ph thuc vo trnh t b tng thn vm.
i vi gi vm thp cn kim tra iu kin n nh trong mt phng ca gi vm.
vng thi cng xc nh theo cng thc (18..1) thnh phn
1
bao gm:
' ' '
1
' '
1
'
1 1
+ + = (18..5)
'
1
Chuyn v do bin dng n hi ca gi vm xc nh theo phng php ca c hc
kt cu theo s lp ca gi vm;
' '
1
- Bin dng ca b phn k, n di vn y;

' ' '
1
- Chuyn v do cc im t chn gi vm gy ra.
vng thi cng tnh cho mt im kho vm cc im khc c th tnh theo cng
thc:
L
x
x
2
max
= i vi s vm ba cht (18..6)
0
max
f
f
x
x
= i vi s vm hai cht v khng cht (18..6)
Trong :
x - khong cch t chn vm n im cn xc nh
x
;
L - khu nhp;
f
x
- tung im x tnh t chn vm;
f
0
- tung kho vm;

max
- vng thi cng tnh cho kho vm.
Gi vm g v gi vm thp kim ton theo ng sut cho php:
[ ]
c) hng d gio
Ti mi im t thit b tho d, gi vm phi xc nh cao t v bc hot ng
ca cc thit b ny hp l sao cho sau khi cc thit b ny v ht trng thi khng lm
vic th im k hng hon ton c th ly cc thit b ra d dng.
hng xc nh theo cng thc:
C h
i i
+ = (18..7)
i
- vng n hi ti mt ct b tr thit b xc nh theo cng thc:
igiavom ivombetong i
+ =
C - on h d gio d dng c th ly bng 5cm.

18..3. Lp dng ct thp vm

Ct thp thn vm c nhng c im:
- Cc thanh ct ch u un cong vi cong thit k;
- Cc thanh ct ch thng c ng knh ln;
- C nhiu ct thp ch v cc chi tit t sn lin kt vi kt cu ca
kin trc pha trn vm.
- Ct thp thn vm thng thng c lp dng tng thanh thnh khung
ngay ti v tr trc khi dng vn khun cnh. Trn mt vn y ta vch sn mc, sau
dng mt b gi tm dng khung thp. Ct thp sau khi buc thnh khung n nh
mi dng kch h xung cc im k trn vn y v rt gi ra.
Ct ch phi c nn theo cong thng nht nu khng khi dng vo khung ct
thp s b vnh, vn. Ta c th s dng mt b vn thnh v c ch to theo hnh
dng ca thn vm lm khun dng kim tra khi un ct ch. Ghp cc tm ny trn
mt bng thnh hnh thn vm, quay mt phi ln trn, phng dng ng trc ct ch ln
mt vn - dng inh ng mt s im lm c. Thanh no un xong u t qua dng
kim tra trc khi xp vo kho. Ct thp un xong phi b ring tng chng loi theo s
hiu thit k v t trn gi thit k c lt vn ct thp khng b bin dng.
Nu c phng tin cu l, ct thp c th buc thnh li theo nhng mt phng
ng ri cu ln lp dng thnh khung. Nn dng hn lin kt. Khi hn phi ch
dng mng tn hng x hn phng chy vn y v gi vm. Ngoi ct thp thit k phi
b sung thm ct thp thi cng tng cng cho khung ct thp.

18..4. b tng thn vm

Gi vm lm vic i xng v bin dng ln, do khi b tng thn vm mun
m bo cho thn vm khng b rn nt v bin d ng cn m bo yu cu:
- Cht ti gi vm i xng theo c tim dc cu v mt ct nh vm.
- Bin dng ca gi vm ch xy ra trong khong thi gian ngng kt ca
khi va hoc khi b tng rn chc.
B tng thn vm nu c lin tc l tt nht s m bo c tnh lin khi cao
v gim khi lng x l mi ni thi cng. Tuy nhin, nu khi lng b tng ln,
nng lc thi cng khng p ng, lin tc s khng m bo cht lng , phi phn
thn vm thnh nhiu on v b tng tng t.
Nhng vm c khu di 60m c th t chc b tng lin tc . mt t cho
ht ton b thn vm hoc nu mt ct ngang c nhiu sn vm th mi t tng cp
sn cm i xng vi trc tim cu.
B tng c t hai pha chn vm ln n nh kho vm. Cha li hai bn chn
vm v kho vm khe h thi cng nm (nu l vm lin tc) chng nt do co ngt, sau
dng b tng trng n bt khe ni. Va c ri thnh tng lp xin gc vi trc
tim vm c cp lin tc.

1
2

Hnh 18..11 b tng lin tc thn vm
1 - Hng b tng; 2 - Khe thi cng.

Tc phi m bo u hai pha vm.
Nhng vm c khu t 60m tr ln u phn on b tng. Chiu di mi
on 6 12m ph thuc vo cch phn on v nng lc thi cng ng thi mi khi
lng b tng lin tc. Cch chia on phi m bo soa cho s lng cc on l i
xng qua khoang vm ti nhng v tr d xy ra nt l: hai bn chn vm, kha vm v
nhng im k ca dm nghing c khu ln (ti y ng cong bin dng ca gi
vm c im gy) b tr cc khe thi cng hnh nm, b rng t 0,7 1,0m.
Trnh t b tng cc on phi m bo cho bin dng ca gi vm pht trin u
t t, gi n nh cho gi vm. V d nh hnh 18..12 ta c cc on chn vm trc sau
n cc on trn nh vm, v cui cng l cc on 1/4 nhp.
Cc khe thi cng gia nhp c c sau khi b tng ca cc on c trc c s
ngy tui pht sinh phn c bn ca bin dng co ngt. Ni chung tc co ngt pht
trin nhanh nht l khong thi gian sau khi b tng 24 gi, nhng m bo cho
on b tng c trc rn chc khi thi cng kh ni khng gy nh hng xu th thi
gian cho php l sau 7 ngy. Khe ni mt ct chn vm c c kt hp vi cng on
t gi. Khi ni nh vm thi cng sau khi kt thc cng on iu chnh ni lc trong
thn vm (nu c).
Ct thp trong phm vi khe ni thi cng ch v xuyn qua vn chn u mi on
v c hn ni ti mt ct ny.

1
2
2
1
3
3
a- Gi vm c dm xin di
b- Gi vm thp
1
3
2
2
3
1
Khe ni thi cng
Vt thi cng

Hnh 18..12 b tng thn vm phn on

p ng yu cu b tng mt cch lin tc khng ngng nghi trong mi t ,
cn c bin php t chc cung cp va nhanh chng v hp l.
i vi kt cu nhp c khu nh L 20m c th t chc vn chuyn va bng
phng tin th s trn cu tm dng ngang cao mt ng. Va c rt xung
khun vm qua ng vi voi.

1
2
3
4

Hnh 18..13 S t chc vn chuyn va bng phng tin th s
1. gio v vn khun vm; 2. Cu tm;
3. Trm trn b tng; 4 - Tr tm bng YKM

5
4
3
2

Hnh 18..14 S t chc b tng thn vm dng cn cu cp.
1. Dy thin tuyn; 2. Xe ra; 3. Gu chuyn va;
4. Thng cha va BT; 5. Gi k.

Trn cng trng thi cng kt cu nhp vm khu ln v trung, vic cp va phi t
chc trn c s dy chuyn c c gii ho ng b. Va cp bng ng ng bm hoc
chuyn bng cn cu thp di chuyn trn h thng sn o xy dng song song vi cu
chnh. B tng ti c cha trong nhng thng phu v chuyn xung tn v tr trc
tip vo khun.
Khi thi cng nhng cu vm trn a hnh min ni, c th li dng a hnh xy dng
ng cp thin tuyn vn chuyn va v phc v thi cng.

18..5. H gi vm
Qu trnh h gi vm l truyn ti trng bn thn ca vm b tng t gi vm sang
cho vm b tng chu nh s lm vic ca n theo thit k. Thi hn h gi vm l
thi hn tui ca b tng thn vm c th chu lc. Tc l bee tng ca chi tit sau
nht nh phi t 75% cng thit k. Thi hn ny tu thuc vo cng ngh bo
dng v cng ngh ch to va b tng.
Gi vm c h trc khi thi cng tip kin trc trn vm ton b kt cu nhp
lm vic ng nh thit k, cc bin dng ca thn vm khng nh hng n s truyn
lc trong kt cu tng trn.
H gi vm l mt cng on, cn vic tho d n khng nht thit phi tin hnh
ngay sau khi h, cng vic ny c th b tr thi im khc tu thuc vo k hoch v
tin thi cng.
i vi gi vm khng chuyn dng, c nhiu im b tr thit b h gi vm ti mi
im ny c tnh ton sn hng h
i
, trnh t h c chia thnh nhiu ln, mi ln
h xung mt tr s h
i
v tin hnh mt vi im.
r
h
h
i
i
= (18..8)
h
i
-

hng h gi vm tnh theo cng thc (18..7)
n - s ln h
trn cng mt mt ct ngang cc thit b phi c h ng thi.
Theo mt ct dc cn h dn t gia nhp ra n hai bn chn vm theo s i xng
vi nh vm.
i vi gi vm thp h gi vm c hai cch:
Cch th nht l cch thng dng hn c l dng hp ct b tr hai bn chn vm,
ch cn tho cho ct chy t t cho n khi ht chiu cao hot ng c tnh ton ca
hp ct.
Nhng c khi gp phi trng hp m rt thp chn gi vm t st nn, khng
hng, khi phi b tr hp ct, hoc kch thy lc (t nm ngang) kha ca gi vm.
Thng thng ngi ta b tr hp ct, gi quyt c nhiu vn hn l b tr kch thu
lc .
Trong trng hp ny chiu cao hot ng (chiu cao x ct) ca hp ct c tnh
bng:
C
f
L h
H + =
.
max
(18..9)
h
max
- hng ti kho vm tnh theo (18..7) (cm)
L - Khu vm (m)
f - ng ln vm (m)
C - d d tr ly bng 5 cm.

ng cong hng
h gi vm

Hnh 18..15 - S h gi vm c nhiu im k
1, 2, 3, s hiu cc im h
( ) ( ) ( ),... 3 , 2 , 1 trnh t h.

Khi thi cng kt cu nhp vm khu ln hoc vm hai cht, ngoi vic tch gi
vm ra khi thn vm cn thit phi iu chnh ni lc trong thn vm, tc l to trong
thn vm mt ng sut trc lm gim ng sut ko do ti trng gy ra khi kt cu nhp
lm vic.
Ti kho vm ngi ta b tr hai nhm kch hai na trn v di ca mt ct thn
vm. Cc kch thu lc t trong nhng hc lm ca b tng. Trong mi nhm cc kch
c ni chung vo mt trm cp du v c b tr i xng vi trc tim vm. Khi kch
vm ti kho vm s c hai lc P
1
v P
2
to thnh hp lc N v m men M
e
ng thi vm
c nng ln tch khi gi vm.

Nhm kch di
Nhm trn

Hnh 18..16 B tr kch nng vm v iu chnh ni lc

Lc kch phi c tnh ton sao cho t c ng sut iu chnh nh mong mun
ng thi phi tho mn c yu cu: Chiu di ng knh H nng bng c thn
vm ln khi gi.
C
f
L h
H + =
.
max
(18..9)
Cc thnh phn trong cng thc ny gii thch trong cng thc (18..7)
Khi hai na thn vm b kch nng ln, ti kho vm khe ni s m rng thm, gi
li ni lc do hiu ng iu chnh va t c ngi ta dng b tng ng kt nhanh
chn vo khe ni. Sau khi b tng ny cng chu lc, tin hnh tho kch v
chn tip vo cc hc t kch.

18..6 Thi cng kin trc trn vm
Trong thi gian ch h gi vm th tin hnh lp dng ct thp cc kt cu ca kin
trc trn vm, sau ghp vn khun chun b b tng cc cu kin . Ct thp
ct (hoc tng) ca kin trc trn vm c hn vi cc ct thp ch trn thn vm.
Chn ct v chn tng cng c ng thi vi thn vm ln mt on cao 20 -
30cm.
C th t chc b tng h ct cng vi mt cu nu khi lng nh. Cn ni chung
ngi ta b tng ct v ging ngang trc v sau h mt cu. Vt thi cng b tr
cch y tng trn mt khong 20-30 cm v c x l k trc khi b tng tip.
Nu tin khng b hn ch, nn ch cho b tng h ct t cng 70% so vi
thit k, s dng kt cu ny dng gio thi cng h mt cu. H gio ny gc
trn nhng cng xon l nhng on thp [ chn sn vo cc chn ct.
Do tin khng ch b tng kin trc ton vm, khng khc so vi thi cng kt cu
nhp dm.
H thng cung cp va b tng s dng thit b cu ca giai on thi cng thn vm
nu dng cu tm th phi nng cao ca sn cng tc ln cao hn cao cu.

18..7 c im k thut trong xy dng cu vm xe chy gia v
cu vm mt xe chy di

c im k thut trong xy dng cc kt cu nhp h ny l khc trnh t thi cng
thn vm v cc b phn ca kt cu nhp.

Ct thp thanh treo
III
IV
I
II
IV

Hnh 18..17 Trnh t thi cng KCN vm xe chy gia

I, IV Cc bc thi cng
i vi KCN vm xe chy gia bc I: thi cng thn vm trn gi vm nh i vi
vm chy trn trnh by; bc II: thi cng mt xe chy ca phn nhp nm di vm,
gio b tng phn ny c treo ln ct thp ca cc thanh treo; bc III: b
tng cc thanh treo; bc IV: thi cng nhp dn; b tng cc thanh treo sau khi ct
thp chu ton b tnh ti phn nhp loi tr kh nng xut hin vt nt trong b tng
cc thanh ny.
Trnh t thi cng kt cu nhp vm c ng xe chy di phc tp hn, ph thuc vo
s kt cu. Nu l kt cu dm cng, vm mm khi thi cng dm cng trc trn
gio. Sau cha d gio dng gi vm trn dm b tng thi cng v b tng
vm. Khi b tng vm t cng chu ti trng tnh, gii phng gio di dm
cng v cui cng l thi cng thanh treo.
18..8 Xy dng vm
Cu vm thng c khu nh L15m cu thp. Phng n vm oc chn
nhm tn dng vt liu v nhn lc a phng hoc cao hn l gii quyt yu cu kin
trc nhng qun th vn ho, bi thc cht gi thnh so vi vm BTCT th khng r
hn. Chi ph rt nhiu nhn cng trong xy dng.
Vm ch c xy trn khun vm. Khun vm c p bng t, nu khng p
t c mi s dng gi vm g.
Gi vm g c trnh by trong 18..2.1.
Khun vm c p bng t khng dnh v m ln cht. v tr dng chnh b tr
cng thot nc; hai bn thng lu v h lu dng cc c ng v dng vn hoc phn tre
chn t. Nh vy khi p khun c th dng nc ti v xm xoi k thay cho m ln.
Mt trn ri mt lp dm si hoc gch v v m cht. Trn mt lng mt lp va ngho
va to mt bng n nh va chnh li hnh dng khun. Trc khi xy trn mt
tri ct sau ny d tch phn va v xy.

5
7
3
2
6
4
1

Hnh 18..18 Khun xy vm
1 - Ct t; 2 - Lp gch v; 3 - Lp va lng; 4 - Cng tm; 5 - Cc k;
6 - t dp sau m lm ng cng v; 7 - Phn tng m li.

Cng on i hi nhiu nguyn cng l chun b xy. Nu khng c x phi
dng ch th hoc o. Kch thc vin quy nh

L
b
Mt phi
a)

c th sa theo hnh nm v nh s theo vnh vm. nhng gc xy nh chn
vm, chn ct, chn tng phi gia cng nhng vin ng gic.

c) b)

Nhng phn l ra mt ngoi phi chn lc nhng vin v gia cng mt mt nhn
p nhm trang tr v chng phong ho khi xy bn trong.

7cm
b
b
a
h h
a

Hnh 18..19

Xy : Ch khi xy m, tr pha chn vm phi xy xin dn n nm ngang cho
ph hp vi ng cong p lc. Pha mt ngoi xy p nhng vin nm ngang.
Mch va xy dy t 0,5 2 cm mc va theo tiu chun thit k. Cc mch so le
nhau 10 cm. Mch ng nm theo bn knh vnh vm mch ny c th chy sut.
trc khi xy phi c ra sch v ti m.
Khng c chn dm vo mch va m phi chn cho kht mch.
Ch c t vin xung va m khng c nhc ln sa v tr. Cng c th xp
khan cc vin sau nhi va vo cc mch.
Trnh t xy cun vm: Trn khun ct t xy t chn vm ln n nh vm v
cng xy i xng. Trn gi vm, nu vm c khu trn 10m th t chc xy phn
on nh b tng phn on bin dng ca gi vm khng gy nt cho thn vm.
Khi xy phn on nu mt gi vm qu 20
0
tc l vt qua gc ma st gia xy v
vn lt th khi xy phi c chn pha cui dc v chng vo mt gi vm. Nhng
khe ni nh vy phi rng t 0,7 0,8 m.

>
1
0
c
m
a) Mch xy m
b) Mch xy vm

Hnh 18..20

Nu cui dc c phn on xy trc cng chu lc th ch cn dng vn
chn v nm chng nh vo khi xy trc. Mch ny rng 3 4 cm. Sau 3 ngy m c
th xy bt cc khe ni rng v ln va mc cao vo cc khe hp.
Khi xy bt khe ni rng cn xy dn. Lc u tho chng v vn chn vng mt
ct, khong 1/3 chiu rng v xy bt, sau hai bn.
Nh vy vn chn phi chia lm 3 mng d tho d.
Xy bt mi ni trn kha vm hoc hp long hai na vm chn thi im m nhit
trong ngy gn bng nhit trung bnh trong nm (khong 22
0
C).

>20do

Hnh 18..21
Sau khi xy bt cc mi ni 3 ngy (i vi xy trn khun ct t) v 10 ngy (i
vi gi vm) th tin hnh xy cc kin trc trn vm. Nn kt hp xy v t p trn
lng vm.
Trc khi tin hnh p t phi lm lp chng thm cho vm ch v lm khe co gin
tng trc m.
Cng c th xy tng bn trc cho n khi hai tng ny cng mi t p
lng vm, p t n u th xy nt tng m v p t sau m. t p phi chn
loi ct th, hoc t i ni ln dm sn.
Khun vm sau cng . Trc ht o moi t nh vm, sau o dn sang hai
bn chn vm. o ng thi c hai pha thng v h lu.
H gi vm g tin hnh tng t nh i vi vm BTCT

Phn 19
c im thi cng
cu treo dy vng

Thi cng cu thng phc tp hn cc loi cu cng v thng phi vt nhp rt di,
cng vic lm trn cao lp rp nhng b phn mm, ng thi li phi tin hnh iu
chnh ni lc cng trnh lm vic hp l trong sut giai on lp rp cng nh khai thc.
Trnh t v phng php xy dng cu treo ph thuc vo s tnh hc ca cu, c
im cu to v ln ca cc b phn lp rp. Chng hn i vi h cu treo c lc y
ngang th sau khi lm xong m tr ta tin hnh dng thp lp dy cp ch, sau da vo
dy cp ch tip tc lp quang treo dm ch v h mt cu m khng cn cc cng trnh
ph phc tp. c im ny c th cho php thi cng cu treo nhp rt ln mt cch n
gin tropng iu kin thu vn v i hnh phc tp (trong khi nu xy dng cc loi cu
khc s rt kh khn). i vi cc h cu treo khng c lc y ngang nh cu treo neo
dy vo dm ch hc cu treo dy vng do phi neo dy vo dm ch nn trnh t thi cng
b o ngc, trc ht phi lp dm sau mi lp dy. c im ny ph v u im c
bn v thi cng ca h cu treo c lc y ngang. i vi cu treo dy vng trnh t thi
cng cng tng t, nhng dy c th c lp rp cng lc vi dm v do dy cng
tham gia chu ti trng thi cng
19.1. Lp thp cu
Mt trong cc cng tc quan trng nht ca xy dng cu treo cc loi l xy dng thp
cu.
Phng php dng thp cu n gin nht l dng cn cu ni t trn phao lp c
thp hoc lp tng khc. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch dng cho cc loi thp thp (di
30m) v iu kin thy vn cho php.
Phng php lp thp cu ph bin hn c l phng php dng quay nh thp ph hay
cn gi l phng php ct v (hnh 1). Trng hp ny thp cu c lp trn gin gio,
trn tr tm hoc trn h dm cng. Chn thp c lin kt trc tip vi tr bng mt khp
(tm hoc chnh). H ti mp ko v hm neo vo nh tho. Dy cp ko vt qua nh mt
thp ph lin kt khp vi chn thp. Thp ph c tc dng nng cao gc nghing gia thp
v dy ko, nng cao cnh tay n ca lc ko i vi khp quay nhm gim lc ko ca
ti trong gian on ko ban u.

Hnh1 : S lp dng thp cu bng phng php ct v
1. Ti ko ; 2. Ti mp ; 3. Thp ph ; 4. Khp tm ;
5. Mp gm ; 6. Thp cu ; 7. Ti hm.
Phng php ny thng dng dng cc thp cu nh, bng thp hoc dng khung
cng ca thp b tng ct thp.
Vi cc thp cu cao nng, bng thp hoc bng b tng ct thp th tt nht nn dng
bin php lp tng t theo v tr thng ng nh cn cu trt. Cn cu trt thng l mt
cn cu chn cng t trn mt sn c th di ng c trong lng gia hai ct thp (hnh
2)
Lc u sn t di chn thp, cn cu lp hai ct thp ht vi. Sau da vo thp
lp dng h ti mp hoc thanh ko v kch nng sn v cn cu ln v tr lm vic
mi.

Hnh 2 : S lp rp thp cu
bng cn cu t trn sn di ng

1. Sn di ng ;
2. H mp nng sn ;
3. Cn cu ;
4. Thp cu
19.2. Lp t dy cp ch
Dy cp ch trong cu treo thng dng loi cp xon c hoc b dy c si song song.
Dy cp xon c c u im l thi cng n gin v tn t thi gian do dy mm v d ko,
d un nhng so vi b dy c si song song th kh nng chu lc km hn (khong 10-
12%) v m duyn n hi cng nh hn (khong 15%). Vic thi cng dy cp ch ca cu
treo bao gm cu to dy cp, lp t dy ln nh thp, trong cc dy cn lp t c th

l cc b cp xon hoc cc si thp b song song, iu chnh ni lc trong cc dy v to
cho dy c vng thit k.
V s ln ko dy cp xong c qua nh thp t hn so vi ko tng si dy ring nn
vic lp t cc b cp xon c n gin v tn t thi gian hn so vi vic ko tng si dy
n ghp thnh b si song song. gim bt khi lng cng vic trn cng trng
hin nay nhiu nc ang nghin cu ch to cc b dy b si song song trong nh my,
ri chuyn n cng trng di dng cc cun ln.
Tuy nhin chiu di cc cun ch to trong nh my thng khng p ng ni cc cu
treo nhp ln (trn 700-800 m). Trong trng hp nh vy vic ch to b dy buc phi b
ti ch bng cc si dy n.
Dy cp xon c ch to sn trong xng khi chu lc thng gy bin dng d ln.
trit tiu cc bin dng d v iu chnh m un n hi trc khi s dng, dy cp cn
ko trc t nht 3 ln vi lc ko bng 1,5 ln ni lc ln nht trong giai on khai thc.
Sau 3 ln ko nh vy bin dng d cn li khng ng k, do t nh hng n hnh
dng cu v ni lc trong dm cng trong giai on khai thc.
Trc khi lp cp ln nh thp cu cn o troc chiu di dy. Vic o chiu di v
nh du dy cp c tin hnh trng thi cng vi ni lc bng ni lc ca dy khi chu
ti trng tnh. Sau khi o cn nh du v tr du v cui dy, v tr cn cu to neo, v tr
dy trn nh thp, v tr t ai lin kt dy neo ng. Trong qu trnh cn ch n
s thay i nhit ca mi trng ln gim chnh xc khi o, v vy nn dng mt dy
o mu t lin vi dy ch. Tt c cc du trn dy o mu c chuyn sang dy ch nh
vy bin dng do nhit ca dy mu t ng chuyn sang dy ch. V tr o v nh du
dy nn khut nng mt tri.
lp rp dy ch gm nhiu si, mi si l mt b cp nh hoc mt b nh gm mt
s dy c si song song th pha di dy cp ch cn to mt sn cng tc rng t 2 3 m.
Trn sn cng tc ny c th kim tra chnh xc khi lp t dy, c th tin hnh cc
thao tc p, nn to thnh b, lin kt ai v to lp bo v chng g sau khi dy ch lp
t xong. Sn cng tc c treo vo hai dy cp thi cng (9) (xem hnh 3). c th ko
dy dc theo sn cng tc ta dng mt h dy ko. Dy ko lun qua cc puli (6) treo trn
cc khung t trn nh thp v trn sn cng tc, u dy ko gn vo ti.

Hnh 3 : S lp rp dy ch gm nhiu b cp xon c v s thit k ko
1. Trc quay v cun dy ; 2. Sn cng tc ; 3. Dy ko ; 4. Mp ko ; 5. Neo ;
6. Puli dy ko ; 7. Trc ln dy ch ; 8. B dy ch ; 9. Dy cp thi cng ;

10. Li bo him ; 11. ai to b dy ch ; 12. Kch ;
13. Dm ngang ; 14.Thanh neo ; 15. Neo dy ch

Cun dy cp c t ln mt trc quay b tr ti b sng ni cn no dy ch. u
dy ch ni vi dy ko, khi ko dy ch ta trn cc puli (7) t trn sn cng tc. Khi
ko sang ti b i din ta neo dy ch vo khi neo, t dy vo b cp (8). Sau khi lp
t xong ta dng kch iu chnh ni lc trong dy (hnh 3 b).
Nu lp dy ti ch bng cc si dy thp n (hnh 4) th dc theo sn cng tc ta t
mt dy ko kiu cua loa, dy chuyn ng nh mt my t trn b, trn dy ko gn vo
hai puli ko (6), khong cch gia chng ng bng chiu di gia hai u neo dy ch.
Cc cun dy t trn cc trc quay (1) b tr hai bn b sng ti ch cn neo dy. Si thp
cn neo dy c vng qua puli ko (6) neo u dy vo neo. Nh vy c mi chu trnh ko
puli hai b i ngc chiu nhau v t c 4 si dy. Khi sang n b i din cc vng
dy c tho khi puli ko lp vo ia neo (5) sau li ko dy trong cun mc qua
puli ko v li bt u mt chu trnh mi.
Sau khi lp t xong ta dng kch iu chnh vng v ni lc trong dy (hnh 4c).
Vic lp t dy ch ti ch l cng tc phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian. tng nhanh tc
c th dng my quay c tc di chuyn dy t 200-250m/pht hoc puli c nhiu
trc c th ko c nhiu vng dy trong cng mt lc.

Hnh 4 : Lp t dy ch gm cc si dy n
1. Trc quay v cun dy thp ; 2. Pu li ; 3. Dy ko ; 4. Thanh neo ; 5. a neo ;
6. Puli ko ; 7. Dy cp thi cng treo sn cng tc ; 8. Trc quay dy ko ;
9. Dy ch ; 10. Kch p dy ; 11. Kch iu chnh ni lc v vng ca dy.

tng nhanh tc thi cng th c th khng ko tng si m ko tng b gm nhiu
si song song ch to trc trong nh my. V d khi xy dng cu treo qua vnh
Narragansetl gn New York, dy ch c si song song ng nh 5 mm khng lp t tng
si m lp tng b ch to ti nh my ri chuyn n cng trng di dng cc cun ln.
Dy ch gm 152 b nh, mi b gm 61 si n ng knh 5 mm t song song.
Sau khi lp t xong ta dng kch 2000-3000 KN p li to b c dng trn hoc hnh
nhiu cnh. V tr cn kch o cch nhau 1 m. Trc khi tho kch cn c ai p cht bng
bu lng. Cui cng b dy c qun kht bn ngoi bng dy tho m, sau bn ngoi

to lp chng g bng cch sn chng g t nht l hai lp.
Cc si dy vt qua nh thp cng t trong mt khun c hnh dng ging b dy.
Trc khi lin kt ci thp, b cp hai bn thp c p cht bng ai v kch m vo
ng hnh dng b. Sau khi y np trn nh thp mi tho ai ra (hnh 5).

Hnh 5 : S p to b dy
a) p trc b dy ; b) S p cp ; c) y np trn ; d) S t dy
1. Thp ; 2. ai p ; 3. Khung nh thp ; 4. Np nh thp

Trc khi cun dy trng km, cn lp cc ai lin kt dy eo ng. Khi lm vic
dy eo ng s to lc trt theo dy ch v vy ai cn c p bng bu lng cng
cao. Lc ko trong cc bu lng phi tnh ti mt mt do khi lm vic dy ch b tp li. Lc
mt mt trong bulng p ai c th ly khong 40 50% lc ko ban u. m bo du
ch khng b h hng cc b do nn p v do un cc b mt trong ca ai nn lt mt
bn km hoc nhm. Trnh t lp ai c th tham kho trn hnh 6.

Hnh 6 : Trnh t lin kt ai vi dy ch
I III Cc bc lin kt ; 1. V tr cn nn p ; 2. ai tm ;
3. ai chnh ; 4. Mc treo thanh thp ; 5. Thanh ng

Trong qu trnh lp t dy nn lp cc ai tm m bo ng kch thc tit din
ngang ca dy. Sau ta t cc ai p, p cht dy hai bn, lc c th thay i ai
tm bng ai chnh.
19.3. Lp rp dm ch
Phng php lp rp dm ca cu treo c lc y ngang c thc hin sau khi lp
xong dy l n gin nht. Cc on dm ln lt c treo ln dy. gim bin dng
cu dy ch dm thng c lp rp theo tng t dn dn truyn ti trng tnh ln
dy. Chng hn t u lp dm cng, t hai lp h dm mt cu, t ba lp mt cu.
Trong qu trnh lp rp dm cng thng c ni tm theo s khp truyn ton
b tnh ti cho dy chu. Cc mi ni ca dm ch ch c ni cng khi lp xong dm
v iu chnh chnh xc s hnh hc bng cch thay i chiu di cc dy eo ng v
cht ti ln dm. Nu dng bn mt cu bng b tng ct thp th dm cn c lin kt
cng trc khi b tng trnh vt nt trong bn, nh vy sau khi phi dng bin
php iu chnh ni lc bng cch thay i chiu di dy neo ng nh h mp cp hoc
kch truyn ton b ti trng tnh ln dy ch.
Dm cng c lp i xng t pha thp cu ta gia nhp v vo h neo, hoc t gia
nhp v t h neo n thp cu. Cch th hai thng c dng nhiu hn v c u im l
bin dng ca dy khi t khi dm cui cng gn thp cu s nh hn, ng thi vic
ni dm cng trn tr cng n gin hn khi bi gia nhp.

Hnh 7 : S lp rp dm cng
1. Ti nng v ti ko ; 2. Puli chuyn hng ; 3. Dy cp nng khi dm ;
4. Dy cp ko ; 5. Xe nng dm ; 6. Cn cu chn cng ; 7. Khi dm

lp rp cc khi dm cng thng dng mt xe di chuyn trn dy cp nh cn cu
cp (hnh 7). Do dy ch c kh nng chu lc nn thng lp rp cc khi lon, nh
vy phi lp vo xe di chuyn mt h ti mp c sc nng ln, cn cc khi dm c vn
chuyn ti v tr bng phao, x lan. Dng bin php ny c th lp rp c cc khi dm
c trng lng ti 2000-3000 kN, nh vy mi gim c thi gian thi cng mt cch ng
k.
Cng c th lp dm theo phng php lp hng t tr ra gia sng bng cn cu chn
cng hoc cn cu xch, cn cu bnh lp.
Trong qu trnh lp nu mi ni ca dm c lin kt cng ngay th khi lp cn cht
ti m bo hnh dng thit k ca dy v to kh nng d dng hp long mi ni cui

cng.
Dm cng ca h cu treo khng c lc ngang c lp trc khi c dy, nn cng c
lp bng cc bin php tng t nh i vi h dm, chng hn nh lp hng, na hng
hoc lao ko dc. Phng php thng dng nht khi lp h ba nhp l lp na hng
nhp bin v lp hng nhp gia. c im c bn ca vic lp dm cng h cu treo l
kh nng chu lc ca dm rt nh, v vy khi lp rp hoc ko dc nhp bin thng phi
b tr tr tm. Khi lp nhp gia th c th dng cc dy vng ph lm bin php tng
cng dm nn c th lp hng khng cn tr tm. Phng php ny ch thun tin khi
dng xong thp cu.
Cc dy vng tm cn dng iu chnh ni lc trong h trc khi ni vi dy cp ch.
Qu trnh lp dm cng ca cu treo khng c lc ngang th hin trn hnh 8.

Hnh 8 : Trnh t lp dm cng ca cu treo khng c lc ngang
1. Dy vng tm ; 2. Khi dm ; 3. Cn cu ; 4. Dy ch.

Bc mt l lp na hng nhp bin trn cc tr tm bng cn cu chn cng di chuyn
trn kt cu nhp. gim m men un trong dm cng ti mt ct trn tr tm, on dm
cui cng ca nhp bin c lp bng cn cu ni. Sau khi dng xong thp cu ta chuyn
sang lp hng nhp chnh. Vic lp hng cng thc hin bng cn cu chn cng. hng
ca dm pht trin cho n khi m men un trong dm t tr s gii hn, lc ta lp mt
dy vng h tr. Trc khi lp dy vng cn cu chn cng c li v ng trn tr
gim vng ca dm v gim chiu cao cn iu chnh bng cch ko dy vng. Dy
c ko dm vng ngc, khc phc vng ca chu trnh lp sau, tip theo dm
ch li c lp hng cho n khi cn phi lp mt dy vng mi. gim m men un
trong dm cng th khc dm cui cng trc khi lp dy vng c th lp bng cn cu ni.

Hnh 9: Thit b co dy ch vo
dm cng
1. Kch du ; 2. u neo dy eo
ng ; 3. Thanh keo.

Khi lp t xong dm ch ta lp dy ch v dy eo ng, nhng do dy ch cha chu
lc, vng cn nh nn cc dy eo ng thng v qu ngn khng chiu di lp.
V vy lp c cc thanh ng th phi to cho dm c vng ngc bng cch ko
cc dy vng, hoc dng h ti mp, kch ko dm v dy li gn nhau (hnh 9).
Sau khi lp xong ton cu mi dn dn ni cc dy vng truyn lc ln dm cng v
dy ch.

Phn 20
c im thi cng
cu treo dy vng

Cu treo dy vng l mt loi cu lin hp gia dm cng chu nn un v dy chu ko.
Cac dy vng xut pht t nh thp cu to ra neo vo mt s im trn dm cng to
thnh cc gi ta n hi. Dy vng truyn lc nn vo dm ch, to thnh h khng c lc
y ngang. H cu c dm cng chu lc y ngang trnh c vic xy dng cc m neo
tn km v phc tp, tuy nhin li ph v u im c bn ca cu treo v trnh t thi cng.
Trong cu treo dng parabol, do dm khng chu nn nn dy co ch c thi cng trc,
sau da vo dy ch mi lp t dm cng v h mt cu. Cng ngh thi cng nh vy
khng i hi h gin gio, tr tm. Ngc li trong cu treo dy vng do cc dy phi
c neo vo dm cng nn dm phi c lp t trc, sau mi lp c dy.
20.1. c im lp dm cng
Dm cng tong cu treo dy vng thng c cng rt nh so vi chiu di nhp, vi
chiu cao nm trong khong (1/100 1/200) nhp, do dm khng th chu c ti trng
bn thn m khng cn tr tm hoc cc thit b chng .
Vi cc c im nh vy nn khi thit k cng ngh thi cng cu treo dy vng cn lu
phn k ti trng tc dng ln h. Trong giai on lp rp dm, ch nn lp cc b phn
c bn nht, vi trng lng nh nht ; v d ch lp dm ch neo dy vng, cn h mt
cu c lp t sau khi lp rp cc dy vng.
20.1.1. Lp t dm ch trn tr tm
Nu dm ch lm bng thp th phng php n gin nht l lao ko dc dm ch trn
cc tr tm (hnh 20-1). Qu trnh lao ko dc dm ch trn tr tm c thc hin ging
nh lao ko dc cu dm thp thng thng. lp rp dy vng c thun li, thng
da vo thp cu v dm ch lp mt gin gio nh dc theo cc tuyn dy.

Hnh 20.1 : S thi cng cu dy vng trn cc tr tm
1. Tr tam ; 2. Dm cng ; 3. Dy vng ; 4. Thp cu ; 5. Gin gio nh lp dy

Nu dm ch bng b tng ct thp th sau khi xy dng cc tr tm, lp mt gin gio
di ng c dng mt dm lin tc vt qua cc tr tm. Trn gin gio ta tin hnh b
tng ton khi dm ch hoc lp rp cc khi dm. Cng tc lp rp hoc b tng c
thc hin trong khoang dm. Sau khi lp t hoc b tng cho mi khoang dm cn tin
hnh lp ngay dy vng khoang trn nguyn tc lp dy vng nhanh nht c th.
Trong qu trnh lp hoc b tng dm, thng b tr cc khp tm ti v tr bn cnh
nt dy. Khp tm ta cc t dm to cho h lun tnh nh trong qu trnh lp rp. Sau
ny khi lp xong dm cng, cng tc iu chnh vng theo cao thit k bng cch
thay i chiu di cc dy cng khng lm thay i ni lc trong h dm v dy (hnh
20.2)

Hnh 20.2 : Thi cng dm trn h gin gio
1. Gin gio di ng ; 2. Khp tm ; 3. Tr tm ;
4. Dm ch cn lp t hoc b tng
Sau khi lp xong dy vng ta h cao gin gio, ko dc sang v tr mi, chun b cho
vic lp t hoc b tng khoang tip theo.
Vic iu chnh ni lc, theo yu cu thit k, s c thc hin sau khi lin tc ho cc
khp tm. Mi ni do lin tc ho cc khp tm s ch chu m men v lc dc do hot ti
v iu chnh. Khp tm chu ton b lc nn, lc ct do tnh ti cn m men ti khp lun
bng khng. Trong cc h 3 v nhiu nhp, vic lp t hoc b tng dm ch trn gin
gio di ng cn c tin hnh i xng qua thp cu, trnh thp, tr v mng chu lc
qu ti do lch tm.
Phng php lp dm ch trn tr tm rt kh thc hin trong cc cu treo nhp ln, trn
cc sng c thng thuyn hoc xy dng cc tr tm rt kh khn.
Khi khng th xy dng tr tm v l do thng thuyn, hoc iu kin kinh t k thut
khng cho php th c th lp dm trn h gin gio di ng t trn h phao ni. Khi
cn ccc bin php c nh h phao. Mt trong cc bin php l to cho phao cc chn
chng ph xung y sng (hnh 20.3)
20.1.2. Thi cng dm ch bng dy thin tuyn
Phng php lao dc dm ch trn tr tm ch p dng cho cc cu nh v vic thi cng
tr tm khng kh khn, tn km.
i vi cc sng su, iu kin a cht thu vn khng cho php lm tr tm, hoc gi
thnh qu t, thi gian thi cng ko di th c th lp dm ch trn mt dy thin tuyn.

Phng php ny c p dng thi cng cu raKrng Qung Tr nm 1975. Cu
c nhp chnh di 130 m, hai nhp bin, mi nhp di 25 m. Mt ct ngang gm 4 dm I910
chia thnh hai cm, mi cm 2 dm t cch nhau 8 m. S th hin trn hnh 20.3

Hnh 20.3 : S lao dm trn dy thin tuyn

Trnh t cng tc lao lp dm c tm tt nh sau :
- Lp cc dm bin trn gin gio c nh
- Lp lin tc 3 khoang dm bn b Bc.
- Lp lin tc 4 khoang dm b b Nam.
- Lp mt dy thin tuyn vt qua nh thp cu, gm hai tuyn, mi tuyn 3 dy cp
ng knh 46,5mm lm ng trt qua sng.
c im ca ng trt trn dy l khng nm trn mt phng ngang, ng thi hnh
dng dy li lun thay i trong qu trnh lao dm, nn ti mi nt ca khoang dm phi b
tr mt h nng gm ti v mp c th iu chnh cao dm lun lun v tr tng
i ngang bng trong qu trnh lao. Nh vy lao dc trn dy l mt qu trnh va lao va
dc v nng dm. s dng ti in 50 KN nng dm, vic ko dc c thc hin
bng hai ti 3 KN. S lao 3 khoang dm b Bc trnh by trn hnh (20.4)
Xut pht t iu kin bn ca dm khi lao, h ti nng phi m bo chnh cao gia
hai nt gin nh hn 10 cm, t tnh ra mi bc lao dc khng c vt qu 1m v qu
trnh ko tun t ko dc 1m li nng chnh cao ln 20 cm.
Sau khi ko xong 3 khoang dm b pha Bc, tin hnh h dm xung gi, chnh cao
cc nt bng nhau, sau cc thit b c tho d chuyn sang ko 4 khoang b Nam v
trnh t c lp li.

Hnh 20.4 : S tao dm t b Bc
a. S lao ; b. Cu to bn ln ; S rng rc

Khi lao 7 khoang, tin hnh iu chnh cao mt cu, hp long cc mi ni dm
ch.
giai on ny cu c dng nh mt cu treo tam. Cui cng da vo dm cng v thp
tin hnh lp t cc dy vng.
Sau khi lp xong cc dy vng, vic iu chnh ni lc c tin hnh bng cch cng
dy to vng ngc khc phc vng do trng lng lp bn mt cu, do bin
dng d ca dy cp mm v mt na bin dng do hot ti. Sau khi iu chnh ni lc mi
lp bn mt cu b tng ct thp.
Nhc im c bn ca s lao dc trn dy thin tuyn l phi lin tc iu chnh cao
bng cch b tr mi nt gin hai ti nng h h mt cu, do phi tp trung tng
i nhiu thit b, c bit i vi cc cu khoang nh dy dy. Hn na phng php ny
ch c li khi lao dm ch gia nhp, cn cc nhp bin cn dng bin php lao trn tr
tm (hnh 20.5)
Khi lao dm b tng ct thp trn dy thin tuyn th nht thit phi b tr cc khp tm

thi cng trnh dm chu m men i du trong qu trnh lao

Hnh 20.5 : Lp dm cng v dy vng nh dy thin tuyn

20.1.3. Phng php lp tng khoang dm nh dy thin tuyn
gim bt thit b nng h trong qu trnh lp dm th c th da vo dy thin tuyn
lp hng tng khoang dm, khi cc khi dm c ch trn x lan ra v tr cu. Cc
khoang dm c da ln v tr bng hai phng php.

Hnh 20.6 : Lp dm bng h phao thuyn v dy thin tuyn

- Da vo dy thin tuyn dng h ti nng c khoang dm ln v tr (hnh 20.6) v lp
dy vng, sau khi lp xong dy vng iu chnh cao nt, gii phng h nng
chun b lp cc khoang sau (hnh 20.6).
- Trng hp cao mt cu so vi mc nc thi cng khng ln lm, c th khng
dng h dy thin tuyn m thay bng h phao, x lan v cn cu ni. Cu ni c th
nhc c khoang dm hoc ch nhc mt u khoang, u cn li c ko ln ti cao
bng cu chn cng ng trn khoang lp (hnh 20.7)
Phng php lao, lp c dng dy thin tuyn hoc ch ni thch hp thi cng cc
cu c khoang ln hoc va (d>20m). Vi cc phng php trn gim nh trng lng
cc khi cu lp, thng ch lp trc cc dm ch v h dm ngang, cn h mt cu s
c lp t sau khi cc dy vng v iu chnh ni lc.

Hnh 20.7 : Lp dm cng bng tr ni
1. Tr ni ; 2. Chn chng ; 3. Khp tm ; 4. Dy vng ; 5. Dm cng
20.1.4. Cng ngh thi cng hng dm cng cu treo dy vng
Vi cc cu dy vng c khoang nh (di 10-15m) th phng php lp hng t ra c
nhiu u im ; c bit khi thi cng cc nhp ln cu cao. Phng php hng c th l lp
hng cc khi dm thp, b tng ct thp ch to sn hoc c hng trn gin gio treo
cc t dm b tng ct thp.
20.1.4.1. Phng php lp hng
Phng php lp hng dm ch cu dy vng c th c tin hnh theo trnh t sau :
- Xy dng m tr v thp cu
- Xy dng cc tr tm, gin gio, hoc m rng tr lp cc khoang u tin.
- Dng phao, x lan chuyn ch v dng cu ni lp t cc khoang u tin trn
gin gio m rng.
- Lp dy vng v cc khoang u tin.
- Lp cn cu chn cng trn on dm lp.
- Tip tc lp hng cc khoang dm theo hng i xng t tr ra gia nhp.
- Lp dy vng cho cc khoang ngay khi lp xong dm cng.
Trong trng hp gp cc khoang di, trng lng ln, dm hng khng chu lc, c
bit khi cu ng trn on hng lp cc t cui dm th cn lp thm cc dy vng
ph (hnh 20.8). Dng dy vng ph trong thi cng cho php lp cc khoang di m khng
cn tng tm vi ca cu lp hng. Tuy nhin vic lp t cc t ngn c b tr cc dy
vng ph s lm tng khi lng cng vic trn hin trng v c th ko di tin thi
cng.

Hnh 20.8 : Phng php lp hng cu dy vng

20.1.4.2. Phng php c hng dm cng bng BTCT ca cu treo du vng
Hin nay vi cc cu treo dy vng c dm cng bng b tng ct thp th cng ngh thi
cng c hng cc t dm ang c p dng rng ri. Cng ngh c hng dm cng
cu treo dy vng c thc hin trn gin gio treo di ng ging nh cng ngh c hng
cu b tng ct thp ng sut trc, tuy nhin trong cu treo dy vng c cc c im
sau :
- Chiu di cc t dm thng khng c chn tu m ly bng chiu di khoang
nn cc t dm thng di hn : Cu b tng ct thp ng sut trc d = 4-6m ;
cu treo dy vng d = 9-10m. Do chiu di mi t b tng ln hn, nn h gin
gio treo di ng c kch thc v khi lng ln hn.
- Sau mi ln b tng cn lp ngay cc dy vng cho mi khoang trc khi di
chuyn gin gio treo sang v tr ca t b tng mi (hnh 20.9)

Hnh 20.9 : c hng dm ch cu treo dy vng

- Trc khi b tng cc t cn tnh ton ni lc v bin dng h c th tin
hnh s b iu chnh cao nt khi lp t dy, trn c s d phng ni lc v bin

dng gy ra trong qu trnh lp hng.
- Cng c th dng cc dy vng ph gim chiu di cc t b tng khi gp
cc khoang ln m khng cn tng chiu di gin gio v cn cu lp hng.
- Vic c hng c tin hnh trn nguyn tc i xng qua thp cu trnh thp,
tr v mng chu lch tm qu ln
- i vi cc nhp ln, trong qu trnh thi cng hng cn c bin php m bo n
nh ngang chng lc gi bng cch neo dm theo chiu ngang vo cc tr neo b tr
trn sng pha thng lu (hnh 20.10)
- Sau khi hp long cc on dm cui cng, v khi b tng kh cng mi cn c
vo biu ni lc, bin dng thc ti iu chnh ni lc ln cui cng m bo
biu ni lc hoc vng ti u ca h trc khi a cng trnh vo khai thc.

Hnh 20.10 : Cc bin php m bo n nh ngang
khi thi cng hng cu treo dy vng.

20.2. c im lp t cc dy vng
Vic ch to cc dy vng di dng cc b dy thng c ch to sn trong nh my,
c vn chuyn n cng trng di dng cc cun ng knh ln.
Vic lp rp cc dy vng thng c tin hnh trn mt h gin gio treo c bit
bng dy cp, neo vo thp cu v dm ch dng mt thang dy (hnh 20.11) dc theo
tuyn cc dy vng, mi dy lp mt gin gio. Da vo gin gio dng h ti v cc mp
ko dy vng lp mt u neo vo neo, neo th hai c lp vo nh mt b kch c
bit c kh nng cng ko dy vng, cng mt h c hm, hoc cc bn thp chm chn
trong qu trnh lp t cng nh iu chnh lc cng trong dy.

Hnh 20.11 : Lp dy vng trn gin gio bng dy cp

Trng hp lp cc dy vng ln v di, gim vng v ln ca dy cp gin
gio, c th b tr thm cc tr dy dc theo tuyn ca gin gio treo.
Trng hp dy vng c chiu di khng qu ln (<100m) hoc i vi cc dy vng di
nhng c lp t ti ch bng cc b nh th c th khng cn cu to gin gio treo. Khi

cc b cp nh c ni mt u v ko bng ti a qua neo. H kch thu lc
chuyn dng c nhim v kp ko v cht tng b mt. Vic khng ch ni lc trong cc
b c thc hin bng nhiu cch kim tra kt qu ca nhau. Cc bin php nh lng
lc cng c th nh sau :
- Ch s o lc trn kch
- dn di ca cc b cp khi cng
- Gn cc sensor o lc ln cc b dy
Cc sensor c th thng bo kt qu ca s thay i ni lc ca cc b ko trc khi
cng cc b sau, ng thi cng cho bit s thay i ni lc trong tng dy khi cng iu
chnh ni lc.
Trn hnh 20.12 trnh bu cu to ca mt loi neo c th iu chnh chiu di du trong
qu trnh iu chnh ni lc :

Hnh 20.12 : S cu to neo v cng dy cp

Phn 21
Thi cng mt cu

A. LP T KIN TRC TNG TRN CU ONG ST
21.1. ng trn cu phi p ng cc yu cu ca ng trong khu gian. Kt cu ca
ng v mt cu phi t cng bn v n nh sao cho m bo an ton v m thun
cho on tu qua khng hn ch tc , cng nh s ln bnh ca on tu trong trng
hp b trt bnh.
21.2. Khi ri lp ba lt xung quanh np l thot nc mt cu, phi ph trc mt lp
dm hoc cui to kch c 80 120mm ln trn np. Khi ri v m cht ba lt, cng nh
khi t ng, phi c bin php bo v tng phng nc khi b h hng.
21.3. T vt cu t trn nh tng u m phi c chnh sa chiu cao sao cho k ta
bng u trn ton b b mt nh tng v c neo gi cht.
21.4. Tt c cc rnh khc v l khoan trn t vt lun bu lng, inh gm, bu lng mc,
u phi c phng mc, cc khe nt trn g phi c phun thuc phng mc, cc u
mt t vt c ai bng thp dt. Trn t vt u c nh du nm
lp t.
21.5. Trng hp t vt t trn u m inh tn hoc bu lng ca x thp, phi c rnh
cha sn mt di t vt.
21.6. Cc vn lt dc trn mt cu u di ng ca kt cu nhp cn c ct on cha
sn m bo gi nguyn khi c s bin i nhit v v dch ca kt cu nhp.
21.7. Vic thi cng lp t mt cu kiu ray t trc tip ln bn BTCT, khng c ba lt,
cn thc hin theo ch dn ca thit k, c tnh n yu cu ca c quan qun l ng st.
21.8. Trc khi cho php ti trng on tu i qua, vic lp t mt cu phi c s tham gia
ca bn i din cng qun l ng st.
Nhng sai st pht hin cn phi c khc phc trc khi cho ti trng on tu qua
cu.
Khng cho php m cu cho on tu qua khi cha c s xem xt ca thit k v tng
phng nc chng thm nc cho mt cu.
21.9. Nhng yu cu k thut khi lp t kin trc tng trn ng st, khi lng v cch
thc kim tra thi cng, c quy nh theo Bng 27.
Bng 27

Yu cu k thut
i tng
kim tra
Cch thc
kim tra
1. Sai s cao trnh nh ray so vi tr s tung thit k
tuyn:

- Khi chnh cao nh hn 50mm - khng ln hn
4mm.
Tng nhp cu o bng my thu
bnh
- Khi chnh cao ln hn 50mm - khng ln hn 8%. nt nt
2. Sai lch ng tim ray theo mt bng so vi v tr thit
k ( theo mm):

- Trn on tuyn thng vi mt cu khng c ba
lt - khng ln hn 30;
nt o bng my kinh
v
- Nh trn, vi mt cu c ba lt - khng ln hn
50;
Tng nhp cu nt
- Trn on tuyn cong, vi mt cu khng c ba
lt - khng ln hn 20;
nt nt
- Nh trn, vi mt cu c ba lt - khng ln hn
30;
nt o bng my thu
bnh
3. Nhng yu cu khi lp t t vt:
- S b tr theo thit k tnh c gia t vt
(khng k t vt t trn x ngang) 10 - 15cm.

- Khe h gia t vt v cnh trn ca x ngang -
khng nh hn 1,5cm.
Tng nhp cu o bng thc
- T vt t trn cu kin ca h lin kt bn nt -
khng cho php.
nt Bng quan st
- su khc t vt trong phm vi t ln cnh ca
x dc h mt cu dm thp, 5 - 30mm.
Tng rnh khc o bng thc
4. Nhng yu cu v mng ba lt (theo cm):
- Chiu dy ba lt di t vt - khng t hn 25 Tng t vt nt
- Chiu dy ba lt di t vt ti a - khng ln
hn 60
nt nt
- Dung sai v chiu dy lp ba lt - 5. nt nt
5. Dung sai tnh c mp trong ca ray chnh v ray h
bnh so vi tr s thit k khng c ln hn 10 mm.
Theo chiu di ray o bng dng
6. Mt nh ray h bnh phi thp hn ray chnh khng
qu 5mm.
nt nt
B. LP T CC B PHN MT CU
21.10. Trc khi lp t cc b phn mt cu phi thc hin hon thnh mi cng vic v
lp rp kt cu nhp, trt kn cc khe h ni ph; b tr v kn cc kt cu khe co dn,
ng thot nc, cc rnh nc, hng ro lan can, ph kin gn trn phn xe chy ca bn mt
tim cu v k c vic t ng bc dy thng tin.

Vic b tr cu to mt lp btng ph ln mt cu c chc nng va lm lp mt va cch
nc, c php lun ti ch cng vi cc khe ni dc gia cc phin dm ca kt cu
nhp.
21.11. i vi nhng lp ph btng nha ng hoc btng xi mng ca phn mt cu
c chc nng lm phng v bo v, cn s dng loi hn hp m bo c yu cu thit k
v kh nng chng nt rn do nhit thay i (ph hp vi vng xy dng) v kh nng
chng thm nc.
Hn hp btng cng vi cc cht ph gia khc m bo bn khai thc, khng b trn
trt d ht m hoc nc mt, t nhng ch tiu k thut thit k. Cm s dng cc cht
ph gia ng cng nhanh, d gy n mn ct thp.
Li s dng lm ct cho lp btng mt cn phi c co sch g.
Khng c dng dy thp an thnh li lm ct cho lp ph bo v mt cu.
21.12. Lp ph mt cu (lp lm phng chu n mn) c th p dng kt cu btng vi ht
t nung (b-tng kramzit) hoc b-tng nha vi ht nh.
21.13. Vic sn xut v nghim thu thi cng lp ph mt cu bng btng kramzit hay
btng nha cn thc hin theo ng cc quy nh ring ca Tiu chun ngnh.
Nu qu trnh thi cng ri mt pht hin cn c lp m v b ph thm iu chnh mt
ct dc trn cu t m thun th phi c s tho thun nht tr ca c quan thit k.
Khi lp t cc cu kin trn mt cu, cn m bo lin kt kn lp o ng vi cc kt
cu khe co gin, lan can tay vn v cc khi xy va ng ngi i b.
21.14. Vic lp t cc bn dn chuyn tip t nn ng vo u cu ng i b phi
thc hin theo mt trnh t v thi gian n nh trong thit k, c tnh n cu to ca bn,
c trng ca t p sau m v lp nn t bn dn ny.
Nu c bn Ch cng trnh cho php, c th thi cng lp mt ng tm thi phm vi
tip gip gia cu v ng hoc lp t tm thi cc bn dn ri tip tc o c theo di
mt thi gian t n nh, mi y m cht phn trn ca lp mt v lp t hon
chnh cc bn dn theo ng thit k.
21.15. Khi lp t cc ng ray trn mt cu dng cho tu chy in, cn t theo yu cu
ca tiu chun ring chuyn ngnh.
21.16. Lp t h thng thng tin v h thng chiu sng trn cu, phi thc hin theo quy
nh ca cc c quan chuyn ngnh, c xt n cc yu cu ph hp vi tiu chun xy
dng.
Khi thc hin cc cng vic v lp t h thng thng tin qua cu, khng c hn nh cc
chi tit, cc rnh l, cc inh mc ln kt cu cu, nu khng c s tho thun ca c quan
t vn thit k.
21.17. Vic chng thm cho cng trnh cn thc hin theo ng ch dn thit k v ph hp
cc quy nh ca quy trnh hin hnh c duyt.
21.18. Cc vt liu c dng lm lp chng thm phi ph hp vi hng dn ca bn
thit k v c tnh v yu cu sn phm, v iu kin k thut ch to sn phm. Khng
cho php s dng cc vt liu chng thm nu khng c chng ch km theo. Trong mi
trng hp khi quan st pht hin nghi ng v cht lng vt liu th cn tin hnh kim
chng trong phng th nghim theo cc tiu chun sn phm tng ng ca ngnh v Nh
nc ban hnh.

21.19. Vic chng thm cho cc phin dm cu ng st phi thc hin sn trc trong
nh my ch to.
21.20. Cc loi ng thot nc v ng lun cp in phi c nh v tr trc khi
btng kt cu. Khng c dng cc nt g thay vo v tr cc ng trong qu trnh b-
tng.
21.21. Vic thi cng lp chng thm trn cng trnh cn c thc hin trong iu kin thi
tit kh ro trong ngy.
21.22. Mp ni ghp cc cun vi chng thm hoc cc cun li thp an ri mt cn
c xp chng ln nhau, c xt n hng thun dng chy ca nc mt.
21.23. Phi tin hnh ri lp vi chng thm cc b cc v tr t ng thot nc v ct
in trc khi ri chng thm trn ton b mt cu. Vic ri b sung vi chng thm cc
thnh ng thot nc v ming ng lng kim loi phi c thc hin trc khi qut lp
bi tum ph ln mt ngoi.
Tt c cc khe h gia cc ph kin ng thot nc phi c thi cng mt cch cn thn
v t m.
Cc mp ng tip gip ca lp phng nc vi ng thot nc khng c lm mp m gy
ng nc trn mt cu.
21.24. Khi thc hin cc cng vic chng thm cho cng trnh cn kim tra cht lng tng
phng nc ph hp yu cu thit k v cc tiu chun k thut hin hnh, kim tra kn
kht ca ng thot nc v khe co dn, cng nh kim tra cc ch tip gip ( gc cnh,
mp bin, mp va, ct in ) v cht lng lp to dc, tng phng nc v lp bo v.
Trong cc lp chng thm khng c n ng cht keo dn, khng c np un gp,
khng b xuyn thng v cc h hng c hc khc. Nhng h hng pht hin tng lp
chng thm cn c p v li.
21.25. Ch cho php lm lp bo v mt cu sau khi nghim thu hng mc thi cng tng
phng nc, km theo bin bn kt thc cng vic.
21.26. Trn bn thp trc hng lm mt cu ca kt cu nhp thp vnh cu phi m bo
kt cu mt gm nhiu lp, trong c lp chng g mt thp, lp to nhm b mt bng
cch dng cng gm kt, v tng ph btng nha theo kt cu hai lp.
Trong trng hp a vo thnh phn lp to nhm ng thi c chc nng bo v mt thp
th khng phi lm lp chng g na.
21.27. Vic chng thm bo v mt thp bn mt cu cn c thc hin bng cch lm
sch mt kim loi, ty ht vt sn v vy bm b mt bng cch phun ct thi kh.
21.28. Thi gian gin on k thut gia kt thc lm sch b mt v bt u thi cng lp
chng g bn mt cu trc hng khng c qu 7 gi vi m khng kh n 70% v 3
gi vi m cao hn.
21.29. Sn ph lp bo v chng g mt cu thp bng my nn kh hoc my ri khng c
p kh; khng c dng chi qut ln mt lm lp chng g.
21.30. Vic thi cng lp ph mt chng g khng c li khuyt tt nh: b bng lng,
c bt kh, b nhn nhm, c l h, c ch cha sn. Khng cho php c nhng ch bong
trc v c vt g.
Khng cho php ngi v xe my thi cng i li trn lp ph mi sn.
21.31. Trc khi lm tip lp to nhm bo v trn nhng phn sn ph chng g, cn c
s hng dn ca n v lm th nghim vt liu v ghi nhn trong nht k thi cng.

21.32. Tt c cc thnh phn hn hp plime ca lp bo v to nhm khi a ra s dng
phi trn u cn thn, xi mng phi kh mn, cn cht liu nha phi c kh nc.
21.33. Hn hp plime cn c ch to theo trnh t sau: nha than c un nng n
nhit khng qu 60
0
C, sau nha tng hp v du thng theo t l khi lng cn
thit nho trn u, rc bt xi mng poc lng, rt nha than chng vo v tt c
thnh phn c trn u; cho cht lm rn vo hp cht ri li o trn cn thn.
Thi gian t lc ch to xong hn hp plime n khi ri lng ln mt bn thp khng c
qu 20 30 pht.
21.34. Ngay sau khi lng lp bo v to nhm cn ri tip loi dm cng ( grant), kh
sch ln b mt bn thp, trc khi hn hp bt u ng cng.
21.35. Ch sau 4 - 5 gi lm xong lp to nhm, ngi mi c th qua li trn lp va ri,
sau 24 gi cc phng tin thi cng c gii mi c php qua li. khi b h hi lp
to nhm mi ri, cn rc mt lp ct mng di 5mm nhm lp k h
dm.
Trc khi ri lp ph btng nha phi qut ht ct bng chi, cn b mt th phun nc
ra sch.
21.36. Lp ph btng nha cn c thi cng theo kt cu hai lp btng nha nng theo
tiu chun k thut mt ng btng nha ban hnh.
21.37. Nhng yu cu k thut cn phi thc hin khi thi cng lp mt ng xe chy trn
cu, vic kim tra trong thi cng, cng nh khi lng v cch thc kim tra, c quy
nh theo Bng 28.
Bng 28
Yu cu k thut i tng kim tra Cch thc kim tra
1. Li ct thp lm lp ph mt cu Trn tng cu Kim tra theo tiu chun
vt liu v theo n
thit k
2. Nhit khng kh ngoi tri cho php khi lp
t tng phng nc khng thp hn 10
0
C.
nt o bng nhit k
3. Nhit thi cng cc hn hp cht c mattc
nha ng nng l 160 - 180
0
C.
Cho mi m trn
mattc
nt
4. Phn chng v phn chp mp ni cun
vi ngn nc v cun li thp ri mt khng
nh hn:

100mm, phn chng lp u tin. Cho mi lp o bng thc
300mm, phn chp mp cc lp k tip,
tng ng vi mp ni ca lp
trc.
nt nt
5. Phn ph cc b nhng ch h hng ca lp
phng nc bng cch v rng ra t mp ch
hng khng nh hn 200mm.
Cho mi ch hng nt
6. Thi cng tng ph mt trn bn thp trc
hng:

- Nhit khng kh ngoi tri khng thp
hn 10
0
.
Tng cng trnh o bng nhit k
- Khng c cht bn nhim du m trn
mt bn.
Tng mt bn thp Quan st, dng vi trng
thm cc vt nghi ng

c du m
nhm b mt t yu cu thit k v qua
phng th nghim dy cc lp ph:
nt o bng my o dy
in t s
- Lp chng g, khng nh hn 60m
(tng ng loi sn chng g poxy - km)
La chn im o
dy o bng trung
bnh cng ca 5 ln
o
nt
- Lp to nhm v bo v dy 2,5 - 4mm.
Bng hn hp plime:
Tng m trn (tr s
trung bnh ca 3
mu)
Theo quy nh ca
phng th nghim
- T l khi lng cc cht trong hn hp
Thnh phn dm kch c 10 - 20mm, khi
lng 6 - 8kg trn 1 m
2
mt.
Trn trn din tch mt
0,5m
2
. Khong cch
gia cc hn dm
khng qu 50mm.
Quan st o bng thc

- Btng nha mt cu phn xe chy, l
7cm.
- Phn ngi i b, l 3cm.
Mt l khot thm
d din tch 7000m
2
,
nhng khng t hn 3
l cho mt nhp cu.
Theo tiu chun ngnh
v kt cu btng nha
ng nng

PHN 22
THI CNG CU CNG B TNG VA B TNG CT THP

22.1. Khi xy dng cu cng BT v BTCT phi tun theo cc iu quy nh ca tiu
chun Nh nc v Kt cu btng v btng ct thp- Quy phm thi cng v nghim
thu, tiu chun ngnh v Quy trnh thi cng v nghim thu cu btng d ng lc,
ngoi ra, phi tun theo cc yu cu k thut nu trong Quy phm ny.
22.2. Trong giai on thi cng lp hng, kch y, lao ko, ch ni kt cu nhp
dm, nh thu xy dng phi c trch nhim lp trc cc bc cng ngh thi cng
trin khai thc hin.
22.3. Vic lp t cc kt cu c sn ch c php bt u sau khi kim tra
bng my v cao v v tr mt bng ca m tr, mng, v cc thit b ph tm thi
cng, cng nh cc cng vic o c nh v xc nh v tr lp t kt cu theo thit
k, kt qu kim tra c ghi vo bin bn.
Trc khi lp kt cu nhp trn cc tr m phi xp t sn cc gi theo ng
tim cu.
Qu trnh lp t kt cu, t khi ghp ni cu kin cho n khi xong ton b, phi
thng xuyn theo di v kim tra bng my. Ni dung kim tra gm: chnh xc v
v tr cc on hoc khi lp, trng khp mt tip gip, cc chi tit k m, cc
khoang trng, cc rnh ng lun v cc chi tit kt cu ti mt ni ghp v mi lin kt.
22.4. Sau mi khoang ch to xong (hoc mi khi lp) ca kt cu nhp, u phi
dng trc c kim tra v tr khoang lp theo mt bng v mt ct dc. Khi dng trc
c kim tra, phi theo di ln ca tr trong qu trnh thi cng, cn trong
trng hp cn thit, phi xt tnh n nh hng ca bin dng tc thi do c gia nhit
khng u ln kt cu.
Trong qu trnh lao ko dc (hoc sng ngang) kt cu nhp trn h con ln phi tin
hnh kim tra thng xuyn bng trc c v v tr tim nhp cu v cc tr (k c tr
tm). Tin hnh kim tra trng thi ng sut trong kt cu khi c ch nh ca thit
k.
22.5. Khi thi cng lp t kt cu cu phi p ng cc yu cu c bn sau:
a) Cn cu thi cng t ti v tr c xc nh trong BVTC v b tr ngoi thc
a. Cm vic ngm gi my cu vo kt cu ang lp rp, cm vic neo gi v tho h
khi lp nhng v tr cha c xem xt trong thit k TCXD;
b) Vic h kt cu nhp xung sn o, vic tho d sn o, cho kt cu nhp ta
vo con ln v vic iu chnh tr s phn lc gi ta hoc tr s ng sut u phi tun
theo cc yu cu k thut nu trong h s thi cng;
c) Vic lp t khi th ln t cu kin phng dng phin (bn) c thc hin bng
cch dng gi dn hng hoc kt cu khc tng t, m bo chnh xc v hnh
270
dng khi cng nh mt ct dc - ngang khi th, m bo ng dy ca lp tip
gip cc cu kin;
d) Ch tin hnh tho b hoc tng cng cc b phn lin kt khi khng xut hin
ni lc ph trong cc b phn .
22.6. Tt c cc cu kin v cc ph kin trc khi lp t thnh khi ln phi c
kim tra k. Nu pht hin c sai st, Hi ng nghim thu bn bc c gii php
khc phc.
Trn cc cu kin dn tri ra lp rp cn phi ghi r mt ngoi: danh s v trng
lng m hng, im trng tm ca cu kin v tr mc cu cng nh ng tim kim
tra v tr t mc o c.
22.7. B mt tip gip ca cu kin nhp cu BTCT, trc khi chuyn vo v tr lp
hoc trc khi ghp thnh khi th, cn phi lm sch bng phng php phun ct hoc
bng bn chi. Khng c dng cc dng c no p hoc bm vo mt
tip gip.
Vic lm sch b mt tip gip ca cu kin phi c thc hin k lng v c
nghim thu cn thn.
22.8. Ti cc b mt tip gip (mt cu) ca cc t ng cng BTCT c sn nu b
st v do b c st vi mc cu, trc khi lp t, phi c sa cha v trt va
btng lin mt nh ban u; khng c dng dng c c khot vo thn cng
hoc khng c k t cho t cng b un vng.
22.9. Khi s dng cc phng tin chuyn ch ta v ghm cc cu kin cn phi
ch khng pht sinh bin dng d trong kt cu; mt u cc khi lp ghp ni
theo chiu di kt cu v cc mt chng thm phi c bo v khi b st v.
Vic vn chuyn cc loi dm kh ln, cc cu kin c sn ca kt cu nhp v m
tr, cng nh cc cu kin BTDL, phi c thc hin theo ng cc yu cu c bit
nu trong BVTC hoc cc yu cu k thut quy nh trong cc tiu chun ca Nh nc
v ngnh GTVT; nu vn chuyn trn sng, phi tun theo ch dn ca c quan qun l
ng sng.
Vic xp t cc cu kin ln phng tin vn chuyn phi m bo neo chng chc
chn, trnh c tc ng ca lc gi, lc xung kch v lc ly tm. Trong trng hp
cn thit phi bo m xp t hng trong khun kh nht nh c th xoay chuyn
d dng khi phng tin i vo ng cong; trng hp cu kin di chuyn ch trn xe
moc, mt u ca cu kin phi trn mt ta sao cho d di ng; nu l phng tin
ch ni, phi m bo n nh v thng bng khi di chuyn.
22.10. Cc cu kin phi xp vo kho cn p ng cc yu cu v bo qun
nh sau:
- Khng c qung nm hng ln cc phng tin vn chuyn;
- Gi gn cc cu kin khng b h hng do dy buc hoc cc chi tit kp
gi khc.

- Khng c t cc khi lp BTCT ln cc con k.
Cc loi gi cu cao su v cc b phn khe co dn mt cu phi c bo v
trnh tc ng ca nh sng mt tri, phi cch cc thit b sy t nht l 1 m, trnh mi
tc ng ca du la v cc ho cht khc gy ph hu cao su.
Thi cng xy lp cng
22.11. Cc khi c sn lm mng ng cng c lp t trc tip trn nn ngay
sau khi nghim thu h mng, nn t mng cng c thi cng theo ng dc dc
thit k v vng xy dng qui nh.
Cc khi lp c t theo tng on mng theo hng t ca ra cng ln dn n
ca vo cng. Mi khi hoc mi hng khi lp trong phm vi mt on mng phi t
ph hp vi thit k v thng hng theo mt mt phng ca mng lm chun. Cc khi
lp sau khi lm sch mt ngoi, phi c t theo ng v tr thit k trn mt lp
va xi mng ri mt; khng cho php trt va b sung vo di khi c lp t,
cng nh vic x dch khi c sau khi va ninh kt. chnh cao khi lp trong
mt hng khng c vt qu 10mm.
Mt dc ch ghp ni phn h o su nht ca mng tng u vi mt nn ca
mng thn cng phi c lp y bng ct- dm hoc hn hp ct- xi mng, m
cht theo tng lp v ri va xi mng ln.
22.12. Khe ni ng ca mi hng khi c phi c lp y va ct- xi mng,
cnh ngoi khe ni ng cng trt kn mt vi cc khi tip gip nhau.
Khi va khe ni mt ngoi ninh kt th khng c trt thm vo mch ni.
22.13. Cng kiu ng thp tn ln sng c sp xp v lp t ti v tr thit k
sau khi nghim thu phn t nn lm mng cng.
22.14. Khi thi cng cng, cn phi thc hin cc yu cu sau:
a) u cng ca ra c thi cng trc khi lp t cc on thn cng.
b) Khi lp t cc t cng trn phi m bo lp b-tng m di cc t cng
t dc thit k v c gc vt sao cho tip xc cht kht vi b mt ng cng pha
di theo sut chiu di thn cng.
c) Lp t cc t cng vung gc hoc t cng ta trn mt , phi dng va c
st 6-8 cm lm lp m.
d) Khi t cc on cng bng thp tn ln sng phi dng b g nh hnh bao
gi pha di khng thp hn 1/3 mt ct ngang ng, hoc phi to mt nn san rt bng
phng sau nm t ct hai bn thnh ng rt cn thn ng thi m nn k n
cao trn 1/3 mt ct ngang ng.
e) Vic lp rp cc ng tn ln sng phi m bo sao cho gia m bulng, ai c,
vng m vi bn tn thp khng c dnh ht t.
22.15. Vic kim tra nghim thu lp t cng phi c tin hnh trc khi lp t
c ghi bin bn.
22.16. Cc ch tiu k thut cn thc hin trong thi cng xy dng cng, khi lng
v cch thc kim tra c quy nh theo Bng 15.
272
Bng 15
Yu cu k thut i tng kim
tra
Cch thc
kim tra
1. Sai s cho php v v tr thi cng lp t
cc
cu kin ca cng:
- Bc chnh cc khi c lm mng
trong cc
hng khng cao qu 10mm.

Tng mp chnh
khi c

Dng thc o
- Chiu di v chiu rng ca cc on
mng l
+ 2 v -1cm.
Tng on mng Dng thc o
- x dch tng i ca cc cu kin
btng
v BTCT lin k, l 10mm.
Tng cu kin nt
- Khe h gia cc on mng v cc t
cng
(theo ch s thit k), l 5mm.
Tng khe h nt
- ng tim dc cng theo mt bng v
mt ct
dc (vi iu kin khng c on ng
nc),
l 30mm
Tng cng Dng my thu
bnh v da vo
bnh .
2. Cng bn cho php ca lp va ct
xi
mng:
Khi xy cc khi lp mng, dng cp va
theo quy
nh ca thit k nhng khng nh hn 20
MPa.
T l N/X khng ln hn 0,65

Tng th tch va
mt mng

Theo TCVN
3. st cho php ca va ct - xi mng:
Dng cho san nn di y ca hng khi
lp
mng di cng v dng cho khe ni
ngang, l
6-8cm, theo phng php hnh nn ct.

nt

nt
Nh trn cho khe ni ng l 11-13cm. nt nt
Nh trn, cho khe ni ph ngoi, l 2-3cm nt nt

Ghi ch: Khe h gia cc t cng v cc on mng cng phi trong mt mt
phng.

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PGS.TS.

Nguyn vit trung (ch bin)

,v mun chiu su ng cc (t) khng su qu d ng

= 0;0.5;1.0). Gi thit trng hp 2 l vng vy thi cng

mt cht. Thng c th ly:

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