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CHUYN 1: K THUT GII NHANH CC DNG BI TP

V HIDROCACBON
DNG 1: BI TP V PHN NG TH, TCH CA
HIDROCACBON
VD 1: Khi c chiu sng, hidrocacbon no sau y tham gia phn ng th vi clo tho t! l"
#$#, thu c ba d%n &u't monocl l (ng phn c'u t)o c*a nhau+
,- .opntan /- 0ntan 1- /utan 2- isopntan
VD !: Khi brom h3a m4t an5an ch! thu c m4t d%n &u't monobrom duy nh't c3 t! 5h6i h7i 6i
vi hidro l 89,9- :;n c*a an5an 3 l
,-<,<,=>trimtylpntan /- <,<>imtylpropan
1- =,=>dimtylh&an 2- isopntan
VD ": 1ho isopntan tc d?ng vi 1l< t! l" #$#, s6 sn ph@m monocl t6i a thu c l
A. = /- 9 1- A 2- <
VD #: Khi crac5inh hon ton m4t thB tCch an5an D thu c ba thB tCch hh E Fcc 5hC o cGng
iHu 5i"n nhi"t 4, p su'tIJ t! 5h6i c*a E so vi K< bLng #<- 1Mng thc phn tN c*a D l+
,- 1OK#A /- 1AK#P 1- 1=KQ 2- 19K#<
VD $: Kidrocacbon m)ch hR D trong phn tN ch! cha li;n 5t S v c3 < nguy;n tN 1 bTc = trong
m4t phn tN- U6t chy hon ton # thB tCch D sinh ra O thB tCch 1V< FcGng iHu 5i"n nhi"t 4, p
su'tI- Khi cho D tc d?ng vi 1l< F#$#I, s6 d%n &u't monocl t6i a sinh ra l+
,- = /- A 1- < 2- 9
VD %: Khi cho an5an D Ftrong phn tN c3 W 5h6i lng cacbon bLng Q<,8<WI tc d?ng vi clo
th t! l" #$# Ftrong iHu 5i"n chiu sangI ch! thu c < d%n &u't monocl (ng phn c*a nhau-
:;n c*a D l+
,- =>mtylpntan /- /utan 1- <,=>dimtylbutan 2- <>mtylpropan
VD &: U6t chy hon ton m4t hidocacbon D thu c P,## mol 1V< v P,#=< mol K<V- Khi D
tc d?ng vi 5hC clo Ft! l" #$#I thu c m4t sn ph@m hXu c7 duy nh't- :;n gYi c*a D l
,- <,<>dimtylpropan /- tan
1- <>mtylpropan 2- <>mtylbutan
VD ': Z6 hidrocacbon no, m)ch hR, c3 t[ # n 9 nguy;n tN 1 trong phn tN, 5hi phn ng vi
5hC clo tho t! l" mol #$# Fc3 nh sangI Hu ch! t)p ra m4t d%n &u't monocl l
A. # /- < 1- = 2- A
VD (: Kidrocacbon D c3 1:0: 19K#<, 5hi tc d?ng vi clo t)o c = d%n &u't monocl (ng
phn c*a nhau- :;n c*a D l+
,- \sopntan /- pntan 1- nopntan 2- <>mtylbutan
VD 1): Khi crac5inh 1AK#P th] &y ra cc phn ng$
1AK#P 1<KO ^ 1<KA
1AK#P 1KA ^ 1=KO
1AK#P K< ^ 1AKQ
:in hnh crac5inh 9OP lCt 1AK#P, sau m4t th_i gian phn ng thu c #P#P lCt hh 5hC- :hB tCch
1AK#P cha phn ng l Fcc thB tCch 5hC o R cGng iHu 5i"nI-
,- ##P lCt /- OP lCt 1- QP lCt 2- 99 lCt
VD 11: 1rac5inh 1AK#P c hh ch! g(m 9 hidrocacbon c3 5h6i lng mol l =O,<9 gam- Ki"u
su't c*a phn ng crac5inh l
,- APW /- QPW 1- <PW 2- OPW
VD 1!: .ung m4t lng butan trong b]nh 5Cn Fc3 &`c tc thCch hpI thu c hh 5hC D g(m
an5an v an5n- :! 5h6i c*a D so vi 5hC hidro l <#,89-0han trbm thB tCch c*a butan trong D l+
,- 9P,PPW /- <9,PPW 1- ==,==W 2- OO,O8W
V D 1#: 1ho butan cua &`c tc FR nhi"t 4 caoI thu c hh D g(m 1AK#P, 1AKQ, 1AKO v K<- :!
5h6i c*a D so vi butan l P,A- .u cho P,O mol D vo dd brom FdI th] s6 mol brom t6i a phn
ng l
,- P,OP mol /- P,=O mol 1- P,AQ mol 2- P,<A mol
VD 1$: Khi clo h3a propan thu c sn ph@m c3 thnh phan 5h6i lng clo bLng O<,Q=W- 1Mng
thc phn tN c*a d%n &u't clo sinh ra l+
,- 1=K81l /- 1=KO1l< 1- 1=K91l= 2- 1=KA1lA
CC BI TP T* +UY,N
C-. 1: ,n5an E tc d?ng vi brom sinh rah h < d%n &u't monobrom c3 t! 5h6i h7i so vi hidro
bLng O#,9- :;n c*a E l
,- /utan /-propan 1- isobutan 2- <>mtylbutan
C-. !: Khi cho an5an D Ftrong phn tN c3 phan trbm 5h6i lng cacbon bLng Q=,8<WI tc d?ng
vi clo tho t! l" s6 mol #$# Ftrong iHu 5i"n chiu sangI ch! thu c < d%n &u't monocl (ng
phn c*a nhau- :;n c*a D l
,- =>mtylpntan /- butan 1- <,=>dimtylbutan 2- <>mtylpropan
C-. ": Dicloan5an D c3 1:0: 19K#P, 5hi tc d?ng vi clo c3 thB t)o c A d%n &u't monocl-
D lm m't mu dd brom- :;n gYi c*a D
,- &iclopntan /- mtyl&iclobutan 1- tyl&iclopropan 2- dimtyl&iclopropan
C-. #: :rong iHu 5i"n thCch hp, propan tc d?ng vi 5hC clo, c3 thB t)o ra t6i a s6 d%n &u't
diclo, (ng phn c'u t)o c*a nhau l+
A. = /- A 1- 9 2- O
C-. $: Khi cho pntan tc d?ng vi brom tho th! l" mol #$#, sn ph@m chCnh thu c l
A. <>brompntan /- #>brompntan 1- #,=>dibrompntan 2- <,=>dibrompntan
C-. &: Kidrocacbon D c3 1:0: 19K#< tc d?ng vi clo ch! t)o c < d%n &u't diclo (ng phn
c*a nhau- 1Mng thc c'u t)o c*a D l
,-1K=1K<1K<1K<1K= /-&iclopntan
1-1K=1K<1KF1K=I< 2- 1F1K=IA
C-. ': Khi choc lo tc d?ng vi isopntan c3 chiu sang ng_i ta thu c m4t hh cc sn ph@m
g(m$ =PW #>clo><>mtyl butan, #9W #>clo>=>mtyl butan, ==W <>clo>=>mtyl butan,
<<W <>clo><>mtyl butan-
Kh nbng phn ng t7ng 6i c*a cc nguy;n tN hidro R cc nguy;n tN cacbon bTc #, bTc < v
bTc = trong isopntan l
,- # $ <,< $ =,= /- # $ =,= $ A,A 1- #$ A,A $ 9,9 2- #$ <,< $ A,A
C-. (: :hdc hi"n phn ng clo h3a <,<,A>trimtylpntan Fas, #$#I ch! thu c cc d%n &u't
monocl- :hnh phan W c*a d%n &u't #>clo><,A,A>trimtylpntan l Fbit t! l" t6c 4 th hidro R
nguy;n tN 1 bTc #, bTc <, bTc = l # $ =,= $ A,AI
,- ##,9W /- 98,8W 1- <=W 2- #O,eW
DNG !: BI TP /T CHY HIDROCACBON
VD 1: U6t chy hon ton A,OA gam m4t hidrocacbon D Fch't 5hC R iHu 5i"n th_ngI r(i m
ton b4 sn p@m chy h'p th? ht vo b]nh dng dd /aFVKI<- Zau cc phn ng thu c =e,A
gam ch't 5t t*a v 5h6i lng phan dd gim bt #e,e#< gam- 1Mng thc phn tN c*a D l
,- 1KA /- 1AK#P 1- 1<KA 2- 1=KA
VD !: U6t chy hon ton hh D g(m hai hidrocacbon Ft! l" mol #$fI c3 cMng thc 7n gin nh't
5hc nhau, thu c <,< gam 1V< v P,e gam K<V- 1c ch't trong D l
,-# an5an v # an5in /- < an5adin
1- < an5n 2- # an5n v # an5in
VD ": U6t chy hon ton hh D g(m < hidrocacbon 5 tip nhau trong dgy (ng hng, thu c
<,<A lCt 1V< F5tcI v =,<A gam K<V- Kai hidrocacbon trong D l
,-1<KO v 1=KQ /- 1<K< v 1=KA
1- 1KA v 1<KO 2- 1<KA v 1=KO
VD #: U6t chy hon ton A,Q8< gam m4t hidrocacbon D, d%n sp chy cua b]nh dng dd nc
vMi trong- Zau phn ng thu c <8,e= gam 5t t*a v th'y 5h6i lng dd gim 9,9QO gam-
1Mng thc phn tN c*a D l
,- 1KA /- 1=KO 1- 1AK#P 2- 1AKQ
VD $: Kin hp D c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l <#,< g(m$ propan, propn, propin- Khi 6t chy hon
ton P,# mol D, tjng 5h6i lng 1V< v K<V thu c l
A. #O,QP gam /- #Q,OP gam 1- <P,AP gam 2- #Q,eO gam
VD %: U6t chy hon ton hh k g(m # an5an D v # an5in E, thu c s6 mol 1V< bLng s6 mol
K<V- :hnh phan W vH s6 mol c*a D v E trong hh k lan lt l
,- 89W v <9W /- <PW v QPW 1- =9W v O9W 2- 9PW v 9PW
VD &: U6t chy hon ton m4t lng hidrocacbon D- K'p th? ton b4 sp chy vo dd /aFVKI<
d t)o ra <e,99 gam 5t t*a, dd sau phn ng c3 5h6i lng gim #e,=9 gam so vi dd /aFVKI<
ban au- 1:0: D l+
,- 1=KO /- 1<KO 1- 1=KQ 2- 1=KA
VD ': Kin hp 5hC D g(m # an5an v # an5n- :! 5h6i c*a D so vi K< bLng ##,<9- U6t chy
hon ton A,AQ lCt 5hC D, thu c O,8< lCt 1V< F5tcI- 1:0: c*a an5an v an5n l
,- 1KA v 1<KA /- 1KA v 1AKQ 1- 1<KO v 1<KA 2- 1KA v 1=KO
VD (: U6t chy hon ton m4t thB tCch 5hC thi;n nhi;n g(m mtan, tan, propan bLng o&i 5hMng
5hC Fo&i chim <PW thB tCch 5hMng 5hCI, thu c 8,QA lCt 1V< v e,e gam nc- :hB tCch 5hMng
5hC F5tcI nhl nh't can dGng B 6t chy hon ton lng 5hC thi;n nhi;n tr;n l
,- QA,P lCt /- 8Q,A lCt 1- 9O,P lCt 2- 8P,P lCt
VD 1): U6t chy hon ton O,8< lCt 5hC F5tcI hh g(m < hidrocacbon D v E FkE mkDI, thu c
##,< lCt 5hC 1V< F5tcI v #P,Q gam K<V- 1Mng thc c*a D l
,- 1KA /- 1<K< 1- 1<KO 2- 1<KA
VD 11: Kin hp D g(m tiln, mtan, propin v vinyla&tiln c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l #8- U6t
chy hon ton P,P9 mol hh D r(i h'p th? ton b4 sn ph@m chy vo b]nh dng dd 1aFVKI< d
th] 5h6i lng b]nh tbng th;m m gam- nCa tro c*a m l+
,- =,=e /- O,O 1- 9,Q9 2- 8,=
VD 1!: U6t chy hon ton Q,eO lCt F5tcI hh 1<KA, 1<KO, 1=KO, 1AKQ r(i cho ton b4 sp chy vo
b]nh dng dd nc vMi trong d thu c #P gam 5t t*a v 5h6i lng dd gim AP gam- 0han
trbm thB tCch c*a 1<KO trong hh l$
,- 9PW /- 89W 1- <9W 2- =8,9W
VD 1": U6t chy hon ton < lCt hh 5hC g(m an5in D v hidrocacbon E can dung A,9 lCt 5hC V<
sinh ra = lCt 5hC 1V< Fcc thB tCch o cGng iHu 5i"n nhi"t 4, p su'tI- 1Mng thc phn tN c*a D,
E lan lt l
,- 1<K< v 1KA /- 1<K< v 1<KA 1- 1=KA v 1KA 2- 1=KA v 1<KO
VD 1#: U6t chy hon ton m4t lng hh 5hC D g(m m4t an5an v m4t an5n can dung v[a *
P,8 mol V<, thu c P,A mol 1V<- 1Mng thc c*a an5an l
,- 1AK#P /- 1=KQ 1- 1<KO 2- 1KA
VD 1$: k4t hh D g(m 1<KO, 1=KO, 1AKO c3 t! 5h6i so vi hidro l #Q,O- U6t chy hon ton A,AQ
lCt hh D F5tcI, sn ph@m chy cho lan lt cua b]nh \ dng dd K<ZVA pc, d, b]nh \\ dng dd
KVK d th] 5h6i lng b]nh \, \\ tbng lan lt l
,-<#,O gam v <O,A gam /- #P,Q gam v <O,A gam
1-#P,Q gam v <<,Q gam 2- <P,Q gam v <O,A gam
CC BI TP T* +UY,N
C-. 1: U6t chy hon ton P,# mol hh 1<KA v 1AKA th] thB tCch 5hC 1V< F5tcI v 5h6i lng
h7i nc thu c lan lt l
,-=,=O lCt v =,O gam /- 9,O lCt v <,8 gam
1- Q,eO lCt v =,O gam 2- O,8< lCt v =,O gam
C-. !: Kin hp D g(m < hidrocacbon m)ch hR c3 cGng s6 nguy;n tN 1 v c'u t)o phn tN h7n
5qm nhau m4t li;n 5t r- UB 6t chy hon ton P,A mol D can dung #,8 mol V<, sau phn ng
thu c # mol K<V- Kin hp D g(m
,- 1<K< v 1<KA /- 1<KA v 1<KO 1- 1=KO v 1=KQ 2- 1=KA v 1=KO
C-. ": Kin hp 5hC , g(m = hidrocacbon m)ch hR D, E, s trong 3 E, s thu4c cGng dgy (ng
hng- 1ho P,P=9 mol , l4i cua b]nh dng dd brom d th] 5h6i lng c*a b]nh tbng P,9O gam v
c3 P,P# gam brom phn ng- Kin hp 5hC 5hMng bo h'p thu m 6t chy hon ton can dung
v[a * P,8 mol 5hMng 5hC Fcha <PW o&iI, happO# th? ht sp chy vo nc vMi trong d, &u't
hi"n P,PQ9 mol 5t t*a (ng th_i 5h6i lng b]nh tbng a gam- 1:0: c*a D v gi tro c*a a lan
lt l
A. 1AKQ v 9,8< /- 1=KO v <,8Q 1- 1=KO v 9,8< 2- 1AKQ v <,8Q
DNG ": BI TP V PHN NG 0C TR1NG CA
HIDROCACBON KH2NG NO
VD 1: :rong m4t b]nh 5Cn cha P,=9 mol 1<K<J P,O9 mol K< v m4t Ct b4t .i- .ung n3ng b]nh
m4t th_i gian, thu c hh 5hC D c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< bLng Q- Z?c D vo lng d dd
,g.V=t.K= n phn ng &y ra hon ton, thu c hh 5hC E v <A gam 5t t*a- Kin hp 5hC
E phn ng v[a * vi bao nhi;u mol /r< trong dd+
,- P,< mol /- P,#P mol 1- P,<9 mol 2- P,#9 mol
VD !: Kin hp D g(m K<, 1<KA v 1=KO c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l e,<9- 1ho <<,A lCt 5hC D F5tcI
vo b]nh 5Cn c3 sun m4t Ct b4t .i- Uun n3ng b]nh m4t th_i gian, thu c hh 5hC E c3 t! 5h6i so
vi K< bLng #P- :jng s6 mol K< g phn ng l
,- P,P8P mol /- P,P9P mol 1- P,P#9 mol 2- P,P89 mol
VD ": Kidrocacbon no sau y 5hi phn ng vi dd brom thu c #,<>dibrombutan
,- /ut>#>n /- butan 1- buta>#,=>din 2- /ut>#>in
VD #: Kin hp D g(m K< v 1<KA c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l 8,9- 2%n D cua .i nung n3ng, thu
c hh E c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l #<,9- Ki"u su't c*a phn ng hidro h3a l
,- 9PW /- 8PW 1- OPW 2- QPW
VD $: Kidrat h3a 9,< gam a&tiln vi &`c tc KgZVA trong mMi tr_ng a&it, un n3ng- 1ho ton
b4 cc ch't hXu c7 phn ng vo m4t lng d dd ,g.V=t.K= thu c AA,#O gam 5t t*a- Ki"u
su't phn ng hidrat h3a a&tiln l
,- e<W /- QPW 1- 8PW 2- OPW
VD %: Kidrat h3a hon ton hidrocacbon m)ch hR D thu c isopntan- Z6 cMng thc c'u t)o c3
thB c3 c*a D l
,- A /- 8 1- 9 2- O
v2 8$ Kin hp D g(m P,#9 mol vinyla&tiln v P,O mol K<- .ung n3ng hh D F&`c tc .iI m4t
th_i gian, thu c hh E c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< bLng #P- 2%n hh E cua dd brom d, sau 5hi phn
ng &y ra hon ton, 5h6i lng brom tham gia phn ng l
,- P gam /- <A gam 1- Q gam 2- #O gam
VD ': Kin hp 5hC D g(m K< v 1<KA c3 t! 5h6i so vi K l =,89- 2%n D cua .i nung n3ng, thu
c hh 5hC E c3 t! 5h6i so vi K l 9- Ki"u su't c*a phn ng hidro h3a l
,- APW /- 9PW 1- <9W 2- <PW
VD 1): UB 5hN hon ton <PP ml dd KknVA P,<k t)o thnh ch't rwn mu nu n can v lCt 5hC
1<KA F5tcI- ni tro t6i thiBu c*a v l
,- #,=AA /- <,<AP 1- A,AQP 2- <,OQQ
VD 11: Kin hp 5hC D g(m P,= mol K< v P,# mol vinyla&tiln- .ung D m4t th_i gian vi &`c
tc .i thu c hh 5hC E c3 t! 5h6i so vi 5hMng 5hC l #- .;u cho ton b4 E s?c t[ t[ vo dd
brom d th] c3 m gam brom tham gia phn ng- ni tro c*a m l+
,- #O,P /- =<,P 1- =,< 2- Q,P
VD 1!: 1ho =,#< gam an5in D phn ng vi P,# mol K< F&`c tc 0dt0b1V=, t
o
I, thu c hh E
ch! c3 < hidrocacbon- 1Mng thc phn tN c*a D l,
,- 1<K< /- 1AKO 1- 19KQ 2- 1=KA
VD 1": 1ho #=,Q gam ch't hXu c7 D c3 cMng thc phn t 18KQ tc d?ng vi m4t lng d dd
,g.V=t.K=, thu c A9,e gam 5t t*a- D c3 bao nhi;u (ng phn c'u t)o thla mgn tCnh ch't
tr;n+
,- 9 /- A 1- O 2- <
VD 1#: 1ho buta>#,=>din phn ng c4ng vi /r< tho t! l" mol #$#- Z6 d%n &u't dibrom F(ng
phn c'u t)o v (ng phn h]nh hYcI thu c l
,- = /- # 1- < 2- A
VD 1$: Kin hp D g(m 1<K< v K< c3 cGng s6 mol- x'y m4t lng hh D cho cua ch't &`c tc
nung n3ng, thu c hh E g(m 1<KA, 1<KO, 1<K< v K<- Z?c E vo dd brom d th] 5h6i lng
b]nh brom tbng #P,Q gam v thot ra A,AQ lCt 5hC F5tcI c3 t! 5h6i so vi K< l Q- :hB tCch V<F5tcI
can B 6t chy hon ton hh E l
,- <,<A lCt /- AA,Q lCt 1- <O,QQ lCt 2- ==,O lCt
VD 1%: Uun n3ng hh 5hC D g(m P,P< mol 1<K< v P,P= mol K< trong m4t b]nh 5Cn F&`c tc .iI,
thu c hh 5hC E- 1ho E l4i t[ t[ vo b]nh nc brom d, sau 5hi 5t th`c cc phn ng, 5h6i
lng b]nh tbng m gam v c3 <QP ml hh 5hC s F5tcI thot ra- :! 5h6i c*a s so vi K< l #P,PQ-
ni tro c*a m l
,- P,<P9 /- P,9Q9 1- P,=<Q 2- P,O<P
VD 1&: 1ho A,AQ lCt hh D F5tcI g(m < hidrocacbon m)ch hR l4i t[ t[ cua b]nh cha #,A lCt dd
/r< P,9k- Zau5 hi phn ng &y ra hon ton, s6 mol /r< gim i m4t nNa v 5h6i lng b]nh
tbng thm O,8 gam- 1:0: cGa < hidrocacbon l
,- 1<K< v 1AKQ /- 1=KA v 1AKQ 1- 1<K< v 1=KQ 2- 1<K< v 1AKO
VD 1': k4t hidrocacbon D c4ng hp vi a&it K1l tho t! l" #$# t)o sp c3 thnh phan 5h6i lng
clo l A9,<<=W- 1Mng thc phn tN c*a D l+
,- 1=KO /- 1<KA 1- 1=KA 2- 1AKQ
VD 1(: Uun n3ng hh 5hC g(m P,PO mol 1<K< v P,PA mol K< vi &`c tc .i, sau m4t th_i gian
thu c hh 5hC E- 2%n ton b4 hh E l4i t[ t[ cua b]nh dng dd brom d th] cyn l)i P,AAQ lCt hh
5hC s F5tcI c3 t! 5h6i so vi V< l P,9- Kh6i lng b]nh dng dd brom tbng l
,- #,OA gam /- #,<P gam 1- #,PA gam 2- #,=< gam
VD !): Kin hp 5hC D g(m K< v m4t an5n c3 5h nbng c4ng K/r cho sp hXu c7 duy nh't- :!
5h6i c*a D so vi K< bLng e,#- Uun n3ng D c3 &`c tc .i,- Zau phn ng &y ra hon ton, thu
c hh 5hC E 5hMng lm m't mu nc bromJ t! 5h6i c*a E so vi K< bLng #=- 1:1: c*a an5n
l
,- 1K<z1K< /- 1K<z1z1K= 1- 1K=>1Kz1K>1K= 2- 1K<z1F1K=I<
VD !1: 1ho hh D g(m 1KA, 1<KA v 1<K<- x'y Q,O gam D tc d?ng ht vi dd brom d th] 5h6i
lng brom phn ng l AQ gam- kpt 5hc, nu cho #=,AA lCt F5tcI hh 5hC D tc d?ng vi lng
d dd ,g.V=t.K= thu c = gam 5t t*a- 0han trbm thB tCch c*a 1KA c3 trong D l+
,- 9PW /- APW 1- <9W 2- <PW
VD !!: 1ho hidrocacbon D phn ng vi brom Ftrong ddI tho t! l" #$#, thu c ch't hXu c7 E
Fcha 8A,PQW /r vH 5h6i lngI- Khi D phn ng vi K/r th] thu c < sn ph@m hXu c7 5hc
nhau- :;n gYi c*a D l+
,- but>#>n /- &iclopropan 1- but><>n 2- propiln
1{1 /|\ :}0 :~ xE.
-

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