Bai Giang Nen Mong

B MN C S KTCT NHM C HC T NN MNG
BI GING MN HC
NN V MNG
(CHNG TRNH O TO KS XDDD&CN 60 TIT)

H Ni 1/2013 BI GING NN MNG
CHNG I: KHI NIM V NN V MNG
1. Khi nim nn v mng
Nn: l chiu dy cc lp t, trc tip chu
ti trng ca cng trnh truyn xung.
Mng: l b phn chu lc t thp nht, l kt
cu cui cng ca nh hoc cng trnh (thng
nm di t). N tip thu ti trng cng trnh
v truyn ti trng ln nn t di y
mng.
Cc b phn ca mng gm:
- Mt mng: B mt mng tip xc vi
cng trnh bn trn (chn ct, chn tng)
gi l mt mng. Mt mng thng rng
hn kt cu bn trn mt cht to iu
kin cho vic thi cng cu kin bn trn mt cch d dng.
- G mng (thn mng): Phn nh ra ca mng gi l g mng, g mng c
cu to phng sai lch v tr c th xy ra khi thi cng cc cu kin bn
trn, lc ny c th x dch cho ng thit k.
- y mng: B mt mng tip xc vi nn t gi l y mng. y mng
thng rng hn nhiu so vi kt cu bn trn. S d nh vy bi v chnh lch
bn ti mt tip xc mng - t rt ln (t 100 - 150 ln), nn m rng y
mng phn b li ng sut y mng trn din rng, gim c ng sut tc
dng ln nn t.
* Khi nim v p lc y mng: p lc
do ton b ti trng cng trnh (bao gm c trng
lng bn thn mng v phn t trn mng),
thng qua mng truyn xung t nn gi l p
lc y mng.
tb
d
N G
F
+
= (1.1)
trong : N - Tng ti trng thng ng tnh n
mt nh mng; G - Trng lng ca vt liu
mng v phn t nm trn mng; F din tch y mng.
* Khi nim v phn lc nn: Khi chu tc dng ca p lc y mng, nn t
di y mng cng xut hin phn lc nn, c cng tr s nhng ngc chiu vi p lc
y mng.

ngha ca cng tc thit k nn mng: Khi tnh ton thit k v xy dng cng trnh,
cn ch v c gng lm sao m bo tho mn ba yu cu sau:
- (1) Bo m s lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh trong qu trnh s dng.
- (2) Bo m cng ca tng b phn v ton b cng trnh.
- (3) Bo m thi gian xy dng ngn nht v gi thnh r nht.
Vi yu cu th nht th nu cng trnh c ln, hoc ln lch, hoc chuyn v
ngang qu ln th cng trnh khng th lm vic bnh thng, ngay c khi n cha b ph
hu.
Vi yu cu th hai: Cng cng trnh ngoi vic ph thuc vo cng bn
thn kt cu, mng, cn ph thuc rt ln vo cng ca t nn di y cng trnh.
Do vy cng tc kho st, thit k v tnh ton nn phi cht ch v chnh xc m bo
an ton cho cng trnh.
Vi yu cu th ba: th vic tnh ton, thit k v chn bin php thi cng hp l
c nh hng rt ln n thi gian thi cng cng trnh. Thng thng vic thi cng nn
mng thng mt nhiu thi gian, do vy yu cu ny cn c th hin tnh hp l v
cht ch.
Gi thnh xy dng nn mng thng chim 20-30% gi thnh cng trnh ( i
vi cng trnh dn dng). Vi cng trnh cu, thu li t l c th n 40-50%.
Kinh nghim thc tin cho thy hu ht cc cng trnh b s c u do gii quyt
cha tt cc vn v thit k nn mng. Do vy, vic nghin cu, tnh ton, thit k nn
v mng mt cch ton din c ngha rt quan trng i vi ngi k s thit k nn
mng. Thit k mng l mt cng vic phc tp v lin quan n nhiu vn :
- c im ca cng trnh thit k.
- Nn v mng ca cc cng trnh ln cn.
- iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn phc tp.
lm tt cng tc nn mng cn phi ch y mi yu cu k thut trong
cc bc kho st, thit k, thi cng. Ngi thit k phi nghin cu k iu kin a cht
cng trnh, a cht thy vn, c im ca cng trnh thit k nhm la chn gii php
nn mng hp l m bo c yu cu kinh t- k thut ca cng trnh.
2. Bin dng ca cng trnh khi nn b ln
Ti trng t cng trnh truyn qua mng xung nn s gy ra ng sut trong nn
v lm cho nn b bin dng. Ngc li, bin dng ca nn lm cho mng b ln v gy ra
bin dng ph thm cho kt cu bn trn ca cng trnh.
Ni cch khc Cng trnh-Mng-Nn l mt h thng c lin quan cht ch v tc
ng qua li ln nhau.

2.1. Bin dng ca nn
Di tc dng ca ti trng t cng trnh truyn xung nn thng qua mng, nn
t c th b bin dng theo phng bt k v c th phn tch thnh cc thnh phn theo
phng ng v phng ngang. Cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip thng thng
ch yu chu ti trng theo phng thng ng cn ti trng theo phng ngang thng
l nh nn chng ta ch nhiu hn n bin dng ca nn theo phng ng, v thnh
phn chuyn v theo phng ng ca cng trnh gy ra do bin dng ca nn gi l
ln. Cc cng trnh cao tng thng c ti trng ngang kh ln nn khi thit k nn mng
cn phi ch n bin dng theo phng ngang ca nn cng nh kh nng n nh ca
nn v cng trnh.
ln ca nn t bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

c d lp bs
S S S S S = + + + (1.2)
trong :
c
S - ln do nn cht,

d
S - t b n ra do mt p lc bn thn khi o h mng,

lp
S - ln do nn t b bin dng do cc b mp mng,

bs
S - ln do t b ph v kt cu.
2.2. Cc loi bin dng ca nh v cng trnh
Bin dng ca nn lm cho mng b ln v gy ra bin dng ca cng trnh, cc
bin dng ca cng trnh c nguyn nhn do nn mng thng hay gp l:
- Ln u.
- Nghing (ln lch).
- Vng xung hay vng ln.
- Xon.
Trong cc loi bin dng nu trn th ba loi bin dng sau l do s ln khng u
ca nn t di mng cng trnh gy ra.
2.3. Nguyn nhn ca s ln khng u
Hin tng ln khng u ca nn t di mng cng trnh c th do cc nguyn
nhn sau:
- Tnh nn ln ca t phn b khng u trong phm vi mt bng cng trnh v
do iu kin a hnh, a cht phc tp.
- t b ph v kt cu.
- Do nc ngm (dng chy ca nc ngm, mc nc ngm thay i,...)
- Do ti trng truyn xung nn khng u.
3. Cc BP kt cu nhm gim nh hng ca s ln khng u
Khi cng trnh b ln khng u, kt cu siu tnh s pht sinh ni lc (v do
gy ra ng sut) ph thm. Nu ng sut pht sinh ln s lm cho kt cu b nt hng

v gim yu. bo v kt cu khi b h hng c th dng cc bin php kt cu theo
hai hng:
- Gim s chnh lch ln gia cc b phn ca kt cu.
- Tng bn ca kt cu bng cch s dng vt liu cng cao.
gim nh hng ca ln khng u theo hng lm gim s chnh lch ln
gia cc b phn ca kt cu gm cc bin php sau:
1. Ct cng trnh bng khe ln.
Khe ln l cc khe nhm ct cng trnh t mng n mi, khe nhit ch ct
cng trnh t nh mng n mi.
S dng khe ln s ct cng trnh ra thnh cc phn ngn bit lp vi nhau v mt
kt cu v lm gim ln lch trong tng phn. Tuy nhin vic s dng khe ln s lm
tng s lng tng v khung, gy kh khn cho vic khai thc s dng ca cng trnh
v nh hng ti m quan chung ca cng trnh do s ln khng u hay do s nghing
lch gia cc khi nh.
Gii php khe ln s dng khi nn t c tnh nn ln ln, tnh bin dng ca nn
t khng u trong mt bng, cng trnh c hnh dng phc tp, chiu cao ca cng trnh
thay i hoc khi cng trnh qu di. Chiu rng ca khe ln thng 57cm ty theo
chiu cao ca cng trnh.
2. Thay i kch thc v chiu su chn mng ca cc b phn.
3. Dng cc loi mng c kh nng gim s ln khng u nh mng bng giao
nhau, mng b, mng cc,...
4. Phn loi nn v mng
4.1. Phn loi nn
Theo vt liu nn ngi ta thng phn ra hai loi: nn t v nn .
- Nn : l nn gm cc loi lin khi hay rn nt. Loi nn ny c bn
khng nn rt ln v tnh bin dng b, v vy khi thit k cng trnh trn nn chng ta
khng cn phi tnh ln.
- Nn t: l nn bng cc loi vt liu ht ri l sn phm ca qu trnh phong
ha gc v qu trnh bi tch (st, ct, cui, v hn hp ca chng). c im ca nn
t l tnh bin dng c th cao v tnh khng ng nht c th ln, v vy khi thit k
cn phi nghin cu c im v tnh ln ca nn t.
Theo cu to ngi ta c th phn ra hai loi nn thin nhin v nn nhn to.
- Nn thin nhin l nn t hay trng thi t nhin.

- Nn nhn to l nn t hay c gia c v ci to bng cc bin php nhn
to.
4.2. Phn loi mng v phm vi s dng
Mng thng c phn loi theo c im lm vic, gii php cu to v vt liu
lm mng. Hin nay mng c phn ra mt s loi sau: mng nng, mng su, mng
cc, mng my,... Cc loi mng ny s c tm hiu k hn trong cc chng sau.
4.2.1. Phn loi theo vt liu:
Thng thng s dng cc loi vt liu lm mng nh sau: Gch, hc, , b
tng, b tng ct thp
+Mng gch: S dng cho cc loi mng m cng trnh c ti trng nh, nn t
tt, s dng ni c mc nc ngm su.
+Mng hc: Loi mng ny c cng ln, s dng nhng vng c sn vt
liu.
+Mng g: Cng nh, tui th t, t c s dng, thng s dng cho cc
cng trnh tm thi, hoc dng x l nn t yu.
+Mng thp: t c s dng lm mng v thp d b g do nc trong t v
nc ngm xm thc.
+Mng b tng v b tng ct thp: Cng cao, tui th lu, c s dng
rng ri trong xy dng cng trnh. Vi loi mng ny yu cu b tng mc ti thiu 200.
4.2.2. Phn loi theo cch ch to mng:
Theo cch ch to mng ngi ta phn ra hai loi: mng ton khi v mng lp
ghp.
+Mng ton khi: Thng s dng vt liu l b tng hc, b tng v b
tng ct thp, loi mng ny c s dng nhiu.
+Mng lp ghp: Cc cu kin mng c ch to sn, sau mang n cng
trng lp ghp. Loi mng ny c c gii ho, cht lng tt tuy nhin t c s
dng v vic vn chuyn kh khn.
4.2.3. Phn loi theo c tnh tc dng ca ti trng:
Theo c tnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh mng chu ti trng tnh
v mng chu ti trng ng:
+Mng chu ti trng tnh: Mng nh, cng trnh chu ti trng tnh.
+Mng chu ti trng ng: Mng cng trnh cu, mng my, mng cu trc
4.2.4. Phn loi theo phng php thi cng:
Theo phng php thi cng ngi ta phn thnh mng nng v mng su:

* Mng nng: L mng xy trn h mng o l thin, sau lp li, su chn
mng t 1.23.5m. Mng nng s dng cho cc cng trnh chu ti trng nh v trung
bnh, t trn nn t tng i tt (nn t yu th c th x l nn). Thuc loi mng
nng ngi ta phn ra cc loi sau:
+Mng n: S dng di chn ct nh, ct in, m tr cu
+Mng bng: S dng di cc tng chu lc, tng ph hoc cc hng ct,
mng cc cng trnh tng chn.
+Mng bn (mng b): Thng s dng khi nn t yu, ti trng cng trnh ln,
hoc cng trnh c tng hm.
* Mng su: L loi mng khi thi cng khng cn o h mng hoc ch o mt
phn ri dng phng php no h, a mng xung su thit k. Thng s dng
cho cc cng trnh c ti trng ln m lp t tt nm tng su. Mng su gm cc loi
sau:
+ Mng ging chm: l kt cu rng bn trong, v ngoi c nhim v chng p
lc t v p lc nc trong qa trnh h v to trng lng thng ma st. Sau khi h n
su thit k th ngi ta lp y (hoc mt phn) b tng v phn rng. S thi cng
mng ging chm t trng nh hnh v (1.3).

Vic ly t di y ging c th bng nhn cng o t v a ln trn,
ngoi ra c th dng vi xi p lc ln xi t v ht c t v nc ra ngoi, h ging
xung cao thit k.
* u im: Mng c kch thc ln, kh nng chu ti rt ln. Thi cng thit b
n gin.
* Nhc im: Khng ph hp khi nc ngm ln hoc c nc mt. Nng sut
khng cao. Thi gian thi cng lu.
Nhn xt: Mng ging chm ph hp khi xy dng mng cu ln v iu kin thi
cng ph hp. Tuy nhin cn cn nhc gia cc phng n mng su p ng yu cu
v tin thi cng v nng sut lao ng.
Hnh 1.3: S h ging chm

+ Mng ging chm hi p: Khi gp iu kin a cht thu vn phc tp ngi ta
thay mng ging chm bng mng ging chm hi p. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n l
dng kh nn vo bung kn ca ging nh sc p ca kh m nc b y ra ngoi
tao iu kin kh ro cng nhn o t. S thi cng Ging chm hi p nh trn
hnh (1.4).
Sau khi hon thnh cng tc to mt bng thi cng, li ct bng thp c lp
trc tip trn nn v ng v tr. Phn trong ca li ct c y ct v cng tc
b tng khoang lm vic c thc hin. Vic lp t cc thit b v b tng tng
cho Ging cng vi cng tc o t c thc hin ng thi. Sau khi hon thnh cng
vic thi cng tng ging, np Ging (sn trn) c xy dng v pha trong khoang lm
vic c bm y b tng. Kh nng chu ti ca t trc tip di y ca Ging
c khng nh bng th nghim kim tra kh nng chu ti bng tm nn, thc hin
trong lng khoang thc hin.

* u im: Vng chc, chu ti ln; t nh hng n mi trng; Hiu qu kinh
t cao; Thi gian thi cng ngn; tin cy cao.
* Nhc im: Vic thi cng mng nh hng nhiu n sc kho ca cng nhn
khi o ging trong iu kin p sut cao. Cn nghin cu pht huy nhng u nhc
im v hn ch thp nht nh hng n sc khe ngi lao ng, c th ch to robot
o trong ging l hp l nht, va hiu qu va khng nh hng n sc khe con
ngi.
Nhn xt: Vi nhng u khuyt im nh trn, mng ging chm hi p ph hp
khi lm mng cho cc cng trnh cu ln, cc tr thp cu dy vng, cu treo dy vng
nhp ln, ng cc m neo cu treo chu lc nh ln Tuy nhin cn khc phc nh
hng n sc khe ngi lao ng nh nu.
+ Mng cc: Gm cc cc ring r, h xung t v lin kt vi nhau bng i
cc. Mng cc s dng cc loi vt liu nh: G, thp, b tng v b tng ct thp.
Thng s dng cho cc cng trnh chu ti trng ln, cng trnh trn nn t yu nh m
tr cu, cu cng, b k Thuc loi mng cc c nhiu loi, y da vo phng
php thi cng ta chia thnh cc loi sau: (i vi cc b tng ct thp)
Cc b tng ct thp c sn: Loi cc ny c ch to sn trn cc bi c, tit din
t 20x20cm n 40x40cm,sau h cc bng phng php ng hoc p.
Cc b tng ct thp ti ch (cc khoan nhi, cc barrette): Dng my khoan
to l sau a lng thp vo v nhi b tng vo l. Cc c ng knh nh nht
d=60cm, ln nht c th t d=2.5m.Chiu su h cc n hn 100m.
5. Khi nim v tnh ton nn v mng theo trng thi gii hn
5.1. Khi nim
Trng thi gii hn l trng thi ng vi khi cng trnh khng iu kin s dng
bnh thng (vng qu ln, bin dng ln, nt qu phm vi cho php, mt n nh) hoc
b ph hon ton.
Phng php tnh ton nn mng theo trng thi gii hn thay th phng php
ng sut cho php vi mt h s an ton bng nhiu h s tnh ton nhm xt ti cc yu
t lin quan n qu trnh thit k, thi cng v khai thc cng trnh.
Theo quy phm, vic tnh ton nn mng c tin hnh theo ba trng thi gii
hn:
- Trng thi gii hn th nht (TTGH I): tnh ton v cng v n nh.
- Trng thi gii hn th hai (TTGH II): tnh ton v bin dng.
- Trng thi gii hn th ba (TTGH III): tnh ton v s hnh thnh v pht trin
khe nt.

TTGH III ch p dng cho tnh ton kt cu bn thn mng vi cc yu cu c
bit ca cng trnh v c th tham kho cc ti liu v tnh ton thit k b tng ct thp.
Trong mn hc ny ch gii thiu phng php tnh ton nn mng theo TTGH I v
TTGH II.
5.2. Tnh ton nn mng theo TTGH I
Ty theo c im ca cng trnh: thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang, cc cng
trnh xy dng trn mi dc, cc cng trnh xy dng trn nn thin nhin hay nhn to;
vic tnh ton nn theo TTGH I cn thc hin theo mt hay ton b ni dung kim tra
nn: v cng , v n nh trt, v n nh lt. Cng thc tng qut ca phng php
l:
N (1.3)
trong : N l ngoi lc tc dng ln nn; l sc chu ti ca nn theo phng tc
dng ca N
Trn thc t cng thc trn trin khai theo cc kha cnh sau:
a- V cng :

max
max
1,2
d
tb
d
ng
ng
R
R
R
(1.4)
trong :
max
;
d d
tb
- tng ng l ng sut trung bnh v ng sut ln nht theo phng
ng ti y mng,
max
ng
- l ng sut ln nht tc dng theo phng ngang ti mt bn ca mng,
;
ng
R R - tng ng l sc chu ti ca nn theo phng ng v theo phng
ngang.
b- V n nh trt: (trt phng, trt su):

| |
gi
t t
t
T
K K
T
= (1.5)
trong :
t
K - h s n nh trt;
gi
T - tng lc gi;
t
T - tng lc gy trt;
| |
t
K - h s
n nh trt cho php.
c- V n nh lt :

| |
gi
l l
l
M
K K
M
= (1.6)

trong :
l
K - h s n nh lt;
gi
M - tng m men gi;
l
M - tng m men gy lt;
| |
l
M - h s n nh lt cho php.
5.3. Tnh ton nn mng theo TTGH II
Mc ch nhm hn ch ln, ln lch ca mng cho cng trnh khai thc
c bnh thng v khng b h hng hay ph hoi. Vic tnh ton thc hin theo cc
cng thc sau:

0 0
gh
gh
gh
gh
gh
S S
S S
U U
C C

(1.7)
trong :
, , , S S U - tng ng l ln, ln lch, gc xoay v chuyn v ngang ca
mng,
, , ,
gh gh gh gh
S S U - tng ng l ln, ln lch, gc xoay v chuyn v ngang
gii hn ca mng,
0 0
,
gh
C C - tng ng l lch tm tng i v lch tm tng i gii hn
ca mng,
Vi
0
0 0
;
W
e F M
C e
N
= = l lch tm ca mng.
M, N l m men v lc dc tc dng ln mng,
F, W l din tch v m men khng un ca tit din y mng.
5.4. Cc loi ti trng v t hp ti trng
5.4.1. Ti trng thng xuyn v ti trng tm thi:
- Ti trng thng xuyn: l ti trng lun lun tc dng trong sut qu trnh thi
cng v s dng cng trnh.
- Ti trng tm thi: l ti trng ch xut hin trong mt thi k no trong qu
trnh thi cng v s dng cng trnh. Ty theo thi gian tc dng c th phn ra: Ti
trng tm thi tc dng lu di (di hn); Ti trng tm thi tc dng ngn hn; Ti trng
tm thi c bit.
5.4.2. Ti trng tiu chun v ti trng tnh ton:
- Ti trng tiu chun: l ti trng ln nht nhng khng lm h hng v khng
nh hng n iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh.
- Ti trng tnh ton: l ti trng c xt n kh nng c th xy ra s sai khc
gia ti trng tht v ti trng tiu chun gy bt li cho cng trnh. xt n kh nng

trn ngi ta a vo h s vt ti. Ti trng tnh ton bng tch ca ti trng tiu chun
v h s vt ti.
5.4.3. Cc t hp ti trng:
- T hp ti trng chnh (t hp c bn): cc ti trng thng xuyn + cc ti
trng tm thi di hn + 1 trong cc ti trng tm thi ngn hn.
- T hp ti trng ph (T hp b sung): cc ti trng thng xuyn + cc ti
trng tm thi di hn + t nht l 2 ti trng tm thi ngn hn.
- T hp ti trng c bit: t hp ti trng ph + cc ti trng c bit.
* Vic tnh ton nn mng theo bin dng tin hnh vi t hp chnh (t hp c
bn) ca cc ti trng tiu chun.
* Vic tnh ton nn mng theo cng v n nh tin hnh vi t hp chnh, t
hp ph hoc t hp c bit ca cc ti trng tnh ton.
* c thm:
+ Tiu chun ti trng v tc ng (TCVN 2737-95).
+ Cc h s tnh ton: h s vt ti, h s ng nht, h s iu kin lm vic,...
Khi tnh ton nn mng theo trng thi gii hn, ngi ta thng dng cc h s
sau y:
- H s vt ti n: Dng xt ti s sai khc c th xy ra ca ti trng trong qu
trnh thi cng v s dng cng trnh. Tu loi cng trnh m ngi ta quy nh h s vt
ti l bao nhiu. Tu theo tnh cht tc dng ca ti trng tc ng ln cng trnh m n c
th ln hn hoc b hn 1.
- H s ng nht K: Dng xt ti kh nng phn tn cng ca t ti cc
im khc nhau trong nn do tnh cht phn tn v cc ch tiu c hc gy ra. V t c
tnh ng nht km nn K thng b hn 1.
- H s iu kin lm vic m: Dng xt ti iu kin lm vic thc t ca nn
t. Tu iu kin c th m m c th ln hn hoc b hn 1. H s iu kin lm vic
xc nh theo cc s liu thc nghim.
5.5. Cc ti liu cn thit thit k nn mng
- Cc ti liu v cng trnh v ti trng.
- Cc ti liu v a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn th hin bo co kt qu
kho st a cht cng trnh.
- Cc ti liu v cc cng trnh ln cn c lin quan.

6. xut, so snh v chn phng n mng
6.1. Chn chiu su chn mng
Vic chn chiu su chn mng l
khu c bn nht trong cng tc thit k nn
mng. su
m
h k t mt t thin nhin
(cao san nn) n cao y mng gi l
su chn mng.
Vic la chn chiu su chn mng
hp l ph thuc vo cc yu t c bn sau:
iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht
thy vn: y l yu t nh hng nhiu nht n vic chn chiu su chn mng,
trong xc nh v tr lp t chu lc l quan trng nht. Lp t chu lc l lp t
tt tip xc trc tip vi y mng.
Theo GS Berezantex, nhng lp t sau y khng nn dng lm lp t chu lc:
t ct ri, t st nho, st cha nhiu hu c hoc st c h s rng e> 1,1; st c
e>1,0; hoc ct c e>0,7.
minh ha nh hng ca iu kin a cht ni xy dng, ta xt mt vi s
in hnh sau (hnh 1.7):

- S (a): Trng hp ny chiu su chn mng ch yu do tnh ton quyt nh,
tuy nhin khng t mng trong lp t trng trt v nn t nh mng thp hn mt t
t nhin 25 - 30cm trnh va chm.
- S (b): Trng hp ny su chn mng ph thuc ch yu vo phng
php x l nn.
- S (c): Nu lp t yu mng th t mng vo lp t tt 25 - 30 cm cn nu
lp t yu dy th tr li s (b).
- S (d): Nu lp t tt dy th c th t mng, nhng phi m bo chiu su
t tt di y mng, nu lp t tt mng th tr li s (b) hoc (c).

* Ch : Khi chn chiu su chn mng theo cc iu kin a cht thy vn cn
tun theo cc quy tc sau y:
1- Chn lp t chu lc ca nn ph thuc vo v tr cc lp t, trng thi vt l ca
chng, phng php xy dng mng, tr s ln gii hn v s n nh ca nn.
2- Phi t y mng vo lp t tt chu lc t 15-20cm.
3- Khng nn di y mng c mt lp t mng nu tnh nn ln ca lp t
ln hn nhiu so vi tnh nn ln ca lp t nm di.
4- Nn t mng cao hn mc nc ngm gi nguyn kt cu ca t v khng phi
tho nc khi thi cng.
5- Khi chiu su chn mng thp hn mc nc ngm (c k n s ln xung ca n)
th phi gii quyt gi nguyn kt cu t trong nn khi o h mng v thi cng
mng
nh hng ca tr s v c tnh ca ti trng: Nu ti trng cng trnh ln th nn
tng chiu su chn mng mng ta ln cc lp t cht hn nm di v gim
ln. Khi mng chu ti trng nh (hng ln) hoc ti trng ngang, momen ln
(lch tm ln) th yu cu phi ngm su mng n su thch hp m bo n
nh cho mng.
nh hng ca c im cu to cng trnh: Khi chn chiu su chn mng, cn phi
k n c im ca nh v cng trnh (nh c tng hm, c ho, h, c ng lin
lc ngm ) cng cn ch n vic t ng dn nc bn trong cng nh gn nh
v cng trnh.
nh hng ca mng cc cng trnh ln cn: Thng thng ngi ta chn chiu su
chn mng ngang vi cao trnh y ca cc mng chnh ca nh v cng trnh ln
cn. Ch c php t cao hn khi m bo gi c kt cu ca t nm trn chiu
su chn mng ca nh hoc cng trnh ln cn.
Mt s gii php t mng:

Nguyn tc chung ca cc gii php k thut nhm khc phc nhng nh hng
bt li ca mng mi tc ng ln mng nh hoc cng trnh c l hn ch n mc thp
nht cc p lc t mng nh mi tc dng ln mng nh c k bn.
nh hng ca bin php thi cng mng: Tu theo phng php thi cng m kt cu
ca t nn c th b ph hoi. Nu bin php thi cng khng m bo gi nguyn
c kt cu t nn khi o h mng di mc nc ngm th phi ly chiu su
chn mng ti thiu cho php v din tch y mng tng n tr s ln nht.
Khi bin php thi cng m bo gi nguyn c kt cu t nn (ht nc tng
su, dng ging chm hi p) th cho php mng c din tch y mng b nht, t
su tng i ln.
6.2. xut, so snh v chn phng n mng
Cng nh i vi nhiu cng trnh khc, khi thit k nn mng, nhim v ca
ngi thit k phi chn phng n tt nht c v kinh t v k thut.
Thng thng vi nhim v thit k cho, vi cc ti liu v a cht cng trnh,
a cht thu vn, ti trng, ... ngi thit k c th ra nhiu phng n nn mng
khc nhau nh:
- Phng n lm nng trn nn thin nhin.
- Phng n mng nng trn nn nhn to.
- Phng n mng cc.
- Phng n mng ging chm, ...
Mi phng n ln c th xut nhiu phng n nh v d phng n mng
nng c th l: mng n, mng bng hay mng b; Phng n mng cc c th l: cc
di, ngn, cc ng, cc p, cc nhi, ... v mi phng n nh cng c th c nhiu
phng n nh hn, khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc v cch b tr.
Tuy nhin tu loi cng trnh, c im, qui m v tnh cht v do kinh nghim
ca ngi thit k m ngi ta c th xut ra mt vi phng n hp l so snh v
la chn phng n ph hp nht.
Khi thit k s b so snh phng n ngi ta da vo ch tiu kinh t quyt
nh (dng tng gi thnh xy dng nn mng ).
Khi thit k k thut th ngi ta kt hp c hai ch tiu kinh t v k thut ng
thi vi iu kin v thi gian thi cng quyt nh phng n.
Vic so snh la chn phng n nn mng l mt cng vic kh khn v quan
trng. Mun gii quyt tt cng vic ny, ngi thit k phi nm vng nhng l thuyt
tnh ton trong C hc t v Nn mng kt hp vi kinh nghim tch lu trong qu trnh
thit k v thi cng xut v la chn phng n ti u nht v nn mng ca cng
trnh xy dng.

CHNG II: MNG NNG TRN NN THIN NHIN
1. Khi nim chung
1.1. nh ngha:
Mng nng trn nn thin nhin l nhng mng c xy dng trong h mng l
thin v c t trc tip trn nn thin nhin, chiu su chn mng khong di 23m,
trong trng hp c bit c th su n 6m.
c im ca mng nng:
+ Thi cng n gin, khng i hi cc thit b thi cng phc tp. Vic thi cng
mng nng c th dng nhn cng o mng, mt s trng hp vi s lng mng
nhiu, hoc chiu su kh ln c th dng cc my mc tng nng sut v gim thi
gian xy dng nn mng.
+Mng nng c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng va v nh, gi
thnh xy dng nn mng t hn mng su.
+ Trong qu trnh tnh ton b qua s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.
1.2. Phn loi mng nng
1.2.1. Theo vt liu
+ Mng gch: Mng xy gch c mc 75 va xi mng mc 50.
+ Mng hc: Mng xy hc k chn cht va xi mng mc 75
+ Mng b tng: Mng lm vic chu nn l chnh, va b tng mc 150.
+ Mng b tng ct thp: Mng c kh nng chu lc tt trn c hai phng din
nn v ko mc b tng 150.
1.2.2. Theo cu to
+ Mng n: c thit k di ct nh cng nghip, dn dng, ct in, tr cu,
tr ct in cao th...
+ Mng bng, mng bng giao nhau: thng lm mng di tng, hng ct.
+ Mng bn, mng b: Thng p dng khi nn t yu, ti trng ln.
+Mng hp: cu to dng hp rng di ton b cng trnh, dng lm tng hm.
1.2.3. Theo bin php thi cng
Theo bin php thi cng c th chia ra mng ton khi v mng lp ghp.
+Mng ton khi: Mng c lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau, ch to ngay ti
v tr xy dng (mng ti ch).
+Mng lp ghp: Mng do nhiu khi lp ghp ch to sn ghp li vi nhau khi
thi cng mng cng trnh.

1.2.4. Theo tnh cht lm vic ca mng
+Mng tuyt i cng: Mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v bin
dng rt b (xem nh gn bng 0), thuc loi ny c mng gch, , b tng.
+Mng mm: Mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin dng ln,
chu un nhiu), mng BTCT c t l cnh di/ngn > 8 ln thuc loi mng mm.
+Mng cng hu hn: Mng B tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn < 8 ln.
Vic tnh ton mi loi mng khc nhau, vi mng mm th tnh ton phc tp hn.
1.2.5. Theo iu kin chu lc
Da vo tnh hnh tc dng ca ti trng ngi ta phn thnh
- Mng chu ti ng tm (lc dc N).
- Mng chu ti lch tm (lc dc N v mmen M).
2. Cu to cc loi mng nng thng gp
2.1. Mng n:
Mng n c xy dng di chn ct nh dn dng, nh cng nghip, di tr
dm tng, mng m tr cu, mng ct in, thp ng ten, ... Mng n c kch thc
khng ln lm, mng thng c y hnh vung, ch nht, trn, ... trong dng ch
nht c s dng rng ri nht.

(a) Mng n di ct nh: gch, xy, b tng, ... (b) Mng n di ct: b tng hoc BTCT.
(c) Mng n di tr cu; (d) Mng n di chn tr in, thp ng ten.
2.1.1. Mng n di tng
Mng n di tng c p
dng hp l khi p lc do tng truyn
xung c tr s nh hoc khi nn t tt v
c tnh nn ln b.
Cc mng ny t cch nhau t
36m dc theo tng v t di cc
tng gc nh, ti cc tng ngn chu lc
v ti cc ch c ti trng tp trung trn
cc mng n, ngi ta t cc dm mng
(dm ging).

2.1.2. Mng n di ct v di tr
Mng n di ct lm bng hc nh hnh (2.3a). Mng b tng v b tng
hc cng c dng tng t. Nu trn mng b tng hoc mng hc l ct thp hoc b
tng ct thp th cn phi cu to b phn t ct, b phn ny c tnh ton theo
cng ca vt liu xy mng.
Cc mng n lm bng gch xy loi ny, khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
(Hnh 2.3b) ti y mng xut hin phn lc nn, phn lc ny tc dng ln y mng, v
phn mng cha ra khi chn ct hoc bc b un nh dm cng xn, ng thi mng c
th b ct theo mt phng qua mp ct.

Do vy t s h/l (gia chiu cao v chiu rng ca bc mng) phi ln khi phn lc
nn r ln v cng vt liu nh. Mt bin ca mng phi nm ngoi h thng ng
truyn ng sut trong khi mng. Do vy quy nh mng cng hay mng mm, ngi
ta da vo gc gi l gc m ca mng. i vi mng cng phi b hn max no ,
ngha l t s h/l khng c nh hn cc tr s sau:

Trng hp t ct thp bc cui cng th t s h/l ca cc bc pha trn phi <1
(tc max =45
o
). Chiu cao bc mng: Mng b tng hc
b
h 30, mng gch xy
th
b
h =3560cm.
* Vi mng n b tng ct thp th khng cn khng ch t s h/l m cn c vo
kt qu tnh ton xc nh chiu cao, kch thc hp l ca mng v ct thp.

Thuc loi mng n b tng ct thp c th ngi ta dng mng n BTCT
ti ch khi m dng kt cu lp ghp khng hp l hoc khi ct truyn ti trng ln.
Mng b tng ct thp ti ch c th c cu to nhiu bc hay vt mng.

Di cc mng b tng ct thp, thng ngi ta lm mt lp m si c ti cc
cht dnh kt en hoc va xi mng, hoc bng b tng mc thp hoc b tng gch v.
Lp m ny c cc tc dng sau:
+ Trnh h xi mng thm vo t khi b tng.
+ Gi ct thp v ct pha v tr xc nh, to mt bng thi cng.
+ Trnh kh nng b tng ln vi t khi thi cng b tng.
Mng n b tng ct thp lp ghp di ct c cu to bng mt hoc nhiu
khi, gim trng lng, ngi ta lm cc khi rng hoc khi c sn vic cu lp
thi cng d dng.

Hnh 2.5: Mng lp ghp

2.2. Mng bng v mng bng giao nhau
Mng bng l loi mng c chiu di rt ln so vi chiu rng, mng bng cn
c gi l mng dm, c kin thit di tng nh, mng tng chn, di dy ct.
2.2.1. Mng bng di tng
Mng bng di tng c ch to ti ch bng khi xy hc, b tng hc
hoc b tng hoc bng cch lp ghp cc khi ln v cc panen b tng ct thp. Mng
thi cng ti ch dng nhng ni m vic lp ghp cc khi l khng hp l.

Mng bng di tng lp ghp c cu to gm hai phn chnh: m v tng.
m mng bao gm cc khi m, cc khi ny thng khng lm rng v c
thit k nh hnh sn. Cc khi m c t lin nhau hoc cch u vi nhau (i vi
m khng lin tc). Khi dng cc khi m khng lin tc s lm gim c s lng
cc khi nh hnh nhng s lm tr s p lc tiu chun tc dng ln nn t tng ln mt
t.
Tng mng c cu to bng cc khi tng rng hoc khng rng v c
thit k nh hnh sn.

2.2.2. Mng bng di ct
Mng bng di ct c dng khi ti trng ln, cc ct t gn nhau nu dng
mng n th t nn khng kh nng chu lc hoc bin dng vt qu tr s cho
php.
Dng mng bng b tng ct thp t di hng ct nhm mc ch cn bng
ln lch c th xy ra ca cc ct dc theo hng ct .
Khi dng mng bng di ct khng m bo iu kin bin dng hoc sc chu
ti ca nn khng th ngi ta dng mng bng giao thoa nhau cn bng ln
theo hai hng v tng din chu ti ca mng, gim p lc xung nn t.
Trong cc vng c ng t nn dng mng bng di ct tng s n nh v
cng chung c tng ln. Mng bng di ct c ti ch. Vic tnh ton mng
bng di ct tin hnh nh tnh ton dm trn nn n hi.


2.3. Mng b
L mng b tng ct thp lin khi, c kch thc ln, di ton b cng trnh
hoc di n nguyn c ct ra bng khe ln.
Mng b c dng cho nh khung, nh tng chu lc khi ti trng ln hoc trn
t yu nu dng phng n mng bng hoc mng bng giao thoa vn khng m bo
yu cu k thut. Mng b hay c dng cho mng nh, thp nc, xil, bunke b
nc, b bi...
Khi mc nc ngm cao, chng thm cho tng hm ta c th dng phng n
mng b, lc mng b lm theo nhim v ngn nc v chng li p lc nc ngm.
Mng b c th lm dng bn phng hoc bn sn.

Loi mng bn c th dng khi bc ct khng qu 9m, ti trng tc dng xung
mi ct khng qu 100T, b dy bn ly khong 1/6 bc ct.
Khi ti trng ln v bc ct ln hn 9m th dng bn c sn tng cng
ca mng, b dy ly khong 1/8-1/10 bc ct, sn ch nn lm theo trc cc dy ct.
Mng b s dng c kh nng gim ln v ln
khng u, phn phi li ng sut u trn nn t,
thng dng khi nn t yu v ti trng ln.
Vic tnh ton mng bn (mng b) c tnh nh
bn trn nn n hi. Cc mng b tng ct thp dng
hp dng di nh nhiu tng cng thuc loi mng ny.
Cc mng ny gm hai bn (trn v di) v cc sn
tng giao nhau ni cc bn li thnh mt kt cu
thng nht.
2.4. Mng v
Mng v c nghin cu v p dng cho cc cng trnh nh b cha cc loi
cht lng (du, ho cht...), nh tng chu lc.
Mng v l loi mng kinh t vi chi ph vt liu ti thiu, c th chu c ti
trng ln, tuy nhin vic tnh ton kh phc tp.
3. Chn chiu su t mng
Chn su t mng l mt trong nhng khu quan trng trong cng tc thit k
nn mng. Vic chn chiu su t mng hp l s m bo nn chu c ti trng do
cng trnh truyn xung, gii php mng v chiu su t mng hp l s m bo c
tnh kinh t v k thut.
Vic chn chiu su t mng nn cn c vo cc yu t sau:
- iu kin a hnh.
- iu kin a cht cng trnh (s phn b cc lp t).
- iu kin a cht thu vn (cng trnh mc nc ngm).
- c im ca cng trnh thit k v cng trnh ln cn.
- iu kin kh hu (t st trng n v co ngt theo ma cn chn su m
nn t t b thay i theo ma, cn t su).
Chiu su t mng ti thiu
m
h =0,5m. Mng c u tin t vo
lp t tt, gp lp t yu th nn dng
nn nhn to. Khi cc mng c chiu su
khc nhau m giao nhau th phi cu to
git bc chuyn tip vi t s chiu cao
v chiu rng khng vt qu gi tr 1:2,
vi t cng c th s dng t s 1:1.

h
m1
h
m2
a
a
2a 2a
Hnh 2.13: Mng c chiu su git bc


- Mng t gn mng c ( l gc ma st trong ca t):

Hnh 2.14: Mng t gn mng c

H L tg tg = (0.1)
- Khi chn chiu su chn mng cn lu n sc chu ti ca nn ph thuc vo
su chn mng v chiu rng mng
+ 0,5
m
h b : mng chn nng, nn d b p tri ln trn mt (0.2)
+ 0,5 2
m
h b < : mng chn su trung bnh (thng chn) (0.3)
+
2 3
m
h b <
: mng chn su (0.4)
+
3
m
h b >
: mng chn rt su (0.5)
h
m
b
2 < hm/b 3
h
m
b
hm/b 0.5 0.5< hm/b 2
b
h
m
hm/b > 3
h
m
b

Hnh 2.15: nh hng ca chiu su t mng n s pht trin vng trt
Nguyn tc chn chiu su t mng v nh hng ca cc yu t khc nhau n
chiu su t mng trnh by trong mc 6.1 ca chng 1 nn s khng lp li y.

4. Trnh t thit k
1. La chn phng n mng.
2. Xc nh ti trng ln mng.
3. Chn su t mng.
4. Xc nh kch thc s b ca mng.
5. Kim tra kch thc mng theo trng thi gii hn I v trng thi gii hn II.
6. Tnh ton bn v cu to mng.
5. Tnh ton mng cng
Mng cng l loi mng c cng v
cng ln so vi nn t. Khi lm vic, mng
ch chu nn (khng chu un) cu to
mng da vo gc m ca mng
Vl
(gc
cng ca vt liu). Vic tnh ton mng cng
thc hin theo trnh t nu mc 4, di y
trnh by chi tit cc bc tnh ton sau khi chn c chiu su t mng.
5.1. Xc nh kch thc s b ca y mng
Kch thc ca y mng c xc nh nhm m bo cho p lc y mng
khng vt qu p lc tiu chun ca nn.
5.1.1. Xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn
Nh ta bit trong l thuyt C hc t: Nu ti trng tc dng trn nn nh hn
mt gii hn xc nh (
1
gh
P ) th bin dng ca nn t ch l bin dng nn cht, tc l s
gim th tch l rng khi b nn cht, tt dn theo thi gian v nhng kt qu thc nghim
cho thy gia ng sut v bin dng c quan h bc nht vi nhau.

Hnh 2.17: Cc giai on bin dng ca nn khi cht ti
Nu ti trng tc dng ln nn tip tc tng vt qua tr s
1
gh
P th trong nn t
hnh thnh cc vng bin dng do do cc ht t trt ln nhau, th tch t khng i

h
m
b

h
m
b

Hnh 2.16: Gc m ca mng cng

v khng nn cht thm. Lc ny quan h gia ng sut v bin dng chuyn sang quan
h phi tuyn (hnh 2.17).
thit k nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng th trc ht phi khng ch
ti trng t ln nn khng c ln qu mt tr s quy nh m bo mi quan h bc
nht gia ng sut v bin dng, t mi xc nh c bin dng ca nn v tt c cc
phng php tnh ln u da vo gi thit nn bin dng tuyn tnh.
Ti trng quy nh gii hn gi l ti trng tiu chun, hay p lc tiu chun
ca nn hay cn gi l p lc tnh ton quy c ca nn. Theo qui phm ca Vit Nam,
p lc tiu chun ca nn c xc nh theo iu kin khng ch su ca vng bin
dng do khng pht trin qu mt phn t chiu rng mng.
Khi thit k nn mng hay c th l xc nh kch thc y mng th ngi thit
k phi chn din tch y mng rng v sao cho ng sut di y mng bng hoc
nh hn tr s p lc tiu chun.
Vic xc nh p lc tiu chun ca nn t l cng vic u tin khi thit k nn
mng, c th xc nh p lc tiu chun theo hai cch sau y.
* Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo kinh nghim
Tu theo tng loi t v trng thi ca n, theo kinh nghim ngi ta cho sn tr
s p lc tiu chun
tc
R ca nn nh trong bng sau:

* Ghi ch: vi cc tr s e, B trung gian, xc nh
tc
R

bng cch ni suy. Cc tr s
trong bng ng vi b rng mng b=1m, h
m
=1,5 2m. Nu b # 1m v h
m
# 1,5m th phi
hiu chnh:

. .
tc
R R m n =
trong :
R - Tr s p lc tiu chun tra theo bng trn;
m - H s hiu chnh b rng mng. Khi b 5m th m = 1,5 cho t ct, m = 1,2
cho t loi st. Khi 1 < b < 5m th:
1
. 1
4
b
m
= + vi = 0,5 cho t ct v =0,2 cho

t st.
n - H s iu chnh su t mng:
n =0,5 +0,0033.h khi h <1,5m
( ) 1 . . 200
.
n k h
m R
= + khi h >2m
- Dung trng ca t (tnh ra kG/cm
3
), h - Chiu su chn mng (cm), k = 1,5
cho t st, k = 2,5 cho t ct, v k = 2,0 cho t st v ct.
* Ngoi ra, i vi cc loi t p dng lm nn cng trnh, loi t ny tuy c
nhc im l bin dng ln v tnh khng ng nht cao, nhng mt iu kin thch
hp n vn dng lm nn cng trnh tt. Theo quy phm, i vi nn t p n nh,
tr s p lc tiu chun ca mt s loi t nh sau:

* Ghi ch : Tr s
tc
R

trong bng dng cho mng c chiu su chn mng
m
h >
2m, khi
m
h < 2m th tr s
tc
R

phi gim xung bng cch nhn vi h s
2
m
m
h h
K
h
+
= .
i vi t , bi thi cng nghip cha n nh th
tc
R

nhn vi h s 0,8. Tr s
tc
R

trung gian ca bo ho G th ni suy.
* Xc nh p lc tiu chun theo qui phm
Theo TCXD 45 - 70 v 45 - 78 cho php tnh ton tr s p lc tiu chun ca nn
t khi vng bin dng do pht sinh n su bng 1/4 b rng mng b.

Biu thc tnh ton
tc
R

theo TCXD 45-70:
( ) . . .
tc
d
R m Ab B h D c = + + (

Biu thc tnh ton
tc
R

theo TCXD 45-78:
( )
1 2
0
.
. . . . .
t c
d m t d t
t c
m m
R A b B h D c h
K
= + +
trong :
tc
K - h s tin cy ca s liu th nghim t; nu cc ch tiu c l c xc
nh bng th nghim trc tip i vi t th
tc
K

ly bng 1,0. Nu cc ch tiu ly
theo bng quy phm th
tc
K

ly bng 1,1.
A, B, D : l cc h s tra bng ph thuc gc ma st trong ca lp t di mng.
m
h : l chiu su chn mng
b: chiu rng mng
0
h : l chiu su t mt t n nn tng hm tng ng, trng hp khng c
tng hm,
0
h =0

Hnh 2.18: Mng di y tng hm

0 m td
h h h = ;
1 2
kc
td
t
h h h

= +
d t c k
,
,
: l trng lng th tch ca kt cu y tng hm t pha trn mng v
t di mng.
m - H s iu kin lm vic ca t nn: m=0,8 khi nn t l t ct nh, bo
ho nc; m=0,6 - Khi nn t l ct bi, bo ho nc; m=1 trong cc trng hp khc.

1 2
, m m - ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn v h s iu kin lm vic
ca cng trnh tc dng qua li vi nn, ly theo bng sau:
Bng 2.3: Bng tra cc h s iu kin lm vic , m m
1 2

Loi t
H s
m
1

H s m
2

i vi nh v cng trnh c s
kt cu cng vi t s gia chiu di v
chiu rng
t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
t st, khng k t phn v bi
1,4
4 1,5
1,2 1,4
Ct mn : - Kh v t m
- No nc
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,3
1,3
Ct bi : - Kh v t m
- No nc
1,2
1,1
1,0
1,0
1,2
1,2
t hn ln c cht nht l st v
t st c st B 0,5
1,2 1,0 1,1
Nh trn c st B > 0,5 1,1 1,0 1,0
Bng 2.4: Bng tra cc h s iu kin lm vic , m m
1 2

Gc ma st trong
tc
() A B D
0 0,00 1,00 3,14
2 0,03 1,12 3,32
4 0,06 1,25 3,51
6 0,10 1,39 3,71
8 0,14 1,55 3,93
10 0,18 1,73 4,17
12 0,23 1,94 4,42
14 0,29 2,17 4,69
16 0,36 2,43 5,00
18 0,43 2,72 5,31
20 0,51 3,05 5,66
22 0,61 3,44 6,04
24 0,72 3,87 6,45
26 0,84 4,37 6,90
28 0,98 4,93 7,40
30 1,15 5,59 7,95
32 1,34 6,35 8,55
34 1,55 7,21 9,21
36 1,81 8,25 9,98
38 2,11 9,44 10,80
40 2,46 10,84 11,73
42 2,87 12,50 12,77
44 3,37 14,48 13,96
45 3,66 15,64 14,64

* Nhn xt: Vic xc nh p lc tiu
chun theo kinh nghim (tra bng) thng
thin v an ton, cc tr s nu ra trong bng
i din cho mt dy cc tr s dao ng trong
din rng. Trong thc t th cc loi t rt
phong ph v loi v trng thi nn xc nh
tc
R

t cch tra bng thng t chnh xc v
khng cht ch v l thuyt. C th s dng
tr s ny trong thit k s b, hoc cho cc
cng trnh nh t trn nn t tng i ng
nht, cng trnh loi IV v loi V.
Xc nh
tc
R

theo TCXD 45-70 v 45-
78 cng cha cht ch lm v mt l thuyt v
s pht trin ca vng bin dng do ca t
cng khc vi vt th n hi. Tuy nhin khi vng bin dng do cn nh th sai khc
cng khng ln, hin nay trong thit k ngi ta hay s dng tr s ny.
Trong mt s nghin cu gn y cho thy c th s dng cng tnh ton ca
t nn trong tnh ton kch thc mng bng cch tnh ton cng chu ti ca t
nn theo cng thc ca Terzaghi hoc Berezantev ri chia cho h s an ton (Fs = 22,5).
Theo quan im ny cho rng ly cng tnh ton nh vy va m bo iu kin bin
dng, va m bo iu kin chiu ti. Tuy nhin vic ly tr s Fs chnh xc l bao nhiu
th cng cha thng nht. Do vy vic tnh cng tnh ton ca nn t theo phng
php no sao cho ph hp vi thc t ca nn t v tnh cht cng trnh m bo ti
u trong thit k xy dng cng trnh.
5.1.2. Xc nh kch thc y mng cho trng hp mng chu ti ng tm
Mng chu ti ng tm l mng c im t ca tng hp lc i qua trng tm
din tch y mng.
Xt mt mng n chu ti trong ng tm nh hnh v (2.19). Trong iu kin
lm vic, mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung mng qua ct mt nh mng:
tc
o
N
- Trng lng bn thn mng:
tc
m
N
- Trng lng t p trn mng trong phm vi kch thc mng:
tc
d
N
- Phn lc nn t tc dng ln y mng
tc
p .
Biu ng sut tip xc di y mng l ng cong, nhng i vi cu kin
mng cng, ta ly gn ng theo dng hnh ch nht. Ta c iu kin cn bng tnh hc
ca mng:
.
tc tc tc
o d m tc
N N N p F + + =

Trng lng ca mng v t p trn mng c th ly bng trng lng ca khi
nm trong mt ct t y mng v c tnh gn ng nh sau:
. .
tc tc
d m m tb
G N N F h = + =

trong :
F - l din tch mng: . F a b =
tb
- Trng lng th tch trung bnh ca vt liu mng v t lp trn mng

thng ly bng
3
2 2,2T m .
p lc trung bnh ti y mng:
tc
o
tc
N G
p
F
+
=
Vi gi thit xem t l mi trng bin dng tuyn tnh, theo TCXD 45-78:

t c
tc
p R
Ly
tc
tb
p R = ta c
.
tc
t c o
t b m
N
h R
F
+ =
.
tc
o
t c
t b m
N
F
R h
=

Biu thc trn cho php xc nh c din tch y mng F khi bit ti trng
ngoi tc dng
tc
o
N , p lc tiu chun
tc
R

v chiu su chn mng
m
h . y cn ch
rng tr s
tc
R

ly theo kinh nghim th xc nh c s b din tch y mng F, cn
nu
tc
R

xc nh theo cng thc ca quy phm th tham s b rng mng b v t s cc
cnh y mng phi gi thit trc ( a b = ), sau khi c c din tch y mng F s
tm c kch thc cc cnh mng lm trn n kch thc chn ri kim tra li iu
kin v p lc tiu chun ca nn
t c
tc
p R .
Ghi ch: Cng c th s dng cng tnh ton quy c R
0
ca nn t (tra
bng) xc nh kch thc s b ca mng sau tin hnh kim tra li theo iu kin
t c
tc
p R . Nu khng m bo iu kin ny cn tng din tch mng n khi t yu
cu th dng li.
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng n
Vic chn kch thc hp l ca mng n y ta cn tm b rng b ca mng
v t t s a = .b tm c cnh di a v so snh vi din tch yu cu. Phng php
ny xut pht t iu kin:
tc t c
tb
p R vi
tc
R l cng tiu chun ca nn t,
tc
tb
p l
cng p lc trung bnh tiu chun do ti trng cng trnh gy ra ti y mng.
tc
tc o
tb
N G
p
F
+
= hoc
2
.
.
tc
tc o
tb t b m
N
p h
b

= + vi a b =

Thay vo iu kin chu ti ca nn v bin i ta c phng trnh bc ba
xc nh b rng mng nh sau:
3 2
1 2
. 0 b K b K + =
trong :
2
1 1 3
. .
. .
tb m
m
h M c
K M h M

= + v
2 3
.
. .
tc
o
N
K M
m
= . Vi
1 2 3
, , M M M l cc
h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st ca t nn di y mng, tra bng; m - H s iu
kin lm vic, ly bng 1; - trng lng ring ca t nn di y mng.
Gii phng trnh tm c tr s b - b rng ca mng, t xc nh a da vo
iu kin a = .b v c c din tch y mng.
Bng 2.5. Bng tra cc h s
1 2 3
, , M M M
tc
() M
1
M
2
M
3

tc
() M
1
M
2
M
3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
74,97
38,51
26,36
20,30
16,66
14,25
12,52
11,24
10,24
9,44
8,80
8,26
7,8
7,42
7,08
6,08
6,54
6,32
6,12
5,91
5,78
5,64
229,2
114,6
76,3
57,2
45,7
38,1
32,6
28,5
25,3
22,7
20,6
18,82
17,32
16,04
14,93
13,95
13,08
12,31
11,62
10,99
10,42
9,90
70,79
34,51
22,36
16,30
12,66
10,25
8,52
7,24
6,24
5,44
4,80
4,26
3,80
3,42
3,08
2,80
2,54
2,32
2,12
1,942
1,783
1,640
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
5,51
5,39
5,29
5,19
5,10
5,02
4,94
4,87
4,82
4,75
4,69
4,64
4,60
4,55
4,52
4,47
4,44
4,41
4,38
4,35
4,32
4,30
4,27
9,12
8,88
8,58
8,20
7,85
7,52
7,21
6,93
6,66
6,40
6,16
5,93
5,71
5,51
5,31
5,12
4,94
4,77
4,60
4,44
4,29
4,14
4,00
1,511
1,393
1,287
1,188
1,099
1,017
0,944
0,872
0,808
0,749
0,694
0,643
0,596
0,552
0,512
0,474
0,439
0,406
0,376
0,347
0,321
0,296
0,273
* Xc nh kch thc hp l ca mng bng
i vi mng bng c chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi b rng, khi tnh ton
ngi ta ct ra 1m di tnh ton, do vy tr s p lc trung bnh tiu chun ti y
mng s l:
.
tc
tc o
tb t b m
N
p h
b
= +

Thay vo iu kin chu ti ca nn v bin i ta c phng trnh bc hai
xc nh b rng mng bng nh sau:
2
1 2
. 0 b L b L + =
trong :
2
1 1 3
. .
. .
.
tb m
m
h M c
L M h M
m

= + v
2 3
.
.
tc
o
N
L M
m
= . Vi
1 2 3
, , M M M l cc
h s ph thuc vo gc ni ma st ca t nn di y mng, tra bng; m - H s iu
kin lm vic, ly bng 1; - trng lng ring ca t nn di y mng.
5.1.3. Xc nh kch thc y mng cho trng hp mng chu ti lch tm
Mng chu ti lch tm l mng c im t ca tng hp lc khng i qua trng
tm din tch y mng. Thng l mng cc cng trnh chu momen v ti trng ngang.
lch tm e c tnh nh sau:
tc tc
e M N =
trong :
tc
M

- gi tr momen tiu chun ng vi trng tm din tch y mng;
tc
N -
tng ti trng thng ng tiu chun tc dng ln mng.
* Trng hp lch tm b
Trng hp ny lch tm e < a/6, biu ng sut y mng nh hnh v
(Hnh 2.20). Vic xc nh kch thc y mng trong trng hp ny ging nh i vi
mng chu ti trong ng tm, sau tng din tch tnh ln chu mo men v lc
ngang bng cch nhn vi h s K (K= 1,0 - 1,5), khi momen v lc ngang b th ly K
b v ngc li.
h
m
N
tc
p
tb
F
p
min
p
max
h
m
N
p
tb
F
p
min
p
max
M
N=N
tc
M=e.N
tc

Hnh 2.20: Mng chu ti lc tm b
Kch thc mng c xc nh theo iu kin


max
1,2
tc
tb
t c
p R
p R
(0.6)

max
min
W W
t c
y
x
x y
M
N G M
p
F
+
=
hay
max
min
6 6
1 .
.
t c
a b
tb m
N e e
p h
a b a b

| |
= +
|
\ .

Trong e
a
v e
b
l lch tm theo phng cnh a v b.
Nh vy cch xc nh kch thc s b ca mng ta lm tng t nh trng hp
mng chu ti ng tm ch thm iu kin
max
1,2
tc
p R .
* Trng hp mng chu ti trng lch tm ln
Dng biu ng sut trong trng hp ny nh hnh v v
max
0 p > ,
min
0 p < ,
trng hp ny sau khi chn din tch y mng cn kim tra li theo iu kin lch tm.
Ch rng do t khng chu ko nn phn biu p lc m khng tn ti v p
lc y mng s phn b dng tam gic (sinh vin t xy dng cng thc tnh
max
p v
phm vi tip xc ca mng vi nn theo iu kin cn bng tnh).
* Mt s bin php lm gim hoc trit tiu phn biu ng sut m di y mng
+Thay i kch thc, hnh dng mng

+ Thay i trng tm mng


+ Cu to h thng dm, ging mng chu momen.


5.2. Kim tra mng theo lp t yu bn di
z
gl
i
z
bt
i
N
tc
a
h
m
p
tb
a c c
a
qu
b
c
c
b
q
u
z=0
gl
=p - .h
tb tb m
h
1
2
3
z=h
gl
z=h + h
bt
m

Hnh 2.21: Kim tra ng sut trong nn i vi lp t yu bn di
kim tra lp t yu s 2 bn di chng ta coi mng thc t vi chn su
m
h tng ng vi mng quy c c chn su l
qu m
h h h = + (h l khong cch t
y mng ti b mt lp t yu s 2), c din tch xem nh y mng thc t m u v
cc pha mt khong c:
2 ; 2
qu qu
a a c b b c = + = +
Vi nn t yu (2) ta kim tra theo cng thc:

( )
m
bt y
z h h h
R
= +
+
Trong
y
R l p lc tnh ton ti b mt lp t yu

( )
1 2
2 1 2
.
. . . . .
y
qu qu
t c
m m
R A b B h D C
K
= + +
A, B, D tra bng ph thuc
2

Nhim v xc nh , ,
qu qu qu
F a b

t c
qu
gl
z h
N
F
=
=
K hiu
2
a b
=
Da vo phng trnh .
qu qu qu
F a b =

2

qu qu
b F = +

qu m
h h h = +

5.3. Kim tra nn theo trng thi gii hn II
| | S S v | | S S
5.4. Cu to mng
Cu to mng cng nhm m bo ch lm vic ca mng, ngi ta thng
cu to theo gc m ca mng sao cho
vl
< vi
vl
l gc cng ca vt liu ph
thuc vo vt liu lm mng.
H
h
m
b
H
b
0
b
0
h
m
b

Hnh 2.22a: Cu to mng cng theo gc m ca vt liu mng

Hnh 2.22b: Cu to mng bng bng gch v ch
m bo khng xut hin ng sut ko trong mng th chiu cao mng cng
phi tha mn:

0 0
2 2
vl
b b b b
H tg tg

=
- Vi mng xy gch
0
26
vl
=

- Mng xy
0
29
vl
=
- Mng b tng ly
0
30 35
vl
= tu theo mc
- Trong thc hnh tit kim vt liu ngi ta cu to mng thnh nhiu bc,
chiu theo kinh nghim thc t khi:
0,35 H m 1 bc
0,9 H m 2 bc
0,9 H m > 3 bc
5.5. Mt s ch khi tnh ton mng cng
Trong trng hp nn t tt theo tiu chun TCXD - 45 - 78
Khi nn t phn b thnh lp nm ngang, tnh nn ln khng tng theo chiu su,
trong phm vi chiu dy bng 2 ln chiu rng mng tnh t y mng th vic xc nh
kch thc cui cng ca mng c php dng gi tr p lc tnh ton quy c i vi
cng trnh cp III v cp IV.
6. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn th 2
Sau khi xc nh c kch thc y mng theo iu kin p lc tiu chun, ta
phi kim tra li nn theo trng thi gii hn v bin dng, hay cn gi l TTGH II.
Ni dung ca phn tnh ton ny nhm khng ch bin dng ca nn, khng
cho bin dng ca nn ln ti mc lm nt n, h hng cng trnh bn trn hoc lm cho
cng trnh bn trn nghing lch ln, khng tho mn iu kin s dng. m bo yu
cu trn th ln ca nn phi tho iu kin gii hn v ln tuyt i v ln lch
cho php.
Trc khi tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn th 2 ta cn xc nh ln gii
hn ca cng trnh v xem nn t c phi tnh ln hay khng. Cc gii hn ny c th
xc nh theo cc bng tra di y:
* Tra bng 16 TCXD 45 - 78
* Bng 1.1 Nn v mng cc cng trnh dn dng - cng nghip - NXBXD
* Tra bng 17 - TCXD 45 -78 hoc bng 1.2 Nn v mng cc cng trnh dn
dng - cng nghip - NXB Xy dng, xem nn t c cn phi tnh ln hay khng.
Gi gii hn ca tr ln tuyt i hay gi tr gii hn v bin dng ca cng
trnh ph thuc vo:
+ c tnh ca cng trnh bn trn: Vt liu, hnh thc kt cu, cng khng
gian v tnh nhy cm vi bin dng ca nn...
+ Ph thuc vo c tnh ca nn: Loi t, trng thi v tnh bin dng ca t,
phn b cc lp t trong nn...
+ Ph thuc vo phng php thi cng.

6.1. Kim tra v ln
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau tnh ton ln ca nn mng, mt
s phng php c trnh by k trong gio trnh C hc t. Trong ni dung ny ch
gii thiu nhng bc c bn ca phng php cng ln tng lp. y l mt trong
nhng phng php c ch nht v cho kt qu gn st vi thc t nht.
Theo quy phm ln ca nn t di y mng c tnh theo phng php
cng ln cc lp phn t vi chiu rng mng b hoc ng knh mng m 10 v kim
tra theo iu kin:
[ ] S S
Ni dung ca phng php cng ln tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng thnh nhiu lp c chiu dy ( ) 0,2 0,4 .
i
h b

hoc
i
h 1/10 H
a
, vi b l b rng mng, H
a
l chiu su vng nn p (chiu su tnh
ln).
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t: .
bt
zi i i
h =
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln: . .
.
tc
d gl o
m m tb
N G
h h
a b

+
= = vi
d
tb
l p lc
trung bnh ti y mng do ti trng cng trnh v trng lng mng, t p trn mng
gy ra; - Dung trng ca lp t t mng;
m
h

- Chiu su chn mng.
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut do ng sut gy ln gy ra: .
gl gl
oi z i
K = vi
oi
K
l h s phn b ng sut theo chiu su, xc nh bng cch tra bng trong cc sch c
hc t ph thuc vo ( ) ,2 a b z b .
5. Xc nh chiu su vng nh hng H
a
, theo TCXD 45-70, Xc nh H
a
da
vo iu kin ni c 0,2
gl bt
z
vi t tt v 0,1
gl bt
z
vi t yu.
6.Tnh ton ln ca cc lp t phn t
i
S theo cc cng thc:
1 2
1 1
. . . . . . .
1 1
gl gl gl i i i i
i i oi i i i z i z i z i
i i i
a e e
S h a h h h
E e e

= = = =
+ +

xc nh
1i
e

v
2i
e

tng ng vi cc tr s
1i
p

v
2i
p vi
1
1
2
i i
bt bt
z z
i
p

+
= v
1
2 1
2
i i
gl gl
z z
i i
p p

+
= +
7. Tnh ton ln cui cng ca mng:
1
n
i
i
S S
=
=


Hnh 2.23: S chia lp t tnh ln v ng cong nn ln ca t
trong cc cng thc trn:
i
l h s ph thuc vo h s n hng , ly trung bnh cho cc lp 8 , 0
i
=
i
E v
i
h tng ng l m un bin dng v chiu dy ca lp t phn t th i
6.2. Kim tra chnh lch ln
Ngoi vic kim tra ln tuyt i ca nn, ta cn c bit ch n chnh lch
ln hay ln khng u ca cc mng trong cng mt cng trnh. Nu tr s ny ln s gy
ra s phn b li ni lc trong kt cu bn trn, lm nt gy kt cu. chnh lch ln
c nh gi qua cc i lng:
- Chnh lch ln gia 2 mng n k nhau
- Chnh lch ln do mng nghing
- Chnh lch ln do cng trnh b un
Tu theo c im kt cu cng trnh m xc nh loi chnh lch ln tnh ton.
* Chnh lch ln gia 2 mng k nhau:
1 2
S S S =
* chnh lch ln tng i: ( )
1 2
S S S L =
vi: L l khong cch gia 2 tm mng 1 v mng 2; S
1
, S
2
l ln ca mng 1 v
mng 2.
* nghing ca mng cng c xt n nh hng ca mng ln cn v tnh
khng ng u ca nn t xc nh theo cng thc:

1 2
S S
arctg
b

| |
=
|
\ .

trong S
1
, S
2
: l ln ti mp mng. (mp 1 v mp 2, b l khong cch gia 2 mp
mng).

Tng qut ta phi kim tra theo cc cng thc:
[ ] S S < ln lch tng i ca mng
[ ] < gc nghing ca mng
[ ] U U < chuyn v ngang nu c
0 0
[ ] C C < lch tm tng i

* Trng hp nh vi tng chu lc, xt 1 on tng di L - kim tra vng (vng)
3 1
2
( )
2
S S
f S
+
=
V ( ln lch tng i) vng tng i:
2 3 1
2
[ ]
2
S S S f
S S
L L

= = <
7. Tnh ton nn theo trng thi gii hn th nht
Khi ti trng ngoi vt qu kh nng chu lc ca nn t, nn b ph hng v
mt cng , n nh, lc ny nn c xem l t n trng thi gii hn th nht.
i vi nn , khi t n TTGH1 th nn khng cn kh nng chu ti na v
nn b ph hoi. i vi nn t, khi t n TTGH1 th xy ra hin tng ln t ngt,
lm ph hng cng trnh bn trn. Mc ch ca vic tnh ton nn theo TTGH I l nhm
m bo bn vng v n nh ca nn cng nh khng cho mng b trt theo y
hay b lt .
Phm vi s dng tnh ton nn theo TTGH I:
+ Nn .
+ Nn st rt cng, ct rt cht, t na .
+ Nn st yu, bo ha nc v t than bn.
+ Nn t mng thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang.
+ Nn ca cng trnh trn mi dc.

Ti trng tnh ton: Dng ti trng tnh ton v t hp b sung.
iu kin kim tra: Mun cho nn t khng b ph hng, mt n nh (trt, tri)
th ti trng truyn ln mng cng trnh tc dng ln nn t phi c cng nh hn
cng gii hn ca nn t y.
* i vi cc ngnh khc nhau, vic tnh ton nn theo TTGH I cng khc nhau.
i vi cc ngnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip ng sut y mng c
xc nh theo cng thc:

tt
d
tb
N
F
= ;
max
min
6 6
1
tt
d a b
N e e
F a b
| |
=
|
\ .

tt
d
N - Ti trng tnh ton ti y mng
F din tch y mng F =a . b
e
a
, e
b
l lch tm theo phng cnh a v b ca mng iu kin kim tra:

tb
R

max
1,2.R
7.1. Sc chu ti ca nn
i vi nn , tnh nn ln ca n rt b, khng ng k, moun bin dng ca
c th ln hn moun bin dng ca t hng ngn ln. C khi ng sut tc dng ln
nn gn t n tr s ph hoi m bin dng ca n cn rt b. V vy ngi ta khng
cn kim tra bin dng ca nn m ch cn tnh ton v kim tra nn theo TTGH1 v
cng .
Sc chu ti tnh ton R ca nn c xc nh theo biu thc:
R =k.m.R
d

trong : k, m l h s ng nht v h s iu kin lm vic ca nn . Thng ly k.m
=0,5; R
d
l cng chu nn ca mu bo ho nc.
7.2. Sc chu ti ca nn t
Vic tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn t c gii thiu k trong C hc t .
y ch gii thiu li mt s biu thc tnh ton sc chu ti c bn:
7.2.1. Phng php ca Xokolvxki theo l thuyt cn bng gii hn
b
h
m
b
x
0
q
N
tc
Q
tc

Khi c c ti trng ngang v ng, thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng gii hn
(R) trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau:

1 1 1 2 1
. . . . .
gh m
p R A x B h C c = = + +
trong :
2 1
, : ln lt l trng lng th tch ca t nn v ca t pha trn y mng.
c: lc dnh n v ca t nn
h
m
: chiu su chn mng. Ti bn:
2
.
m
q h =
x: to ca im tnh sc chu ti (0 ) x b vi b l chiu rng mng.
A
1
, B
1
, C
1
: h s ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t nn ly theo bng II - 10.
Nn v mng - NXB. HVKTQS.
Thnh phn nm ngang ca ti trng gii hn xc nh nh sau: .
gh
R tg =
i vi trng hp ti trng lch tm nh trn thc ra nu mun tnh ton sc
chu ti ca nn cho cht ch th khng nhng ch kim tra tr s
gh
p

v p, m cn phi
kim tra c im t ca ti trng na (im t ca
gh
p phi trng vi im t ca p
do ti trng ngoi tc dng. Nhng theo li gii ca V.V.Xcolovxki th ti trng gii
hn
gh
p ch c mt im t nht nh vi lch tm
gh
e :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
2.
3
.
3 2
gh x b gh x
gh
gh x b gh x
p p
b
e
p p
= =
= =
( +
( =
+
(

7.2.2. Phng php ca Terzaghi
K.Terzaghi a ra cng thc tnh ti trng gii hn trng hp bi ton
phng nh sau:
. . 2 . . .
gh q m c
p R N b N h N c
= = + +
trong : N
,
q
N v
c
N - Cc h s sc chu ti, ph thuc vo gc ma st v tnh theo
biu .

Hnh 2.24: Biu chia tra N
,
q
N v
c
N

7.2.2. Phng php mt trt tr trn
Trong trng hp khng th dng phng php gii tch xc nh kh nng
chu ti ca nn c, lc ny ta phi s dng phng php gii. Mt s trng hp
hay gp l:
- Ph ti hai bn mng chnh lch nhau qu 25%,
- Nn t khng ng nht, gm hai hoc ba lp t c ch tiu c l khc nhau
- Mng t trn mi dc, mt di mi dc hoc mng t trn mt tng t
phn b rt dc.
Trong nhng trng hp trn ta dng phng php gii vi gi thit mt trt
l mt tr trn. Theo phng php ny, ngi ta tnh theo s bi ton phng: Ct ra
mt on di 1 n v tnh ton. Vi nhng mng bng, tng chn t, nn ng c
chiu di ln mi ph hp vi bi ton phng. Nhng vi mng hnh ch nht ngi ta
vn tnh theo s bi ton phng thun tin v thin v an ton. Ni dung ca
phng php nh sau:
+ Gi thit mt trt l mt cung trn i qua mp mng v c tm l O1, bn knh
R1. Chia lng th trt thnh nhiu mnh bng cc mt ct thng ng (hnh 2.25)
+ Ta xt mnh th i:
- Tng cc lc tc dng ln
mnh i:
i i i
G p q = +
trong :
.
i i
q F =
.
i i
p p b =
vi
i
F l din tch ca mnh
th i; l dung trng ca t;
p l cng ng sut tnh
ton ti y mng;
i
b l b
rng ca mnh th i. i
nhng mnh nm ngoi phm vi y mng th khng c
i
p .
Khi p dng phng php ny nh gi s n nh ca nn mng cn lu mt s
im sau:
- Mt trt phi i qua 1 mp y mng
- Trng lng ca cc phn t trt c cha din tch mng bng tng trng
lng t v tng hp lc ca p lc mng trong phm vi phn t .
- chiu rng mi phn t trn lng th trt khng nn vt qu 1/10 bn knh
cung trt R.
Xt phn t trt th i c trng lng
i
g

cos sin
i i i i i
G G G = +

Thnh phn tip tuyn .sin
i i i
T g = ca cc phn t nm bn phi ng thng
ng i qua tm O
i
s c hng trng hng trt nn c xu hng gy trt
Thnh phn tip tuyn .sin
i i i
T g = ca cc phn t nm bn tri ng thng
ng i qua tm O
i
c xu hng cn tr s trt
Cn li s trt cn c 1 thnh phn lc dnh .
i
c l v lc ma st
'
i i
.cos .tg
i i
T g =
Ly tng m men ca cc lc cn tr s trt vi tm O
i
ta c m men gi
1
n
giu
i
i
M
=
, ly tng m men cc lc gy trt vi tm O

i
ta c m men trt
1
n
truot
i
i
M
=

H s n nh trt
1
1
n
giu
i
i
i
n
truot
i
i
M
K
M
=
=
=

Vi n l s phn t trong lng th trt
Cho im O
i
thay i ( i = 1 k). Sau khi xc nh c cc tr s K i vi mi
cung trt, ta chn tr s nh nht K
min
=min(K
i
) xt n nh ca nn. Mun nn
n nh phi tha mn iu kin sau: | |
min
1,2 1,5 K K =
7.3. Kim tra lt v trt cho mng
7.3.1. Kim tra n nh lt
Trong qu trnh chu lc nu di y
mng xut hin p lc (ng sut tip xc) m
th mng c kh nng b lt, do vy cn phi
kim tra n nh lt ca mng.
Vic kim tra n nh lt ca mng
c tin hnh so vi trc i qua mp ngoi
ca y mng (im O) di tc dng ca t
hp ti trng tnh ton bt li nht
iu kin kim tra:
| |
gi
l l
l
M
K K
M
=
trong :
l
K - h s n nh lt;
gi
M - tng m men gi;
l
M - tng m men gy lt;
| |
l
M - h s n nh lt cho php (thng ly bng 1,5).

Nu cng trnh c thit k nm trn nhiu mng v tng hp lc khng nm
ngoi li ca din tch y mng c lin kt cng vi nhau bng cc kt cu chu lc th
cng trnh c th khng b lt .
7.3.2. Kim tra n nh trt
Trng hp mng chu ti trng
ngang Q s lm cho mng c xu hng b
trt mt phng y mng, m bo
mng khng b trt ngang phi tho mn
iu kin
| |
gi
t t
t
T
K K
T
=
trong :
t
K - h s n nh trt; . .
tt
gi d
T m f N = - tng lc gi;
| |
t
K - h s n nh trt
cho php;
t
T - l tng ti trng ngang tnh ton; m l h s iu kin lm vic (thng ly
nh hn hoc bng 1);
tt
d
N - l tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti mc y mng; f -
h s ma st gia y mng v nn t (tra bng II-11. Nn v mng - NXB Hc Vin
KTQS).
Bng 2.6: H s ma st ca hoc b tng vi cc loi t khc nhau
TT Loi t di y mng Tr s f
1 t st v nham thch c b mt b bo mn 0,25
2 t st trng thi cng 0,30
3 t st trng thi do 0,20
4 Ct m t 0,55
5 Ct m 0,45
6 st trng thi cng 0,45
7 st trng thi do 0,25
8 ct trng thi cng 0,50
9 ct trng thi do 0,35
10 t 0,75
8. Tnh ton mng b tng ct thp
Mng b tng ct thp (mng c cng hu hn): l loi mng chu c c ng
sut ko v nn. Do cng hu hn nn khi lm vic mng s b un v trong trng
hp tng qut biu phn lc ca nn ln y mng c dng ng cong.
Khi gc m ca mng nh (hay ni cch khc phn m rng cng xn ca mng
khng ln) tho mn iu kin 2 tg c th coi nh mng b bin dng b v biu
ng sut di mng l ng thng. m bo iu kin ny th chiu cao mng c
th ly bng:
0
4
b b
H

= (do 2 tg = )

H
h
m
b
H
b
0
b
0
h
m
b

Vic tnh ton mng b tng ct thp cng tun theo cc bc tng t nh vi
mng cng, ngoi ra ta cn phi kim ton v bn ca mng theo TTGH I. Di y
s trnh by chi tit cc ni dung tnh ton mng BTCT theo TTGH I i vi bn thn
mng.
8.1. S tnh v cc dng ph hoi ca mng BTCT
Ta xt trng thi chu lc ca mt mng n BTCT nh hnh v. B qua lc ngang
v ma st trn mt bn mng, vt th mng chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- Ti trng cng trnh tc dng trn mt din tch hp (chn ct hoc chn tng chu
lc).
- Phn lc nn tc dng trn ton din tch y mng v c chiu ngc vi p lc
ca mng xung nn.
Trong iu kin nh vy, mng c kh nng b ph hoi theo cc dng sau:
1. Mng b chc thng bi ng sut ct
trc tip trn tit din xung quanh chn ct
hoc chn tng (ng 1 trn hnh v).
2. Mng b chc thng do tc dng ca
ng sut ko chnh, lc ny mt ph hoi s l
mt nghing 45
o
so vi phng thng ng
(ng 2 trn hnh v).
3. Mng b nt gy do tc dng ca m
men un. Trong phm vi chn ct hoc chn
tng, cng ca kt cu mng rt ln, nn
c th xem mng b ngm ti , phn mng
cha ra ngoi chn ct (hoc chn tng) b
un nh dm cng xn.
Tnh ton mng theo trng thi gii hn I, hay ni cch khc l tnh ton bn
ca mng. Ni dung chnh l xc nh kch thc ca mng v cu to cho hp l, m
bo cho mng khng b ph hng theo nhng dng nu trn. Vic tnh ton gm hai
ni dung chnh sau y:
- Tnh ton chiu cao mng, bc mng.
- Tnh ton b tr ct thp chu un cho mng
Khi tnh ton mng theo TTGH I dng ti trng tnh ton.

8.2. Mng n b tng ct thp di ct
Tnh ton mng n b tng ct thp di ct bao gm cc bc sau:
- Xc nh chiu cao ca mng
- Cu to bc v tnh ton b tr ct thp mng
8.1.1. Xc nh chiu cao ca mng
a- Theo iu kin chc thng
Gi Q l lc tnh ton xuyn thng:
max
.
t
Q F = . iu kin mng khng b
xuyn thng l

0
0,75. . .
k tb
Q R b h
trong : (
t
F din tch phn gch cho: . .
t H H
F a b a b = );
0 0 0 0
2 ; 2
H H
a a h b b h = + = + ;
b
tb
: chu vi trung bnh ca thp xuyn thng:
0 0 tb H H
b a a b b = + + + ;
0 0
, , ,
H H
a a b b tng
ng l cc cnh trn v cnh di ca thp xuyn thng.

hm
N
p
tb
H
a
0
h
0
a*
45 45
a
0
b
0
b
H
b
a
a
H
hm
N
p
tb
p
min
p
max
M
H
a
0
h
0
a*
45 45
a
0
b
0
b
H
b
a
a
H

S tnh ton chc thng ca mng BTCT khi chu ti ng tm v lc tm
b- Theo iu kin khng cn t ct xin phn cnh (. kin chu lc ct).


0
0
1
2
. .
tb
k
b b
a
h
m R a

trong : R
k
- l cng chu ko tnh ton ca b tng; a
1
- l chiu di bc trn (st
mp ct, tng)
8.1.2. Cu to mng dng bc hoc vt
Chiu cao mng:
0
* H h a = +
Vi * a l chiu dy lp b tng bo v ly bng 5cm
Khi 60 H cm cu to bc 1
60 90 H cm < cu to bc 2
90 H cm > cu to bc 3
8.1.3. Tnh ton b tr thp mng
* Gi tr m men un theo phng cnh a (mt
ct I-I) v din tch ct thp theo phng song
song vi cnh a
2
( )
8
a
c
a tb
a a b
M
= ;
1
0
.0,9. . .
a
a
a a
M
F
m m R h
=
m, m
a
l h s iu kin lm vic ca mng v
ca ct thp
* Gi tr m mem un theo phng cnh b v
din tch ct thp theo phng song song vi
cnh b (mt ct II-II) tng ng l:
2
( )
8
b
c
b tb
b b a
M
= ;
2
0
.0,9. . .
b
a
a a
M
F
m m R h
=

R
a
- cng chu ko tnh ton ca ct thp;
a
tb
v
b
tb
tng ng l gi tr trung bnh
ca phn lc nn (p lc y mng) trong phn cng xn ca mng ngoi mt ct I-I
v II-II.
Sau khi xc nh c hm lng ct thp, chn ng knh ct thp, tnh ton s
thanh v b tr ct thp cho mng nh hnh v.

Ct thp s 1: Chu lc do mo men ti mt ngm I-I
Ct thp s 2: Chu lc do mo men ti mt ngm II-II
Ct thp s 3 Ct thp ai, f6 f10 , a =20cm
Ct thp s 4 Ct thp chu lc ca ct, b tr on ch
trn ct mt on L =30 f (f - ng knh ct thp)
Yu cu: Ct thp c f >10 mm, khong cch a =10-25cm

8.3. Mng bng
Chiu cao ca mng phi tho mn iu kin

0
. . .
tb k
C m R h
0
.
.
tb
k
C
h
m R

trong : C- chiu di phn cnh mng; m - h s iu kin lm vic ca mng; R
k
-
cng chu ko tnh ton ca b tng mng;
tb
- p lc y mng trung bnh phn
cnh mng
H =h
0
+a* vi a* l chiu dy lp bo v 3 7cm =
Ch
tb
phi ly v pha
max


Tr s m men v din tch ct thp ti mt ct I I

2
.
2
tb
I I
C
M

= v
0
0,9. . . .
I I
a
a a
M
F
R h m m
=
cu to mng v b tr ct thp mng

9. Cc trng hp c bit khi tnh ton mng
9.1. Tng v mng tng hm
Nh c tng hm c th l nh tng chu lc hoc nh khung chu lc. Tng
tng hm ging nh tng chn nhng n c cc trn ngn chng khc vi tng
chn. Ngoi ti trng cng trnh, tng tng hm c phi chu p lc t ging nh
tng chn.
Tu theo tng trng hp p lc ln tng tng hm c th l p lc ch ng
hoc b ng cng vi p lc thu tnh nu c.

+p lc ch ng . . .
a a i i nc nci
P K h h = +

+p lc b ng:
. . .
b b i i nc nci
P K h h = +

+q l p lc (ti trng) tm thi tc dng ln mt
t gi tr ti thiu ca q l 1,0T/m
2
v c quy
i tng ng vi t c chiu dy
qd
h :
qd
d
q
h
=
- Trng hp t nhiu lp c th s dng
tb
v
tb

.
i i
tb
i
h
h
;
.
i i
tb
i
h
h

+p lc nc tc dng ln tng
. .
n nc nc
m h =
trong : m H s iu kin lm vic ly bng
1,1;
nc
Trng lng ring ca nc 1T/m
3
;
nc
h
Chiu cao ct nc
S tnh tng tng hm: thanh mt u ngm ( v tr nh mng) v mt u
khp ( v tr sn tng trt) chu tc dng ca ti trng nu trn.
Khi tnh mng tng tng hm gi tr p lc tiu chun (sc chu ti ca nn) c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
( )
1 2
0
.
. . . . . .
tc
d td t d t
tc
m m
R A b B h D C h
K
= + +
vi: h
o
=h
m
h
td

1 2
Kc
td
t
h h h

= + (quy i
kt cu y tng hm t tng
ng)
9.2. Mng chu ko ln (nh)
Trong thc t mt s mng
phi xt n iu kin chu ko ln
trong qu trnh lm vic nh : Mng
nh cng nghip, H th ca cu
treo... chng ta phn bit hai loi
theo cu to l mng bc v mng
ch nht c tng thng.

9.2.1. Mng bc
iu kin mng khng b nh
( ) 1 2
. .
tc tc
m d ct
n P n G G T + +
trong : n
1
- h s vt ti i vi lc ko ln 1,1; n
2
- h s vt ti i vi lc gi
ly 0,8;
tc
m
G - Trng lng tiu chun ca mng;
tc
d
G - trng lng tiu chun ca t ln
mng; T
ct
Tng hp sc chng trt ca t
. . .
ct i i i i i
T F tg F = =

(Fi l din tch mt ct lp t i)
vi
i
- l p lc t ch ng trung bnh ca lp t th i,
i
l gc ma st trong ca lp
t th i.
Ti v tr tip xc gia t v mng ly
tt
tg f = (
tt
f l h s ma st gia vt liu
mng v t). Trong bng II.11 - Nn mng - NXB Hc Vin KTQS
9.2.2. Mng ch nht c tng thng
iu kin n nh:
( ) 1 2
. .
tc tc
m d
n P n G G +
Loi mng ny an ton, chng ta
khng k n lc ma st mt bn v sc
chng ct ca t v do vic lp h mng
chng ta khng kim sot c.
10. Bin php bo v mng
10.1. Khi nim
Mng thng c chn su di t v vy n cn phi c bo v chng nc
ngm xm thc.
- Nc ngm l mt dung dch ho cht c nng thp, tu theo cht ho hc c
trong nc m n th xm thc b tng v ph hoi ct thp mng. Nc trong t c
pH < 7 c tc dng xm thc mng mnh lit.
- Nc ngm nh hng thc tip ti qu trnh thi cng: khi mc nc ngm thay
i theo ma gy ra bin dng ph trong t lm cho sc chu ti ca nn b gim i.
trnh s xm thc ca nc chng ta cn phi c bin php thot nc v
chng m cho mng gp phn m bo bn v n nh ca cng trnh.
10.2. Bin php thot nc mt v thot nc di t
- Ch ti vic thot nc ma (lm k, rnh kt hp vi h thng thot nc
chung).
- Trng hp mc nc di t cao hn y mng tng hm t h thng
ng thot c l thu v thot nc t su 0,5m so vi ct sn tng hm.
h
m
P
G
m
G
d
G
d

10.3. Bo v mng bng lp vt liu cch m
10.3.1. Loi cch nc cng
S dng va XMC mc cao, dy t 2 3 cm hoc bng b tng chng thm khi s
dng ph gia bentonit, sepegit ...
10.3.2. Lp cch m do
Lp cnh m do gm hai loi hoc trt hoc dn, yu cu lp cch m do phi
c gn kt cht vi vt liu mng v c kh nng lm vic lu di.
- Lp cch m trt c ch to ch yu bng cht bi tum un nhit 100
0
C
ho tan trong cc dung mi long dng qut ln b mt ngoi ca mng.
- Lp cch m dn dng loi vt liu d un v d cun trn nh nha, giy du,
tn ... c gn cht vi nhau bng matt nng.

Mt s v d v s dng lp cch m do bng vt liu cch m Masterflex 2000
v Masterflex 3000 ca hng BASF




10.4. Chng xm thc mng do nc di t gy ra
Trn thc t khi gp phi nc ngm c tnh n mn cao (pH 7) ngi ta x l
bng cch o cc rnh xung quanh cng trnh v cho vi trung ho axt ng thi
s dng t st luyn to nn lp chng thm bao bc xung quanh cng trnh v c bit
ti cc v tr khe c dn ca cc tng hm hay ng thng.

11. Khi nim v mng mm v m hnh nn
11.1. Khi nim
Tnh ton mng mm nm trong phn tnh ton kt cu trn nn bin dng mt
b phn ca c hc cng trnh, b phn c hc ny tnh cc kt cu mng nh mng
bng, mng bng giao nhau, mng b, mng dng v ...
Hin nay, cc cng trnh nh cao tng, ti trng ln c xy dng ngy cng
nhiu, nhiu khi phi xy dng trn nn t yu. Do vy cc loi mng bng, mng bng
giao thoa, mng b, mmg hp c s dng nhiu. Do vy vic nghin cu tnh ton
lai mng ny l cng vic ht sc cn thit phc v cng tc thit k nn mng. m
bo nn mng cng trnh iu kin chu lc v bin dng.
Khc vi mng cng, mng mm c kh nng b un ng k di tc dng ca
ti trng cng trnh, Bin dng un ny c nh hng nhiu n s phn b li ng sut
tip xc (phn lc nn) di y mng. Do vy khi tnh ton ta khng th b qua bin
dng un ca bn thn kt cu mng, hay ni cch khc l cn phi xt n cng ca
mng. Tuy nhin n gin trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch xt n cng ca mng
trong nhng trng hp mng c bin dng un ln n mt mc no .
Theo QP 20-64 nhng mng tha mn iu kin sau:

3
1
3
10 10
o
E a
t
E
h
= >
th coi nh mng mm tnh ton. Trong cng thc nn trn, E
o
m un bin dng
ca nn t, E l m un n hi ca vt liu mng, a
1
l na chiu di mng v h l
chiu cao mng. mng c t s hai cnh l/b 7 coi nh mng dm, l/b<7 coi nh mng
bn.

1
2
1 2
0
P
2
W=W
0
P
1
2
P
1
P
d)
c)
b)
a)
r
r
1
2

Cng vic quan trng ca tnh ton mng mm l xc nh phn lc nn v ln
ca mng, Mng mm c a v hai dng chnh l dm hoc bn.
Phng trnh trc vng ca dm c vit nh sau:

4
( )
( ) ( )
4
[ ] .
x
x x
d
EJ q p b
dx
=
trong : E - cng chu un ca dm mng (bi ton phng); b- chiu rng mng;
) ( x
- vng ca dm mng.
Di tc dng ca p lc y mng P(x), mt nn b ln xung. iu kin tip xc
gia y mng v nn l.
( ) ( ) x S x =
trong : ( ) x - vng ca dm mng; S(x) - ln ca nn.
i lng cha bit ca bi ton l ( ) x hoc S(x) v P(x)
Nh vy gii c bi ton ta phi thm phng trnh quan h gia ln v
phn lc nn
S(x) = F
1
(P(x)) hoc P(x) = F
2
(S(x))
Vic la chn cc quan h ny ph thuc vo m hnh nn la chn.
11.2. M hnh nn bin dng cc b
Phng trnh : P(x) =C . S (x)
trong C gi l h s nn hay cn gi l h s t l. M hnh ny cho rng ln
ca nn, mng ch xy ra trong phm vi gia ti. Gi thit ca loi m hnh nn ny l mi
quan h bc nht gia p lc v ln. M hnh ny cn gi l m hnh Winkler, c
biu din bng h l xo thng ng lm vic c lp nhau, C chnh l cng ca l xo.

H s C c lp thnh bng tra thuc loi t (KG/cm
3
)
Tra bng II - 14. Nn v mng. NXB Hc Vin KTQS

M hnh ny c nhc im nh sau: Quan nim cho rng ln ch xy ra trong
phm vi din gia ti cha ph hp vi thc t, di tc dng ca ti trng bin dng xy
ra c trong v ngoi phm vi gia ti.
Tuy nhin phng php ny tnh ton n gin, khi mng c kch thc ln, cng
nh khi mng trn nn t yu cho kt qu kh ph hp vi thc t nn c s dng
nhiu.
11.3. M hnh nn bin dng tng th (bn khng gian)
Theo m hnh ny nn t c xem nh mt na
khng gian n hi vi nhng c trng l moun bin
dng
0
E v h s poisson . V t khng phi l vt th
n hi tuyt i nn thay cho moun n hi, ngi ta
dng moun bin dng
0
E l t s gia ng sut v
bin dng ton phn ca t (bao gm c bin dng n
hi v bin dng d).
Khi chu tc dng ca lc tp trung P theo li gii
ca J .Bossinesq ta c:

2
0
1
( , )
. .
S x y P
E
=
trong : - khong cch t im t lc P n im tnh
lc; E
0
, - m un bin dng v h s n hng ca t.
Nhn xt: M hnh nn na khng gian bin dng n hi xt n tnh phn
phi ca t (tc bin dng ca nn xy ra c ngoi im t ti) v vy m hnh ny
cn gi l m hnh nn n hi bin dng tng qut.
Tuy nhin m hnh ny nh gi qu cao tnh phn phi ca t. Theo m hnh
ny nhng im nm xa v cng mi ht ln. Trong thc t t khng phi l vt liu
n hi nn tnh phn phica n km. Kt qu th nghim cho thy l tuy ngoi phm vi
t ti c ln nhng ch trong phm
vi nh m thi. Nhc im ca m
hnh l khng xt n chiu dy ca
tng chu nn.
Hnh v bn so snh kt qu
bin dng ca hai m hnh va nu
v kt qu th nghim thc t.
M hnh ny nh gi qu
cao tnh phn phi ca t nn tr s
ni lc trong kt cu rt ln, thiu
chnh xc.

b)
a)
W
0

P

O

11.4. M hnh lp khng gian bin dng tng th
M hnh ny l mt bc pht trn ca m hnh nn na khng gian bin dng
tng th nhng c xt n chiu dy lp t chu nn Ha khi chiu dy lp t H > Ha th
ly Ha tnh, khi H < Ha th ly H tnh ton.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l coi Ha l hng s trong khi Ha thay i tu
theo im tnh ln
Ha =H
0
+t . b
t st H
0
=9m, t =0,15
t ct H
0
=6m, t =0,1
12. Tnh ton mng dm theo m hnh nn Winkler
12.1. Phng php xc nh h s nn
tnh ton kt cu dm, bn trn nn n hi theo m hnh nn Winkler, vic xc
nh h s nn C l ht sc quan trng. y ta xt mt s cch xc nh sau.
12.1.1. Phng php th nghim
Trong nhiu phng php xc nh h s nn, phng php th nghim ngoi hin
trng cho kt qu chnh xc nht.
Dng mt bn nn vung kch thc
1mx1m, cht ti trng nn v tm quan h gia
ng sut v ln ca nn.
H s nn xc nh bng cng thc:
min min
C S =
trong :
min
- ng sut gy ln giai on nn
n hi (kG/cm
2
) ng vi ln bng 1/4 - 1/5
ln cho php.
min
S - ln trong giai on
nn n hi, ng vi ng sut
min

12.1.2. Phng php thng k (tra bng)
a. Da vo phn loi t v cht ca lp t di y mng

b. Da vo phn loi t, thnh phn ht, h s rng, st

12.1.3. Phng php thc hnh xc nh h s nn.
Phng php tra bng c nhiu ngi cp n, tuy nhin, kt qu ca n
khng c chnh xc, bi v ch da vo phn loi t v mt s ch tiu c l ca t
t mng l cha hp l, mt khc phm vi tra bng li rt rng nn kh chn c ng
tr s C. Do vy ta c th s dng phng php thc hnh sau xc nh h s nn.
* C s l thuyt: Da v cch tnh ln theo phng php lp tng ng
. .
o td
S a h = ;
o o
a E = ;
2
2.
1
1

trong : S- ln ca mng (cm); - ng sut gy ln
(kG/cm
2
);
td
h Chiu dy ca lp tng ng;
o
a H
s nn ln tng i (cm
2
/kG); - H s n hng ca
t, ph thuc vo loi t, tra bng; E Moun bin
dng tiu chun (kG/cm
2
), c xc nh theo s liu th
nghim, nu khng c s liu th nghim th cn c vo loi t trng thi tra bng.

Nu trong phm vi 2
td
h

c nhiu lp t th: . .
tb
o td
S a h = ;
2
. .
2.
oi i i
tb
o
td
a z h
a
h
=

vi:
i
h Chiu dy ca lp t th i (cm);
i
z Khong cch t trng tm lp t th i
n nh tam gic ng sut gy ln su 2
td
h .

* Phng php xc nh h s nn C theo phng php lp tng ng:
. .
td
h A b = vi
( )
( )
2
1 1 2 A =
- h s ng vi ln trung bnh, ph thuc vo t s hai cnh ca mng, vi
mng hnh vung, cnh b, ta c = 0,95, lc ny ta c: 0,95. .
td
h Ab = . Thay vo biu
thc tnh ln ta c:
0,95. . . . S A b
E
=
T cc tr s ca v A trong cc bng trn, ta c th tnh gn ng . S b E = (do
cc h s khc nhau khng nhiu i vi cc loi t khc nhau). Ta c cng thc xc nh
h s nn C vi
min
2 = v
min
4 S S = l 2 C E b = .
Nu trong phm vi chiu su 2b (3b vi t st pha, 4b vi t st) c nhiu lp
t th: 2
tb
C E b = vi
2
. . 2
tb i i i
E E h z b =
.
Ngoi cch tnh nu trn c th dng cch tnh ng dn da vo biu thc quan
h gia phn lc nn vi ln ca m hnh nn
( ) ( ) . p x C S x = tnh h s nn C khi
bit ln ca nn v p lc gy ln. Cch ny thng p dng khi tnh mng b di
y tng hm.

12.2. H phng trnh vi phn c bn
T iu kin tip xc gia mng v nn ta c phng trnh vi phn c bn:
( )
( )
( )
4
4.
4.
.
dS q
S
C b
d

+ =
trong : . a x = ;
4
. C b
a
EJ
=
y l phng trnh vi phn tnh ln S dng tng qut theo bin s .
Ti nhng on dm khng c ti trng
( )
0 q

=
v phng trnh c dng

4
( )
( )
4
4 0
d S
S
d
+ =
Kt hp vi iu kin bn ca bi ton gii ra S v t S xc nh phn lc nn
( ) x p theo quan h

( ) ( ) . p x C S x =
12.3. Tnh ton mng dm di v hn chu ti trng tp trung
a. Ti trng tp trung P :
Kt qu bi ton nhn c
1
3
( )
8 .
P
S x
EJ a
= ;
1
3
( ) .
8 .
P
P x C
EJ a
=
2
( )
4
P
M x
a
= ;
3
( )
2
P
Q x =
3 2 1
, , : gi l hm Zimmerman tra bng II - 15. Nn v mng - NXB Hc
Vin KTQS.
Ti im t ca ti trng x = 0, ax = 0
max
3
.
2 . .
8 .
P P a
S
C b
EJ a
= =
max
.
2
P a
P
b
= ;
max
4
P
M
a
=
b. Dm di v hn chu mmen tp trung M
0

Kt qu:
0
2
2
( )
4. .
M
S x
EJ a
=


0
4
( )
2
M
M x =

1
.
( )
2
a Mo
Q x =
c. Dm di v hn chu ti trng phn b
ng dng kt qu bi ton ny khi chu lc tp trung hay sau tnh phn trong
khong phn b ca ti trng.
13. Tnh ton mng mm theo m hnh nn l lp n hi c chiu
dy hu hn
Tnh ton mng mm theo m hnh nn l lp n hi c chiu dy hu hn c
tin hnh trong nhng trng hp sau:
a- Nn t c chiu dy hu hn nm trn nn cng: trng hp ny xy ra
hin tng tp trung ng sut trong nn t. Tuy nhin ln trong trng hp ny b
hn i vi nn na khng gian vi phm v tnh ln l hu hn (do tng chu nn b)
phn b ng sut di mng s khc khi nn l na khng gian v vy tr s m men
v lc ct s khc.
b- Khi mng c din tch mng ln: nu tnh ln theo nn na khng gian th
kt qu nhn c s ln hn so vi thc t. Kt qu tnh theo m hnh lp n hi c
chiu dy hu hn nm trn nn cng cho kt qu ph hp hn.
Theo tiu chun TCXD 45 - 78. Khi b rng hoc ng knh mng >10m th
dng m hnh lp n hi c chiu dy hu hn tnh ln, chiu dy lp t.
H
a
=H
0
+t .b
vi t st : H
0
=9m v t =0,15
t ct : H
0
=6m v t =0,1
trong : b - l chiu rng hoc ng knh mng
- Tng chu nn c coi l ng nht, m un bin dng E v h s poisson
khng thay i, quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l tuyn tnh.
Ch : H >Ha H =Ha
H <Ha H =H
- Dng cng thc ca O.I.A. Sekchi vi gi thit ng sut tip xc gia tng t
v tng bng 0.

( )
2
2
2
0
. . cos sin
.(1 ) 4
Ch . Sh
i
x a
S h
q H
H H
W
E

=
+


2
.
(1 )
.
i i
q c
W
W
E

=
Khi q.c =1 tng ng ta c ln n v

2
1
.
ik i
W
W
E
=
W
i
l ln ti im bt k nm trn b mt ca tng chu nn cch xa trc ca
on dm b cht ti 1 khong x c .
C - chiu di on dm c chia ra
i
W - H s thuc c H v x c , tra bng 3.11 (nn v mng - NXB Xy dng).
Hiu ln
x
=W
0
W
x
=
2
(1 )
.
qC
Fx
E

Khi q .c =1 hiu ln n v
xk
=
2
1
W .
xk
Fx
=
trong : W
0
- ln ti im 0;
ik
F - H s ln tra bng 3.12 (Nn v mng NXB
Xy dng)
Sau khi xc nh c
x
W ta s gii c ni lc trong mng.
14. Phng php s tnh ton mng mm theo m hnh nn bin
dng cc b
C th s dng cc phn mm phn tch kt cu tnh ton mng mm theo m
hnh nn bin dng cc b bng cch xy dng s tnh ca kt cu theo phng php
Phn t hu hn vi cc trng hp ti trng ca cng trnh truyn vo mng. Phn lc
ca nn t ln y mng c m t bng cc lin kt l so vi cng xc nh theo
h s nn.
y l dng n gin ca cch tnh tng tc. Chi tit v cch t bi ton, xy
dng m hnh tnh v gii bi ton tng tc c th tham kho trong ti liu Tnh tng
tc ca kt cu vi nn bin dng ca chng trnh o to sau i hc.
15. Thi cng mng nng
Cng tc thi cng mng nng gm cc bc sau:
1) nh v h mng.
2) o t h mng, bo v y v thnh h mng (cn c bit ch ).
3) Dn nn, lm kh h mng v thi cng mng.
4) Lp t h mng.

Cng tc nh v h mng thng c xc nh trn mt bng da vo h thng
mc nh v ca cng trnh. Vic nh v cc trc cng trnh v cc v tr mng cn phi
ch s dng cc h thng mc tm sao cho cc mc ny khng b dch chuyn hay nh
hng bi qu trnh o t h mng.
Cng tc o t h mng c th thc hin th cng hay bng my ty theo khi
lng t o c th v chiu su h o. Thng thng khi mng chn nng (h
m
<1,5m)
th c th o th cng vi h o vt hoc h o c bo v bng vn lt. Trong
trng hp h o su, mt bng thi cng rng, iu kin a cht tt cng c th o h
mng vt vi nhiu cp o. Khi h o su v khi lng thi cng ln, mt bng thi
cng hn ch th ngi ta thng o h mng bng my kt hp vi vic bo v gi n
nh thnh h mng bng h tng cc vn. H tng cc vn cng dng bo v thnh
h mng v y h mng khi p lc nc ngm cao.
Khi o h mng thng khng o ngay n cao y mng m thng ch
o n cao pha trn y mng khong 15-20cm nhm khng lm ph v kt cu ca
t di y mng (hnh v)

Di y s gii thiu mt s ni dung c bn lin quan n cng tc bo v y
v thnh h mng. Cc cng tc khc s c gii thiu chi tit trong mn hc thi cng.
15.1. Bo v y h mng
y h mng l tng t chu lc ca cng trnh, cn c bo v tt;
Cc nguyn nhn sau thng nh hng khng tt ti t h mng:
- S i li ca cng nhn v my mc trong qu trnh o v vn chuyn t;
- S co ngt ca t trong thi gian h mng l thin;
- Gradien thu lc gia t mi h mng v t y h mng;
- Gradien p lc nc ngm chy vo y h mng;
- p lc y ngc ca tng nc c p.
Cc nguyn nhn ny lm cho ln tng, sc chu ti b gim; y h mng d b
y bng.
Cc bin php phng:
- Khi o cha li 1 lp t dy trc khi xy mng;

- Chng y bng do s hnh thnh gradien p lc dng thm gia thnh v y h
mng bng cch bt thoi mi t hay s dng vn c.
- Trng hp b y bng do nc c p phi tnh ton sao cho:
. .
n
t H >
trong : t- chiu dy cn li ca lp t st (m);
H- chiu cao ct p (m);
,
n
tng ng l trng lng ring ca t di y mng v nc.
15.2. Bo v thnh h mng
C 2 cch bo v thnh h mng:
- Bt mi (ta luy);
- Dng c gi thnh h mng.
a)- Bt mi:
- Khi h mng nng, hoc khi iu kin thi cng cho php;
- Chiu su o ti a:
4
45
2
o
gh
c
h tg
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
trn mt t khng c ti trng ph
trong : n- h s an ton =2-3; c; ; - lc dnh; dung trng; gc ma st trong ca t.
- Hoc tham kho bng dc mi ta luy.
Loi
t
Tr s h/b khi su h mng (m)
<1,5 1,5-3 3-5
t ct v cui si bo ho nc 1:0.25 1:1.0 1:1.25
t ct v cui si khng bo ho 1:0.5 1:1.0 1:1.0
t dnh vi m thin nhin
Ct pha 1:0.25 1:0.67 1:0.85
St pha 1:0.9 1:0.5 1:0.75
St 1:0.0 1:0.25 1:0.5
Trng hp t st khi chiu su h o <1,5 mt c th o thng ng
b)- Dng c: Vn lt; Cc vn.

15.2.1. Bo v thnh h mng bng vn lt
a)- Phm vi s dng, cu to:
Phm vi s dng: Dng ni mc nc ngm thp hn y mng.
Tc dng: gi cho vch h mng n nh hn ch bt vic dch chuyn t gy ln
cho cc cng trnh bn cnh.
Cu to (xem hnh v) gm cc b phn sau: vn lt ngang+thanh np ng+thanh
chng ngang
+ Vn lt: g dy t 4-8 cm;
+ Thanh np: g vung hoc trn: d =1216 cm;

+ Thanh chng: d =14 22 cm.

b)- Tnh ton h vn lt:

p lc t xc nh theo l thuyt Cu lng (C hc t); ch nu trn mt t c
ti trng phn b u q tc dng th phi k nh hng ca n.
p
a
=. k
a
. z ; k
a
=tg
2
(45
0
-/2);
p
a
=. k
a
. z +k
a
. q c ti trng q trn mt t.
+Vn lt: C tit din (b x ), chiu di ln, do coi l dm (siu tnh) gi ln
cc thanh np; nhp ca vn l L1; (nu cc thanh np b tr u nhau).
Kim tra vi vn di cng v chng chu ti trng nhiu nht (p3).
M men:
2
1
max 3
10
L
M p =

ng sut:
max
u
M
R
W
= <
trong : p
3
=. k
a
. h. b ;
2
. 6 W b = l m men khng un ca vn; R
u
- cng chu
un tnh ton ca g.
+Thanh np: S tnh coi l dm n gin (thin v an ton):
M men:
2
max
8
i
i
h
M p =
ng sut:
max
u
M
R
W
= <
trong : p
i
- ti trng trn nhp h
i
ca thanh np; M
max
- m men ln nht kim tra ng
sut.
+Thanh chng: Thanh chu nn ng tm; lc tc dng chnh l ti trng phn b
trn din F
p
= L
1
.h
i
; cng thc kim tra:
max
n
R
R
F
= <
trong : R
max
- phn lc tc dng ln nht ln thanh chng; F- din tch tit din ngang
thanh chng; - h s un dc; R
n
- cng chu nn dc th ca g.
Ch : Khi h mng rng cc thanh chng c th thay bng cc chng xin hoc
dy neo.

15.2.2. Bo v thnh h mng bng cc vn
a)- Phm vi s dng, cu to:
Phm vi s dng: ngoi vic gi n nh mi, cn ngn nc chy vo h mng.
Cu to gm cc b phn (hnh v):
- Cc vn: bng g; b tng ct thp, thp; cu to cng ng xung quanh
h mng trc khi o t; 2 bn thnh cc vn phi c mng lin kt kn khp ngn
nc.
- Khung +np lin kt u cc: nh hng v truyn lc ln thanh chng.
- Thanh chng ngang v dc tng (cho h mng rng).

* Cc vn g (hnh v):
-Vn bng vn g dy d=2,5 8 cm hoc tit din vung 10 24 cm.

- Chiu di: ti 8 mt, thch hp nht 4-5 mt.
- Mi cc vt nhn bt st; u cc c ai thp chu cc ng lc sinh ra khi ng
cc.
- Khi ng dng khung nh hng, khung thng lm bng g trn, bt cht vo
cc cc nh v. Cc nh v b tr ngoi tng vy cch nhau khong 2-2,5 mt v ng
su hn cc vn t 0,75-1 mt.
- Trc khi ng cc vn, u tin lp ton b cc vn xung quanh h mng, sau
mi tin hnh ng dn tt c xung tng t, lm nh vy vng vy s cht kht hn
ng tng cc vn xung ngay su.

* Cc vn thp (hnh v):
- Tit din ch I ; ch U hoc ch Z .
- Loi tit din ch I : dng cho h mng khng su lm, cng cc ch yu
da vo cng cu to khe lin kt 2 mp.
- Kiu ch U c cng tng i ln dng cho cc h mng su 8-25 mt.
- Kiu ch Z c m men qun tnh ln v gim trng lng bn thn.
- Khi ng ghp 2-3 thanh vi nhau tng cng v thun li khi thi cng.
- Dng khung nh hng ng cc vn.

* Cc vn b tng ct thp (hnh v):
cng ln c th tn ti lu di trong t nn thng c lm b phn chu lc
ca cng trnh.


b)- Tnh ton cc vn: (thng l gii quyt bi ton phng - xt 1 n v
chiu di tng):
Ni dung: Tnh n nh v cng cc, tc l xc nh cm su ca cc vo
t v tit din ngang cu cc v thanh neo (nu c).
* Tng cc vn c neo:

+ Xt trng hp t sau tng ng nht c lc dnh n v c v gc ma st trong
, do nc thm qua tng chy vo h mng nn hnh thnh 1 ng cong h thp mc
nc i j nh hnh v.
+ p lc nc tc dng ln tng: (coi p lc nc t y h mng tr xung l
cn bng nhau).

( )
( )
2
nc nc
H a
E h H a
| |
= +
|
\ .

+ Xc nh chnh xc ng i j rt kh, nn c 2 cch tnh gn ng:
- Khi t c tnh thm ln, tng khp kn, nc t chy vo h mng, c th coi
mc nc ngm khng h thp, khong cch t mt t n mc nc ngm l a .

- Khi t c tnh thm nh, tng khng kn, mc nc ngm s dc gn n h
mng, ly a =H .
+ p lc t (ch ng) tc dng ln tng: (c k lc dnh - c)

( )
( )
2
2
2
2 45
2 2
o
a a
H t
c
E k c H t tg
+
| |
= + +
|
\ .

+ Chiu cc lc ln phng ngang v ly m men vi im A, xc nh c:
- Phn lc T trong thanh neo; dng tnh cng thanh neo:

1 2
T E E =
- Phn lc b ng
2
E :
1
2 1
2
h
E E
h
=
+Kim tra iu kin tng n nh:
2 gh
E E
2
2 . . 45
2 2
o
gh b
h
E k c t tg

| |
= + +
|
\ .

trong :
1
E - hp lc ca p lc ch ng v p lc nc (nu c); k
a
; k
b
- h s p lc
ch ng, b ng ca t.
2
45
2
o
a
k tg

| |
=
|
\ .

2
45
2
o
b
k tg

| |
= +
|
\ .

Nu iu kin
2 gh
E E khng tho mn, cn tng chiu su h v tnh ton kim
tra li cc bc trn.
Trng hp t nhiu lp, khi tnh ton dng ; ; c trung bnh.

+Tnh ton bn tng cc vn:
Tm su (to ) c m men max (chnh l v tr c lc ct Q=0);
- Xt trng hp mc nc ngm cao bng mt t: (a =0 nh Hnh v)
Vit phng trnh cn bng lc ct: (c k lc dnh c)

( )
2
2
0
2 2
o
nc
a
z h
z
k T
+ =
Gii ra vi bin z ta c:
2
2
2
o a o a o a
a nc a nc a nc
h k h k T h k
z
k k k

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\ .

trong :
2
45
2
o
o
c
h
tg

=
| |
|
\ .

M men ln nht:
( )
3
3
max
6
o a nc
z h k z
M Tz
+
=
+Xt trng hp mc nc ngm h bng y mng: (a =H) .
a
o
k
T
h z
2
+ = ;
( )
Tz
k h z
M
a o
=
6
3
max

Theo kt cu cng trnh:
max
u
M
R
W

* Tng cc vn khng neo:
+ Biu phn b p lc t ln tng phc tp hn;
+ Gii quyt cho trng hp t ri, ng nht
+ S lm vic ca tng: Do nh
hng p lc t, tng c xu hng
quanh quanh im C chiu su z = 0,8 t
k t mt t.
+p lc ch ng tc dng ln
an tng AB; BC l:
2
1
1
2
a a
E k H =

2 a a c
E k Hz =
+ Chiu cc lc ln phng ngang
v ly m men vi im D, xc nh c:
( )( )
2
1 2
0
2 2
D E
a a
tk t z
t
E E k

+
+ + =
( )( )
2
3
1 2
0
3 2 2 6
D E C
a a
tk t z z H t
E t E t k

+
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .

trong :
D
- phn lc ln nht chn tng cc vn;
a b
k k k =
+ T phng trnh u rt ra
( )
E
t z thay vo phng trnh th hai c biu thc
xc nh
D
:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 2
3
1 2
. . 2
. .
. . 2 3 3 2
a a
D
a a C
t k E E
t k
t k E H t E t z
( +

=
+

+Kim tra iu kin n nh ca tng:
D gh
E
( ) .
gh b a
E H t k t k = + (

+ Trong thc t tnh ton thng gi thit trc tr s t , sau kim tra theo cc
iu kin ch dn trn.
- Gi thit theo hng dn sau:
H
t
= ;
( ) f =
=30
0
; 25
0
; 15
0
=1,00 ; 0,75 ; 0,55 .
+Kim tra bn ca tng cc vn:
Cng nh trng hp trn ta c:

max
u
M
R
W

2 3
max 1
. .
3 6
a
H z z k
M E z
H
| |
= + +
|
\ .

vi 1 1
a
a
k k
z H
k k
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .

2
.1
6
W

= - chiu dy tng cc vn.
V d II-4: Kim tra cng nn t; n nh lt; trt phng ca mng bng di tng
(mng cng). Bit t nn ng nht c =18 KN/m
3
; sc chu ti qui c R = 300 KN/m
2
; cc
h s K
1
=0,1; K
2
= 0,3; h s ma st gia y mng v nn t f = 0,3; h s iu kin lm
vic m = 0,8. (n v tnh bng mt).
SCT nn t: R = 1,2 {R[1+K
1
(b - 2)] + K
2
(h - 3)}
Gii: a h lc v trng tm y mng (lc tc dng trn 1 mt di): gi H*; N*; M* - l h
lc tc dng trng tm y mng th ta c
- Khi a H v trng tm s c: H* = H = 250T; v 1 m men quay thun kim ng h M
H
=
250*(1+3) =1000Tm
- Khi a N v trng tm s c: N* = N = 1200T; v 1 m men quay ngc kim ng h M
N
=
1200*(2,5-1,5)/2 =1000 KNm
- Tng hp ta c: M* = 1000 600 = 400 Tm (thun kim ng h)-nh hnh v.
+ Kim tra cng :
ng sut y mng: ta c F =4 * 1 =4m
2
; W =1*4
2
/6 .
2
1200
300 /
4.1
tb
N
KN m
F
= = =
2
max 2
1200 400
450 /
1.4 4.1
6
N M
KN m
F W
= + = + = ;
2
min 2
1200 400
150 /
1.4 4.1
6
N M
KN m
F W
= = =
H*
N*
M*
A

Sc chu ti ca nn t: R = 1,2 {R[1+ K
1
(b - 2)] + K
2
(h - 3)}
Thay s: R =1,2*{300*[1+0,1*(4 - 2)] +17* 0,3*(3 - 3)}=432 KN/m
2
.
1,2 * R =1,2 * 432 =518 KN/m
2
.
min
>0 nn khng phi chnh biu ng sut.
So snh thy rng:
tb
<R ;
max
<1,2*R nn nn m bo v cng .
+ Kim tra n nh trt phng:
iu kin n nh trt phng:
H
m
Nf

Vi H =250 KN; N =1200 KN; f = 0,3 ; m = 0,8; thay s
H / N*f =250 /1200*0,3 =0,695 <0,8 mng n nh trt;
+ Kim tra n nh lt: quanh im A
iu kin n nh lt:
gh
M
m
M

M =400 KNm; M
gh
=N * b/2 =1200 * 4/2 =2400 KNm
M / M
gh
=400 / 2400 = 0,17 <0,8 mng n nh chng lt.

V d II-5: Kim tra n nh ca cc vn thp v lc
tc dng vo neo ca h cc vn c 1 neo nh hnh v;
cho bit
n
=10 KN/m
3
v 2 mt c 1 thanh neo. t
sau cc vn l t ri ng nht c lc dnh c = 0. (n
v tnh bng mt).
Gii:
H s p lc ch ng: (trn v di MNN nh nhau)
0
2 0 2 0 2 0
30 1
45 45 30
2 2 3
a
k tg tg tg
| |
| |
= = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

H s p lc b ng:
0
2 0 2 0 2 0
30
45 45 60 3
2 2
b
k tg tg tg
| |
| |
= + = + = =
| |
\ .
\ .

Xc nh cc lc tc dng ln cc vn:
E
a1
=1/2 * * k
a
* 2
2
=1/2 * 18 * 1/3 * 4 =12 KN/m;
E
a2
=
n
* k
a
* 2 * 6,5 =10,5 * 1/3 * 2 * 6,5 =45,5 KN/m;
E
a3
=1/2*
n
*k
a
*6,5
2
=1/2 * 10,5 * 1/3 *42,25 =74 KN/m;
E
n1
=1/2 *
n
* 4,5
2
=1/2 * 10 * 20,25 =101,3 KN/m;
E
n2
=
n
* 4,5 * 2 =10 * 4,5 * 2 =90 KN/m;
E
b
=1/2 *
n
* k
b
* 2
2
=1/2 * 10,5 * 3 * 4=63 KN/m;
+ Chiu cc lc ln phng ngang:
2
MNN
4
,
5
2
=18/m
3
=30
=10,5/m
3
=30
n
Neo
MNN
O
T
Ea1
Ea2
Ea3
En2
En1
Eb
2
4
,
5
2

T =E
a1
+E
a2
+E
a3
+E
n1
+E
n2
- E
b
=12+45,5+74+101,3+90-63 =259,8KN/m.
Nu 2 mt c 1 thanh neo th lc tc dng ln thanh neo l: 2,8*2 = 519,6 KN.
+ Ly m men vi im O:
M men gi: M
g
=E
b
*(2/3 *2 +6,5) =63 * (4/3 +6,5) =493,5 KN/m;
M men lt: M
l
=E
a1
*2/3*2+E
a2
*(6,5/2 +2)+E
a3
*(2/3*6,5+2)+E
n1
*(2+2/3*4,5)+E
n2
*(1+6,5)
=12*1,33+45,5*5,25+74*6,33+101,3*5,83+90*7,5 =1988,9 KN/m.
So snh: M
g
<M
l
cc vn mt n nh.
Bin php: Tng thm phn cc chn trong t hoc h thp MNN.

V d II-6: Xc nh chiu dy cn thit ca vn lt ngang,
bit b rng ca vn lt l 0,25 m, khong cch gia cc
dm l 1 m, cng chu ko khi un tnh ton ca
vn l R
u
=1,5x10
4
KN/m
2
. Xem hnh v.
Gii:
- H s p lc ch ng: (c hai lp t nh nhau)
0
2 0 2 0 2 0
30 1
45 45 30
2 2 3
a
k tg tg tg
| |
| |
= = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

- V biu p lc ch ng ca t: Do h s p lc ch ng nh nhau nn khng c bc
nhy biu (xem hnh v)
+Ti cao y lp 1:
1 1 1
. .
a
p h k = = 19 * 2,5 * 1/3 =15,83 kN/m
2

+Ti cao y h o:
( )
2 1 1 2 2
. . .
a
p h h k = + = (19*2,5 +18 *3,5)*1/3 = 36,83
kN/m
2

- Ti trng ln vn lt (tnh cho tm vn di cng):
thin v an ton, b qua s thay i ca p lc t trong
phm vi ca b rng vn, coi nh vn chu ti phn b u
vi p lc ln nht:
2
.
v
q p b = =36,83 * 0,25 =9,208 kN/m
(Nu tnh chnh xc phi ly gi tr p lc t trung bnh theo chiu su trn phm vi ca tm
vn lt di cng: p
tb
= 36,08 kN/m2; q = 9,02 kN/m)
- M men un ln nht ca vn lt: coi vn lm vic nh dm n gin chu un (thin v an
ton):
M
max
=
2
max
1,151 9,208
. 8
1,128 9,02
kNm khi q kN m
M q l
kNm khi q kN m
=
= =

Nu tnh theo s dm lin tc (do khong cch cc thanh chng ng bng 1m l kh nh th
ta c:
M
max
=
2
max
0,921 9,208
. 10
0,902 9,02
kNm khi q kN m
M q l
kNm khi q kN m
=
= =

p1
p2

- Tnh chiu dy vn lt: iu kin bn ca vn lt
max
W
u u
M R = ;
2
W . 6
v
b =
max
6.
.
v u
M
b R
=
Nu tnh theo s dm n gin:
0,043 4,3 9,208
0,042 4,2 9,02
m cm khi q kN m
m cm khi q kN m
= =
=

= =

Nu tnh theo s dm lin tc:
0,038 3,8 9,208
0,037 3,7 9,02
m cm khi q kN m
m cm khi q kN m
= =
=

= =

V d II-7: Kim tra cng nn t, n nh lt, trt phng ca mng bng di
tng (mng cng). Bit t nn ng nht c =18 KN/m
3
; sc chu ti qui c
R =300 KN/m
2
; cc h s K
1
=0,1; K
2
=0,3; h s ma st gia y mng v t
nn f = 0,25; h s iu kin lm vic m = 0,8. (n v trong hnh tnh bng mt).
Sc chu ti ca nn: R = 1,2 {R[1+ K
1
(b - 2)] + K
2
(h - 3)}. Gi s
nn khng cng chu lc, tm bin php tng sc chu ti ca nn..
1,5 2,5
3
1
H=250KN
N=1200KN

Gii:
+a h lc v tc dng trng tm y mng:
H = H = 250 KN v 1 m men quay thun kim ng h;
M
H
=+(250 * (1+3)) =+1000 KNm
N = N = 1200 KN v 1 m men quay ngc kim ng h
M
N
=- 1200*(2,5-1,5)/2 =- 600 KNm
M =1000 600 =400 KNm
+ Kim tra cng
2
1200
300 /
4.1
tb
N
KN m
F
= = =
2
max 2
1200 400
450 /
1.4 4.1
6
N M
KN m
F W
= + = + =

2
min 2
1200 400
150 /
1.4 4.1
6
N M
KN m
F W
= = =

min
>0- khng phi iu chnh US y mng
SCT nn t: R = 1,2 {R[1+ K
1
(b - 2)] + K
2
(h - 3)}
R =1,2*{300*[1+0,1*(4 - 2)] +17* 0,3*(3 - 3)}=432 KN/m
2
.
1,2 * R =1,2 * 432 =518 KN/m
2
.
So snh:

tb
=300 KN/m
2
<R=432 KN/m
2
;

max
=450 KN/m
2
<1,2*R=518KN/m
2

Nn m bo chu lc.
+ Kim tra trt phng:
/K n nh:
*
*.
H
m
N f

H* = 250 KN; N* = 1200 KN; f = 0,3 ; m = 0,8; thay s
H* / N*.f =250 /1200*0,25 =0,833 >0,8 mng b trt phng;

+ Kim tra lt quanh im A
/K n nh:
*
gh
M
m
M

M* =400 KNm; M
gh
=N * b/2 =1200 * 4/2 =2400 KNm
M / M
gh
=400 / 2400 = 0,17 <0,8 mng n nh lt.
+Tng din tch mng gim p lc ln nn, gia c nn t c sc chu ti tt
hn..
V d II-8: Kim tra n nh ca cc vn thp
v lc tc dng vo neo ca h cc vn c neo
nh hnh v; cho bit
n
=10 KN/m
3
v 2 mt
c 1 thanh neo. t sau cc vn l t ri ng
nht c lc dnh c = 0. (n v trong hnh v
tnh bng mt). Gi s tng khng n nh,
tm bin php tng cng v gii thch?

2
MNN
4
,
5
2
=18/m
3
=30
=10,5/m
3
=30
n
Neo
MNN

Gii:
+Tnh p lc t:
H s p lc ch ng (trn v di MNN)
0
2 0 2 0 2 0
30 1
45 45 30
2 2 3
a
k tg tg tg
| |
| |
= = = =
| |
\ .
\ .

H s p lc b ng:

0
2 0 2 0 2 0
30
45 45 60 3
2 2
b
k tg tg tg
| |
| |
= + = + = =
| |
\ .
\ .

O
T
Ea1
Ea2
Ea3
En2
En1
Eb
2
4
,
5
2

+Xc nh cc lc tc ng ln cc vn:
E
a1
=1/2 * * k
a
* 2
2
=1/2 * 18 * 1/3 * 4 =12 KN/m;
E
a2
= * k
a
* 2 * 6,5 =18 * 1/3 * 2 * 6,5 =78 KN/m;
E
a3
=1/2 *
dn
* k
a
* 6,5
2
=1/2 * 10,5 * 1/3 * 42,25 =74 KN/m;
E
n1
=1/2 *
n
* 4,5
2
=1/2 * 10 * 20,25 =101,3 KN/m;
E
n2
=
n
* 4,5 * 2 =10 * 4,5 * 2 =90 KN/m;
E
b
=1/2 *
dn
* k
b
* 2
2
=1/2 * 10,5 * 3 * 4 =63 KN/m;
+ Chiu cc lc ln phng ngang:
T = E
a1
+ E
a2
+ E
a3
+ E
n1
+ E
n2
- E
b
= 12+78+74+101,3+90-63 =
292,3KN/m.
Nu 2 mt c 1 thanh neo th lc tc dng ln thanh neo l: 292,3 *2 = 584,6
KN.
+ Ly m men vi im O:
M men gi:
M
g
=E
b
*(2/3 *2 +6,5) =63 * (4/3 +6,5) =493,5 KN/m;
M men lt:

M
l
=E
a1
* 2/3*2 +E
a2
* (6,5/2 +2) +E
a3
* (2/3 *6,5 +2) +E
n1
* (2 +
2/3*4,5 ) +E
n2
* (1 +6,5) =
=12*1,33+78*5,25+74*6,33+101,3*5,83+90*7,5 =2075,4 KN/m.
So snh: M
g
<M
l
cc vn mt n nh.
+Bin php:
- Tng thm chiu su chn cc vo t tng p lc b ng (tng lc gi)
- H thp MNN: gim p lc nc, (gim m men gy lt).

CHNG III: MNG CC
1. Khi nim
1.1. nh ngha:
Hin nay mng cc l mt trong cc loi mng su c s dng rng ri. Trong
nhng trng hp ti trng cng trnh ln, lp t tt nm su hoc khi xy dng cng
trnh ti cc ni c nc th gii php mng cc l hp l hn c.
Mng cc gm hai b phn chnh l cc v i cc:
+Cc: l cc thanh ring
r c nhim v truyn ti trng
ca cng trnh ln tng t xung
quanh cc v di mi cc.
+ i cc: l b phn kt
cu c tc dng lin kit cc cc
thnh mt khi v phn phi ti
trng cng trnh ln cc cc.
* Tu theo c tnh lm
vic ca cc trong nn t m
ngi ta phn ra mng cc chng
v mng cc ma st.
* Tu theo v tr ca i cc so vi mt t m phn thnh mng cc i thp v
mng cc i cao.
S lm vic ca mng cc i thp v mng cc i cao l khc nhau v vy vic
tnh ton chng cng khc nhau. Tu theo c tnh, yu cu ca cng trnh m p dng
phng n mng cc cho hp l.

Mt s u im v phm vi s dng
Mng cc s dng hp l i vi cc cng trnh chu ti trng ln m lp t tt
nm di su, gim c bin dng ln v ln khng u.
Khi dng mng cc lm tng tnh n nh cho cc cng trnh c chiu cao ln, ti
trng ngang ln nh cc nh cao tng, nh thp, ...
Mng cc vi nhiu phng php thi cng a dng nh : Cc ng, cc p, cc
khoan nhi .v.v. nn c th s dng lm mng cho cc cng trnh c iu kin a cht,
a hnh phc tp m cc loi mng nng khng p ng c nh vng c t yu hoc
cng trnh trn sng ...
Mng cc s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh xy dng dn dng v cng nghip,
cu ng, thu li - thu in.

1.2. Mt s nh ngha v thut ng
- Cc chim ch: L loi cc c a vo lng t bng cch y t ra xung
quanh. Bao gm cc loi cc c ch to trc, c a xung su thit k bng
phng php ng, p, rung hay cc nhi ti ch m l to bng phng php ng.
- Cc thay th: L loi cc c thi cng bng cch khoan to l, v sau lp
vo bng vt liu khc (nh b tng, b tng ct thp) hoc a cc cc ch to sn vo.
- Cc th nghim: L cc c dng nh gi sc chu ti hoc kim tra cht
lng cc (siu m, kim tra cht lng b tng).
- Nhm cc: Gm mt s cc c b tr gn nhau v cng chung mt i.
- Bng cc: Gm nhng cc c b tr theo 1-3 hng di cc mng bng.
- B cc: Gm nhiu cc, c chung mt i ln vi kch thc ln hn 10x10m.
- Cc chng: L cc c sc chu ti ch yu do lc chng ca t, ti mi cc.
- Cc ma st: L cc c sc chu ti ch yu do ma st mt bn ca cc v t v
phn lc ca t nn ti mi cc.
- Lc ma st m: L gi tr lc do t tc dng ln thn cc, c chiu cng vi
chiu ca ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln cc khi chuyn dch ca t xung quanh cc
ln hn chuyn dch ca cc.
- Sc chu ti cho php ca cc: L gi tr ti trng m cc c kh nng mang
c bng cch chia sc chu ti cc hn cho h s an ton quy nh.
- Sc chu ti cc hn: L gi tr sc chu ti ln nht ca cc trc thi im xy
ra ph hoi, xc nh bng tnh ton hoc th nghim.
- Ti trng thit k ca cc: L gi tr ti trng d tnh tc dng ln cc.
- Mng cc i thp: L mng cc c i cc nm di mt t thin nhin, s
lm vic ca mng ny vi gi thit ton b ti trng ngang do t t y i tr ln chu.
- Mng cc i cao: L mng cc c i cc nm cao hn mt t t nhin, lc
ny ton b ti trng ng v ngang u do cc cc trong mng chu. Thng gp
mng cc cc m tr cu, cu cng, .v.v.
2. Phn loi cc Cu to cc v i cc
2.1. Phn loi:
Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau i vi cc.
2.1.1. Da theo vt liu lm cc
Cc g: Vt liu s dng l g, chiu di t 57m, ng ng knh 2030cm.
Cc tre: S dng cc loi tre gc, c chc.
Cc b tng: Vt liu l b tng, s dng cho cc chu nn.
Cc B tng ct thp: Loi cc ny c s dng nhiu nht.

Cc thp: Vt liu thp I, H, C, loi cc ny d b g khi tip xc vi nc, c
bit l nc mn.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi cc thp b tng, cc lin hp, tuy nhin cc loi cc ny
t c s dng.
2.1.2. Da theo c im lm vic ca cc
Da vo c im lm vic ca cc trong nn t ngi ta phn thnh cc chng
v cc ma st. nh ngha cc loi cc ny trnh by mc 1.2.
2.1.3. Da theo bin php thi cng
Tu theo phng php thi cng h cc n su thit k m ngi ta phn ra
cc loi cc sau y:
a. Cc h bng ba: l cc ch to sn, c h xung bng ba treo hoc ba Diezel
hoc h xung bng ba my rung, p hoc xon c th khoan dn hoc khng.
Thuc loi cc ny gm
cc g, cc b tng ct thp ch
to sn, cc ni, cc thp, cc
nm, cc xon, cc nng, cc
ng b tng ct thp, cc ct,
cc thp, ...
* Mt s u im v
phm vi s dng.
- Mng cc loi ny c
th h su 30 35m trong nn
t ct hoc ct pha. Tit din
cc t 20x20cm 40x40cm,
nu cc c chiu di ln th c
thnh tng t ri h xung
su thit k.
- Thi cng d dng v c
gii ha hon ton trong thi
cng h cc.
- Chi ph xy dng mng khng cao.
- Cht lng cc m bo.
b. Cc h bng phng php xi nc.
Thng gp i vi cc cc c tit din ln, cc h qua cc lp t cng, bin
php h cc gp kh khn khi dng phng php thng thng.
c im ca phng php thi cng ny l dng tia nc c p lc cao, xi t
di mi cc, ng thi v c p sut ln, nc cn theo dc thn cc ln trn lm gim
ma st xung quanh cc, kt qu l cc s tt xung khi dng ba ng nh ln u cc.

Vi tia nc xi t c th dng h cc
trong cc loi t ri, d xi nh ct, ct, si, h tr
trong cc cng ngh h cc khc nh ng cc, rung
cc, cc ng c ng knh ln, khi ng cc bng
ba trn t ct cht, lc cn s rt ln, ba khng
nng lc s khng gii quyt ni, ng mi s v cc.
Do vy nu dng kt hp vi xi nc trong phm vi
mi cc th s loi tr bt nhng tr lc chnh, gip
cho ba ng h cc d dng hn. m bo kh
nng chu lc ca cc thi khi cn cch su thit k
12m th kt thc xi nc v dng ba ng nt
xung su thit k.
* u im ca loi cc ny:
- Nng sut h cc cao.
- t gy h hng nh gy mi cc, hng u,
nt, gy cc, ...
- D vt qua chng ngi vt trong t.
- Thit b v kt cu ph tr khng i hi
nhiu.
- Cng ngh khng phc tp.
c. Cc xon:
Cc xon bao gm hai b phn l thn cc bng b tng ct thp hay ng thp v
bng kim loi c hay hn vi 1,25 vng xon. ng knh vng vt xon bng 38,5
ng knh thn cc.
Cc c h xung t nh thit b quay c bit quay bng ng c in v nh
h thng bnh rng truyn ng lm cho cc b xoay v xuyn vo t. Loi cc ny
c s dng cho cc cng trnh cu cng, ct in, cao th...
u im ca loi cc xon l vic h cc xon c m thun, khng c rung
ng. Thun li khi xy dng cng trnh gm cc cng trnh c trong thnh ph.
Cc xon chu ti trng dc trc rt ln v c y m rng, c bit kh nng
chng nh ca cc xon cng rt ln. Tuy nhin s dng cc xon th thit b thi cng
phc tp v ch s dng cho cc loi t nn mm yu, khng th dng vi cc loi t
ln nhiu si hoc st qu cng.
d. Loi cc h bng my chn ng:
Loi cc h bng phng php ny ch yu l cc ng b-tng ct thp, h vo t
nh tc dng rung ca my chn ng. Bng phng php ny cc ng c th h c
vo chiu su kh ln trong nn t, do vy sc chu ti ca cc ln. ng knh cc
thng t 0,6 3m.
So vi cc loi mng su, cc ng c cc u im sau:

- C th p dng cc phng php cng nghip ho trong xy dng v c gii ho
trong ton b cc cng tc thi cng.
- Tn t vt liu v khng cn phi lp y b-tng vo lng ng.
- S dng ti mc cao nht kh nng lm vic ca vt liu mng.
- C th h cc n su rt ln m khng cn n mng ging chm hoc ging
chm hi p nh hng sc kho cng nhn.
- C th s dng vi bt k tnh hnh a cht thy vn.
- C th thi cng quanh nm v ton b cng tc thc hin trn mt nc, do vy
nng cao c nng sut thi cng.
Cc ng c p dng rng ri trong khong 20 25 nm tr li y. nc ta
mng cc ng c s dng khi xy dng li cu Hm Rng, ng knh cc c
D=1,55m.
d dng trong vic sn xut v vn chuyn, ngi ta ch to cc ng thnh
tng t 5 12m v khi h ni li vi nhau.
e. Loi cc ti ch:
y l loi mng su thnh hnh nht trong xy dng nc ta trong 10 nm tr
li y.
ng knh cc t 60 300 cm, cc cc c ng knh <76 cm c xem l cc
nh, cc c ng knh >76 cm c xem l cc ln. Vic to l c nhiu cch: C th
o bng th cng, hoc khoan bng cc t hp my khoan hin i. Vi vic s dng
cc t hp khoan hin i ngi ta c th h cc n su rt ln v ng knh ln
(Cu Thun Phc cc khoan nhi ng knh 2.5m, chiu su h cc 50 70 mt, Cu
M Thun: Cc khoan nhi ng knh 2.5m, chiu su h cc n hng trm mt).
Hin nay mt s cu ln ang xy dng nh cu Rch Miu, cu Cn Th cng dng
cc khoan nhi ng knh ln lm mng.
Quy trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi cho mng cng trnh gm cc bc ch yu
sau:
- Chun b thi cng (Preparation work);
- Khoan to l (Drilling hole);
- Lm sch h khoan (Cleaning the Bored hole);
- Gia cng lp dng lng thp (Producing and erecting steel cage);
- Thi cng b tng cc khoan nhi (Placing concrete for Bored Pile);
- Hon thin cc;
- Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi;
- p u cc;
- Thi cng b mng.
Hnh 3.4 th hin trnh t cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi.

Vic gi vch cho cc c th dng ng vch h xung khoan l, n khi b
tng th rt ln, cch ny m bo cht lng cc nhng vi cc c chiu su ln th vic
h v rt ng vch s gp kh khn, nhiu lc li trong nn t th chi ph thp ng
vch cng kh ln. Do vy ngi ta h ng vch mt an 5-10m vo t, cn su tip
theo gi thnh h khoan ngi ta dng dung dch Bentonite gi thnh h thnh h
khoan khng b st.

Hnh 3.4: Cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi
* u khuyt im ca cc khoan nhi:
u im chnh:
- Rt bt c cng on c cc, do khng cn cc khu xy dng bi c,
lp dng vn khun ...
- V cc c ngay ti mng nn d thay i kch thc hnh hc ca cc nh chiu
di, ng knh ... ph hp vi thc trng t nn.
- C kh nng s dng trong mi loi a tng khc nhau, d dng vt qua cc
chng ngi vt nh , t cng bng cch s dng cc dng c nh khoan chong,
my ph , n mn...
- Cc khoan nhi thng tn dng ht kh nng lm vic ca vt liu, gim c
s cc trong mng, c th b tr ct thp ph hp vi iu kin chu lc ca cc.
- Khng gy ting n v tc ng n mi trng, ph hp xy dng cc cng
trnh ln trong th.
- Cho php trc quan kim tra cc lp a cht bng cch ly mu t cc lp t
o ln, c th nh gi chnh xc iu kin t nn, kh nng chu lc ca t nn
di y h khoan.
- Cho php ch to cc cc khoan nhi ng knh ln v su ln, ph hp cho
cc cng trnh cu ln.
Cc nhc im:
- Sn phm trong sut qu trnh thi cng u nm su trong lng t, cc khuyt
tt d xy ra.

- Thng nh cc nhi kt thc trn mt t nn kh c th ko di thn cc ln
pha trn, do phi lm b mng ngp su di mt t, do vy khng thun li cho
vic thi cng cc mng cc b cao v phi lm vng vy ngn nc tn km.
- D xy ra nhng khuyt tt nh hng n cht lng cc nh:
+ Hin tng co tht, hp cc b thn cc hoc thay i kch thc tit din khi
qua cc lp t khc nhau.
+ B tng xung quanh thn cc d b ra tri lp ximng khi gp mch nc ngm
hoc gy ra r mt thn cc.
+ L khoan nghing lch, st vch l khoan.
+ B tng thn cc d b khng ng nht v phn tng.
- Thi cng ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit nh ma ma bo... V vic b tr thi cng
thng hon ton ngoi tri.
- Hin trng thi cng d b ly li nh hng n mi trng.
- Chi ph th nghim cc khoan nhi qu tn km.
* Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi:
- Siu m kim tra cht lng b tng.
- Th nghim th ng bin dng nh PIT (Pile Integrity Test) kim tra ton
vn ca cc.
- Th nghim th ng bin dng ln PDA (Pile Dynamic Analysis) xc nh
sc chu ti ca cc.
- Th nghim nn tnh xc nh sc chu ti ca cc : i vi cng trnh cu,
thng s dng phng php th nghim Osterberg xc nh sc chu ti (Phng
php ny p dng th nghim cc cu M Thun, cu Cn Th, ) tuy nhin chi ph
ln.
* Nhn xt: Cc khoan nhi thuc mt trong nhng cng ngh thi cng mng
cng trnh tng i mi nc ta, n c nhiu u im nh phn tch trn. Tuy
nhin hin nay hu nh tt c cc cng trnh cu s dng loi mng ny u c vn v
cht lng cc, vic x l cc s c rt kh khn v tn km. Do vy khi s dng loi
mng ny cn qun l cht ch trong tt c cc bc ca quy trnh thi cng m bo
cht lng cc.
f. Mng cc Bart (barrette)
Cc Bart thuc loi cc b tng ct thp ti ch nh cc khoan nhi, tit din
ngang thn cc c dng hnh ch nht t 1,5x2,5m n 2,5x4m.


a) Mng cc barrette b) mt ct ngang cc ng thp nhi BT
Quy trnh thi cng cc Bart v c bn ging nh thi cng cc khoan nhi, ch
khc l thit b thi cng o h v hnh dng lng thp. Thi cng cc khoan nhi th
dung li khoan hnh ng trn, cn thi cng cc Bart th dng loi gu ngom hnh ch
nht v lng thp c tit din hnh ch nht.
c im v phm vi s dng: Cc Bart cng c cc c im chung ca cc
khoan nhi, tuy nhin do tit din hnh ch nht nn cc Bart n nh rt cao so vi cc
khoan nhi. Cc Bart thng c s sng lm mng cc cho nh cao tng, mng
cng trnh cu cn, cu vt trong thnh ph.
g. Cc ng thp nhi b tng
Mng cc ny thng s dng khi xy dng mng cho cc cu dn, cu trung
bnh. ng knh cc ng thp c th t n 0,9 -1,0m; chiu di cc h n su 35
40m. Cc bc thi cng cc nh sau:
- Ch to cc ng thp;
- ng cc ng thp bt kn mi xung su thit k;
- t ct thp vo lng cc;
- b tng lp lng cc;
- Kim tra cht lng cc, th ti cc.
Cc c thi cng theo phng php ng cc bng ba ri t do. Cc ng thp
c sn xut ti nh my theo cng ngh hn xon c, vt liu lm cc ng thp, c
chiu dy 1214mm, mi cc c bt kn. Cc c chia thnh tng on 1520m v
ni li bng cc mt bch khi h xung.
Sau khi h cc xung cao thit k, tin hnh lm sch, lp t ct thp v b
tng mc 300 400 lp lng cc.
* Nhn xt: Loi cc ny c cht lng tt, rt tt v mt chu lc, pht huy ti a
s lm vic ca vt liu, thp chu ko v b tng chu nn. ngh nn thit k, so snh
v p dng loi cc ny cc cng trnh cu trung, cu ln trong cc iu kin ph hp.
Loi cc ny c s dng thi cng tr cu Bnh vi 231 cc ng thp vi chiu di
mi cc khong 40m.

2.2. Cu to cc:
Nh gii thiu mc 2.1, hin nay c nhiu loi cc, ph thuc vo tng cch
phn loi. Trong khun kh bi ging ny ch i vo xt cu to chi tit ca cc g, cc
ng b tng ct thp, cc khoan nhi v cc barrette, l nhng loi c s dng rng
ri hin nay.
2.2.1. Cc g
Cc g thng gp cc cng trnh ph tm, v kh nng chu ti theo vt liu ca
g khng ln v cc g ch gi c cht lng bn lu trong iu kin nm hon ton
di mc nc thp.
V mt thi cng u im ca cc g l nh, d ch to, ba v thit b h cc kh
n gin.
Cc g c lm bng cc loi g thng, g lim .v.v., khi ch to cn ch mt s
im sau: G thn thng, ng u, cng cao, trc thng, cong ln nht khng
qu 1% chiu di, khng vng qu 12 cm, ng knh chnh lch khng qu 1cm trn 1m
di.
Nu l cc ln ng knh thng t 18 30cm, chiu di t 4,5 n 12m, nu
ghp ba hoc ghp bn chiu di c th n 20 25m.
Vic ch to tt nht l dng c gii, rc b ht v cy, ca u cc v vt mi
cc. nh cc phi c bo v bng ai thp bo v u cc. Mi cc vt nhn v bt
thp khng to khi ng. Khi chiu di ln c th ni cc, khi cn tit din ln c th
ghp 3 hoc 4 cy li vi nhau. Cu to th hin hnh v sau

Hnh 3.5: Cu to cc g
2.2.2. Cc b tng ct thp c sn
Cc b tng ct thp c sn l loi cc c s dng rng ri nht trong xy
dng mng su v chu lc ngang ln.

u im: iu kin p dng khng ph thuc vo tnh hnh nc ngm, iu kin
a hnh, chiu di, tit din cc cu to tu theo mun, cng vt liu lm cc ln,
c th c gii ho trong thi cng, cht lng cc m bo tt v cc c c vn d
kim tra cht lng.
Nhc im: Khi tit din v chiu di ln th trng lng cc ln, gy kh khn
cho vic vn chuyn, a vo gi ba h cc. Mt khc do trng lng bn thn ln
nn tn nhiu thp cu to m bo chu lc khi vn chuyn v thi cng.
Vt liu lm cc: Cc btng ct thp thng dng btng Mc 200, tuy nhin
khi thit k thng dng btng Mc 250 300 m bo an ton cht lng cc. Cn
vi cc btng ct thp ng sut trc th s dng btng mc 400 i vi mng cc
i cao v btng mc 300 i vi mng cc i thp.
Chiu di cc btng ct thp c sn c th t 56m25m, c khi t n
4045m (nu cc di th ch to tng t ri ni li vi nhau khi ng chiu di on t
68m). Chiu di on cc c sn ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin thi cng (thit b ch
to, vn chuyn, cu lp, h cc...) v lin quan n tit din chu lc, chng hn i vi
cc tit din c thng hn ch chiu di nh trong bng 3.1:
Bng 3.1: Chiu di ti a ca cc c btng ct thp thng
Kch thc tit din (cm) 20 25 30 35 40 45
Chiu di ti a (m) 5 12 15 18 21 25
T s gia chiu di (l) trn b rng (b) hoc ng knh cc (d) gi l mnh
ca cc ( l d = ). i vi cc thi cng bng phng php p bng kch thy lc th
mnh khng nn qu 100, trng hp vt qu 100 th cn m bo iu kin nn t
cho cc xuyn qua v iu kin thi cng gi cho cc khng b thay i dng hnh hc.
Tit din cc: Cc b tng ct thp c nhiu loi tit din khc nhau nh: Trn,
vung , ch nht, ch T, ch I, tam gic, a gic hoc vung c l trn, trong loi cc
c tit din vung c s dng nhiu nht.

Hnh 3.6: Cc dng tit din ngang thn cc BTCT c sn
Loi cc c tit din vung c s dng rng ri hn c v n c u im ch
yu l ch to n gin v c th ch to ngay ti cng trng. Kch thc tit din
ngang ca loi cc ny thng l: 2020cm, 2525cm, 3030cm, 3535cm, 4040cm.
Chiu di ca loi cc ny khng vt qu tr s cho bng (3.1), ng thi ph hp
khi thi cng thng thng ngi ta ch to kch thc cc nh sau:
Cc tit din 2020 3030 cm chiu di <10m
Cc tit din 3030 3030 cm chiu di >10m

Cu to ct thp cho cc:

Hnh 3.7: Cu to ct thp cho cc (kch thc theo cm)
- Ct chu lc; - Ct thp ai; - Ct thp gia cng mi cc;
- Ct thp gia cng u cc; - Ct thp vn chuyn, cu lp.
- Chi tit ct thp chu lc:

Khi cc tit din nh, chu nn Khi cc tit din ln, hay chu lc ln
Hnh 3.8: B tr ct thp chu lc trn mt ct ngang thn cc
+Ct thp s 1 (1a) l ct dc chu lc chnh ca cc khi vn chuyn, cu lp
cng nh chu lc ngang i vi mng cc i cao. Qui nh ct chu lc c ng knh
10mm, thp CII (AII).
+Ct thp s 2 - Ct thp ai dng chu lc ct v nh v khung thp, ct ai
ng knh 6, 8, c th ch to ct ai theo dng ri hoc xon.

Hnh 3.9: Cu to ct thp ai
cho cc
Trong phm vi 1m tnh t u
cc v 0,5m tnh t mi cc, bc ct
ai u=5cm tng cng cng ti
u mi cc.
+ Ct thp s 3 ng knh
20cm, L =750 1000mm; dng tng cng mi cc v nh v tim cc.

Lu : Lp b tng bo v ca cc a c chiu dy ti thiu l 3cm.
+Chi tit li thp u cc: Li thp u cc b tr li 6 a=5cm chng ng
sut cc b ti u cc khi ng cc, trnh v u cc khi ng hoc p. Thng b tr
45 li cch nhau 5cm.

Hnh 3.10: Li thp u cc v ct thp mc cu
- Khi cc di c th ni cc t cc t ch to sn, chi tit mi ni c th nh sau:

Hnh 3.11: Cu to thp ch v ai thp u cc khi cc cc mi ni
Chi tit mi ni: C th s dng thp bn tp lin kt hn u cc hoc dng
thp gc L tp vo v hn li. Vic ni cc thc hin khi p xong on trc , vi
cc chu nn th khng cn kim tra cng , vi cc chu momen th phi kim tra
cng thp ti mi ni kh nng chu lc. Sau khi ni cc, cn qut mt lp
bitum bo v thp khng b g.


Hnh 3.12: Chi tit mi ni cc
2.2.3. Cc khoan nhi
Cc khoan nhi l loi cc c thi cng ti
ch bng cch khoan to l trong nn t n su
thit k sau tin hnh h lng ct thp ri b
tng bng phng php b tng dng. Thng
thng gi n nh thnh h khoan khi b sp
di tc dng ca p lc ngang ca nn ngi ta c
th s dng ng vch kt hp vi dung dch polimer
hoc bentonit.
- ng knh cc khoan nhi: t 0,6m n
2,0m. Chiu di cc ty theo iu kin a cht
cng trnh ca a im xy dng.
- B tng cc nhi: Mc 250, tuy nhin khi
thit k thng dng b tng Mc 300 350
m bo an ton cht lng cc, st thng
thng t 14 n 18.
- Ct thp dc c b tr theo tnh ton
nhng c ng knh 12mm. Nu cc chu nn
ng tm th ct tho ch cn b tr n 1/3 chiu
di cc ( pha u cc). Nu cc chu un, chu
ko, chu nh hay trong vng c ng t th phi
b tr ct thp dc sut c chiu di cc. Hm lng
ct thp dc l (0,20,4)% i vi cc chu nn v
(0,40,6)% i vi cc chu un, ko hoc nh.
- Ct thp ai =614mm vi bc ai
200300mm, c th dng ai n hoc ai xon
lin tc; ai xon lin tc ch nn dng cho cc cc
c ng knh 600mm hoc 800mm. Nu lng ct
thp di th c cch u mi on 2m li b sung

mt ai tng cng c ng knh thp ln hn (thng =1418mm) tng cng cho
lng v buc con k to ra lp b tng bo v khi b tng. Lp b tng bo v
thng t 50-70mm.
- chng y tri lng ct thp khi b tng (bng phng php va dng) th
cn b tr hai khung thp hnh u mi cc cch nhau 2m.
- Ct thp dc c cu to thnh cc on lng theo chiu di cy thp, ni ct
thp dc khng c hn hi m ch ni buc hoc hn chm bng in.
- Dc theo thn cc c t sn cc ng ch kim tra cht lng b tng cc (1 ng
khoan li 110 v mt s ng siu m 60). Cc ng ny phi bt u v buc chc vo
thp dc ca lng thp. S lng ng kim tra c b tr ty thuc vo ng knh cc
nh sau:
+ Cc c ng knh D 1000mm th dng 3 ng,
+ Cc c ng knh D = 1000mm1300mm th dng 4 ng,
+ Cc c ng knh D = 1300mm1500mm th dng 5 ng,
+ Cc c ng knh D > 1500mm th dng 6 ng,
2.2.4. Cc barrette

Hnh 3.13a: Cc dng tit din ca cc Barrette

Cc barrete l mt loi cc khoan nhi nhng c tit din khng phi hnh trn,
khi thi cng cc barrete vic to l c thc hin bng loi gu o ngom. Cc barrete
c th c cc dng tit din nh trn hnh 3.13a, nhng tit din hnh ch nht hay c
dng hn c. Sc chu ti dc trc ca loi cc ny c th t n gn 4000T.
Cc barrete thng c thit k bng b tng ct thp mc 300450.
Cu to lng ct thp cho cc barrete c th tham kho trn hnh 3.13b, v v c
bn nh sau:

Hnh 3.13b: S cu to lng ct thp cho cc Barrette
(V d l cc barrette 0,8x2,8m su 55m ti mng ca ta nh Vietcombank Tower)

- Ct thp dc thng dng thp =1632mm AII hay AIII, t u theo chu vi
vi khong cch gia cc thanh l 150-250mm, hm lng ct thp 0,4-0,65%.
- Ct thp ai thng dng =1216mm AI hay AII, dng ai kn vi khong cch
cc ai thng l 200-300mm. Ngoi ra cn b sung cc ct ai ging ngn t theo
phng cnh ngn ca tit din vi khong cch t 300-600mm.
2.3. Cu to i cc
i cc l kt cu dng lin kt cc cc li vi nhau v phn b ti trng ca
cng trnh ln cc cc.
i cc thng c ch to bng b tng, b tng ct thp v c th ti ch
hoc lp ghp; trong cc cng trnh cu ng, thu li, dn dng th phn ln i cc
c thi cng ti ch. i cc lp ghp t c s dng hn, ch yu vi cng trnh xy
dng dn dng v cng nghip.
Mc b tng khng c nh hn 200 i vi i cc lp ghp v khng c nh
hn 150 vi i cc c ti ch. Trong thc t thit k th nn chn mc b tng i cc
200.
Hnh dng v kch thc mt bng ca
nh i ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc
ca y cng trnh. Hnh dng kch thc ca
y i ph thuc vo din tch cn thit b
tr s cc trong mng. Theo nhng quy nh
v khong cch ti thiu gia cc cc cng
nh quy nh khong cch t mp ngoi ca
hng cc ngoi cng n mp ngoi ca i.
Chiu su chn i i vi mng cc
i thp ph thuc vo iu kin a cht, ch
yu l sc chu ti ca lp t gip vi y i
v ph thuc vo c tnh cu to ca cng
trnh nh l c tng hm, kho cha, ...
Nu khng c cc hng mc trn th
chiu su chn i m bo khong cch t
nh i n mt t t nhin t 30 40cm
b tr h thng dm ging, mt sn nh v
trnh va chm gy nh hng xu n i cc.
- Lin kt ca cc vi i c th l lin kt ngm hoc lin kt khp ty thuc vo
c im chu ti v iu kin a cht:
+ Cc lin kt khp vi i khi mng ch chu ti trng thng ng ng tm hoc
mng khng c cc xin. Khi cc ch cn ngm vo i mt on t 10 15 cm,
khng cn ph u cc ngm ct thp vo i.

Hnh 3.14: Cu to i cc

+ Cc lin kt ngm vi i khi: thn cc nm trong t yu; cc chu ti lch tm,
lc x ngang; Mng chu ti trng ng; Trong mng c b tr cc xin.
- Chiu dy ca i cc hd do tnh ton quyt nh, nhng phi c tr s cn thit
ti thiu m bo ngm su ca cc trong i. dy ti thiu ca i l 0,6 m i
vi nh dn dng v cng nghip, 1,5 m i vi tr cu.
- ngm su ca cc trong i a khng c su hn 2d v khng c nh hn
1,2m khi d >60cm (d - ng knh hay b rng cc). Trng hp p u cc ngm
ct thp vo i th phi m bo ct thp dc n su vo i ln hn 20 i vi thp c
g v ln hn 3040 i vi thp khng c g.
Khong cch t mp i n mp hng cc ngoi cng c 25cm i vi cc cng
trnh cu ng v thu li v c 5cm i vi cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng v cng
nghip.
- Khong cch t tim cc n tim cc gn nhau trong i L 3d i vi cc ma
st v L 2d i vi cc chng (TCXD 205- 1998).
- Lp b tng lt mng chiu dy t=10 c th s dng b tng gch v hoc 20cm,
c b tng 4x6.
- i vi cc trong mng chu ti trng ln nh mng cu, cn b tr ct thp li
trn nh cc, li thp 12 cch nhau 10 15cm hoc qun ct thp 6 quanh thp ru
tm.
- Cc cc nm gn mp i phi c tng cng cc thanh thp un mc cu.

Hnh 3.15: Gia cng i cc cho cng trnh cu
- i vi mng cc i cao nn tng cng ct thp cho i bng cch cu to cc
bc thp 20 25 t cch nhau 20cm.
3. S lm vic ca cc n v nhm cc
S lm vic ca mt cc n v mt cc trong nhm cc khc nhau rt nhiu.
Trong cc phng php tnh ton mng cc hin nay u coi sc chu ti ca cc trong
nhm cc nh sc chu ti ca cc n, nh vy chnh xc cha cao, do vy y l
vn cn nghin cu hon chnh a vo tnh ton v c bit cn ch i vi cc
ma st y ta nghin cu mt s vn tng tc gia cc cc trong nhm cc.

3.1. Hiu ng nhm
Do s tng tc gia cc cc trong nhm nn ln ca nhm cng nh sc chu
ti ca cc trong nhm s khc vi cc n. Hiu ng ny cn c xt n khi thit k.
Chiu su v vng nh hng phn t di nhm cc ph thuc vo kch thc ca
nhm v ln ca ti trng.
3.2. ln ca nhm cc
Ta phn tch trng thi ng sut trong t do cc n v nhm cc gy ra khi c
cng tr s ti trng P tc dng ln mi cc. Trng thi ng sut do cc n v nhm cc
gy ra nh hnh v. R rng nu cc cc cng gn nhau th ng sut
z
do c nhm cc
gy ra s ln hn rt nhiu so vi ng sut do mi cc gy ra. V vy ln ca nhm
cc ln hn ln ca cc n. ln ca mt nhm cc ma st c s lng cc nhiu
s ln hn so vi nhm cc c t cc hn khi cng iu kin t nn.
Khi khong cch gia cc cc trong nhm t n mt tr s nht nh no th
thc t c th coi s lm vic ca cc n v cc trong nhm khng khc nhau. Kinh
nghim cho thy tr s ny ti thiu l 6d (d l ng knh cc).
3.3. Sc chu ti ca nhm cc
Trong nn t ri qu trnh h
cc bng phng php ng hay p
thng nn cht t nn, v vy sc
chu ti ca nhm cc c th ln hn
tng sc chu ti ca cc cc n trong
nhm.
Trong nn t dnh, sc chu ti
ca nhm cc ma st nh hn tng sc
chu ti ca cc cc n trong nhm.
Mc gim sc chu ti ca cc cc
n trong nhm cc trong trng hp
ny ph thuc vo khong cch gia
cc cc trong nhm, c tnh ca nn
t, cng ca i cc v s tham gia
truyn ti cng trnh xung i cc v
t.
i vi cc chng, sc chu ti ca nhm cc bng tng sc chu ti ca cc cc
n trong nhm.
4. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n
4.1. Khi nim chung
Mt cc khi ng ring r (gi l cc n) v khi nm trong nhm cc th sc chu
ti ca chng s khc nhau. Tuy nhin hin nay trong thit k mng cc, ngi ta gi

Hnh 3.16: Phn b ng sut trong nn do
cc n v nhm cc

thit rng sc chu ti ca mi cc trong nhm cc bng sc chu ti ca cc n nu
khong cch tim cc cc ln hn 3d.
Sc chu ti ca cc n l mt i lng rt quan trng, c s dng trong sut
qu trnh s dng mng cc. Vic xc nh chnh xc i lng ny l mt cng vic ht
sc quan trng v n nh hng ln n s an ton ca cng trnh v gi thnh ca cng
trnh.
Cc trong mng c th b ph hoi do mt trong hai nguyn nhn sau:
- Bn thn cng vt liu lm cc b ph hoi;
- t nn khng sc chu ng.
Do vy khi thit k cn phi xc nh c hai tr s v sc chu ti ca cc: Sc chu
ti ca cc theo cng vt liu (
vl
P ) v sc ch ti theo cng t nn (
dn
P ). Tr s
nh nht trong hai tr s ny c chn v a vo tnh ton v thit k. Tc l
c
P
( ) min ,
vl dn
P P = . Tuy nhin cn ch l hai tr s ny khng lch nhau qu nhiu m
bo iu kin kinh t, v trong mi trng hp th khng xy ra
vl dn
P P < v s lng
ph v c th xy ra nt gy cc khi ng hoc p.
4.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng dc trc
4.2.1. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo bn ca vt liu lm cc
Sc chu ti ca cc theo cng
vt liu c xc nh theo cc phng php
thng thng:
- Cc trong mng cc i thp, coi
cc nh thanh chu nn ng tm,
- Cc trong mng cc i cao coi cc
nh thanh chu nn un.
y ta xt n sc chu ti ca hai
loi cc thng dng l cc g v cc B
tng ct thp.
a) Cc g:
Sc chu ti theo vt liu ca cc g
c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
. . .
vl g
P K m F R =
trong :
P
vl
- Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc;
K - H s ng nht ca vt liu, ly bng 0,6;
F - Din tch tit din ngang ca cc;
R
g
- Cng chu nn dc th ca g;

Hnh 3.17: S tnh sc chu ti ca
cc theo bn ca vt liu

m - H s iu kin lm vic, ph thuc vo loi i cc v s cc trong mng, ly
theo bng sau:
Bng 3.2: H s iu kin lm vic m
Loi i cc
S lng cc trong mng
15 610 1120 >20
i cao 0,80 0,85 0,90 1,00
i thp 0,85 0,90 1,00 1,00
i vi cc c ng knh d > 2m th ly m=1,00
b) Cc BTCT c sn, tit din c hnh lng tr:
Sc chu ti ca cc b tng ct thp tit din c c xc nh theo cng thc:
( ) . .
vl a a b b
P R F R F = +
trong :
vl
P - Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc theo vt liu;
,
a a
R F - Cng chu nn tnh ton v din tch ct thp dc trong cc;
,
b b
R F - Cng chu nn ca b tng v din tch mt ct ngang ca thn
cc (phn b tng);
- H s un dc ca cc. Khi mng cc i thp, cc xuyn qua cc lp t khc
vi cc loi k di th = 1. Khi cc xuyn qua than bn, t st yu, bn
cng nh khi mng cc i cao, s un dc c k n trong phm vi chiu
di t do ca cc. Chiu di t do (
o
l ) ca cc c tnh t i n b mt
lp t c kh nng m bo cng ca nn hoc n y lp t yu. Tr s
ca ly theo bng (3.3) ph thuc
tt
l d hay
tt
l b .
Bng 3.3: H s un dc ca cc
tt
l b
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
tt
l d
12,1 13,9 15,6 17,3 19,1 20,8 22 24,3 26
0,93 0,89 0,85 0,81 0,77 0,73 0,66 0,64 0,59
tt
l - chiu di tnh ton ca cc:
tt o e
l l l = + vi
o
l l chiu di t y i n mt
t;
e
l l chiu di chu un quy i ca cc trong t:
5
2
.
.
e
c
l
k b
E J
=
Khi nn t nhiu lp h s k c ly trung bnh theo chiu dy cc lp t:
1 1
n n
i i i
i i
k k h h
= =
=

i
k : h s p dng cho lp t th i tra bng ph thuc loi t v trng thi t
i
h : l chiu dy lp t th i
E: M un n hi ca vt liu cc

J: M men qun tnh tit din ngang ca cc
c
b : chiu rng quy c ca tit din cc 1,5. 0,5
c
b b = + (m)
c) Cc ng b tng ct thp chu nn:
Khi t s gia chiu di tnh ton v ng knh cc 12
tt
l d th
vl
P tnh theo
cng thc sau:
( ) . . 2,5. .
vl a a b b ax ax
P R F R F R F = + +
trong :
b
F - din tch tit din ngang ca li b tng (phn nm trong ct ai),
ax
R - cng tnh ton ca ct thp xon,
ax
F - din tch quy i ca ct thp xon : . .f
ax n x x
F D t =
n
D - ng knh vng xon,
f
x
,
x
t - tit din ca ct xon v khong cch gia cc vng xon,
Nu
tt
l d > 12 th khng k n nh hng ca ct xon.

d) Cc nhi chu nn:
Sc chu ti theo vt liu,
vl
P , ca cc khoan nhi chu nn tnh theo cng thc
sau:
( )
1 2
. . . .
vl a a b b
P R F m m R F = +
trong : ,
a a
R F , ,
b b
R F , ly nh i vi cc BTCT c sn,
1
m - h s iu kin lm vic, i vi cc c nhi b tng qua ng dch
chuyn thng ng (ng tremi) th
1
m =0,85.
2
m - h s iu kin lm vic k n nh hng ca phng php thi cng
cc. Khi thi cng trong t st c st cho php khoan to l v nhi b
tng khng cn ng vch, trong thi gian thi cng mc nc ngm thp hn
mi cc ly
2
m =1,0. Thi cng trong cc loi t cn phi dng ng chng
vch v nc ngm khng xut hin trong l (nhi b tng kh) th ly
2
m
= 0,9. Thi cng trong cc loi t cn dng ng vch v b tng di
huyn ph st th ly
2
m =0,7.
4.2.2. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn
Hin nay tn ti nhiu phng php khc nhau xc nh sc chu ti dc trc
ca cc theo t nn, di y trnh by mt s phng php ang p dng thnh hnh
Vit Nam; mt s phng php hin i khc sinh vin c th tham kho trong cc sch
chuyn kho v mng cc. Trong s cc phng php ny th phng php th nghim
bng ti trng tnh cho kt qu ng tin cy nht nhng do chi ph cao v khng phi lc
no cng tin hnh c nn ngi ta vn tip tc nghin cu cc phng php khc.

4.2.2.1 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng php thng k (theo kt qu th
nghim mu t trong phng)
Phng php ny da trn c s kt qu chnh l nhiu s liu thc t v th
nghim ti trng tnh i vi cc h trong nhiu loi t khc nhau, nhng su khc
nhau tm ra mi tng quan gia lc ma st ca t xung quanh cc v phn lc t
nn mi cc vi mt s ch tiu c l ca t.
a) i vi cc ma st
Gi thit lc ma st quanh thn cc phn b u theo chiu su trong phm vi mi
lp t v phn lc mi cc phn b u trn tit din ngang ca cc. Sc chu ti cc
hn ca cc chu nn c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
f
1
. . .f .
i
n
n
dn R i i
i
m m R F U m l
=
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

i vi sc chu ti cc hn ca cc chu ko (nh) xc nh theo cng thc:
f
1
. . .f .
i
n
k
dn i i
i
mU m l
=
=

trong :
m - h s iu kin lm vic ca cc trong t, khi tnh cc chu nn th ly nh sau:
+cc nhi, cc ng knh ln ta ln t st c bo ho G < 0,85 v t hong
th th ly m =0,8
+cc trng hp khc ly m =1
+ khi tnh cc chu nh th m = 0,6 nu cc cm vo t < 4m v m = 0,8 nu cc
cm vo t 4m;
f
,
i
R
m m - h s iu kin lm vic ca t c k n nh hng ca phng php thi
cng h cc tra bng 3.4;
R - cng gii hn trung bnh ca lp t mi cc, ph thuc vo loi t v
chiu su ca mi cc (T/m
2
), tra bng 3.5;
f
i
lc ma st n v ca lp t th i i vi thn cc, tra bng 3.6;
U: l chu vi tit din cc ngang thn cc;
i
l : l chiu dy lp t th i m cc i qua, l
i
nn ly 2 m;
F - din tch tit din ngang ca mi cc (vi cc c m rng y th ly bng din
tch tit din ngang phn m rng);
n s lp t phn t m thn cc i qua.
Sc chu ti tnh ton (thit k) ca cc c xc nh bng cch ly sc chu ti
xc nh theo cng thc trn chia cho h s an ton:
1,4
n n
n dn dn
dn
n
P
K

= =
2,5
k k
n dn dn
dn
k
P
K

= =
b) i vi cc chng

Cc chng l cc c mi cc t ln cc lp t c bin dng rt b v cng rt
ln nh cng, t na .v.v. Ti trng cng trnh truyn xung nn t thng qua
mi cc, cn ma st xung quanh thn cc v t th b qua, khng k n.
Sc chu ti ca cc chng xc nh theo biu thc:
. .
dn
P m R F =
trong :
m - h s iu kin lm vic ca cc trong t ly bng 1
F - din tch tit din mi cc
R - Cng tnh ton ca t di mi cc c ly nh sau:
* i vi cc nhi c ngm vo khng nh hn 0,5m th R xc nh theo:
1,5
n n
d n
R h
R
K d
| |
= +
|
\ .

n
R - tr s tiu chun ca cng chu nn tm thi 1 trc ca mu bo ho
nc
d
K - h s an ton i vi t ly
d
K =1,4
n
h - su tnh ton ngm cc vo
n
d - ng knh ngoi ca phn cc ngm vo
* i vi cc ng t ln b mt c ph mt lp t khng xi l c chiu
dy khng nh hn 3 ln ng knh cc ng, R xc nh theo cng thc
n
d
R
R
K
=
* i vi cc c mi t ln cng, t cui si hoc st cng, ly R = 200T/m
2
.

Bng 3.4: Bng h s iu kin lm vic
R
m v
f
i
m ca cc ng (Theo 20TCN 21-86)
Phng php h cc v loi t
H s iu kin lm vic ca t khi
xc nh sc chu ti ca cc ng lm
vic theo s cc ma st
Di mi cc
R
m
Theo mt xung
quanh cc
f
m
1. H bng cch ng cc c v rng bt mi bng ba c
hc (ba treo), ba hi, ba Diesel.
2. H bng cch ng cc vo h khoan dn v ng su
xung hn 1m vi y h khoan c ng knh:
a. Bng cnh cc tit din vung
b. Nh hn 5cm so vi cnh cc vung
c. Nh hn 15cm so vi cnh cc vung hay ng
knh cc trn (i vi tr in).
3. H vo ct c dng nc xi nhng mt cui cng h
khng dng xi.
4. H bng cch rung v p rung vo t
a. Ct cht va
- Ct th v ct trung
1,0

1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0

1,0

1,12
1,0

1,0
0,5
0,6
1,0

0,9

1,0

- Ct nh
- Ct bi
b. t st c st B = 0,5
- ct
- st
- St
c. t st vi st B 0
5. H cc rng mi h bng loi ba bt k:
a. Khi ng knh lng ng khng qu 40cm
b. Khi ng knh lng ng trn 40cm
6. H bng phng php bt k loi cc ng bt mi n
su 10m c to bu bng cch n mn trong ct
cht va v t st co st B 0,5 khi ng knh
bu m rng bng:
a. 1,0m khng ph thuc vo loi t va nu
b. 1,5m trong t ct v ct
c. 1,5m trong t st v st.
1,1
1,0

0,9
0,8
0,7
1,0

1,0
0,7

0,9
0,8
0,7
1,0
1,0

0,9
0,9
0,9
1,0

1,0
1,0

1,0
1,0
1,0

Bng 3.5: Bng tra R (Theo 20TCN 21-86)

Bng 3.6: Bng tra f
i
(Theo 20TCN 21-86)

Ghi ch:
1. Trong bng 3.5 cc tr s R ghi di dng phn s th t s ng vi t ct cn mu s ng vi t st.
2. Trong bng 3.5 v 3.6, su ca mi cc l su trung bnh ca lp t khi san nn bng phng
php gt b hoc p dy n 3m, nn ly t mc a hnh t nhin, cn khi gt b v p thm t 3- 10m th ly t
ct quy c nm cao hn phn b gt 3m hoc thp hn mc p 3m.
su h cc trong cc lp t vng c dng chy ca nc nn ly c lu n kh nng b xi tri
mc l tnh ton.
Khi thit k cc cho cc ng vt qua h rnh th chiu su mi cc nu bng 3.5 nn ly t ct a
hnh t nhin v tr cng trnh.
3. i vi cc gi tr trung gian ca su v st B th xc nh R v f
i
t bng 3.5 v 3.6 bng
phng php ni suy.
4. Cho php s dng cc gi tr sc chng tnh ton R theo bng 3.5 vi iu kin chn su ca cc
trong t khng b xi tri hoc gt b khng nh hn:
- 4m i vi cng trnh thy li
- 3m i vi nh v cc cng trnh khc.
5. Khi xc nh ma st cc t f
i
theo bng 3.5 nn t c chia thnh cc lp nh, ng nht c chiu
dy khng qu 2m.
6. Ma st bn tnh ton f
i
ca t ct cht nn tng thm 30% so vi gi tr ghi bng 3.5.
c) Sc chu ti ca cc nhi:
Sc chu ti ca cc nhi c v khng c m rng y v cc chu ti trng nn
ng tm xc nh theo cng thc nh i vi cc ma st nhng ch rng sc khng
ca t mi cc v cc h s xc nh khc vi cc c sn.

- Sc chu ti cc hn khi chu nn:
f
1
. . .f .
i
n
n
dn R i i
i
m m R F U m l
=
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

- Sc chu ti cc hn khi chu ko (nh):
f
1
. . .f .
i
n
k
dn i i
i
mU m l
=
=

- Sc chu ti tnh ton theo t nn khi b nn v b nh:
1,4
n n
n dn dn
dn
n
P
K

= =
2,5
k k
n dn dn
dn
k
P
K

= =
trong :
m h s iu kin lm vic. Trong iu kin ta ln t st c bo ha G <
0,85 ly m=0,8, trong cc trng hp cn li ly m=1;
R
m h s iu kin lm vic ca t di mi cc, ly
R
m =1 trong mi trng
hp. Vi cc c m rng y bng cch n mn th
R
m =1,3; khi thi cng cc c m rng
y bng phng php b tng di nc th ly
R
m =0,9;
F Din tch mi cc (m
2
) ly nh sau:
- i vi cc nhi khng m rng y v i vi cc tr, ly bng din tch tit
din ngang ca chng;
- i vi cc nhi c m rng y v i vi cc tr, ly bng din tch tit din
ngang ca phn m rng ti ch c ng knh ln nht ca cc;
- i vi cc ng nhi b tng ly bng din tch tit din ngang ca ng k c
thnh ng;
- i vi cc ng nhn t (khng nhi b tng), ly bng din tch tit din ngang
ca thnh ng;
f
i
m h s iu kin lm vic ca t mt bn ca cc, ph thuc vo phng
php to l khoan, ly theo bng 3.7;
f
i
ma st bn ca t v thn cc, ly theo bng
R cng chu ti ca t di mi cc (T/m
2
) c tnh nh sau:
* Vi cc nhi, cc ng ly t ra khi rut ng sau o b tng v cc tr:

' 0 0
1 1
0,75 ( . . . . )
k k
R d A B = +
Khi chn cc ng c gi nhn t chiu cao > 0,5 m v khng b ph hoi th:

' 0 0
1 1
( . . . . )
k k
R d A B = +
trong :
0 0
, , ,
k k
A B - l h s thuc gc ma st trong - tra bng 3.8
'
1
- trng lng th tch hoc trng lng ring y ni ca t di mi cc (T/m
3
)

1
- trng lng ring hoc trng lng ring y ni ca t pha trn mi cc (T/m
3
)

Bng 3.7: Bng h s iu kin lm vic
f
i
m ca cc nhi (Theo 20TCN 21-86)
Loi cc v phng php thi cng cc
H s iu kin lm vic
f
m trong
Ct ct st St
1. Cc ch to bng cch ng ng thp c bt kn
mi ri rt dn ng thp khi b tng
2. Cc nhi rung p
3. Cc khoan nhi c k c m rng y, b
tng
a. Khi khng c nc trong l khoan (phng
php kh hoc dng ng chng)
b. Di nc hoc dung dch st
c. Hn hp b tng cng vo cc c m
4. Cc ng h bng rung c ly t ra
5. Cc tr
6. Cc khoan nhi, cc c l trn gia
7. Cc khoan phun ch to ng chng hoc bm
hn hp b tng vi p lc (24)at
0,8

0,9

0,7

0,6
0,8
1
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,8

0,9

0,7

0,6
0,8
0,9
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,8

0,9

0,7

0,6
0,8
0,7
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,7

0,9

0,6

0,6
0,7
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,8

Bng 3.8: Bng cc h s
0 0
, , ,
k k
A B tnh sc khng mi ca cc nhi
K hiu cc h
s
Cc h s
0 0
, , ,
k k
A B khi gc ma st trong ca t l
23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
0
k
A
0
k
B
9,5
18,6
12,6
24,8
17,3
32,8
24,4
45,5
34,6
64
48,6
87,6
73,1
127
108
185
163
260
khi
L d
=

4
5
7,5
10
12,5
15
17,5
20
22,5
25
0,78
0,75
0,68
0,62
0,58
0,55
0,51
0,49
0,46
0,44
0,79
0,76
0,70
0,65
0,64
0,58
0,55
0,53
0,51
0,49
0,80
0,77
0,70
0,67
0,63
0,61
0,58
0,57
0,55
0,54
0,82
0,79
0,74
0,70
0,67
0,68
0,66
0,65
0,64
0,63
0,84
0,81
0,76
0,73
0,70
0,68
0,66
0,65
0,64
0,63
0,85
0,82
0,78
0,75
0,73
0,71
0,69
0,38
0,67
0,67
0,85
0,83
0,80
0,77
0,75
0,73
0,72
0,72
0,71
0,70
0,86
0,84
0,82
0,79
0,7
0,76
0,75
0,75
0,74
0,75
0,87
0,85
0,84
0,80
0,79
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,77
0,77
khi
p
d =

0,8m
<4m
0,31
0,25
0,31
0,21
0,29
0,23
0,27
0,22
0,26
0,21
0,25
0,20
0,24
0,19
0,28
0,18
0,28
0,17

Bng 3.9: Sc khng R ca t mi ca cc nhi trong t dnh
Chiu su t
mi cc
Cng chu ti R di chn cc nhi khi t dnh c st B bng
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
3
5
7
10
12
15
18
20
30
40
85
100
115
135
155
180
210
230
230
450
75
85
100
120
140
165
190
240
300
400
65
75
85
105
125
150
170
190
260
350
50
65
75
95
110
130
150
165
230
300
10
50
60
80
95
100
130
145
200
250
30
40
50
70
80
100
115
125
-
-
25
25
45
70
80
95
105
-
-
-

4.2.2.2 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo kt qu th nghim xuyn
a) Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo kt qu xuyn tnh (CPT)
* Nguyn l: Ngi ta xuyn vo trong t mt chu xuyn mi hnh cn din
10cm
2
, gc nh 60
o
, thn hnh tr, lc xuyn l mt lc p tnh, tc xuyn khng
i v kh nh. Trong qu trnh xuyn ngi ta o sc khng ca t ng vi mi v thn
chu xuyn.
K hiu:
+q
c
: l sc khng ca t ng vi mi ca chu xuyn
+f
s
: sc khng ca t ng vi b mt bn ca chu xuyn
* Thit b v cch tin hnh:
Nhng b phn ch yu ca my xuyn l chu xuyn, cn xuyn, c cu gia lc
v o lc, gi v h neo. Khi th nghim ta a my vo ng v tr d kin, iu
chnh cho my cn bng ri neo my m bo cht, u tin xuyn c chu v cn vo
t su 0,4m b qua khng o. Khi bt u o, n ring ri gn vi mi i mt on 2
3cm c s o lc khng mi q
c
, sau tip tc n thanh cn gn vi mng sng o ma
st c c tr s f
s
khi v v li i mt on 17 18cm; c nh th o cc on tip
theo. Nh vy thit b ny c 20cm chiu su ta thc hin c mt ln o.
Kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh trnh by dng th th hin gi tr q
c
v f
s
theo
chiu su ca nn t.
* Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc:
Theo 20 TCN 112 - 84 v 20 TCN 174 89, sc cn ph hoi ca cc ma st:
P =P
mi
+P
xq

trong :
P
mi
=q
p
. F gi l sc cn ph hoi ca t mi cc
1
.
n
xq i
si
i
U q
h P
=
=

l sc cn ph hoi ca t ton b thnh cc

vi .
p c c
q K q = v q q
i
si ci

=
c
q l sc khng mi xuyn trung bnh ca t trong phm vi 3d pha trn v di
mi cc,
,
c
i
K l h s ph thuc vo loi t, trng thi ca t, phng php thi cng
cc v c tnh b mt ca cc tra bng 3.10.
Bng 3.10: H s Kc v

Ghi ch : Cn ht sc thn trng khi ly gi tr ma st bn ca cc trong st mm v bn v khi tc dng mt ti
trng nh ln n, hoc ngay c ti trng bn thn, cng lm cho loi t ny ln v to ra ma st m.
Cc gi tr trong ngoc c th s dng khi:
- i vi cc, thnh h c gi tt, khi thi cng khng gy ph hoi thnh h v b tng t cht lng
cao;
- i vi cc ng c tc dng lm cht t khi ng cc
Ti trng cho php tc dng ln cc :
x
P

2 3 2
xq
mui
x
P
P
P
= +

* Nhn xt: S o th nghim xuyn tnh n nh c nhiu tng quan thc
nghim tin cy v vy n c s dng kh rng ri. Tuy nhin nhc im ca th
nghim xuyn tnh (CPT) l khng dng c khi trong nn t c d vt hoc t ln si
sn trn 10% v kh nng xuyn rt kh khn khi gp cc lp ct cht, st cng th khng
th nghim su c.
b) Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo kt qu xuyn tiu chun (SPT)
* Nguyn l: ng mt ng ly mu tiu chun ho vo trong t; Nng lng
ng - trng lng qu t v chiu cao ri - cng c tiu chun ho. Ngi ta o (m)
s nht p ng mu ngp vo t mt chiu su tiu chun ho.
* Thit b v cch tin hnh:

Th nghim xuyn tiu chun (SPT) c thc hin bng ng tch ng knh
ngoi 51mm, ng knh trong 38mm, di 45cm, ng bng ba ri t do nng 63,5kg,
chiu cao ri l 76,2cm, thc hin trong l khoan.
Khi th nghim: u trn ngi ta khoan to l n su th nghim. Tip theo
lp ng ly mu vo cn v a xung su d kin.
Dng t nng nh cho ng mu cm vo t khong 10cm nn t cao vi tiu
chun v m s nht p N
1
ng ngp su vo t 15cm; lm tip ln th 2 m s
nht p N
2
ng ly mu ngp thm 15cm tip theo.
S nht p ng ly mu ngp vo t 30cm l : N = N
1
+N
2

* Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc:
- Theo cng thc ca Meyerhof (1956):
. . . .
tb s
m N F n N F = + ( ) 2,5 3,0
x
P =
vi:
Sc chu ti cc hn ca cc;
m h s ly bng 400 cho cc ng v 120 cho cc khoan nhi;
n h s ly bng 2 cho cc ng v 1 cho cc khoan nhi;
N S SPT ca t di mi cc.
tb
N S SPT trung bnh ca t dc theo thn cc;
,
s
F F din tch tit din ngang v din tch xung quanh thn cc;
H s an ton khi tnh sc chu ti theo th nghim xuyn tiu chun ly t 2,5-3,0.
- Theo cng thc ca Nht Bn:
( )
1
. . . . 0,2. . .
3
a p s s c
N A d N L c L ( = + +

( ) 2,5 3,0
x
P =
vi:
a
N ch s SPT ca t di mi cc;
p
A din tch tit din ngang mi cc;
s
N ch s SPT ca lp ct bn thn cc;
s
L chiu di on cc nm trong t ct (m);
c
L chiu di on cc nm trong t dnh (m);
c lc dnh n v ca t dnh ;
d ng knh cc;
- h s ph thuc vo phng php thi cng cc:
- Cc b tng ct thp thi cng bng phng php ng =30
- Cc khoan nhi: =15

* Nhn xt: Th nghim SPT d lm, thun tin v thc hin ngay trong l khoan
thm d tuy nhin vic dng ng ly mu xuyn vo cc lp t cht v cng l rt kh
v vy ngi ta dng chu xuyn vi u mi cn nh th nghim xuyn ng.
4.2.2.3 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng php th nghim hin trng
a) Phng php th nghim nn tnh
Th nghim cc bng phng php ti trng tnh p dc trc (gi l th nghim nn
tnh cc) c th c thc hin giai on thm d, thit k v kim tra cht lng cc.
Th nghim c tin hnh bng cch: Sau khi h cc n su no , thng
l su thit k, sau dng ti trng tnh nn p dc trc cc theo nguyn tc tng dn
tng cp sao cho di tc dng ca lc nn, cc ln su vo t nn. Ti trng tc dng
ln u cc c thc hin bng kch thu lc vi h phn lc l dn cht ti, neo hoc
kt hp c hai. Cc s liu v ti trng, chuyn v, thi gian... thu c trong qu trnh th
nghim l c s nh gi sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn.
u im ni bt ca phng php ny so vi cc phng php khc l c th cho
kt qu chnh xc nht, st vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca nn t. Tuy nhin vic tin
hnh th nghim thng tn km. Theo quy phm s cc th tnh l 5% s cc nhng
khng t hn 2 cc cho 1 cng trnh.
* Thit b th nghim:
Thit b th nghim gm h gia ti, h to phn lc v h o c, quan trc.
- H gia ti gm kch thu lc, bm v h thng thu lc, m bo khng r r v
hot ng an ton di p lc khng nh hn 150% p lc lm vic, v c kh nng gi
ti cp ln nht khng t hn 24 gi.
- H o c quan trc bao gm thit b, dng c o ti trng tc dng ln u cc,
o chuyn v ca cc, my thu chun, dm chun v dng c kp u cc.
- H to phn lc c th dng mt trong ba s sau:
+ Dng cc neo lm i trng, cc cc neo c lin kt bng dm thp, khong
cch gia cc cc neo v cc th nghim khng nh hn 5 ln ng knh cc neo.
+ Dng cc khi vt liu lm i trng: thng l cc khi b tng c sn
hoc dng phi thp...
+ Dng trng lng bn thn cc v ma st xung quanh cc lm i trng cho kch
thu lc (Th nghim hp Osterberg - thng s dng th ti tnh cc khoan nhi
ng knh ln).


Hnh 3.18: Dng cc neo lm i trng khi th nghim nn tnh

Hnh 3.19: Dng cc khi b tng c sn lm i trng khi th nghim nn tnh
* Chun b th nghim:
- Chun b cc th nghim: Cc th nghim phi ng cc tiu chun v thi cng v
nghim thu cc. Vic th nghim ch thc hin cho cc cc thi gian phc hi cu
trc t. Thi gian cc ngh t khi kt thc thi cng n khi th ngim c quy nh nh
sau: ti thiu 21 ngy i vi cc khoan nhi v 7 ngy i vi cc ng hoc p.
- Lp t h to phn lc, h dm dc, dm ngang, i trng.
- Lp t h gia ti: kch thu lc, bm du.
- Lp t h thng o chuyn v: dng c kp, g u cc, ng h o chuyn v,
mia , my thu bnh.
* Quy trnh gia ti:
Ti trng th nghim c tc dng theo tng cp tng dn, tr s mi cp ti t
10% n 20% ti trong thit k.
Vi mi cp ti trng cn theo di ln ca cc, khi no n nh v ln mi
c tng cp ti tip theo. Tc chuyn v c xem l n nh quy c khi ln
khng qu 25mm/1gi.

Gi cp ti trng ln nht ln u cc t n nh quy c hoc trong 24 gi.
Sau khi kt thc gia ti nu cc khng b ph hoi th gim ti v khng, mi
cp gim ti bng hai ln cp gia ti, thi gian gi mi cp ti l 30 pht, ring cp ti
khng gi lu hn nhng khng qu 6 gi.
Ti trng th nghim ln nht do n v thit k quy nh, thng c ly nh
sau:
+ i vi cc th nghim thm d: Ti trng th nghim bng 250-300% ti trng
thit k.
+ i vi cc th nghim kim tra: Ti trng th nghim bng 150-200% ti trng
thit k.
Cc th nghim c xem l ph hoi khi:
+ Tng chuyn v u cc vt qu 10% b rng hay ng knh cc.
+ Vt liu cc b ph hoi, nt v u cc.
+ ln ca cc tng t ngt v nhanh.
* Kt qu th nghim:
T kt qu ghi chp c, v biu quan h ti trng - ln phn tch, nh
gi, xc nh sc chu ti ca cc n, vic xc nh sc chu ti gii hn ca cc c th
dng cc phng php sau:

Hnh 3.20: Cc biu quan h trong th nghim nn tnh cc
+ Trng hp ng cong quan h P-S (ti trng - ln) bin i nhanh (Hnh
3.26a), th hin r s thay i t ngt ca ln (im un), sc chu ti gii hn c
xc nh bng ti trng ng vi im c ng cong thay i t ngt dc.
+ Trng hp nu ng cong bin i chm, kh xc nh c im un (Hnh
3.26b) th xc nh Pgh tng ng vi ln gii hn Sgh, vi 10%
gh
S D = hoc
max
2
gh
S S = (
max
S tng ng vi tr s 0,9
tk
P ) hoc 2,5%
gh
S D = i vi cc khoan
nhi (TCXD 269-2002), hoc | | .
gh
S S = vi [S] l ln cho php ca nh hoc cng
trnh, l h s chuyn i k n s khc nhau gia thi gian tc dng ca ti trng th
nghim v ti trng thc t tc dng ln cng trnh, theo quy phm ly =0,2.

b) Phng php th nghim ti trng ng
Phng php th nghim ti trng ng da vo nguyn l s va chm t do ca
hai vt th n hi tuyn tnh, cng sinh ra do s ri ca qu ba c truyn vo cc v
lm cho cc c mt ln nht nh vo t.
Ni dung phng php: Sau khi h cc n mt su no (thng l
su thit k) ta dng mt loi ba c trng lng nht nh ng mt nht vo cc th cc
s b ln xung, tr s ln cn gi l chi ca cc, k hiu l e.
xc nh chi e khi th nghim cn theo di ln ca cc qua cc vch
nh du sn trn thn cc. V tc ng cc tng i nhanh nn khng th theo di
ln sau tng nht ba m ngi ta thng ly ln trung bnh sau mt s nht ba
v tnh chi theo cng thc: e S n = vi S l ln tng cng sau n nht ba.
Vi cc loi ba c tc chm nh ba treo v ba n ng thng ly e l
ln trung bnh sau 10 nht ba. Vi ba Dieziel, ba song ng th ly n l s nht ba
trong mt pht ng cc.
Qua thc t cho thy, vi cng mt loi ba ri t cng mt cao nht nh ng
xung hai cc khc nhau, nu cc no c chi e ln hn th c th ni rng cc c
sc chu ti km hn.
Yu cu ca phng php l tm c mi quan h gia ti trng cc hn ca cc
v ln ca n: ( )
gh
P f e = .
tm quan h ny nhiu tc gi nghin cu v xut mt s cng thc trn
c s nhng gi thit khc nhau. Hin nay nc ta hay dng cng thc ng ca nh
bc hc Lin x N.M.Gexevanov xc nh ti trng gii hn ca cc thng qua
chi e khi th cc bng ba n ng:
2
. 4. . .
1 1
2 . .
gh
n F Q h Q k q
P
n F e Q q
(
+
( = +
+
(

trong :
F - l din tch tit din cc,
q - trng lng cc v u cc,
n - h s c th nguyn ca ng sut, ph thuc vo vt liu cc v c xc nh
bng thc nghim,
Q - trng lng ca qu ba,
e - chi, l on ng m cc xuyn vo t sau 1 nht p ca ba,
h - bin dng n hi ca qu ba,
k - h s phc hi khi va chm, khi thp, gang va chm vi g ta ly
2
0,2 k = .
Cng thc ny s dng khi chi thc t e 2mm. Trong trng hp chi o
c e < 2mm th phi chn ba c nng lng p mnh hn c e > 2mm.

Ngoi cng thc trn, cng c th s dng mt s cng thc xc nh
gh
P theo
chi e cho cc loi ba khc. Chi tit c th tham kho trong tiu chun 20TCN 21-86.
Ti trng cho php xung cc: .
tc
dyn gh d
P m P K =
trong : m - h s iu kin lm vic (m=1);
tc
gh
P - gi tr tiu chun ca sc chu ti gii
hn ca cc xc nh nh sau: khi th t hn 6 cc th
( )
min
tc tc
gh ghi
P P = , khi th 6 cc
th
tc
gh
P xc nh theo phng php thng k.
Nhiu nc trn th gii dng cc cng thc n gin sau:
+ Cng thc ca H Lan tnh ti trng cho php xung cc:
( )
2
1
1 .
.
.
dyn
Q H
P
K e Q q
=
+
vi
1
K - H s an ton, thng ly bng 6.
+ Cng thc ca Crandall tnh ti trng cho php xung cc:
( )
2
1 2
1 .
.
.
2
dyn
Q H
P
e K
e Q q
=
| |
+ +
|
\ .
vi
1
e -l chi n hi,
2
4 K = l h s an ton
+ Cng thc theo tp ch Engineering New:
Lc cn khi ng cc:
12. .
gh
Q H
P
e c
=
+

Ti trng cho php truyn xung cc:
2. .
6
gh
dyn
P
Q H
P
e c
= =
+

vi c - h s, i vi ba hi c=0,1 i vi ba ri t do c=1,0.
* Hin tng chi gi khi ng cc:
Trong thc t th ti cc bng phng
php ng, nu sau khi va ng cc xong
m tin hnh th nghim ti trng ng ngay
th kt qu chi o c s khc vi
chi thc, c th ln hoc b hn chi
thc, hin tng ny gi l chi gi. Hin
tng chi gi xy ra trong t ct v t st
c gii thch nh sau:
+ Hin tng chi gi trong t st:
Khi ng cc trong nn t st, do chn ng
ca ba v cc lm cho t quanh cc b ph
hoi kt cu, ng thi t xung quanh cc b
p cht, nc thot ra nhiu pha xung quanh
thn cc lm cho lc ma st gia t v cc
Hnh 3.21: M hnh ng cc trong t
ri v t dnh

gim v chi tng ln, cn gi l chi gi trong t dnh (tc e
gi
>e
thc
). khc
phc th sau khi ng cc phi cho cc ngh mt thi gian t phc hi kt cu ri mi
tin hnh th ti ng xc nh chi. Theo quy phm nc ta quy nh thi gian
cc ngh trong loi t ny l 15 n 20 ngy.
+ Hin tng chi gi trong t ct: Khi ng cc gy ra rung ng lm cho t
ct dn cht vo quanh thn cc, lm cho ma st gia cc v t tng ln, chi s gim
xung, cn gi l chi gi trong t ct (tc e
gi
<e
thc
). Do vy phi cho cc ngh 23
ngy trng thi ca t c phc hi ri mi tin hnh th ti ng.
* Chn ba khi ng cc:
xc nh chi e ta phi chn loi ba cho thch hp, vn ny cn c
ngha v thi cng rt quan trng m bo cht lng v khng ph v u cc.
Nu dng ba nh ng cc, ba phi nng cao, ng thi phi ng nhiu nht,
d lm ph hng vt liu u cc, cn dng ba nng ng cc th tt nhng khng kinh
t v di chuyn cng knh, phc tp.
+ Chn loi ba thng tu theo nng lng xung kch, c th ly nh sau:
25.
tt
E P vi E - nng lng xung kch ca ba (Nm);
tt
P - sc chu ti tnh
ton ca cc (kN)
+ C th chn ba theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
Q q
K
E
+
=
K - H s thch dng ca ba
Vi ba hi song ng, Madut : K 5;
Vi ba hi n ng : K 3;
Vi ba treo : K 2;
Q - Trng lng ba;
q - Trng lng ca cc, m cc, m, cc dn.v.v.
4.2.2.4 Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo cc cng thc l thuyt
Hin nay c nhiu cng thc l thuyt xc nh sc chu ti ca cc, tt c cc
cng thc ny u xc nh sc chu ti ca cc thng qua cc ch tiu, c trng c l
ca t nn (, , c...). Tuy nhin trong phn ln cc trng hp, kt qu tnh ton theo
phng php ny c khc nhiu so vi kt qu th nghim nn cc cng thc ny t c
s dng. y khng gii thiu cc cng thc l thuyt ca mt s tc gi c p dng
mt s nc. Sinh vin c th tham kho trong cc ti liu chuyn v mng cc.
* V ma st m: Trng hp cc lm vic trong nn t:
- t p dy 2 m;
- t loi st mm, bo ho nc, c kt chm;
- h nc ngm;
- c ti trng bn ph thm: v d cng trnh ln cn, ti trng kho bi

Khi ln ca cc lp t ny s ln hn ln ca cc v gy ra ma st m
vi c im c cng chiu vi lc nn trn u cc do lm gim sc chu ti.
4.3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo phng ngang trc
V nguyn tc, vic xc nh sc chu ti ca cc cng c th theo ba phng
php: L thuyt, thc nghim v theo kinh nghim. Tuy nhin vic xc nh tnh ton ti
trng ngang tc dng ln cc thng rt phc tp. Hin nay cha c cng thc no xc
nh chnh xc ti trng ngang tc dng ln cc khi bit kch thc cc v iu kin a
cht. Vic tnh ton ti trng ngang ch yu da vo kinh nghim hoc phi xc nh qua
th nghim hin trng.
Theo kinh nghim, ti trng ngang ca cc c xc nh theo cng thc:
.
tb
ng ng
H m H =
trong :
ng
H - Sc chu ti trng ngang ca cc ng vi tr s chuyn v ngang ca nh
cc
ng
, c xc nh theo nhim v thit k. Khi khng c s liu th nghim th tr s
ng
H c th ly theo bng sau: ng vi
ng
=1; khi
ng
< 1 th xc nh bng cch ni
suy gia
ng
=1 v
ng
=0. Khi
ng
>1 th
ng
H ly theo th nghim ti trng tnh vi
ti trng ngang.
tb
ng
H - Sc chu ti trng ngang trung bnh ca cc;
m - H s iu kin lm vic, ph thuc vo s lng cc trong mng n:
n 1 5 6 10 11
m 0,85 0,90 1,00
Bng 3.11: Bng tra tr s
ng
H
Loi t t y i n
su c tr s kd
ngm su
ca cc
Tr s
ng
H
Cc BTCT tit din Cc trn c ng knh
Cc BTCT Cc g 30x30 35x35 40x40 28 30 32
1. t ct cht va, ct
do cng
2. t ri, ct bi, ct do.
st, st do mm.
3. st, st do nho
6d

7d

8d
4,5d

5d

6d
6,00

2,50

1,0
7,00

3,0

1,0
8,00

3,5

2,0
2,60

1,4

0,5
2,80

1,5

0,5
2,80

1,6

0,6
5. Tnh ton mng cc i thp
5.1. Cc gi thit khi tnh ton mng cc i thp
Khi thit k mng cc, vic la chn phng n cc i cao hay i thp ph
thuc vo c im cu to ca tng loi cng trnh.
Mng cc i thp c p dng trong cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip.
Loi mng ny i cc nm thp hn mt t. Vic tnh ton, thit k mng cc i thp
da trn c s cc gi thuyt nh sau:

1. i vi mng cc i thp, ti trng ngang hon ton do t t y i tr ln
tip nhn. Do vy, iu kin tnh ton theo s mng cc i thp l:
min
0,7 h h vi
0
min
45
2 .
H
h tg
b
| |
=
|
\ .

H - tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng
b - cnh y i theo phng vung gc vi tng lc ngang H
, - gc ni ma st v trng lng ring ca t t y i tr ln
h chiu su chn i.
Biu thc trn c thit lp trn c s cn bng lc ngang vi p lc ch
ng ca t t y i. H s 0,7 k n ma st 2 bn cnh i (phng cnh a)
2. Sc chu ti ca cc trong mng c xc nh nh i vi cc n ring r,
khng k n nh hng ca nhm cc.
3. Ti trng cng trnh truyn qua i cc, ch truyn ln cc cc ch khng trc
tip truyn ln phn t gia cc cc ti mt tip gip vi i cc hay ni cch khc l t
ti mt tip gip vi i khng trc tip lm vic.
4. Khi kim tra cng ca nn t v khi nh ln ca mng cc th ngi ta
xem mng cc nh l mt mng khi qui c bao gm cc, i cc v phn t gia cc
cc.
5. V vic tnh ton mng khi quy c ging nh tnh ton mng nng trn nn
thin nhin nn tr s mmen ca ti trng ngoi ti y mng khi quy c c ly
gim i mt cch gn ng bng tr s m men ca ti trng ngoi so vi cao trnh y
i.
6. i cc xem nh tuyt i cng, cc v i cc xem nh lin kt ngm cng
vi nhau.
5.2. Trnh t tnh ton thit k mng cc i thp
Thit k mng cc i thp tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
1- Chn cc
2- Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc (d kin chiu di cc)
3- Xc nh s lng cc trong mng
4- B tr cc v cu to i
5- Tnh ton kim tra.
Vic chn cc v xc nh sc chu ti ca cc nghin cu cc tit trc.
Di y ch trnh by chi tit cc bc 3, 4, 5.
5.3. Xc nh s lng cc trong mng
S lng cc trong mng c xc nh theo cng thc


c
n
N
n
P
=

trong :
c
n - l s lng cc trong mng,
n
P - sc chu ti ca cc khi nn,
N
- Tng ti trng thng ng tc dng ti cao trnh y i,

- h s kinh nghim khi xt n nh hng ca lc x ngang
v m men ly bng 1 1,5.
5.4. B tr cc v cu to i cc
Sau khi s b xc nh s lng cc th tin hnh b tr cc trong mng. Khi b tr
cc trong mng phi m bo hai yu cu chnh l thi cng d dng v chu lc tt.
V mt thi cng, phi m bo khong cch gia cc cc cn c la chn sao
cho hin tng nng cc v lm cht t gia cc cc l nh nht ng thi tn dng ti
a sc chu ti ca cc, khong cch ti thiu gia hai trc cc phi m bo c th h
cc n su thit k m khng lm h hng cc khc v cng trnh ln cn.
Khong cch gia hai cc k nhau c ly nh sau:
- Khi cc thng ng :
+ Cc chng khng nh hn 3d (d - ng knh cc).
+ Cc chng khng nh hn 2d.
+ Cc c m rng y khng nh hn 1,5 ln ng knh m rng d hoc d+1m
(d>2m).
- Khi cc xin :
+ Ti mt phng y i khng c nh hn 1,5d.
+ Ti mt phng mi cc khng c nh hn 3d.
Nu khng m bo cc khong cch trn th khng th h cc n su thit k.
Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai tr cc cng khng vt qu tr s 6d gim bt khi
lng o t v vt liu i cc.
V phng din chu lc th tu tnh hnh c th ca a cht, ti trng m b tr
cc cho thch hp.
Trng hp ch c ti trng thng ng tc dng th b tr cc thng ng v cch
u nhau.
Trng hp ti trng ngang v momen ln th phi tng cng ngang ca mng
bng cch b tr cc xin, c th xin mt chiu ( xin t 1:5 ; 1:7; 1:10) hoc kt hp
c cc ng v cc xin. Vic thi cng cc xin thng kh khn nu momen v lc
ngang khng u th nn b tr cc thng ng.


Hnh 3.22: B tr cc trn mt ng
Khi b tr cc trn mt bng nn b tr cc u nhau d thi cng, c th b tr
theo hnh ch nht hoc b tr dng hnh hoa mai. Trng hp mng lch tm ln c
th b tr cc dy hn v pha lch tm. Lc ny s hng cc khong cch vn u nhau,
s cc trong mi hng khong cch khng u nhau.

Hnh 3.23: B tr cc trn mt bng

Hnh 3.24: B tr cc khi mng hnh vnh khuyn hoc hnh trn
Cu to i cc cn tun theo hnh dng v kch thc ca kt cu cng trnh bn
trn ng thi ch n iu kin v khong cch gia mp i cc v mp hng cc
ngoi cng, khong cch t tim hng cc ngoi cng n mp i ( trnh by k trong
mc 2.3). Ngoi ra cn phi ch kim tra chiu su chon i cc phi tha mn iu
kin
min d
h h .

5.5. Kim ton mng cc theo TTGH 1 v TTGH 2
5.5.1. Kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc
a- Trng hp mng ch c cc thng ng
Trong trng hp ny, nu mng ch chu ti trng ng tm th khng cn kim
tra. Nu s lng cc xc nh theo cng thc.
Khi mng chu ti lch tm s xy ra hin tng mt s cc trong mng chu ti
trng ln v mt s khc chu ti trng b, i khi c cc chu ko. Nn thit k tt c
cc cc u chu nn.
Vic kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc tin hnh nh sau :
- i vi cc chu nn :
max
n
c c
P G P +
- i vi cc chu ko :
min
k
c c
P G P
trong :
max min
, P P - ti trng tc dng ln cc chu nn nhiu nht v chu ko nhiu nht;
c
G - trng lng bn thn cc c k n lc y ni;
,
n k
c c
P P - sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc chu nn v chu ko.
Ti trng tc dng ln u cc th i c xc nh nh sau:
2 2
1 1
. .
c c
tt tt
tt
y
x
i i i
n n
c
i i
i i
M N
M
P y x
n
y x
= =
=

trong :
tt
N
- tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti y i;

c
n - s lng cc trong mng;
,
tt tt
x y
M M - tng momen ca ti trng ngoi so vi trc Ox, Oy i qua trng tm
ca cc tit din cc ti y i;
,
i i
x y - khong cch t trng tm cc th i n cc trc Ox, Oy i qua trng tm
ca cc tit din cc ti y i;
Ti trng nn v nh ln nht ln cc cc
max min
, P P c tnh vi
max max
, x y ,
min min
, x y - khong cch t trng tm cc chu nn (ko) nhiu nht n cc trc Ox, Oy
i qua trng tm ca cc tit din cc ti y i;
* Kim tra ti trng ngang tc dng ln cc
Theo quy phm v mng cc, vic kim tra mng cc i thp chu ti trng
ngang tin hnh nh sau:
o ng
H H

trong :
o
H - lc ngang tnh ton tc dng ln mi cc;
ng
H - sc chu ti trng ngang
tnh ton ca cc n.
Vi gi thit rng ti trng ngang phn b u ln tt c cc cc trong mng nn ta
c:
o c
H H n =
vi H
l tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng.

b- Trng hp mng c cc xin.
Vic kim tra ti trng tc dng ln cc xin c tin hnh nh sau :
max
n
c
P P < v
min
k
c
P P <
trong :
max
P v
min
P tng ng l ti trng nn ln nht v ko ln nht tc dng theo
phng dc trc cc (l hp lc ca ti trng thng ng v ti trng ngang u cc).
5.5.2. Kim tra cng ca nn t di mi cc
kim tra cng nn t ti mt
phng mi cc, ngi ta coi cc, i cc v phn
t gia cc cc l mt mng khi qui c nh
hnh 3.25. Mng khi ny c chiu su y
mng t mt t n mt phng i qua mi cc.
Din tch y mng quy c xc nh
theo cng thc

( ) ( )
1 1
2
dq
F A Ltg B Ltg = + +
trong :
1 1
, A B l khong cch gia 2 mp ngoi
ca hai hng cc ngoi cng theo 2 phng;
L l khong cch t y i n mt
phng mi cc;
gc m rng so vi trc thng ng
k t mp ngoi hng cc ngoi cng:
1
1
.
4
4
n
i i
i
tb
n
i
i
l
l
=
=
= =

vi ,
i i
l l gc ma
st trong v chiu dy ca lp t th i m cc i
qua;
Trng hp cc xin th nu ln hn
gc nghing ca cc th ly nh trn, nu nh hn gc nghing ca cc th ly =
c

(
c
gc nghing ca cc).

Hnh 3.25: S mng khi quy c

Sau khi xc nh c kch thc mng khi qui c th kim tra nn t mi
cc thc hin nh vi mng nng.
Trng hp mng chu ti ng tm :
d
tb
qu
N
R
F
=
Trng hp mng chu ti lch tm
max
1,2R

max min
2
tb
R

+
=
trong :
R l cng tiu chun ca t nn ti y mng khi qui c, ph thuc vo
loi t, trng thi, v kch thc mng khi qui c xc nh theo TCXD 45-70 hoc
TCXD 45-78 vi kch thc ca mng khi quy c;
d
N Tng ti trng thng ng ti y mng khi qui c, bao gm c trng
lng cc, i cc v trng lng t gia cc cc;
qu
F din tch y mng khi quy c;
Cc ng sut
max
v
min
xc nh nh sau:
max
min
W W
yd
d xd
qu xqu yqu
M
N M
F
=
trong :
xd
M ,
yd
M l tng m men ca ti trng ngoi ly vi cc trc x, y i qua trng
tm ca cc tit din cc ti y i; W ,W
xqu yqu
l m men chng un ca tit din y
mng khi quy c theo cc phng x, y.
* Mt s quy nh khi xc nh kch thc mng khi quy c:
+ Trng hp nn t nhiu lp, ranh gii mng khi quy c xc nh nh sau:
- Pha di l mt phng AB i qua mi cc;
- Pha cnh l cc mt phng AD c BC i qua mp ngoi cng ca hng cc bin
thng ng khong cch ( ) . 4
tb
L tg , cn khi c cc nghing th i qua mp mi ca cc
nghing;
- Pha trn l mt t CD;
- Tr s
tb
xc nh theo cng thc (Hnh 3.26a).
+ Trng hp nn ng nht, kch thc ca mng khi quy c xc nh nh sau :
- Chiu rng v chiu di ca bn mng quy c bng cc cnh ca nhm cc;
- Chiu su t mng quy c bng 2/3 chiu di cc k t y i;
- ng sut ph thm do ti trng cng trnh c gi thit l truyn xung cc lp
t bn di mng quy c vi gc m bng 30
o
(Hnh 3.26b).
+ Trng hp khi cc xuyn qua lp t yu v ta vo lp t cng:

- Chiu rng v chiu di ca bn mng quy c bng cc cnh ca nhm cc;
- Chiu su t mng quy c bng 2/3 chiu di cc ngm trong lp t tt k t
b mt lp t trn;
- ng sut ph thm do ti trng cng trnh c gi thit l truyn xung cc lp
t bn di mng quy c vi gc m bng 30
o
(Hnh 3.26c);

Hnh 3.26a: Xc nh kch thc mng khi quy c khi nn nhiu lp

Hnh 3.26b: Xc nh kch thc mng khi quy
c khi nn ng nht
Hnh 3.26c: Mng khi quy c khi cc xuyn
qua lp t yu v ta ln lp t cng

5.5.3. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
Cng nh i vi cc loi mng khc, khi thit k mng cc phi bo m u
kin sau y:
S [S]

trong : S - ln ca mng cc; [S] - ln cho php ca cng trnh.
Khi khong cch gia cc cc trong mng nh hn 4d, tnh ton ln mng
cc ngi ta xem mng cc nh mng khi qui c, vic tnh ton ln tin hnh theo
cc phng php nghin cu trong C hc t.
Di y trnh by trnh t tnh ln cho mng cc theo phng php cng ln
tng lp:
1. Chia nn t di y mng khi quy c thnh tng lp phn t.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut do trng lng bn thn t gy ra.
3. Xc nh p lc gy ln: .
gl d
tb tb qu
h =
trong :
d
tb
ng sut trung bnh ti y mng khi qui c;
tb
- trng lng th tch trung bnh ca cc lp t t mi cc tr ln;
qu
h - khong cch t mt t n y mng khi qui c.
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut do ng sut gy ln: .
gl gl
o zi
k =
5. Xc nh chiu su tnh ln Ha, xc nh Ha im c 0,2.
gl bt
zi zi

6. Tnh ton ln cho tng lp S
i
theo cng thc:
1 2
1 1
. . . . . . .
1 1
gl gl gl i i i i
i i oi i i i z i z i z i
i i i
a e e
S h a h h h
E e e

= = = =
+ +

7. Tnh ln tng cng:
i
S S =

5.5.4. Tnh ton i cc
S tnh ton i cc: coi i cc l cng lm vic nh dm cng xn ngm
mp ct (tng) v chu tc dng ca cc phn lc u cc. Vic tnh ton i cc theo
ba s ph hoi sau:
- Tnh ton chc thng;
- Tnh ton ph hoi theo mt phng nghing;
- Tnh ton chu un.
5.5.4.1. Tnh ton i cc di ct hoc di tr
a- Tnh ton kh nng chng chc thng
V nguyn tc ging nh mng nng, thp xuyn thng nghing 45
o
. Tuy nhin
c th xy ra thp m thng c gc khc 45
o
. Cng thc kim tra:
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
. . . .
o o o k
P b C a C h R ( + + +

trong :
P - lc chc thng bng tng phn lc cc cc nm ngoi phm vi thp xuyn
thng,

,
o o
a b - kch thc tit din ct;
0
h - chiu cao lm vic ca i;
1 2
, C C - khong cch trn mt bng
t mp ct n mp y thp xuyn thng;
k
R - cng chu ko tnh ton
ca b tng;
1 2
, - xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 2
0 0
1 2
1 2
1,5 1 ; 1,5 1
h h
C C

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

Khi
1 o
C h > hoc
2 o
C h > ly t s
1 o
h C hoc
2 o
h C = 1 (coi thp chc thng
c gc nghing l 45
0
); lc
1 2
= = 2,12.
Khi
1
0,5.
o
C h < hoc
2
0,5.
o
C h <
th ly
1
0,5.
o
C h = hoc
2
0,5.
o
C h =
tnh vi ch rng s tng ca kh nng
chng ct theo gc nghing ca thp chc
thng cng l c gii hn, khi
1
hoc
2
=3,35.
b- Tnh ton kh nng chng ct trn tit
din nghing
S tnh cng trn tit din
nghing chu ct nh hnh v. iu kin kim
tra l:
0
. . .
k
Q b h R
trong : Q - tng phn lc ca cc cc nm
ngoi tit din nghing;
b - chiu rng ca i;
0
h - chiu cao lm vic ca i;
k
R - cng chu ko tnh ton ca BT
- h s khng th nguyn, xc nh
theo cng thc:
2
0
0,7. 1
h
C
| |
= +
|
\ .

o
b
2
c
2
c
0
a
1
c
1
c
a
b
0
a
a
1
c
1
c
o
h
Hnh 3.27: S tnh chc thng i cc
0
a
1
c
a
o
h
1
c
2
c
b
Hnh 3.28: S tnh i chu ct
trn tit din nghing

Khi 0,5.
o
C h < th c tnh theo 0,5.
o
C h = v =1,56. Khi
0,5.
o
C h > th
0
h C = nhng khng nh hn 0,6.
Chiu cao lm vic
0
h ca i cc ly theo tr s ln nht nhn c t cch tnh
theo hai s trn, chiu cao thc t ca i
( )
0
10 15 h h cm = + .
c- Tnh ton i chu un
Tnh ton i chu un tin hnh theo
tr s m men ti cc tit din thng ng
ca i mp ct v ti cc v tr i c
chiu cao thay i.
Qua tnh ton ta xc nh c din
tch ct thp theo phng cnh a v cnh b.
Din tch ct thp t theo phng
cnh a, ct qua tit din I-I trn hnh v c
xc nh theo cng thc:
0
0,9. .
I
aI
a
M
F
h R
=
Lng thp ny b tr trn cnh b (thp t
song song vi cnh a).
Din tch ct thp theo phng cnh
b, ct qua tit din II-II trn hnh v c
xc nh theo cng thc:
0
0,9. .
II
aII
a
M
F
h R
=
trong
a
F - din tch tit din ct thp; ,
I II
M M - tr s m men un ti tit din I-I
v II-II;
0
h - chiu cao lm vic ca i ti tit din ang xt;
a
R - cng chu ko
tnh ton ca ct thp.
Ct thp i thng chn loi AII, ng knh ct thp 12 18 v c th ln
hn.
5.5.4.2. Tnh ton i cc dng bng (mng hp khi)
i cc dng bng c b tr di tng nh, c chiu di ln hoc cc mng
bng t trn 1 n 3 hng cc.
Khi cc b tr thnh nhiu hng, nu c mt, vi hng nm ngoi phm vi ca
tng th i cc c tnh ton chc thng v ph hoi trn mt phng nghing tng t
nh tnh ton vi i cc di ct. y ta xt vic tnh ton chu un ca i cc di
tng trong qu trnh s dng.
Ta xt phng n ca tnh ton i cc cho trng hp cc cc c phn b theo
mt hng. i cc xem nh dm k trn cc cc v chu ti trng do tng truyn xung.
b
a
o
h
Hnh 3.29: S tnh i chu un


Khi tnh ton i di tng, cn xt n cc l ca, ca s trong tng v v tr
ca chng ta so vi cc cc v so vi i.
Biu p lc xung i c dng ng cong. Thc t ta c th tnh gn ng
bng cc biu tam gic c nh nm trn mp ca cc.
Kch thc d
0
ca tt c cc s ti trng trn hnh 3.31 c xc nh gn ng
nh sau: ( )
0,5
0
3,3. . .
t t
d E J E b = vi . E J l cng chng un ca i;
t
E l m un
n hi ca vt liu tng;
t
b l b rng tng.

- Tung ln nht ca biu ti trng ti mp cc ca s (a) v (b) trn hnh
3.31 xc nh nh sau:
( )
0,5
0,3. . . . .
o tt t t
P q L E b E J =
hay ( ) 1 2.
o tt
P q L d = +
trong : q - ti trng phn b u do nh truyn xung su y i (trng lng
Hnh 3.30: S
i cc dng
bng
Hnh 3.31: Cc s tnh ton i cc
dng bng

tng, sn, ti trng hu ch ...);
tt
L - chiu di tnh ton ca nhp, ly 1,05.
tt
L L = ; L -
khong cch gia hai mp gn nht ca cc.
- Tung
o
P s (c) trn hnh 3.31 ly bng:
o
P q = ;
- Sau khi xc nh ti trng
o
P , tin hnh tnh ton mo men v lc ct ln nht ti
mp cc:
+ i vi cc s (a), (b), (d), (e):
2
0 0 0 0 0
. .
2 ;
12 2
tt
P d d P d
M Q
L
| |
= =
|
\ .

+i vi s (c), tnh nh dm lin tc chu ti trng phn b u:
2
. .
;
12 2
tt tt
q L q L
M Q
= =
Theo cc tr s momen v lc ct va tm c, tin hnh tnh chn tit din v
tnh ton ct thp. bn chng ct ca khi xy trn cc kim tra theo cng thc:
0
2.
t k
P b R vi
k
R l cng chng ct tnh ton ca khi xy.
* Ch v h ging mng cc
Cc i cc thng c ni vi nhau bi h ging. H ging ny c tc dng
truyn lc ngang t i ny sang i khc, gp phn iu chnh ln lch gia cc i cnh
nhau, chia mt phn m men t ct truyn xung, iu chnh nhng sai lch do ng cc
khng thng gy ra. Ngi ta thng cn c vo s ln lch gia hai i cnh nhau, vo
ln ca cng trnh v khong cch gia hai i, vo ti trng thng ng (nu c) tc
dng ln ging quyt nh kch thc tit din ging v lng ct thp dc t trong
n.
Ging c cu to nh cu kin chu un c ct thp pha trn v pha di ging
nhau. H thng ging phi c lin kt vi nhau nh h dm giao nhau di ct mi
pht huy tc dng v cc mt ni trn ng thi cn tham gia vo tng cng kh nng
chng chc thng ca mng.
Cao trnh mt trn ca ging thng thng bng cao trnh mt trn ca i. Khi
quyt nh cao trnh ny cng nn ch ng i ca h thng thot nc ma cng nh
nc thi hoc cc h thng khc (nu c).
Khi tnh ton h i+cc+ging c th coi cc v ging l nhng dm trn nn n
hi c ghp ni vi ct trong mt nt l i, sau dng cc phng php ca c hc
kt cu v sc bn vt liu phn phi m men ti nt cho cc cu kin qui t ti
nt.
Khi tnh ton, coi i l cng v cng ng thi c th b qua chuyn v theo
phng ngang (phng dc theo trc ca ging) nhng phi k n theo phng thng
ng tc l phi xt n ln ca cc. Ging s phi lm vic ht sc nng n khi
chnh ln gia hai i ln cn l ln. Khi i b xoay, ln ca cc cc khng ging
nhau. xt n ln ca tng cc c th cn c vo biu quan h gia lc nn v

ln nhn c do nn th ti tnh cc cc. n gin, c th coi quan h l tuyn
tnh.
Ging nt khe ln thng c tit din ln hn tit din ca ging nhng khu
vc khc. Khi i ch c mt hoc hai cc, phi b tr ging chu lc ngang bt thng
c th xut hin theo cc phng.
5.5.5. Kim tra bn ca cc khi vn chuyn, cu lp v treo ln gi ba
Khi vn chuyn cc t bi c cc ra cng trng v khi treo cc t t ln gi
ba th cc s chu lc theo cc s sau:
a- S khi vn chuyn cc (hnh v)
m bo bo iu kin chu lc tt nht khi vn chuyn th v tr mc cn b tr
sao cho tr s momen dng ln nht bng tr s momen m ln nht. T iu kin ny ta
xc nh c on:
0,207. a L = (L- chiu di cc);
Tr s momen
2
0,043. .
a
M q L = vi q l ti trng phn b u do trong lng bn
thn cc.
b- S khi treo ln gi ba (hnh v)
Khi cc c chiu di >8m cn b tr thm mc cu th 3 khi thi cng treo cc
ln gi ba. Cng t iu kin cn bng mo men tnh c khong cch b:
0,294. b L = (L- chiu di cc);
Tr s momen tng ng
2
0,086. .
b
M q L =

Hnh 3.32: S tnh v biu ni lc khi cu cc v vn chuyn


Hnh 3.33: S tnh v biu ni lc khi treo cc ln gi ba
* Lu : V khi vn chuyn v cu cc, cc chu ti trng ng nn khi tnh momen cn
nhn vi h s t ti (n=1,5).
- T momen tnh ton kim tra lng ct thp trong cc c m bo kh nng
chu lc khi thi cng hay khng.
- Cng ca ct thp mc cu cng c kim tra khi thi cng.
6. Tnh ton mng cc i cao
6.1. c im v phm vi s dng
Mng cc i cao thng c dng trong cc cng trnh cu (mng m tr cu)
hoc bn cng, cu tu, cu cng, ...
Khc vi mng cc i thp khi chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang v momen th
xem nh ti trng ngang hon ton do t t y i tr ln tip nhn. Vi mng cc i
cao, khi chu ti tc dng ca ti trng ngang v momen th cc ti trng ny s phn phi
ln cc cc v cc cc s tip thu cc lc ny. Bin dng n hi ca cc do ti trng v
nn t xung quanh cc gy ra, v vy vic xc nh ni lc trong mi cc tr nn phc
tp hn nhiu so vi tnh ton cc trong mng cc i thp. Quan h gia cc v t ht
sc phc tp - cha c nghin cu trit .
Mng cc i cao theo quan im tnh hc c th coi nh mt khung khng gian
gm cc cc ng v xin ngm n hi vo t v vi i cc (i cng hoc mm).
Khung thanh ngang (i cc) cng dng tnh ton m tr cu v i c cng rt ln,

khung thanh ngang mm dng tnh ton mng cc cng trnh bn cng (mng cc i
cao, i mm).
tng cng cng cho mng cc i cao ta c th b tr cc xin vi xin
1:7 1:10
Trong phn ny ch trnh by tnh ton mng cc theo phng php gn ng, khi
tnh ton c th phn mng thnh cc khung phng ngang v khung phng dc tnh
ton.
i vi mng cc i cao, ni dung thit k cng tng t mng cc i thp
- Chn cc, s lng cc, kch thc i cc;
- Tnh ton kim tra (s lng cc, sc chu ti);
- Kim tra mng cc theo trng thi gii hn I v II.
6.2. Cc gi thit c bn
1. Cc c ngm cng trong i v ngm trt trong t vi chiu di cc l L
M
.
Khi tnh ton vi lc dc trc xem cc nh thanh chu nn c chiu di L
N
.
2. i cc c xem l tuyt i cng
3. Tit din cc l i xng vi trc bt k i qua trng tm tit din cc
4. Mt phng tit din cc vn phng sau khi un
5. Cc ln kt ngm n hi vi t, ngm n hi ny c trng bng cc chuyn
v n v ca cc ti v tr ngm (mt t).
6.3. Phng php tnh v s tnh
- Mc ch ca vic tnh ton l xc nh cc lc tc dng ln nh mi cc, bao
gm lc dc trc P, lc ngang H v mo men M. xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc ny
ta dng phng php chuyn v trong c hc kt cu.
Vic tnh ton ni lc trong mng cc i cao theo phng php chuyn v chia
lm 2 phng php, phng php tnh chnh xc v phng php tnh gn ng. Vic
tnh ton n gin hn nhng vn m bo kt qu sai s b.
Theo phng php gn ng, lin kt ca tng cc n c m t nh sau:
+ Khi ch tnh vi lc dc trc P th xem cc nh mt thanh chu nn c chiu di
N
L tnh t y i n su tng ng no ,
N
L c gi l chiu di chu nn tnh
ton ca cc.
+ Khi tnh ton lc ngang H v mo men M th xem cc c lin kt trt ti v tr
no nm su trong t, cch y i mt khong
M
L gi l chiu di chu ung tnh
ton ca cc.
Nh vy s tnh ca mng cc i cao c m t nh hnh v 3.34.
Do gi thit i cc l tuyt i cng nn khi gii theo phng php chuyn v ta
c cc n s l cc thnh phn chuyn v ca i cc theo cc bc t do tng ng: V -

chuyn v ng ca i cc; U - chuyn v ngang ca i cc; W - chuyn v xoay ca
i cc

S lin kt gi nh gia cc v t S tnh mng cc i cao
Hnh 3.33: S lin kt cc nn v s tnh mng cc i cao
T s tnh ta c th lp h c bn nh
hnh 3.34, khi h phng trnh chnh tc c
vit nh sau:
0
0
0
vv vu vw
uv uu uw
wv wu ww
r .V r .U r .W P
r .V r .U r W H
r .V r .U r .W M
+ + =
+ + =
`
+ + =
)

trong :
ik
r l phn lc n v ti lin kt i do
chuyn v n v ti lin kt k gy ra.
U,V,W - Chuyn v ngang, chuyn v ng
v gc xoay ca i tuyt i cng;
N - Tng ti trng tc dng ti y i (ti
trng thng ng);
H- Tng ti trng ngang tc dng;
M- Tng mo men tc dng;
Trong trng hp cc phn b i xng,
h phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
Hnh 3.34: S h c bn v
chuyn v ca mng khi chu ti

0
0
0
vv
uu uw
wu ww
r .V P
r .U r W H
r .U r .W M
=
+ =
`
+ =
)

gii h phng trnh chnh tc, cn tm cc tr s phn lc n v
ik
r , vic tnh
ton cc tr s ny s c trnh by mc trnh t tnh ton.
6.4. Trnh t tnh ton
6.4.1. Xc nh chiu di tnh ton ca cc
a) Chiu di chu nn tnh ton
Chiu di chu nn tnh ton
N
L ca cc ph thuc vo tr s ti trng dc trc v
tnh cht ca t nn. Tr s
N
L xc nh chnh xc theo cng thc sau:
. .
N
c
S E F
L
P
=
trong : S- Chuyn v thng ng ca nh cc; E- M un n hi ca vt liu lm cc;
F- Din tch tit din cc;
c
P - Ti trng tc dng ln cc.
Chuyn v thng ng ca nh cc S gm:
1 2 3
S S S S = + +
Vi:
1
S - Bin dng tuyt i ca on cc nm trn mt t, xc nh theo cng thc:
1 0
. .
c
S L P E F = ;
0
L l chiu di on cc t y i n mt t.
2
S - Bin dng tuyt i ca on cc nm trong t, xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
2
0
1
.
h
c z
S P T dz
E F
=

z
T - Lc ma st xung quanh thn cc, phn b theo quy lut no theo chiu su;
h chiu di on cc nm trong t;
3
S - ln ca t t mi cc tr xung, gm hai thnh phn mt phn do lc ma
st ca t quanh thn cc gy ra v mt phn do phn lc ca t mi cc gy ra.
Vic xc nh quy lut phn b lc ma st xung quanh thn cc theo chiu su
phc tp nn vic xc nh
2
S ,
3
S kh khn. Do vy ta xc nh tr s
N
L gn ng nh
sau:
- i vi cc chng:
N
L ly bng chiu di cc t y i n mi cc.
- i vi cc ma st:
0
E.F
.
F
N
h d
K
L L h
C F
= + vi
F
K l h s kinh nghim k n
nh hng ca kch thc tit din mi cc, thng ly 5
F
K d = ;
h
C l h s nn ca
t ti mi cc;
d
F l din tch tit din mi cc; EF l cng chng nn ca cc;

Ngoi ra cng c th tnh
0 N e
L L L = + vi
e
L xc nh nh khi tnh sc chu ti
ca cc theo vt liu.
b) Chiu di chu un tnh ton
Chiu di chu un tnh ton
M
L ca cc ph thuc vo ti trng tc dng ln cc
v tnh cht ca t nn. Vi cng mt loi t v kch thc, cng ca cc nh nhau,
trng hp c tr s ti trng ln tc dng th phi ng vi tr s
M
L ln hn v ngc
li. Khi cng tr s ti trng, kch thc v cng, nu trng hp nn t yu hn
th tr s
M
L s ln hn so vi nn t tt.
Hin nay cha c cng thc chnh xc no xc nh chiu di chu un
M
L ca
cc. Ta xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
- Khi 2. . h d :
0
2. . 0,5.
M
L L d h = +
- Khi 2. . h d > :
0
.
M
L L d = +
trong :
h - Chiu su cc cm vo t;
- H s kinh nghim, ly =57 vi t tt v =1015 vi t yu;
d - ng knh hay cnh cc.
6.4.2. Tnh ton cc phn lc n v v gii h phng trnh chnh tc
a. Ni lc do chuyn v nh cc gy ra ti nh cc
- Do chuyn v dc trc
N
: .
N
N
EF
N
L
=
- Do chuyn v ngang
Q
:
2
6
.
T D Q
M
EJ
M M
L
= = ;
3
12
.
T D Q
M
EJ
Q Q
L
= + =
- Do chuyn v xoay
M
:
2
4 2
. ; .
6
.
T M D M
M M
T D M
M
EJ EJ
M M
L L
EJ
Q Q
L
= =
= =

trong :
N
,
Q
,
M
: Chuyn v dc trc, chuyn v ngang v chuyn v xoay ca tit din
nh cc ang xt
N, M
T
, M
D
, Q
T
, Q
D
: lc dc trc, m men ti nh cc, mi cc v lc ct ti nh
cc v mi cc ang xt
EJ, EF l cng chu un v chu nn ca tit din cc;
L
N
, L
M
l chiu di chu nn v chu un ca cc

b. Quan h gia chuyn v nh cc v chuyn v i cc

Hnh 3.35: Quan h gia chuyn v i cc v chuyn v nh cc
a) Chuyn v ng ca i; b) Chuyn v ngang ca i; c) Chuyn v xoay ca i
Gi
n
l gc nghing ca trc cc theo phng thng ng
T s hnh hc, lin h gia chuyn v ca cc v chuyn v ca i c vit
nh sau:
- Chuyn v dc trc ca nh cc th n:
.cos .sin . .cos
n n n n n
N V U x W = + +
- Chuyn v ngang ti nh cc th n:
.sin .cos . .sin
n n n n n
Q V U x W = +
- Chuyn v xoay ti nh cc th n:

n
M W =
c. Xc nh phn lc n v trong lin kt ph
(B qua s hng v cng b)
2
1
cos
n
n
vv n
Nn
i
F
r E
L

=
=

2 2
1 1
sin 12 cos
n n
n n
uu n n
Nn Nn
i i
F J
r E E
L L

= =
= +

2 2
1 1
.cos 4
n n
n n
ww n n
Nn Nn
i i
F J
r E x E
L L
= =
= +

1
sin .cos
n
n
uv vu n n
Nn
i
F
r r E
L

=
= =

2
1
.cos
n
n
vw wv n n
Nn
i
F
r r E x
L

=
= =

2
1 1
.sin .cos 6
n n
n n
uw wu n n n
Nn
Mn
i i
F J
r r E x E
L
L

= =
= =

trong :
F
n
: l din tch tit din cc th n
E: M un n hi ca vt liu cc
Thay cc gi tr rik vo h phng trnh chnh tc v gii ra tm c gi tr
chuyn v ca i:
- Chuyn v ng:
vv
V P r =
- Chuyn v ngang:
2
.
.
.
ww uw
ww uu uw
r q r
U H
r r r

- Chuyn v xoay:
2
.
W= .
.
uu uw
uu ww uw
q r r
H
r r r

trong : q Tay n lc ngang q M H = vi M, H - Momen v lc ngang tc dng ln
mt hng cc.
d. Tnh ni lc trong cc theo chuyn v ca i cc
( )
.
. cos .sin
n
n n n n
Nn
E F
N v x W n
L
= + + (

( )
3 2
12 6
.cos . sin .
n n
T n Dn n n n
Mn Mn
EJ EJ
Q Q U v x W W
L L
= = + (

( )
2
6 4
.cos . sin .
n n
T n n n n
Mn Mn
EJ EJ
M U v x W W
L L
= + (

( )
2
6 2
.cos . sin .
n n
Dn n n n
Mn Mn
EJ EJ
M U V x W W
L L
= + + (

e. Kim tra kt qu tnh ton

1 1
1 1
1 1 1
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
. .cos . .sin 0
n n
i i Ti i
i i
n n
i i Ti i
i i
n n n
i i i Ti i i Ti
i i i
N Q P
N Q H
N x Q x M M

= =
= =
= = =
=
`
)

* Trng hp mng cc i cao i xng v mng cc i cao ch c cc thng
ng (
i
=0) nn cos 1
i
= v sin 0
i
= , thay vo cc cng thc trn ta s c biu thc
n gin hn trong trnh ton. (Sinh vin t trin khai)
7. Tnh ton cc chu tc dng ng thi ca lc thng ng, m
men v lc ngang
7.1. Phng php gii tch
Phng php gii tch thng p dng khi tnh cc chu nn un v c xt n
phn lc ngang ca nn t tc dng ln cc trong qu trnh chu lc. C nhiu cch xt
phn lc nn tc dng ln cc v v c bn l xt bi ton tng tc cc-nn s dng cc
m hnh tnh tng tc khc nhau; Tuy nhin hin nay thng s dng phng php m
hnh nn do u im l n gin v vn cho kt qu ph hp vi iu kin thc tin.
Gi thit: coi t xung quanh cc l mi trng bin dng tuyn tnh c c
trng bi h s nn C
z
tng theo chiu su. Tr s ca C
z
xc nh theo kt qu th nghim
hoc tnh theo cng thc:
C
z
=K . z
trong :
K - h s t l tra bng (5 - 14) thuc loi t xung quanh cc
z - su ca tit din cc trong t
Khi tnh ton, ngi ta dng su tnh i ca tit din cc trong t z v su
h cc tnh i
.
b
z z = ; .
b
=
trong :
- l khong cch t mt t ti mi cc vi mng cc i cao hoc t y i
n mi cc vi mng cc i thp.

b
- h s bin dng ca cc: 5
.
.
c
b
b
K b
E J
=
J - m men qun tnh ca tit din cc
E
b
: m un n hi ban u ca vt liu cc
b
c
: b rng quy c ca cc c ly nh sau
+ Cc ng, cc tr, cc nhi 0,8 d m th b
c
=d +1m
+ Vi cc cc khc b
c
=1,5d +0,5m
d - ng knh cc trn hoc cnh cc vung hay ch nht vung gc vi mt
phng tc dng ca lc.
Di tc dng ng thi ca lc dc, lc ngang v m men th cc ng v cc
nhi c tnh ton theo bin dng, theo n nh ca t xung quanh cc v kim tra tit
din cc
a - chuyn v ca cc khi chu tc dng ng thi ca lc ng, lc ngang v m
men.
b - Chuyn v ca cc do lc ngang n v gy ra
c - Chuyn v ca cc do m men n v gy ra
Bi ton gii theo phng php lc, nhm kim tra iu kin
,
n gh gh
S <
trong :
,
n
- ln lt l chuyn v ngang v gc xoay ca cc xc nh theo tnh ton.
,
gh gh
S - l chuyn v ngang v gc xoay gii hn c quy nh theo nhim v
thit k.
Kt qu:

3 2
0 0
0 0 0
. .
.
3 . 2 .
n
b b
H M
y
E J E J
= + + +

2
0 0
0
. .
2 . .
b b
H M
E J E J
= + +

Chuyn v ngang v gc xoay c coi l dng nu lc ngang hng sang bn
phi v m men quay theo chiu kim ng h
trong :

0
- chiu di on cc tnh t y i n mt t (mng cc i cao)
0 0
, y - chuyn v v gc xoay ca tit din ngang cc ti mt t (trng hp mng
cc i cao) hoc ti y i (mng cc i thp).


0 0 0
.
HH HM
y H M = +

0 0 0
.
MH MM
H M = +
vi H
0
=H;
0 0
. M M H = +
,
HH HM
- chuyn v ngang v xoay do lc n v gy ra
MM MH
, - chuyn v ngang v xoay do m men n v gy ra

0
3
1
.
HH
b b
A
E J
=

0
2
1
.
MH HM
b b
B
E J

= =

0
1
.
MM
b b
C
E J
=
A
0
, B
0
, C
0
: l h s khng th nguyn tra bng (5 - 15) ph thuc

Hnh 3.36: S xc nh
HH

m bo nn t xung quanh cc n nh (p lc tnh ton ti su z)

( ) 1 2
4
.
cos
z I I I I
I
z tg C
+
I
: Trng lng ring ca t trng thi nguyn th
,
I I
C : gc ni ma st v lc nh tnh ton th nht ca t
: h s c ly nh sau
+ Cc ng 6 0, =
+ Cc trng hp khc 3 0, =

1
: h s ly bng 1, ring cc cng trnh cng 7 0, =
2
: h s

2
tx tt
tx tt
M M
n M M
+
=
+

M
tx
, M
tt
: l m men ti mi cc do lc thng xuyn v lc tm thi gy ra ti
mi cc.
n : h s, ly 5 2 n , = tr cc trng hp
4 n 5 2 = ,
5 n 5 = >
- i vi mng 1 hng cc chu ti lch tm ly 4 n =
- Khi 5 2, ti z
z
=

v 5 2, > ti
b
85 0
z
,
=

0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
2 2
.
. .
z
b b
b b b b
M H K
z y A B C D
E J E J

| |
= + +
|
|
\ .

M men v lc ct

2 0
0 3 0 3 0 3 3
. . . . . .
z b b b b
b
H
M E J y A E J B M C D
= + +

3 2
0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4
. . . . . . . .
z b b b b b
Q E J y A E J B M C H D = + +
A
i
, B
i
, C
i
, D
i
vi i 4 tra bng 5 - 16
Lc dc N = N
* Khi cc c ngm vo i, tr s m men ngm xc nh theo cng thc:

2
0
0
0
2 . .
.
HH MM
b
n
MM
b
E J H
M
E J

+ +
=
+

Du (-) th hin m men c hng ngc chiu kim ng h khi lc x ngang tc
ng t tri qua phi.

7.2. Phng php s (PTHH)
Khi p dng phng php s (PTHH) vic tnh ton mng cc tim cn gn
n thc t lm vic ca h mng cc do khng phi a vo qu nhiu gi thit n
gin ha bi ton. Kt cu mng cc c tnh ton c xt n tng quan cng ca
c kt cu i cc, kt cu cc v tc dng tng h ca t xung quanh cc. Theo quan
im tng tc c th xt bi ton phn tch kt cu mng cc theo cc m hnh tnh sau:
- Xt kt cu mng cc tch ri khi nn, tng tc ca kt cu mng cc vi
nn t c xt theo m hnh nn tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn;
- Xt kt cu mng cc lm vic ng thi vi nn t, t nn c m hnh
ha theo mi trng lin tc c ng x tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn.
Nh nu trong mc 7.1 vic tnh ton theo m hnh mng cc tch ri khi nn
c s dng m hnh nn cho kt qu vi chnh xc va m khi lng tnh ton
khng tng qu nhiu nn m hnh u thng c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton k
thut. Theo phng php ny, ta s tch kt cu h mng cc ra khi nn t xung quanh
v thay nh hng ca nn t bng cc lin kt bin dng theo phng ng v phng
ngang ; cc lin kt ny c th c ng x n hi hay phi n hi, tuyn tnh hay phi
tuyn.
7.2.1. Xy dng s tnh
Kt cu b (i) cc v cc c ri rc ha thnh cc phn t hu hn ni vi
nhau bi cc nt, ti mi nt di mt t s t cc lin kt bin dng thay cho nh
hng ca nn t vi cc. cng ca cc lin kt bin dng ny s c xc nh
bng l thuyt hay thc nghim m t st thc nht nh hng tng h gia cc v
nn t. n gin trong trnh by, di y s xem cc lin kt bin dng nh cc gi
n hi c cng k.
Kt cu b cc, ty theo cu to v c im lm vic, c th c m hnh ha
bng cc loi PTHH khc nhau nh phn t thanh, phn t tm dy hay phn t khi. Kt
cu cc thng c m hnh ha bng cc phn t thanh chu lc phc tp (tc l thanh
chu tc dng ng thi ca lc dc, lc ct v m men).
7.2.2. Xc nh cc thng s tnh ton ca cc.
a) H s nn k v h s t l ca nn m:
H s nn
( ) k z thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu su ng cc vi gi thit nn bin
dng n hi cc b c xc nh theo cng thc:

( ) . .
p
k z mb z =
trong :
p
b - Chiu rng tnh ton ca cc; m - H s t l ca nn ph thuc vo loi t
v trng thi ca t, c tra theo bng.

Di ti trng thng ng (ko hoc nn), nn t s tng tc vi cc qua nhng
gi n hi theo phng ng. Quan h gia phn lc v chuyn v ng ca cc gi n
hi l:
.
z
t k z =
trong :
t - phn lc ca cc gi n hi theo phng ng
z - chuyn v ca cc gi n hi theo phng ng.
z
k - cng ca gi n hi theo phng ng.
Quan h gia t v z gi l "ng cong t - z".
Di ti trng ngang (theo c phng dc v ngang cu), nn t s tng tc vi
cc qua nhng gi n hi theo phng ngang. Quan h gia phn lc v chuyn v
ngang ca cc gi n hi l:
.
y
p k y =
trong :
p - phn lc ca cc gi n hi theo phng ngang.
y - chuyn v ca cc gi n hi theo phng ngang.
y
k - cng ca gi n hi theo phng ngang.
Quan h gia p v y gi l "ng cong p - y".
Sau y ch xt ng cong p y v t z cho cc n, trng hp nn t ng
nht v nm ngang.
b) Chiu rng tnh ton ca cc:
Chiu rng tnh ton ca cc
p
b c xc nh theo cng thc:

0
. . .
p th d
b k k k d =
trong :
th
k - H s k n nh hng tng h ca cc cc trong trng hp chiu su
ng cc h > 3(d+1).

( )
( )
1
1
1
2 1
th
k L
k k
d
= +
+

khi
th
k

> 1 ly
th
k =1.
i vi cc ng
th
k =1.
K hiu n l s cc ng trong mt hng, gi tr
1
k ly theo n cho trong bng:
n 1 2 3 4
1
k 1 0,6 0,5 0,45

L - Khong cch gia cc cc trong hng.
d - ng knh cc.
d
k - H s k n s tip xc mt bn ca cc vi t nn.
+ Vi cc ch nht
d
k =1
+ Vi cc trn, a gic
d
k =0,9
0
k - H s hnh dng:
+ Vi d < 1m th:
0
k =1,5 +0,5/d
+ Vi d > 1m th:
0
k =1+1/d
Trng hp d < 1m i vi cc cc ng th:

( ) 1,5 0,5
p d
b k d = +
Trng hp d >1m i vi cc ng v cc nhi th:

( ) . . 1
p th d
b k k d = +
7.2.3. ng cong p - y
Ta bit rng, t khng phi l vt liu n hi tuyn tnh v vy cng ca gi
n hi ngang (
y
k ) khng phi l hng s nh quan h tuyn tnh m gim dn nh trong
quan h phi tuyn trn hnh 3.37 (y cng ln, gi n hi cng mm). Trong hnh 3.37,
ng cong A l dng ng x hay gp nht i vi nhiu loi t, ng cong thng
gp vi t gin (ng x dng ny ch gp vi mt s t t st cng di tc dng ca
ti trng ng). Hnh dng v dc ca ng cong khng nhng ph thuc vo tnh
cht ca t m cn ph thuc vo su on cc ang xt, kch thc cc, mc nc
ngm v dng ti trng (tnh hay ng).

Hnh 3.37: Quan h gia ti trng ngang v chuyn v ngang (p - y)
c) ng cong p - y ca t st yu n do, di mc nc ngm, chu ti trng tnh
Matlock (1970) tin hnh th nghim nn tnh ngang i vi cc cc trong vng
t st yu n do c sc khng ct khng thot nc
u
S t 15kPa n 40kPa v rt ra
quan h:

0,33
u
c
y
p 0,5p
y
| |
=
|
\ .

Hnh 3.38: ng cong p - y ca t st yu chu ti tnh
trong :
p - Phn lc ca t ln mt n v chiu di (on) cc; N/cm hay T/m. p t
gi tr cc hn
u
p khi chuyn v 8
c
y y = . Khi 8
c
y y > th ly
u
p p = .
y - chuyn v ngang ca (on) cc; cm.
u
p - phn lc cc hn ca t ln (on) cc su ang xt.
. .
u p u
p N S B =
u
S - sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t ln cn on cc ang xt.
B - ng knh hay cnh ca cc.
p
N

- h s
'
v0
p
u
H
N min 3 J ; 9
S B
| |
= + +
|
\ .

J - h s ph thuc loi t st; J = 0,5 vi st yu v J = 0,25 vi st trung bnh
(do).
H - su ti phn on cc ang xt.
'
v0
- ng sut thng ng hu hiu ti su H.
c
y - chuyn v ngang ca cc khi 0,5.
u
p p = ;
c
y cn gi l
50
y .
Theo Matlock (1970):
50
2,5. .
c
y B =
Theo Stevens v Audibert (1979), n v ca y
c
v B phi l cm v
0,5
50
14,2. .
c
y B =
50
bin dng ca t trong th nghim nn ba trc khi ng sut bng 50% ng
sut ph hoi.
Theo Matlock (1970), nu khng tin hnh th nghim nn ba trc th c th ly
50
nh trong Bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2. Gi tr
50
cho t st (theo Matlock)
Trng
thi
Nho Do mm do Do cng Cng Rt cng Rt rn
S
u
(kPa) 12 24 24 48 48 95 95 190 >190
50
0,02 0,01 0,007 0,005 0,004
Theo Robertson v cng s:
u
50
D
S
0,167
E
=
D
E - mun DMT xc nh t th nghim nn ngang DMT (
D
E cha phi l
mun bin dng).
d) ng cong p y ca t st cng di mc nc ngm chu ti tnh
Reese, Cox v Koop (1975) tin hnh th nghim nn tnh ngang i vi cc cc
trong vng t st cng c S
u
= 100kPa 290kPa. Cc tc gi ny cho rng ng cong
p - y ca loi t ny gm 5 on nh trn hnh 3.39. Cch xy dng ng cong nh
sau:

Hnh 3.39: ng cong p - y ca t st cng di mc nc ngm chu ti tnh
on 1: on ny c quan h tuyn tnh th hin qua cng thc: . .
s
p k H y =
trong :
s
k - h s tra bng 2.
Bng 2. Gi tr
s
k ca t st
S
u
(kPa) 12 24 24 48 48 95 95 190 >190
s
k (N/cm
3
) 8,14 27,15 136 271 543
H - su ca on cc ang xt.

on 2: on ny c dng ng cong v ko di t giao im ca hai phng trnh
n im c chuyn v l .
s c
A y . Nu 2 phng trnh trn khng giao nhau th ng
cong p y c nh ngha bi on 2 n on 5, trong on 2 ko di t gc
ta .
c
u
y
y
p p 5 , 0 =
trong :
50
.
c
y B =
50
c xc nh ging nh trng hp t st yu n do di mc nc ngm
chu ti trng tnh
c
A - h s
/
0,2
2,0544 / 2,1948
c
H B
A
H B
+
+

u
p - sc chu ti cc hn . .
u p u
p N S B =
p
N - h s
'
0
min 2 2,83 ; 11
v
p
u
H
N
S B
| |
= + +
|
\ .
(*)
on 3: on ny cng c dng ng cong. on 3 ko di t im c chuyn v l
.
s c
A y n 6 .
s c
A y
25 , 1
055 , 0 5 , 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c s
c s
u
c
u
y A
y A y
p
y
y
p p
on 4: l on thng theo. on 4 c dc l
|
|
.
|
\
|
u
c
p
y
0625 , 0
v ko di t im c
chuyn v l 6 .
s c
A y n 18 .
s c
A y
( )
c s u
c
u s u
y A y p
y
p A p p 6
0625 , 0
411 , 0 6 5 , 0 =
on 5 : l on thng nm ngang ko di t im c chuyn v l 18 .
s c
A y ra ngoi,
gi tr p l hng s
( )
u s s
p A A p 411 , 0 75 , 0 225 , 1 =
e) ng cong p y ca t st cng trn mc nc ngm chu ti trng tnh
Reese, Welch (1975) tin hnh th nghim nn tnh ngang i vi cc cc trong
vng t st cng c S
u
= 100kPa 200kPa. Cc tc gi ny cho rng ng cong p y
ca loi t ny nh sau:
25 , 0
5 , 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
u
y
y
p p

Cc tham s ca phng trnh trn c xc nh ging nh trng hp t st
yu n do di mc nc ngm chu ti trng tnh.
f) ng cong p y ca t ct theo Reese
Reese, Cox v Grubbbs (1974) tin hnh th nghim nn tnh ngang i vi cc
cc trong vng t ct (c trn v di mc nc ngm, c vi ti tnh v ti lp) vi gi
thit h s p lc ngang tnh l
0
0,4 K = . Cc tc gi cho rng, ng cong p y gm 4
on:

Hnh 3.40: ng cong p - y ca t ct
on 1: on ny c quan h tuyn tnh
. . p k H y =
trong :
k - h s tra bng 2.
Bng 2. Gi tr k (N/cm
3
) ca t ct
Ct ri Ct cht va Ct cht
Di mc nc ngm 5,4 16,3 33,9
Trn mc nc ngm 6,8 24,43 61
H: su ca on cc ang xt.
on 2: on ny c dng ng cong. Giao im ca on 1 v on 2 l ti
chuyn v
1
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
k
kH
C
y . Nh vy on 2 ko di t im c chuyn v y
k
n y
m
.
1
1
n
p C y =
trong :

m
m
my
p
n = ;
n
m
y
pm
C
1
1
= ;
m u
m
y y
p p
m
=
max
;
60
B
y
m
= ;
80
3B
y
u
= ; .
m i s
p B p =
s
p - ly nh hn trong 2 gi tr
( )
( )
'
0
s v0 0 a
K Htg tg tg
p B Htg tg K Htg tg sin K Btg
tg 2 2 2
tg cos
2

(
= + + +

( )
' 8 4
s v0 a 0
p B K tg 1 K tg tg
(
= +

- gc ma st trong ca ct.
2
45

+ =
o

a
K - h s p lc t ch ng
2
45
2
o
a
K tg

| |
=
|
\ .

max
.
i s
p A p =
,
i i
A B - cc h s tra biu .
on 3: on ny c quan h tuyn tnh v dc ca on ny l m, on ny ko
di t im c chuyn v y
m
n im c chuyn v y
u
.
on 4: on ny c quan h tuyn tnh v dc ca on ny l 0 (nm ngang).
g) ng cong p y ca t ct theo Robertson
Robertson v cng s (1989) da trn kt qu th nghim nn ngang DMT v kin
ngh quan h p y nh sau:
0,33
u
c
y
p 0,5p
y
| |
=
|
\ .

trong :
u
p - sc chu ti cc hn trn mt n v chiu di cc, ly gi tr nh hn trong 2
gi tr
( )
'
u v0 p a p
p B K K HK tg tg
(
= +

v
' 3 2
u v0 p 0 p a
p B K 2K K tg tg K ( = + +

0
K - h s p lc ngang tnh.
p
K - h s p lc ngang b ng;
2 o
p
K tg 45
2
| |
= +
|
\ .

c
y - chuyn v ngang ca cc khi 0,5.
u
p p =

( )
'
v0
c
D
sin
y 2,085 B
E 1 sin

=

D
E - mun DMT, xc nh t th nghim nn ngang DMT.
h) ng cong p y ca t ct theo Gabr v Borden
Gabr v Borden (1988) cng da trn kt qu ca th nghim nn ngang xuyn
DMT, ng thi s dng quan h ca Murchison v O'neil (1984) a ra ng cong p -
y nh sau:
0
u
u
k H
p nAp tg y
nAp
| |
=
|
\ .

trong :
n - h s tit din :
o n = 1,5 vi cc tit din u
o n = 1,0 vi cc nm trn
A - h s ti trng :
o Vi ti trng ng th A = 0,9
o Vi ti trng tnh th
H
A min 0,9; 3 0,8
D
| |
=
|
\ .

u
p - ly nh trong phng php ca Robertson.
0
k - h s nn ban u
'
0 0 v0
0
p K
k
h

=
0
p - p lc o c ban u (khi cha c chuyn v) ca th nghim DMT.
H - na b dy mi xuyn; h = 7 7,5mm.
i) Xc nh h s nn theo Bowles
.
n
s s s
k A B Z = +
trong :
,
s s
A B - h s;
Z - khong cch t mt t n nt ang xt
n - s m, 0 < n < 1, thng ly t 0,4 n 0,6 sao cho k
s
khng tng qu nhanh
theo chiu su. Tt nht nn ly nhiu gi tr ca n, t v ng cong quan h
s
k Z
chn c gi tr n ph hp nht.
Xc nh h s ,
s s
A B :
( )
. . 0,5. . .
. .
s c p
s q
A C c N B N
B C N
= +
=

trong :
C - h s (
1
m
), 1 C H =
H - chuyn v ngang ca cc, H 0,0254m
, ,
c q
N N N
- h s lc dnh, h s b rng, h s su (tra bng, ph thuc vo

gc ma st trong ).
(
o
) N
N
q
N
c
(
o
) N
N
q
N
c
(
o
) N
N
q
N
c

0 0,00 1,00 5,14 17 3,53 4,77 12,34 34 41,06 29,44 42,16
1 0,07 1,09 5,38 18 4,07 5,26 13,10 35 48,03 33,30 46,12
2 0,15 1,20 5,63 19 4,68 5,80 13,93 36 56,31 37,75 50,59
3 0,24 1,31 5,90 20 5,39 6,40 14,83 37 66,19 42,92 55,63
4 0,34 1,43 6,19 21 6,20 7,07 15,82 38 78,03 48,93 61,35
5 0,45 1,57 6,49 22 7,13 7,82 16,88 39 92,25 55,96 67,87
6 0,57 1,72 6,81 23 8,20 8,66 18,05 40 109,41 64,20 75,31
7 0,71 1,88 7,16 24 9,44 9,60 19,32 41 130,22 73,9 83,86
8 0,86 2,06 7,53 25 10,88 10,66 20,72 42 155,55 85,38 93,71
9 1,03 2,25 7,92 26 12,54 11,85 22,25 43 186,54 99,02 105,11
10 1,22 2,47 8,35 27 14,47 13,20 23,94 44 224,64 115,31 118,37
11 1,44 2,71 8,80 28 16,72 14,72 25,80 45 271,76 134,88 133,88
12 1,69 2,97 9,28 29 19,34 16,44 27,86 46 330,35 158,51 152,10
13 1,97 3,26 9,81 30 22,40 18,4 30,14 47 403,67 187,21 173,64
14 2,29 3,59 10,37 31 25,99 2063 32,67 48 496,01 222,31 199,26
15 2,65 3,94 10,96 32 30,22 2318 35,49 49 613,16 265,51 229,93
16 3,06 4,34 11,63 33 35,19 26,09 38,64 50 762,89 319,07 266,89
- trng lng th tch ca t.
c - lc dnh ca t.
p
B - kch thc nh hn ca mt tip xc gia phn t v t xung quanh
Ngoi sc khng ca t mt sau cc, cn phi k n sc khng ct cu phn
t xung quanh (vi mi mt xung quanh c cng thm 0,5) khi tnh
s
k . Vi nhng

on cc c kch thc tit din (B) v chiu di (D) nh,
s
A v
s
B c nhn thm h
s hnh dng
m
C , tnh nh sau:

m
C
1 mt + 1 mt bn 1 +0,5
B = D 0,457m 1 +2 x 0,5
B =D >0,457m
0,75
457
1 1,5
D(mm)
| |
+
|
\ .

D >1,2m 1 +0,25

Hnh 3.41: M hnh tnh
m
C
Trong trng hp t ri,
s
A c nhn thm vi h s
w1
F v
s
B c nhn
thm vi h s
w2
F :
w1
F =
w2
F = 1 vi cc vung
w1
1,3 1,7 F = v
w2
2,0 4,4 F = vi cc trn
7.2.4. ng cong t - z
Tng t nh ng cong p y , cng ca gi n hi ng (
z
k t z = ) khng
phi l hng s v quan h gia t z l phi tuyn v c th gm nhiu on (hnh 3.42).
Trong :
max
t - sc khng cc hn ca t. Nu gi n hi ang xt nm trn thn cc
th tmax l sc khng bn cn nu gi n hi nm mi cc th t
max
l sc khng
mi ;
es r
t - sc khng d ;
cr
z - chuyn v ng tng ng vi
max
t ;
es r
z - chuyn v ng
trng thi bin dng do ; - t s gia
es r
z v
cr
z

a) ng cong t - z vi sc khng bn
ng cong t z ca cc ch sn trong t dnh gm 3 on c th hin nh
hnh v, trong on cong u tin c xy dng qua nhng im th hin trong Bng
2.. Cn gi tr
es r max
t t = th bin thin trong khong 0,7 0,9 tng ng vi st mm
st cng. i vi cc nhi th ng cong t z cng tng t nh vi cc ch sn.
ng cong t z ca cc ch sn trong t ri gm 2 on rt n gin nh trn
Hnh 3.42, trong
cr
z

thng khng ph thuc vo ng knh cc m c gi tr khong
2,5mm.

Hnh 3.42: ng cong t z cho ma st bn ca cc ch sn
Bng 2. ng cong t z cho ma st bn ca cc ch sn
z 0 0,0016B 0,0031B 0,0057B 0,008B 0,01B
t 0 0,3
max
t 0,5
max
t 0,75
max
t 0,9
max
t 0,9
max
t
b) ng cong t - z vi sc khng mi
i vi cc ch sn, ng cong t z c th hin nh Hnh 3.43. on cong
u tin c phng trnh:
1/3
max
cr
z
t t
z
| |
=
|
\ .

Hnh 3.43: ng cong t z cho sc khng mi ca cc ch sn

7.2.5. H phng trnh c bn v phng php gii
a) H mng cc chu ti trng tnh
Khi h kt cu nn ch chu ti trng tnh, phng trnh cn bng tnh ca h kt
cu nn trong bi ton t ra vi cc gi thit nu trn c th c thit lp theo
phng php PTHH bng cch p dng nguyn l chuyn v kh d v c dng []:
| |{ } { } K U R = (0.7)
trong :
| | K - ma trn cng ca h,
{ } R - vc t ti trng quy nt ca h,
{ } U - vc t chuyn v ca cc nt.
Cc vc t v ma trn h thng c lp t cc vc t v ma trn thnh phn ca
cc phn t theo phng php cng trc tip c s dng ph bin trong phng
php PTHH.
b) H mng cc chu ti trng ng
Khi h kt cu nn chu tc dng ca ti trng ng, trong h s xut hin thm
thnh phn lc qun tnh v lc cn nht. p dng nguyn l DAlamber b sung cc
lc ng tc dng ln h ta s xy dng c phng trnh cn bng ng (cn gi l
phng trnh vi phn dao ng hay phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng) ca h kt cu
nn trong bi ton t ra vi cc gi thit nu c th c vit dng ma trn nh sau
[]:

| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } { } M U C U K U R + + =

(0.8)
trong :
| | M - ma trn khi lng ca h,
| | C - ma trn cn nht ca h,
| | K - ma trn cng ca h,
{ } R - vc t ti trng ca h,
{ }
U
- vc t gia tc ca cc nt,
{ }
U
- vc t vn tc ca cc nt,
{ } U - vc t chuyn v ca cc nt.
Cc ma trn v vc t trong phng trnh chuyn ng (0.8) c xc nh bng
tng cc ma trn v vc t thnh phn ca cc phn t.
Ma trn khi lng | | M ca h c tnh theo cng thc:


| | | |
m
m
M M =
(0.9)
Ma trn cng tng th | | K ca h xc nh bng bin thc:

| | | |
m
m
K K =
(0.10)
Ma trn cn | | C c biu din theo:
| | | | | | | |
m
T
m
m
m m m
m m
V
C C K N N dV = =

(0.11)
Trong thc t rt kh (hu nh khng th) xc nh c cc tham s cn ca kt
cu v nn, mt khc cc tham s cn li ph thuc vo tn s dao ng. Do trong
thc t tnh ton ng lc hc ca kt cu thng gi thit rng ma trn cn | | C l t hp
tuyn tnh ca ma trn khi lng | | M v ma trn cng | | K ca h:
| | | | | | C M K = + (0.12)
trong : v l cc hng s v c gi l cc h s cn Rayleigh. Cc h s
ny lin h vi t s cn bng phng trnh:

2
2

+
= (0.13)
vi l tn s dao ng ca h.
Thng thng nh hng ca cc tn s cao n gi tr ca h s cn Rayleigh l
khng ng k nn trong tnh ton c th tnh cc h s ny da trn t s cn l hng s
( = const) v hai tn s dao ng thp nht ca h. Cch tnh ma trn cn nht truyn
thng nh trong cng thc (0.12) c th dn ti sai s ng k trong bi ton tng tc
ng lc hc ca kt cu vi nn khi m h kho st l t hp ca nhiu vng vi cc c
trng cn nht khc nhau. xy dng ma trn cn nht ca h c xt n cc c trng
cn khc nhau ca cc vng, A.K. Chopra [ ] ngh dng cc h s cn Rayleigh khc
nhau cho tng vng xc nh theo cc cng thc (0.14) v (0.15):
| | | | | |
n n n n
n
C M K = +
(0.14)

2
2
n n
n

+
= (0.15)
trong l tn s dao ng ca h; ,
n n
v
n
tng ng l t s cn v cc
h s cn Rayleigh ca vng con th n trong h, | |
n
M v | |
n
K l ma trn khi lng v
ma trn cng ca vng con th n.

Vc t ti trng { } R c tnh t cc loi ti trng ngoi tc dng ln h v ni
lc ban u.
{ } { } { } { } { }
0 b S c
R R R R R = + + (0.16)
trong :
{ }
b
R l vc t lc khi (lc phn b th tch) quy nt:

{ } { }
b b
m
m
R R =
(0.17)
{ }
S
R l vc t lc phn b b mt quy nt:
{ } { }
S s
m
m
R R =
(0.18)
{ }
c
R l vc t ti trng tp trung quy nt.
Cc thnh phn lc trong cc biu thc (0.16) n (0.18) c th thay i theo thi
gian: ( ) R R t = .
{ }
0
R l vc t ni lc ban u quy nt trong h v c tnh bng biu thc:
{ } { } { } { }
0 0 0
m
m
m m m
m m
V
R R B t dV = =

(0.19)
Trong cc cng thc t (0.9) n (0.19), du tng th hin qu trnh "lp rp" cc
ma trn phn t thnh ma trn tng th ca ton h, ch s m biu din s hiu ca phn
t. Cc ma trn xy dng trong h to cc b phi c chuyn v h to chung
trc khi thc hin qu trnh lp rp. Khi lp trnh vic lp rp cc ma trn phn t vo
ma trn tng th ca h c thc hin theo phng php cng trc tip.
Cc phng trnh c bn nu trn c xy dng theo phng php chuyn v ca
PTHH v bao gm cc nhm phng trnh sau:
- Nhm cc phng trnh cn bng
- Nhm cc phng trnh trng thi
- Nhm cc phng trnh lin tc
- Nhm cc phng trnh iu kin bin.
gii c bi ton ta cn thm nhm cc phng trnh m t iu kin ban u.
Sau khi t hp nhm cc phng trnh m t h kt cu-nn ta s c h phng trnh
i s tuyn tnh (hay phi tuyn) ca phng php PTHH v c th p dng cc phng
php gii nh trnh by trong chuyn phng php s gii.
Kt qu nhn c s bao gm cc vc t chuyn v nt, ni lc nt v phn lc
lin kt ti cc nt. Cc kt qu ny s c s dng tnh ton v thit k kt cu h
mng cc v nn theo cc TTGH nh nu trong cc phn trc.

8. Thi cng mng cc
Thi cng mng cc i hi phi c thit b thi cng, vic chn ng thit b thi
cng v t chc dy chuyn thi cng hp l s quyt nh rt nhiu n tin thi cng
v gi thnh ca kt cu mng.
8.1. Thi cng mng cc ch to sn
Cc ch to sn sau khi a n cng trng s c h xung n su thit k
bng cc loi my chuyn dng. Cc phng php h cc vo t bao gm:
- Phng php ng: s dng cc loi ba my h cc. Ti trng ng gy ra
trong qu trnh ng cc c th nh hng ng k n cn ngi v cc vt th kin trc
gn.
- Phng php p: s dng my p thy lc kt hp vi cc neo hoc i trng
p cc vo t bng lc p tnh.
- Ngoi ra nu cn p hay ng cc xuyn qua cc lp t cht, cng th c th
tin hnh khoan dn, khoan mi hay dng nc p lc cao xi trc ri mi h cc.
Tuy nhin cn ch rng vic khoan dn, khoan mi hay xi trc c th lm gim sc
khng ma st ca cc vi nn nn cn thn trng khi quyt nh dng phng php ny.
Khi thi cng mng cc cng trnh ni c nc bng cc c sn th ngi ta c
th p ng tm phc v thi cng nu nc c su nh, tc dng chy khng ln
(hnh 3.37a); hoc lm cu dn tm (hnh 3.37b) hay s dng x lan ni c neo gi
chc chn (hnh 3.37c) i vi trng hp nc c su ln v dng chy mnh.
C)
A) B)

Hnh 3.37: Cc phng php ng cc di nc
Khi thi cng cc cho cc cng trnh c tng hm, v tr i cc thng kh su
di cao mt t t nhin, gim gi thnh th c th o h mng trc ri mi thi
cng cc (hnh 3.38a, c,d) hoc thi cc trc khi o h mng (hnh 3.38b). Nu su
u cc kh ln so vi cao t my ng/p cc th ngi ta c th dng cc dn h
cc n su thit k v gim chi ph ph u cc (hnh 3.38b,c,d). Cc dn thng l
on cc ch bng thp hnh t hp c th ti s dng lu di.

C?c d?n
C?c d?n
A) B) C) D)
C?c d?n

Hnh 3.38: Cc phng php h cc cho mng di tng hm
8.2. Thi cng mng cc khoan nhi
8.2.1. Cc cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi
Trn th gii c rt nhiu thit b v cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi nhng c
2 nguyn l c s dng trong tt c cc phng php thi cng l :
- Cc khoan nhi c s dng ng vch
- Cc khoan nhi khng dng ng vch
a) Cc khoan nhi c s dng ng vch:
Loi ny thng c s dng khi thi cng nhng cc nm k st vi cng trnh
c sn hoc do nhng iu kin a cht c bit. Cc khoan nhi c dng ng vch thp
rt thun li cho thi cng v khng phi lo vic sp thnh h khoan, cng trnh t b bn v
khng phi s dng dung dch Bentonite, cht lng cc rt cao.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l my thi cng ln, cng knh, khi my lm
vic th gy rung v ting n ln v rt kh thi cng i vi nhng cc c di trn
30m.
b) Cc khoan nhi khng dng ng vch:
y l cng ngh khoan rt ph bin. u im ca phng php ny l thi cng
nhanh, m bo v sinh mi trng v t nh hng n cc cng trnh xung quanh.
Phng php ny thch hp vi loi t st mm, na cng na mm, t ct mn,
ct th hoc c ln si c ht t 20100mm.
C 2 phng php dng cc khoan nhi khng s dng ng vch:
Phng php khoan thi ra (phn tun hon): My o s dng gung xon ph
t, dung dch Bentonite c bm xung h gi vch h o. Mn khoan v dung
dch c my bm v my nn kh y t y h khoan ln a vo b lng lc
tch dung dch Bentonite ti s dng. Cng vic t ct thp v b tng tin hnh
bnh thng.
- u im : Phng php ny c gi thit b r, thi cng n gin, gi thnh h
- Nhc im : Tc khoan chm, cht lng v tin cy cha cao.

Phng php khoan gu: Theo cng ngh khoan ny, gu khoan thng c dng
thng xoay ct t v a ra ngoi. Cn gu khoan c dng ng-ten, thng l 3 on
truyn c chuyn ng xoay t my o xung gu nh h thng rnh. Vch h
khoan c gi n nh nh dung dch Bentonite. Qu trnh to l c thc hin
trong dung dch Bentonite. Trong qu trnh khoan c th thay cc gu khc nhau
ph hp vi nn t o v khc phc cc d tt trong lng t.
- u im : Thi cng nhanh, vic kim tra cht lng d dng thun tin, m bo
v sinh mi trng v t nh hng n cc cng trnh ln cn.
- Nhc im : Phi s dng cc thit b chuyn dng gi t, gi thnh cc cao.
Phng php ny i hi quy trnh cng ngh rt cht ch, cn b k thut v
cng nhn phi thnh tho, c thc t chc k lut cao.
Do phng php ny khoan nhanh hn v cht lng m bo hn cc phng
php khc, nn hin nay cc cng trnh ln Vit Nam ch yu s dng phng php
ny bng cc thit b ca c (Bauer), Italia (Soil-Mec) v ca Nht (Hitachi).
8.2.2. Quy trnh cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi
Quy trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi cho mng cng trnh gm cc bc ch yu sau
(hnh 3.39):

Hnh 3.39: Cc qu trnh chnh khi thi cng cc khoan nhi
- Chun b thi cng v nh v tim cc (Preparation work);
- Khoan to l (Drilling hole);
- Lm sch h khoan (Cleaning the Bored hole);

- Gia cng lp dng lng thp (Producing and erecting steel cage);
- Thi cng b tng cc khoan nhi (Placing concrete for Bored Pile);
- Hon thin cc;
- Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi;
- p u cc;
- Thi cng b mng.
C Cng tc chun b :
vic thi cng cc khoan nhi t hiu qu cao th ngoi vic phi chun b cc
loi thit b thi cng cn thit phi iu tra kh nng vn chuyn, p dng cc bin php
ngn nga ting n v chn ng, ... cn phi tin hnh iu tra y cc mt v tnh
hnh phm vi chung quanh hin trng.
Cn ch my khoan thuc loi thit b ln rt nng nn nht thit phi iu tra y
v phng n v l trnh vn chuyn. Phi m bo phi c din tch hin trng
lp dng thit b, ngoi ra cn phi thc hin vic x l gia c mt ng v nn t
trong khu vc thi cng thuan tin cho cng vic lp dng thit b v xe c i li.
Phi c cc bin php hn ch tc hi ca ting n v chn ng. Cc bin php
gim ting n nh sau :
- Gim ting n t ng c n : ch hng pht ra ting n v t chp ht m
ng c n.
- in kh ho ngun ng lc : dng ng c in thay th cho my n , my nn
kh.
- Xy tng bao quang hin trng : hiu qu ca vic cch m bng tng ph
thuc rt nhiu vo cao v cht liu lm tng. Nu tng lm bng vt liu cch m
th hiu qu rt cao.
Cn ch xc nhn chng loi v v tr ca cc vt kin trc ngm v xem xt kh
nng gy nh hng n khu vc v cng trnh ln cn c bin php x l thch hp.
C nh v v tr t cc :
Phi dng my kinh v xc nh v tr t cc. Vic nh v c tin hnh trong
thi gian dng ng vch, c th nhn thy ng vch c tc dng u tin l m bo c
nh v tr cc. Trong qu trnh ly t ra khi lng cc cn khoan s c a ra a vo
lin tc nn tc dng th hai ca ng vch l m bo khng cho sp thnh pha trn v
cc khng b lch ra khi v tr.
T mt bng nh v mng cc ca nh lp h thng nh v v li khng ch cho
cng trnh theo to . Cc li nh v ny c chuyn di v c nh vo cc cng
trnh ln cn hoc lp thnh cc mc nh v. Cc mc ny c ro chn bo v chu o
v lin tc kim tra phng x dch do va chm v ln.

C Cng tc h ng vch, khoan v bm dung dch Bentonite :
ng vch l mt ng thp c ng knh ln hn ng knh gu khoan khong
10cm, ng vch di khong 6m c t phn trn ming h khoan nh ln khi mt
t khong 0,6m
ng vch c nhim v :
- nh v v dn hng cho my khoan
- Gi n nh cho b mt h khoan v chng sp thnh phn trn h khoan
- Bo v t , thit b khng ri xung h khoan
- Lm sn tm v thao tc buc ni v lp dng ct thp, lp dng v tho d
ng b tng.
Sau khi b tng cc nhi xong, ng vch s c rt ln v thu hi li.
Cc phng php h ng vch:
- Phng php rung: L s dng loi ba rung thng thng, t su khong
6 mt phi mt khong 10 pht, do qu trnh rung di nh hng n ton b khu vc ln
cn nn khc phc hin tng trn, trc khi h ng vch, ngi ta o sn mt h su
t 2,5 n 3 m ti v tr h cc vi mc ch bc b lp cng trn mt t gim thi gian
ca ba rung xung cn khong 23 pht.
- Phng php p: L s dng my p p ng vch xung su cn thit.
Phng php ny chu c rung ng nhng thit b cng knh, thi cng phc tp v
nng sut thp.
- S dng chnh my khoan h ng vch: y l phng php ph bin hin nay.
Ngi ta lp vo gu khoan thm mt ai st m rng h o khoan n ht su
ca ng vch th dng cn cu hoc my o a ng vch vo v tr v h xung cao
trnh cn thit, dng cn g nh ln ng vch iu chnh thng ng. Sau khi t
ng vch xong phi chn cht bng t st v nm ng vch khng dch chuyn c
trong qu trnh khoan.
a. Cng tc khoan to l:
Qu trnh ny c thc hin sau khi t xong ng vch tm. t ly ra khi lng
cc c thc hin bng thit b khoan c bit, u khoan ly t c th l loi gung
xon cho lp t st hoc l loi thng cho lp t ct. im c bit ca thit b ny l
cn khoan: Cn c dng ng ten gm 3 ng lng vo nhau v truyn c chuyn ng
xoay, ng trong cng gn vi gu khoan v ng ngoi cng gn vi ng c xoay ca
my khoan. Cn c th ko di n su cn thit.
Trong khi khoan do cu to nn t thay i hoc c khi gp d vt i hi ngi
ch huy khoan phi c kinh nghim x l kp thi kt hp vi mt s cng c c bit
nh mi khoan ph, mi khoan ct, gu ngom, ba my...


Hnh 3.40: Cu to mt s loi mi v cn khoan to l cho cc nhi


Hnh 3.41: Cu to cn khoan v cc loi mi khoan
Mt s loi my khoan cc nhi ph bin :

Hnh 3.42: My khoan cc nhi BAUER


Hnh 3.43: My khoan cc nhi KH-100 (Hitachi)
b. Dung dch Bentonite:
Bentonite l loi t st c kch thc ht nh hn t st kaolinite nn ngi
ta thng dng t st Bentonite ch to bn khoan. Dung dch st Bentonite c hai
tc dng chnh:
- Gi cho thnh h o khng b sp nh dung dch chui vo khe nt quyn vi ct
ri to thnh mt mng n hi bc quanh thnh vch h gi cho ct v cc vt th vn
khng b ri v ngn khng cho nc thm thu qua vch.
- To mi trng nng nng t vn khoan ni ln mt trn tro ra hoc ht
khi h khoan.

Cc c tnh k thut ca bt Bentonite :
- m 911%
- trng n 1416 ml/g
- Khi lng ring 2,1T/m
3

- pH ca keo vi 5% : 9,810,5
- Gii hn lng Aherberg >400450
- Ch s do 350400
- lt sng c 100: 98-99%
- tn trn sng c 74: 2,22,5%
c. Bn khoan :
Bn khoan l dung dich Bentonite bao gm nc, st Bentonite, t st thng
thng, xi mng v cht ph gia
Cc thng s k thut ch yu ca dung dch Bentonite c khng ch nh sau:
- Hm lng ct < 5%
- Dung trng 1,011,1
- nht 3234giy
- pH 9,511,7
- Liu lng trn 3050 kg Bentonite/m
3

Do dung dch Bentonite c tm quan trng c bit vi cht lng h khoan do
phi cung cp dung dch Bentonite to thnh p lc d gi cho thnh h khoan khng
sp. Cao trnh dung dch Bentonite t nht phi cao hn cao trnh mc nc ngm t
12m, thng thng nn gi cho cao trnh dung dch Bentonite cch mt trn ca ng
vch l 1m, ngi ta c th t thm ng bao pha ngoi ng vch tng thm cao trnh
v p lc ca dung dch Bentonite nu cn thit.
Trong qu trnh khoan, chiu su ca h khoan c th uc tnh nh cun cp hoc
chiu di cn khoan. xc nh chnh xc hn ngi ta dng mt qu di y bng
ng knh khong 5cm buc vo u thc dy th xung y o chiu su h o
v cao trnh b tng trong qu trnh . Trong sut qu trnh o, phi kim tra thng
ng ca cc thng qua cn khoan. Gii hn nghing cho php ca cc khng vt
qu 1%.
C Xc nhn su h khoan v x l cn lng y h cc:
a. Xc nhn su h khoan:
Khi tnh ton ngi ta ch da vo mt vi mi khoan kho st a cht tnh ton
su trung bnh cn thit ca cc nhi. Trong thc t thi cng do mt ct a cht c th
thay i, cc a tng c th khng ng u gia cc mi khoan nn khng nht thit
phi khoan ng nh su thit k qui nh m cn c s iu chnh.

Trong thc t, ngi thit k ch qui nh a tng t y cc v khi khoan y cc
phi ngp vo a tng t y cc t nht l mt ln ng knh ca cc. xc nh
chnh xc im dng ny khi khoan ngi ta ly mu cho tng a tng khc nhau v
on cui cng nn ly mu cho tng gu khoan.
Ngi gim st hin trng xc nhn t dc chiu su yu cu, ghi chp y
, k c bng chp nh mu khoan lm t liu bo co ri cho dng khoan, s dng gu
vt vt sch t ri trong y h khoan, o chiu sau h khoan chnh thc v cho
chuyn sang cong on khc.
b. X l cn lng y h khoan:
nh hng ca cn lng i vi cht lng cc : Cc khoan nhi chu ti trng rt
ln nn ng li di y h khoan bn t hoc bentonite dng bn nho s nh
hng nghim trng ti kh nng chu ti ca mi cc, gy st ln cho kt cu bn trn,
lm cho cng trnh b dch chuyn gy bin dng v nt. V th mi cc u phi c x
l cn lng rt k lng.
C 2 loi cn lng:
- Cn lng ht th: Trong qu trnh to l t ct ri vi hoc khng kp a ln sau
khi ngng khoan s lng xung a h. Loi cn lng ny to bi cc ht ng knh
tng i to, do khi lng ng xung y th rt kh moi ln.
- Cn lng ht mn: y l nhng ht rt nh l lng trong dung dch bentonite, sau
khi khoan to l xong qua mt thi gian mi lng dn xung y h.
Cc bc x l cn lng:
- Bc 1: X l cn lng th_ i vi phng
php khoan gu sau khi l t n su d nh m
khng a gu ln vi m tip tc cho gu xoay vt
bn t cho n khi y h ht cn lng mi thi.
i vi phng php khoan l phn tun hon th
xong khi kt thc cng vic to l phi m bm ht cho
khoan chy khng ti 10 pht, n khi bm ht ra
khng cn thy t ct mi ngng v nhc u khoan
ln.
- Bc 2: X k cn lng ht mn: bc ny c
thc hin trc khi b tng. C nhiu phng php
x l cn lng ht mn:
+ Phng php thi ra dng kh nn: Dng ngay
ng b tng lm ng x l cn lng. Sau khi lp
xong ng b tng ngi ta lp u thi ra ln u
trn ca ng. u thi ra c 2 ca, mt ca c ni
vi ng dn thu hi dung dch bentonite v bn t t

y h khoan v thit b lc dung dch, mt ca khc c th ng kh nn 45, ng ny
di khong 80% chiu di ca cc.
Khi bt u thi ra, kh nn c thi lin tc vi p lc 7kg/cm
2
qua ng ng
45 t bn trong ng b tng. Khi kh nn ra khi ng 45 s quay tr li thot ln
trn ng to thnh mt p lc ht y h a dung dch bentonite v cn lng theo
ng b tng n thit b lc v thu hi dung dch. Trong sut qu trnh thi ra ny
phi lin tc cp b dung dch bentonite m cao trnh v p lc ca bentonite ln h
mng khng thay i. Thi gian thi ra thng t 20-30 pht. Sau khi ngng cp kh
nn, ngi ta th dy o su. Nu lp bn lng <10cm th tin hnh kim tra dung
dch bentonite ly ra t y h khoan, lng h khoan c coi l sch khi dung dch
y h khoan tho mn:
T trng =1,041,20 g/cm
3

nht =2030 giy
pH =912
Phng php ny c u im l khng cn b sung thm thit b g v c th dng
cho bt c phng php thi cng no.
+ Phng php lun chuyn bentonite: Dng mt my bm cng sut khong
4560m
3
/h treo vo mt si cp v th xung y h khoan nhng lun nm trong ng
b tng. Mt ng ng ng knh =80100 mm c gn vo u trn ca my
bm v c c nh vo cp treo my bm, ng ny a dung dch bn bentonite v
my lc. Trong qu trnh lun chuyn dung dch bentonite lun lun c b sung vo
ming h khoan v thng xuyn kim tra cc ch tiu ca bn bentonite bm ra. Khi
dung dch ny t ch tiu sch v lng t yu cu 10cm th ngng bm v kt thc
cng on lun chuyn bentonite ny.
C Cng tc chun b v h lng thp:
Trong cc cc khoan nhi thng cc nh thit k ch t ct thp ti 1/3 chiu di
ca cc nhng cng c cc thit k ca Nht hoc mt s nc khc li t ct thp
xung tn y.
Ct thp ng buc sn thnh tng lng vn chuyn v t ln gi gn h khoan,
sau khi kim tra y h khoan nu lp bn ct lng di y h <10cm th c th tin
hnh lp t ct thp. Trong gia cng ct thp ngi ta c th dng hn in c nh
ct ai, ct dng khung v ct ch. Khi dng hn in lin kt phi ch n cht
lng c th thay i hoc tit din thp b gim i. Trng hp ct thp chu lc l ct
thp cng cao th khng c hn m phi ni buc bng dy thp mm 2mm hoc
dng kp ch U c bt c. Vic ni ct thp phi c tnh ton v theo di cn thn
trnh ri mt lng thp.
V di chia on ca lng thp nu cng di cng gim c s lng khung
thp v u ni ct thp, nh vy cng tit kim c thp v trnh c mt s khuyt

im trong kt cu. Tuy nhin nu chia on di qu th d gy ra bin dng hoc c th
lm bong, lm tut cc im ni, im buc lm cho lp bo v khng u v thm ch
c khi lm cho khung thp b tri ln dn n gim cht lng cc. Ngc li nu lng
thp lm qu ngn th s tn vt liu, khi thao tc ni u khung thp s tn nhiu thi
gian.
Do tng phng php thi cng khc nhau, ph thuc vo kt cu cng trnh, thit b
thi cng v mt bng xy dng thng di chia on ca lng thp giao ng trong
khong 812m.
Ct thp c h xung h khoan tng lng mt bng cn trc v c treo tm
thi trn ming h vch bng cch ngng qua cc ai tng cng buc sn cch u trn
ca lng khong 1,5m. Dng cn trc a lng thp tip theo ni vi lng di v tip
tc h xung cho n khi kt thc.
Ct thp c c nh vo ming ng vch nh cc quang treo. Trng hp Ct
thp khng di ht chiu di ca cc th cn phi chng lc y ni ct thp ln khi b
tng bng cch hn nhng thanh thp hnh vo ng vch c nh lng thp.
Khi h ct thp phi tin hnh rt cn thn t t gi cho lng thp lun thng ng
trnh va chm lng thp vo thnh h khoan lm sp thnh gy kh khn cho vic no
vt thi ra.
m bo dy ca lp b tng bo v thng gn mt ngoi Ct thp ch
mt dng c nh v Ct thp bng b tng, bng cht do hoc hn thm tai thp trn
hay thp bn vo mt ngoi lng thp. C ly theo chiu di ca dng c nh v ct thp
thng t 3-6m v trnh lch tm s lng dng c nh v mi mt ct l t 4-6 ci.
Lp ng b tng :
Tu theo phng php x l cn lng, ng b tng c th c lp ngay sau khi
khoan h xong lm cng vic thi ra y h khoan nhng cng c th c lp ch
b tng sau khi x l cn lng.
ng b tng l ng thp dy khong 3mm ng knh t 2530cm c ch to
thnh tng on c cc mun c bn l 0,5m; 1,0m; 1,5m; 2,0m; 2,50m; 3,00m; 5,00m;
6,00m c th t hp lp rp tu theo chiu su ca h khoan.
C 2 cch ni ng hin nay l ni bng ren v ni bng cp. Cch ni bng cp
c s dng rng ri hn do nhanh hn v d thao tc hn. Ch ni thng c giong
cao su ngn dung dch bentonite thm nhp vo ng v c bi m tho lp
c d dng.
ng b tng c lp dn tng on t di ln trn. lp ng c thun
tin ngi ta s dng mt h gi c bit qua ming h vch, trn gi c 2 na vnh
khuyn c bn l, ming ca mi on ng c ng knh to hn v khi th xung th
b gi li trn 2 na vnh khuyn . V th ng b tng c treo vo ming h vch
qua gi c bit ny. Khi na vnh khuyn trn gi sp xung s to thnh mt

hnh trn m kht ly thn ng b tng. y di ca ng b tng c t cch
y h khoan 20cm trnh b tc ng do t di y h khoan nt li.
C Cng tc b tng v rt ng vch:
Sau khi kt thc thi ra h khoan v t lng thp cn phi tin hnh b tng
ngay v lu bn ct s tip tc lng nh hng n cht lng ca cc.
V nguyn tc b tng cc khoan nhi l b tng di nc bng ng dn,
cho nn t l cp phi b tng phi ph hp vi do, dnh, d chy trong ng dn
m khng hay b gin on, thng ngi ta dng loi b tng do c st 13-18cm. T
l ct khong 45%, lng xi mng trn 370kg/m
3
. T l nc xi mng nh hn 50%.
Thng ngi dng b tng si v b tng si d chy hn b tng dm.
tng cng mt s tnh cht ca b tng v thun li trong thi cng ngi ta c
th cho vo b tng mt s cht ph gia nh cht tng kh, cht gim nc hoc cht
ng rn chm.
a- Hnh thc ng dn dng b tng:
C 2 loi : Loi y y v loi c van trt
+ Loi y y l loi ng dn c mt np y di y. y np li v cho ng
dn t t chm xung y h, lc ny trong ng dn khng c nc. Sau tin hnh
b tng vo v nhc ng dn ln, ci np s ri ra v lu li y h. Ngi ta cng c
th s dng mt nt bc t vo ng ngn cch gia b tng v dung dch bentonite
trong ng , sau khi nhc ng ln nt bc s ri ra v ni ln mt bentonite trn
ming cc v c thu hi.
+ Phng php van trt: y ng dn vn h, cng nh phng php trn,
ngi ta t t a ng dn xung cch y h khoan khong 1020cm. Trc khi b
tng cho van trt vo trong ng st ti mt dung dch bentonite, sau nh trng
lng b tng c lin tc m y nc trong ng dn ra ngoi.
b- Tc v thi gian b tng:
Nu qu trnh b tng b gin on th d sinh ra s c t cc nn b tng
phi tht lin tc, mt khc nu phn b tng trc vo giai on s ninh th s
tr ngi cho vic chuyn ng ca b tng tip theo trong ng dn.
Tc b tng nn c gng cng nhanh cng tt. Phng php thng dng l
cho trc tip b tng t xe vn chuyn qua mng vo trong phu ca ng dn, tuy vy
nu qu trnh qu nhanh cng s c vn l to ma st ln gia b tng v thnh h
khoan gy l t lm gim cht lng b tng. Kinh nghim cho thy tc b tng
thch hp l khong 0,6m
3
/pht.
Thi gian b tng 1 cc ch nn khng ch trong 4 gi, v m b tng u tin
s b y ni ln trn cng nn m b tng ny nn c ph gia ko di ninh kt m
bo khng b ninh kt trc khi kt thc hon ton vic b tng cc . Ngoi ra phi

ch l theo phng php ng dn th khong 1,5 gi t khi bt u trn b tng phi
cho k ht.
c- su cm ng dn vo trong b tng v cao vt ln ca b tng trn u
cc:
Trong qu trnh b tng, ng c rt ln dn bng cch tho b dn tng
on ng sao cho ng lun lun ngp trong va b tng t 29m mc ch y b
tng t y ng dn ra, b tng dng dn ln khng cho dung dch bentonite v bn
ct pha trn ln vo b tng.
Mt khc nu ng dn cm vo b tng qu su th b tng phn y ca ng chy
khng thng v s lm cho b tng trong phu u ng dn b trn ra ngoi v ri t do
vo trong l lm km cht lng b tng v lm gim rt nhiu kh nng gi thnh t
ca dung dch bentonite.
phn trn u cc khi b tng di nc th khng th trnh khi bn, cn
lng ln vo trong b tng lm gim cht lng ca b tng do vy m bo an ton
ngi ta thng b tng cc vt ln mt on so vi cao ca thit k khong
50cm.
kt thc qu trnh b tng, phi xc nh c cao trnh ca b tng v cao
trnh tht ca b tng cht lng tt. Vic quyt nh thi im ngng b tng s do
nh thu xut v gim st hin trng chp thun.
d- Rt ng vch:
Lc ny cc gi , sn cng tc, treo ct thp vo ng vch u c tho d. ng
vch c ko ln t t bng cn cu v phi ko thng ng trnh x dch tim u
cc. C th phi gn thm mt thit b rung vo ng vch vic rt ng vch c d
dng.
Sau khi rt ng vch phi lp ct vo h cc nu cc su, lp h thu bentonite v lp
ro chn tm bo v cc.
Khng c php rung ng hoc khoan cc khc trong vng 24 gi k t khi kt
thc b tng cc trong phm vi 5 ln ng knh ca cc.
Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi :
Vic kim tra cht lng thi cng cc khoan nhi ni chung phi thc hin trc tip
ti hin trng, do s phc tp trong thi cng, gi thnh cng nh tnh cht quan trng
ca cc khoan nhi i vi cng trnh nn yu cu kim tra giai on ch to cc phi
ht sc nghim ngt, t l lng cc kim tra nhiu v nu c mt s sai st no trong
qu trnh ch to gy h hng s rt kh sa hoc nu khc phc th chi ph s rt ln.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: nguyn nhn gy h hng cc khoan nhi rt a dng
nhng phn ln cc khuyt tt l do cng ngh thi cng khng thch hp gy ra v vy
cn phi kim tra cht ch ton b cc cng on thi cng cc.

Tuy vy, sau khi b tng vic kim tra cht lng cc vn cn thit nhm pht
hin cc khuyt tt v x l nhng cc b h hng. i tng ca vic kim tra cc
khoan nhi l cht lng ca nn t v cht lng ca bn thn cc. Vn kim tra c
2 ch tiu ny c nhiu phng php thc hin bng cc cng c hin i, c th phn
ra 2 phng php c bn l phng php tnh v phng php ng.
a- Kim tra bng phng php tnh :
* Phng php gia ti tnh : y l phng php ph bin v ng tin cy kim
tra kh nng chu ti ca cc. Tu theo yu cu c th ngi ta c th xc nh kh nng
chu nn, chu ko hay chu y ca cc. V i tng gia ti c th s dng cc vt nng
cht ti hoc s dng khoan neo xung t. C 2 quy trnh nn tnh c s dng
trong thc t l :
+ Quy trnh th nghim nn chm vi ti trng khng i nh gi ng thi kh
nng chu ti v tc ln ca cc theo thi gian. Th nghim cc theo quy trnh ny i
hi nhiu thi gian, c th ko di nhiu ngy.
+ Quy trnh tc chuyn dch khng i nhm mc ch duy nht l ng gi kh
nng chu ti ca cc. Th nghim theo quy trnh ny ch ko di 3-5 gi.
Ngoi 2 quy trnh trn ngi ta cn p dng mt s quy trnh gia ti khc nh quy
trnh th nghim nhanh vi gia ti khng i, quy trnh th nghim cn bng...
Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l gi thnh rt cao v cng tc chun b
th nghim i hi nhiu thi gian.

Hnh 3.44: S nguyn l v kt qu o ca th nghim Osterberg i vi cc ti
hin trng [10]


Hnh 3.45: Th nghim nn tnh i vi cc ti hin trng [10]
* Phng php khoan ly mu li cc: Dng my khoan ly cc mu hnh tr c
ng knh 50150 mm cc su khc nhau dc sut chiu di thn cc 3 v tr
cch u nhau trn mt ct ngang ca cc.
u im ca phng php ny l c th xc nh chnh xc cht lng b tng ca
cc nhng nhc im l chi ph ly mu kh ln. Khi khoan 3 l cho mi cc nu khoan
ht c chiu di th chi ph khoan xp x gi thnh cc.
* Phng php siu m: y l phng php rt ph bin v nh n c th pht hin
cc khuyt tt ca b tng ng thi da vo s tng quan gia tc truyn sng v
cng b tng ta c th bit c cng b tng m khng phi ly mu hay ph
hu kt cu.
Ngi ta t 2 ng thp c ng knh 80mm vo lng thp vi chiu di ng
bng chiu su h o v i xng nhau qua trc ca cc trc khi tin hnh b tng.
Sau ny, khi kim tra cht lng ca cc th a u thu v u pht siu m vo 2 ng
thp trn v lun c gi cng mt cao trnh, sng siu m s qut theo tit din ca
cc. Bng cch ny ngi ta nh gi c cht lng b tng nm gia 2 l khoan.
kim tra cht ch hn cht lng cc c th khoan hoc t sn t 35 l trn mi cy
cc th nghim. C th s dng phng php siu m m u thu v u pht cng c
gn trn mt thanh ch to bng vt liu cch m.

Phng php siu m cho kt qu kh chnh xc, ng tin cy, gi thnh th nghim
khng qu cao, nhiu nc quy nh s cc phi th nghim theo phng php ny l
10% s cc.
b- Kim tra bng phng php ng:
* Phng php o m di (PIT Pile Intergrity Testing): Nguyn l l s dng l
thuyt t hin tng m di: Ngi ta g mt ba vo u cc, mt thit b ghi gn ngay
trn u cc ghi cc hiu ng v m di, kt qu o c s c my tnh x l v cho
ra kt qu v cht lng cc.
Phng php ny n gin, tc kim tra rt nhanh c th t ti 300 cc/ngy
nhng nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l chnh xc ch t yu cu vi
su 20m tr li (phng php bin dng nh).

Hnh 3.46: S nguyn l th nghim PIT cho cc
* Phng php rung: Cc th nghim c rung cng bc vi bin khng i
trong khi tn s rung c thay i trong mt di kh rng. Tn s cng hng ghi c
s cho ta bit cc khuyt tt ca cc nh tit din b gim yu, cng b tng thay
i...
Phng php ny ch mi p dng ch yu Php bi th nghim kh phc tp v
i hi ngi phn tch nh gi kt qu phi c trnh cao, nhiu kinh nghim.
* Phng php bin dng ln (PDA Pile Driving Analysis): Theo phng php
ny, xung chn ng c to bi ba c trng lng ln (1520 T) huy ng ton
b kh nng chu ti ca t nn. Trong th nghim ch cn 23 nht ba l nhng cc
phi t dch chuyn cn thit. Ngi ta ghi sng gia tc v sng bin dng cho mi
nht ba. Kt qu s c x l bng cc chng trnh my tnh. Do nng lng s dng

trong th nghim rt ln nn trong thc t c th pht hin c khuyt tt ca cc
su khng hn ch.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l thit b ca ba nng v cng knh mt khc
do lc xung ng ln c th lm hng cc.

Hnh 3.47: S nguyn l th nghim PDA cho cc
* Phng php tnh ng (STN - Statnamic): Nguyn l l p dng nguyn tc hot
ng ca ng c tn la: thit b th nghim c gn vo u cc cng vi thit b gy
n to ra phn lc trn u cc. Khi n, cc thng s v gia tc, bin dng v chuyn
v u cc s c thit b th nghim ghi li v nh cc phng trnh v truyn sng s
cho ta biu quan h gia ti trng tc dng v chuyn v, t s xc nh c ti
trng gii hn ca cc.

Hnh 3.48: S nguyn l th nghim STN cho cc


S b tr thit b o trong cc Th nghim ti hin trng
Hnh 3.49: B tr thit b o ca th nghim Statnamic i vi cc ti hin trng

Hnh 3.50: Thit b th nghim STN cho cc di nc v trn cn


Hnh 3.51: V d kt qu th nghim STN cho cc n

CHNG IV: XY DNG CNG TRNH TRN NN T YU
1. Khi nim
1.1. Khi nim v nn t yu
Khi nn thin nhin khng sc chu ti, khng bn hoc b bin dng
nhiu, ngi ta gi l nn t yu.
Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu, m bo yu cu bin dng v cng
ca nn t l vn kh gii quyt. t c iu cn c bin php thch hp i vi kt
cu bn trn, kt cu mng v x l nn.
Trong mt s trng hp, khi s dng bin php k thut thch hp x l kt
cu bn trn kt hp vi bin php mng v vn s dng nn thin nhin c ngha ln
v mt kinh t. Khi nim nn t yu ch l khi nim tng i tu theo hon cnh v
iu kin xy dng.
Vic nh gi chnh xc v cht ch cc tnh cht c l ca nn t yu (ch yu
bng cc th nghim trong phng v hin trng) lm c s v ra cc gii php x
l nn mng ph hp l mt vn ht sc kh khn, n i hi s kt hp cht ch gia
kin thc khoa hc v kinh nghim thc t gii quyt, gim c ti a cc s c, h
hng cng trnh khi xy dng trn nn t yu.
1.2. Mt s c im ca nn t yu
Thuc loi nn t yu thng l t st c ln nhiu hu c;
Sc chu ti b (0,51kG/cm
2
);
t c tnh nn ln ln (a> 0,1 cm
2
/kG);
H s rng e ln (e > 1,0);
st ln ( B > 1);
M un bin dng b (E< 50kG/cm
2
);
Kh nng chng ct b ( , c b), kh nng thm nc b;
Hm lng nc trong t cao, bo ha nc G> 0,8, dung trng b;
1.3. Cc loi nn t yu thng gp
+ t st mm: gm cc loi t st hoc st tng i cht, trng thi bo ha
nc, c cng thp;
+ Bn: Cc loi t to thnh trong mi trng nc, thnh phn ht rt mn
(<200m) trng thi lun no nc, h s rng rt ln, rt yu v mt chu lc;
+ Than bn: L loi t yu c ngun gc hu c, c hnh thnh do kt qu
phn hy cc cht hu c c cc m ly (hm lng hu c t 20 80%);
+ Ct chy: Gm cc loi ct mn, kt cu ht ri rc, c th b nn cht hoc pha
long ng k. Loi t ny khi chu ti trng ng th chuyn sang trng thi chy gi l
ct chy.

+ t bazan: y cng l t yu vi c dim rng ln, dung trng kh b,
kh nng thm nc cao, d b ln sp.
1.4. Bin php xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu
Vi cc c im ca t yu nh trn, mun t mng xy dng cng trnh trn
nn t ny th phi c cc bin php k thut ci to tnh nng xy dng ca n. Nn
t sau khi x l gi l nn nhn to.
Bin php x l khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu ph thuc vo nhiu
iu kin nh: c im cng trnh, c im ca nn t.v.v Vi tng iu kin c
th m ngi thit k a ra bin php x l hp l. V nguyn tc khi gp nn t yu
chng ta cn xem xt vic thit k theo cc kha cnh sau:
- Cc bin php v kt cu cng trnh,
- Cc bin php v mng,
- Cc bin php x l nn,
- Cc bin php thi cng x l nn.
2. Cc bin php v kt cu cng trnh
Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu, kt cu ca cng trnh c th b ph
hng hon ton hoc mt phn do bin dng ca nn qu ln v vy chng ta cn nghin
cu theo hng gim ti trng tc dng ln mng v tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu
cng trnh theo mt s bin php sau:
+Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh;
+Lm tng mm ca kt cu cng trnh;
+Lm tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh.
2.1. Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh
S dng vt liu nh, kt cu thanh mnh lm gim trng lng ca kt cu dn
n ti trng ln nn gim i. Tuy nhin cn ch m bo bn ca kt cu, ng thi
i vi cc cng trnh thng xuyn chu ti trng ngang ln cn ch ti cc bin php
m bo tnh n nh trt v lt ca cng trnh.
2.2. Lm tng mm ca cng trnh
cng ca cng trnh ph thuc kt cu mng v cng ca kt cu bn trn,
lm tng mm ca cng trnh s kh c ng sut ph pht sinh khi nn bin dng
khng u.
tng mm ca cng trnh c th theo 2 cch:
+ S dng kt cu tnh nh,
+Phn tch cc b phn c cng khc nhau ca cng trnh thnh nhiu phn
tch bit bi khe ln.

Dng kt cu tnh nh thng dn n
kt cu th v nng n v vy ngi ta thin
v p dng khe ln khi gp nn t yu. Khe
ln c b tr ti nhng v tr thay i t
ngt theo mt ng hoc mt bng.
Khe ln tch cng trnh thnh cc b
phn c lp t mng n mi, chiu rng
khe ln phi m bo cng trnh sau khi tch
khng ta st vo nhau khi b ln lm nt n
cng trnh, chiu rng khe ln ti thiu l 5cm v c th xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
.
p t
K h tg tg =

trong :
h - chiu cao khe ln
,
p t
- l gc nghing ca cng trnh nm bn phi v bn tri khe ln
K - h s an ton ly bng 1,3 1,5
Khi gp nn t yu cn ch vic d tnh kh nng bin dng ca nn dn n
bin dng ca kt cu t tnh ton b tr kt cu cng trnh hp l v an ton.
Vic s dng khe ln hay kt cu siu tnh u dn n nhng phc tp v kin
trc v tn km v kinh t tuy vy chng ta vn phi s dng nhiu.
2.3. Tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh
Khi s dng bin php ny cn ch sao cho khng nh hng ti mm ca
cng trnh thc t:
- S dng cc ging b tng ct thp cho tng.
- Gia c cc b ti nhng v tr d kin pht sinh ng sut khi nn b bin dng.
3. Cc bin php v mng
Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu, ta c th s dng mt s phng php
x l v mng thng dng nh sau:
- Thay i su t mng.
- Thay i kch thc mng.
- S dng loi mng thch hp (mng bng giao nhau, mng b, mng cc ...)
3.1. Thay i su t mng
Vic thay i su t mng dn n s thay i p lc gy ln v sc chu ti
ca nn, ti trng bn
m
h . q = nh hng n vng bin dng do ca nn v do nh
hng n sc chu ti ca nn.
Tr s tng
tc
R ca p lc tiu chun khi tng su chn mng c th tnh theo:


1 2
1
cot
2
tc
t
tc
m m
R h
K
g

(
(
= +
(
( +

trong :
m
1
, m
2
- h s iu kin lm vic ca mng v nn;
K
tc
- h s tin cy;
t
trng lng t nhin ca t trn mng;
h - tng chiu su chn mng.
Vic tng su chn mng dn n gim p lc gy ln v do cng lm gim
ln n nh ca cng trnh.
Khi xy dng cng trnh trn nn
t yu m bo cao thit k ca
cng trnh cn xt n kh nng ln ca
cng trnh. Khi xy dng phi nng cao
thit k ln mt khong no y gi l
cao trnh d phng S
dp
.
( )
1
2
dp tc
S S S = +
trong : S - l ln tnh ton; S
tc
- l ln trong qu trnh thi cng. Vi cng trnh
DD&CN, ln d phng c th ly nh sau: S
dp
=0,7S.
Trong mt s trng hp nu d kin c cng trnh c nguy c b nghing do
ln khng u th c th thay i chiu su chn mng theo tng cp nhm gim s ln
lch khi chiu dy nn t yu thay i.
3.2. Thay i kch thc ca mng
Thay i kch thc mng s lm thay
i p lc ln nn v vy tng kch thc
mng c th ci thin c iu kin chu ti
v bin dng ca nn. Tuy nhin vic m rng
mng i vi nn t c tnh nn ln tng theo
chiu su li b bt li. Khi tng chu nn c
chiu dy thay i th s dng vic m rng
mng theo tng phn ph hp nhm gim s
chnh lch ln.
3.3. Thay i loi mng v cng ca
mng
- Mng n khng lm tng cng ca cng trnh nhng kh khng ch
chnh lch ln khi gp nn t yu. gim nh hng ca ln lch c th thay th bng
cc loi mng khc nh:

+Mng bng giao nhau
+Mng b, mng bn
+ Mng cc
chnh lch ln tng i
| |
0
S
S S
L
= <

4. Cc phng php x l nn
X l nn t yu nhm mc ch lm tng sc chu ti ca nn t, ci thin mt
s tnh cht c l ca nn t yu nh: Gim h s rng, gim tnh nn ln, tng cht,
tng tr s m un bin dng, tng cng chng ct ca t .v.v.
i vi cng trnh thy li, vic x l nn t yu cn lm gim tnh thm ca t,
m bo n nh cho khi t p. Cc bin php x l nn thng thng:
+ Cc bin php c hc: Bao gm cc phng php lm cht bng m, m chn
ng, phng php lm cht bng cc loi cc (cc ct, cc t, cc balat, cc vi),
phng php thay t, phng php nn trc.
+ Cc bin php vt l: Gm cc phng php h mc nc ngm, phng php
dng ging ct, bc thm, in thm
+ Cc bin php ha hc: Gm cc phng php keo kt t bng xi mng, va xi
mng, phng php silicat ha, phng php in ha
4.1. X l nn bng m ct
4.1.1. c im v phm vi p dng
Lp m ct s dng c hiu
qu khi lp t yu trng thi bo
ho nc, chiu dy ca m ct 3m.
m ct thng lm bng ct ht to,
ht trung hoc pha hai loi vi nhau.
Vic thay lp t yu bng m
ct c nhng tc dng sau:
+ Lp m ct thay th lp t
yu nm trc tip di y mng, m
ct ng vai tr nh mt lp chu ti,
tip thu ti trng cng trnh v truyn
ti trng cc lp t yu bn di.
+ Gim c ln v chnh lch ln ca cng trnh v c s phn b li ng sut
do ti trng ngoi gy ra trong nn t yu di tng m ct.
Hnh 4.1: S b tr m ct

+ Gim c chiu su chn mng nn gim c khi lng vt liu lm mng.
+Tng kh nng n nh ca cng trnh k c khi c ti trng ngang tc dng, v
ct c nn cht lm tng lc ma st v sc chng trt.
+Tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca t nn do vy lm tng nhanh kh nng chu
ti ca nn v tng nhanh thi gian n nh v ln cho cng trnh.
+ V mt thi cng n gin, khng i hi thit b phc tp nn c s dng
tng i rng ri.
Khng nn s dng m ct trong nhng trng hp sau:
- Chiu dy m ct > 3m th thi cng rt tn km,
- Mc nc ngm cao v c p dn n h mc nc ngm rt tn km, m ct
d b mt n nh.
4.1.2. Xc nh kch thc m ct
Vic xc nh kch
thc lp m ct mt cch
chnh xc l mt bi ton
phc tp v tnh cht ca
m ct v lp t yu hon
ton khc nhau. tnh
ton, ta xem lp m ct nh
l mt b phn ca t nn,
vi c im ng nht v
bin dng tuyn tnh v vy
c th p dng cc cng thc
tnh ng sut v bin dng
ca c hc t.
Kim tra n nh v p lc ti mt tip xc gia lp m ct v t yu bn di:
m bo n nh
1 2 dy
R +
trong :
1
- ng sut do trng lng bn thn t trn ct y mng v ca m ct trn
mt tip xc gia m ct v lp t yu :
1
. .
m d d
h h = + ; vi v
d
tng ng l
trng lng ring ca t v ca m ct,
m
h v
d
h tng ng l chiu su chn mng v
chiu dy ca lp m ct.
2
- ng sut do ti trng cng trnh gy ra, truyn ln mt lp t yu di tng
m ct:
( ) 2 0 0
tc
m
K h = ; vi K
0
l h s tra bng thuc t s a b v 2z b , z l
su ca im tnh ng sut, a v b ln lt l chiu di v chiu rng mng,
0
tc
- l
ng sut tiu chun trung bnh di mng xc nh nh sau :
Hnh 4.2: S tnh lp m ct gia c nn t yu

* Trng hp ng tm:
0
0
.
tc
tc
tb m
N
h
F
= +
* Trng hp lch tm: ( )
0 max min
2
tc
= +
dy
R Cng tnh ton ti mt lp t yu di y m ct
xc nh
dy
R ta xem mng v m ct l khi mng quy c c chiu su chn
mng
y m d
h h h = + v chiu rng mng quy c
y
b
- Mng bng
0
2
.
tc
N
by
b
=
- Mng n
2
y y
b F = +
Vi
2
a b
=
0
2
tc
y
N
F
=
( )
1 2
. . . . .
dy y dy y t dy
tc
m m
R A b B h D c
K

= + +
A, B, D l h s tra bng ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t yu
m
1
, m
2
, K
tc
- l h s iu kin lm vic v h s tin cy
T iu kin
| |
1 2
;
dy
R S S + < c th xc nh chiu dy m ct
d
h hoc
chn trc gn ng
d
h (theo cng thc .
d
h K b = vi K l h s tra trn th ph thuc
vo t s
1 2
R R v a b ) ri kim tra li iu kin v sc chu ti v ln.
Khi tra th xc nh h s K cn ch
1
R
Cng tnh ton ca m ct xc nh bng th
nghim nn tnh ngoi hin trng hoc theo quy phm;
2
R Cng tnh ton ca lp t yu di lp m
ct, xc nh bng th nghim nn tnh ngoi hin
trng hoc tnh ton theo quy phm.
Chiu rng ca lp m ct c xc nh theo
cng thc:
2. .
d d
b b h tg = +
m bo m ct n nh, gc truyn lc
thng ly bng gc ma st trong ca m ct. Thng
thng ly bng 30 45
0
.
4.1.3. Thi cng m ct
Thi cng m ct phi m bo cht cn thit (thng thng cht ca m
ct I
D
=0,65 0,7) v khng lm ph hoi nn t thin nhin di y tng m ct.
Hnh 4.3: th xc nh h s K

Sau khi o b mt phn lp t yu, tin hnh ct thnh tng lp c chiu dy
ph thuc vo nng lc thit b m cht (thng thng ly bng 20 50 cm) v tin
hnh m theo tng lp.
m m nn tt nht xc nh theo cng thc sau:

0,7. .
n
tn
s
W

=
trong : - l h s rng ca ct trc khi m
n
- trng lng ring ca nc
s
- trng lng ring ca ct
Vi ct th v ct ht trung
tn
W =15% 17%
M un bin dng ca m ct xc nh bng th nghim hin trng.
4.2. X l nn bng cc ct
Khc vi cc loi cc cng khc (b
tng, b tng ct thp, cc g, cc tre)
l mt b phn ca kt cu mng, lm
nhim v tip nhn v truyn ti trng
xung t nn, mng li cc ct lm
nhim v gia c nn t yu nn cn gi l
nn cc ct.
Vic s dng cc ct gia c n
c nhng u im ni bt sau:
+ Cc ct lm nhim v nh ging
ct, gip nc l rng thot ra nhanh, lm
tng nhanh qu trnh c kt v ln n
nh din ra nhanh hn.
+ Nn t c p cht do ng thp to l,
sau ln cht t vo l lm cho t c nn cht
thm , nc trong t b p thot vo cc ct, do vy
lm tng cng cho nn t sau khi x l.
+ Cc ct thi cng n gin, vt liu r tin
(ct) nn gi thnh r hn so vi dng cc loi vt
liu khc.
Cc ct thng dng gia c c nn t yu
c chiu dy > 3m. i vi trng hp t nho qu
yu hoc lp t yu c chiu dy < 2m th khng
nn dng cc ct v khng hiu qu v mt k thut,
kinh t.
Hnh 4.4: S b tr cc ct
Hnh 4.5: B tr cc ct v phm
vi nn cht ca nn di mng

4.2.2. Thit k nn cc ct
Cc ct c thi cng bng thit b chuyn dng ng thp to l v nhi ct vo
bn trong c ng knh d = 400 500mm c tc dng lm cht nn t v ci thin kh
nng chu ti ca nn.
Vt liu: Thng dng ct vng ht trung, hy th, lc u t 1/2- 2/3 chiu di
ng ri rung hay m cht, ng thi ko dn ng ln v (m) rung n khi hon thnh
cc ct.
Khi thit k s b c th chp nhn gi thit rng cc ct ch nn cht vng t,
th tch nn cht ng bng th tch cc.
Trc khi thit k cc ct, cn bit h s rng t nhin
0

ca lp t yu. Sau khi
nn cht bng cc ct th t c h s rng nn cht l
tk
. i vi nn t ct, sau khi
gia c th phi t
tk
= 0,65 0,75. i vi nn t dnh c nn cht bng cc ct th:
( ) W 0,5.
tk d
e = + vi W W
nh d
= ( y , W
nh
, W
d
tng ng l t trng,
m gii hn nho v m gii hn do ca t)
Din tch cn nn cht rng hn y mng, theo kinh nghim din tch cn nn
cht rng hn y mng 0,2b (b - B rng mng) v cc pha:
( ) 1,4. . 0,4.
nc
F b a b = + vi a, b l kch thc cnh di v rng ca y mng
T l din tch tit din ca tt c cc cc ct
c
F

i vi din tch t nn c
nn cht
nc
F

c xc nh nh sau:
0
0
1
c tk
nc
F
F

= =
+

S lng cc ct cn thit nn cht nn t yu di y mng:
.
nc
c
c
F
n
f
=
vi
c
f - Din tch tit din ngang ca mi
cc ct (ly bng din tch tit din ng khi to l).
Cc ct thng c b tr theo li tam
gic u, y l s b tr hp l nht m bo
cho t c nn cht u trong khong cch gia
cc cc ct. Khi tnh ton chp nhn cc gi thit:
+ t c ln cht u gia cc cc ct,
+ t khng b tri ln mt t,
+ m ca nn t khng thay i trong qu trnh nn cht.
Khong cch gia cc cc ct L c xc nh da theo iu kin trng lng ca
khi t c y l tam gic u ABC s khng i sau khi ln cht bng cc ct, t rt
ra:
A
B
C
Hnh 4.6: S tnh nn cc ct


( )
( )
0
0
0 0
1
1
. 0,952
2 3
tk tk
L d d

+
+
=

trong :d- l ng knh cc ct;
0
- h s rng t nhin ca t trc khi thi cng cc
ct;
tk
- h s rng thit k ca t.
Cng thc trn c th biu din di dng
.
2 3
tk
tk
L d d

=

trong : - trng lng ring t nhin ca t;
tk
- trng lng ring thit k c
tnh qua m t nhin W v h s rng thit k
tk
nh sau:
( ) 1 0,01.W
1
tk
tk
= +
+

Chiu su nn cht bng chiu di ca cc:
+ Vi mng ch nht : 2.
c
l b ;
+ Vi mng bn: 4.
c
l b
Khi 10 b m th ( ) 9 0,15.
c
l m b + vi nn st v ( ) 6 0,10.
c
l m b + vi nn ct.
Theo kinh nghim chiu di ca cc ct thng ly n su ca nn di y
mng c xem l ht ln (ti su c 0,2
gl bt
)
4.2.3. Thi cng cc ct
Cn c vo h s thit k ngi ta tin hnh o
h mng. Thng h mng khng o n ct y
mng m cha li khong 1m sau tin hnh ng cc
ct bng my chuyn dng. Sau khi thi cng cn kim
tra li cc thng s v tnh cht c l ca nn nh:
- Khoan ly mu t gia cc cc xc nh ,
, c, (sau khi nn cht) nh cc th nghim c hc t
t tnh ra cng t.
- Dng xuyn tiu chun kim tra cht
ca ct trong cc v t gia cc cc.
- Th nghim bn nn tnh ti ti hin trng
trn mt nn cc ct. Din tch bn nn yu cu
phi ln (4m
2
) chm ln t nht 3 cc th nghim.
4.3. Phng php lm cht t bng chn ng
Phng php ny p dng i vi cc loi t ct c tnh rng ln
Hnh 4.7: Thi cng nn cc ct
a) H ng thp to l cc
b) Nhi ct vo l v rt ng

Do tc dng ca ti trng chn ng, cng chng ct ca ct bo ho nc
gim rt nhanh v gn nh bng khng. Sau khi d ti cc ht ct c xp xp li cht
hn, so vi kt cu ban u do tc dng ca trng lng bn thn.
to lc chn ng c th dng phng php n su hoc dng dng c chn
ng nh m di. Khi lm cht nn bng m di, nn ct c bo ho G = 0,7 0,8;
bc m 0,8 1 m th rng ca nn c th gim 15 20%. Chiu dy tng ct lm
cht c th ti 5m.
Ngoi ra c th dng phng php m xung kch lm cht t. Theo phng
php ny qu m c trng lng 14 tn (c khi 57tn) v ng knh khng nh hn
1m. hiu qu tt, khi chn qu m nn m bo p lc tnh do qu m gy ra khng
nh hn 0,2kG/cm
2
vi t loi st v 0,15kG/ cm
2
vi t loi ct. Trong qu trnh m,
qu m c ko ln 46m bi cn trc v ri t do. Theo di chi ( ln do
mt nht m gy ra) kt thc qu trnh m. i vi t loi st th chi e ny
khng nh hn 12cm, i vi t loi ct th e khng nh hn 0,51cm.
Mc ch ca vic m l to nn lp t c cht ln, dy t 1,5 3,5m. Ty
thuc vo trng lng, kch thc, chiu cao v s ln m. Chiu dy ca lp mt c
m cht c th tnh theo cng thc: . h K D = vi D l ng knh mt y qu m; K
l h s ly bng 1,55 vi t ct, K=1,45 i vi t st, K=1,2 vi t loi st v K=1
i vi t st. h thp mt t sau khi m:
( )
0
0
0,5.
.
1
m tk
e e e
h h
e
+
=
+

trong :
0
e - h s rng t nhin;
m
e - h s rng sau khi m;
tk
e - h s rng thit k
su cn lm cht h.
4.4. Phng php gia ti nn trc
Phng php ny c th s dng x l khi gp nn t yu nh than bn, bn
st v st pha do nho, ct pha bo ha nc.
Dng phng php ny c cc u im sau:
+Tng sc chu ti ca nn t;
+Tng nhanh thi gian c kt, tng nhanh ln n nh theo thi gian.
Cc bin php thc hin:
+Cht ti trng (t, ct, si, gch, ) bng hoc ln hn ti trng cng trnh
d kin th trn nn t yu, cho nn chu ti trc v ln trc khi xy dng cng
trnh
+ Dng ging ct hoc bc thm thot nc ra khi l rng, tng nhanh qu
trnh c kt ca t nn, tng nhanh tc ln theo thi gian.

Ty yu cu c th ca cng trnh, iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn
ca ni xy dng m dng bin php x l thch hp, c th dng n l hoc kt hp c
hai bin php trn.
4.4.2. Phng php nn trc khng dng ging thot nc
iu kin a cht cng trnh:
t c mc ch lm cho t cht, p thot nc ra khi l rng th nhng
trng hp sau thch hp cho phng php gia ti nn trc.
+ Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.8a: Trn
cng l lp t trng trt, gia l lp t yu
cn gia c, di cng l lp ct t nhin. Khi
chu ti trng nn trc q th nc l rng ca
t yu s b p thot vo lp ct t nhin.
+ Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.8b: Trn
cng l lp ct t nhin, gia l lp t yu
cn x l. Di cng l lp ct t nhin. Khi
chu ti trng nn trc q, nc l rng rng
trong lp b p thot ra theo c hai chiu ln
v xung vo hai lp ct t nhin.
+ Cu to a tng nh hnh 4.8c: Trng
hp ny khi chu ti trng nn q, nc thot ra theo chiu ln vo tng ct, trng hp
nu khng c lp ct t nhin th c th lm mt lp m ct nhn to sau tc dng ti
trng nn trc.

Hnh 4.8b Hnh 4.8c
Tnh ton ti trng nn trc:
ln ca p lc nn trc c la chn nh sau:
- Dng ti trng nn trc ng bng ti trng cng trnh s xy dng.
- Dng ti trng nn trc ln hn ti trng cng trnh s xy dng (ln hn
khong 20%) tng nhanh qu trnh c kt, rt ngn thi gian gia ti, tuy nhin cng
khng ln qa d gy ph hoi nn t yu.
Hnh 4.8a

ln d kin c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
t
t
S S
t
=
+

trong :
t
S l ln d tnh thi gian t, vi t l thi gian nn trc; l h s kinh
nghim
1
1 1
.
t
S
t t
S
= vi S ln n nh trong qu trnh nn trc, xc nh theo ti
liu quan trc thc t: ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
t t
t t
S t t
S S
| |
=
|
|
\ .

Bin php thi cng:
thi cng gia ti nn trc ta c th dng hai cch sau:
+Cch 1: Cht ti trng nn trc ln mt t ti v tr xy mng, i mt thi
gian theo yu cu thit k ln t n nh ri d ti o h mng v thi cng
mng (vi chiu su chn mng 1m). Nu chiu su chn mng ln th o h mng
n su b hn ct y mng 50cm ri cht ti nn.
+Cch 2: C th xy dng mng trc, sau cht ti ln mng mng ln n
tr s n nh, sau d ti v xy dng kt cu bn trn.
Trong hai bin php trn, ty theo iu kin c th m chn bin php thch hp.
Ti trng nn trc phi c tng dn tng cp, mi cp tng ng ti trng
mt tng nh hoc bng khong 15 20% tng ti trng cng trnh. Cn b tr mc
quan trc ln trong sut thi gian gia ti.
4.4.3. Phng php nn trc c b tr ng thm thng ng

Hnh 4.9: Gia c nn bng gia ti nn trc kt hp vi ging ct
iu kin a cht cng trnh:

Khi chiu dy nn t yu rt dy hoc khi thm ca t rt nh th c th b tr
cc ng thm thng ng tng tc c kt. Phng php ny thng dng x
l nn ng p trn nn t yu.
C hai loi ng thm thng ng: Ging ct (SW) v bc thm (PVD). Tc
dng ca ng thm thng ng l tng nhanh qu trnh thot nc trong cc l rng
ca t yu, lm gim rng, m, tng dung trng. Kt qu l lm tng nhanh qu
trnh c kt ca nn t yu, tng sc chu ti v lm cho nn t t ln quy nh
trong thi gian cho php.
tng nhanh tc c kt, ta thng kt hp bin php x l bng bc thm,
ging ct vi bin php gia ti tm thi, tc l p cao thm nn ng so vi chiu dy
thit k 2-3m trong vi thng ri s ly phn gia ti i thi im t m nn ng t
c ln cui cng nh trng hp nn p khng gia ti.
Cu to chung ca nn ng p trn t yu c s dng thit b thot nc
thng ng (bc thm hoc ging ct) c minh ha trn hnh 4.9.
Tnh ton, thit k:
Ni dung thit k h thng ging ct, bc thm gm c vic xc nh ng knh
ging ct hoc ng knh tng ng ca bc thm khi bit cc c trng ca t
yu v thi gian cn thit t c kt cho trc (tc l tnh ton ln theo thi
gian) trong trng hp c b tr ng thm thng ng.
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
+ Chn hnh thc b tr h thng ging ct hoc bc thm theo mng li tam gic
hoc ch nht, xc nh ng knh d v khong cch gia cc ging ct / bc thm L.
i vi ging ct, d chnh l ng knh ca ging ct; i vi bc thm PVD th
d tnh nh sau:
Theo Hansbo (1979) th ( ) d a b = + ; Theo Hansbo (1987) th ( ) 2 d a b = +
Vi a Chiu dy ca PVD, t 3-5mm (c bit a=10mm); b Chiu rng ca
PVD, hin nay b=100mm
+ Tnh bn knh nh hng D ca SW hoc PVD: . d L = vi L - Khong cch t
tm n tm ca PVD, hoc SW, chnh l chiu di ca cnh tam gic u nu b tr theo
li tam gic u hoc l chiu di ca cnh hnh vung nu b tr theo li hnh vung.
=1,05 - Nu b tr PVD hoc SW theo li tam gic u;
=1,13 - Nu b tr PVD hoc SW theo li hnh vung
+ Tnh nhn t thi gian:
2
.
r r
N C t D = vi Cr - L h s c kt hng tm, t
thi gian c kt;
+ Tra ton (hnh 4.10) xc nh c kt hng tm
r
U theo
r
N v n;
+ Tnh nhn t thi gian:
2
.
z z
N C t h = vi Cr - L h s c kt thng ng, t
thi gian c kt; tra ton xc nh c kt thng ng
z
U

+ Tnh c kt chung: ( ) ( ) 1 1 . 1
r z
U U U =

Hnh 4.10: Ton xc nh c kt
r
U v
z
U , (n D d = )
Lm cht t da vo quy lut gim tnh nn ln di tc dng ca ti trng nn.
Trnh t cc bc thi cng: y gii thiu trnh t cc bc thi cng trong trng
hp x l bng bc thm.
- nh v tr chn ta luy nn ng;
- o b mt phn t yu theo thit k (thng t 0,5 n 0,8m)
- Ri vi a k thut, nn ri vung gc vi tim ng, mp vi chng ln nhau
20cm;
- t thit b quan trc ln thng ng;
- p lp m ct n cao thit k v to phng;
- t thit b quan trc chuyn v ngang quan trc chuyn v ngang ca nn
ng;
- Tin hnh cm bc thm (cm PVD - Phabricatied Vertical Drainage), vic cm
bc thm thc hin bng cc my cm bc chuyn dng. Sau khi cm, bc phi cao hn
b mt lp ct m t 15-20cm.
- p t: t c p thnh tng lp vi chiu dy mi lp 15, 20, hoc 25cm.
Tc p tun th theo thit k, kt hp quan trc ln x l kp thi trong trng
hp ln nhanh qu tc thit k.
4.5. X l nn bng cc vi hay cc t-xi mng
Cc vi thng c dng x l, nn cht cc lp t yu nh: Than bn, bn,
st v st pha trng thi do nho. Vc s dng cc vi c nhng tc dng sau:
- Sau khi cc vi c m cht, ng knh cc vi s tng ln 20% lm cho t
xung quanh nn cht li.
- Khi vi c ti trong l khoan th n ta ra mt nhit lng ln lm cho nc
l rng bc hi lm gim m v tng nhanh qu trnh nn cht.

Sau khi x l bng cc vi nn t c ci thin ng k: m ca t gim
58%; lc dnh tng ln khong 1,5 3 ln; Modun bin dng tng ln 3-4 ln; Cng
ca t gia cc cc vi c th tng ln n 2 ln;
Vi nhng u im nh trn cho thy rng x l nn t yu bng cc vi c hiu
qu ng k. Tuy nhin khi gp cc nn t qu nho, yu (t c B> 1) th hiu qu nn
cht ca cc vi b hn ch. Vi cc loi bn gc st nho yu th hiu qu nn cht cng
t v vi ti v t st u thm nc yu nn vic p thot nc l rng kh.
4.5.2. Thit k v thi cng cc vi
Vic tnh ton v thit k cc vi tng t nh cc ct, tuy nhin cn ch kh
nng thot nc ca chng khc nhau. Vi cc ct th kh nng thot nc u v trong
thi gian di cn vi cc vi th kh nng thot nc nhanh trong thi gian u v sau
gim i nhiu.
Thi cng cc vi : thi cng cc vi trc ht phi khoan to l, l khoan t
240400mm, nu thnh l khoan b st l th h ng thp, sau cho tng lp vi sng
dy khong 1m xung l khoan v m cht tng lp cho n ht chiu su. Kt hp va
m va rt ng ln. Hiu qu nn cht ca cc vi ph thuc vo cht lng m cht
v thnh phn ha hc ca vi.
cht v cng ca nn cc vi c th kim tra nh i vi nn cc ct.
4.5.3. Cc t-vi

Hnh 4.11: X l nn t yu bng cc vi-t (t-xi mng)
* Hiu qu v ng dng:

Khi to cc vi t th cng ca cc ny ph thuc vo lng vi v thi gian.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy lng vi cng nhiu th cng ca cc cng tng nhanh.
nc ta vi t yu c m t nhin t 4070% th dng hm lng vi t
612% l hp l. Vi t l th cng cc t 50% sau 1 thng v 70 80% sau 3
thng.
Cc t vi x l lm tng cng chng ct ca t ln hng 10 ln, c th s
dng cc t-vi ny lm tng c hoc lm nn cho cng trnh. Khong cch gia cc
cc t-vi ty thuc c im nn v ti trng, theo kinh nghim ly bng 0,75m, chiu
di cc phi vt chiu su chu nn ca t, li cc trm ra din tch y mng khong
chiu rng y mng. Vic kim tra sc chu ti ca nn khi x l cn xc nh bng
th nghim nn tnh ti hin trng vi kch thc bn nn ti thiu l 100x100cm.
4.5.4. Cc t-xi mng
Vic ch to cc t xi mng cng ging nh i vi cc t vi, y xi l
cha xi mng v phun vo t vi t l nh trc. Lu sn ximng trc khi vo
xil m bo ximng khng b vn cc v cc ht ximng c kch thc u <0,2mm,
khng b tc ng phun.
Hm lng ximng c th t 7 15% v kt qu cho thy gia c t bng ximng
tt hn vi v t bn gc ct th hiu qu cao hn t bn gc st.
Kt qu th nghim xuyn cho thy sc khng xuyn ca t nn tng ln t 4-5
ln so vi khi cha gia c.
nc ta s dng loi cc t ximng ny x l gia c mt s cng trnh
v hin nay trin vng s dng loi cc t ximng ny gia c nn l rt tt.
4.6. Phng php phn p
Phng php ny nhm mc ch tng sc chu ti ca nn t bng cch tng p
lc bn q.
. . . .
gh
P A b B q C c = + +
trong :
q = . h l ti trng bn
A, B, D : h s sc chu ti, tra bng ph thuc
* Khi xc nh chiu dy tng phn p ngi ta da vo 2 nguyn tc
+ Khng ch vng bin dng do
+ Khng cho mt trt su xut hin
4.7. Dng bin php thi cng x l nn
Trong mt s trng hp c th li dng bin php thi cng x l nn c hiu
qu nh h mc nc ngm lm cht nn, thay i tin thi cng (tng ti trng)
dng vng vy lm tng sc chu ti ca nn.

4.7.1. Nn cht t bng cch h thp mc nc ngm
Ti chiu su h =h
1
+h
2

Khi cha h mc nc ngm

1
1 1 1 2 2
. .
dn
tx
P h h = = +
Sau khi h mc nc ngm

2
2 1 1 2 2
. .
tx
P h h = = +
( )
2 1 2 2 2
.
dn
P P P h = =
Nh vy khi h mc nc ngm nn t s b nn cht do s gia tng p lc nn
P.
Ngoi ra t cn chu p lc thu ng ca nc theo chiu hng xung lm cho
t cht thm.
4.7.2. Khng ch tc thi cng ci thin iu kin chu lc ca nn

- Gia ti t ngt (ng 1a): Tng ng l ng 1b h s rng hu nh
khng thay i; cng chng ct khng tng (ng 1c thuc).
- Gia ti theo ng 2a: H s rng gim theo ng 2b v cng chng ct tng
theo ng 2c.
- Gia ti theo ng 3a 3b 3c
Trong phm vi p lc nh ng nn p v ng c kt l dc nht cn khi p lc ln
ng cong c dc thoi hn. Li dng tnh cht ny ca qu trnh c kt, giai on u
thi cng chm sau mi y mnh tc thi cng.
Khi thi cng cn theo di ln ca nn v tnh hnh xut hin vt nt xung
quanh mng nu c khng ch tc tng ti ng ngha vi tc thi cng.
4.8. X l nn bng phng php ha hc
Ngoi cc phng php nu trn ngi ta cn x l nn bng cch phun cc loi
ha cht vo trong nn di p lc cao (thng l t hai loi dung dch tr ln), sau khi

n
1b

t

1a
2a
3a
(a)
c

2b
3b
(b)
c
3c

c

2c
1c
(c)

lan ta vo cc l rng trong t, cc ha cht ny hnh thnh phn ng ha hc to thnh
keo lin kt cc ht t v bt vo cc l rng trong nn lm tng cng v gim
ln ca nn (hc sinh t tham kho).
Bng: Kh nng ng dng ca bin php ci to nn cho cc i tng cng trnh
v nn t khc nhau s dng hiu qu mng nng (UFC 3-220-01N)
Category of
Structure
Structure
Permissible
Settlement
Load Intensity/ Usual
Bearing Pressure
Required kPa (tsf)
Probability of Advantageous Use of Soil
Improvement Techniques
Loose
Cohesionless
Soils
Soft Alluvial
Deposits
Old,
Inorganic
Soils
Office/
Apartment
Frame or load
bearing
construction
High rise/ more than
six stories
Small<25-50mm High 287-96 (3-1) High Unlikely Low
Medium rise 3-6
stories
Small<25-50mm Moderate 192 (2) High Low Good
Low rise
1-3 stories
Small<25-50mm Low 96-192 (1-2) High Good High
Industrial
Large span w/heavy
machines, cranes;
process and power
plants
Small<25-50mm
Differential
Settlement Critical
Variable/ high local
concentrations to >383
(4)
High Unlikely Low
Framed warehouses
& factories
Moderate Low 96-192 (1-2) High Good High
Covered storage,
storage rack systems,
production areas
Low to moderate Low <192 (2) High Good High
Others
Water /waste water
treatment plants
Moderate Differential
settlement important
Low <14364 (150)
<144 (1.5)
High, if
needed at all
High High
Storage tanks
Moderate to high,
Diff. maybe critical
High/up to 28728 (300)
High, if
needed at all
High High
Open storage Areas High High/up to 28728 (300)
High, if
needed at all
High High
Enbankments/
Abutments
Moderate to high High/up to 28728 (300)
High, if
needed at all
High High

CHNG V: MNG SU
1. Khi nim
Khi xy dng cng trnh c ti trng ln trn vng t yu c chiu dy ln, cc
lp t tt nm qu su m phng n mng cc tit din nh kh c th thc hin c
khi ngi ta s dng phng n mng su.
thit k mng su hin nay ngi ta s dng cc loi ging chm, ging chm
hi p, mng kiu tng trong t. Cc phn ging c th s dng lm phn ngm ca
cng trnh nh trm bm, cng trnh thu nc, nh nghin qung...
Mng su c th gm 1 ging hoc nhiu ging hay 1 n 2 tng trong t lin
kt vi nhau bng i mng.
2. Cu to mng ging chm v ging chm hi p
2.1. Ging chm hi p
Ging chm hi p c s dng ln u tin lm mng su trong t bo ho
nc vo nm 1841 do k s ngi Php Triquer xut. Ging chm hi p c h
xung t nh trng lng bn thn ca bung ging v khi xy trn bung ging kt
hp vi vic o t trong lng ging v di chn ging ra. con ngi c mt trong
bung ging o t, ngi ta bm kh nn vo bung ging nhm y nc ra khi
lng ging. p sut khng kh trong bung ging phi bng p lc ct nc k t mt
nc n su h ging.
Ging chm hi p (Hnh 4.1) bao gm bung ging, thn ging, bung hi p,
ng ging. Bung ging (1) l mt ci hp cng gm chn ging (2), tm trn (3). Tm
trn c cha l ngi ra vo bung ging v a vt liu vo, chuyn t ra. Bung
ging c chiu su h1 ti thiu l 2,2m m bo cho con ngi lm vic bnh thng.
Khng kh nn c lin tc bm t my nn kh (8) qua ng (7) vo bung ging (1).
a ngi vo bung ging lm vic v t bung ging ra ngoi ngh ngi cng nh
chuyn t ra khi ging m khng cn gim p sut khng kh nn, ngi ta s dng
bung hi p (6) gn trn ng ging (5). ng ging (5) gm nhiu t c lp ghp li
vi nhau v lp cht vi trn bung ging chm. Khi h ging xung su, ng ging c
lp thm cc t cho di ra.
Bung hi p (6) gm bung ch a, thng cho ngi ra vo (Kamera) b v thng
di chuyn vt liu c. Cc thng b v c c ca thng vi thng ch. khi gy ra s
tng gim t ngt ca p sut khng kh c hi n sc kho con ngi, trc khi cho
ngi vo bung ging (1) phi h thng b ri tng p sut khng kh ln mt cch
t t cn khi a ngi t bung p ra ngoi phi gim p sut mt cch t t.
Sau khi ngi vo Kamera b, ng ca li v x khng kh nn vo , p sut
khng kh trong Kamera tng ln. Thi gian khng kh vo Kamera ph thuc vo p
sut khng kh trong bung ging v ko di t 6 n 12 pht. Khi p sut trong kamera

ph b v kamera ch bng nhau th c th m ca v i vo kamera ch ri t theo
thang t trong ng ging vo bung ging.
Khi ngi trong bung ging ra ngoi th tin hnh theo trnh t ngc li nhng
thi gian h li trong kamera ph b h p sut khng kh xung dn dn phi ko di
t 14 pht n 1 gi 25 pht.

Hnh 4.1: S cu to ging chm hi p
t trong ging c o phn gia ri o dn ra vng chn ging v chuyn
ra ngoi qua kamera c, c th o t bng tay hoc vi pht nc. ng thi vi vic
o t trong lng ging, ngi ta xy thn ging. trnh tnh trng ma st gia mt
ngoi thnh ging vi t vt qu trng lng ging, cn o t rng ra ngoi chn
ging 0,1
0,15m. h ging nhanh ngi ta c th o ho theo chu tuyn bung

ging v moi t di chn ging ra. Sau h p sut khng kh trong bung ging
xung 50% (khng c gim nhiu hn na). Khi kh nn trong bung ging s t
cn li s h ging v ging h xung nhanh hn. Theo cch ny th mi ln ch h c
0,5m. Khi ging b chch th phi chnh li.
Ngy nay nhiu nc ngi ta dng c gii o t do gim c rt
nhiu kh khn khi thi cng ging chm hi p. t c o bng vi phun nc v bn
c chuyn ra ngoi bng my ht bn. Dng phng php ny c th t ng ho ton

b qu trnh h ging, con ngi khng phi lm vic trong bung hi p. o t bng
vi pht nc c hiu qu i vi t ct v bn.
Khi h ging chm hi p xung t yu, trnh tnh trng ging b h xung qu
nhanh giai on u, ngi ta k bung ging ln dn tng din tch tip xc nhm
gim p lc.
Sau khi h ging xung su thit k ngi ta tho thit b ra v lp y b tng
vo phn rng bn trong.

Hnh 4.2: V d v cu to chn ging chm hi p
Khi h ging trn vng t kh, gim bt cng vic o t trong bung ging
trong iu kin p sut cao rt c hi cho sc kho, ngi ta o h sn nhng y h
phi cao hn mc nc ngm t nht 0,5m. Khi h ging trn khu t ngp nc th c
th dng o nhn to (p bng t, ct cho cao hn mt nc) dng phng php treo
trn gi v phng php th ni. Khi h ging vo c th xy ra tnh trng tng
ngoi ca ging b p vo mt lm cho ging b kp khng h xung c. trnh

tnh trng khi o di chn ging phi o rng ra mt khong 0,1m so vi mt
ngoi chn ging. Nu chn ging k trn tng c nc lp nghing th gim cng
tc o t c th khng cn san bng mt m ch o di chn ging ton b
chn ging tip xc vi .
gim bt ma st gia t v ging, mt ngoi ca ging chm hi p phi phng
v trn. V vy b mt cc vn khun p vo mt ngoi tng ging phi kht nhau.
Ging chm hi p c nhiu nhc im nh thi cng chm, ging l mt khi ln
tn nhiu vt liu nn gi thnh cao, cng nhn phi lm vic trong iu kin p sut cao
rt c hi cho sc kho. Ngoi ra v con ngi ch c th lm vic c di p sut ti
a l 3,9 at nn ch h ging c n su 39m. Do ging chm hi p dng khi
phi h xung khu t c nhiu chng ngi nh tng, gc cy. Mt v d v cu to
chn ging chm hi p trnh by hnh 4.2.
2.2. Ging chm
l ging trng lc (ging khi) c h xung t nh trng lng bn thn
kt hp vi vic o t trong lng ging ra.
a. Cu to
B phn c bn ca ging chm trng lc l ging thnh dy ti ch. Nu ging
c kch thc ln trong mt bng th lng ging c ngn ra bng cc vch ng to
thnh nhng bung nh. Kch thc cc bung ny c ly tng ng vi kch thc
ca thit b xc t. Chn tng trong ca ging cao hn chn thnh ngoi 0,52m. Chn
ging l b phn xuyn vo t u tin nn c vt nghing pha trong v c gia
cng.
trng lng ging thng ma st khi h ging v bo m iu kin bn b dy
tng ngoi bng 0,31,5m, b dy tng trong bng 0,30,7m.
Thnh ging c th thng ng hoc nu cn gim ma st khi h ging, mt ngoi
thnh ging c ch to vi nghing 1:80 n 1:120 so vi trc ng hoc lm bc,
b rng mt bc khng qu 720cm trnh lm gim n nh khi h ging. Loi ging
thnh nghing v loi c bc khi h xung d lm t quanh ging b v l xp lm mt
n nh ca nn cc cng trnh gn ni h ging.
Nu dng 1 ging lm mng th mt ct ngang ca ging phi ging mt bng ca
kt cu bn trn. Ging c mt bng hnh trn c nhiu u im so vi ging c hnnh
dnh khc. N d ch to, khi h xung t d b vnh, lch hn, chi ph ct thp t nht.
Do vy nu chn phng n ging chm th nn c gng dng ging trn v cho kt cu
bn trn c dng gn vi hnh trn.
Nu t s gia cc cnh ca mng trong mt bng m ln th dng ging c mt
ct ngang hnh elp hoc ch nht nhng hai cnh ngn c thay bng hai na hnh trn.
i vi mng c kch thc ln th cho php dng loi hnh ch nht. Ging chm c
lm bng btng ct thp, .
b. Thi cng

Ging trng lc c h xung t nh trng lng bn thn kt hp vi vic o
t trong lng ging ra. Khi cn h ging xung khng su lm th ch to ton b ging
xong ri h xung. Khi phi h ging xung su th ngi ta ch to mt on ri h
xung, sau tip tc c on trn v h ging tip tc. Mi on ging c chiu di t
36m. Sau khi h xong on ging u tin, ngi ta lp vn khun v b tng on
th hai. Sau khi b tng on th hai bn th tip tc h v chu trnh c lp i
lp li cho n su thit k.
Cng tc o, chuyn t ra khi lng ging v b tng lng ging c th tin
hnh ng thi vi vic bm ht nc ra ngoi hoc khng cn bm nc ra. t c
ly ra khi lng ging bng gu ngom, my ht thu lc hoc my bm dng bng kh
nn. Bin php bm ht nc ch nn dng khi t di chn ging khng b l v tri
vo lng ging. t l s lm tng th tch t phi chuyn ra khi lng ging v c th
lm cho cc cng trnh ln cn b bin dng thm ch b bin dng nghim trng.
Khi mc nc trong lng ging cao v t d thm, khi h ging khng c bm
nc ra m thm ch cn phi bm thm nc vo lng ging mc nc trong ging
cao hn mc nc bn ngoi t (ct nh, bn) khi tri vo lng ging.
Phng php h ging chm khng bm ht nc ch nn dng khi t xi l
v khng c ln nhng tng to. Cng vic h ging s rt kh khn nu nn l cng
nht l khi c nc lp nm nghing. Lc chn ging tip xc vi nn trn
ton b chu tuyn th phi dng phng php thi cng di nc va rt kh khn li t
tin. Khng c dng ging khi vng t khng n nh nu c cc cng trnh nm
trong phm vi lng th trt.
Nu h ging ni kh ro, th ngay ti , ngi ta san t, m cht ri t g
k, t vn khun ri c ging. Khi h ging vng ngp nc, nu nc nng hn 5m
th dng t thnh o nhn to v t tin hnh h ging. Nu nc su hn 5m
hoc nu dng o nhn to s lm hp lng sng nhiu qu th ngi ta h ging vi cc
gi c nh. Ngoi ra khi nc su, ngi ta dng ging ni c trn mt nc.
ging c th ni c, thnh ging c ch to dng hp rng hoc bt kn ging ri cho
kh nn vo. Phn pha trn ging c bt bng thp hnh cupn.
tng nhanh tc h ging, ngi ta c th dng cc bin php h tr nh gia
ti trng tnh, bm va st bentnit vo khe h gia mt ngoi thnh ging v t to
thnh o st (o xc bin) dy 510cm.
Trong thc tin ngi ta thi cng ging chm trng lc vi din tch 2000m2 trong
mt bng v c trng hp h ging 70m k t mt nc, trong hn 40m h vo t.
3. Tnh ton mng ging chm v ging chm hi p
3.1. Tnh ton ging chm hi p:
Trong qu trnh s dng, ging chm hi p chu cc ti trng ging nh ging
chm v c tnh ton hon ton tng t.
Khi h ging c cc ti trng sau y tc ng:

P- Trng lng bn thn ca ging, bung hi p, ng ging;
P- Trng lng bn thn bung ging;
N- p lc ca kh nn trong bung ging tc dng ln chn ging theo phng
ngang;
Q- p lc ca kh nn trong bung ging tc dng ln tm trn theo phng thng
ng.
- Phn lc ng
1 2
, R R v nm ngang H ca t di cng son;
- p lc ngang ln tng pha ngoi ca bung ging do ct nc W v p lc t
E;
- Ma st gia t vi mt ngoi chn ging v thn ging T = E.f; vi f - h s
mast gia btng v t. t ct: f = 0,5; t st: f = 0,3.
Tnh ton tm trn: Trong qu trnh c v h ging chm hi p c cc lc sau y tc
dng ln tm trn:
- Trng lng bn thn tm trn;
- Trng lng ca khi xy thn ging ln tm trn (thng ly bng trng lng
khi xy c chiu cao 1,5- 2,0m).
- p lc ca kh nn tc dng ln tm trn Q = 1,0Fh, (h- su k t mc nc
n chn ging, F- din tch ging chm hi p trong mt bng).
Cc ti trng ny s thay i trong tng giai on thi cng. Do khi xc nh ni
lc trong cc b phn ging chm hi p, ngi ta tnh cho tng giai on h ging
bit t hp ti trng nguy him nht xy ra giai on no.
Ngi ta xt cc trng hp sau:
1- Ging h n su thit k, trong bung ging c p lc ton phn ca kh
nn tc dng; chn ging cm su vo t 0,5m.
trng thi ngi ta xc nh ni lc ch ngm chn ging vo tm trn khi
chn ging b un v pha t.
2- Ging h n su thit k, p sut khng kh trong bung ging gim xung
50%, t chn ging o i. Lc ging ln tht xung, gy ra ni lc ln nht
trong mt ct ging nh trng hp trn nhng lc ny chn ging b un vo pha trong
bung.
3- Ging mt t trc khi h nhng trn trn c khi xy thn ging. Lc s
xut hin mmen un ln nht tm trn bung ging.
4- Ging nm trn gi ch c trng lng bn thn tc dng. Lc tm trn
c kim tra theo s un bi m men do chn ging gy ra.
Khi tnh ton chn ging ngi ta tch ra mt di rng 1m theo chiu cao ging
tnh.
Khi tnh ton tm trn, ngi ta quan nim nh bn k 4 cnh hoc dm n gin.

3.2. Tnh ton ging chm
a) S xc nh b dy thnh ging.
Hnh dng v kch thc ca ging c chn da theo mng c thit k.
h c ging xung t th trng lng ca n phi ln hn ma st gia thnh
ging v t.

=
>
n
i
i i
h u m P
1
. . (4.1)
Trong trng lng P c xc nh nh sau:
Khi h ging c bm ht nc ra P=V.. Khi h ging m khng bm ht nc ra
th trng lng ging s gim do n b tc dng ca lc y ni cimet, lc trng
lng ging bng:

w
P=V( - )
trong :
V - Th tch tng ging.
- Trng lng ring ca vt liu thnh ging nhn vi h s vt ti 0,9.
w
- Trng lng ring ca nc bng 9.8065 kN/m
3
10KN/m
3
.
m - H s iu kin lm vic ly bng 1,3
u - Chu vi ca ging
h
i
- Chiu dy t m ging xuyn qua lp th i.
i
- ma st n v gia thnh ging v lp t th i.
Da theo V ta xc nh c b dy cn thit ca tng ging.
b) Kim tra bn ca tng ging:
Khi h xung t, tng ging trng thi ng sut phc tp di tc dng ca
cc lc sau:
- p lc ch ng ca t:
2 0
(45 )
2
a
htg

=
- p lc ca nc( nu h ging c bm ht nc):
w w n
= h ;
- Phn lc v lc p ca t di chn ging.
- Trng lng bn thn ca ging.
- Ma st gia tng v t.
Tnh ton tng ging theo s un trong mt phng nm ngang: c tnh theo p
lc ca nc v t t pha ngoi. Khi ging h n su thit k, p lc ca t c
tnh nh p lc ch ng ln tng chn. Khi h ging c bm ht nc, trng lng trn
1m ca di chu ti ln nht, lin vi chn ging c th xc nh theo cng thc:
) h d )( ( p
k w a
+ + = (4.2)

trong :
1 w
0 2
a
h 10 );
2
45 ( htg
w
=

=
(4.3)
w
- p lc nc tnh;
h
1
- Khong cch t mt nc n y ging.
h
k
- Chiu cao chn ging.
Theo p lc p tm c, ta tnh momen un trong tng ging v lc dc theo
cc cng thc ng vi hnh dng mt ct ngang ca ging.
Ging hnh elip (Hnh 4.3a)

Hnh 4.3: M men un v lc dc tc dng ti tit din thn ca ging chm
Mmen un ti tit din a: =
2
a
pa M (4.4)
Mmen un ti tit din c: =
2
c
pa M
Tr ca cc h s cho trong bng 4.1
Bng 4.1: Tr s ca , .
Lc dc ti tit din a Na =p.a (4.5)
Lc dc ti tit din c Nc =p.b (4.6)
Ging ch nht c hai cnh thay bng 2 na vng trn (hnh 5.3b): Momen un
ln nht v lc dc i vi cc tit din a v c xc nh theo cng thc:
Ti tit din a:

2
2 3 12
.
2
1
2
pt n n
Ma
n
+ +
=
+
; N
a
=p.r (4.7)
Ti tit din c:
( )
2
C a
t
M M pt r = + ;
c
N =p.b (4.8)
a/b 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3
0 0,057 0,133 0,237 0,391 0,629 1,049 1,927

0 0,060 0,148 0,283 0,496 0,871 1,576 3,128

y:
r
n
t
=
Khi h ging, chn ging s lm vic trong iu kin bt li nht.
tnh ton chn ging, ngi ta quan nim n nh conson rng 1m c tch ra
bi 2 mt phng thng ng, ngm vo thnh ging. Conson c tnh theo s un ng
vi 2 trng hp nguy him nht.
Trng hp 1:
Ging c h n su thit k, t di chn ging o ht. Chn ging b
un vo pha trong ging. Lc trng lng ging c cn bng bi lc ma st xut
hin mt ngoi ca ging.
Mmen un ti tit din a-a xc nh theo cng thc:

'
a 1 a n 1 2 K 2 3 K 3
M =n (E +W )l +n G l -n T l (4.9)
Lc dc

K K
N'=T -G (4.10)
y:
K
G - Trng lng conson;
K
T - Lc ma st tc dng mt ngoi conson.

2 0
(45 )
2
a
htg

=

Hnh 4.4: S tnh cngxon trong trng hp 1
n
1
- H s vt ti ca p lc t v nc n
1
=1,3
n
2
- H s vt ti ca trng lng thnh ging n
2
=1,1
n
3
- H s vt ti ca lc ma st n
3
=0,9

Trng hp 2:

Hnh 4.5: S tnh cngxon trong trng hp 2
Ging h xung c mt na su thit k (Hnh 4.5) pha trn b tng
on ging tip theo cn chn ging cm vo t 1m. Trng lng ging c cn bng
bi lc ma st, phn lc thng ng ca t v phn lc ca phn ngang ch vt xung
tng ngoi cngson chu tc dng ca p lc ch ng ca t v p lc nc, phn
lc ca t nn theo phng ngang v phng thng ng, lc ma st gia t v mt
ngoi vch ging.
Ti trng thng ng do trng lng bn thn ging trn 1m chn ging theo
phng ngang ly bng:

2( )
H
G
p
a b
=
+
(4.11)
p lc t v nc su chn ging ly bng:
4.
2
H
p n = (4.12)
n4- H s vt ti ly bng 0,7.
Lc ma st trong phm vi
2
H
ly bng:

a
T =0,5.E (4.13)

2
2 0
1
45
2 2 2
a
H
E tg

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

Cc k hiu khc ging nh trn.
Cc phn lc nm ngang v thng ng xut hin khi chn ging cm vo t xc
nh theo cng thc:


1 2
R =V +V (4.14)

2
. ( )
c
U V tg = + (4.15)

2 1
V =R - V (4.16)

1
1
2
1
.
2
C
V R
C
C
=
+
(4.17)

2
( )
v c
C h cotg = (4.18)
c
: Gc nghing ca phn vt chn ging;
: Gc ma st ngoi gia t v btng tng ging;
Lc U c coi l t ti cao
3
V
h
.
Cc k hiu khc nh trn hnh v.
Mmen un v lc dc ti tit din a-a ca cng son xc nh theo cng thc:

v
a-a 1 A n 1 2 K 2 2 2 5 3 K 3 2 1 4 2 K
h
M =n (E +W )l +n G l +n v l +n T l -n vl -n U(h - )
3
(4.19)

a-a K K
N =R+T -G (4.20)
Theo tr s M,N ta tnh tit din b tng ct thp ca congson chu nn lch tm v
chn ct thp theo cc phng php b tng ct thp.
Vch ging chu p lc t v cc lc khc s b nn lch tm trong mt phng
nm ngang theo hai phng.
Tr s max ca lc ngang v momen xc nh theo cng thc:

2
1 1
max max
;
14 2
n pl n pl
M N = = (4.21)
Khi h ging, do o t di chn ging v s tp trung lc ma st phn trn
ca ging c th xy ra tnh trng l ti tit din nm ngang x-x (hnh 4.6) s xut hin
ng sut ko c tr s vt qu bn ca vt liu tng
ging. Lc ko ti tit din x-x:

X X X
S =G -T (4.22a)
,
X X
G T - tng ng l trng lng ging v lc ma
st phn ging pha di tit din x-x.
Nu biu ca lc ma st c dng tam gic th lc
ko ging xc nh theo:

2 2
2
( )
M
G t a b G G
S x x x x
H H H H
+
= = (4.22b)
Tr s ln nht ca lc ko xc nh theo:

4
G
S =

iu ng vi:
2
H
x =
Vic tnh ton ging theo lc ko tin hnh theo cng thc chu ko ca cu kin
btng ct thp hoc btng.
Khi ch to ging cn kim tra bn vch on ging u tin. S un ca vch
ging do trng lng bn thn c th lm ging khng bn chu ng.
Mmen un ln nht thng xut hin khi b ging ra khi m k c nh cui
cng.
Khi h ging c th xut hin ng sut ko ng k do s chnh lch cng nh do
phn trn ging b p vo t cn phn di ca ging b treo v o t i. trnh s
h hng trong cc trng hp , ngi ta t ct thp dc chu lc theo phng thng
ng, cc ct ny c lin kt vi nhau bng cc ct ai ngang hoc ct ai l xo.
Thng ct dc c b tr theo hai hng.
Khi xc nh ng knh v khi lng cc ct thp dc, ngi ta tnh theo
trng lng ging.
4. Tnh ton mng su ngm vo t
Khi tnh ton mng nng ta khng xt n sc cn ca nn theo mt xung quanh
mng bi v khi mng nng th nh hng ca n khng ng k. Ngc li, i vi
mng su th nh hng ln v ta phi xt n.
Di tc dng ca lc ngang v mmen mng s quay quanh trc i qua im D
nm trn trc ng ca mng.
Phng php tnh ton m ta xt sau y l ca Zavriew, c a vo quy
trnh thit k CH200- 62 ca Lin X c. Phng php ny c xy dng trn c s cc
gi thuyt:
- t c coi l mi trng n hi vi h s nn tng theo chiu su theo quy
lut bc nht v ti mi su tnh nn ca t di tc dng ca p lc ngang v thng
ng u c c trng bi cng mt h s nn.
- cng ca mng coi l ln v cng so vi cng ca t, ngha l trong tnh
ton khng k n bin dng ca mng.
- Di tc dng ca lc ng lc ngang mng li trt theo mt phng ca nn v
quay quanh mt im no gi l tm quay tc thi.
S trt ca mng s b cn li bi lc ma st v sc chng ca t theo mt nn
v mt thng ng pha trc. S quay ca mng s b cn li bi sc chng ca t ti
mt trc v mt sau ca nn.
Khi tnh ton mng su ngm vo t ngi ta chia lm hai loi:
- Tuyt i cng nu : . 2,5 h

- C cng hu hn nu : 2,5 h >
trong :

1
5
. K b
EJ
= (4.23)
h- su chn mng vo t;
EJ - cng chng un ca mng
K - h s th hin s thay i h s nn theo su v ly theo bng ca quy
phm
Nu t mng tr ln t gm nhiu lp th tr s m ly trung bnh theo biu
thc:
Khi c 2 lp:

2
1 1 1 2 1
2
(2 ) ( )
m m
m
K h h h K h h
K
h
+
= (4.24)
Khi c 3 lp:

2
1 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3
2
[2( ) ] (2 )
m
K h h h h K h h h K h
K
h
+ + + + +
= (4.25)
trong :
K
i
- h s nn ca lp th i
h
i
- chiu dy mi lp trong phm vi h
m
:
m
h =2(D+1)
D - ng knh hoc cnh mng m
b
t
- b rng tnh ton ca mng m theo ta xc nh p lc ngang ca t trn
mt bn ca mng:
t
b =n(b+1)
b - hnh chiu ca tit din
mng trn mt phng vung gc vi
mt phng tc dng ca lc.
n - h s k n hnh dng ca
tit din ngang mng v tr m qua
, mng gy p lc ngang vo t.
i vi mng c tit din trn n=0,9;

ch nht n=1,0; tit din nh hnh 7 th n=0,9d/b.
Trng hp mng tuyt i cng. Xut pht t cc gii php nu, ta thy nu
do bin dng n hi ca t, mng quay i mt gc v cng b, th cc mt bn ca
mng cng s nghing mt gc bng gc quay ca mng so vi nn. S quay ca
mng s xy ra quanh mt im gi l tm quay.
Ta phn ra 3 trng hp chuyn v kh d ca mng trong t (hnh 8).
Trng hp 1: Nn chuyn v quay v pha ngc li hng tc dng ca lc
ngang tm quay nm cao hn mng.
Trng hp 2: Nn khng chuyn v, tm quay nm mt nn tip xc vi
mng.
Trng hp 3: Nn chuyn v theo hng tc dng ca lc ngang, tm quay nm
thp hn mng.
trng thi cn bng c cc lc sau y tc dng ln mng: ngoi lc H, N; trng
lng bn thn ca mng G, tng hp lc ca thnh phn thng ng ca p lc t theo
mt bn H1 v ca nn N1.

xc nh thnh phn thng ng ca p lc t theo mt bn v theo mt xung
quanh mng ta s dng mi quan h tuyn tnh gia chuyn v v p lc. t c coi l
nn Winkler vi h s nn tng theo chiu su theo lut bc nht. Theo cc gi thit ta

tm c biu phn lc ca t theo mt bn ca mng tun theo lut Parabol cn biu
p lc tip xc di mng tun theo lut ng thng.
Theo nguyn l c lp tc dng ca cc lc ta xt ring chuyn v thng ng,
chuyn v ngang, gc xoay v xc nh phn lc ca t ti mng v ti mt xung
quanh mng.
Khi mng b chuyn v thng ng mt i lng z th xut hin phn lc phn b
u c'z.z ( hnh 9a). Tng hp lc ca phn lc ny bng abc'z.z.
y: c'z - h s nn theo phng thng ng ti y mng.
Khi mng chuyn v ngang, theo mt bn pha phi xut hin phn lc tng theo
chiu su theo lut tam gic (hnh 9b). p lc phn lc su z k t mt t bng
,
. .
x
c z x
h
.
Trong :
,
x
c h s nn theo phng ngang su mng. Tng hp lc ca
p lc ny bng
,
. . .
2
x
c h b x

M men ca tng hp lc tng ng vi im B bng

, , 2
. . 2
. . . .
2 3 3
x x
c x h c h
b h x b = (4.26)
Khi mng quay quanh im B mt gc , trn mp tri p sut phn lc phn b
theo quy lut Parabol. Tng hp ca p lc ny bng:

2
, ,
0
. . . . .
3
h
x z x
z h
c b d c b
h
(4.27)
M men tng hp lc ng vi im B bng:

, 2 , 3
. . 3
. . .
3 4 4
x x
c h c h
b h b

= (4.28)
Biu phn lc theo mng c dng tam gic vi tung ln nht l
2
z
c a

(hnh 4.9c).


Cc phng trnh cn bng c dng:

2
2 3 3
1
0 ' . . . 0
. ' . '
0 . . 0
2 3
' ' . ' .
0 ' . 0
3 12 4
z
x x
x x z
B
Z N G c a b z
b c h c h
X H x b
bc h c h c a
M Hh Na x b
= + =

= + =
`
| |
= + + + =

|
\ . )
(4.29)
Gii h phng trnh ny ta c cc chuyn v cn tm

' . .
z
G N
z
c a b
+
= (4.30)

1
3 3
2 8 [(2 3 ') 3 ]
'
' . .
' (3 . )
'
x
x
z
z
H h h h H Na
x
c
c h b
bc a h
c
+ +
= +
+
(4.31)

1
3 3
12[ (2 3 ')3 ]
'
' (3 . )
'
x
z
z
H h h Na
c
bc a h
c
+
=
+
(4.32)
Theo z, x, va tm c ta xc nh ng sut theo mng v theo mt bn:
ng sut mp mng:

1
max
3 3 min
6[ (2 3 ') 3 ]
'
(3 )
'
x
z
G N aH h h Naa
c
ab
a h b
c
+ + +
=
+
(4.33)
Cng phn lc theo su z k t mt t bng:


' .
( )
x
z
c z
g z x
h
= (4.34)
Cho g
z
= 0 ta c th xc nh c v tr tm quay v c im chuyn v ca
mng trong t:

3 3
0
1
'
3
2 '
' 3
6 . (2 3 ') 3 .
'
x
z
x
z
c
a h
x c
z h
c N
h h h a
c H
+
= = +
(
+
(

(4.35)
n nh ca mng c m bo nu :
0
max
0
2
0
0
0
1,2.
cos
4
;
cos
z
h
R
m h
m h
tg z
m
h
= =
(4.36)
trong : - Trng lng th tch ca t
- Gc ma st trong ca t
R - Cng tnh ton ca t nn
Trng hp mng cc cng hu hn: . 2.5 h >
Ta xt trng hp ca K.X.Xilin, K.X.Zavriev, G.X.Spir. t c coi l mi
trng bin dng n hi vi h s nn tng theo chiu su theo lut ng thng. Cc
tc gi ca phng php ny s dng li gii ca gio s I.V. Urban cho trng hp
tng mm trong mi trng n hi chu lc ngang v mmen. H pht trin thm
phng php ca Urban v c k n sc cn ca t theo mng. Theo Urban, n nh
ca tng mm trong mi trng n hi c th hin bi phng trnh vi phn:

4
4
0
d x a bx
x
dy h
+
+ = (4.37)
Ta li c:
' '
, ,0 ' '
, ,0
x h x
x z x
C C
C C
h
= + (4.38)


4
5
4
.
( )
a bx
z
EJ
b
EJ
+
=

=

)
(4.39)
trong : z - bin s mi;
'
,0 x
C v
'
, x h
C - h s nn theo phng ngang ti mt t v
su h.
Phng trnh vi phn (5.37) c th vit:

4
4
0
d x
zx
dz
+ = (4.40)
y:
a bx
z
EJ
+
=
Khi :
x,o
C' =0; . z x =
Trong :
,
,
5
x h
C
hEJ
=
Gio s Urban tm c nghim ca (5.40) di dng:

0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
2 3
0 0 0
0 2 2 2 2
2 3
0 0 0
0 3 3 3 3
2 2 3
0 0 0
0 4 4 4 4
3 2 3
;
;
;
;
z
z
z
z
M H
x x A B C D
M H
x A B C D
M H M
x A B C D
M H Q
x A B C D
= + + +

= + + +

= + + +
= + + +
)
(4.41)
trong :
0
x ,
0
- Chuyn v ngang v gc xoay ti im ban u z = 0;
0 0
, M H - Mmen un v lc ngang;
, , ,
z z z z
x M Q - vng, gc quay, momen un v lc ct su z;
Cc hm nh hng xc nh theo cng thc sau:


5 10 15
1
6 11 16
1
2 7 12 17
1
3 8 13 18
1
1 6 11.6. ...
5! 10! 15!
2.
7.2. 11.7.2. ...
6! 11! 16!
3. 3.8 3.8.13. ...
2! 7! 12! 17!
4 9.4. 14.9.4. ...
3! 8! 13! 18!
z z z
A
z z z
B z
z z z z
C
z z z z
D
= +

= +

= +

= +

)
(4.42)
tm tr s ca A
2
, A
3
, A
4
ta ln lt ly o hm bc nht, bc 2 v bc 3 ca
A
1
. i vi cc hm s cn li cng lm tng t.
Sc cn ca nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
M
.C'
z
J
n
(4.43)
y: M

- mmen ti mng do phn lc ca nn;
- Gc xoay ca mng;
C
z
- H s nn ti mng;
J
n
- Momen qun tnh ca mng.
Vic tnh ton c tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
Trc tin xc nh h s bin dng theo cng thc:

5
. K d
EJ
= Sau tm cc chuyn v
1 2 3
, , xem (hnh 4.10) theo cc cng thc
sau:


3
2
1 0 0
0
2
0
3 0
2
3
2
o
MN MH HH
MN
MN MH
l
l l
EJ
l
EJ
l
l
EJ

= + + +

= +
`
= +

)
(4.44)
Tr s , ,
MN MH HH
ph thuc vo su tnh i ca mng trong t . z h =
MM
: chuyn v xoay do M=1 gy ra ;
HH
: chuyn v ngang do H=1 gy ra ;
HM
: chuyn v ngang do M=1 gy ra ;
MH
: chuyn v xoay do H=1 gy ra ;
Cc chuyn v n v xc nh theo iu kin bin ca bi ton. Momen un M,
lc ngang Q v p lc tc dng ni tip xc gia t v mt xung quanh ca mng ti
su bt k k t mt t c xc nh theo cng thc:

3 3 0 3 3
2
4 4 0 4 4
1 1 1 1
2
( ) ( )
( ) [( ) ]
1
{ [( ) ]}
z o o
z o o
o
z o o
H
M EJ y A B M Hl C D
Q EJ y A B M Hl C HD
m H
z y A B M Hl C D
d EJ

= + + +

= + + +
`
= + + +
)
(4.45)
trong :
0
( )
o NM HH
y M Hl H = + +

0
( )
o NM MH
M Hl H = + +
A,B,C,D l cc hm nh hng, tr s ca chng tra t cc bng lp sn.
Theo cc kt qu tnh ton th khi mng c tit din ch nht c cng hu hn
m tnh theo mng tuyt i cng th tr s ca p lc t theo mt thng ng tng ln
60% hoc hn na so vi khi tnh theo mng c cng hu hn. Do vy khi tnh ton
theo bn v n nh cn xt n cng thc t ca mng.
















5. Mng kiu tng trong t
Tng trong t l mt dng kt cu c mt phn hoc ton phn nm trong t.
Tc dng ca tng trong t l m bo bn, n nh v bin dng di tc dng
ca p lc ngang do nn t nhm bo v cho cc cng trnh nm bn trong, bn cnh
hoc bn di t. Trong mt s trng hp, tng trong t cn tham gia chu ti trng
ng.
Tng trong t c s dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca
ngnh xy dng: ng hm, cng trnh giao thng, tng hm nh cao tng, nh my,
p, h thng thot nc, bn cng, gia c nn,
* Nguyn l tnh ton
- p lc di chn tng khng vt qu cng nn t pha di.
- Tng kh nng chu lc v bin dng
- Cu to hp l t c cng nng s dng
* S tnh ton
Hin nay, hu ht cc PP tnh u a s tnh v dng thanh bng cch ct mt
di tng c chiu rng 1m.
Hin nay c nhiu phn mm, chng hn Plaxis 3D, a vo m hnh 3D xt
tnh lm vic tng th ca tng v nn t
5.1. Thi cng cc barrette
Qui trnh thi cng cc barret v c bn ginh nh thi cng cc khoan nhi, ch
khc l thit b thi cng o h v hnh dng lng ct thp. Thi cng cc khoan nhi th
dng li khoan hnh ng trn v lng ct thp hnh ng trn, cn thi cng cc baret th
dng loi gu ngom hnh ch nht v lng ct thp c tit din hnh ch nht
Cc cng vic thi cng cc barret nh sau:
I- o h cc:
Thit b o h: C th ni, hin nay thit b o h cc bart rt a dng. nc
ngoi, mi tng cng ty chuyn nghip c th c cc loi ring. Tuy nhin, ni chung th
cc loi gu ngom o h c tit din hnh ch nht vi cnh ngn t 0,60m n
1,50m, cnh di t 2,00m n 4,00m (phn ln l 3,00m), cn chiu cao th c th t
6,00m n 12,00m.
Thit b o c loi gu ngom o loi t st v loi ct. Cn khi cn ph
dng loi u ph vi nhng bnh xe rng ca c ln c gn li kim cng, mt loi
thit b ca hng Bachy Soletanche (Php).
Chun b h o: m bo cho gu o ng v tr v xung thng, cn phi
lm nh sau:
o o bng tay mt h c tit din ng bng kch thc tit din cc bart v
su khong 0,80m n 1,00m.

o t vo h o ni trn mt khung c bng thp ch to sn.
o Nu khng c khung c bng thp ch to sn, th c th bng b tng hoc
xy bng gch tt vi xi mng mc cao.
Sau khi b tng cc xong th b khung c bng st ming h ra hoc p
phn b tng hoc gch xy c nh hng ny i (lp b tng dy khong 14cm, hoc
lp gch dy khong 20m). Cn ch thm rng m bo k thut, th phi c cng
nhn iu khin thit b thnh tho v tay ngh cao.
Ch to dung dch bentonite (bn khoan): Dung dch bentonite dng gi cho
thnh h o ca cc bart khng b st l.
Bentonite bt c ch to sn trong nh my, thng ng thnh tng bao 50kg
(ging nh bao xi mng). Hin nay nc ta phi nhp bentonite t nc ngoi, ch yu t
c do cng ty ERBSLOH ch to. Tu theo yu cu k thut khoan, o v tnh cht a
tng, m ho tan t 20kg n 50kg bt bentonite vo 1 mt khi nc.
Mt dung dch mi, trc lc s dng phi c cc c tnh sau y:
o Dung trng nm trong khong t 1,01 n 1,05 (tr trng hp loi bn st c
bit, c th c dung trng n 1,15).
o nht Marsh > 35 giy.
o tch nc di 30 cm khi.
o Hm lng ct bng 0.
o ng knh ht di 3mm.
S dng v x l dung dch bentonite (bn khoan): Qu trnh ch to, s dng, thu
hi, x l v ti to s dng dung dch bentonite (dung dch khoan, bn khoan) c thc
hin nh sau:
o Ch to dung dch bentonite mi gm:
o Cc bao bentonite mi gm:
Cc bao bentonite bt c cha trong kho (bao) hoc trong sil (bt).
Ch to dung dch bentonite:
+ C th dng phu trn n gin.
+ C th dng my trn.
Thng trn 20kg n 50kg bt bentonite vi 1 mt khi nc (tu theo yu cu
ca thit k). Ngoi ra, theo yu cu k thut c th, m c th cho thm vo dung dch
mt s cht ph gia mc ch lm cho n nng thm, khc phc kh nng vn cc ca bt
bentonite, tng thm st hoc ngc li gim st bng cch chuyn n thnh th
lng, chng li s nhim bn ca n bi xi mng hoc thch cao, gim pH ca n hoc
tng ln, gim tnh tch nc ca n, v.v
Sau dung dch khoan mi c cha vo b cha bng thp, b cha xy
gch, b cha bng cao su c khung thp hoc bng sil (tu tng iu kin c th m s
dng loi b cha no).

S dng dung dch bentonite mt cch tun hon. Trong khi khoan hoc o h
phi lun lun y dung dch khoan trong h. Dung dch khoan ny l dung dch mi.
Gu o xung su n u th phi b xung ngay dung dch khoan cho y h. Trong
khi o dung dch khoan bentonite b nhim bn (do t, ct) lm gim kh nng gi n
nh thnh h, do phi thay th. lm vic , phi ht bn bn t h khoan, o ln
a v trm x l. C th dng loi bm chm t y h o hoc bm ht c mng
lc trn mt t.
Dung dch khoan c a v trm x l. Cc tp cht b kh i, cn li l dung
dch khoan nh mi ti x dng.
Dung dch sau khi c x l phi c cc c tnh sau y:
o Dung trng di 1,2 (tr loi dung dch nng c bit).
o nht Marsh nm gia 35 v 40 giy.
o tch nc di 40 cm khi.
o Hm lng ct ti a 5%.
o h cc bart bng gu ngom:
Dng loi kch thc gu o thch hp m bo c kch thc h o ng
vi kch thc cc bart theo thit k. Gu o phi th ng c nh hng t sn. H
o phi m bo ng v tr v thng ng. Hin nay c thit b kim tra kch thc
hnh hc v thng ng ca h khoan, h o (v d ti Vin Khoa hc cng ngh v
Giao thng vn ti). Trong lc o, phi cung cp thng xuyn dung dch bentonite (bn
khoan) mi, tt vo y h o. Mt khc, mc cao ca dung dch bentonite trong h o
bao gi cng phi cao hn mc nc ngm ngoi h o ti thiu 2,00m. Dung dch
bentonite c tun hon v x l trong h o thng xuyn c dung dch bentonite
tt, sch, mi. Phi m bo cho kch thc hnh hc (tit din v chiu su) h o ng
thit k v khng b st l thnh h. Mun vy, phi m bo cho dung dch bentonite thu
hi ch cha cn lng t ct di 5%. ng thi cng c th kim tra thng ng v
hin tng st l h o thng xuyn mt cch on gin bng dy di vi u dy l
qu di nng.
Khi o n su thit k, phi tin hnh thi ra bng nc c p lm sch
y h. C th dng loi bm chm ht cn lng bng t ct nh ln. Cn ct to, cui
si, vn th dng gu ngom vt sch ri a ln. Lng cn lng thng rt kh vt
sch c hon ton, do trong thc t c th cho php chiu dy lp cn lng di y
h o nh thua 10cm.
kim tra chiu dy lp cn lng c th dng dy di vi qu nng ngi
o c th cm nhn c hoc dng thit b o bng phng php chnh lch in tr
kiu CZ.IIB do Trung Quc mi ch to.
Ch l vic thi ra y h o rt quan trng v ht sc ht sc cn thn. Do
phi s dng thit b chuyn dng, thch hp v ngi thc hin phi c tay ngh thnh
tho, c kinh nghim v c tinh thn trch nhim. m bo c y h cng sch th
sc chu ti ca cc cng tt.

Sau khi o xong h cc bart, phi kim tra li ln cui cng kch thc hnh hc
ca n. Kch thc cnh ngn ca tit din ch c php sai s 5cm, kch thc cnh
di ca tit din ch c php sai s 10cm, chiu su h ch c php sai s trong
khong 10cm v nghing ca h theo cnh ngn ch c sai s trong khong 1% so
vi chiu su h o.
II- Ch to lng ct thp v th vo h o cho cc bart:
Sai s cho php v kch thc hnh hc ca lng ct thp nh sau:
C li gia cc ct thp dc: 1mm;
C li gia cc ct thp ai: 2mm;
Kch thc cnh ngn tit din: 5mm;
Kch thc cnh di tit din: 10mm;
di tng cng ca lng ct thp: 50mm.
Chiu di ca mi on lng thp, tu theo kh nng ca cu, thng di t 6m
n 12m. Ngoi vic phi t hp lng ct thp nh thit k, tu tnh hnh thc t, nu
cn, cn c th tng cng cc thp ai cho (c ng knh ln hn ct ai) gng
lng ct thp thp li cho chc chn, khng b xc xch khi vn chuyn.
Khi th tng on lng ct thp vo h o sn cho cc bart, phi cn chnh cho
chnh xc, phi thng ng v khng c va chm vo thnh h o.
Ni cc on lng ct thp vi nhau khi th xong tng on c th dng phng
php buc (nu cc ch chu nn) v dung phng php hn in (nu cc chu c lc
nn, lc un v lc nh).
Ch :
Khi th tng on lng ct thp xung h o, phi c cc thanh thp nh hnh
kho ngng gi vo ming h n khi ri xung h.
Trong trng hp nh ca lng ct thp nm di mt t, hoc nm di mc
ca dung dch betonite, th phi c du hiu bit c v tr ca lng ct thp.
III- cc btng bart:
Sau khi vt sch y h (dung dch bentonite), trong khong thi gian khng qu 3
gi, phi tin hnh btng. btng bng phng php va dy hay cn gi l
btng trong nc.
Cp phi btng thng thng nh sau: Dng ct liu nh (1 x 2cm hoc 2 x 3cm)
bng si hay dm; ct vng khoang 45%, t l nc trn ximng khong 50%; dng
lng xi mng PC30 khong 370 n 400kg cho mi mt khi b tng. st ca btng
trong khong t 13 n 18cm.
C th dng thm ph gia nhng phi thn trng.
Trc khi btng phi lp ng cong b tng cho mt cc bart, theo tng
t btng mt. Mt ng cong btng c t nht 5 im phn b u n trn chiu
di cc.

btng bng phu hoc mng nghing ni vi ng dn. ng dn lm bng kim
loi, c ng knh trong ln hn 4 ln ng knh ca ct liu ht v thng ln hn
hay bng 120mm. ng dn c t hp bng cc loi ng c chiu di khong 2 n 3m,
c ni vi nhau rt kht bng ren, nhng ng thi d tho lp.
Trc khi btng vo phu hay mng nghing, phi c nt tm (bng va
ximng ct t) u ng dn. Khi btng y p phu, trong lng btng s y
nt va xung dng btng chy lin tc xung h cc. Lm nh vy trnh cho
btng b phn tng.
ng btng c chiu di ton b bng chiu di cc. Trc lc btng n
chm y, sau c nng ln khong 15cm dng btng (sau khi b nt tm) chy
lin tc xung y h cc v dng dn ln trn.
Khi btng t di y h dng ln dn dn, th cng rt ng dn btng dn dn
ln, nhng phi lun m bo cho ng dn ngp trong btng ti mt on t 2 n 3m.
Lm nh vy btng khng b phn tng v sau khi ninh kt xong th btng khng b
khuyt tt.
Tc btng khng c chm qu hay nhanh qu, tc hp l nht l 0,60
mt khi/pht.
Khng nn bt u btng vo ban m m nn bt u b tng cho mi cc
vo bui sng sm. Phi lin tc khng c ngh cho xong tng cc trong mt ngy.
Phi thng xuyn theo di ghi chp mc cao ca mt btng ti dng ln sau
mi xe t (mch) b tng vo h cc.
Phi tnh c khi lng btng cn thit xong cho mi cc; nh vy c
th ch ng c trong vic chun b s xe btng cn thit mt cch hp l, y v
kp thi.
Khi lng btng thc t thng nhiu hn khi lng btng tnh ton (theo
kch thc hnh hc ca h o cho cc) l khong t 5% n 20%. Nu qu 20% th
phi bo cho thit k kim tra li.
Mt s iu cn ch thm v qu trnh btng cc bart:
Khi b tng n vi ba mt nh cc th u ng dn btng ch cn ngp trong
b tng ti khong 1m.
Nn b tng cao hn mc nh cc l thuyt khong 5cm. Khi rt ng dn ra
khi cc phi nh nhng, t t trnh cho btng b xo trn.
Phi m bo cho lp btng bo v ct thp dy hn hay ti thiu l 7cm.
Ch c o h cc bn cnh h ang btng cc vi iu kin:
+ Khong cch gia hai mp cnh cc bart ln hn hay bng 2b (trong b l
cnh ngn ca tit din cc).
+ Btng cc xong trn 6 ting ng h (v sau 6 gi th btng cc mi
cng cn thit).

Chiu cao gii hn ct u cc (on btng xu li ct thp cu to vo i
cc) tnh t gia mt phng u cc theo l thuyt v u cc lc kt thc l:
+ 0,3 (Z +1), khi cao l thuyt ca mt phng u cc nm chiu su Z (m)
di mt sn cng tc, nh hn 5m.
+ Bng 0,8m khi cao l thuyt ca mt phng u cc nm chiu su di mt
sn cng tc, ln hn 5m. Chiu cao ti thiu ct u cc c xc nh bi ngi thi
cng sao cho btng u cc thc t l tt.
- Khi o h thi cng cc v lc btng cc phi ch khng c thc hin
khi trong chiu su ca cc c dng nc ngm ang chy v n s lm st l thnh h v
hng btng. Trong trng hp ny phi bo cho t vn thit k x l. C th x l
bng cch h ng vch bng thp.
Kim tra cht lng btng cc bart:
Quy trnh m bo cht lng thi cng cc bart, cng ging nh cc khoan nhi,
thc hin theo TCXD 206 : 1988 - Cc khoan nhi - yu cu v cht lng thi cng. Khi
btng ninh kt xong (sau 28 ngy) th kim tra cht lng bng phng php khng
ph hu.
C nhiu phng php kim tra cht lng btng cc. Phng php ph bin
nht v m bo tin cy hn c - phng php siu m truyn qua. Nh phng php
siu m truyn qua, ngi ta pht hin c cc khuyt tt ca btng trong thn cc
mt cch tng i chnh xc.
Nguyn l cu to thit b kim tra siu m truyn qua:
Thit b kim tra cht lng btng cc nhi, cc bart, tng trong t, v.v
theo phng php siu m truyn qua c s cu to nh sau:
- Mt u o pht sng dao ng n hi (xung siu m) c tn s truyn sng t
20 n 100kHz;
- Mt u o thu sng: u pht v u thu c iu khin ln xung ng thi
nh h thng cp ti in v nm trong hai ng ng y nc sch.
- Mt thit b iu khin cc dy cp c ni vi cc u o cho php t ng o
chiu su h u o;
- Mt b thit b in t ghi nhn v iu chnh tn hiu thu c;
- Mt h thng hin th tn hiu;
- Mt h thng ghi nhn v bin i tn hiu thnh nhng i lng vt l o c;
- C cu nh tm cho hai u o trong ng o.
Phng php kim tra
Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
Pht xung siu m t mt u o t trong ng o ng y nc sch v truyn
qua btng cc
Thu sng siu m mt u o th 2 t trong ng o khc cng cha y nc
sch, cng mc vi u pht

o thi gian truyn sng gia hai u o trn sut chiu di ca ng t sn, t
u cc n chn cc
Ghi s bin thin ca tn hiu thu c
Nh sng siu m truyn qua m thit b c th ghi li ngay tnh hnh truyn sng
qua b tng ca cc v cc khuyt tt ca b tng cc
5.2. Thi cng tng trong t
Thi cng tng trong t thc cht l thi cng cc baret, c ni lin nhau qua
cc giong chng thm to thnh mt bc tng trong t bng b tng ct thp
V c bn thi cng tng trong t cng ging nh thi cng cc barret. Trnh t
thi cng tng trong t bng phng php b tng ti ch c thc hin nh sau:
o h cho panen (barret) u tin
Bc 1 : Dng gu o thch hp o mt phn h n chiu su thit k . Ch
o n u, phi cung cp kp thi dung dch bentonite n , cho y h o, g
cho thnh h o khi b st l
Bc 2 ; o phn h bn cnh, cch phn h u tin mt gii t. Lm nh vy
khi cung cp dung dch bentonite vo h s khng lm l thnh h c
o nt phn t cn li (o trong dung dch bentonite) hon thnh mt h
cho panel u tin theo thit k
H lng ct thp,t giong chng thm v b tng cho panel barret u tin
Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 4 : H lng ct thp vo h o sn, trong dung dch bentonite . Sau t
giong chng thm CWS vo v tr
Bc 5 : b tng theo phng php va dng, thu hi dung dch bentonite v
trm x l
Bc 6 : Hon thnh b tng cho ton b panel th nht
o h cho panel barret tip theo v tho ton b g lp giong chng thm
Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 7 : o mt phn h su n ct thit k y Panel (o trong dung dch
bentonite). Ch o cch panel u tin mt di t
Bc 8 : o tip n st Panel s 1
Bc 9 : G b g lp giong chng thm bng gu o khi cnh ca panel s 1,
nhng giong chng thm CWS vn nm ti ch tip gip gia 2 panel
H lng ct thp,t giong chng thm v b tng cho panel barret th hai
Bc 10 : H lng ct thp xung h o cha y dung dch bentonite . Sau
t b g lp vi giong chng thm CWS vo v tr
Bc 11: b tng theo phng php va dng nh panel s 1

Bc 12 : Tip tc o h cho panel th 3 pha bn kia ca panel s 1. Thc
hin vic h lng ct thp, t b g lp cng giong chng thm v b tng cho panel
th 3 ging nh thc hin cho cc panel trc
Tip tc tin hnh theo qui trnh thi cng nh vy hon thnh ton b bc tng
trong t theo thit k
Kim tra cht lng b tng dng phng php siu m ging nh kim tra cc
barret
Ngoi ra cn kim tra cht lng chng thm nc qua tng.

CHNG VI: MNG MY CHU TI TRNG NG
1. Khi nim
Mng di cc cng trnh thng thng ch yu chu ti trng tnh: cc ti trng
c tr s v phng tc dng khng thay i hoc thay i rt chm nn khng gy ra lc
qun tnh.
Mng di cc my thng chu ti trng ng: cc ti trng c tr s v phng
tc dng thay i rt nhanh nn gy ra lc qun tnh trong bn thn my v kt cu mng.
Cc lc ng thng gi l cc lc kch thch lm cho mng v my b dao ng gy ra
nh hng n cc kt cu xung quanh (nh hng n cc hot ng sn xut v sc
kho con ngi ...).
V vy vic thit k mng my c nhng nt khc bit c bn so vi mng ca cc
cng trnh hay kt cu chu ti trng tnh. Cn p dng cc phng php khoa hc
gim nh hng ca dao ng.
Phn loi my c ti trng ng: c nhiu loi my khc nhau v cng dng,
nguyn tc cu to v cng sut, kch thc. Khi thit k v thi cng mng my da vo
cng , hnh dng v c tnh tn s ca lc kch thch do my tc dng ln mng
phn loi (bng V 1, nn v mng - HVKTQS).
* Theo cng :
+ My c lc qun tnh P ng k so vi trng lng my phi tnh ton mng
my chu ti trng ng.
+ My c lc qun tnh P nh so vi trng lng my b qua ti trng ng v
thit k bnh thng (tr yu cu c bit c th).
* Theo c tnh tn s ca lc kch thch:
+My hot ng theo chu k: lc kch thch bin i c chu k
- My quay u (lc kch thch bin i hnh sin)
- Quay u kt hp tnh tin
- My tnh tin qua li
+ My hot ng khng theo chu k: va p ring r; quay khng u hoc
chuyn ng tnh tin khng u.

2. Cu to mng my
Mng my thng cu to theo hai kiu chnh : mng khi v mng khung.
2.1. Mng my kiu khi
Mng khi l mt tng hay tm ton khi c cu to chi tit lp t v neo thit
b my mc.

- c im: Mng khi c cng v cng ln nn khi tnh ton c th b
qua bin dng v coi nh vt cng tuyt i.
- Phm vi p dng: dng c cho cc loi my, c bit l cc my c c cu tay
quay - thanh truyn; ba my, my dp.
- Cu to:
+ Khi c
+ Tng hm vi khi c trn
+ Mng c tng hm vi kt cu tng chu lc ging bng cc x cng.
- Vt liu: b tng ct thp, b tng khng ct thp (my c cng sut nh) b tng
mc 200 300 (dng ct liu to: 4 6, ba, hc)

+ Thp t theo tnh ton hoc cu to: Khi th tch khi mng V <40m
3
th t
thp chu vi cc l khot, ch lm tng ... dng thp AII AIII 8 12; a =150
200 mm. Khi V >40m
3
ngoi thp trn cn b tr thp cc mt xung quanh (li thp
12 16; a =150 200 mm).
Vi mng kiu tng: li thp bin dng 12 18; a =300 400
2.2. Mng my biu khung
Mng cu to dng khung khng gian gm cc ct ngm vo tm y hay mng
bng, pha trn cc ct l h thng x dc, x ngang to mt bng lp my.
- Vt liu: ch yu l b tng ct thp, c th l khung kim loi trn tm b tng
ct thp; b tng c mc 150 200, ti tit din chu lc hay v tr b gim yu thng
dng b tng mc 300.
- Ct thp: b tr theo tnh ton, ngoi ra cn b tr cc li thp chng nt: ch
lin kt ct dm, l hng, bn y. Ct thp phi c mc neo hoc thit k chiu di
neo (
neo
).

2.3. Mng lp ghp
C th dng mng lp ghp hoc va lp ghp va ti ch. y l vn mi
v cha c qui phm thit k n nh.
2.4. Cu to bu lng neo v h lm
C nhiu loi bu lng nhng thc t c th phn thnh hai nhm: bu lng ngm
cht v bu lng ngm mc.
- Bu lng ngm cht: bu lng c chn c nh trong mng my. Nu my nh
cho php t bu lng ngay khi b tng mng. Cc trng hp khc khi b tng cha
l t bu lng ri sau lp y bng va xi mng (hnh ).

- Bu lng ngm mc: bu lng c th tho lp c nh bn thp ngm trong mng.
Bn thp ny c l thng hnh ch nht ui bu lng cng c dng hnh ch nht lun
qua l ri xoay i mt gc 90
0
n hai mu c sn. Pha trn v di bn thp ngm
thng l hp thp c hn vi bn thp ngm.

3. Nhng yu cu c bn i vi thit k mng my
- V cu to: cn c gng sao cho trng tm chung ca mng v y cng nm
trn mt ng thng ng. lch tm khng c ln hn 3% so vi kch thc cnh
mng khi R
n
nh hn 1,5 kG/cm
2
; khng vt qu 5% khi t c sc chu ti ln hn
1,5 kG/cm
2
.
- Khi thit k mng my phi tho mn cc yu cu c bn:
+ Bn vng n nh v c kh nng chu lc tt
+ Khng cho php c nhng ln v bin dng nh hng n s hot ng bnh
thng ca my.
+ Khng cho php xut hin nhng chn ng mnh lm cn tr s hot ng ca
my v ngi iu khin.
C th: P [ R ] (1)
S [ S ] (2)
S [S ] (3)
A [A ] (4)
trong : P ng sut di mng
[ R ] sc chu ti ca nn t di y mng
S, S - ln v ln lch ca mng
S [S ] - ln v ln lch cho php ca mng
A [A ] bin dao ng ti trng v cho php ca mng
Xut pht t c im ca mng my v kh nng thc tin nn thng ch cn
kim tra iu kin (1) v (4) i vi mng my. Khi kim tra cng chu ti ca nn
t di y ca mng my cn ch nhn vi h s gim yu ca sc chu ti ca nn
do ti trng tc dng l ti trng ng.
(Bng V - 4 - NM - HVKTQS : =0,4 1,0)
4. Tnh ton mng my v phng din dao ng
tnh ton chnh xc dao ng ca mng my ta phi gii bi ton tng tc
ng lc hc ca kt cu vi nn bin dng. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp c th n
gin ho tnh ton theo bi ton dao ng ca vt rn trn nn n hi. Trong phn ny
ch gii thiu phng php tnh cho mng my kiu khi n gin, i vi cc dng
mng my phc tp c th tham kho cch tnh ton chi tit trong ti liu (Design of
structures and foundations for vibrating machines ca Suesh Arya).

4.1. Tnh ton ng lc hc mng my theo bi ton dao ng ca vt rn
trn nn n hi.
4.1.1. Cc gi thit c bn:
- Mng l tuyt i cng;
- Nn t l mi trng n hi khng c trng lng, tnh cht bin dng ca nn
c c trng bng h s nn Winkler.
4.1.2. Dao ng t do ca mng
Phn tch dao ng ca mng thnh 3 dng c lp theo 3 trc qun tnh v kho
st ring tng thnh phn.
- Dao ng thng ng
- Dao ng ngang v quay trong cc mt phng x0z v y0z
- Dao ng quay quanh trc 0z
Dao ng t do theo phng ng
Phng trnh dao ng t do theo phng thng ng:
R
z
+m . z =0
R
z
- phn lc nn theo phng z.
m, z - khi lng v gia tc chuyn ng ca mng theo phng ca Z
R
z
=F .
z

vi: F - din tch y mng;
z
- phn lc n v theo phng z ti y mng.

z
=C
z
. z
t K
z
=F . C
z
R
z
=K
z
. z
Vit li phng trnh vi phn dao ng
m.z +K
z
. z =0
t
2
=K
z
/m z +
2
. z =0
Phng trnh vi phn thun nht ny c 2 nghim ring l
Z
1
=A . sin
z
. t
Z
1
=B . cos
z
. t
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l
Z =A sin
z
. t +B cos
z
. t
y l dao ng iu ho vi tn s vng
z
trong 2 giy.
+ Tn s dao ng trong mt pht :
m
K 30
2
60
n
z
z
f
z
= =
+ Tn s dao ng trong mt pht :
m
K
2
1
2
n
z z s
z

= =

+ Chu k dao ng
z
z
2
T
=
xc nh A, B ta da vo iu kin ban u:
Ti t = 0 c Z
0
v
0
Z

B =Z
0
v
z
0
Z
A
=
Phng trnh dao ng t do theo phng thng ng ca mng
t cox Z t
Z
Z
z 0 z
z
0

+ = sin

Hay ( ) + = t A Z
z z
sin

2
z
2
0 2
0 z
Z
Z A
+ = - bin dao ng
- l lch pha ca dao ng:
z
0
0
Z
Z
tg

=
* Xt n nh hng sc cn ca nn theo phng php gn ng ca Pavlynk: sc
cn ca nn t l thun vi vn tc dao ng.
( ) ( ) Z Z K Z Z C F F R
z z z z

. . . . + = + = =
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng c dng
0 Z Z Z
2
z
2
z
= + + . .

Nghim tng qut
t
2
z
z
2
z
z 0 z
z
0
2
z
e t
2
Z t
Z
Z

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
= sin cos sin

Vi
2
z
z z
2
1 |
.
|
\
|
=

Dao ng ngang v quay t do (trong mt phng x0z)
+ Vi dao ng ngang 0 R x m
x
= +
+ Vi dao ng quay 0 R
0
= +

.
trong :
m - khi lng ca mng
0
- m men qun tnh ca khi lng mng ly vi trc 0x qua trng tm mng v
vung gc vi mt phng dao ng.

x, - chuyn v ngang v quay ca mng ti thi im t
R
x
- tng phn lc ngang ca nn theo phng ngang x
R
q
- tng m men ngoi lc ly vi trc 0y gm m men do phn lc nn v do trng
lng ca mng gy ra do lch tm khi quay.
R
x
=F .
x

+ + =
F
0 0 x z
h Q h F dF x R
. . . . . .
trong :
F - din tch y mng
x
- phn lc trt n v ca nn y mng ti tip im kho st
z
- phn lc ko v nn n v ca nn ti y mng
h
0
- kt cu t trng tm mng ti y mng
Q - trng lng mng
Theo m hnh nn Winkler ta c:

z
=C
. z
1

z
=C
x
.x
1

Vi
C
, C
x
- h s nn khi nn khng u v khi trt
z
1
, x
1
- chuyn v ng v ngang ti im y mng; do mng cng tuyt i nn ta c:
.
0 1
h x x = ; .
1 1
x z =
( ) ( ) . . .
0 x 0 x x
h x K h x C F R = =

x x
C . F K =
Do J C dF x C dF x C
F
2
1
F
2
1
. . . . . .

= =
Nn t K
=J .
( )
. .
0 0 x q
h Q h x K K R + + =
Vit li phng trnh vi phn dao ng:

( )
( )
= + + +
= +
0 h Q h x K K
0 h x K x m
0 0 x 0
0 x

. .

t ( )
c 0
2
x
2
x
h Q K
m
K

. ; = =

2
0 0 c c 0
mh + = = ;
c
m men qun tnh ca khi lng mng ly vi trc i qua trng tm y mng v
song song vi 0y.

H phng trnh vi phn dao ng c vit li:

( ) | | ( )
= + +
= +
0
h
x
1 1
0 h x x
0
2
x
2
0
2
x
2
x

.
.

Nghim ring ca h c dng
( ) + = t A x sin
( ) + = t B sin
Vi A, B, , - l cc hng s
a nghim ring vo phng trnh vi phn dao ng v gim c ( ) + t sin ta
c h phng trnh bc 2 vi n s l . H phng trnh bc hai ny ch c nghim khc 0
khi nh thc = 0 t gii ra c : (
1
tn s dao ng quay,
2
tn s dao ng
ngang)
( )
(
+ + =
2 2
x
2
2 2
x
2 2
x 2 1
4
2
1

,

Cc nghim ring c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh c dng (2) vi cc hng s A
v B lin h vi nhau theo biu thc:
A 1
h
1
B
2
2
2
1
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Nghim tng qut

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ + + =
2 1 2
2
x
2
2
0
1 1 1
2
x
2
1
0
2 1 2 1 1 1
t A 1
h
1
t A 1
h
1
t A t A x

sin sin
sin sin

Cc hng s A
1
, A
2
,
1
,
2
- xc nh t iu kin ban u
Dao ng quay t do quanh trc oz
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng
Vi 0 R = +

.
- m men qun tnh ca khi lng mng so vi trc oz
- gc lch ca mng so vi v tr cn bng khi dao ng
R
- m men ca phn lc nn ly vi trc oz

. K R =
z
J C K .

=
C
- h s nn khi trt khng u

J
z
m men qun tnh c cc ca mt y mng
t

K
2
= ta c
0
2
= +

.
Tng t nh vi dao ng t do theo phng ng ta c:
t B t A
3 3
cos sin + =
A
3
, B
3
, - xc nh t iu kin ban u
- tn s gc ca dao ng t do quay quanh 0z

4.1.3. Dao ng cng bc ca mng khi ti trng tc dng theo chu k
Dao ng thng ng (theo trc 0z)
+Ngoi lc tc ng : t P P
0
z z
sin . =
+Phng trnh vi phn dao ng (khng c cn)
t P Z K z m
0
z z
sin . . = +
+Nghim ring:
t A Z
z 1
sin . =

2
z
2
z
0
z
2 2
z
0
z
z
1
1
K
P 1
m
P
A

=
=
+Nghim tng qut:
t
1
m
P
t B t A z
2
z
0
z
z z

sin cos sin
+ + =
Ch :
2
z
2
z
1
1

/
= l h s ng lc
z
0
z
K P / l chuyn v ca mng khi
0
z
P tc dng tnh
+ Phng trnh vi phn dao ng (khi c cn)
t
m
P
Z Z Z
0
Z 2
Z
2
Z
sin . . = + +

+ Bin dao ng cng bc

2 4
Z
2 2 2 2
0
0
Z
Z
1
m
P
A
+
=
) (


2 2
2
2
Z
2 Z
0
Z
1
1
K
P

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Dao ng ngang v quay (trong mt phng x0z)
+ Ngoi lc tc ng: t P P
0
X X
sin =
Nu khng xt cn ta c phng trnh vi phn dao ng do lc ngang cng bc:

( ) | | ( )
= + +
= + +
t
P
h
x
1 1
t
m
P
h x x x
c
0
x
0
2
x
2
x
2
0
x
0
2
x
2
x
2
x
sin . . .
sin . . . .

Nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn dao ng cng bc c dng:
t A
t A x
x

sin .
sin .
=
=

Vi

) (
2
2
0
2
2
x
x
0
x
x
h
h
1 1 1
K
P
A

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=

) (
2
x
2
2
2
x
0
0
0
x
h h
h
1
K
h h P
A

+
+
+
=
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + + =
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
x
2 2 2
x
4
2 2
x
1 1
1
) (
+Ngoi lc tc dng l m men
t M M
0
sin =
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng c dng (khng xt cn)

( ) | | ( )
= + +
= +
t
M
h
x
1 1
0 h x x
c
0
0
2
x
2
x
2
0
2
x
2
x
sin . . .
. . .

Nghim ring bin dng dao ng cng bc


t A
t A x
x

sin .
sin .
=
=

. 1
K
h M
A
0 0
x
=
2
x
2
0
1
K
M
A

=
Dao ng quay cng bc quanh trc 0z
+ Ngoi lc iu ha c dng:

0
sin M M t

=
+ Phng trnh vi phn dao ng (khng c cn)

0
2
. sin
M
t
+ =
c. Xc nh cc h s nn khi tnh dao ng ca mng my
C
z
h s nn khi nn n hi u
C
- h s nn khi nn n hi khng u
C
x
- h s nn khi trt n hi u
C
- h s nn khi trt n hi khng u

T cng chu ti R ca nn tra bng ta c C
z

R (KP
a
) 100 200 300 400 500
C
z
(KN/m
3
) 20.000 40.000 50.000 70.000
C
=2 C
z
; Cx =0,7 C
z
; C
=1,5 C
x
(theo D. D. Barkan)
- Xc nh h s nn theo m hnh nn bn khng gian n hi
( )
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
z
x
E
C f
F
E
C f
F
E
C f
f F
=
`
=
+

)

Xt tm b tng hnh ch nht t trn nn bn khng gian n hi
Vi f
1
, f
2
, f
3
tra bng ph thuc t s hai cnh
=a/b bng V 6 nn v mng CTDD v CN

- Xc nh h s nn theo m hnh nn n hi ca M. M. Filnenk - Brdits
(m hnh kt hp gia nn bn dn cc b v nn bn dn tng qut)

( )
0 0
1
2
1
z
a b
C C P P
F
+ (
= +
(

( )
0 0
1
2 3
1
a b
C C P P
F
+ (
= +
(

( )
0 0
1
2
1
x
a b
C D P P
F
+ (
= +
(
1
=1,0m
-1
; C
0
v D
0
ph thuc tnh n hi ca nn v xc nh bng th
nghim.
C th xc nh theo cng thc bn thc nghim

3 3
0
2
1,7 10 /
1
E
C KG cm

0 0
0,7 D C
a, b - l cc cnh mng : F = a b
P - cng ti trng tnh y mng
P
0
- cng ti trng tnh y bn nn khi th nghim xc nh C
0
v D
0
.
4.2. Tnh ton ng lc hc mng my theo m hnh h s cng ng.
4.2.1. Cc gi thit c bn:
- Mng l tuyt i cng
- Nn t l bn khng gian n hi ng nht c trng lng, v c tnh cn nht.
4.2.2. M hnh h s cng ng ca nn di mng khi
Khi tch kt cu ra khi nn tnh theo m hnh kt cu con, trn b mt tip xc
a vo cc iu kin bin m t tc dng tng h ca nn ln kt cu, cc iu kin
bin ny thng c a vo h kho st di dng h s cng ng ca nn v ph
thuc vo tn s. V l do ny li gii theo m hnh kt cu con thng c xt trong
min tn s. Cc h s cng ng ca nn m t iu kin bin trn mt tip xc c
th nhn c da trn li gii ca phng trnh tch phn bin vi iu kin khng phn
x sng, n lin h chuyn v trn mt tip xc vi bin ca phn lc nn.
Xt mt im bt k trn b mt tip xc ca kt cu vi nn, tng ng vi mi
thnh phn chuyn v tc ng ca nn ln kt cu s c thay th bng mt h ri rc
mt chiu c mt bc t do (hnh 6.1b) hoc c hai bc t do (hnh 6.1c). cng ng
m t bng hai bc t do c th m t chnh xc iu kin sng lan truyn ra xa v hn
trong bn khng gian ng nht ng hng.

P
0
P
K C
0
M u
b)
a
C
1
K
0
M
1
u
1
P
C
0
u
0
M
a) c)

Hnh 6.1: Thay th nn bng cc h ri rc mt chiu
(a) S h kt cu-nn; (b) S h ri rc mt bc t do;
(c) S h ri rc hai bc t do
H mt bc t do cu to gm mt l so c cng K, mt b gim chn vi h
s C v mt khi lng tp trung M. Khi h chu kch ng iu ho vi tn s , lc tc
ng c bin P() s gy ra chuyn v c bin u(), cng ng S() lin h
bin ca lc vi bin ca chuyn v theo biu thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) . P S u = (6-1)
trong :
( )
2
S K M i C = + (6-2)
Tn s dao ng ring
0
v t s cn
v
ca h mt bc t do c dng:
0
/ ;
2
v
C
K M
KM
= = (6-3)
Trong trng hp ti tnh ta c S( = 0) = K nn c th biu din cng ng
thng qua tch ca cng tnh K vi cc h s cng ng:
( ) ( ) ( ) S . . K k i c = + (

(6-4)
trong cc h s cng ng khng th nguyn k() v c() tng ng vi h s
cng l so v h s nht c xc nh nh sau:
( )
2
2
2
0
1 1
M
k
K
= = (6-5)
( )
0
2
v
C
c
K
= = (6-6)

Nh vy h s cng ng l mt gi tr phc ph thuc vo tn s, phn thc
ca n biu din nh hng ca cng v qun tnh ca t, phn o biu din sc cn
nht ca vt liu v iu kin tn x ca sng ra xa khi kt cu.
H ri rc mt chiu hai bc t do c cu to gm hai khi lng tng ng vi
hai im 0 v 1. im 0 trn b mt tip xc ca kt cu vi nn ti im ny t khi
lng M
0
, khi lng ny c lin kt vi mt gi c nh bng mt l so cng K v
mt b gim chn c h s nht C
0
, im 0 l im t lc tng tc P ca kt cu vi
nn. im 1 b tr mt khi lng tp trung M
1
v c lin kt vi im 0 qua b gim
chn th hai c h s nht C
1
.
Xt cn bng ca hai im trong chuyn ng iu ho vi tn s ta tm c
phng trnh lin h lc tc ng P v chuyn v u
0
nh sau:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2
0 0 1
0
2 2 2 2
1
1 1
2 2
1 1
1
1 1
M M
M C M
K K
P K i u
K C K
M M
C C

(
| |
( |
( |
= + +
( |
+ + ( |
|
(
\ .

(6-7)
Trong tnh ton ta cn phi xc nh c cc i lng cng tnh K, h s
nht C v khi lng M (vi h ri rc mt bc t do); cc h s nht C
0
v C
1
cng nh
cc khi lng M
0
v M
1
(vi h ri rc hai bc t do) c th m t c tc dng
tng tc ca nn ln kt cu. Trong trng hp tng qut phi dng phng php s
phn tch bi ton, kt cu thng c m t bng phn t hu hn, nn tip xc vi
cc kt cu c m t bng phn t bin, trn mi phn t bin ny s b sung cc h
ri rc c bn theo cc bc t do tng ng vi cc thnh phn chuyn v. Cc thnh
phn ca cng ng s c xc nh bng phng php s trong qu trnh tnh ton.
4.2.3. H s cng ng ca nn di mng khi c hnh dng n gin
Khi nghin cu tng tc ca mng cng trn nn n hi, mt s tc gi n
gin ha bi ton bng gi thit b qua bin dng ca kt cu, coi kt cu nm trn bn
khng gian v hn ng nht, n hi tuyn tnh, kt cu c hnh dng n gin v tm
c li gii tng minh cho cc thnh phn ca cng ng nh trnh by di y.
Cc thnh phn ca cng ng c biu din thng qua cng tnh v cc h s
cng ng khng th nguyn nh sau.
- Tn s khng th nguyn a
0
c nh c dng:
0
s
a
a
c
= (6-8)

trong a l kch thc c trng ca mng v c
s
l tc lan truyn sng ct
trong t:
s
c G = ; G v l m un trt v khi lng ring ca vt liu nn.
- Vi h ri rc mt bc t do, h s nht C v khi lng M c biu din qua
cng tnh K theo dng:
2
2
;
s
s
a a
C K M K
c
c
= = (6-9)
- Vi h ri rc hai bc t do, cc h s nht C
0
v C
1
, cc khi lng M
0
v M
1

c biu din qua cng tnh K theo dng:
2 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
2 2
; ; ;
s s
s s
a a a a
C K C K M K M K
c c
c c
= = = = (6-10)
trong cc cng thc (6-9) v (6-10), cc i lng ,
0
,
1
, ,
0
,
1
gi l cc h s
cng ng khng th nguyn.
Trong cc bng 1.1 n 1.3 trnh by cc gi tr ca cng tnh v cc h s
cng ng ca h ri rc hai bc t do cho cc trng hp mng cng hnh trn, hnh
ch nht v mng bng t trn nn bn khng gian n hi, ng nht v khng xt n
sc cn nht ca vt liu nn, tng ng vi tng thnh phn chuyn v ca mng.
Bng 1.1: cng tnh v cc h s cng ng ca mng cng hnh trn trn
bn khng gian n hi ng nht.
Chuyn v K
0

1

0

1

Ngang
8
2
Ga
v

0.78 0.4 - - -
ng
1
3
<

1
3
>
4
1
Ga
v

0.8
4
0.34 4.3
( )
0
0.9 13

4
0.4
Xoay
1
3
<

1
3
>
( )
3
8
3 1
Ga
v

- 0.42-0.3v
2
( )
0
0.16 13

2
0.34 0.2

Xon
3
Ga 16
3
- 0.29 - 0.2
trong : a - bn knh hnh trn (y mng), G - m un trt ca vt liu nn, - h s
Poisson ca vt liu nn, - khi lng ring ca t nn.

Bng 1.2: Cc h s cng ng ca mng cng hnh ch nht t trn nn bn
khng gian n hi ng nht (=1/3)
Chuyn v
0

1

0

1

Ngang h
x
h
y

( )
0.75 0.2 1
l
b
+
- - -
ng
( )
2
3
0.9 0.4 1
l
b
+
0.3 - 0.14
Xoay r
x

r
y

-
-
0.45
( )
0.45 0.23 1
l
b
+
-

0.34
( )
0.34 0.55 1
l
b
+
Xon -
( )
0.35 0.12 1
l
b
+
-
( )
0.28 0.63 1
l
b
+
trong : cc kch thc hnh hc ca mng v cc phng chuyn ng c nh ngha
nh sau (xem hnh 6.2):
b - mt na cnh ngn ca y mng,
l - mt na cnh di ca y mng,
h
x
, h
y
- chuyn v ngang theo phng cnh ngn v cnh di,
r
x
, r
y
- chuyn v xoay quanh trc i xng ca cnh di v cnh ngn.
x
z
y
e
2b
2l
0
v y
h
x
h
x
r
r
y
t
2b
z
h
x
h
v
0
t
2l
x
y
r
x
y
r
y
a) b)

Hnh 6.2: Mng ch nht tng tc vi nn bn khng gian n hi ng nht
(a) Mng ngp trong nn; (b) Mng t trn nn
Cc gi tr cng tnh K cho cc thnh phn chuyn v c xc nh nh trng
hp c bit ca mng ch nht chn trong nn (ngp trong nn) mt su e:
Chuyn v ngang:

0.65 0.8
0.65 0.8
1.34
6.8 2.4 1 0.33
2 1
1.34
6.8 0.8 1.6 1 0.33
2 1
hx
hy
Gb l e
K
v b l b b
Gb l l e
K
v b b l b b
( (
| | | || |
( ( = + + +
| | |
+
( (
\ . \ .\ .

( (
| | | || |
( ( = + + + +
| | |
+
( (
\ . \ .\ .

(6-11)
Chuyn v ng:
0.75 0.8
v
0.25
3.1 1.6 1 0.25
1
Gb l b e
K
v b l b
( (
| | | |
| |
( ( = + + +
| | |
\ . ( (
\ . \ .

(6-12)
Chuyn v xon:
2.45 0.9
3
1.32
4.25 4.06 1 1.3
t
l b e
K Gb
b l b
( (
| | | |
| |
( ( = + + +
| | |
\ . ( (
\ . \ .

(6-13)
Chuyn v xoay:
2
3
2.4 2
3
4
1.6
3.2 0.8 1
1 0.35
1.6
3.73 0.27 1
1
0.35
rx
ry
Gb l e e
K
v b b l b b
Gb l e e
K
v b b b
l
b
(
( | |
( = + + +
| (
+
(
\ .

(
(
(
| | | |
(
( = + + +
| |
(
(
\ . \ .
| |
(
+
|
(
\ .

(6-14)
lch tm ca cc lc l so v gim chn tng ng vi cc thnh phn chuyn
v ngang l:
3
Kx Ky Cx Cy
e
f f f f = = = = (6-15)
Nu mng khng ngp trong nn th thay e = 0 vo cc cng thc (6-11) n (6-
15) ta s c biu thc cng tnh tng ng vi cc thnh phn chuyn v ca mng
cng hnh ch nht t trn nn bn khng gian n hi. Kch thc c trng ca mng
ch nht l b.

Bng 1.3: cng tnh v cc h s cng ng ca mng cng dng bng t
trn bn khng gian n hi ng nht
Chuyn v K
0

1

0

1

Ngang
( )
2
1 5 G +
2 2.2 - - -
ng <1/3
>1/3
( )
2
1 4 G +
3.5 2 -
0
( ) 4.5 13
-
-
Xoay >1/3
>1/3
( )
2 2
1.8 5.2 Gb + ( ) 0.25 13
0.4
0
( ) 0.25 13
0.3
Kch thc c trng ca mng cng dng bng l mt na chiu rng mng, tc
l b.
i vi mng cng hnh tr c bn knh y a v t ngp trong nn mt su e,
cng tnh v cc h s cng ng tng ng vi cc thnh phn chuyn v c
trnh by trong bng 1.4, lch tm ca l so v gim chn ca thnh phn chuyn ng
theo phng ngang tng ng l:
( )
2
0.25
0.32 0.03
K
C
f e
f e e a
=
= +
(6-16)
Bng 1.4: cng tnh v cc h s cng ng ca mng cng hnh tr t
ngp trong bn khng gian n hi ng nht
Chuyn v K
0

1

0

1

Ngang
8
1
2
Ga e
v a
| |
+
|
\ .

0.68 0.57 / e a +

- - -
ng
4
1 0.54
1
Ga e
v a
| |
+
|
\ .
0.8 0.35e a +
4
0.32 0.01
e
a
| |
|
\ .

- 0.38
Xoay
( )
3 3
3
8
1 2.3 0.58
3 1
Ga e
e a
v
a
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .
0.16e a
2
0.4 0.03
e
a
| |
+
|
\ .
-
2
0.33 0.1
e
a
| |
+
|
\ .

Xon
3
16
1 2.67
3
Ga e
a
| |
+
|
\ .

-
0.29 0.09 / e a +

- 0.2 0.25 / e a +
Cc kt qu nu trong cc bng trn cha xt n s cn nht ca vt liu nn.
xt n s cn nht ca vt liu nn ch vic thay hng s n hi G bng gi tr phc G
*
:
( )
*
0
1 2 G G a i = + (6-17)

trong l t s cn nht khng th nguyn xc nh nh sau:
0
.
v s
c
a
= (6-18)
tng ng vi gi tr phc ca m un trt ta c gi tr phc ca i lng tn s khng
th nguyn:
* 0
0
*
0
1 2
a a
a
a i
G
= =
+
(6-19)
Biu thc cng ng khi k n sc cn nht ca vt liu nn c dng:
( )
( ) ( )
* * *
0 0 0 0
1 2 S K a i k a ia c a
(
= + +

(6-20)
cc thnh phn n hi
( )
*
0
k a v nht
( )
*
0
c a xc nh nh vi trng hp n hi, k(a
0
)
v c(a
0
), nhng thay a
0
bng
*
0
a . Trong trng hp ny cc h s khng th nguyn ca
cc b gim chn v cc khi lng thuc m hnh ri rc hai bc t do (m hnh ri rc
c bn m t tnh cht ca nn n nht) c dng:
( )
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
2 ;
;

= + =
= + + =
(6-21)
Nh vy khi xt thm tnh cn nht ca vt liu nn s tng gi tr h s nht C
0

v khi lng M
0
ca m hnh ri rc c bn so vi nn n hi khng cn nht.
Ngoi vic nh hng n cc h s khng th nguyn ca m hnh nh va nu,
tnh cn nht ca vt liu nn cn nh hng n lch tm cc lin kt n hi v lin
kt nht ca cc thnh phn chuyn ng ngang khi mng ngp trong nn:
0
0
2
;
2
c K
K c K
f f
f f f

+
= =
+
(6-22)
Da trn cc kt qu va trnh by c th nh gi s b hiu ng tng tc ca
nn ln mt s kt cu c mng dng khi cng t trn nn ng nht.
Gn y mt s tc gi s dng phng php s nh PTHH hay sai phn hu
hn tnh kt cu tng tc vi nn khi ti trng bit tc ng trc tip ln cng
trnh. nh hng tng tc ca nn c xt qua cc lin kt mng, cc lin kt c
s dng l l so n hi theo m hnh Winkler v b gim chn vi cc h s xc nh
ph thuc vo c trng ca nn. Phng php ny c p dng kh thnh cng cho

c cng trnh dng mng khi v mng cc, cho php xp x kh tt vi nhiu bi ton
thc t.
5. Tnh ton ln ca nn khi rung
ln ca nn khi rung c xc nh da theo h s rng e ng vi s nn rung
ln nht (c th) ca t :

'
min
max min
D
e e
I
e e

=

e - h s rng ng lc ng vi s nn cht rung ca t vi ti trng cho trc.
e
max
, e
min
- gi tr ln nht v b nht ca h s rng trng thi xp nht v cht nht
ca t.
Ct th :
'
0,55 0,80
D
I =
Ct ht va :
'
0,58 0,60
D
I =
Ct nh :
'
0,08 0,82
D
I =
X :
'
0,40 0,60
D
I =
Nu cht t nhin
'
D D
I I < s xy ra ln do ti trng rung e xc nh theo th
nghim mu t nguyn khi chu lc rung mnh (gia tc t ti 2g) ng thi chu p
lc bng p lc do ti trng ngoi v trng lng bn thn t.
Gia tc dao ng rung ca mng trong t khng no nc gim dn theo su theo
quan h:

0
.
z
Z Z e

=

0
Z
- gia tc ti y mng
=0,07 0,10m
-1
(ct)
Gia tc
th
Z
(gia tc ti hn) tm theo ng cong nn rung

( )
'
D
I f Z g
ng vi lc
t bt u b nn rung mnh.
Giao im ca hai ng cong
( ) z
Z
v
( ) th z
Z
cho ta su tnh ln (??? dy tng

nn cht) do rung vi z l su k t y mng.

'
0
0
1
i
e e
S h
e
=
+

n - s lp t t y mng n su h

e
0
- h s rng t nhin ca t

6. Bin php chng rung ng
Chng rung ng nhm mc ch: bo v my mc; ngn nh hng n s lm vic
bnh thng ca cc my ln cn; bo v cng trnh; bo v sc kho ca ngi iu khin.
Cc bin php chng rung ng c chia ra hai loi
- Cc bin php ch ng: cch ly ngun rung ng
- Cc bin php th ng: cch ly vt cn bo v
chng rung c th dng cc m n hi, l so v tm, ... v b tr theo tnh ton.
Cn m bo ch trnh gy cng hng.
Nu cch l dao ng khng hiu qu hoc khng d kh nng v mt k thut th c
th dng bin php h bin v tn s dao ng bng cch t my trn mng cc.

CHNG VII: GIA CNG V SA CHA NN MNG
1. Khi nim
Trong thc tin nhiu khi phi tin hnh sa cha hoc gia cng nn mng
Cc nguyn nhn dn n vic gia cng hay sa cha nn mng c th l:
- Tng ti trng ln mng v nn so vi khi thit k do nhu cu nng cp cng trnh,
trang thit b hay thay i mc ch s dng.
- Nn mng b h hng hay b ln qu gii hn cho php, khng p ng c nhu
cu s dng v khai thc bnh thng ca cng trnh.
Nguyn nhn th hai ch yu do sai st trong qu trnh kho st, thit k hay thi cng
gy ra.
2. Cc ti liu cn c thit k gia cng v sa cha nn mng
thit k sa cha, gia cng nn mng, cn c cc ti liu sau:
- Ti liu v a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn:
+Bo co kho st a cht cng trnh phc v giai on thit k k thut thi cng
+Bo co kt qu kho st a cht cng trnh phc v cho thit k gia cng v sa
cha nn mng. V nguyn tc sau khi xy dng cng trnh mt thi gian di th nn t
di mng c nn cht li lm cho tnh bin dng gim i v bn tng ln. Tuy nhin
trong mt s trng hp do s thay i tc nhn bn ngoi (c t nhin v nhn to) lm cho
tnh cht c l ca nn b xu i so vi trc khi xy dng cng trnh.
- Ti liu v cng trnh
- Nht k thi cng
3. Cc bin php gia cng v sa cha nn mng
3.1. Gia cng v sa cha mng
3.1.1. Gia cng mng:
Khi thn mng b khuyt tt, b tng b r, b n mn hay b nt; ta c th gia cng
bng cc bin php sau:
- Lm o b tng ct thp
- Bm keo epoxi, va xi mng vo thn mng
Khi bm trm va xi mng cn xc nh thnh phn va v khong cch l khoan
ph hp (thng phi th nghim) khoan cc l ti cc v tr khc nhau v th nghim tnh
lng ht nc:

Q
q
h
=

q - lng ht nc
|
.
|
\
|
ph

Q - lng ht nc ton phn thc t
h - p lc tnh theo chiu cao ct nc (m)
- chiu su l khoan (m)
Da vo q tra bng 8.1 (nn v mng cc CTDD - CN) xc nh thnh phn va
v khong cch gia cc l khoan.
Trc khi bm pht va gia cng mng cn lm o b tng ct thp c cha l ( >
36 mm) khoan. Trnh t bm: bm nc vi p lc 1at lm m mng trong thi gian 3
5 pht ri bm va vi p lc tng dn t 0,5at n p lc thit k.
Gia cng mng bng o b tng ct thp.
3.1.2. Tng din tch mng
Khi tng din tch mng bng cch p thm cc khi b tng ( ti ch hay lp
ghp) cn ch lin kt mng c vi khi p v gia c lm cht t di phn m rng.
3.1.3. Dng cc sa cha mng
Khi dng cc sa cha mng cn ch bin php thi cng m bo an ton cho
cng trnh c sa cha.
- Dng cc p m ga
- Dng cc ng thp
Cc p ngang di mng c
- Dng cc p xuyn qua cc l c qua thn mng ri lin kt vi mng c
- Dng cc khoan nhi, khoan cc nhi cc pha ca mp mng ri lin kt vi
mng c bng h dm.
- Cc r cy: cc nhi ng knh b
3.2. Gia c nn
Mc ch ca vic gia c nn t di mng cc cng trnh nhm tng sc chu ti v
gim tnh bin dng ca nn.
- Phng php xi mng ho: khoan l v bm pht va xi mng vo nn vi p lc 3
6 at.
- Phng php silict ho:
+ Phng php mt dung dch: trn dung dch trn mt t ri bm pht vo nn.
Dung dch dng gia c l hn hp ca thu tinh lng (Na
2
O
n
SiO
2
) vi axit phtphoric
(H
3
PO
4
) theo t l 1/(3 4). p dng cho nn ct ht nh dng ct chy c h s thm k = 0,5
5 m/ng.
+ Phng php hai dung dch: ln lt bm tng dung dch vo t khi gp nhau s
phn ng thnh keo lin kt cc ht t. p dng cho nn ct kh v bo ho nc vi h
s thm k = 2 80 m/ng.

- Phng php dng cc loi keo tng hp: p dng cho cc nn t dng hn ln, t
ct.
- Phng php st ho: bm huyn ph t st Bentnit vo t nn.
- Phng php tng c: p tng c xung quanh mng.

CU HI HNG DN HC CHNG 2
A. Phn l thuyt
1/ Phn bit mng nng cng v mm (yu cu v hnh minh ho). T cho bit ni
dung tnh ton khc nhau bc no?
2/ Cc yu cu cu to c bn i vi mng nng loi cng di tng, ct (yu cu
v hnh). Gii thch ti sao c cc yu cu .
3/ Trnh by cc ti liu cn thit trong thit k nn v mng.
4/ Trnh by ni dung kim tra kch thc y mng bng di tng, trong trng
hp ti trng ngang nh.
5/ Trnh by ni dung kim tra kch thc y mng bng di ct, trong trng hp
ti trng ngang nh.
6/ Trnh by ni dung kim tra kch thc y mng nng cng trong trng hp ti
trng ngang ln.
7/ Trnh by ni dung kim tra kch thc y mng nng cng trong trng hp
lch tm ng k.
8/ Trnh by ni dung tnh ton kim tra chiu cao, ct thp trong mng bng di
tng.
9/ Trnh by ni dung tnh ton kim tra chiu cao, ct thp trong mng n di
ct.
10/ Trnh by ni dung tnh ton n nh ca tng chn t (trong giai on s dng).
B. Phn bi tp:
1) Chn su chn mng h
m
v xc nh kch thc y mng hp l ca mng bng
di tng (di 20m), chu lc N0 =30 T/m, M0 =2,5 Tm/m, Q0 = 0,5T/m. Cho bit:
ln cho php Sgh = 10cm. Nn t gm 2 lp (T chn s an ton):
-Lp trn l loi st pha c st B=1,18, =1,75 T/m
3
, dy 1,6m
-Lp di l ct nh c cng khng xuyn trung bnh l qc =560T/m
2
v h s n
ngang 0 =0,3.
2) Chn chiu su chn mng v xc nh kch thc y mng bng hp l theo iu
kin sc chu ti ca lp t 2 vi h s an ton l 2. Cho bit: ti trng di tng
N0=30 T/m, M=2,5Tm/m, Q=0,5 T/m. Nn gm 2 lp:
- Lp trn: dy 3,4m t loi dnh Wnh=48%, Wd=22%, W=26%, =1,82T/m3, =20
o
,
C=2,8 T/m
2
.
- Lp di: Wnh=32%, Wd=26%, W=30%, =14
o
, C=2,8 T/m
2
, =1,76T/m
3

3) Kim tra kch thc chiu cao v ct thp trong mng bng di tng chu lc b
tng ct thp. Bit:
-Tng dy 20cm, chu ti N0=30 T, M0=2,5 Tm, Q0=0,5 T.
-Mng: Mc btng 250; b x h = 2 x 0,4m, chiu di L =20m; Ct thp (Fa) gm
1012/m, Ra =27000T/m
2
; Lp bo v ct thp dy mng 5cm.
4) Xc nh chiu cao v ct thp hp l cho mng n di ct (20x20cm), chu ti N0 =
60 T/m, M0 =8 Tm/m, Q0 = 3 T/m. Bit: Mng chn su 1,5m; Mc b tng 250; Lp lt
bng b tng ngho 100# dy 100mm; Lp bo v ct y a=5,0cm; Kch thc y
mng 1,5x2,0m.
- Hy v chi tit cu to mng.


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B MN C S KTCT NHM C HC T NN MNG

= + vi = 0,5 cho t ct v =0,2 cho

- Trng lng th tch trung bnh ca vt liu mng v t lp trn mng

, ly tng m men cc lc gy trt vi tm O

- Tng ti trng thng ng tc dng ti cao trnh y i,

- tng ti trng thng ng tnh ton ti y i;

l tng ti trng ngang tc dng ln mng.

- h s lc dnh, h s b rng, h s su (tra bng, ph thuc vo

0,15m. h ging nhanh ngi ta c th o ho theo chu tuyn bung

= sin cos sin

- m men ca phn lc nn ly vi trc oz

- h s nn khi trt khng u

- tn s gc ca dao ng t do quay quanh 0z

- h s nn khi trt n hi khng u

(gia tc ti hn) tm theo ng cong nn rung

cho ta su tnh ln (??? dy tng

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