NGUYEN VIET ONG TRAN HUYEN

NGUYEN VAN THN

BAI TAP

AI SO ONG IEU












NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA
THANH PHO HO CH MINH - 2003


1
LI NOI AU

Mon hoc ai so ong ieu thuoc chng trnh ao tao c
nhan va thac sy chuyen nganh Toan Tin hoc. e phuc vu viec
giang day , hoc tap mon hoc nay chung toi a bien soan cuon
ai so ong ieu va c xuat ban bi Nha xuat ban ai hoc
Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.Trong giao trnh o chung toi
a chon loc mot so lng kha nhieu bai tap, ac biet co nhng
bai tap nham bo sung nhng kien thc ly thuyet can thiet. Do
khuon kho cua cuon sach nen tat ca cac bai tap o eu cha co
li giai hoac hng dan. V vay chung toi tiep tuc bien soan
cuon cach nay nham bo sung cho giao trnh a co e giup ban
oc c de dang hn trong viec tham khao mon hoc nay.

Sach Bai tap ai so ong ieu gom bon chng tng ng vi
bon chng trong giao trnh ai so ong ieu. Ngoai cac bai tap
a c cho cuoi moi chng trong cuon sach nay chung toi co
a them vao mot so bai tap mi. Cuoi cuon sach la phan giai va
hng dan cac bai tap trong sach. Cac bai tap c tuyen chon
cong phu se giup ban oc nam ly thuyet tot hn, biet van dung
cac kien thc trong giao trnh vao cac tnh huong khac nhau
trong viec giai cac bai tap va co tam nhn sau hn ve cai ep cua
mon ai so ong ieu. Ngoai ra, cac sinh vien nganh toan ai so
cung co the tham khao cuon sach nay e hieu ro hn ve ly
thuyet mo un trong ai so.

Mac du cac tac gia a co nhieu co gang nhng chac cuon sach
kho tranh khoi nhng thieu sot. Chung toi rat mong nhan c
nhng y kien ong gop cua cac ong nghiep cung nh cac ban
oc.
2

Chung toi rat cam n Nha xuat ban ai Hoc Quoc Gia Thanh
Pho Ho Ch Minh a tao ieu kien thuan li e cuon sach c
xuat ban.

Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh ngay 31/5/2003.
CAC TAC GIA





























3




CAC KY HIEU TRONG SACH

N : Tap hp cac so t nhien
Z : Tap hp cac so nguyen
Q : Tap hp cac so hu t
R : Tap hp cac so thc
X/A : Mo un thng X tren A
Z
k
: Z / k Z
X Y : X ang cau vi Y
X Y : Tch ten x cua X va Y
X Y : Tong trc tiep cua X va Y
X Y : Tch Descartes cua X va Y

I i
X
i
: Tong trc tiep cua ho {X}
iI

I i
X
i
: Tch trc tiep cua ho {X}
iI
A + B : { a + b : a A, b B}
A < X : A la mo un con cua X.
Hom(A, B) : Tap cac ong cau t A vao B
< S > : Mo un con sinh bi tap S
Ker f : Nhan cua ong cau f
Imf : Anh cua ong cau f



4




PHAN I

TOM TAT LY THUYET VA CAC E TOAN

CHNG I

PHAM TRU MO UN

A. TOM TAT LY THUYET

1. MO UN

1.1 Khai niem chung

Cho R la vanh co n v, nhom cong (X, +) c goi la mo
un trai tren vanh R neu co anh xa : R X X ma cai hp
thanh (r, x) ky hieu la rx thoa man cac tien e sau :

M
1
: 1.x = x x X

M
2
: (rs)x = r(s x) r,s R, x X

M
3
: r(x + y)

= rx + ry r R, x,y X

M
4
: (r + s)x = rx + sx r,s R, x X

Cho A, B la cac tap con khac rong cua mo un X, K
R. Ta nh ngha

5
A + B = {a + b : a A, b B}

K.A = {ra : r K, a A}

Tap con A khac rong cua mo un X c goi la mo un con
cua mo un X neu A + A A va RA A.

Cho M la tap con cua R - mo un X. Giao tat ca cac mo un
con cua X cha M c goi la mo un con cua X sinh bi tap M.
Noi cach khac mo un con cua mo un X sinh bi tap M chnh la
tap hp tat ca R - to hp tuyen tnh cua M.

Cho X la R - mo un va A la mo un con cua X. Nhom
thng X/A tr thanh R - mo un vi phep nhan ngoai

r(x + A) = rx + A r R, (x + A) X/A

Ta goi X/A la mo un thng cua mo un X theo mo un A.

1.2 Cac tnh chat

r,s R, x,y X

i) 0.r = 0 va r.0 = 0

ii) (-r) x = -rx = r(-x)

iii) (r - s)x = rx - sx

iv) r(x - y) = rx - ry

Neu A, B la hai mo un con cua mo un X th A + B la mo
un con cua X.

6
2. ONG CAU

2.1. Khai niem chung

Anh xa f t R - mo un X vao R - mo un Y goi la R-ong
cau neu x,y X, r R, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) va f(rx) = rf(x).

ong cau f : X Y c goi la n cau (tng ng toan cau,
ang cau) neu f la n anh (tng ng toan anh , song anh).

2.2. Cac tnh chat

Cho A X, B Y va ong cau f : X Y. Khi o, f(A) la
mo un con cua Y va f
-1
(B) la mo un con cua X. Ta ky hieu
Kerf := f
-1
(0) va Imf := f(X).

Tch cua hai ong cau (n cau, toan cau, ang cau ) la ong
cau (n cau, toan cau, ang cau ). Hn na, f la R - n cau neu
va ch neu Kerf = 0 va f la ang cau neu va ch neu f
-1
la ang
cau.

nh ly Noether : Cho toan cau f : X Y, khi o ton tai duy
nhat ang cau f' : X/Kerf Y sao cho f = f' p, vi anh xa t
nhien p : X X/kerf.

2.3. Pham tru mo un

Mot pham tru P bao gom mot lp cac vat : A, B, C, D . . . co
cac tnh chat sau :

Vi moi cap vat co th t (A, B) xac nh c tap Mor(A, B)
cac cau xa co nguon la A va ch la B, ma neu (A, B) (C, D)
7
th Mor(A, B) Mor(C, D) = . Hn na vi bat ky bo ba co
th t (A, B, C), neu cap cau xa (, ) Mor(A, B) Mor(B, C)
th tch Mor(A, C).
I

PT1: Vi moi vat A P, ton tai cau xa ong nhat 1
A
Mor(A,
A), thoa 1
A
. = va .1
A
= , neu cac tch 1
A
, .1
A
xac nh.

PT2: Luat lay tch cac cau xaco tnh chat ket hp, tc neu co
tch () th cung co tch () va () = ().
Lp cac R-ong cau lap thanh mot pham tru mo un.

3. TONG TRC TIEP VA TCH TRC TIEP

3.1 .Cac khai niem chung

Gia s {X
i
}
iI
la ho cac R - mo un, trong tch Descartes
X

I i
i
ta nh ngha cac phep toan : (x
i
)
iI
+ (y
i
)
iI
= (x
i
+ y
i
)
iI
va
r(x
i
)
iI
= (rx
i
)
iI
. Khi o,

I i
X
i
vi hai phep toan tren tr thanh
R - mo un va goi la tch trc tiep cua ho mo un {X
i
}
iI.


Mo un con X

I i
i
= {(x
i
)
iI

I i
X
i
: hu han x
i
0} goi la
tong trc tiep cua ho mo un {X
i
}
iI
.

Gia s {X
i
}
iI
la ho cac mo un con cua mo un X. Neu
X

I i
i
= X va X

j i
j
X I
i
= 0 vi moi iI, ta goi X la tong trc
tiep trong cua ho {X
i
}
iI
.

3.2 .Cac tnh chat tong trc tiep va tch trc tiep

8
Neu lc lng ch so I hu han th tong trc tiep trung vi
tch trc tiep.

Neu ton tai cac ong cau f : X Y, g : Y K sao cho gf la
ang cau. Khi o Y Imf Kerg.

Mo un X la tong trc tiep trong cua hai mo un con A va B
khi va ch khi vi moi x X co va ch co mot cach bieu dien x =
a + b vi a A, b B.

nh ly cua tong trc tiep qua nhung va chieu : Cho cac
mo un A, B, C.Neu ton tai cac ong cau j
1
: A C, j
2
: B C,
p
1
: C A va p
2
: C A thoa

1) p
1
j
1
= 1
A
,

p
2
j
2
= 1
B
.

2)p
1
j
2
= 0. p
2
j
1
= 0.

3) j
1
p
1
+ j
2
p
2
= 1
C
.

th C A B.


nh ly tnh pho dung cua tch trc tiep : Cho hocac mo
un {X
i
}
iI
, khi o moi ho ong cau {f
i
: X X
i
} ton tai duy
nhat mot ong cau f : X X
i
sao cho f
i
= p
i
f vi moi i I.Hn
na, neu co ho ong cau {f
i
: X
i
Y
i
} th ton tai duy nhat ong
cau tch trc tiep f
i
: X
i
Y
i
sao cho vi moi (x
i
)
iI
X
i

ta co f
i
[(x
i
)
iI
] = (f
i
[x
i
])
iI
.

nh ly tnh pho dung cua tong trc tiep : Cho ho cac mo
un {X
i
}
iI
. Khi o vi bat ky mo un X, neu co ho cac ong cau
{f
i
: X
i
X} th ton tai duy nhat mot ong cau f : X
i
X sao
cho f
i
= fj
i
vi moi i I. Hn na, neu co ho ong cau
9
{f
i
: X
i
Y
i
} th ton tai duy nhat ong cau tong trc tiep
f : X
i
Y
i
sao cho x := j
i
X
(x
i
) X
i
, f(x) = (f
i
[x
i
]).

3.3 .Vat pho dung trong pham tru

Cho trc pham tru P. Vat A P c goi lavat au (vat cuoi)
neu vi bat ky vat X P tap Mor(A, X) (t. Mor(B, X)) co
ung mot phan t. Khi ovat A c goi la vat pho dung cua
pham tru. Neu trong pham tru P co cac vat au (vat cuoi) th cac
vat au (vat cuoi) la tng ng ngha la ton tai ang xa gia
chung vi nhau.

4. DAY KHP

4.1. Cac khai niem chung

Day cac ong cau (vo han hay hu han)

n-1

n

n+1
. . . X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
X
n+2
. . . (1)
goi la khp tai mo un X
n
neu Im
n-1
= Ker
n
va che tai mo un
X
n
neu Im
n+1
la hang t trc tiep cua mo un X
n
. Day (1) goi la
khp (che), neu no khp (che) tai moi mo un trung gian.

4.2. Cac tnh chat chung

nh ly ve day khp ngan : oi vi day khp ngan
f g
0 A B C 0. Cac phat bieu sau la tng ng:

i) Day che ra.

ii) ong cau f co nghch ao trai.
10
iii) ong cau g co nghch ao phai.

Bo e bon ong cau : Cho bieu o giao hoan

f g h
A B C D

f' g' h'
A' B' C' D'

Trong o hai dong la khp, la toan cau va la n cau. Khi o

i) Ker = g(Ker)

ii) Im = g
-1
(Im) .

Bo e nam ong cau : Cho bieu o giao hoan

A B C D E

1

2

3

4

5

A' B' C' D' E'

Trong o hai dong la khp,
1
toan cau va
5
n cau. Khi o,
neu
2
va
4
n cau (toan cau, ang cau) th
3
n cau (toan
cau, ang cau)

Bo e nam ngan : Cho bieu o giao hoan

0 A B C 0

0 A' B' C' 0

11
Trong o cac dong la khp. Khi o, neu , la n cau (toan
cau, ang cau) th cung la n cau (toan cau, ang cau).

5. MO UN T DO

5.1. Khai niem chung.

Cho mo un X, tap con S X c goi la he sinh cua X neu
< S > = X.

Tap con S X c goi la oc lap tuyen tnh neu t moi
ang thc r

=
n
i 1
i
s
i
= 0, ta co r
1
= r
2
= . . . = r
n
= 0 ay r
i
R, s
i
S.
He sinh S cua mo un X ong thi oc lap tuyen tnh goi la
c s cua mo un X. Mo un X co c s c goi la mo un t
do.

4.2. Cac tnh chat

Tap S = {s
i
}
iI
X cac phan t cua mo un X la c s cua X
neu va ch moi phan t x X ch co mot cach bieu th tuyen tnh
qua S.

Neu f : X Y la ang cau mo un va X la mo un t do th
Y la mo un t do. Hn na, neu S la c s cua X th f(S) la c
s cua Y.

Mo un X la t do neu va ch neu X ang cau mo un vi
tong trc tiep cua ho cac ban sao cua vanh he t.

Tong trc tiep cua mot ho mo un t do la mo un t do.

12
Moi mo un eu ang cau vi mo un thng cua mot mo
un t do nao o.

nh ly tnh pho dung cua mo un t do : Tap S X
la c s cua mo un X neu va ch neu vi bat ky mo un Y, moi
anh xa f : S Y ton tai duy nhat ong cau f : X Y sao cho f
thu hep tren S trung vi f.

nh ly mo un t do tren vanh chnh : Mo un con cua mo
un t do tren vanh chnh la mo un t do.

B. BAI TAP

1.1. Cho R la vanh co n v 1, X la nhom cong giao hoan va
Hom

(X, X) la vanh cac t ong cau cua nhom X. Chng minh

rang X la R - mo un trai khi va ch khi ton tai mot ong cau
vanh : R Hom

(X, X) sao cho (1) = 1

X
, vi 1
X
la ong cau
ong nhat cua nhom X.

1.2. Chng minh rang trong tam tien e nh ngha R -mo un
trai, gom bon tien e ve nhom cong giao hoan va bon tien e M
1

M
4
, ta co the bo i tien e giao hoan cua phep cong. Noi cach
khac, tien e o c suy ra bi bay tien e con lai.

1.3. Cho X la R-mo un va K la ieal hai phacua R. Chng minh
rang vi x X th K.x = {rx : r K} la mo un con cua X.

1.4. Cho R la mien nguyen va X la R-mo un, phan t x X
c goi la phan t xoan neu ton tai X, 0 ma x = 0. at
(X) la tap tat ca cac phan t xoan cua X.

13
Chng minh rang :

a) (X) la mo un con cua X.

b) Neu (X) = X, ta noi X la mo un xoan. Chng minh
rang moi mo un con cua mo un xoan la mo un xoan.

c) Neu (X) = 0 th ta noi X la mo un khong xoan. Chng
minh rang moi mo un con cua mo un khong xoan la mo
un khong xoan.

d) Mo un thng X/(X) co la mo un khong xoan hay
khong?

e) Z -mo un Q/Z co la mo un xoan hay khong ?

1.5. Cho R la mien nguyen va X la R- mo un. Phan t x X
c goi la chia c neu moi R, 0, ton tai phan t y X
sao cho x = y. at (X) la tap tat ca cac phan t chia c cua
X. Neu (X) = X th X c goi la mo un chia c. Chng minh
rang

a) (X) la mo un con cua X.

b) Mo con thng cua mot mo un chia c la mo un chia
c.

c) Z-mo un Q va Z-mo un Q/Z eu la cac mo un chia
c.

1.6. Chng minh rang moi ong cau f : X Y la duy nhat xac
nh bi gia tr cua f tren he sinh S nao o cua X.
14

Tuy nhien khong phai moi anh xa g : S Y nao cung co the
m rong thanh ong cau t X vao Y. Hay tm ieu kien cho g e
g co the m rong thanh ong cau tren X.

1.7. Cho f, g : X Y la cac ong cau t cung mo un X vao mo
un Y. Goi A X la tap cac x X ma f(x) = g(x). Chng minh
rang A la mo un con cua X.

1.8. Mo un X goi la mo un n neu X ch co hai mo un con
duy nhat la 0 va chnh X. Gia s X la mo un n va f : X Y la
ong cau mo un. Chng minh rang :

a) Imf la mo un con n cua Y.

b) Neu Imf 0 th f la n cau.

1.9. Cho A, B la cac R-mo un con cua mo un X. Chng minh
rang

A + B B
A A B

1.10. Cho mo un X va cac mo un con M, N ma N M. Chng
minh rang

(X/ N) X
(M/ N) M

1.11. Cho h : X X la t ong cau cua mo un X thoa hh = h.
Hay chng minh

X = Imh Kerh
15

1.12. Chng minh rang trong ba ac trng (1), (2), (3) cua tong
trc tiep hai mo un (c noi trong nh ly tong trc tiep qua
nhung va chieu), ta co the bo i ang thc (2). Noi cach khac, neu
ba mo un A, B, C noi trong nh ly tong trc tiep qua nhung va
chieu ch can thoa haiang thc (1), (3) th

C A B.

1.13. Cho X la tong trc tiep cua ho cac mo un {X
i
}
iI
. Chng
minh rang

a) (X) = (X

I i
i
). T o suy ra
b) Tong trc tiep cac mo un xoan la mo un xoan .

c) Tong trc tiep cua cac mo un khong xoan la mo un
khong xoan.

1.14. Cho X =

I i
X
i
. Chng minh rang mo un con chia c cua
mo un X :


(X) =

I i
(X
i
)

T o suy ra tch trc tiep cua cac mo un chia c la mo un
chia c.

Tong trc tiep cua cac mo un chia c co la mo un chia c
hay khong ?

16
1.15. Mo un X c goi la hu han sinh neu trong X co mot tap
sinh hu han. Cho X la tong truc tiep cua ho mo un {X
i
}
iI
.
Chng minh rang

a) Mo un thng cua mo un hu han sinh la mo un hu
han sinh.

b) Mo un tong trc tiep X la hu han sinh khi va ch khi moi
X
i
la mo un hu han sinh va hau het cac X
i
= 0, tr mot so
hu han.

1.16. Chng minh rang tong trc tiep cua ho cac n cau (toan
cau, ang cau) la n cau (toan cau, ang cau). Ket luan tren co
ung cho tch trc tiep hay khong ?.

1.17. Cho bieu o cac ong cau
A
f
B
g
C 0


h



X

Trong o dong la khp va hf = 0. Hay chng minh rang ton tai va
duy nhat ong cau : C X sao cho h = g.
1.18. Cho bieu o cac ong cau
X



h


0

A
f
B
g
C

17
Trong o dong la khp, gh = 0. Hay chng minh rang : ton tai va
duy nhat ong cau :X A, thoa f = h .

1.19. Cho day khp ngan

0 A X C 0

Trong o A, C la cac mo un hu han sinh . Chng minh rang X
cung la mo un hu han sinh.

1.20. Cho X la R-mo un va X
1
, X
2
la cac mo un con cua X ma
X
1
+ X
2
va X
1
I X
2
la cac mo un con hu han sinh. Chng minh
rang X
1
, X
2
la cac mo un con hu han sinh.

1.21. Cho bieu o
0



Y

0 X A

X
/

Y
/

Trong o dong va cot khp. Chng minh rang la n cau khi
va ch khi la n cau.

1.2 Cho bieu o trong o dong va cot la khp. Chng minh rang
la toan cau khi va ch khi la toan cau.

Xem bieu o trang sau.
18


Y

X A X
/
0

Y
/


0

1.23. 0 0 0



0 A
1
B
1
C
1
0


0 A
2
B
2
C
2
0



0 A
3
B
3
C
3
0


0 0 0

Cho bieu o 3 3, trong o ba cot va hai dong lien tiep la khp.
Chng minh rang dong con lai cung khp. Hn na neu dong 1 va
19
dong 3 khp nhng dong hai na khp ta cung co ket qua nh
tren.

1.24. Cho X
1
, X
2
la cac mo un con cua mo un X. Chng minh
rang day sau ay la khp.


0 X
2
X X 0
X
1
X
2
X
1
X
1
+ X
2


trong o (x + X
1
I X
2
) = x + X
1
vi moi x X
2
va (x + X
1
) = x
+ (X
1
+ X
2
) vi moi x X.

1.25. Chng minh rang mo un con A cua mo un con X la hang
t trc tiep cua X neu mo un thng X/A la mo un t do.

1.26. Cho X, Y la cac mo un tren vanh chnh, hn na Y la mo
un t do. Chng minh rang : X Kerf Imf, vi moi ong
cau f : X Y.

1.27. Chng minh rang moi mo un t do tren mien nguyen R la
mo un khong xoan.

Neu X la mo un khong xoan tren mien nguyen R th co the ket
luan R la mo un t do hay khong ?

C. BAI TAP BO SUNG

1.28. Cho M la R-mo un t do co tnh chat, neu r R va m M
thoa rm = 0 th ta co m = 0 hoac r = 0.

Chng minh rang R khong co c cua khong.

20
1.29. Cho {M
1
, M
2
, . . . , M
n
} la tap cac R-mo un va

M = M
1
M
2
. . . M
n

Vi moi 1 i n, ga s N
i
la mo un con cua M
i
. Chng minh
rang

N
1
+ N
2
+ . . . + N
n
= N
1
N
2
. . . N
n

1.30. Cho {M
1
,

M
2
, . . . , M
n
} la tap cac R-mo un va

M = M
1
M
2
. . . M
n

Vi moi 1 i n, goi
i
la phep chieu t M xuong M
i
. Chng
minh rang


1
+
2
+ . . . +
n
= 1
M

i
2
=
i
vi moi i (*)

i

j
= 0 neu i j

ao lai cho M la R_mo un va {
i
,
2
, . . . ,
n
} Hom
R
(M, M)
thoa ieu kien (*). Hay chng minh rang

M = M
1
M
2
. . . M
n

1.31. Cho M, M cac R-mo un va f Hom
R
(M, M). Goi N la
mo un con cua Kerf. Chng minh rang f cam sinh mot R-ong
cau f t M/N vao M, ngha la

f(x + N) = f(x) vi moi x M

1.32. Cho M, M la cac R-mo un va N va N la cac mo un con
tng ng cua M va M. Neu ta co M M va N N th co
ket luan c M/N M/N hay khong ?
21

1.33. Cho M, N la cac R-mo un. Gia s co f Hom
R
(M, N) va
g Hom
R
(N, M) thoa tnh chat

i) f(M) = N.

ii) fg = 1
N
.

Chng minh rang

M N (M/ g(N))

1.34. Cho X
1
, X
2
, . . . , X
n
va Y
1
, Y
2
, . . . , Y
m
la cac R-mo un va

: X

=
n
i 1
i
Y

=
m
j 1
j

la ong cau R-mo un. Chng minh rang bieu dien duy nhat
qua ma tran


11

12 . . . .

1n

21

22 . . . .

2n

M()

=

.

. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .

m1

m2 . . . .

mn

Trong o
ij
Hom
R
(X
j
, Y
i
). Trong s bieu dien nay neu xem cac
phan t x = x
1
+ x
2
+ . . . + x
n
X
i
va y Y
j
nh cac vec t
cot, Hay chng minh rang


11

12 . . . .

1n
x
1


21

22 . . . .

2n
x
2

(x)

=

.

. . . . . . . . . . ..
22


Hn na kiem tra rang, phep hp noi anh xa tng ng vi phep
nhan ma tran.

1.35. Cho R la vanh giao hoan va R la mo un t do co c s
gom n phan t. Chng minh rang

Hom
R
(M, M) M
n
(R)

1.36. Cho cac ho R_mo un {A
i
}
iI
, {BB
i
}
iI
va {C
i
}
iI
. Neu vi
moi i I ta co day khp

0 A
i
B
i
C
i
0

Chng minh rang

0

I i
A
i

I i
BB
i

C
I i
i
0

cung la day khp.

1.37. Cho V
1
, V
2
, . . . , V
n
la cac khong gian vec t hu han chieu.
Neu

0 V
1
V
2
. . . . V 0

la day khp. Chng minh rang

(-1)

=
n
i 1
n
dimV
i
= 0
1.38. Cho D la vanh chia va M la D- mo un. at

R := Hom
D
(M, M)
23

Chng minh rang

i) V la R-mo un vi phep nhan ngoai nh sau.

f.r = f(r) r R, f Hom
D
(M, M)

ii) Ton tai ang cau vanh t D vao Hom
R
(M, M).

1.39. Mot R-mo un M c goi la Noether neu vi moi day
chuyen tien cac mo un con cua M eu dng. Ngha la, neu ho
mo un con {M
i
} cua mo un M thoa ieu kien

M
1
M
2
. . . . M
n
. . . .

Khi o ton tai ch so i sao cho M
i
= M
i+1
=
. . . . .

Chng minh rang cac phat bieu sau la tng ng

i) M la Noether.

ii) Moi mo un con cua M eu hu han sinh.

iii) Moi tap hp khac rong cac mo un con cua M eu co
phan t toi ai.

1.40. Mot R_mo un M c goi la Artin neu vi moi day
chuyen giam cac mo un con cua M eu dng. Ngha la, neu ho
mo un con {M
i
}cua mo un M thoa ieu kien

M
1
M
2
. . . . M
n
. . . .

Khi o ton tai ch so i sao cho M
i
= M
i+1
=
. . . . .

24
Chng minh rang neu M la mo un Artin khi va ch khi moi tap
hp khac rong cac mo un con cua M eu co phan t toi tieu.

1.41. Vanh he t R c xet nh R-mo un tren chnh no. Chng
minh rang neu R la Noether va M la R-mo un hu han sinh th
moi R mo un con cua M eu hu han sinh.

1.42. Cho M la R- mo un va N la mo un cua M. Chng minh
rang

i) M la Noether neu va ch neu N va M/ N la Noether.

ii) M la Artin neu va ch neu N va M/N la Artin.

1.43. Cho day khp

f g
0 M M M 0

i) Chng minh rang M la Noether khi va ch khi M va
M la Noether.

ii) Chng minh rang M la Artin khi va ch khi M va M
la Artin.

1.44.
i) Cho M la mo un Artin va f Hom
R
(M, M). Chng
minh rang f la n cau khi va ch khi f la ang cau.

ii) Cho M la mo un Noether va f Hom
R
(M, M). Chng
minh rang f la toan cau khi va ch khi f la ang cau.

1.45.
25
i) Tm mot R-mo un Noether nhng khong Artin.

ii) Tm mot R-mo un Artin nhng khong Noether.

1.46. Cho M la R-mo un. Neu M
1
, M
2
, . . . , M
n
la nhng mo un
con cuaM sao cho

M = M
1
+ M
2
+ . . . + M
n

khi o chng minh rang .

i) Neu tat ca M
i
eu la Noether th M la Noether.

ii) Neu tat ca cac M
i
eu la Artin th M la Artin

1.47. Cho R la vanh Artin va M la R-mo un hu han sinh.
Chng minh rang moi mo un con cua M eu la mo un Artin.

1.48. Gia s M la R-mo un va M, N, N la cac mo un con cua
M. Neu

M = M N Va M = M N

Th ta ket luan c N = N hay khong ?









26



CHNG II

HAM T HOM VA TEN X

A. TOM TAT LY THUYET

1. HAM T HOM

1.1 Cac khai niem chung

Cho X, Y la cac R-mo un. Ta ky hieu Hom(X, Y) la tap hp
cac ong cau t X vao Y, tren o trang b mot phep toan cong
c xac nh nh sau : f, g Hom(X, Y), tong (f + g) la ong
cau t X vao Y thoa man x X, (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x). Vi
phep toan nay Hom(X, Y) tr thanh nhom cong aben.

Cho cac pham tru P, C . Mot ham t F : P C ( phan ham t
G : P C ) la mot quy luat, tng ng moi vat A P vi mot vat
f(A) C ( G(A) C )va tng ng moi cau xa : A B trong
pham tru P vi mot cau xa F() : F(A) F(B) ( G() : G(B)
G(A) ) trong pham tru C thoa hai tien e sau :

HT1 : Vi moi vat A P : F(1
A
) = 1
F(A)
( G(1
A
) = 1
G(A)
)

HT2 : F() = F().F() (G() = G().G()) vi moi cap cau
xa (, ) trong P ma xac nh c tch .

27
Vi Mod la pham tru cac R - mo un trai, Ab la pham tru cac
nhom aben. Ham t Hom(X, - ) : Mod Ab ( phan ham t Hom(
- , X) : Mod Ab) at moi mo un A Mod tng ng vi nhom
Hom(A, X) va at moi ong cau t A vao B vi ong cau nhom

*
: Hom(X, A) Hom(X, B) (
*

: Hom(A, X) Hom(B, X) )
theo qui tac
*
() = (
*
() = ) vi moi Hom(X, A) (
Hom(A, X) ).

1.2 nh ly ve tnh khp cua ham t Hom : Cho X la mo un

f g
bat ky va day khp ngan 0 A B C 0, khi o

f* g*
0 Hom(X, A) Hom(X, B) Hom(X, C) 0 (1)
f
*
g
*
0 Hom(C, X) Hom(B, X) Hom(A, X) 0 (2)

day (1) khp tai Hom(X, B) va Hom(X, A) , day (2) khp tai
Hom(B, X) va Hom(C, X). Hn na neu day khp ngan che ra th
ca hai day (1) va (2) eu khp va che.

2. Mo un xa anh va mo un noi xa

2.1. Cac khai niem chung

Mo un P c goi la mo un xa anh neu thoa mot trong cac
tnh chat sau :

i) Ham t Hom(P, - ) la ham t khp.

28
ii) Vi moi toan cau : B C, moi ong cau f : P C ton
tai ong cau : P B sao cho f = .



p
f

B C

iii) Moi day khp 0 A B P 0 la che ra.

iv) P ang cau vi hang t trc tiep cua mot mo un t do.

Mo un J c goi la mo un noi xa neu thoa mot trong cac
tnh chat sau :

i) Ham t Hom( - , J ) la ham t khp.

ii) Vi moi n cau : A B, moi ong cau f : A J ton tai
ong cau f : A J sao cho f = f
A
f
f
B J


iii) Moi day khp 0 J B C 0 la che ra.

iv) P ang cau vi hang t trc tiep cua mot mo un noi xa.

2.2 .Cac tnh chat
29

Moi mo un t do la mo un xa anh.

Mo un xa anh tren vanh chnh la mo un t do.

Tong trc tiep cua ho mo un {P
i
}
iI
la xa anh khi va ch khi
moi thanh phan P
i
la xa anh.

Tch trc tiep cua ho mo un {J
i
}
iI
la noi xa khi va ch khi
moi thanh phan J
i
la noi xa.

2.3 .Cac nh ly

Tieu chuan Baer : R-mo un J la noi xa khi va ch khi vi
bat ky iean trai I cua R va bat ky ong cau f : I J, luon luon
ton tai phan t q J sao cho vi moi I, ta co f() = q.

nh ly nhung cua mo un noi xa: Moi mo un X eu co the
nhung vao mo un noi xa N(X) nao o.

Neu R la vanh chnh th moi R - mo un chia c X eu la
mo un noi xa.

Neu R la mien nguyen th moi mo un noi xa eu chia c.

4. HAM T TEN X

4.1 .Cac khai niem

Cho X
R
va
R
Y la cac mo un phai
va mo un trai tren vanh R. Tch ten X Y X Y
x cua mo un X va Y la nhom aben,
ky hieu X Y, sao cho co anh xa song G !f
30
tuyen tnh : X Y X Y co tnh pho dung oi vi bat ky
anh xa song tuyen tnh : X Y G, tc la ton tai duy nhat
ong cau f : X Y G thoa man = f..

Cho cac ong cau f : X
R
X
R
', g :
R
Y
R
Y', khi o ton tai
duy nhat ong cau tch ten x (fg) : X X' Y Y' sao cho
(fg)(x y) = f(x) g(y) vi moi x y X Y.

4.2. Cac tnh chat va nh ly

Tch ten x cua hai ong cau ong nhat la ong cau ong
nhat.

f f' g g'
Neu A B C va A' B' C' la cac ong cau R-mo un
phai va R-mo un trai. Khi o (f'f g'g) = (f' g')(f g).

Cho f, f
1
, f
2
: X X' la cac ong cau R - mo un phai va g,
g
1
, g
2
: Y Y' la cac dong cau R - mo un trai.Khi o

(f
1
+ f
2
) g = f
1
g + f
2
g

f (g
1
+ g
2
) = f g
1
+ f

g
2

nh ly tong trc tiep cua tch ten x : Cho ho R - mo un
phai {X
i
}
iI
va ho R - mo un trai {Y
j
}
jJ
. Khi o

X
I i
i

J j
Y
j

J I j i ) , (
X
i
Y
j

nh ly toan cau cua tch ten x : Cho f : X X' la toan cau
R-mo un phai va g : Y Y' la toan cau R-mo un trai. Khi o,
ta cof g la toan cau vi
31

Ker(f g) = < {x y X Y : x Kerf hoac y Kerg} >

nh ly khp cua tch ten x : Cac ham t (A -) va (- B)
la cac ham t khp ve ben phai. Hn na, cac ham t (A - ) va
( - B) bao toan tnh khp che cho day khp ngan che ra.

5. MO UN DET

Mo un phai (trai) A c goi la mo un det phai (trai ), neu
ham t (A -) ( t. (- A) ) la ham t khp.

Moi vanh he t R xem nh la mo un tren chnh no, la mo
un det trai va cung la mo un det phai.

B. BAI TAP

2.1. Cho cac ho mo un {X
i
}
iI
va {Y
j
}
jJ
. Hay chng minh rang
ton tai ang cau nhom aben :

Hom

I i
X
i
,

J j
Y
j
Hom(X

J I j) (i,
i
, Y
j
)

2.2. Cho X la R-mo un, F(S) la mo un t do sinh bi tap S.
Chng minh cac ang cau.

a) Hom(R, X) (X, +)

b) Hom(F(S), X)

S s
(X, +).



32
2.3. Cho bieu o cac ong cau R- mo un
P
h
f g
A B C

trong o dong la khp, gh = 0 va P la mo un xa anh. Chng minh
rang ton tai ong cau : P A ma f = h.

2.4. Cho bieu o cac ong cau
h k
P X Y
f g
A B C

trong o hnh vuong giao hoan, dong di la khp, kh = 0 va P la
mo un xa anh. Chng minh rang ton tai ong cau :P A e
hnh vuong ben trai cung giao hoan.

2.5. Chng minh rang mo un xa anh tren mien nguyen la mo
un khong xoan. ieu ngc lai, moi mo un khong xoan tren
mien nguyen co phai la mo un xa anh hay khong ?

2.6. Cho bieu o nh hnh :







33
0 0 0


0 X Y V 0


0 P
1
P
2
P
3
0


0 A B C 0


0 0 0
Chng minh rang day khp ngan cac ong cau

0 A B C 0

co the nhung vao bieu o giao hoan tren.

Trong o ba dong , ba cot eu khp, dong gia gom nhng mo
un xa anh, hn na cac cot ben trai va ben phai co the chon
trc tuy y.









34

0 0 0


0 X Y V 0


0 P
1
P
2
P
3
0


0 A B C 0


0 0 0

2.7. Cho bieu o cac ong cau:

f g
A B C
h
J

trong o dong la khp, hf = 0 va J la mo un noi xa. Chng
minh rang ton tai ong cau : C J sao cho g = h.

2.8. Cho bieu o cac ong cau. Trong o hnh vuong ben trai
giao hoan , dong tren la khp, gf = 0 va J la mo un noi xa.
Chng minh rang ton tai ong cau : C J sao cho hnh vuong
ben phai cung giao hoan.


35
A B C
f g
X Y J

2.9. Chng minh rang moi mo un X khong xoan tren mien
nguyen R la noi xa neu X la mo un chia c.

2.10. Chng minh rang moi day khp ngan cac ong cau

f g
0 A B C 0

eu nhung c vao bieu o giao hoan sau
0 0 0


0 A B C 0


0 N
1
N
2
N
3
0


0 X Y K 0



0 0 0
Trong o ba dong, ba cot la khp, dong gia la mo un noi xa.
Hn na, cac cot ben phai va ben trai co the chon trc tuy y.

36
2.11. Chng minh rang mo un P la xa anh khi va ch khi, vi moi
ong cau f : P C va moi toan cau : J C vi J la mo un
noi xa, ton tai ong cau : P J sao cho = f.

2.12. Chng minh rang mo un J la noi xa khi va ch khi, vi moi
ong cau f : A J va moi n cau j : A P trong o P la mo
un xa anh, ton tai ong cau f : P Jsao cho fj = f.

2.13. Chng minh rang trong pham tru cac Z-mo un, mot anh xa
: X Y C la song tuyen tnh khi va ch khi la song cong
tnh .

2.14. Cho Q la nhom cong cac so hu t xem nh cac Z-mo un.
Chng minh rang

a) Q Q Q

b) Q Q /Z = 0

c) Neu A la mo un xoan th Q A = 0.

2.15. Chng minh rang

Z
m
Z
n
Z
d

Trong o d = (m, n). T ay suy ra rang, neu m, n nguyen to cung
nhau th Z
m
Z
n
= 0.

37
2.16. Chng minh rang tch ten x cua hai nhom aben hu han
sinh la nhom hu han sinh.

2.17. Xet nhom cong cac so nguyen Z va nhom con 2Z cua Z
gom cac so nguyen chn. Khi o, ong cau bao ham j :2ZZ
la n cau. Goi A la nhom cyclic cap hai, vi phan t sinh la a tc
A = <a>. Chng minh rang : 2Z A la nhom cyclic cap hai vi
phan t sinh la 2 a, tuy nhien tch ten x j1
A
khong la n
cau.

2.18. Cho A la hang t trc tiep cua R-mo un phai X, B la hang
t trc tiep cua R-mo un trai Y. Gia s i : A X va j : B X
la cac phep nhung . Chng minh rang

ij : A B X Y

cung la mot phep nhung.

2.19. Chng minh rang tch ten x hai ang cau la mot ang cau.

2.20. Chng minh rang tong trc tiep cac mo un det la mo un
det khi va ch khi cac thanh phan cua no eu la cac mo un det.

2.21. Chng minh rang moi mo un t do eu la mo un det.

2.22. Chng minh rang moi mo un xa anh eu la mo un det.
ieu ngc lai co ung haykhong?



38
C. BAI TAP BO SUNG

2.23. Cho D la vanh chia va M la D-mo un. Hay chng minh
rang M va la mo un xa anh va la mo un noi xa.

2.24. Cho R la vanh co n v. Chng minh rang cac phat bieu
sau ay la tng ng.

i) Moi R-mo un eu la mo un xa anh.

ii) Moi day khp cua R-mo un eu che ra.

iii) Moi R-mo un eu la noi xa.

2.25. Cho M la Z-mo un . Hay chng minh rang M la mo un
chia c neu va ch neu M la mo un noi xa.

2.26.
i) Cho M la Z-mo un hu han khac khong. Chng minh
rang M khong la mo un chia c.

ii) Chng minh rang khong co Z-mo un t do nao chia
c.

2.27. Cho M la Z-mo un chia c . Chng minh rang

M (M) M/(M).

2.28. Cho M la Z-mo un chia c khong xoan. Chng minh
rang

39
M =

I i
Q


2.29. Cho M la Z-mo un chia c, G va H la cac Z -mo un
xoan . Cho p la so nguyen to, at

G
p
= {x G : n N, np.x = 0}.

G
p
= {x G} : p.x = 0}.

Chng minh rang

i) (M)
p
la mo un con cua M, vi moi so nguyen to p.

ii) M/(M) la khong gian vec t tren Q.

iii) (M)
p
la khong gian vec t tren Z
p.

iv) G
p
H
p
G
p
H
p

2.30. Cho M va N la hai Z-mo un chia c. Chng minh rang
M N khi va ch khi hai ieu kien di ay thoa.

i) Dim
Q

M/ (M) = dim
Q
N/(N).

ii) dim
Z
p
(M)
p
= dim
Z
p
(N)
p
vi moi so nguyen to p.

2.31. Cho R la vanh co n v va M la Z-mo un.

40
i) Chng minh rang Hom
Z
(R, M) co cau truc R-mo un
trai vi luat nhan ngoai.

rf(s) = f(rs) vi moi r, sR, f Hom
Z
(R, M)

ii) Chng minh rang Hom
Z
(R, M) co cau truc R-mo un
phai vi luat nhan ngoai.

f(s)r = f(sr) vi moi r, sR, f Hom
Z
(R, M)

iii) Chng minh rang neu M la Z-mo un chia c th
Hom
Z
(R, M) la R-mo un noi xa

2.32. Cho R la vanh Noether giao hoan. M la mo un noi xa va I
la iean cua R. at

A = {x M : n N, I
n
x = 0 } .

Chng minh rang : A la R-mo un noi xa.

2.33. Nhom cong giao hoan M c goi la (R, S) -song mo un
neu M va la R-mo un trai va la S-mo un phai.

Cho M la (R, S)-song mo un, N la R-mo un phai va L la S-mo
un trai. Chng minh rang

i) M
S
L co cau truc R-mo un trai thoa

r(m l) = rm l r R, m M, l L

41
ii) N
R
M co cau truc S-mo un phai thoa

(n m)s = n ms s S, m M, n N

2.34. Cho N la R-mo un phai, M la (R, S)-song mo un va L la
S-mo un trai. Chng minh rang

N
R
(M
S
L) (N
R
M)
S
L

2.35. Cho R la vanh giao hoan, M va N la hai R-mo un . Chng
minh rang, M
R
N co cau truc R mo un thoa

r(m n) = rm n = mr n = m rn = m nr = (m n)r

Vi moi r R, m M, n N.

2.36. Cho U, V la hai khong gian vec t hu han chieu tren trng
K. Chng minh rang

i) U
K
V la khong gian vec t tren trng K.

ii) dim
K
(U
K
V) = dim
K
U . dim
K
V.

2.37. Cho R la vanh giao hoan, M va N la hai R-mo un. Chng
minh rang ton tai ang cau R-mo un

M
R
N N
R
M.

2.38. Cho R la vanh giao hoan. M la R-mo un , I va J la hai ieal
cua R. Chng minh rang

i) (R/ I)
R
M M/ IM theo ngha R-mo un.

ii) (R/I)
R
(R/J) R/ (I + J) theo ngha R-mo un.

42
2.39. Cho A la mot vanh, R la vanh giao hoan. A c goi la R-
ai so neu A la R-mo un thoa

r(ab) = (ra)b = a(rb) vi moi r R,a, b A.

Chng minh rang neu A la R-ai so va M la R-mo un th M
R

A co cau truc A-mo un trai sao cho

a(m a) = m aa vi moi a, a A, m M.

2.40. Cho M la R-mo un, A la R-ai so giao hoan va B la A-ai
so . Hay chng minh rang ton tai mot ang cau B_mo un trai t
(M
R
A )
A
B vao M
R
B tng ng (ma)b = m ab.

2.41. Cho A, B la hai R-mo un va C la R-ai so giao hoan.
Chng minh rang ton tai ang cau C-mo un

(A
R
C)
C
(B
R
C) (A
R
B)
R
C

thoa (a c) (b c) (a b) cc.

2.42. Cho M la R-mo un, A la R-ai so, X la A_mo un trai va f
: M X la ong cau R-mo un. Chng minh rang ton tai ong
cau A-mo un f
A
: M
R
A X thoa f
A
(ma) = af(m).

2.43. Cho A la R-ai so va j : M
n
(R) M
n
(A) la anh xa m rong
t anh xa i
A
: R A cho bi i
A
(r) = r.1. Chng minh rang

i) M
n
(R)
R
A M
n
(A) theo ngha R-ai so va theo
ngha A- mo un.

ii) M
n
(R) M
m
(R) M
mn
(R).


43


CHNG III

ONG IEU

A. TOM TAT LY THUYET

1.PHC VA ONG IEU

1.1. Cac khai niem

n

n+1

Day cac ong cau X : . . . X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
. . . goi la
na khp, neu tch hai ong cau lien tiep la ong cau 0. Mot phc
la mot day na khp anh so tren tap so nguyen, neu ch so tang
cung (ngc) chieu vi cac mui ten ong cau goi la phc tien
(lui). Cac
n
goi la ong cau vi phan. Phc X = {X
n
,
n
} goi la
phc dng (am) neu X
n
= 0 khi n < 0 (n > 0) c anh so theo
ch so di (tren). Neu khong co ghi chep g them ta quy c cac
phc la lui.

Cho X = {X
n
,
n
} va {X',
n
'} la cac phc. Mot bien oi day
chuyen f : X X' la mot ho cac ong cau {f
n
: X
n
X
n
'} sao cho
bieu o sau giao hoan.

n

n+1
X : . . . X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
. . .
f
n-1
f
n
f
n+1
'
n
'
n+1
X' : . . . X'
n-1
X'
n
X'
n+1
. . .

44
Cho cac phc X = {X
n
,
n
}, X' = {X'
n
, '
n
}va f, g la cac bien
oi day chuyen t X vao X'. Ho ong cau s = {s
n
: X
n
X'
n+1
}
c goi la ong luan day chuyen gia hai bien oi day chuyen,
neu n Z, ta co '
n+1
s
n
+ s
n-1

n
= f
n
- g
n
. Khi o ta viet s : f g.

Cho cac phc

n

n+1
X : . . . X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
. . .

n-1

n
X' : . . . X'
n-1
X'
n
X'
n+1
. . .

mo un thng H
n
(X) := Ker
n
/ Im
n+1
goi la mo un ong ieu
th n cua phc X. Mo un thng H
n
(X') = Ker
n
/ Im
n-1
goi la
mo un oi ong ieu th n cua X'. Cac phan t cua Ker
n+1

(Ker
n
) goi la chu trnh ( oi chu trnh) n - chieu con cac phan t
cua Im
n
(Im
n-1
) goi la b (oi b) n - chieu.
Neu G la R- mo un, tac ong ham t Hom(-, G) len X ta thu
c phc tang

n-1

n

. . . Hom(X
n-1
, G) Hom(X
n
, G) Hom(X
n+1
) . . .

ong cau
n
: Hom(X
n
, G) Hom(X
n+1
, G) c xac nh nh sau

n
(f) = (-1)
n+1
f
n+1
. Mo un oi ong eu H
n
(Hom(X
,
G)) goi la
oi ong ieu cua phc X lay he so trong G va ky hieu la H
n
(X,
G).

Cho X, X' la cac phc, bien oi day chuyen f : X X' c
goi la mot tng ng day chuyen, neu ton tai mot bien oi day
chuyen h : X' X va cac ong luan day chuyen s : hf 1
X
va t :
45
fh 1
X'
. Neu hai phc X, X' co mot tng ng day chuyen gia
chung, ta noi X tng ng ong luan vi X'. Ky hieu X X'.

1.2. Cac tnh chat

Tch hai bien oi day chuyen la mot bien oi day chuyen.

Quan he ong luan day chuyen va quan he tng ng
ong luan la cac quan he tng ng.

Cho f, g la bien oi day chuyen t phc X vao phc X'. f', g'
la bien oi day chuyen t phc X' vao X''. Neu ta co s : f g va
s': f' g th f's + s'g : f'f g'g .

Vi moi n Z, H
n
la ham t hiep bien t pham tru cac phc
va cac bien oi day chuyen ti pham tru cac mo un, tng ng
moi phc X vi ong ieu H
n
(X) va at moi bien oi day chuyen
f : X X' tng ng vi ong cau H
n
(f) : H
n
(X) H
n
(X') cho
bi H
n
(f)[c + X
n+1
] = f(c) + 'X'
n+1
.

H
n
(-, G) la ham t phan bien t pham tru cac phc va cac
bien oi day chuyen ti pham tru cac nhom aben. Hn na, neu
co s : f g la ong luan day chuen gia hai bien oi day chuyen
f,g:X X' th t: f* g* , ay f*, g* : Hom(X', G) Hom(X, G)
cho bi f*() = f, g*() = g va t = (-1)
n
s*
n-1
vi s*() = s.


nh ly bien oi ong luan : Neu f, g : X X' la cac bien oi
ong luan day chuyen t phc X vao phc X' th vi moi nZ ,
H
n
(f) = H
n
(g). ac biet neu f la mot tng ng day chuyen th
H
n
(f) la ang cau.

46
Neu X X' th vi moi n Z, ta co

H
n
(X, G) H
n
(X', G).

2. DAY ONG IEU KHP

2.1. Cac khai niem

Phc K = {K
n
,
K
} c goi la phc con cua phc X = {X
n
, }
neu moi n Z, K
n
la mo un con cua mo un X
n
va vi phan
K
la
vet cua vi phan .

Cho K = {K
n
,
K
} la phc con cua phc X = {X
n
, }. Khi o
K
X
=
n
n
K
X
, '
n
vi '
n
(x + K
n
) =
n
(x) + K
n-1
c goi la
phc thng cua phc X theo phc con K.

Cho ho cac phc {X(n) : n Z } va ho bien oi day chuyen
{f(n) : X(n) X(n+1) : n Z }. Day

f(n-1) f(n)
. . . X(n-1) X(n) X(n+1) . . . (*)

c goi la khp tai X(n) neu Imf(n -1) = Kerf(n). Day phc (*)
goi la khp neu no khp tai moi phc trung gian.




Vi X, Y, K la cac phc f, g la cac bien oi day chuyen. Khi
47
f g
o ta goi day khp 0 X Y K 0 , la day khp ngan cac
phc. Neu vi moi n , ta co 0 X
n
Y
n
K
n
0 la day
khp che. Khi o ta noi day khp phc tren la day khp che.

Cho f : X X' la mot bien oi day chuyen. Vi moi n Z
at M
n
= X
n-1
X'
n
va (x, x') = (-(x), '(x') + f(x)) vi moi
cap (x, x') M
n
. Khi o M(f) := {M
n
, } la mot phc va c goi
la non anh xa cua bien oi f .

Cho hai ham t F, G : P P ', t pham tru P vao pham tru P '.
Ta noi mot phep bien oi t nhien : F G la mot ho cac cau
xa : {(X) : F(X) G(X)} vi moi X P thoa ieu kien : Vi
bat ky cau xa : X Y bieu o sau giao hoan

(X)
F(X) G(X)
F() G()
(Y)
F(Y) G(Y)

2.2 .Cac tnh chat va nh ly

Cho K la phc con cua phc X. Khi o mot bo cac phep
nhung i = {i
n
: K
n
X
n
} va mot bo cac phep chieu
p = p
n
:X
n

n
n
K
X
la cac bien oi day chuyen.

Cho f : X X' la bien doi day chuyen cua cac phc va M(f)
la non anh xa, goi i = {i
n
: X'
n
M
n
}, = {
n
: M
n
X
n-1
} tng
48
ng la phep nhung va phep chieu . at X
+
= {X
+
,
+
} vi X
+
n
=
X
n-1
va
+
= -, khi o ta co day khp ngan.

i
E
f
: 0 X' M X
+
0

nh ly day ong ieu khp : Cho day khp ngan cac phc


E : 0 X Y K 0

Khi o day vo tan sau la khp


E
H
n
() H
n
()
E
. . . H
n+1
(K) H
n
(X) H
n
(Y) H
n
(K) H
n-1
(X) . . .

nh ly day oi ong ieu khp : Cho day khp ngan cac phc
co ch so tren

E : 0 X Y K 0

Khi o day vo tan sau la khp


E
H
n
() H
n
()
E
. . . H
n-1
(K) H
n
(X) H
n
(Y) H
n
(K) H
n+1
(X) . . .

nh ly khp non anh xa : Bien oi day chuyen f : X X'
cung non anh xa M(f) xac nh day khp sau.

f
*
i
*

*
f
*
. . . H
n+1
(X
+
) H
n
(X') H
n
(M) H
n
(X
+
) H
n-1
(X') . . .

49
Cho E : 0 X Y K 0 la day khp ngan che cac
phc. Khi o ta co day khp oi ong ieu.

. . . H
n
(K, G) H
n
(Y, G) H
n
(X, G) H
n+1
(K, G) . . .

Cho S : 0 G' G G'' 0 la day khp cac mo un va X
la mot phc xa anh ngha la X
n
la xa anh vi moi n Z. Khi o
ta co day khp oi ong ieu.

. . . H
n
(X, G') H
n
(X, G) H
n
(X, G'') H
n+1
(X, G') . . .

Cho la pham tru cac day khp ngan cac phc. oi vi moi
day E , cac ong cau noi
E
: H
n+1
(K) H
n
(X) lap thanh phep
bien oi t nhien t cac ham t H
n+1
(K) ti ham t H
n+1
(X)
.

3. ONG IEU KY D

3.1 Cac khai niem

Cho X la khong gian to po va R
n
la khong gian Euclide n chieu,
vi a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . ., a
n
) va b = (b
1
, b
2
, . . ., b
n
)R
n
tch vo hng
< a, b > =

a
=
n
i 1
i
b
i
. Cho cac iem u
0
, u
1
, . . ., u
m
la m +1 iem oc
lap a fin trong R
n
. Bao loi cha m + 1 iem o la tap hp tat ca
cac iem u =

x
=
m
i 1
i
u
i
trong o

x
=
m
i 1
i
=1 va cac x
i

0 c goi la
n hnh a fin m- chieu . Bo th t (x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
m
) goi

la toa o
hng tam cua iem u vi he oc lap a fin : u
0
, u
1
, . . .,u
m
. Vi
moi so nguyen khong am n, chon trc mot n hnh mau
n
va
50
anh so th t cac nh cua no: (0, 1, . . ., n), mot anh xa lien tuc
T :
n
X goi la mot n hnh ky d.

Ta goi anh xa tong cua phep tnh tien vi phep bien oi
tuyen tnh la phep bien oi a fin. Neu v
0
, v
1
, . . ., v
m
la tap sap
th t cac iem cua mot tap loi C,. Ta goi anh xa a fin f : E
E chuyen nh th i cua n hnh mau
n
vao iem v
i
la n
hnh ky d a fin n chieu va ky hieu la (v
0
, v
1
, . . .v
n
)
C
:
n
C va
J
n
la phep ong nhat n hnh
n
len chnh no.

Goi
i
n

:= (0, 1,...,i-1,i+1,...,n)
n
:
n-1
X. Vi T :
n
X
la n hnh ky d n chieu, ta nh ngha d
i
T := T
i
n
la toan t lay
bien th i cua T. Khi o d
i
T = T
i
n
= T(d
i
J
n
) va d
i
d
j
T = d
j-1
d
i
T neu
i < j.

Vi moi n 0, goi S
n
(X) la nhom aben t do sinh bi tap cac
n hnh ky d n - chieu cua khong gian to po X. nh ngha toan
t vi phan : S
n
(X) S
n-1
(X) cho bi (T) =

=
n
i 0
(-1)
i
d
i
T, khi o
ta co phc

0
. . . 0 Z S
0
(X) S
1
(X) . . . S
n
(X) . . .

vi la ong cau chuyen cac n hnh ky d 0-chieu vao phan t
1 Z. Ta goi nhom H
n
(X) := H
n
(S
n
(X)) la nhom ong ieu ky
d th n.

Cho X, Y la hai khong gian to po, hai anh xa lien tuc f, g t
X vao Y c goi la ong luan vi nhau neu ton tai anh xa lien
51
tuc F : X [0, 1] Y sao cho x X , ta co F(x, 0) = f(x) va
F(x, 1) = g(x). Khi o ta viet F : f g : X Y.

3.2. Cac tnh chat va nh ly

Vi moi n > 0, ong ieu ky d H
n
(X) la ham t hiep bien t
pham tru cac khong gian to po ti pham tru cac nhom aben.

Neu f g : X Y la cac anh xa lien tuc ong luan vi nhau
th cac bien oi day chuyen cam sinh S(f), S(g) : S(X) S(Y) la
ong luan day chuyen vi nhau. Hn na cac ong cau cam sinh
H
n
(f), H
n
(g) : H
n
(X) H
n
(Y) la bang nhau.


B. BAI TAP

3.1. Ta goi S la qbiet lap neu S
n
= 0 khi n {q, q +1} va ong
cau : S
q+1
S
q
la n cau. Chng minh rang moi phc X cua
cac nhom aben t do X
n
, la tong trc tiep cua cac phc qbiet
lap (theo vi moi ch so q, co ch mot hang t).

3.2. Ta goi phc qbiet lap S cac nhom aben la phc s cap neu
S
q+1
= S
q
= Z hay S
q
= Z , S
q+1
= 0. Chng minh rang moi
phc q biet lap S ma S
q
va S
q+1
la cac nhom aben t do hu han
sinh la tong trc tiep cac phc s cap.

3.3. Chng minh rang, moi phc X vi cac X
n
la cac nhom aben
t do hu han sinh la tong trc tiep cac phc s cap.

3.4. Moi mo un A co the coi nh phc tam thng vi A
0
= A
va A
n
= 0 khi n 0 .

52
Cho phc dng X va bien oi day chuyen : X A . ong
luan co rut oi vi la bien oi day chuyen f : A X sao cho f
= 1
A
va ong luan s : 1 f. Chng minh rang neu bien oi day
chuyen : X A co ong luan co rut th ta co cac nhom ong
ieu

H
n
(X) = 0 khi n > 0 va
*
: H
0
(X) A

3.5. Chng minh rang tnh hp ly cua cong thc xac nh ong
cau noi
E
: H
n+1
(K) H
n
(X) trong nh ly day ong ieu khp.

Chng minh tnh chat ong cau cua
E
.

3.6. Hay mo ta ong cau noi

E
: H
n
(X, G) H
n+1
(K, G)

gia cac nhom oi ong ieu, sinh ra bi day khp cac phc
nhom aben co c khi tac ong ham t Hom(-, G) vao day
khp ngan che ra cac phc

E : 0 X Y K 0

trong nh ly day oi ong ieu khp.

3.7. Cho day khp ngan che cac phc :

E : 0 X Y K 0

va G la mo un. Hay viet day ong ieu khp cua day khp cac
phc c tao ra khi tac ong ham t Hom(G, -) vao day E.

3.8. Cho day khp ngan che cac R mo un

53
0 A B C 0

va phc X = {X
n
, }

a) Hay viet day oi ong ieu khp cua day khp cac phc
sau :

0 Hom(A, X) Hom(B, X) Hom(C, X) 0

b) Hay viet day ong ieu khp cua day khp cac phc sau :

0 Hom(X, C) Hom(X, B) Hom(X, A) 0

3.9. Cho day khp ngan cac R mo un va phc X = {X
n
, }
gom cac mo un noi xa. Chng minh rang day cac phc sau la
khp va viet day oi ong ieu khp cua no :

0 Hom(C, X) Hom(B, X) Hom(A, X) 0

Trong o day khp ngan cac mo un la

0 A B C 0

3.10. Cho cac bien oi day chuyen f g : X X. Chng minh
rang cac day ong ieu khp tng ng vi cac non anh xaM(f)
va M(g) la ang cau vi nhau.

3.11. Cho bieu o giao hoan cac R - mo un
A B C 0

0 A B C
Trong o dong la khp.
54
S dung nh ly day ong ieu khp, chng minh rang t bieu o
tren ta co day khp sau :
Ker Ker Ker A/ Im B/ Im C/ Im.
3.12. Cho G la bao loi cua cac iem oc lap a fin :u
0
, u
1
, . . . , u
m
Chng

minh rang iem u G la trung vi mot trong cac iem u
i

khi va ch khi u luon luon la mot trong hai au mut cua oan
thang bat ky nam trong G cha u.
3.13. Hay tnh cac nhom ong ieu ky d H
n
(X) cua khong gian
to po X ch gom co mot iem duy nhat.
3.14. Hay s dung toa o hng tam cua iem u bat ky thuoc
n hnh mau
n
e bieu dien cong thc cua n hnh ky d n
chieu T bat ky : T(u) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
m
). S dung cong thc
nay e mo ta cong thc cua toan t lay bien th i cua n hnh
ky d T. T o s dung cac cong thc o e chng minh he thc

d
i
d
j
T = d
j-1
d
i
T i < j.
3.15. Cho X la khong gian to po lien thong tuyen tnh. Chng
minh rang cac nhom ong ieu ky d

H
0
(X) Z
3.16. Ta noi khong gian to po X la co rut vao iem x
0
X neu
cac anh xa ong nhat 1
X
va anh xa hang X vao x
0
la ong luan
vi nhau. Chng minh rang:
a)
)
Moi tap loi C trong khong gian Euclide la co rut vao bat ky
iem w C
b) Neu X la khong gian to po co rut vao iem x
0
X th cac
nhom ong ieu ky d

H
n
(X) = 0 khi n > 0 va H
0
(X) Z .
55

CHNG IV

HAM T TOR
n
VA HAM T EXT
n

A.TOM TAT LY THUYET

1.HAM T TOR
n

1.1 Cac khai niem

Cho A la mo un, day khp cac ong cau


X : 0 A X
0
X
1
. . . X
n
. . .

c goi la mot phep giai cua A. Neu vi moi n, X
n
la mo un t
do (t. noi xa) th day khp tren c goi la phep giai t do (t,
phep giai xa anh) .


Cho A la R - mo un phai va X : 0 A X
0
X
1
. . .
la phep giai xa anh cua A. Vi moi R-mo un trai B ta co day
na khp

1 1
X B : 0 A B X
0
B X
1
B . . .

Tch xoan Tor c nh ngha nh sau:Tor
0
(A, B) = A B,
Tor(A, B) = H
1
(X B),Tor
n
(A, B) = H
n
(X B) khi n > 1.

56
Cho h : A A' la ong cau R-mo un phai va k : B B' la
ong cau R- mo un trai. Goi X, X' la hai phep giai xa anh cua
A, A' va f = {f
n
: X
n
X'
n
} la bien oi day chuyen t X vao X'
thoa f
-1
= h. ong cau (f k)
*n
: Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n
(A', B') cam
sinh t ong cau (f
n
k) c goi la tch xoan n - chieu cua
ong cau h, k va ky hieu la Tor
n
(h, k). Tai n = 1, ta nh ngha
Tor
0
(h,k) = h k.

1.2. Cac tnh chat

Moi R - mo un eu ton tai phep giai t do.

Cho X, Y la cac phep giai xa anh cua cac mo un A, B.
Neu f, g la hai bien oi day chuyen t X vao Y bat au cung
ong cau : A B th X Y.

Hai phep giai xa anh bat ky cua cung mot mo un A eu
tng ng ong luan vi nhau.

Tch xoan mo un Tor khong phu thuoc vao phep giai xa
anh

Tch xoan cac ong cau khong phu thuoc vao s chon la
bien oi day chuyen va phep giai xa anh.

Neu A hoac B la R - mo un xa anh th Tor
n
(A, B) = 0 vi
moi n > 0.

Cho B la R - mo un trai va day khp R - mo un phai

f g
0 M P A 0

57
vi P la mo un xa anh. Khi o Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n-1
(M, B) va
Tor(A, B) Ker(f i).

Vi moi n > 0, Tor
n
la ham t hiep bien cua hai bien.

nh ly day khp cua tch xoan
i) Vi moi R-mo un phai A va moi day khp ngan cac R-
mo un trai

f g
0 B' B B'' 0

if ig
E
ta co day khp : 0 A B'' A B A B' . . .

E
g
*
f
*

Tor
n-1
(A, B') Tor
n
(A, B'') Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n
(A, B'') . . .

ii) Vi moi R-mo un trai B moi day khp ngan cac R- mo
un phai

f g
0 A' A A'' 0

if ig
E
ta co day khp : 0 A'' B A B A B' . . .

E
g
*
f
*

Tor
n-1
(A', B) Tor
n
(A'', B) Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n
(A', B) . . .

2.HAM T EXT
n

2.1 Cac khai niem

58
Cho A, B la cac R - mo un trai va

X : 0 A X
0
X
1
. . .

la phep giai xa anh cua A. Vi moi R-mo un trai B ta co day
na khp


Hom(X B) : . . . Hom(X
n+1
B) Hom(X
n
B ) . . .

vi = Hom(, i) ay i la ong cau ong nhat cua B. Tch m
rong Ext
n
c nh ngha nh sau: Ext
n
(A, B) = H
n
(Hom(X, B))
va Ext
0
(A, B) = Hom(A, B).

Cho h : A' A va k : B' B la cac ong cau R- mo un
trai. Goi X, X' la hai phep giai xa anh cua A, A' va f = {f
n
: X'
n

X
n
} la bien oi day chuyen t X' vao X thoa f
-1
= h. ong cau
Hom(f, k)
*n
: Ext
n
(A, B) Ext
n
(A', B') cam sinh t ong cau
Hom(f
n
, k) c goi la tch m rong n - chieu cua ong cau h, k
va ky hieu la Ext
n
(h, k). Tai n = 0, ta nh ngha Ext
o
(A, B) =
Hom(h, k).

2.2. Cac tnh chat

Tch m rong mo un Ext khong phu thuoc vao phep giai
xa anh.

Tch m rong cac ong cau khong phu thuoc vao s chon
la bien oi day chuyen va phep giai xa anh.

Neu A la R - mo un trai xa anh th Ext
n
(A, B) = 0 vi n > 0
va vi moi R - mo un trai B.

59
Neu B la R - mo un trai noi xa th Ext
n
(A, B) = 0 vi n > 0
va vi moi R - mo un trai A.

Cho B la R - mo un trai va day khp R - mo un trai

f g
0 M P A 0

vi P la mo un xa anh. Khi o Ext
n
(A, B) Ext
n-1
(M, B) va
Tor(A, B) Coker[Hom(f, i)].

Vi moi n > 0, Ext
n
la ham t cua hai bien, phan bien theo
bien th nhat va hiep bien theo bien th hai.

nh ly day khp cua tch m rong
i) Vi moi R-mo un trai A va moi day khp ngan cac R- mo
un trai

f g
0 B' B B'' 0

Hom(i, f) Hom(i, g)

ta co day khp : 0 Hom(A, B') Hom(A B)

E

E
f* g*
Hom(A, B'') . . . Ext
n
(A, B') Ext
n
(A, B)

E
Ext
n
(A, B'') Ext
n+1
(A, B') . . . .

ii) Vi moi R-mo un trai B, vi moi day khp ngan cac R-
mo un trai

f g
0 A' A A'' 0
60

Hom(g, i) Hom(f, i)

ta co day khp : 0 Hom(A'', B) Hom(A B)

E

E
f* g*
Hom(A', B) . . . Ext
n
(A'', B) Ext
n
(A, B)

E
Ext
n
(A', B) Ext
n+1
(A'', B) . . . .

B. BAI TAP

4.1. Ta nh ngha phep giai noi xa cua mot mo un trai tren
vanh R la day khp

X : 0 A X
0
X
1
. . . X
n
X
n+1
. . .

nhng mo un trai tren R, sao cho X
n
la mo un noi xa vi moi
so t nhien n.

Hay chng minh rang moi mo un trai A tren R eu co phep
giai noi xa va bat ky hai phep giai noi xa cua( cung mot mo un
A eu tng ng ong luan vi nhau.

4.2. Chng minh rang moi mo un A tren vanh chnh eu co
phep giai t do X vi X
n
= 0 vi moi n > 1.

4.3. Chng minh rang vi moi R-mo un phai A, moi phep giai
xa anh Y cua R-mo un trai cua B ta co

Tor
n
(A, B) H
n
(A Y)




61
4.4. Cho

f
0 A P A 0

la day khp ngan cua cac R-mo un phai va

g
0 B Q B 0

la day khp ngan cua cac R_mo un trai trong o P va Q la cac
mo un xa anh. Chng minh rang

Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n-2
(A, B)

vi moi n >2 va

Tor
2
(A, B) Ker(f g)

4.5. Cho A la R- mo un phai bat ky vi i la ong cau ong nhat
cua no. Chng minh rang cac phat bieu sau la tng ng.

a) Tor(A, B) = 0 vi moi mo un trai B tren R.

b) Tor
n
(A, B) = 0 vi moi so t nhien n > 0 va vi moi mo
un trai B tren R.

c) Neu f : X Y la n cau cac mo un trai tren R th i f
cung vay.

d) Moi day khp nhng mo un trai tren R van con khp di
phep nhan ten x vi A.

62
e) Vi moi mo un trai B tren R va moi day khp ngan cac mo
un phai tren R

0 A A A 0

day sau bao gi cung khp

0 A B A B A B 0

4.6. Xet trng hp vanh R la vanh Z tat ca cac so nguyen. Vi
hai nhom aben bat ky A va B. at S la tap con cua tch e Cac
W = A B Z gom tat ca cac phan t (x, y, n) W sao cho
nx = 0 trong A va ny = 0 trong B. Goi F la nhom aben t do
sinh ra bi tap S va G la nhom con nho nhat cua S cha tat ca
cac phan t co dang

(x
1
+ x
2
, y, n) (x
1
, y, n) (x
2
, y, n)

(x, y
1
+ y
2
, n) (x, y
1
, n) (x, y
2
, n)

(x, y, mn) (mx, y, n)

(x, y, mn) (x, my, n)

vi moi bo ba trong dau ngoac la cac phan t cua S. Hay chng
minh rang

Tor(A, B) F/ G

T o suy ra Tor(A, B) = 0 neu A hoac B khong xoan.

4.7. Chng minh rang vi hai mo un bat ky A va B tren mot
mien iean chnh R ta co
63

Tor
n
(A, B) = 0 vi moi n > 1

Tor(A, B) = Ker (f i)

Trong o f i la tch ten x cua ong cau f : A F trong mot
day khp ngan bat ky

0 A F A 0

Trong o F la mo un t do va i la t ong cau ong nhat t B
vao B.

4.8. Chng minh rang vi moi mo un A bat ky tren mot mien
iean chnh R va mot day khp ngan bat ky

f g
0 B B B 0

nhng mo un trai tren R, ta co day khp

0 Tor(A, B) Tor(A, B) Tor(A, B)


A B A B A B 0

ay la ong cau noi, con cac ong cau khac la tch xoan va
tch ten x cua ong cau ong nhat i : A A va cac ong cau f
va g tng ng.

4.9. Neu A va B la cac nhom aben hu han, chng minh rang

A B Tor(A, B)

64
4.10. Cho day khp ngan

f g
0 B B B 0

Mo ta ong cau noi
E
trong nh ly day khp cua tch m rong.

0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B)


E
f*
Ext(A, B) Ext(A, B) . . .

4.11. Cho Ava B la cac R-mo un trai tren R. Chon phep giai
noi xa bat ky Y cua B. Chng minh rang vi moi so nguyen
dng n ta co

H
n
[Hom(A, Y)] Ext
n
(A, B)

4.12. Cho A va B la cac R-mo un trai tren R va mot day khp
ngan bat ky

g
0 B J B 0

Vi mo un noi xa J tren R. Chng minh rang

Ext
n
(A, B) Ext
n-1
(A, B), n > 1

Ext(A, B) Coker[Hom(i,g)].

4.13. Cho cac day khp ngan

f
0 A P A 0
65

g
0 B J B 0

nhng mo un trai tren R, trong o P la mo un xa anh va J la
mo un noi xa. Chng minh rang

Ext
n
(A, B) Ext
n-2
(A, B) n > 2

Ext
2
(A, B) Coker[Hom(f, g)].

4.14. Chng minh rang vi moi mo un trai bat ky A tren R, cac
phat bieu sau la tng ng.

a) A la xa anh.

b) Ext(A, B) = 0 vi moi mo un trai B tren R.

c) Ext
n
(A, B) = 0 vi moi n > 0 va moi mo un trai B tren R.

4.15. Chng minh rang vi moi mo un trai bat ky B tren R cac
phat bieu sau la tng ng.

a) B la noi xa

b) Ext(A, B) = 0 vi moi mo un trai tren A tren R.

c) Ext
n
(A, B) vi moi n > 0 va moi R-mo un trai A.

4.16. Chng minh rang vi moi mo un A bat ky tren mien
iean chnh R va moi day khp ngan bat ky

0 B B B 0

nhng mo un trai tren R, ta co day khp
66

0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B)

Ext(A, B,) Ext(A, B) Ext(A, B) 0

Trong o la ong cau noi con cac ong cau khac la cac ham
hom va tch m rong cua ong cau ong nhat i : A A va cac
ong cau f va g tng ng.






















67





PHAN II

LI GIAI VA HNG DAN

CHNG I

1.1
() Gia s X la R- mo un trai. Vi moi r R, ta nh ngha

f
r
: X X
x rx

Vi moi x
1
, x
2
X, ta co

f
r
(x
1
+ x
2
)

= r(x
1
+ x
2
)

= r x
1
+ r x
2

= f
r
(x
1
) + f
r
(x
2
)

Suy ra f
r
Hom

(X, X). Vi moi x X, vi moi r, s R. Ta co

f
1
(x) = 1.x = x f
1
= 1
X
(1)

f
r+s
(x) = (r + s)x = rx + sx = f
r
(x) + f
s
(x)
68
f
r+s
= f
r
+ f
s
(2)

f
rs
(x) = rs x = f
r
(s x) = f
r
f
s
(x)
f
rs
= f
r
f
s
(3)

Xet anh xa
: R Hom

(X, X)
r f
r

Theo (1), (2), (3) th chnh la ong cau vanh can tm .

() Gia s ton tai ong cau vanh : R Hom

(X, X) thoa man

(1) = 1
X
. Ta nh ngha phep nhan ngoai t R vao X nh sau.

r.x = (r)(x) vi moi r R, vi moi x X

Vi phep toan nh ngha tren, X tr thanh R-mo un trai. That
vay, vi moi x, y X, r, s R

M
1
: 1.x = (1)(x) = 1
X
(x) = x.

M
2
:(rs)x = (rs)x = (r)[(s)(x)] = (r)(sx) = r(sx).

M
3
: r(x + y) = (r)(x + y) = (r)x + (r)y = rx + ry.

M
4
: (r + s)x = (r + s)(x) = [(r) + (s)](x) = (r)(x) +
(s)(x) = rx + sx.

1.2.
x + y = -[-(x + y)]

= -[(-1)(x + y)]

69
= -[(-1)x + (-1)y]

= -(-1)y (-1)x

= y + x.(pcm)

1.3. Vi moi t, s K, r R, ta co

sx + tx = (s + t)x Kx

r(sx) = (rs)x Kx

Vay Kx la mo un con cua X.

1.4.
a) Lay x, y (X), khi o ton tai , R\ {0} sao cho

x = 0 , y = 0
vay (x + y) = (x) + (y) = (x) + (y) = 0, do ta co
0 nen x + y (X).

Vi moi r R, ta co r R, khi o rx = rx = 0. Vay rx
(X) bi 0.

b) Gia s A la mo un con cua mo un xoan X. Khi o x A
th x la phan t khong xoan, ieu nay chng to A (A). Hien
nhien (A) A. Vay A la mo un xoan.

c) Theo gia thiet

X = {x X : R\{0}, x 0} {0} U

Vi A la mo un con cua X nen

70
A = {x A : R\{0}, x 0} U {0}

do o A la mo un khong xoan.

d) Lay x + (X) [X / (X)], khi o ton tai R\{0} sao cho

x + (X) = (X)

Vay x (X), suy ra co r R\{0} sao cho rx = 0 vi r 0.
ieu nay chng to x (X) hay x + (X) = 0. Vay [X / (X)]
= {0}, suy ra X / (X) la mo un khong xoan.

e) Lay x Q/Z khi o

x : = mn
-1

+ Q/Z vi m Z, n Z \{0}

Ta co nx = m + Q/Z = 0, do o x (Q/Z) ieu nay chng to
Q/Z = (Q/Z) tc Q/Z la mo un xoan .

1.5.
a) Gia s x
1
, x
2
la phan t tuy y cua (X). Vi moi 0 R
khi o ton tai y
1
, y
2
X sao cho x
1
= y
1
, x
2
= y
2
. Vay

x
1
+ x
2
= y
1
+ y
2
= (y
1
+ y
2
) (1)

Vi moi r R, ta co ry X va rx = r(y) = (ry) (2)

T (1) va (2) suy ra (X) la mo un chia c.

b) Gia s X la mo un chia c va A la mo un con cua X.
Vi moi x X, 0 R khi o ton tai y X sao cho
71
x = y suy ra x + A = y + A. ieu nay chng to mo un
thng cua mo un chia c la mo un chia c.

c) Lay x := mn
-1
Q, vi m Z, n N. Vi moi 0 k Z
lay y := mk
-1
n
-1
Q, ta co x = ky. Vay Q la Z-mo un
chia c. T Z laZ- mo un con cua Q, theo (b) th Q/Z
la mo un chia c .

1.6. Goi S la he sinh cua X, khi o vi moi x R

x :=
h.h
r
i
s
i
vi r
i
R, s
i
S

f(x) = f(
h.h
r
i
s
i
) =
h.h
r
i
f(s
i
)

Vay f duy nhat xac nh bi gia tr cua f tren he sinh S cua X.
De thay khong phai anh xa g : S Y nao cung co the m rong
thanh ong cau f i t X vao Y. Ta xet v du sau, xem Z nh la
Z-mo un. Vi 2, 3 la hai phan t nguyen to cung nhau trong
ta co S = {2, 3} la tap sinh cua Z. Xet anh xa

g : S Z cho bi g(2) = -1 va g(3) = 0

Gia s g thac trien thanh ong cau f ma f
S
= g, khi o

f(1) = f(-1 2 + 3) = -1f(2) + f(3) = 1

Suy ra f(5) = 5f(1) = 51 = 5

nhng f(5) = f(2 + 3) = f(2) + f(3) = -1.

72
ieu vo ly nay chng to g khong thac trien thanh ong cau
c.

e g co the thac trien thanh ong cau f, ieu kien cua S la c
s cua X. That vay, gia s S := {x
i
}
iI
la c s cua X, khi o vi
x X, x c viet duy nhat

x :=
hh
r
i
x
i
vi r
i
R, x
i
S (*)

nh ngha anh xa f : X Y cho bi f(x) :=
hh
r
i
g(x
i
). T s duy
nhat cua (*) anh xa f hoan toan xac nh, de thay f la R- ong
cau va f thu hep tren S chnh la anh xa g.

1.7. V f va g la hai R-ong cau nen (f g) cung la R- ong cau
do do Ker (f - g) la mo un con cua X. Mat khac

Ker(f - g) = {x X : (f g)(x) = 0}

= {x X : f(x) g(x) = 0}

= {x X : f(x) = g(x)} = A

Vay A la mo un con cua X (pcm).

1.8.
a) Gia s B la mo un con cua Imf, khi o f
-1
(B) la mo un con
cua X. V X la mo un n nen

f
-1
(B) = X hoac f
-1
(B) = 0

ieu nay tng ng vi

B = Imf hoac B = 0.

73
Vay Imf la mo un n.

b) Do X la mo un n nen ta co

Kerf = 0 hay Kerf = X.

T Imf 0 cho ta Kerf X vay Kerf = 0 tc f la n cau .

1.9. Xet anh xa

f : B (A + B) / A
b b + A

De thay f la ong cau. Hn na neu (a + b) + A (A + B)/ A
vi a A , b B th f(b) = b + A = (a + b) + A (A + B)/ A do
o f la toan anh. Theo nh ly Noether f cam sinh ra ang cau
B/ Kerf (A + B) / A, nhng

Kerf = {x B : f(x) = 0}

= {x B : x + A = 0}

= {x B : x A} = A B I

Do o

B A
B
I

B
B A +


1.10. Xet anh xa t nhien

: X/ N X/M
x + N x + M

74
Do N M nen anh xa hoan toan xac nh, hn nua de thay
con la toan cau. Mat khac

Ker = {x + N X/ N : x + M = 0}

= {x + N X/N : x M}

= {x + N M/ N } = M/ N

Suy ra ton tai ang cau


M
X
N
M
N
X

1.11. Lay x X, x = h(x) + [x h(x)], nhng h[x - h(x)] = h(x) -
h
2
(x) = 0 do o x Imh + Kerh suy ra X = Imh + Kerh. Bay gi
neu y Imh Ker H, t y Imh at ton tai z X ma h(z) = y.
Mat khac y Kerh nen ta co
I

0 = h(y) = h
2
(z) = h(z) = y

ieu nay chng to Imh Kerh = {0}. Vay X = Imh Kerh. I

1.12. e chng minh C = A B . Ta ch can chng minh
ang thc (2) c suy ra trc tiep bi hai ang thc con lai.
That vay, t

j
1
p
1
+ j
2
p
2
= 1
C

p
1
j
1
p
1
+ p
1
j
2
p
2
= p
1
1
C

1
A
p
1
+ p
1
j
2
p
2
= p
1
75

p
1
j
2
p
2
= 0

p
1
j
2
p
2
j
2
= 0

p
1
j
2
1
B
= 0

p
1
j
2
= 0

Chng minh hoan toan tng t ta co p
2
j
1
= 0.

1.13.
a) Lay x :=(x
i
)
iI
(X), khi o ton tai 0 R sao cho x
= (x
i
)
iI
= 0 suy ra x
i
= 0 vi moi i I, ieu nay cho ta
x
i
(X
i
) vi moi i I. Vay x
iI
(X
i
) .

Bay gi neu x := (x
i
)
iI
(X
i
) , khi o vi moi i I
ma x
i
0 ton tai
i
R sao cho
i
x
i
= 0. at

=

I i

i

V ch co hu han x
i
0 nen hoan toan xac nh. Ro
rang x
i
= 0 vi moi i I, do o x (X) .

b) Gia s {X
i
}
iI
la ho mo un xoan, khi o

I i
X
i
=

I i
(X
i
) = (

I i
X
i
)

do o tong trc tiep cac mo un xoan la mo un xoan .

c) Gia s {X
i
}
iI
la ho mo un khong xoan ma tong trc
tiep cua no khong phai la mo un khong xoan. Khi o ton
76
tai (x
i
) X
i
va 0 R sao cho (x
i
) = (x
i
) = 0 suy
ra co j I ma x
j
= 0, ieu nay mau thuan vi gia thiet
X
j
la mo un khong xoan. Vay ta co tong trc tiep ho mo
un khong xoan la mo un khong xoan.

1.14. Lay (x
i
) (X), vi moi 0 R khi o co (y
i
) X sao
cho (y
i
) = (y
i
) = (x
i
) suy ra x
i
(X
i
) vi moi i I, do o x
(X

I i
i
) .

Lay (x
i
) (X
i
), vi moi 0 R. Khi o moi i I ton tai
y
i
X
i
sao cho x
i
= y
i
, do o (x
i
) = (y
i
) = (y
i
) vay (x
i
) (X).
Bay gi neu {X
i
} la ho mo un chia c theo chng minh tren
th

I i
X
i
=

I i
(X
i
) = (

X
I i
i
)

la mo un chia c. Do o tch trc tiep cua ho mo un chia
c la mo un chia c. Chng minh hoan toan tng t ta
nhan c tong trc tiep cua ho mo un chia c la mo un
chia c.

1.15.
a) Gia s X la mo un hu han sinh va A la mo un con cua no,
goi {x
1
, x
2
, . . ., x
n
} la he sinh cua X, khi o moi x X

x :=

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
vi r
i
R,

77
Vay moi x + A X/ A th x + A =

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
+ A = r

=
n
i 1
i
(x
i
+ A), do
o tap {x
1
+ A, x
2
+ A, . . . , x
n
+ A} chnh la he sinh cua X/A.

b) () Gia s X la tong trc tiep cua ho {X
i
}
iI
, goi tap sinh cua
X la
S := {

I i
x
1i
,

I i
x
2i
, . . . , x

I i
ni
}.

Vi moi i I anh xa
i
:

I i
X
i
X
i
la toan anh. Mat khac
vi x X, ta co


x = r

=
n
j 1
j

I i
x
ji
=

I i

=
n
j 1
r
j
x
ji



i
(x) = r

=
n
j 1
j
x
ji

ieu nay chng to vi moi i I, tap {x
1i
, x
2i
, . . ., x
ni
} chnh la
tap sinh cua X
i
. Hn na, do cac x
ji
xuat hien trong S ch co hu
han khac khong nen hau het cac tap sinh cua cac X
i
eu cha
toan phan t 0, noi cach khac th hau het cac X
i
bang khong.

() Gia s moi X
i
hu han sinh va hau het cac X
i
bang khong.
Co the gia thiet rang cac X
i
{0} la X
1
, X
2
, . . . , X
n
Vi moi
i = 1, 2, . . . , n , at :

S
i
= {x
1i
, x
2i
, . . . , x
m(i)i
}

78
la tap sinh cua X
i
. Khi o: x

I i
X
i
= X

=
n
1 i
i
c phan tch
di dang x =

x
=
n
i 1
i
= r

=
) (
1
i m
k
k
x
ki
. ieu nay chng to S =
U
n
i 1 =
S
i
la
he sinh cua tong trc tiep cac X
i
. Do S hu han nen tong trc
tiep

X
=
n
1 i
i
la hu han sinh

1.16.
i) Gia s ho {f
i
: X
i
Y
i
: i I} la n cau, at f :=

I i
f
i
,
khi o

Kerf = {

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: f [ J

I i
i
X
(x
i
)] = 0}

= {

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)

I i
X
i
:

I i
fJ
i
X
(x
i
) = 0}

= {

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)

I i
X
i
:

I i
J
i
Y
f
i
(x
i
) = 0}

= {

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: f
i
(x
i
) = 0 vi moi i I}

= {

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: x
i
= 0 vi moi i I}

= 0

Vay f la n cau .

79
Gia s {f
i
: X
i
Y
i
: i I} la toan cau lay,

I i
J
i
Y
(y
i
)

I i
Y
i

v moi i I, f
i
la toan anh nen ton tai x
i
X
i
sao cho f
i
(x
i
) = y
i
,
do o

f [

I i
J
i
X
(x
i
)] =

I i
fJ
i
X
(x
i
)

=

I i
J
i
Y
f
i
(x
i
)

=

I i
J
i
Y
(y
i
)

= y

suy ra f toan cau. T cac chng minh tren, neu moi f
i
la ang cau
th f
i
la ang cau.

ii) Gia s {f
i
: X
i
Y
i
: i I} la n cau , at f :=

I i
f
i
.
Khi o

Kerf = {(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: f[(x
i
)
iI
] = 0}
= {(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: (f
i
[x
i
])
iI
= 0}

= {(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: f
i
(x
i
) = 0, vi moi i I}
= {(x
i
)

I i
X
i
: x
i
= 0, vi moi i I}

= {0}
80

Vay f la n cau . Bay gi neu ho {f
i
: X
i
Y
i
} la toan anh .
Lay y := (y
i
)
iI

I i
Y
i
, vi moi i I v f
i
la toan anh nen ton
taix
i
X
i
sao cho f
i
(x
i
) = y
i,
, khi o

f[(x
i
)
iI
] = (f
i
[x
i
])
iI
= (y
i
)
iI
= y

Vay f la toan cau. Nh vay

I i
f
i
la ang cau neu ho {f
i
: X
i

Y
i
} la ang cau .
f g
1.17. A B C 0
h

X

Vi moi c C, chon b g
-1
(c), ieu nay hoan toan xac nh bi
gia thiet g la toan anh. Vi cach chon nay, nh ngha : C X
cho bi (c) = h(b). Neu b
1
, b
2
thuoc ve g
-1
(c) th (b
1
b
2
) Kerg
= Imf, do o ton tai a A sao cho f(a) = b
1
b
2
. T hf = 0, ta
nhan c

hf(a) = 0

h(b
1
b
2
) = 0

h(b
1
) h(b
2
) = 0

h(b
1
) = h(b
2
)

ieu nay chng to c nh ngha tot. Bay gi ta chng to
la ong cau.
81

Vi moi c
1
, c
2
C, lay b
1
g
-1
(c
1
), b
2
g
-1
(c
2
). Khio

g(b
1
+ b
2
) = g(b
1
) + g(b
2
) = c
1
+ c
2

Vay b
1
+ b
2
g
-1
(c
1
+ c
2
) , suy ra

(c
1
+ c
2
) = h(b
1
+ b
2
) = h(b
1
) + h(b
2
) = (c
1
) + (c
2
)

ieu nay chng to la ong cau.

Vi moi b B, do g la toan cau nen ton tai c C sao cho
b g
-1
(c)

vay [g(b)] = (c) = h(b)

suy ra g = h.

Neu la ong cau thoa ieu kien g = h. Vi moi c C, chon
b g
-1
(c), khi o

(c) = g(b) = h(b) = (c)

suy ra = , do o la duy nhat.

Cach khac : Ap dung nh ly Noether ve toan cau va he qua
cua no. Cho toan cau g : B C va ong cau h : B X ta co
ang cau g : B/Kerg C va n cau h : B/Kerh X. V dong
khp nen Imf = Kerg va B/Kerh = B/Imf v hf = 0 nen Imf
Kerh, cho phep xac nh ong cau : B/Imf B/Kerh ma (x +
Imf) = x + Kerh. Khi o ong cau : C X la s ket hp cua ba
ong cau


82
g
-1
h
C B/Kerg = B/Imf B/Kerh X.

1.18.
X

h


0

A
f
B
g
C

Do f la n anh nen ton tai ang cau : Imf A ma f = 1
A
va
f = 1
Imf
. Theo gia thiet gh = 0, ta nhan c Imh Kerg. Do
dong la khp nen Imf = Kerg, vay Imh Imf, cho phep ta nh
ngha anh xa

: X A
x h(x)

V la s ket hp cua hai ong cau

h
X Imf A

Vay la ong cau. Hn na, vi moi x X

f(x) = fh(x) = h(x)

suy ra f = h.

Bay gi gia s la ong cau thoa f = h, khi o vi moi x
X, ta co

(x) = f(x) = h(x) = (x)

83
Vay la duy nhat.

1.19.
f g
0 A X C 0

Do g la toan cau nen X/ Kerg C.

T gia thiet C hu han sinh nen X/ Kerg hu han sinh. Mat
khac, t dong la khp nen Imf = Kerg. Do o X/ Imf hu han
sinh. V f la n cau nen cam sinh ang cau t Imf vao A, suy ra
Imf hu han sinh bi A hu han sinh.

Goi {x
1
+ Imf, x
2
+ Imf, . . . , x
n
+ Imf} la tap sinh cua X/ Imf
{y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
m
} la tap sinh cua Imf

Khi o vi x X

x + Imf = ( r

=
n
i 1
i
x
i
) + Imf vi r
i
R

x - (

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
) Imf

x - (

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
) = s

=
m
j 1
j
y
j
vi r
j
R

x = r

=
n
i 1
i
x
i
+ s

=
m
j 1
j
y
j
(*)

84
ang thc (*) chng to tap {x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
, y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
m
} la
tap sinh cua X. Vay X hu han sinh.

1.20. Trc khi chng minh ta xet bo e sau.

Bo e : Cho X la R-mo un va A la mo un con cua no, khi o

a) Neu X/ A va A hu han sinh th X hu han sinh.

b) Neu X hu han sinh th X/A hu han sinh.

Chng minh

a) Tng t cach chng minh bai 1.19.

b) Goi {x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
} la tap sinh cua X, vi x X

x :=

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
vi r
i
R

x + A = (

r
=
n
i 1
i
x
i
) + A =

r
=
n
i 1
i
(x
i
+ A)

Do o tap {x
1
+ A, x
2
+ A, . . . , x
n
+ A} la tap sinh cua X/ A,
vay X/A la hu han sinh (pcm).

Bay gi theo (b) th (X
1
+ X
2
)/ X
2
hu han sinh. T

X
1
+ X
2
X
1
X
2
X
1
I X
2

85
nen X
1
/ (X
1
+ X
2
) hu han sinh. Ap dung (a) cho X
1
/(X
1
X I
2
)
va X
1
X I
2
ta nhan c X
1
hu han sinh. Chng minh hoan toan
tng t ta co X
2
hu han sinh.

1.21.
0



Y

0 X A

X
/

Y
/


() Gia s ' la n cau . Lay x Ker', khi o

' (x) = 0.

Suy ra (x) nam trong Ker'.

Do cot khp nen Ker' = Im, at ton tai y Y sao cho (y) =
(x) , ieu nay dan ti '(y) = ' (y) = 0 bi dong la khp.

Vi gia thiet la n anh ta co y = 0, vay

(x) = (y) = 0.

Mat khac la n anh nen ta nhan c x = 0, v vay

Ker' = {0}

86
tc ' la n cau.

() Gia s ' la n cau . Lay y Ker', khi o

'(y) = 0

suy ra (y) nam trong Ker' .

T dong la khp ta co Ker' = Im vay ton tai x X sao cho
(x) = (y) ieu nay dan en

' (x) = ' (y) = 0.

T ' la n cau ta co x = 0, do o (y) = (x) = 0. Do la
n cau nen y = 0, v vay Ker' = 0 tc ' la n cau.

Cach khac: Do dong khp ta co n cau va Im = Ker. Do
cot la khp ta co n cau va Im = Ker .

Ta co: Ker =
-1
(Ker) = {0};

Im
I
Ker = {0} (do n cau)
Ker Im = {0}
I


-1
(Ker) = {0} {do n cau }

Ker = {0}

n cau.




87
1.22.




Y

'
X A X
/
0
'

Y
/


0

() Gia s ' la toan cau. Lay x' X
/
, khi o co a A ma
'(a) = x'. T ' la toan anh at ton tai x X sao cho

' (x) = '(a)

' [a - (x)] = 0

a - (x) Ker' = Im

V vay co y Y ma (y) = a - (x)

'(y) = '[a - (x)] = '(a) - '(x) = ' (a) = x'

ieu nay chng to

la toan cau.

88
() Gia s

la toan cau. Lay y

Y
/
, khi o co a A ma
'(a) = y'. T ' la toan anh nen ton tai y Y sao cho

'(y) = '(a) '

[a - (y)] = 0

a - (y) Ker' = Im

V vay co x X ma (x) = a - (y)

'(x) = '[a - (y)] = '(a) - '(y) = '(a) = y

ieu nay chng to ' la toan cau.

Cach khac:
Do dong khp ta co: toan cau va Im = Ker
Do cot khp ta co: toan cau va Im = Ker.
Khi o : toan cau Im + Ker = A (do toan cau )
Ker + Im = A
toan cau (do toan cau) .
1.23. 0 0 0


1

2
0 A
1
B
1
C
1
0

1

3

5

3

4
0 A
2
B
2
C
2
0

2

4

6

5

6

0 A
3
B
3
C
3
0


0 0 0
89

(i) Gia s dong (1) va dong (2) khp. Ap dung bo e 4
ngan cho bieu o con sau.
B
1

3
BB
2

4
B
3
B 0

2

4

6

5

6
C
1
C
2
C
3
0

Ker
6
=
4
(Ker
4
) =
4
(Im
3
) =
4

3
(A
2
)

=
5

2
(A
2
) (tnh giao boan cua bieu o)

=
5
(A
3
) (
2
toan anh)

= Im
5

do o dong (3) khp tai B
3
.
Tnh khp dong (3) tai C
3
tng ng vi
6
toan cau. Tuy
nhien do
4
,
6
toan cau ma
6

4
=
6

4
toan cau, suy ra
6
toan
cau. Tnh khp tai A
3
co ngha
5
n cau, c ch ra trong
phep san tren bieu o:

1

2
a
1
b1 0

1

3

5
a
2

3
(a
2
) 0

2

4
a
3
0 B
3

5
Lay a
3
Ker
5
. Do
2
toan cau a
2
A
2
:
2
(a
2
)

= a
3
.
V
4

3
(a
2
) =
5

2
(a
2
) =
5
(a
3
)

3
(a
2
) Ker
4
= Im
3
b
1
BB
1
ma
3
(b
1
) =
3
(a
2
).
90
V
5

2
(b
1
) =
4

3
(b
1
)=
4

3
(a
2
= 0 va
5
n cau
2
(b
1
) = 0

2
(b
1
) = 0 b
1
Ker
2
= Im
1
a
1
A
1
:
1
(a
1
) = b
1
. V

1
(a
1
) =
3

1
(a
1
) =
3
(a
2
) va
2
n cau
1
(a
1
) = a
2
a
3
=

2
(a
2
) =
2

1
(a
1
) = 0, vay: Ker
5
= 0 tc
5
n cau.

Trng hp dong (2) .Gia s dong (1) va dong (2) , dong (3)
khp c chng minh hoan toan tng t nh tren.
Gia s dong 3, dong 1 khp va dong hai la na khp ta chng
minh dong hai khp.

Ap dung bo e nam ngan cho 0,
1
,
3
,
5
, 0 ta co
3
la n
cau.
Ap dung bo e nam ngan cho 0,
2
,
4
,
6
ta co
4
la toan
cau.

do
4

3
= 0 nen Im
3
Ker
4
. Ta chng minh Ker
4
Im
3
.
That vay lay b
2
Ker
4
, khi o :

4
(b
2
) =
6

4
(b
2
) = 0

Suy ra
4
(b
2
) Ker
6
= Im
5
vay co a
3
A
3
sao cho
5
(a
3
) =

4
(b
2
). Bi
2
la toan cau at ton tai a
2
A
2
sao cho
2
(a) = a
2
. Vay

3
(a
2
) =
5

2
(a
2
) =
5
(a
2
) =
2
(b
2
)


4
(
3
(a
2
) b
2
) = 0 tc (
3
(a
2
) b
2
) Ker
4
= Im
3
suy ra co
b
1
B
1
ma
3
(b
1
) =
3
(a
2
) b
2
. Mat khac:

2
(b
1
) =
4

3
(b
1
) =
4
(
3
(a
2
) b
2
) = 0.

Bi
5
n cau nen
2
(b
1
) = 0 tc b
1
Ker
2
= Im
1
. Vay co
a
1
X ma
1
(a
1
) = b
1
. at a = a
2
-
1
(a
1
) A
2
. Khi o:

91

3
(a) =
3
(a
2
-
1
(a
1
))

=
3
(a
2
) -
3

1
(a
1
)

=
3
(a
2
) -
3

1
(a
1
)

=
3
(a
2
) -
3
(b
1
)

=
3
(a
2
) (
3
(a
2
) b
2
)

= b
2

ieu nay chng to b
2
Im
3
. Vay Ker
4
Im
3
.

1.24.
0 X
2
X X 0
X
1
I
X
2
X
1
X
1
+ X
2


T X
1


I X X X + X , ta co va xac nh. hien
nhien la toan anh . Hn na
2 1 1 2

Ker = {x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
: x
2
X
2
, (x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
) = 0}

= {x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
: x
2
X
2
, x
2
+ X
1
= 0}

= {x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
: x
2
X
2
, x
2
X
1
}

= {x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
: x
2
X
1
I X
2
}

= 0

Vay n anh.

Vi moi x
2
X
2
, ta co
92

(x
2
+ X
1
X I
2
) = (x
2
+ X
1
) = x
2
+ (X
1
+ X
2
) = 0

do o Im Ker.

e thay bao ham ngc, lay x + X
1
Ker. Khi o

(x + X
1
) = x + (X
1
+ X
2
) = 0

x X
1
+ X
2

x = y
1
+ y
2
vi y
1
X
1
, y
2
X
2

x + X
1
= y
2
+ y
1
+ X
1
= y
2
+ X
1


Bay gi vi y
2
+ (X
1
X I
2
) X
2
/ (X
1
X I
2
) , ta co

(y
2
+ X
1
I X
2
) = y
2
+ X
1
= x + X
1

suy ra x + X
1
Im . ieu nay chng to Ker Im (pcm).

1.25. Goi S := {y
i
+ A}
iI
la c s cua X/A . Vi moi i I
chon co nh phan t ai dien

x
i
y
i
+ A. at

B := < {x
i
: i I} >

la mo un con cua X, khi o ta co X = A + B. Neu x A
I
B th

x := (

I i
r
i
x
i
) A, vi r
i
R

(

I i
r
i
x
i
) + A =

I i
r
i
(x
i
+ A) = 0

do (x
i
+ A)
iI
la c s cua X/A nen r
i
= 0, vi moi i I. Suy ra
93

x =

I i
r
i
x
i
= 0.

Vay X = A B (pcm).

Cach khac: Mo un con A cua mo un X la hang t trc tiep
cua X day khp i p che ra .
0 A X X/A 0
toan cau p: X X/A co nghch ao phai : X/A X. Tuy
nhien v X/A la mo un t do vi c s S = {y
i
+ A : iI} nen
ong cau : X/A X ma (y
i
+ A ) = y
i
X,vi moi iI thoa:p
la anh xa ong nhat tren tap c s S tc p la ong cau ong
nhat 1
X/A
la nghch ao phai cua p.

1.26. Ta co Imf la mo un con cua Y ma Y lai la mo un t do
tren vanh chnh nen Imf la mo un t do. Mat khac X/Kerf
Imf do o X/Kerf cung la mo un t do . Theo bai tap (1.25) th
Kerf la hang t trc tiep cua X. V vay day khp ngan sau che ra
i
0 Kerf X X/Kerf 0

trong o i la phep nhung va la phep chieu t nhien, day tren
che ra cho ta

X Kerf X/Kerf Kerf Imf

1.27. Goi {x
i
: i I} la c s cua X. Gia s 0 R va
x := r

I i
i
x
i
X vi r
i
R thoa x = r

I i
i
x
i
= 0, khi o r
i
=
0, vi moi i I. T 0 va R la mien nguyen ta co r
i
= 0 vi
94
moi i I. V vay x =

I i
r
i
x
i
= 0 do o X la mo un khong
xoan, ieu ngc lai khong hoan toan ung. Xet nhom cong Q
nh la Z-mo un, khi o Q la mo un khong xoan nhng khong
la mo un t do.

1.28. Lay e la phan t trong c s cua M, neu r, s R, rs = 0 xet
phan t r(s.e) = 0.

1.29. e y N
i
M I

j i
j
= 0.
1.30. Chieu thuan dung nh ngha tong trc tiep trong. Cho
chieu ao at M
i
=
i
(M) voi moi i I.

1.31. Xet day ong cau
h i
M/N M/Kerf Imf M'

Vi la anh xa t nhien, h la ang cau Noether, i la phep nhung.

1.32. Xet Z - ang cau f : Z 2Z cho bi f(z) = 2z,
Z/Z khong ang cau vi Z/2Z.
1.33. at A :={m - gf(m) : mM}, B := {gf(m) : m M}. Chng
minh M = A B. e y g la n cau va g(N) la hang t trc tiep
cua M.
1.34. Xet day ong cau
j
i
X
j
X

=
n
i 1
i
Y

=
m
j 1
j
Y
i
95
vi j
i
la phep nhung va
j
la phep chieu, at
ij
=
i
j .

1.35. Goi B la c s cua M. Xet : Hom(M, M) M
n
(R) vi
(f) = [f]
B
vi [f]
B
la ma tran bieu dien qua c c.

1.36. Ap dung nh ly tnh pho dung cua tong trc tiep va tch
trc tiep.

1.37. Dung quy nap toan hoc.

1.38. i) Dung nh ngha.

ii) Xet : D Hom
R
(M, M) cho bi (d) =
d
, trong o

d
(m) = dm vi moi m M.

1.39. (i ii) Goi {a
i
}
iI
la tap sinh cua M. Gia s {a
i
}
iI
vo han.
Vi moi n, goi M
n
= Ra

=
n
i 1
i
. Xet day chuyen tien
M
1
M
2
. . . M
n
. . .

(ii iii) Gia s (iii) sai, xet tap khong rong cac mo un con cua
M ma khong co phan t to ai. Dung quy nap toan hoc thiet lap
mot chuyen cac mo un con cua M, M
1
M
2
. . . M
n
.
. . at N := M U
i
chng minh N khong hu han sinh.

(iii i) Dung phan chng.

1.40. Tng t bai tap 1.39.

96
1.41. Goi {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
} la tap sinh cua M, neu N M, vi x
N viet x = r

=
n
i 1
i
a
i
, at I la tap tat cacac r
i
xuat hien trong tong
cua x chng minh I la iean. Goi {s
1
, s
2
, . . . , s
t
} la tap sinh cua I,
vi moi 1 i t, chon x
i
N ma s
i
xuat hien trong tong cua no .
at M' := Ra
2
+ . . . + Ra
n
, chng minh M' I N hu han sinh va N
= Rx
1
+ Rx
2
+ . . . + Rx
t
+ (M' N). I

1.42. () Ap dung bai 1.39.

() Goi K la mo un con cua M, khi o K/N la hu han sinh. Ap
dung bo e trong chng minh bai tap 1.20.

1.43. e y Imf va M/Imf la cac mo un Noether, ap dung bai tap
1.42.

1.44. i) Xet day . . . f
n
(M) . . . f
2
(M) f(M).

ii) Xet day f
-1
(0) f
-2
(M) . . . f
-n
(M) . . . .

1.45. i) Xet nhom cong Z.
ii) Xet Z
p
=
i
p
m
+ Z Q/Z : m Z, i N vi p la so
nguyen to cho trc.

1.46. Ap dung bai tap 1.42 va quy nap toan hoc.

1.47. Ap dung bai tap 1.19.

1.48. R
2
=R (1, 0) R(0, 1) = R(1, 0) R(1, 1).
97
CHNG II

2.1.

Bo e 1.

Cho mo un Y va ho mo un {X
i
}
iI
, khi o

Hom(

I i
X
i
, Y)

I i
Hom(X
i
, Y)

Chng minh.

Vi moi iI, vi moi f Hom(

I i
X
i
, Y), goi j
i
la phep nhung t
X
i
vao

X
I i
i
. Xet day ong cau

j
i
f
X
i

I i
X
i
Y

khi o ro rang fj
i
Hom(X
i
, Y). Bay gi ta nh ngha

: Hom(

I i
X
i
, Y)

I i
Hom(X
i
, Y)
f (fj
i
)
iI

Vi moi f,g Hom(

I i
X
i
, Y), ta co

(f + g) = [(f + g)j
i
]
iI

= (fj
i
)
iI
+ (gj
i
)
iI
98

= (f) + (g).

vay la ong cau.

e thay la ang cau, lay (f
i
)
iI

I i
Hom(X
i
, Y). Khi o, ta co
ho {f
i
: X
i
Y}. Theo nh ly tnh pho dung cua tong trc tiep
ton tai duy nhat ong cau f t

I i
X
i
vao Y thoa fj
i
= f
i
vi moi
iI, do o

(f) = (fj
i
)
iI
= (f
i
)
iI

vay la toan anh, hn na t s duy nhat cua f nen la ang
cau.

Bo e 2.

Cho mo un X va ho mo un {Y
j
}
jJ
, khi o

Hom(X,

J j
Y
j
)

J j
Hom(X, Y
j
)
Chng minh.

Vi moi jJ, vi moi f Hom(X,

J j
Y
i
), goi
j
la phep chieu
t Y

J j
j
vao Y
j
. Xet day ong cau
f


j
X

J j
Y
j
Y
j

99
khi o ro rang
j
f Hom(X, Y
j
). Bay gi ta nh ngha

: Hom(X,

J j
Y
j
)

J j
Hom(X, Y
j
)
f (
j
f)
jJ

Vi moi f, g Hom(X,
jJ
Y
j
), Ta co

(f + g) = [
j
(f + g)]
jJ

= (
j
f)
jJ
+ (
j
g)
jJ

= (f) + (g).

vay la ong cau.

e thay la ang cau, lay (f
j
)
jJ

J j
Hom(X, Y
j
) khi o ta co
ho {f
j
: X Y
j
}. Theo nh ly tnh pho dung cua tch trc tiep ton
tai duy nhat ong cau f t X vao
jJ
Y
j
thoa man
j
f = f
j
vi
moi jJ, do o

(f) = (
j
f)
jJ
= (f
i
)
iI

vay la toan anh, hn na t s duy nhat cua f nen la ang
cau.

Ap dung bo e (1) va bo e (2) cho bai toan ta co

Hom(

X
I i
i
, Y

J j
j
)

I i
Hom(X
i
,

J j
Y
j
)

100

I i

J j
(X
i
, Y
j
)

J I j) (i,
(X
i
, Y
j
)

2.2. a) Xet anh xa

: Hom(R, X) (X, +)
f f(1).

Vi moi r R, f, g Hom(R, X), ta co

(f + g) = (f + g)(1) = f(1) + g(1) = (f) + (g)

(rf) = rf(1) = r(f)

Vay la ong cau .

Lay f Kerf, khi o (f) = f(1) = 0 suy ra vi moi r R

f(r) = f(r.1) = r f(1) = 0

tc f = 0. Do o Ker = {0} hay la n cau.

e thay la toan cau lay x X, xet anh xa

f : R X
r rx

De thay f Hom(R, X) hn na f(1) = 1.x = x, ieu nay cho ta
la toan cau hay Hom(R, X) (X, +).

101

S s
b) Ta co F(S) R
s

S s
Hom(F(S), X) Hom( R
s
, X)

S s
Hom(R, X) (bai tap 4.1)

S s
(X, +) (theo (a)).
2.3.
P
h
f g
A B C

T gh = 0 cho ta Imh Kerg, do dong la khp nen Imf = Kerg
vay Imh Imf. nh ngha h
1
: P Imf cho bi h
1
(x) = h(x). h
1

hoan toan xac nh t Imh Imf, hn na de thay h
1
la ong
cau.
Goi f
1
la toan cau t A len Imf cho bi f
1
(a) = f(a) vi moi a
A. Xet bieu o sau


P
h
1

f
1
0
A Imf 0

Do P xa anh ton tai ong cau t P vao A thoa f
1
= h
1
.
Vi moi x P, ta co

f[(a)] = f
1
[(a)] = h
1
(a) = h(a)
102

vay f = h.

ong cau chnh la ong cau phai tm.

2.4. h k
P X H

f g
A B C

nh ngha ong cau = h . T tnh giao hoan cua hnh vuong
ben phai ta co g = gh = kh = 0

Xet bieu o
P

f g (*)
A B C

Trong bieu o (*), ta co g = 0 va dong la khp. Ap dung bai tap
2.3 , ton tai ong cau : P A sao cho

f = = h

ong cau chnh la ong cau can tm.

2.5. Do P xa anh nen ton tai mo un t do X = A B, trong o
A P. Goi f la ang cau t A vao P va Y := P B. nh ngha
anh xa

: = A B P B
(a,b) (f(a), b)
103

T f la ang cau ta co la ang cau, hn na do X la mo un t
do nen Y cung la mo un t do. Ap dung bai tap (1.27) ta nhan
c Y la mo un khong xoan. Bi P la mo un con cua Y nen
theo bai tap 1.4 th P la mo un khong xoan .

Chieu ngc lai khong hoan toan ung. Xet Q la Z-mo un
khong xoan nhng khong la mo un t do, mat khac Z la vanh
chnh nen khong xa anh.

2.6.
0 0 0


0 X Y V 0

1

2

3

i
1

2

0 P
1
P
2
P
3
0

1

2

3

f g
0 A B C 0


0 0 0
Gia s cot (1) va cot (2) khp va

f g
0 A B C 0

la day khp ngan ra. at

104
Y := Im
1
V, P
2
:= P
1
P
3

t P
1
va P
3
xa

anh ta co P
2
xa anh, cac ong cau
1
,
1
,
3
,
3
, f, g
a c xac nh, cac ong cau con lai c nh ngha nh sau
(xem trong bieu o ).

x X, (x) =
1
(x).

la phep chieu t Y xuong V.

i
1
la phep nhung t P
1
vao P
2
.


2
la phep chieu t P
2
vao P
3
.


2
c nh bi

2
(u, v) = (u,
3
(v)), (u, v) Y

T g la toan cau va P
3
xa anh, nen ton tai ong cau i t
C vao B thoa g =
3
. ong cau
2
c nh bi

(a,b ) P
2
,
2
(a, b) = f
1
(a) + (b).

T cac nh ngha tren de dang ta thay c dong (1), dong (2)
va dong (3) khp, ta ch can kiem tra cot (2) khp va bieu o giao
hoan tng o vuong.

-Vi moi x X , ta co


2
(x) =
2
[
1
(x), 0]

= [
1
(x),
3
(0)]

= [
1
(x), 0]
105

= i
1

1
(x)


2
= i
1

1

Vi moi (x, v) Y, ta co


3
(x, v) =
3
(v)

=
2
(x,
3
(v))

=
2

2
(x, v)


3
=
2

2

Vi moi a P
1
, ta co


2
i
1
(a) =
2
(a, 0)

= f
1
(a) + (0)

= f
1
(a)


2
i
2
= f
1

Vi moi (a, b) P
2
, ta co

g
2
(a, b) = gf
1
(a) + g(b)

=
3
(b)

=
3

2
(a, b)

g
2
=
3

2

Vay tat ca o vuong eu giao hoan .
106

T
1
,
3
la n cau va
1
,
3
la toan cau theo bo e 5 ngan, ta
co
2
la n cau va
2
la toan cau.

e y, neu goi i
2
la phep nhung P
3
vao P
2
th =
2
i
2
, suy ra
Imf
1
I Im = Im
2
i
1
I Im
2
i
2
= 0. Mat khac, Ker
3
=
-1
(Kerg)
nhng Kerg = Imf
1
, nen
-1
(Kerg) =
-1
(0) = Ker. Do o Im
3
=
Ker
3
= Ker. Nh vay vi (u, v) Y, ta co

2
(u , v) =
2
(u,
3
(v)) = f
1
(u) +
3
(v) = 0 + 0 = 0

Bay gi neu (a, b) Ker
2
th
2
(a, b) = f
1
(a) + (b) = 0, do
Imf
1
I Im = 0 nen ta nhan c f
1
(a) = 0 = (b). T f n cau
nen
1
(a) = 0 suy ra a Im
1
, mat khac Im
3
= Ker do o b
Im
3
. Lay x X, vV sao cho
1
(x) = a va
3
(v) = b, khi o

(
1
(x), v) Y va
2
(
1
(x), v) = (a, b)

ieu nay chng to cot (2) khp.

Cach khac: S dung lai bieu o vi hai cot bien a chon la cac
cot khp :


1

1
0 X P
1
A 0


3

3

0 V P
3
C 0

Chon P
1
= P
2
P
3
, ta c dong khp:
i
1

2
0 P
1
P
1
P
3
P
3
0

107
Xay dng ong cau
2
: P
2
P
3
B nh cach tren ta c bieu
o giao hoan vi hai dong khp:

i
1

2
0 P
1
P
2
P
3
0

1

2

3

f g
0 A B C 0

Khong may kho khan e kiem tra day ker cua bieu o tren
0 X Ker
1
Ker
2
Ker
3
V 0 la khp va la day tren
cung cua bieu o 3 3 can tm.

2.7. Xet bieu o
g j
B/Imf = B/Kerg Img C
h

J

V dong 2 la khp nen Imf = Kerg va B/Imf = B/Kerg.nh ngha
anh xa h: B/Imf J cho bi h(b + Imf) = h(b), ta chng minh
h hoan toan xac nh. That vay, neu b + Imf = b + Imf , vay co a
A sao cho b = b + f(a) do o

h(b) = h[b + f(a)] = h(b) + hf(a) = h(b)

de thay h la ong cau. ong cau g la ang cau cam sinh t
ong cau g cho bi g(b + Kerg) = g(b), g hoan toan xac nh t
nh ly Noether. ong cau j la phep nhung t Img vao C. Do J la
mo un noi xa nen ong cau t Img vao J ma ong cau
t C vao J thoa j = .
108
ong cau va xac nh chnh la ong cau can tm. That vay,
vi moi b B,
h (b) = h(b + Imf) = h(b + Kerg) = g(b + kerg)
= jg(b + Kerg) = jg(b) = g(b)

Vay g = h.

2.8.

A B C

f g
X Y J

T hnh vuong ben trai giao hoan , ta co g = gf = 0. Theo bai
tap (2.7) ton tai ong cau t C vao J thoa = g.

ong cau chnh la ong cau phai tm.
2.9. Gia s R la mien nguyen va X la mo un khong xoan chia
c . Gia s I la Ideal cua R va f la ong cau i t I vao X.

_ Neu I = 0, lay q X th f(0) = 0 = 0.q

_ Neu I 0, lay , I, 0 va 0. T X chia c nen
ton tai q, q sao cho

f() = q

f() = q

Khi o 0 va :

109
q = .f() = f() = f() = .f() = q = q
Do X khong xoan nen q = q.
Trng hp = 0, f() = f(0) = 0 = 0.q . Tom lai ta co
f() = q vi moi R
Theo tieu chuan Baer th X la mo un noi xa.
2.10. Gia s cot (1) va cot (2) khp va

f g
0 A B C 0

la day khp ngan. Goi M := X N
1
K,
N = {(x, u, 0) M) : x = -
1
(u)}
khi o N la mo un con cua M. Bay gi ta at
Y := M/N, N
2
:= N
1
N
3
t N
1
va N
3
noi xa ta co N
2
noi xa , cac ong cau f, g,
1
,
1
,
3
,

3
, a c xac nh, cac ong cau con lai c nh ngha nh
sau (xem bieu o ).

0 0 0

f g
0 A B C 0

1

2

3

i
1

1

0 N
1
N
2
N
3
0

1

2

3

i
2

2
0 X Y K 0


0 0 0
110

i
1
la phep nhung t N
1
vao N
2
.


1
la phep chieu t N
2
xuong N
3

x X, i
2
(x) = (x, 0, 0) + N. Neu i
2
(x) = 0 th (x, 0, 0) N
do o ton tai u N
1
sao cho (x, 0, 0) = (-
1
(u), u, 0) suy ra u = 0
va x = -
1
(0) = 0. Vay i
2
la dn cau.

(x, u, v) + N Y,
2
[(x, u, k) + N] = k. Neu (x, u, k) + N =
(x', u', k') + N th (x - x', u - u', k - k') N, do o co x N
1
sao cho
(x - x', u - u', k - k') = (-
1
(x), x, 0) suy ra k = k' vay
2
xac nh,
hn na
2
con la toan cau.

T f : A B la n cau va N
1
noi xa do o ton tai ong
cau : B Im
1
sao cho f =
1
.
2
c xac nh nh sau

b B,
2
(b) = [(b),
3
g(b)]

(u, v) N
2
,
2
(u, v) = (0, u,
3
(v)).

T cac nh ngha tren de dang ta thay c dong (1), dong (2)
khp. Bay gi ta kiem dong (3), cot (2) khp va bieu o giao
hoan tng o vuong.

x X,
2
i
2
(x) =
2
[(x, 0, 0) + N] = 0, vay Imi
2
Ker
2
. Mat
khac (x, u, 0) + N = (x +
1
(u), 0, 0) + N = i
2
[x +
1
(u)] vay Ker
2

Imi
2
. Do o dong (3) khp.

Vi moi a A, ta co


2
f(a) = [f(a),
3
g f(a)]

111
= [
1
(a), 0]

= i
1

1
(x)


2
f = i
1

1

Vi moi b B, ta co


1

2
(b) =
3
g(b)
1

2
=
3
g

Vi moi (u, v) N
2
, ta co


2

2
(u, v) =
2
(0, u,
3
(v)) =
3
(v) =
3

1
(u, v)


3

1
=
2

2

Vi moi u N
1
, ta co


2
i
1
(u) =
2
(u, 0) = (0, u, 0) + N = (
1
(u) , 0, 0) + N = i
2

1
(u)


2
i
1
= i
2

1

Vay tat ca o vuong eu giao hoan .

T
1
,
3
la n cau va
1
,
3
la toan cau theo bo e 5 ngan,
ta co
2
la n cau va
2
la toan cau

e y Im = Im
1
= Ker
1
. Do o, vi moi b B


2

2
(b) =
2
[(b),
3
g(b)]

= (0, (b),
3

3
g(b) + N )

= ( -
1
(b), (b), 0) + N = 0

112
Im
2

3

2


Lay (u, v) Ker
2
, khi o (0, u,
3
(v)) N, v vay

u Ker
1
= Im
1
va v Ker
3
= Im
3
do o co a A, b B sao cho
1
(a) = u,
3
g(b) = v. Mat khac do
Im = Im
1
nen ton tai a' A sao cho
1
(a') = (b). Bay gi lay
phan t f(a - a') + b B, ta co

2
[f(a - a') + b] = (f(a - a') + (b),
3
gf(a - a') +
3
g(b))
= (
1
(a) -
1
(a') + (b),
3
g(b))
= (u, v)

Vay Ker
2
Im
2
, suy ra cot 2 khp.

Cach khac: S dung bieu o tren vi hai cot bien khp :


1

1

3

3
0 A N
1
X 0 va 0 C N
3
K 0

Chon N = N
1
N
3
, ta co day khp che sau:

i
1

1
0 N
1
N
1
N
3
N
3
0

Tng t cach tren, do N
1
ni xa va f: A B n cau nen ong
cau
1
: A N
1
co the m rong ti : B N
1
. ieu o cho phep
dng ong cau
2
: B

N
2
= N
1
N
3
ma vi moi b B:

2
(b) = ((b),
3
g(b)) .

113
Vi ong cau nay, bieu o vi hai dong khp sau la giao hoan:

f g
0 A B C 0

1

2

3

i
1

2
0 N
1
N
2
N
3
0

Khong may kho khan e kiem tra rang day Coker cua bieu o
nay la khp :

0 X Coker
1
Coker
2
Coker
3
K

va o chnh la dong di khp cua bieu o 3 3 phai tm.

2.11. Gia s ta co day khp ngan
f g
0 A B P 0

T g la toan cau nen cam sinh ang cau

: P B/ Kerg
c b
c
+ Kerg

Vi b
c
g
-1
(c). Goi N(B) la mo un noi xa nhan B lam mo un
con, i la phep nhung t B vao N(B). nh ngha anh xa

: P N(B)/ Kerg
c (c)

T la ang cau, ta co la n cau. Goi la anh xa t nhien
t N(B) vao N(B)/Kerg. Theo gia thiet ton tai ong cau t P
vao N(B) thoa = (xembieu o).
114


f g
0 A B P 0
i

N(B) N(B)/Kerg 0

Bay gi vi c P, ton tai b
c
g
-1
(c) sao cho (c) = b
c
+ Kerg

Vay: b
c
+ Kerg = (c) = (c) = (c) + Kerg

suy ra ton tai

x
c
Kerg sao cho (c)

= b
c
+ x
c
, do o

Im B.

T bao ham nay anh xa : P B cho bi (c) = (c) hoan
toan xac nh. Hn na, vi moi c P, ta co

g(c) = g(c) = g(b
c
+ x
c
) = g(b
c
) + g(x
c
) = c

g = 1
C

Tc day khp ngan co nghch ao phai, v vay day khp ngan che
ra, do o P la xa anh.

Chieu thuan la hien nhien t nh ngha cua mo un xa anh

2.12. Goi F(J) , F(B) la cac mo un t do sinh ra bi cac c s
tng ng la J va B. Cac anh xa ong nhat 1
J
va 1
B
cam sinh cac
ong cau
J
va
B
tng ng lan lt t F(J) vao J, F(B) vao B
thoa

115

JJ
= 1
J
,
BB
= 1
B
.

Gia s ta co day khp ngan

f g
0 J B C 0

Xet bieu o sau
h
F(J) F(B)

J

B

f g
0 J B C 0

Do F(J) la mo un t do nen ton tai duy nhat ong cau h t F(J)
vao F(B) thoa tnh chat h(x) = f(x) vi moi x J, mat khac

Kerh = {
hh
r
i
x
i
: r
i
R, x
i
J, h(
hh
r
i
x
i
) = 0}

= {
hh
r
i
x
i
: r
i
R, x
i
J,
hh
r
i
h(x
i
) = 0}

Do moi h(x
i
) nam trong c s cua F(B) nen ta co r
i
= 0 vi moi i,
v vay Kerh = 0 tc h la n cau. Ap dung gia thiet ta co ong
cau i t F(B) vao J thoa

h =
J
.

nh ngha anh xa

: B J
b (b) = (b)

Khi o vi moi b, b B, vi moi r, r R ta co
116
(rb + rb) = (rb + rb) = r(b) + r(b) = r(b) + r(b)

Vay la ong cau. Hn na vi moi x J,

f(x) = h(x) = h(x) =
J
(x) = x

Vay f = 1
j
do do day khp ngan che ra, ieu nay chng to J la
mo un noi xa. Chieu thuan la hien nhien t nh ngha cua mo
un noi xa.

2.13. () Hien nhien t nh ngha cua song tuyen tnh.

() Gia s la song cong tnh (chu y do Z giao hoan nen Z-mo
un trai va Z-mo un phai trung nhau).
Neu k Z ma k Z
+
, khi o ta co
(xk, y) = (x + x + . . .+ x, y)

k lan

= (x, y) + (x, y) + . . . + (x, y)

k lan
= (x, y + y + . . . + y)

k lan
= (x, ky)
Ta co: (x, 0) = (x, 0 + 0) = (x, 0) + (x, 0)
(x, 0) = 0
0 = (x, y +(-y)) = (x, y) + (x, -y)
117
(x, -y) = -(x, y)

Hoan toan tng t khi hoan v x, y ta nhan c

(x, -y) = -(x, y)

Do o (-x, y) = (x, -y) (2)

Neu k < 0 th: (xk, y) = (x(-k), -y) = (x,(-k)(-y)) = (x, ky)
Bay gi vi k = 0 th

(x, 0.y) = (x, 0) = 0 = (0, y) = (x.0, y)

Tom lai trong pham tru Z-mo un th song tuyen tnh va song
cong tnh trung nhau.

2. 14.
a) at

A := {m t : m , t }; B := {r s : r,s }

Ro rang A B, e thay chieu ao lay mn
-1
pq
-1
B. Khi o

mn
-1
pq
-1
= mn
-1
nn
-1
pq
-1



= m n
-1
pq
-1
A

do o A = B ieu nay dan ti

< A > = Z Q = Q Q = < B >

Mat khac Z Q Q do o ta co Q Q Q.
118

b) Lay mn
-1
(pq
-1
+ Z) la phan t trong tap sinh cua nhom
Q Q/ Z . Khi o

mn
-1
(pq
-1
+ Z ) = mn
-
1qq
-1
(pq
-1
+ Z )

= mn
-1
q
-1
(p + Z )

= mn
-1
q
-1
0

= 0

Suy ra tap sinh cua Q Q/ Z ch cha phan t 0 , do o
ta co

Q Q/ Z = {0}.

c) Lay mn
-1
a Q A, t A la mo un xoan at ton tai 0 k
Z sao cho ka = 0. Khi o

mn
-1
a = mn
-1
k
-1
ka

= mn
-1
k
-1
0

= 0

ieu nay chng to tap sinh cua Q A ch cha phan t 0, do o
Q A = {0}.
119

2. 15.

Cach 1: Trc tien ta xet bo e sau


Bo e

i) Z
d
Z
d
Z
d

ii) d + m Z 1 + n Z = 0

Chng minh.

i) Xet anh xa

: Z
d
Z
d
Z
d
(k + d Z , l + d Z ) kl + d Z

Ta chng minh anh xa hoan toan xac nh. That vay, neu ta co

(k + d Z , l + d Z ) = (k + d Z , l + d Z )

th

k + d Z = k + d Z va l + d Z = l + d Z

suy ra ton tai r, s Z sao cho k = k + rd, l = l + sd. Khi o

kl + d Z = (k + rd)(l + sd) + d Z
120

= kl + (ks + rl + rsd)d + d Z

= kl +d Z

De dang kiem c la anh xa song tuyen tnh.

Bay gi neu la anh xa song tuyen tnh i t (Z
d
Z
d
)
vao mo un X bat ky. Ta xac nh anh xa f nh sau

f : Z
d
X
k + d Z (k + d Z , 1 + d Z )

Tnh toan n gian ta co c d la ong cau. Hn na vi moi
(k + d Z, l + d Z) Z
d
Z
d
, ta co

f (k + d Z , l + d Z) = f (kl + d Z)

= (kl + d Z , 1 + d Z)

= (k + d Z , l + d Z)

suy ra = f.
Bay gi neu co ong cau g t Z
d
vao X thoa ieu kien = g
th vi moi k + d Z
d
, ta co

g(k + d Z) = g(k + d Z , 1 + d Z)
121

= (k + d Z , 1 + d Z)

= f(k + d Z , 1 + d Z)

= f (k + d Z)

Tc g = f do o f la duy nhat .
Ap dung tnh chat pho dung cua tch ten x ta nhan c

Z
d
Z
d
Z
d
.

ii) T d = (m, n) do o ton tai a, b Z sao cho am + bn = d. Khi
o ta co

0 = (am + m Z 1 + n Z ) + (1 + m Z bn + n Z)

= (am + m Z 1 + n Z) + (bn + m Z 1 + n Z)

= (am + bn) + m Z

1 + n Z


= d + m Z 1 + n Z . (pcm)

Xet cac anh xat nhien

: Z
m
Z
d
; : Z
n
Z
d
k + m Z k + d Z l + n Z l + d Z

122
Do m Z d Z va n Z d Z , nen cac anh xa va hoan
toan xac nh. Hn na, de thay chung la nhng toan cau dieu
nay dan en ong cau i t Z
m
Z
n
vao Z
d
Z
d

cung la toan cau. Tnh toan Ker( ), ta c

Ker( ) =
< {k + m Z l + n Z : k + m Z Ker hoac l + n Z Ker} >

= < {k + m Z l + n Z : k = rd hoac l = sd >

= {0} (do bo e (ii) )

Ap dung bo e (i), ta co

Z
m
Z
n
Z
d
Z
d
Z
d
.

Bay gi neu (m, n) =1 th Z
d
= Z
1
= 0 do o Z
m
Z
n
= {0}.

Cach 2: Ta co the chng minh trc tiep Z
m
Z
n
Z
d
theo
cong thc (k + m Z, l + n Z) = kl + d Z . xac nh hp ly v
neu k = k + mt, l l + ns th kl = kl + dh kl + d Z . De thay
la song cong tnh. Neu co anh xa song cong tnh
: Z
m
Z
n
X th ta dng ong cau f: Z
d
X theo cong
thc f(t + d Z) = (t + m Z, 1 + n Z). Anh xa f xac nh hp ly v
neu t = t + dv. tng t cach chng minh bo e (ii) ta co
123
(d + m Z, 1 + n Z) = 0 ,do o (dv + m Z, 1 + n Z) = 0, cho ta
f(t + d Z ) = f(t + d Z ). Hien nhien f = . Neu co f: Z
d
X
ma f = th vi moi t + d Z d Z, ta co:

f(t + d Z ) = f(t + m Z , 1 + n Z )

= (t + m Z , 1 + n Z)

= f(t + Z
d
)

f = f.

vay Z
d
Z
m
Z
n
.

Cach 3: Xet tch ten x cac toan cau t nhien p
1
: Z m Z
va p
2
: Z Z
n
ma P
1
(x) = x + m Z , p
2
(y) = y + n Z . Hien
nhien h = p
1
p
2
: Z Z Z
m
Z
n
la toan cau, va

K = Ker(p
1
p
2
) = <{xy : x = mt hay y = ms}>

De thay Ker(p
1
p
2
) D = <d1> vi d =(m, n). Hn na v d =
(m, n) nen ton tai a, b ma d = ma + nb do o d1 = (ma +
nb) 1 = ma 1 + nb 1 = ma 1 + b n K. Vay :

D = <d 1> K suy ra D = K.

124
Theo nh ly Noether toan cau h sinh ra ang cau
h: (Z Z ) Z
m
Z
n
. S dung ang cau : Z Z Z
ma (k l) = kl, th (D) = (D) = d Z . Vay:

Z
dm
Z
dn
(Z Z) / K Z /(K) Z /d Z Z
d
.

2.16. Gia s X va Y la hai nhom abel hu han sinh. Goi {r
i
}
iI
,
{s
j
}
jJ
lan lt la tap sinh cua cua X va Y, trong o I, J la nhng
tap hu han. Vi moi x
t
y
k
X Y, ta co

x
t
y
k
=

I i
m
it
r
i

J j
n
jk
s
j

=

I i

J j
m
it
n
jk
(r
i
s
j
)

Trong o m
it
, n
jk
Z vi moi i, j. V vay, vi moi a X Y

a =

hh
x
t
y
k


=

hh

I i

J j

m
it
n
jk
(r
i
s
j
)

ieu nay chng to tap A :={r
i
s
j
}
iI,jJ
la tap sinh cua X Y.
T lc lng cua I, J hu han ta nhan c A co lc lng hu
han (pcm).

2.17. Goi a la phan t sinh cua A. Vi moi k Z, ta co


125
2 a neu k le
2k a =
0 neu k chan

suyra 2 Z A = <2 a> . Mat khac

2(2 a) = 2 2a = 2 0 = 0

V vay 2Z A la nhom cyclic cap 2.

Vi phan t sinh (2 a) 2Z A ta co

j 1
A
(2 a) = j 1
A
(2 a)

= (2 a)

= (1 2a)

= (1 0)

= 0

V vay j 1
A
la ong cau 0 nh a mieu ta.

2.18. e chng minh bai toan ta ch can chng minh i j n
anh . Goi A va B lan lt la mo un con bu trc tiep cua hai
mo un A va B, ngha la

X = A A , Y = B B

at C := (A B) (A B) (A B) (A B)

126
Theo inh ly tong trc tiep cua tch ten x ton tai ang cau g t
C vao X Y. Goi la phep nhung (A B) vao C, xet day ong
cau
g
A B C X Y

Vi moi a b A B, theo nh ngha cua g ta co

g(a b) = g(a b, 0, 0, 0)

= (a, 0) (b, 0)

= i(a) j(b)

= (ij)(a b)

Vay g va (ij) ong nhat tren he sinh, suy ra g = (ij). Hn
na, g la n cau do o (ij) la n cau (pcm).

2.19. Gia s f laang cau t A vao A, g la ang cau t B vao
B. Khi o f g la toan cau, hn na

Ker(fg) = <{a b A B : f(a) = 0 hoac g(b) = 0}>

= <{a b A B : a = 0 hoac b = 0} = {0}

Do o fg la ang cau (pcm).

Cach khac: do f: A A, g : B B ang cau nen ton tai cac
ang cau ngc f
-1
: A A va g
-1
: B B. Hien nhien rang:
f
-1
g
-1
= (fg)
-1
, tc f g la ang cau.

2.20.
() Gia s {A
i
}
iI
la ho mo un det va
127
f g
0 X Y Z 0

la day khp ngan bat ky. T nh ly khp cua tch ten x va nh
ngha cua mo un det e chng minh

I i
A
i
la mo un det ta ch
can chng minh (1
Ai
f) la n cau.

Do vi moi i, A
i
la mo un det nen day

1
Ai
f 1
Ai
g
0 A
i
X A
i
Y A
i
Z 0

cung la day khp, v vay vi moi i I, ta co (1
Ai
f) la n cau.

Goi :
la ang cau t

I i
(A
i
Y) vao (

I i
A
i
) Y nh
trong nh ly 2 chng II

j
i
la phep nhung A
i
Y vao trong (A

I i
i
Y)

Vi moi i I xet day ong cau

1
Ai
f j
i

A
i
X A
i
Y

I i
(A
i
Y) (

I i
A
i
) Y

at h
i
:= .j
i
.1
Ai
f, khi o h
i
la n cau bi cac thanh phan hp
noi eu la n cau, v vay ta co ho n cau

128
{h
i
: A
i
X (

I i
A
i
) Y : iI}

Vi moi iI, goi i
i
la phep nhung thanh phan (A
i
X) vao trong
(A

I i
i
X) . Ap dung nh ly tnh pho dung cua tch trc tiep ta
co ong cau t

I i
(A
i
X) vao (

I i
A
i
) Y thoa i
i
= h
i
.

Lay x :=

I i
(x
i
) Ker , khi o

0 = (x)

= [

I i
i
i
(x
i
)]
=

I i
i
i
(x
i
)

=

I i
h
i
(x
i
)

V vay h
i
(x
i
) = 0, bi moi h
i
la n cau nen ta co x
i
= 0 vi moi i
I tc x = 0, do o la n cau. Hn na, tnh toan n gian
tren phan t sinh ta co = 1
Ai
f (pcm).

() Gia s

A
I i
i
la mo un det, cho day khp ngan

f g
0 X Y Z 0

Vi moi i I, goi :

129
j
i
la phep nhung A
i
vao

I i
A
i



i
la phep chieu t

I i
A
i
xuong A
i
.

T
ii
A
i
la mo un det nen 1
Ai
f la n cau. Theo bai tap
2.18 ta co j
i
1
X
la phep nhung va

Ker(
i
1
Y
) = < {a
i
y : a
i
Ker
i
hoac y = 0}

Xet day ong cau

j
i
1
X
1
Ai
f
i
1
Y
A
i
X

I i
A
i
X

I i
A
i
Y A
i
Y

at h := (
i
1
Y
) (1
Ai
f) (j
i
1
X
). Ta chng minh h la n cau,
that vay vi x :=
hh
(a
t
x
k
) Kerh , ta co

h(x) = (
i
1
Y
) (1
Ai
f) (j
i
1
X
) [
hh
(a
t
x
k
)]

= (
i
1
Y
) (1
Ai
f) [
hh
(j
i
(a
t
) x
k
)

=
hh
(
i
1
Y
)(j
i
(a
t
) f(x
k
))

Theo tnh chat cua Ker(
i
1
Y
) ta co cac j
i
(a
t
) Ker
i
hoac cac
x
k
Kerf. Do ca j
i
va f eu la n cau nen cac a
t
= 0 hoac cac x
k

= 0 suy ra x = 0 ieu nay khang nh h la n cau. Hn na vi
moi x := (a
t
x
k
) A
i
X, ta co

h(x) = (
i
1
Y
) (1
Ai
f) (j
i
1
X
)(a
t
x
k
)

= (
i
1
Y
) (1
Ai
f) (j
i
(a
t
) x
k
)
130

= (
i
1
Y
)(j
i
(a
t
) f(x
k
))

= a
t
f(x
k
)

= (1
Ai
f)(a
t
x
k
)

nhau. T h lan anh ta co c (1
Ai
f) la n anh.

2.21. Gia s F la mo un t do, khi o ton tai tap ch so I sao cho

F R

I i
i
trong o R
i
R vi moi i I

Do moi R la mo un det theo bai tap 2.20 th F la mo un det.

V moi mo un xa anh eu ang cau vi hang t trc tiep cua
mo un t do X nao o. Theo bai tap 2.20 cac hang t trc tiep
cua X eu la mo un det do o mo un xa anh la mo un det.
Mo un det co the khong la mo un xa anh. V du chang han nh
nhom(Q, +) la mo un det nhng khong phai la mo un xa anh.

2.23. M chnh la khong gian vec t tren the do o moi day khp
ngan eu che ra.

2.24. Dung nh ngha.

2.25. Chu y vanh Z la vanh chnh.
2.26. Dung phan chng.

2.27. Xet day khp ngan
i
0 (M) M M/(M) 0
131

vi i la phep nhung, la phep chieu. Ap dung bai tap 2.24.

2.28. Chu y moi Z - mo un con chia c cua mo un chia
c M eu la hang t trc tiep. Lay 0 x
1
M, vi moi n N
chon (n +1)x
n+1
= x
n
. at A
1
:= < {x
i
} > , chng minh A
1
.
Bieu dien M = A
1
B
1
, ap dung quy nap sieu han.

2.29. i) Dung nh ngha.

ii) Ap dung bai tap 2.27.

iii) Xet tac ong (m + pZ). x = mx.

iv) Tnh toan trc tiep.

2.30. Phan tch M = (M) M/(M) va (M) =

p
(M)
P
, Vi
la tap cac so nguyen to. Ap dung bai tap 2.28.

2.31. Vi f : I Hom
Z
(R, M), xet Z - ong cau g : I M cho
bi g(r) = f(r)(1), cam sinh ong cau m rong g' : R M. Tm
ong cau f' : R Hom
Z

(R, M) la m rong cua ong cau f.

2.32. Goi f' : R M la og cau m rong cua f : J A, vi J la
iean cua R. Chng minh f'(1) A.

2.33. i) Co nh r R, xet anh xa song tuyen tnh
f : M L M
S
L cho bi f(m, l) = rm l, Goi
S
la
anh xa ten x t M
S
L vao M
S
L. nh ngha
132
r( m
i
l
i
) =
S
(m
i
l
i
).

ii) tng t nh trong (i).

2.34. Co nh z L. Xet anh xa f
z
: N M N
R
(M
S
L),
f
z
(x, y) = x (y z), f
z
cam sinh
z
: N
R
M N
R
(M
S
L)
nh ngha g : (N
R
M) L N
R
(M
S
L), g(x, z) =
z
(x)
nang g thanh ong cau ten x . Chng minh la ang cau.

2.35. Vi moi r R, nh ngha f
r
: M M, f
r
(m) = r m. nh
ngha : R Hom(M
R
N, M
R
N), h(r) = f
r
1
N
. Ap dung
bai tap 1.1.

2.36. i) Ap dung bai tap 2.34.
ii) Goi {x
1
, x
2
, . . ., x
n
} va {y
1
, y
2
, . . ., y
m
} lan lt la c s cua
U va V. Chng minh {x
i
y
j
: 1 i n, 1 j m} la c
s cua U
K
V.

2.37. Xet f : M N N M, f(m, n) = n m.
2.38. i) nh ngha f : R/I M M/ IM , f(r + I, m) = rm + IM.
Nang f thanh anh xa ten x . nh ngha g : M/IM R/I M,
g(m + IM) = (1 + I) m. Chng minh gf =1 va fg =1.
ii) Xet day khp
i
0 J R R/J 0
va bieu o

1 i 1
R/I J R/I R R/I R/J 0
f g h
j p
(I + J)/ I R/ I R/(I + J) 0
133

i, j nhung p, chieu. Chng minh f la ang cau va o
vuong trai giao hoan.

2.39. Vi moi a A, xet anh xa L
a
A A la phep nhan trai bi
a. h : A Hom
R
(M
R
A, M
R
A ) cho bi a 1
M
L
a
. Chng
minh h la ong cau vanh .
nh ngha a.x

= h(a)x vi moi x M
R
A.

2.40. Cac bc chng minh
i) Vi moi b B, chng minh L
b
: M
A
A M
R
B la
ong cau R-mo un.

ii) Chng minh f : (M
R
A) B M
R
B cho bi
f(x, b) = L
b
(x) la A-song tuyen tnh.

iii) Nang f thanh L
f
A-ong cau t (M
R
A)
A
B vao
cho bi L
f
[(ma)b] = L
b
(ma) . Chng minh rang L
f
la
ong cau B-mo un.

iv) Chng minh L
g
t M
R
B vao (M
R
A)
A
B cho
bi L
g
(mb) = (m1)b la ong cau B-mo un va la
anh xa ngc cua L
f
.

2.40. Tng t nh bai 2.39.

2.41. Xet anh xa g : M A X, g(m, a) = af(m).

2.42. i) e y M
n
(R) la R-mo un t do vi c s {e
ij
}, o ay e
ij
la
ma tran co he so v tr ij bang 1, cac v tr con lai bang
khong, M
n
(R)
A
A co c s la {e
ij
1}. Ap dung bai 2.20.

iii) Ap dung (i).
134
CHNG III

3.1. Vi moi q N, do nhom aben t do X
q+1
la Z-mo un
tdo, nen theo bai tap 1.2.6 ta co :

X
q+1
= Ker
q+1
A
q+1
.

go
q+1
: A
q+1
Ker
q
ma
q+1
(a) = ker
q+1
I A
q+1
= {0}. Vay
q+1

la n cau. Bo sung mo un 0 va cac ong cau 0 ve hai pha cua

q+1
ta c phc q-biet lap S
(q)
. Hn na ro rang la:

X
: q
+

S
(q)


3.2. Gia s S la phc q-biet lap trong o S
q
va S
q+1
la nhng
nhom aben hu han sinh vi la n cau t S
q+1
vao S
q
. Goi r la
hang cua S
q
, s la hang cua S
q+1
, {x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
s
} la c s cua S
q+1
.
Khi o ta co cac ket qua sau :

s r bi la n cau.

Vi moi 1 i s , Z x
i
Z va Z(x
i
) Z

S
q+1
= Z x
1
Z x
2
. . . . Z x
s
A
s+1
. . . A
r

r-s lan
Trong o A
s+1
= . . . . = A
r
= 0

Goi {(x
1
), . . . , (x
s
), y
s+1
, . . ., y
r
} la c s cua S
q
. Ta nh ngha

i
: Z x
i
Z (x
i
) la ong cau nhan c t s han che cua
135
tren cac Z x
i
neu 1 i s va
i
: A
i
Z y
i
neu s+1 i r ,
khi o ro rang cac
i
= 0 neu s+1 i r va =
i
.Vi moi 1
i r
at X
i
la phc biet lap vi
i
la n cau noi a noi tren th cac
X
i
la phc s cap va S X
i.
.

3.3. Ap dung ket qua bai tap 3.1 va bai tap 3.2 ta co ket qua
chng minh.

3.4.
Theo ieu kien bai toan. Ta co cac bien oi day chuyen t
phc dng X ti phc tam thng A va ngc lai:


1

2

0 X
0
X
1
X
2
f

0 A 0 0

Thoa: f =1
A
va ton tai bien oi day chuyen s: 1
X
f ieu nay
co ngha la phc X va phc tam thng A la tng ng ong
luan vi nhau. V vay: H
n
(X) A, nen ta co c ket luan :

H
n
(X) = 0 khi n > 0 va H
0
(X) A.







136


3.5.

n+2

n+2

0 X
n+2
Y
n+2
K
n+2
0


n+1

n+1
0 X
n+1
Y
n+1
K
n+1
0


n

n
0 X
n
Y
n
K
n
0


n-1

n-1

0 X
n-1
Y
n-1
K
n-1
0

Chng minh s xac nh cua
E
.

Co nh k K
n+1
la chu trnh, au tien ta chng minh s xac
nh cua
E
hoan toan khong phu thuoc vao s chon yY
n+1
e
thoa
n+1
(y) = k. That vay, neu co y, y Y
n+1
sao cho

n+1
(y) =
n+1
(y) = k

Khi o
n+1
(y y) = 0 tc (y y) Ker
n+1
.

T dong hai la khp nen ker
n+1
= Im
n+1
, at ton tai x X
n+1

ma
n+1
(x) = y y, suy ra

y = y +
n+1
(x) (1)

Ta co

137

n
(y) =
n+1
(y) = (k) = 0

suy ra (y) Ker
n
. Lap luan tng t ta co (y) Ker
n
. Do
dong 3 khp nen Ker
n
= Im
n
. Vay co x, x X
n
sao cho

n
(x) = (y) ;
n
(x) = (y) (2)

T (1) va (2) ta nhan c


n
(x) = (y)

= [y +
n+1
(x)]

= (y) +
n+1
(x)

=
n
(x') +
n
(x)

do o
n
(x x) =
n
(x) . T gia thiet
n
la

n

cau, ta nhan
c

(x x) = (x) hay x = x + (x) (3)

Mat khac (x) chnh la b cua X
n
, v vay t (3) clsx = clsx.
ieu nay chng to
E
khong phu thuoc vao s la chon yY
n+1

e thoa (y) = k.

Bay g ta se chng minh
E
khong phu thuoc vao s chon la
phan t ai dien cua clsk. That vay neu k, k K
n+1
ma k, k la
cac chu trnh va (k k) b cua K
n+1
. T
n+2
la toan anh at ton
tai y Y
n+2
sao cho


n+2
(y)

=
n+1
(y) = k - k

k = k +
n+1
(y) (4)
138

Lay y Y
n+1
ma
n+1
(y) = k. Khi o do (4)

n+1
[ y + (y)] =
n+1
(y) +
n+1
(y) = k

Neu x, x
n
ma
n
(x) = (y),
n
(x) = [y + (y)]. Khi o

n
(x) = (y) + (y) = (y) =
n
(x)

Do
n
la n anh nen : x = x ieu nay dan en
E
(clsk) =

E
(clsk) .

Cuoi cung e kiem tra
E
la ong cau. Lay clsk va clsk nam
trong H
n+1
(K). T chng minh phan tren ta hoan toan co quyen
chon co nh k lam phan t ai dien cho clsk, k lam phan t ai
dien cho clsk va y, y Y
n+1
thoa
n+1
(y) = k,
n+1
(y) = k.
Khi o

n+1
(y + y) = k + k

Lay x, x X
n
ma
n
(x) = (y) va
n
(x) = (y), ta co
E
(clsk) =
clsx ,
E
(clsk) = clsx. Mat khac


n
(x + x) =
n
(x) +
n
(x)

= (y) + (y)

= (y + y)

ieu nay chng to


E
[cls(k + k)] = cls(x +x)

E
(clsk + clsk) = clsx + clsx

=
E
(clsk) +
E
cls(k)
139

Vay
E
la ong cau.

3.6.

n
*

n
*
0 Hom(K
n
, G) Hom(Y
n
, G) Hom(X
n
, G) 0


n+1
*

n+1
*
0 Hom(K
n+1
,G) Hom(Y
n+1
,G) Hom(X
n+1
,G) 0


n+2
*

n+2
*
0 Hom(K
n+2
,G) Hom(Y
n+2
,G) Hom(X
n+2
,G) 0

Mo ta ong cau noi
E
*
.

Neu f Hom(X
n
, G) la chu trnh, trc het do
n
*
la toan anh,
at ton tai g Hom(Y
n
, G) ma
n
*
(g) = f. Khi o

n+1
*
(g) =
n
*
(g) = (f) = 0

Tc (y) Ker
n+1
*
. Do dong gia la khp nen Ker
n+1
=
Im
n+1
*
, at ton tai h Hom(K
n+1
, G) ma
n+1
*
(h) =(g). Bi

n+2
*
(h) =
n+1
*
(h) = (g) = 0. Tc h la chu trnh cua
Hom(K
n+1
,G), ta mo ta cac lap luan tren bang bieu o mieu ta
sau. g f Hom(X
n
, G)


n+1
*

n+1
*

Hom(K
n-1
, G) h (g) 0


n+2
*

0

140
at
E
*
(clsf) = clsh. ong cau noi
E
*
chnh la ong cau H
n
(X, G)
vao H
n+1
(K, G). Viec kiem tra tnh ung an cua
E
*
c tien
hanh hoan toan tng t nh bai tap 3.5.

3.7. Tac ong ham t hiep bien Hom(G, -) len day khp ngan
che ra cac phc

E : 0 X Y K 0

Ta c day khp ngan che ra cac phc nhom aben.

E
*
: 0 Hom(G, X) Hom(G, Y) Hom(G, K) 0

Bi vi moi n day

0 Hom(G, X
n
) Hom(G, Y
n
) Hom(G, K
n
) 0

la khp va che, do ham t (G, -) bao toan tnh khp che cua day

0 X
n
Y
n
K
n
0

Tng t cach xay dng
E
trong nh ly 1 chng III, ap dung
nh ly day dong ieu khp, ta co day khp ong ieu.

E*

E*
. . .H
n+1
(G, K) H
n
(G, X) H
n
(G, Y) H
n
(G, K)

H
n-1
(G, X) H
n-1
(G, Y) H
n-1
(G, K) . . .

3.8. T day khp ngan che ra cac phc

E : 0 A B C 0

Vi moi n N , ta co cac day khp ngan che ra sau:
141

0 Hom(C, X
n
) Hom(B, X
n
) Hom(A, X
n
) 0

0 Hom(X
n
, A) Hom(X, B) Hom(X, C) 0

Ap dung nh ly day oi ong ieu khp ta c:

a) Day oi ong ieu khp

. . .H
n+1
(A, X) H
n
(C, X) H
n
(B, X
n
) H
n
(A, X)

H
n-1
(C, X) H
n-1
(B, X) H
n-1
(A, X) . . .

b) Day oi ong ieu khp

. . .H
n-1
(X, C) H
n
(X, A) H
n
(X, B) H
n
(X, C)

H
n-1
(X, A) H
n-1
(X, B) H
n-1
(X, C) . . .

3.9. Tac ong ham t Hom(- , X) len day khp ngan

E : 0 A B C 0

Ta c day khp ngan ra cac phc nhom aben.

E
*
: 0 Hom(C, X) Hom(B, X) Hom(A, X) 0

Bi vi moi n N day

0 Hom(C, X
n
) Hom(B, X
n
) Hom(A, X
n
) 0

la khp, do X
n
la mo un noi xa va ham t Hom( - , X
n
) bao toan
tnh khp che cua day khp ngan E.
142
Ap dung nh ly day oi ong ieu khp, ta co day khp oi
ong ieu.

. . .H
n+1
(C, X) H
n
(A, X) H
n
(B, X
n
) H
n
(C, X)

H
n-1
(A, X) H
n-1
(B, X) H
n-1
(C, X
n-1
) . . .

3.10.


X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
s
n-1
s
n
f
n-1
g
n-1


f
n
g
n
f
n+1
g
n+1


X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1

T f ong luan day chuyen vi g, do o ton tai s sao cho

s
n-1
+ s
n
= f
n
- g
n

Suy ra f
n
s
n-1
= g
n
+ s
n
(1)


f

f

X
n-1
X
n
X
n
X
n+1
X
n+1
X
n+2

h
n
h
n+1
h
n+2


g

g
X
n-1
X
n
X
n
X
n+1
X
n+1
X
n+2

t
n

n
t
n+1

n+1
t
n+2


f

f
X
n-1
X
n
X
n
X
n+1
X
n+1
X
n+2


Vi moi n Z ta nh ngha

143
h
n+1
: X
n
X
n+1
X
n
X
n+1

(x, x) (x, s
n
(x) + x)

t
n+1
: X
n
X
n+1
X
n
X
n+1

(x, x) (x, -s
n
(x) + x)

Khi o h = {h
n
} va t ={t
n
} la cac bien oi day chuyen tng ng
t M(f) vao M(g) va t M(g) vao M(f). That vay, vi moi n Z,
vi moi (x, x) X
n
X
n+1
, ta co

h
n

f
(x, x) = h
n
(-(x), (x)) + f(x)

= (-(x), -s
n-1
(x) + (x) + f(x))

= (-(x), ,s
n
(x) + (x) + g(x)) (t (1))

=
g
(x, s
n
(x) + x)

=
g
h
n+1
(x, x)

vay h
n

f
=
g
h
n+1


f
t
n+1
(x, x) =
f
(x, -s
n
(x) + x)

= (-(x), -s
n
(x) + (x) + f(x))

= (-(x), s
n-1
(x) + (x) + g(x)) (t (1))

= t
n
(-(x), (x) + g(x))

= t
n

g
(x, x)

vay
f
t
n+1
= t
n

g

144
Hn na, vi moi n Z

t
n+1
h
n+1
(x, x) = t
n+1
(x, s
n
(x) + x)

= (x, - s
n
(x) + s
n
(x) + x)

= (x, x)

Vay th = 1
M(f)
. Tng t ta co ht = 1
M(g)

Bay gi vi moi n Z, ta nh ngha ong cau luan day chuyen

n
: X
n-1
X
n
X
n
X
n+1

(x, x) 0

Khi o

n

f
+
f

n+1
= 0

= 1
XnXn+1
1
XnXn+1


= 1
XnXn+1
t
n+1
h
n+1

suy ra 1
M(f)
th. Hoan toan tng t ta co 1
M(g)
ht. Vay

M(f) M(g), do o H
n
(M(f)) H
n
(M(g)). V f g: X X
nen f
*
= g
*
: H
n
(X) H
n
(X) vi moi n. T cac ket qua co
c tren, hien nhien hai day ong ieu khp tng ng vi
hai non anh xa M(f) va M(g) sau:

i
*

*
f
*
. . . H
n
(X) H
n
(M
f
) H
n-1
(X) H
n-1
(X) . . .
i
*

*
f
*
. . . H
n
(X) H
n
(M
f
) H
n-1
(X) H
n-1
(X) . . .
145

la ang cau.



3.11.
Cach 1:
f g
A B C 0

h t
0 A B C

f g h t
Ker Ker Ker A/Im B/Im C/Im

nh ngha

f: Ker Ker chnh la vet cua f tren Ker

g: Ker Ker chnh la vet cua g tren Ker

h : A/ Im B/ Im
a + Im h(a) + Im

t: B/ Im C/Im
b + Im t(b) + Im

ong cau noi : Ker A/Im c xac nh nh sau. Vi moi
c Ker, t g la toan anh at co b B sao cho g(b) = c. Ta co :
t(b) = g(b) = (c) = 0 tc (b) Kert. Dong la khp nen
Kert = Imh, do o ton tai a A sao cho h(a) = (b). at
146
(c) = a + Im. Viec kiem tra tnh ung an cua ngha la
khong phu thuoc vao s chon la b sao cho g(b) = c, c thc
hien hoan toan tng t nh trong bai tap 3.5

Ta co

f(Ker) = h(Ker) = 0 f(ker) Ker

g(Ker) = t(Ker) = 0 g(Ker) Ker

nen f va g c nh ngha tot. Bay gi ta kiem tra h va t c
nh ngha tot. That vay, gia s ta co x + Im = y + Im khi
o (x y) Im. Vay co a A ma h(x) h(y) = h(x y) =
h(a) = t(a) suy ra h(x) h(y) Im tc

h(x) + Im = h(y) + Im

do o h c nh ngha tot. Lap luan tng t ta co t cung nh
ngha tot.

Cuoi cung ta kiem tra day sau khp. Hien nhien Imf Kerg.
Lay b Kerg, khi o g(b) = g(b) = 0. Do dong la khp nen co
a A ma f(a) = b. Mat khac b Ker nen (b) = 0, suy ra

h(a) = f(a) = (b) = 0.

T h la n cau nen ta co (a) = 0. Vay Kerg Imf ieu nay
dan ti

Imf = Kerg (1)

147
Lay b Ker, khi o ton tai a A sao cho h(a) = (b) = 0. T
h la n cau nen a = 0, suy ra g(b) = g(b) = a + Im = 0
tc g(b) Ker .

e thay bao ham ngc ta lay c Ker, khi o ton tai b
B, a' Im sao cho g(b) = c va h(a) = (b) . T dong la khp
do o co a A ma (a) = a. Vay

h(a) = h(a) = f(a) = (b)

suy ra [b f(a)] = 0 tc (b f(a)) Ker. Hn na,

g[b f(a)] = g[b f(a)] = g(b) gf(a) = c

suy ra Ker Img ieu nay dan en

Ker = Img (2)

Lay c Ker, khi o ton tai b B sao cho g(b) = c, h(a) = (b)
va (c) = a + Im. V vay

h(c) = h(a + Im)

= h(a) + Im

= (b) + Im

= 0

Tc Im Kerh.

Lay a + Im ma h(a + Im) = 0. Khi o h(a) Im vay
co b B ma h(a) = (b). Theo nh ngha cua th

148
g(b) = a + Im

Mat khac g(b) = t(b) = th(a) = 0, suy ra g(b) Ker tc
Kerh Im ieu nay dan ti

Kerh = Im (3)

Hien nhien th = 0 do o Imh Kert.

Lay b + Im ma t(b + Im) = 0. Khi o, t(b) Im, v vay
ton tai c C ma (c) = t(b). T g la toan anh at co b B sao
cho g(b) = c, do o

t(b) = (c) = g(b) = t(b)

t[b - (b)] = 0

Tc b - (b) Kert. T dong la khp nen Kert = Imh do o ton
tai a A ma h(a) = b - (b) suy ra

h(a + Im) = h(a) + Im

= b - (b) + Im

= b + Im

Vay Kert Imh. ieu nay dan en

Kert = Imh (4)

Cac ang thc (1), (2), (3) va (4) cho ta ieu can chng minh.



149
Cach 2: 0 0 0

f g

0 A/Kerf B Imt 0

h t
0 A B C 0


0 0 0
S dung bieu o tren, de thay do h n cau va hnh vuong au
giao hoan nen ta co Kerf Ker, va do g toan cau va hnh
vuong sau giao hoan ma (C) Imt. T o ta co day khp
ngan cac phc : (hnh ben tren)

Trong o f(a + kerf) = f(a) la n cau va (a + Kerf ) = (a) .
Ap dung nh ly day ong ieu khp ta co day khp sau:

0 Ker Ker Ker A/(A)
B/ (B) Imt / (C) 0

Chu y rang: Ker = Ker / Kerf cho ta phep chieu:

p: Ker Ker / Ker = Ker

la toan cau. T (A) = (A) cho ta A/(A) = A/(A) va
phep nhung j: Imt C cho ta nhung j
*
: Imt/ (c) C/(C).

Nh vay noi hai au day tren cac toan cau p va phep nhung j
*
ta
c day sau la khp:

150
Ker Ker Ker A/(A) B/(B) C/(C)


Ker Imt/(C)

3.12.() Gia s u G ma u u vi mot i nao o. Go
i

x :=

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
, y :=

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
,

=
m
j 1
j
=

=
m
j 1
j
= 1


la hai iem phan biet nam trong G ma oan thang i qua hai
iem o cha u. Phng trnh oan thang i qua x, y co dang

f(t) = tx + (1 - t)y = [t

=
m
j 1
j
+ (1 - t)
j
]u
j
, t[0, 1]

do u f([0, 1]) nen ton tai t
0
[0, 1] ma


u = u
i
= [t

=
m
j 1
j
+ (1 - t)
j
]u
j
Tap hp {u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
} oc lap afin nen ta co

t
0

j
+ (1 t
0
)
j
= 0 neu i j (1)
t
0

j
+ (1 t
0
)j = 1 neu i = j (2)

Neu t
0
= 0 hoac t
0
=1 th u y hoac u x, khi o ta co ieu
chng minh. Gia s t
0
(0, 1) t (1) ta co
151

t
0

j
+ (1 t
0
)
j
= 0 vi moi j i

t
0
(
j
-
j
) +
j
= 0 vi moi j i

cong them gia thiet cac j 0 , ta nhan c
j

j
, j i. Mat
khac

=
m
j 1
j
=

=
m
j 1
j
= 1
nen
i

i
. Vay t (2) ta nhan c

1 = t
0

i
+ (1 t
0
)
i
t
0

i
+ (1 t
0
)
i
=
i
(3)

Bi
i
1 nen e ang thc (3) xay ra ta phai co

i
=
i
= 1

suy ra
j
=
j
= 0 vi moi j i hay x y u. ieu nay vo ly
vi gia thiet x va y la hai iem phan biet, do o ta phai co t
0
= 1
hoac t
0
= 0 (pcm).

() Gia s u :=

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
G la iem luon nam hai au

mut
cua oan thang bat ky nam trong G cha no. T cac
j
0 va

j
=1 at ton tai ch so i {0, 1, . . . , m} sao cho 0 <
i
1.
Neu
i
1. Xet phng trnh oan thang nam trong G

f(t) = tu
i
+ (1 - t)

j i

j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j
t [0,1]
khi o

152
f(
i
) =
i
u
i
+ (1 -
i
)

j i

j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j
=

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
= u
tc u f([0,1]). Theo gia thiet, u u
j
hoac u

j i

j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j

Neu u u
i
th ta co
i
=1 mau thuan vi gia thiet
j
1. Con neu
u

j i
j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j
th ta co
i
= 0 ieu nay cung mau thuan
vi gia thiet
i
0. Tom lai ta co
i
= 1, ieu nay cho ta u u
i
.

Cach khac:
Ta chng minh bai toan bang menh e phan ao. That vay neu
u u
j
vi moi j th u =

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
vi

=
m
j 1
j
= 1 va 0
j
< 1. Suy ra
co t nhat
i
(0, 1). Khi o:

u =
i
u
i
+ (1 -
k
)

j i

j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j
vi u =

j i

j
(1 -
i
)
-1
u
j
phan t thuoc bao loi a cho. ieu nay co ngha u thuoc vao
oan thang noi u
i
va u va u {u
i
, u}.
Neu u thuoc oan thang noi a =

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
va b =

=
m
j 1
j
u
j
vi

=
m
j 1
j
=

=
m
j 1
j
= 1, 0
j
,
j
1 va u a, u b th trc het a
b do o ton tai t nhat hai ch so i l ma
i

l
. ong thi ton
tai t (0, 1) ma u = ta + (1 - tb) = (t

=
m
j 1
j
+ (1 - t)
j
)u
j
. T cac
153
ieu kien tren ta co:
i
+ (1 -
i
) 0 va t
l
+ (1 - t)
l
0 tc u phu
thuoc cac u
j
va khong the ong thi trung vi bat ky mot u
j
nao.

3.13. Gia s X la khong gian to po ch co mot iem a. Khi o
trong moi n-chieu, X ch co mot n hnh ky d o la anh xa lien
tuc T
n
:
n
{a} mang toan bo
n
vao mot iem a. Suy ra moi
toan t lay bien d
i
T
n
chnh la T
n-1
cho moi i = 0,1, . . . , n. T T
la tong an dau cua cac toan t lay bien d
i
T, suy ra T
2m
= T
2m-1

va T
2m-1
= 0. ieu nay chng to neu so chieu la chan th S(X)
khong co chu trnh ngoai tr 0, con khi so chieu le moi phan t
cua S
2n-1
eu la chu trnh va cung la b. Suy ra

H
n
(X) = 0 khi n 1 va H
0
(X)

3.14. Bieu dien mot iem nam trong n hnh mau n-chieu bang
toa o hng tam (x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) cua no. Khi o n hnh ky d
n-chieu T co the xem nh ham n +1 bien x
i
, trong o cac bien x
i

khong am va x

=
n
i 0
i
= 1. Toan t lay bien th i co the xet nh
ham so c nh ngha bi

d
i
T(x
0
,x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = T(x
0
, . . . , x
i-1
, 0, x
i+1
, . . . , x
n
)

ngha la lay bien th i bang gia tr 0. e chng minh cong thc
d
i
d
j
T = d
j-1
d
i
T vi i < j, ta tien hanh nh sau au tien at x
j
= 0 va
sau o x
i
= 0 trong T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) vi i < j th cung nh au
tien at x
i
= 0, anh ch so lai roi at 0 vao v tr j 1 mi.

3.15.
Do yeu cau bai toan ch oi hoi la H
0
(X) X, nen ta ch can
chng minh day
154

0 Z S
0
(X) S
1
(X)

la day khp. That vay: neu
z = a
1
+ . . . + a
k
b
1
- . . . b
k
Ker S
0
(X), trong o cac a
i
,
b
j
la cac n hnh k d 0-chieu bien
0
vao a
i
hay b
j
thuoc X, th
do (z) = 0 nen k = t do o z = (a
1
b
1
) + (a
2
b
2
) + . . . + (a
t
- b
t
)
ieu nay chng to he sinh cua Ker gom topan cac phan t dang
(a
j
b
j
). Tuy nhien do X la khong gian lien thong tuyen tnh nen
at ton tai n hnh k d T bien
1
X ma hai bien la a
i
,b
i
do o

T = a
i
- b
i
. Vay he sinh cua Imt cung bao gom cac phan t (a
i
-
b
i
) nh Ker, suy ra Im = Ker (pcm).

3.16. Gia s C la tap loi trong khong gian Euclide, co nh iem
w C, goi la anh xa hang i t C vao {w} nh ngha anh xa

: C [0, 1] C
(u, t) tw + (1 - t)u

Khi o

(u, 0) = 0.w + (1 - 0)u = u = 1
C
(u)

(u, 1) = 1.w + (1 - 1)u = w = (u)

ieu nay chng to C co rut vao iem w C

ii) Gia s X la khong gian to po co rut vao iem a X, khi o
ton tai anh xa lien tuc : X [0, 1] X sao cho (x, 0) = x va
(x, 1) = a, vi moi x X .

Xet bieu o
155


Z S
0
(X) S
1
(X) S
2
(X)

s
0
s
1
0 Z 0 0
f

Z S
0
(X) S
1
(X) S
2
(X)

Trong bieu o tren ong cau la ong cau mang cac n hnh ky
d 0-chieu vao phan t 1 cua Z . ong cau f : Z S
0
(X) la
ong cau mang 1 vao n hnh 0-chieu anh xa vao a. T nh
ngha tren de dang thay c

f = 1 (1)

vi moi n 0, ong luan day chuyen s c xac nh nh sau :
s
n
: S
n
(X) S
n+1
(X) cho bi

s
n
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = (T(x
1
, . . . , x
n
), x
0
)

T cac anh xa la anh xa lien tuc do o s
n
c nh ngha tot.
Theo nh ngha nay, vi moi n 1, ta co

d
0
s
n
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = s
n
T(0, x
1
, . . . , x
n
)

= (T(x
1
, . . . , x
n
), 0)

= T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
)

156
d
0
s
n
T = T (2)

d
+1
s
n
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = s
n
T(x
0
, . . ., x
i
, x
i+2
, . . . , x
n
)

= (T(x
1
, . . . , x
i
, x
i+2
, . . . , x
n
), x
0
)

= s
n-1
d
i
T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
)

d
i+1
s
n
T = s
n-1
d
i
T (3)

Tai n = 0, ta co

d
1
s
0
T(x
0,
x
1
) = s
0
T(1, 0)

= (T(0), 1)

= a = fT(x
0
, x
1
)

d
1
s
0
T = fT (4)

Vi moi n > 0 ta co

s
n
(T) =

=
n
i 0
(-1)
i
d
i
s
n
T
= T + (-1)

=
n
i 1
i
d
i
s
n
T (theo (2) )


= T + (-1)

=
n
i 1
i
s
n-1
d
i-1
T (theo (3))
= T + s
n-1

(-1)
=
n
i 1
i
d
i-1
T

157
= T - s
n-1

=
1
0
n
i
(-1) d
i
i
T (oi bien)

= T - s
n-1
T

Suy ra: s
n-1
+ s
n
= 1 (5)

Tai n = 0, ta co

s
0
T = d
0
s
0
T - d
1
s
o
T = T - f(T)

Suy ra s
0
= 1 - f (6)

T (1), (5) va (6), chng minh hoan toan tng t nh trong bai
tap 3.4 ta co c

H
0
(S(X)) Zva H
n
(S(X)) = 0 vi n > 0.

Cach khac:(cau ii)
V X co rut vao iem x
0
X nen cac anh xa lien tuc 1
X
va
(X) la ong luan vi nhau . Do o H
n
(1
X
) = H
n
() : H
n
(S(X))
H
n
(S(X)) vi moi n. V rang H
n
(1
X
) = 1
Hn(S(X))
, nen e chng minh
H
n
(S(X)) = 0 vi moi n > 0, ta can chng minh H
n
() = 0. Trc
het de thay rang phc k di cua khong gian ch gom mot iem
{x
0
} la S({x
0
}) : 0 1 0
0 Z Z Z Z . . .
do vay H
n
(S({x
0
})) = 0, voi moi n va H
n
(S({x
0
})) Z . Ta
phan tch anh xa thanh tch hai anh xa:

0
j
X {x
0
} X
158

va do o ta c H
n
() = H
n
(j) .H
n
(
0
) ma hien nhien la H
n
(
0
) =
0 vi moi n > 0 bi H
n
(S({x
0
})) = 0. Vay H
n
() = 0 vi moi n. Khi
n = 0, do H
n
() = H
0
(1
X
) , nen H
0
(
0
) phai la n cau va do o la
ang cau : H
0
(
0
) H
0
(S({x
0
})) Z .




















159
CHNG IV

4.1. Gia s A la R mo un. Ta a biet moi mo un eu nhung
vao c mot mo un noi xa nao o. Do o ton tai day khp


0
0 A X
0

Trong o X
0
la mo un noi xa. Lai v X
0
/ A c nhung vao mo
un noi xa X
1
, nen ta co day ong cau


1
i
1
X
0
X
0
/A X
1

at
1
= i
1

1
, khi o
1
la ong cau i t X
0
vao X
1
vi

Ker
1
= (i
1

1
)
-1
(0) = A.

Tiep theo X
1
/Im
1
c nhung vao mo un noi xa X
2
nen ta co
day ong cau


2
i
2
X
1
X
1
/Im
1
X
2

at
2

= i
2

2
, khi o
2
la dong cau i t X
1
vao X
2
co

Ker
2
= (i
2

2
)
1
(0) = Im
1
.

Bang quy nap toan hoc ta thiet lap c day khp cac mo un noi
xa


0

1

2
0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
. . .
160

Day tren chnh la phep giai noi xa ma ta can tm.

e chng minh hai phep giai noi xa tng ng ong luan vi
nhau. Trc tien ta can hai menh e sau.

Menh e 1. Cho h : A B la ong cau cua mo un A vao mo
un B va


X : 0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
. . .

la phep giai noi xa bat ky cua A, va


Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
. . .

la phep giai noi xa bat ky cua B. Khi o ton tai cac ong cau

{f
n
: X
n
Y
n
: n N}

sao cho bieu o sau giao hoan


X : 0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
... X
n
...

h f
0
f
1
f
2
f
n


Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
... Y
n
...

Ngha la {f
n
: X
n
Y
n
: n N} va h lap thanh bien oi day
chuyen t X vao Y

161

Chng minh.
Xet bieu o


0
0 A X
0
h f
0

0
0 B Y
0

V
0
la n cau va Y
0
la mo un noi xa nen ton tai f
0
t X
0
vao
Y
0
sao cho hnh vuong ben phai giao hoan ngha la

f
0

0
=
0
h

Gia s vi 0 m < n ta a xay dng c cac ong cau

f
m
: X
m
Y
m

Sao cho bieu o sau giao hoan


X
m-1
X
m
X
m+1
f
m-1
f
m
f
m+1

Y
m-1
Y
m
Y
m+1

Xet bieu o

X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
f
n-1
f
n
f
n+1

Y
n-1
Y
n
Y
n+1
162

T Y
n+1
la mo un noi xa cac dong la khp. Ap dung bai tap 3.7,
ton tai ong cau f
n+1
t X
n+1
vao Y
n+1
sao cho hnh vuong ben
phai giao hoan. Nh the ta a hoan thanh viec thiet lap mot bien
oi day chuyen f : X Y va menh e c chng minh.

Menh e 2. Cho X va Y la hai phep giai noi xa cua cac mo un
A va B, f = {f
n
, h} va g = {g
n
, h} la cac bien oi day chuyen t
X vao Y. Khi o f ong luan day chuyen vi g.

Chng minh . Ta phai xay dng ong cau

k
n
: X
n
Y
n

sao cho k
n+1
+ k
n
= f
n
- g
n
vi moi n N.

at k
0
= 0 : X
0
B. Gia s vi n 0 ta a dng c cac ong
cau

k
m
: X
m
Y
m
0 m n

sao cho k
m+1
+ k
m
= f
m
- g
m

xet bieu o


X
n-1
X
n
X
n+1
t
n

k
n+1

Y
n


Trong o t
n
:= f
n
- g
n
- k
n

Khi o ta co
163

t
n
= f
n
- g
n
- k
n


= f
n-1
- g
n-1
- (k
n-1
+ f
n-1
- g
n-1
)

= -k
n-1

= 0

T X
n
la mo un noi xa va dong la khp. Ap dung bai tap 2.6 ton
tai ong cau

k
n+1
: X
n+1
Y
n+1

sao cho k
n+1
= t
n
= f
n
- g
n
- k
n


hay k
n+1
+ k
n
= f
n
- g
n

Bay gi gia s

X : 0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
. . .

Y : 0 A Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
. . .

la hai phep giai noi xa cua cung mo un A.

Khi o ton tai bien oi day chuyen

f = {f
n
: X
n
Y
n
: n -1}

g = {g
n
: Y
n
X
n
: n -1}

trong o f
-1
va g
-1
la cac t ong cau ong nhat cua A. Nh vay
gf ong luan vi t ong cau ong nhat cua X, fg ong luan vi
164
t ong cau ong nhat cua Y ieu nay ket thuc chng minh bai
toan.

4.2. Gia s A la mo un tren vanh chnh R. T moi mo un eu
ang cau vi mo un thng cua mo un t do. Do o ta thu c
day khp ngan

i
0 X
1
X
0
A 0

ay X
0
la mo un t do, X
0
/X
1
A, i la phep nhung, la anh
xa t nhien. Do X
1
la mo un con cua mo un t do X
0
tren vanh
chnh nen X
1
la mo un t do. Nh vay day khp ngan tren co
the xet nh la phep giai t do cua A vi X
n
= 0 vi moi n > 1.

4.3. Gia s


0

1

2

n
Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
. . . Y
n
. . .

la phep giai xa anh cua B. Vi moi n N , at

i
n
la phep nhung Ker
n
vao Y
n
.


n
: Y
n
Im
n
cho bi
n
(y) =
n
(y) vi moi y Y
n
.

1 la ong cau ong nhat tren A.


Qua cach at tren ta co

i
n

n+1
=
n+1
, vi moi n N.

Bay gi phan tch Y thanh nhng day khp ngan sau
165


0
i
0
0 B Y
0
Ker
0
0

1
i
1
0 Im
1
Y
1
Ker
1
0

2
i
2
0 Im
2
Y
2
Ker
2
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

n
i
n
0 Im
n
Y
n
Ker
n
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theo tnh chat cua tch xoan, ta thu c cac day khp sau

1 i
0
0 A B A Y
0
A Ker
0
Tor(A, B)

Tor(A, Y
0
) = 0 Tor(A, Ker
0
) Tor
2
(A, B)

0 = Tor
2
(A, Y
1
) . . . (1)

1
1
1 i
1
0 A Im
1
A Y
1
A Ker
1
. . . (2)

Day (1) cho ta

Tor(A, B) Ker(1 i
0
) va Tor
2
(A, B) Tor(A, Ker
0
)

Ta co

Ker(1
1
) = < {ay
1
A Y
1
: y
1
Ker
1
} >

166
= < {ay
1
A Y
1
: y
1
Ker i
0

1
} >

= < {ay
1
A Y
1
: y
1
Ker
1
} >

= < {ay
1
A Y
1
: y
1
im
2
} >

= Im(1
2
).

suy ra

H(A Y) Ker(1
1
) / Im(1
2
)

Ker[(1 i
0
)(1
1
)] / Ker(1
1
)

Ker(1 i
0
)

Tor(A, B)

Gia s vi moi 1 m n, ta co

H
m
(A Y) Tor
m
(A, B) va Tor
m+1
(A, B) Tor(A, Ker
m-1
)

Xet day khp sau

1 i
n
0 A Imn A Y
n
A Ker
n
Tor(A, Im
n
)

Tor(A, Y
n
) = 0 Tor(A, Ker
n
) Tor
2
(A, Im
n
)

0 = Tor
2
(A, Y
1
) . . . (3)


Day (3) cho ta

167
Tor(A, Im
n
) Ker(1 i
n
)

Ta co

Ker(1
n+1
) = < {ay
n+1
A Y
n+1
: y
n+1
Ker
n+1
} >

= < {ay
n+1
A Y
n+1
: y
1
Ker i
n

n+1
} >

= < {ay
n+1
A Y
n+1
: y
n+1
Ker
n+1
} >

= < {ay
n+1
A Y
n+1
: y
1
im
n+2
} >

= Im(1
n+2
).

suy ra

H
n+1
(A Y) Ker(1
n+1
) / Im(1
n+2
)

Ker[(1 i
n
)(1
n+1
)] / Ker(1
n+1
)

Ker(1 i
n
)

Tor(A, Im
n
)

Tor(A, Ker
n-1
)

Tor
n+1
(A, B) (gia thiet quy nap)

4.4. Gia s ta co

f
0 A P A 0

la day khp ngan cua cac R mo un phai
168
g
0 B Q B 0

la day khp ngan R mo un trai trong o P va Q la cac mo un
xa anh. Goi Y la phep giai xa anh tuy ycua B


1

0
Y : . . . Y
n+1
Y
n
. . . Y
1
Y
0
B 0

Do
0
la toan cau va g la n cau nen ta co

Kerg
0
= Ker
0
va Img
0
= Img = Ker

at


-1
=


0
= g
0


n
=
n-1
, vi moi n > 0

Y
0
= Q

Y
n
= Y
n-1
, vi moi n > 0

Ta thu c phep giai xa anh cua B

'
n+1

2

1

0

Y : . . . Y
n+1
Y
n
. . . Y
2
Y
1
Y
0
B 0

ieu nay tng ng


n

1
g
0

Y : . . .Y
n
Y
n-1
. . . Y
1
Y
0
Q B 0

169
Ten x vi A ta thu c day na khp

1'
n+1
1'
2
. . . A Y
n
A Y
n-1
. . . A Y
1

1
2
1
1
1
0

A Y
0
A Q A B 0

Vi n > 1 ta co

Tor(A, B) = H
n
(A Y) Ker(1
n
) / Im(1'
n+1
)

Ker(1
n-1
)/ Im(1
n
)

H
n-1
(A, Y)

Tai n =1, do tnh khp cua day

Y
1
Y
0
B 0

va tch ten x bao toan tnh khp phai, nen ta thu c day khp

1
1
1
0

AY
1
A Y
0
A B 0

V vay

H(A Y) Ker(1
1
) / Im(1
2
)

Ker(1g
0
)/ Im(1
1
)

Ker(1g
0
)/ Ker(1
0
)

Ker(1g)

Tng t chon X la phep giai xa anh cua:
170

A: X
n+1
X
n
. . . X
1
X
0
0

khi noi vi day khp : f
0 A P A 0

ta thu c phep giai xa anh X cua A, va ten x vi B ta c:

X B: . . . X
n+1
B . . . X
1
B
X
0
B P B A B 0

Vi n > 1 ta co: Tor
n
(A, B) = H
n-1
(X B) = Tor
n-1
(A, B). con khi
n = 1 : H(X B) = Ker(f 1). Bay gi vi n > 2 , ta co

Tor
n
(A, B) Tor
n-1
(A, B)

H
n-1
(A Y) (bai tap 4.3)

H
n-2
(A Y )

Tor
n-2
(A, B) (bai tap 4.3)

tai n = 2, ta co

Tor
2
(A, B) Tor(A, B)

H(A Y)

Ker(1g) (1)

Mat khac t

0 A P A 0

171
la day khp ngan va Q la mo un xa anh, do o ta thu c day
khp ngan sau

f1
0 A Q P Q A Q 0

ac biet ta co f1 la n cau. Xet day ong cau sau

1g f1
A B A Q P Q

Ta co

Ker(fg) Ker[(f1)(1g)]

(1g)
-1
[Ker(f1)]

(1g)
-1
(0)

Ker(1g) (2)

Vi (1) va (2), ta co

Tor
2
(A, B) Ker(1g) Ker(fg)


4.5. (a b) Gia s ta co Tor(A, B) = 0 vi moi mo un trai B
tren R. Cho C la R mo un trai bat ky. T moi mo un eu
ang cau vi mo un thng cua mot mo un t do nao o . Do
o ta thu c day khp ngan

i
1

1
0 M F C 0

172
Trong o F la mo un t do. Theo tnh chat cua tch xoan, t day
khp tren ta thu c day khp sau

Tor
2
(A, F) Tor
2
(A, C) Tor(A, M)

Bi gia thiet ta co Tor(A, M) = 0 va t F la mo un xa anh nen
Tor
2
(A, F) = 0. Do o ta nhan c Tor
2
(A, C) = 0.

Gia s Tor
m
(A, C) = 0 vi moi 1 m n. Khi o vi day khp

0 = Tor
n+1
(A, F) Tor
n+1
(A, C) Tor
n
(A, M) = 0

ta nhan c Tor
n+1
(A, C) = 0. Vay theo nguyen ly qui nap
Tor
n
(A, c) = 0 vi moi n > 0.

(b c) Gia s f : X Y la n cau cua cac mo un trai tren R.
Ta co day khp ngan

f g
0 X Y Y/Imf 0

ay g la phep chieu t nhien. Theo tnh chat tch xoan ta thu
c day khp

if
0 = Tor(A, Y/Imf) A X A Y

ieu nay chng to if la n cau.

(c d) Gia s vi moi n cau f cac R mo un trai tren R ta
co if cung la n cau. Cho day khp ngan

f g
0 X Y Z 0
173

T tch ten x chuyen moi day khp ngan thanh day khp phai.
Do o ta thu c day khp

if ig
A X A Y A Z 0 (*)

theo gia thiet th if la n cau, do o ta nhan c

if ig
0 A X A Y A Z 0

la day khp ngan (pcm).

(d a) Gia s A la R mo un phai va B la R mo un trai.
Nhung B vao day khp ngan

f g
0 M F B 0

ay F la mo un t do va F/M B. Theo gia thiet day

if ig
0 A M A F A B 0

cung la day khp. Theo tnh chat tch xoan day


*
if
0 = Tor(A, F) Tor(A, B) A M A F

la khp. Mat khac Ker(if) = Im
*
= 0, suy ra Tor(A, B) = 0.

(a e) Gia s ta co Tor(A, B) = 0 vi moi R - mo un trai B.
Cho day khp
174

f g
0 A A A 0

Theo tnh chat ten x ta co day khp phai

f1 g1
A B A B A B 0

T tnh chat tch xoan ta co day khp

f1
0 = Tor(A, B) A B A B

ac biet f1 la n cau. Suy ra ta co day khp ngan

f1 g1
0 A B A B A B 0

(e a) Gia s A la R mo un phai va B la R mo un trai.
Nhung A vao day khp

f g
0 M F A 0

ay F la mo un t do va F/M A. Theo gia thiet day

f1 g1
0 M B F B A B 0

cung la day khp. Theo tnh chat tch xoan day


*
f1
0 = Tor(F, B) Tor(A, B) M B F B
175

la khp. Mat khac Ker(f1) = Im
*
= 0, suy ra Tor(A, B) = 0.

4.6. T A va B la cac nhom aben t do nen ta co the coi A va B
nh la cac Z - mo un. Do Z la vanh chnh theo bai tap 4.2 th ton
tai phep giai xa anh cua A la

0 0 0 f g
X : . . . X
n
. . . X
1
X
0
A 0

Trong o X
n
= 0 vi moi n 2.V vay ta thu c day khp

f 1 g 1
. . . 0 X
1
B X
0
B A B 0

do o Tor(A, B) Ker(f 1).

at M(A, B) := F/G. Theo gia thiet ta co the coi M(A, B) nh la
nhom aben sinh ra bi cac bo ba (a, b, n) A B Z , vi n Z
va na = 0 trong A, nb = 0 trong B, thoa cac quan he sau

i) (a + a, b, n) = (a, b, n) + (a, b, n) na = na = nb = 0

ii) (a, b + b, n) = (a, b, n) + (a, b, n) nb = nb = na = 0

iii) (a, b, mn) = (ma, b, n) nma = 0 = nb

iv) (a, b, mn) = (a, mb, n) nmb = 0 = na

Vi moi (a, b, n) M(A, B), ta chon co nh phan t x
a
X
1

sao cho x
a
f
-1
[ng
-1
(a)]. nh ngha anh xa (xet giam tren phan
t sinh)

176
: M (A, B) Ker(f 1)
(a, b, n) x
a
b

Ta se chng minh anh xa c nh ngha tot. That vay, ta co

g[ng
-1
(a)] = ngg
-1
(a) = na = 0

suy ra ng
-1
(a) Kerg = Imf. Do o f
-1
[ng
-1
(a)] xac nh. Mat
khac lay x g
-1
(a) ta co

(f 1)(x
a
b) = nx b = x nb = x 0 = 0

Vay x
a
b Ker(f 1).

Cuoi cung, do f la n cau nen e chng minh anh xa c
xac nh ta ch can chng minh phan t x
a
b khong phu thuoc
vao s chon la phan t trong g
-1
(a).
Gia s ta co y, y g
-1
(a), khi o (y y) Kerg = Imf vay ton
tai x X
1
sao cho y = y + f(x) suy ra

f
-1
(ny) b = f
-1
[n (y + f(x)] b]

= [f
-1
(ny) b] + (nx b)

= [f
-1
(ny) b] + (x nb)

= [f
-1
(ny) b] + (x 0)

= f
-1
(ny) b

T cac quan he (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) , n thuan tnh toan ta suy ra
c la ong cau.

Lay phan t x b Ker(f1), khi o
177

f(x) b = 0.

T X
0
la mo un t do tren vanh chnh nen f(X
1
) cung la mo un
t do tren vanh chnh, v vay vi moi x X
1
*
, f(x) la phan t
khong xoan. Suy ra neu b 0 ma phan t f(x) b = 0, ta phai
co mot m sao cho f(x) = mx
0
va mb = 0 vi mot x
0
X
0
nao o.

T nhan xet tren vi quy c ghi chep nh the. Ta nh ngha
anh xa
: Ker(f 1) M(A, B)
(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) neu b 0, x 0
(x b) = 0 neu x = 0 hoac b = 0

Ta se chng minh c nh ngha tot.

That vay neu b 0 theo nh ngha ta co

mb = 0, mg(x
0
) = g(mx
0
) = gf(x) = 0

suy ra (g(x
0
), b, m) M(A, B). Gia s b 0 va f(x) = mx
0
= mx
0

trong o m m. at

m
x
= min {m N : y X
0
, my = f(x) va mb = 0}

Khi o ton tai r,s Z, sao cho

r m
x
= m, s m
x
= m

suy ra neu f(x) = m
x
y th rx
0
= y va sx
0
= y. Do o

178
(x b ) = (g(x
0
), b , m)

= (g(x
0
), b, r m
x
)

= (g(r x
0
), b, m
x
)

= (g(y), b, m
x
)

= (g(sx
0
), b, m
x
)

= (g(x
0
), b, sm
x
)

= (g(x
0
), b, m)

Vay hoan toan xac nh. Bay gi ta chng minh la ong cau,
that vay vi b , bla hai phan t khac khong ta co

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) vi f(x) = mx
0
va mb = 0

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) vi f(x) = mx
0

va mb = 0

at t = [m, m]. T f(X
1
) la mo un t do tren Z nen ton tai phan
t y X
0
sao cho f(x) = ty, ro rang tb = 0 = tb. Suy ra

(x b) = (g(y), b, t)

(x b) = (g(y), b, t)

do o
(x b) + (x b) = (g(y), b, t) + (g(y), b, t)

= (g(y), b + b, t)

= (x (b + b))
179

gia s, ta co x, x, b 0 khi o

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) mx
0
= f(x) , mb = 0

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) mx
0
= f(x) , mb = 0

Goi k la cap cua b. Khi o ton tai r, r Z , sao cho

m = r k va m = rk

v vay

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) = (g(rx
0
), b, k)

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, m) = (g(rx
0
), b, k)

suy ra

(x b) + (x b) = (g(rx
0
), b, k) + (g(rx
0
), b, k)

= (g(rx
0
+ rx
0
), b, k)

T
f(x) = mx
0
= rkx
0
va f(x) = mx
0
= rkx
0


ta nhan c f(x + x ) = k(rx
0
+ rkx
0
) . V vay

(x b) + (x b) = (g(rx
0
+ rx
0
), b, k) = (x + x b)

Cac trng hp x = 0, x = 0, b = 0, b = 0 eu de dang kiem
c. V bao toan cac he thc cua cac phan t sinh trong tch
ten x nen c m rong thanh ong cau tren toan the tch ten
x.
180

Vi (a, b, n) M(A, B), lay x
0
g
-1
(a) at x
a
= f
-1
(nx
0
) theo nh
ngha cua ta co (a, b, n) = (x
a
b). Ro rang f(x
a
) = nx
0
va
nb = 0 vay t nh ngha cua ta co (x
a
b) = (g(x
0
), b, n) = (a,
b, n). Suy ra va 1
M
ong nhat tren he sinh nen chung bang
nhau.

Vi (x b) Ker(f 1), theo nh ngha cua th

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, n)

trong o nx
0
= f(x) va nb = 0. Ro rang x f
-1
{ng
-1
[g(x
0
)]} do o

(x b) = (g(x
0
), b, n) = (x b)

Nh vay va 1
Ker(f1)
ong nhat tren he sinh vay chung bang
nhau. Cac ket qua chng minh tren cho ta

M(A, B) Ker(f 1) Tor(A, B)

Cuoi cung, neu A la mo un khong xoan t ieu kien na = 0 ta
co n = 0 hoac a = 0. Do o M(A, B) ch cha cac phan t sinh co
dang (a, b, 0) hoac (0, b, n) . Mat khac

(0, b, n) = (0 0, b, n) = (0, b, n) (0, b, 0) = 0

(a, b, 0) = (0.a, b, 0) = (0, b, 0) = 0

Nh vay M ch cha phan t sinh la phan t 0 do o M = 0. T
ket qua M(A, B) Tor(A, B), ta co Tor(A, B) = 0. Trong trng
hp B la nhom aben khong xoan, chng minh tng t ta cung co
Tor(A, B) = 0.

4.7. Gia s ta co day khp ngan
181

f g
0 A F A 0

Trong o F la mo un t do, khi o Imf A. Mat khac t F la
mo un t do tren vanh chnh do o Imf la mo un t do, ieu
nay chng to A la mo un t do. Nh vay day khp ngan tren
hoan toan co the xem nh la phep giai xa anh cua A vi X
0
= F,
X
1
= A con vi n > 1 th X
n
= 0 . Ten x vi B ta nhan c day
na khp sau

fi gi
0 . . . 0 A B F B A B 0

Suy ra Tor
n
(A, B) = 0 vi moi n > 1 va Tor(A, B) = Ker(f i).

4.8. Gia s ta co day khp cac R mo un trai

f g
0 B B B 0

Va A la mo un phai tren vanh chnh. Theo bai tap 4.2 ton tai
phep giai xa anh


1

0
X : . . . X
n
. . . 0 X
1
X
0
A 0

trong o X
n
= 0 vi moi n 2. Do o vi n > 1 Tor
n
(A, C) = 0
vi moi R mo un trai C.

Theo tnh chat cua tch xoan ta thu c day khp sau

. . . 0 = Tor
2
(A, B) Tor(A, B) Tor(A, B)
182

A B A B A B 0

4.9. Ky hieu M(A, B) la nhom aben a mieu ta nh trong bai
giai 4.6. Xet bo e sau

Bo e

i) M(A B, C) M(A, C) M(B, C)

ii) M(A, B C) M(A, B) M(A, C)

iii) M(Z
m
, Z
n
) Z
d
vi d = (m, n)

Chng minh.

i) T tnh chat quan he (i) cua M(A, B) ta co

M(A B, C) = M(A, C) + M(B, C)

Hn na t A B = 0, nen M(A, C) M(B, C) = 0. do o I I

M(A B, C) = M(A, C) M(B, C)

ii) Chng minh tng t nh trong (i)

iii) Ta a biet moi nhom con cua mot nhom cyclic la cyclic va
mot nhom con cyclic cap k eu ang cau theo ngha Zmo un
vi Z
k
. at

A = {a Z
n
: ma = 0}

183
hien nhien A la nhom con cyclic cap d = (m, n) do o A Z
d
.
Xet anh xa

: A M(Z
m
, Z
n
)
a (1 + m Z, a, m)

ta co : m(1 + m Z) = m + m Z = 0 va ma = 0, suy ra c nh
ngha tot. Hn na vi a, b A, ta co

(a + b) = (1 + m Z, a + b, m)

= (1 + m Z, a, m) + (1 + m Z, b, m)

= (a) + (b)

do o la ong cau. Ta nh ngha anh xa sau

: M(Z
m
, Z
n
) A
(r + m Z, s + n Z, k) k.r.s.m
-1

+ nZ

T kr + m Z = 0 ta co mkr v vay k.r.s.m
-1
la so nguyen. Hn
na ta con co nks, v vay

m(k.r.s.m
-1
) + nZ = krs + nZ = 0

184
bay gi neu r + m Z = r + m Z va s + n Z = s + Z th r = r +
tm va s = s + ln vi t, l Z . Khi o

(r + mZ, s + n Z , k) = k.r.s.m
-1
+ n Z

= k(r + tm)(s + ln)m
-1
+ n Z

= (krsm
-1
+ n Z) + (kts + nZ) +
+ (krlnm
-1
+ n Z) + (ktln + n Z)

= krsm
1
+ n Z

= (r+ n Z, s + Z, k)

Vay hoan toan xac nh .
T cac tnh chat quan he cua M(Z
m
, Z
n
) ta co la ong cau.
Cuoi cung, ta co

(r + n Z, s + n Z, k) = (krsm
-1
+ n Z)

= (1 + m Z, krsm
-1
+ n Z , m)

= (1 + n Z, 1 + n Z, krs)

= (r + m Z, s + n Z , k)

185
(a) = (1 + m Z, a, m) = a.

vay M(Z
m
, Z
n
) A Z
d
(pcm).

T gia thiet A va B la cac nhom aben hu han nen A va B ang
cau vi tong trc tiep cua nhng nhom con cyclic hu han. Mat
khac moi nhom con cyclic hu han cap m ang cau vi Z
m
. Do
o A va B ang cau vi tong trc tiep cac Z
m
. T (i), (ii) trong
bo e, nh ly tong trc tiep cua tch ten x, viec chng minh bai
toan tng ng vi viec chng minh

M(Z
m
, Z
n
) Z
m
Z
n
. (*)

ang cau (*) la hien nhien t (iii) cua bo e va bai tap 2.14.

4.10. Gia s ta co phep giai xa anh cua A la


o

1

2
X : 0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
. . . X
n
. . .

Tac ong ham t Hom(-, B) len day khp tren ta co

Hom(
0
, 1) Hom(
1
, 1)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(X
0
, B)

Hom(
2
, 1)
Hom(X
1
, B) Hom(X
2
, B) . . .

theo nh ngha cua tch m rong ta co

Ext(A, B) = Ker[Hom(
2
, 1)] / Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]
186

Vi h : A B , do X
0
la mo un xa anh va g la toan cau nen ton
tai ong cau
h
: X
0
B sao cho g
h
= h
0
. Ap dung bai tap
1.18 ton tai duy nhat ong cau
h
: X
1
B sao cho f
h
=
h

1
.
Ap dung bai tap 2.4 ton tai ong cau 0 : X
2
0 sao cho
h

2
= 0


o

1

2
0 A X
0
X
1
X
2

h
h

h
0
g f
0 B B B 0

Vay
h
Ker[Hom(
2
, 1)] ay 1 la ong cau ong nhat cua B
Bay gi ta nh ngha anh xa

E
: Hom(A, B) Ker[Hom(
2
, 1)]/ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]
h
h
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]

Trc tien ta chng minh anh xa xac nh ngha la khong phu
thuoc vao ong cau
h
ma ch phu thuoc tnh giao hoan cua bieu
o. That vay, neu ta co
h
thoa ieu kien

g
h
= h
0
va f
h
=
h

1

khi o ta xac nh anh xa

: X
0
B cho bi (x) = f
-1
(
h
-
h
)(x)

t f la n cau nen hoan toan xac nh. Hn na vi moi x, x
X
o
, goi b, b B thoa

f(b) = (
h
-
h
)(x), f(b) = (
h
-
h
)(x)

187
khi o

b = f
-1
(
h
-
h
)(x)

b = f
-1
(
h
-
h
)(x)

f( b + b) = (
h
-
h
)(x + x)

b + b = f
-1
(
h
-
h
)( x + x)

suy ra

(x + x) = f
-1
(
h
-
h
)( x + x)

= b + b

= f
-1
(
h
-
h
)( x ) + f
-1
(
h
-
h
)( x)

= (x) + (x)

vay la ong cau. Vi ong cau xay dng tren ta
co ket qua sau

f(
h
+
1
) = f
h
+ f f
-1
(
h
-
h
)
1


= f
h
+
h

1
-
h

1


= f
h
+ f
h
- f
h
(bieu o giao hoan)

= f
h



h
+
1
=
h
(t f n cau)

nhng
1
Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] nen

188

h
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] =
h
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]

Vay
E
hoan toan xac nh, de dang thay c
E
la ong cau.
Vi h Hom(A, B), ta co

f*
E
(h) = f
h
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]

=
h

1
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)]

= 0

suy ra Im
E
Kerf*. e thay c bao ham ngc, lay phan t t
+ Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] Kerf* khi o ft Im[Hom(
1
, 1
B
)] tc ton tai
ong cau : X
0
B sao cho ft =
1



o

1

2
0 A X
0
X
1
X
2

h t
g f
0 B B B 0

ong cau h c xac nh nh sau : vi moi a A chon co nh x

0
-1
(a) nh ngha h(a) = g(x). Ta chng minh h c nh
ngha tot, that vay neu x, x
0
-1
(a), t dong la khp nen ton tai
x
1
X
1
sao cho x = x +
1
(x
1
) khi o

g(x) = g(x +
1
(x
1
))

= g(x) + g
1
(x
1
)

= g(x) + gft(x
1
) = g(x)

189
de dang thay c h la ong cau va h
0
= g, do o bieu o tren
giao hoan ieu nay chng to
E
(h) = t + Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] suy ra
Kerf* Im
E
.
4. 11. Gia s


0

1

2

n
Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
. . . Y
n
. . .
la phep giai noi xa cua B. Vi moi n N, at
i
n
la phep nhung Im
n
vao Y
n


n
* : Y
n-1
Im
n
cho bi
n
*(y) =
n
(y) vi moi y Y
n-1

1 la ong cau ong nhat tren A.

Qua cach at tren ta co

i
n

n
* =
n
, vi moi n .

Bay gi phan tch Y thanh nhng daykhp sau


0

1
*
0 B Y
0
Im
1
0
i
1

2
*
0 Im
1
Y
1
Im
2
0
i
2

3
*
0 Im
2
Y
2
Im
3
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
n

n+1
*
0 Im
n
Y
n
Im
n+1
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

190
Theo tnh chat cua tch m rong , ta thu c cac day khp sau

0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, Y
0
) Hom(A, Ker
0
)

E
Ext(A, B) Ext(A, Y
0
) = 0 Ext(A, Im
1
)

Ext
2
(A, B) 0 = Ext
2
(A, Y
0
) . . . (1)

Hom(1, i
1
) Hom(1,
1
*)
0 Hom(A, Im
1
) Hom(A, Y
1
) Hom(A,Im
2
) (2)

Day (1) cho Ext(A, B) Im
E
va Ext
2
(A, B) Ext(A, Im
1
)

tac ong ham t Hom(A, - ) len Y ta co day na khp sau

Hom(1,
0
) Hom(1,
1
)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, Y
0
) Hom(A, Y
1
)

Hom(1,
2
)
Hom(A, Y
2
) . . .

theo nh ngha H
1
(A, Y) = Ker[Hom(1,
2
)]/ Im[Hom(1,
1
)]
mat khac vi : A Y
1
ta co

2
= 0 i
2

2
* = 0
2
* = 0

ieu nay chng to Ker[Hom(1,
2
)] = Ker[Hom(1,
2
*)]


2
*
A Y
1
Im
2
i
2


2

Y
2

191

t day khp

i
1

2
*
0 Im
1
Y
1
Im
2
0

ta thu c day khp sau
Hom(1, i
1
) Hom(1,
2
*)
0 Hom(A, Im
1
) Hom(A, Y
1
) Hom(A, Im
2
)

do o

Ker[Hom(1,
2
)] = Ker[Hom(1,
2
*)] = Im[Hom(1, i
1
)]

Suy ra H
1
(A, Y) Im[Hom(1, i
1
)] / Im[Hom(1,
1
)]
Vi ky hieu tng t nh trong bai tap 4.10 ta nh
ngha anh xa sau : Im[Hom(1, i
1
)] Im
E
i
1
h
E
(h)





o

1

2
0 A X
0
X
1
X
2

h
h

h


1
*
0

0 Im
1
Y
0
B 0

Do
0
la n cau nen xac nh, hien nhien la toan cau ta se
chng minh la ang cau. e y neu
h
va
h
a xac nh th
ong cau h la duy nhat e bieu o giao hoan, that vay neu ta co
h trong bieu o thoa h
0
=
1
*
h,
, khi o h
h
= h

do
0
la
toan cau nen h = h.
192
Bay gi ta chng minh Ker = Im[Hom(1,
1
)]. Lay i
1
hKer
khi o
h
Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] vay ton tai : X
0
B sao cho
h
=

1
(xem bieu o di)
Ta xac nh ong cau : A Y
0
nh sau : vi moi a A chon
co nh phan t x
0
-1
(a), (a) := (
h
-
0
)(x). ong cau
nh ngha tren hoan toan xac nh, that vay neu x, x Ker
0
-1

th ton tai x
1
X
1
sao cho x = x+
1
(x
1
) suy ra

(
h
-
0
)(x) = (
h
-
0
)(x +
1
(x
1
))
= (
h
-
0
)(x) +
h

1
(x
1
) -
0

1
(x
1
)

= (
h
-
0
)(x) +
h

1
(x
1
) -
0

h
(x
1
) = (
h
-
0
)(x)


1
*
0
=
1
*(
h
-
0
)

=
1
*
h
-
1
*
0


=
1
*
h
.


o

1

2
0 A X
0
X
1
X
2

h
h

h


1
*
0

0 Im
1
Y
0
B 0
i
1

1


Y
1

T tnh duy nhat cua h e bieu o giao hoan, ta co h =
1
* suy
ra i
1
h =
1
ieu nay chng to i
1
h Im[Hom(1,
1
)] do o
Ker Im[Hom(1,
1
)]. Bay gi vi ong cau : A Y
0
ta co

1
= i
1

1
* at h :=
1
* , ta xac nh ong cau : X
0
B nh
193
sau :=
0
-1
(
h
-
0
) do
0
la n cau nen hoan toan xac nh.
Hn na
0

1
= (
h
-
0
)
1
=
h

1
-
0

1
=
h

h
=
0

h

bi
0
la n cau nen
1
=
h
suy ra
h
Im[Hom(
1
, 1)] ieu
nay chng to
1
Ker. Vay Ker = Im[Hom(1,
1
)] do o ta
co ang cau

H
1
(A, Y) = Im[Hom(1, i
1
)]/Im[Hom(1,
1
)] Im
E
Ext(A, B)

Gia s vi moi 1 m n, ta co

H
m
(A, Y) Ext
m
(A, B) va Ext
m+1
(A, B) Ext(A, Im
m
)

Xet cac day khp sau

0 Hom(A, Im
n
) Hom(A, Y
n
) Hom(A, Im
n+1
)

+1 n
E
Ext(A, Im
n
) Ext(A, Y
n
) = 0 Ext(A, Im
n+1
)

Ext
2
(A, Im
n
) 0 = Ext
2
(A, Y
n
) . . . (1)

Hom(1, i
n+1
) Hom(1,
n+2
*)
0 Hom(A, Im
n
) Hom(A, Y
1
) Hom(A,Im
2
) (2)

Tng t nh trong chng minh vi n =1, ta co

H
n+1
(A, Y) Ker[Hom(1,
n+2
)]/ Im[Hom(1,
n+1
)]

Im[Hom(1, i
n+1
)]/ Im[Hom(1,
n+1
)]

Im[

+1 n
E
]

Ext(A, Im
n
)
Ext
n+1
(A, B)
194
Va

Ext(A, Im
n+1
) Ext
2
(A, Im
n
) Ext
n+2
(A, B)

Theo quy nap bai toan c chng minh.

4.12. Gia s ta co day khp ngan

f g
0 B J B 0

trong o J la mo un noi xa. Goi


0

1

Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n
. . .

la mot phep giai noi xa cua B. at

0
= f ,
1
=
0
g ,
n
=
n-1
vi moi n > 1

Y
1
= J , Y
n
= Y
n-1


ta thu c phep giai noi xa cua B la:


0

1

2
Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n
. . .

hay
f
0
g
1
Y : 0 B J Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n-1
. . .


tac dung ham t Hom(A, -) vao hai phep giai noi xa cua B va B
ta co
195

Hom(i,
0
) Hom(i,
1
)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, Y
0
) Hom(A, Y
1
)

. . . Hom(A, Y
n
) . . .

Hom(i, f) Hom(i,
0
g) Hom(i,
1
)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, J) Hom(A, Y
0
)

Hom(A, Y
1
) . . . Hom(A, Y
n
) . . .

Vi n > 1, ta co :

Ext
n
(A, B) H
n
(A, Y) (bai tap 4.10)

Ker[Hom(i,
n
)]/ Im[Hom(i,
n-1
)]

Ker[Hom(i,
n-1
)]/ Im[Hom(i,
n-2
)]

H
n-1
(A, Y)

Ext
n-1
(A, B)

Tai n = 1. Do tnh chat khp trai cua ham t Hom(A, -), nen t
day khp ngan

f g
0 B J B 0

ta co c day khp sau
Hom(i, f) Hom(i, g)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, J) Hom(A, B)

Nh vay Ker[Hom(i, g)] = Im[Hom(i, f)].

196
Xet day ong cau

Hom(i,
0
)
Hom(A, B) Im[Hom(1,
0
)]

Im[Hom(i,
0
) / Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]

Trong o la anh xa t nhien. at

:= .Hom(i,
0
) ; C:= Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]

Khi o la toan cau vi

Ker = {h Hom(A, B) : Hom(i,
0
)(h) + C = 0}

= {h Hom(A, B) :
0
h Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]}

= {h Hom(A, B) : t Hom(A, J),
0
h =
0
gt}

= {h Hom(A, B) : t Hom(A, J), h = gt}

= {h Hom(A, B) : t Hom(A, J), h = Hom(i, g) (t)}

= Im[Hom(i, g)]

Suy ra

Hom(A, B)/ Ker Hom(A, B) /Im[Hom(i, g)]

Im[Hom(i,
0
)]/ Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]

Vay

Coker[Hom(i, g)] Hom(A, B)/ Im[Hom(i, g)]

Im[Hom(i,
0
)]/ Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]
197

Ker[Hom(i,
1
)] / Im[Hom(i,
0
g)]

H
1
(A, Y)

Ext(A, B)

4.13. Gia s ta co cac day khp ngan nhng R - mo un trai
f
0 A P A 0
g
0 B J B 0

trong o P la mo un xa anh va J la mo un noi xa. Goi

0

1

Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n
. . .

la mot phep giai noi xa cua B. at

0
= f ,
1
=
0
g ,
n
=
n-1
vi moi n > 1

Y
1
= J , Y
n
= Y
n-1


ta thu c phep giai noi xa cua B la:


0

1

2
Y : 0 B Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n
. . .

hay
f
0
g
1
Y : 0 B J Y
0
Y
1
. . . Y
n-1
. . .

tac dung ham t Hom(A, -) vao phep giai noi xa cua B ta co

198
Hom(1, f) Hom(1,
0
g) Hom(1,
1
)
0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, J) Hom(A, Y
0
)

Hom(A, Y
1
) . . . Hom(A, Y
n
) . . .

vi moi n > 2, ta co

Ext
n
(A, B) ExT
n-1
(A, B)
tng t vi phep giai cua A la


0

1
X : 0 A X
0
X
1
. . . X
n
. . .

Khi noi vi day khp : f
0 A P A 0

ta c phep giai xa anh cua A la:

f.
0
X: 0 A P X
0
X
1
. . . X
n
. . .

Tac ong ham t Hom( - , B) vao phep giai tren ta c phc:

Hom(X, B) : 0 Hom(A, B) Hom(P, B) Hom(X
0
, B) ...

va vi n > 1 ta co: Ext
n
(A, B) = Ext
n-1
(A, B). Vay vi n > 2.
Ket hp hai s kien lai ta co:

Ext
n
(A, B) Ext
n-1
(A, B) Ext
n-2
(A, B)

Tai n = 2, theo bai tap 4.11 ta co

Ext
2
(A, B) Ext(A, B)

199
Coker[Hom(1,g)] (bt 4.12)

Hom(A, B) / Im[Hom(1, g)] (1)

Do tnh khp trai cua ham t Hom( - , J) nen t day khp

f
0 A P A 0

Ta thu c day ong cau

Hom(, 1) Hom(f, 1) Hom(1, g)
0 Hom(A, J) Hom(P, J) Hom(A, J)

Hom(A, B)

Vi moi h : P J, t f la n cau va J la mo un noi xa nen ton
tai ong cau : P J (Xem bieu o di)
f
A P
h

J

sao cho f = h hay Hom(f, 1)() = h, chng to Hom(f, 1) la toan
cau. Vay ta co

Im[Hom(f, g)] = Im[Hom(1, g) . Hom(f, 1)]

= Im[Hom(1, g)]

Suy ra, vi (1) ta nhan c

Ext
2
(A, B) Hom(A, B)/ Im[Hom(1, g)]
200

Hom(A, B) / Im[Hom(f,g)]

Coker[Hom(f, g)]

4.14. (a c) va (c b) la hien nhien. e chng minh (b a),
lay day khp ngan bat ky

0 X Y Z 0

theo tnh chat tch m rong ta co day khp

0 Hom(A, X) Hom(A, Y) Hom(A, Z)

Ext(A, X) = 0 Ext(A, Y) . . .

vay 0 Hom(A, X) Hom(A, Y) Hom(A, Z) 0 la day
khp ngan, do o A la xa anh.

4.15. (a c) va (c b) la hien nhien. e chng minh (b a),
lay day khp ngan bat ky

0 X Y Z 0

theo tnh chat tch m rong ta co day khp

0 Hom(Z, B) Hom(Y, B) Hom(Z, B)

Ext(Z, B) = 0 Ext(Y, B) . . .

vay 0 Hom(Z, B) Hom(Y, B) Hom(Z, B) 0 la day
khp ngan, do o B la noi xa.

4.16. T A la mo un tren vanh chnh nen ta co phep giai xa anh

201
X : 0 A X
0
X
1
X
2
. . .

trong o X
n
= 0 vi moi n 2. Vay ta co

Ext
n
(A, B) = Ext
n
(A, B) = Ext
n
(A, B) = 0

Bay gi vi day khp ngan

f g
0 B B B 0

vi tnh chat tch m rong ta co c

0 Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B) Hom(A, B)

Ext(A, B) Ext(A, B) Ext(A, B) 0 . . .

la day khp (pcm).














202


TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Nguyen Viet ong, Tran Huyen. ai so ong ieu . Nha
xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh , 2002.

[2] R.Keith Dennis. Noncommutative Algebra. Springer
Verlag ,1993.

[3] P.K.Draxl. Skew fields . Cambridge, December 1982.

[4] S.T.Hu . Introduction to Homological Algebra.
Holden-day,1968.

[5] Dr.Saunders MacLane. Homology. Springer Verlag ,
1963.

[6] Oscar Zariski and Pierre Samuel. Commutative
Algebra.Spriger, 1960.






203