07 Doc Hoc Moi Truong

http://hoahocsp.
tk 1
Chng 1
I CNG V c hc v c hc mI trng
1.1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN
1.1.1. c cht hc (toxicology): theo J.F. Borzelleca: c cht hc l ngnh hc
nghin cu v lng v cht tc ng bt li ca cc cht ho hc, vt l, sinh hc
ln h thng sinh hc ca sinh vt sng". c cht hc l ngnh khoa hc v cht
c. N l mt ngnh khoa hc c bn v ng dng.
1.1.2. c hc mi trng (environmental toxicology)
Theo Butler: c hc Mi trng l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu cc tc
ng gy hi ca c cht, c t trong mi trng i vi cc sinh vt sng v con
ngi, c bit l tc ng ln cc qun th v cng ng trong h sinh thi. Cc tc
ng bao gm: con ng xm nhp ca cc tc nhn ha, l v cc phn ng gia
chng vi mi trng.
Trong ngnh mi trng hc, hai khi nim c hc mi trng v c hc sinh
thi hc (ecotoxicology) c xem l ng nht vi nhau. l mn hc nghin cu
cc c tnh ca cc tc nhn gy c nh mt c t, c cht t cht gy nhim
trong qu trnh gy nhim mi trng. i tng gy c li chnh l trn con ngi
v sinh vt.
c hc mi trng nghin cu s bin i, tn lu v tc ng ca tc nhn
gy nhim trong mi trng. Phng php nghin cu c hc mi trng l th
nghim s tc ng v tch lu c cht trn nhng sinh vt sng.
Mc tiu nghin cu ca c hc mi trng l pht hin cc tc cht (ho, l,
sinh hc) c nguy c gy c c th d on, nh gi cc s c v c bin php
ngn nga nhng tc hi i vi cc qun th t nhin trong h sinh thi.
1.1.3. Cht c (toxicant, poison, toxic element)
Cht c l nhng cht gy nn hin tng ng c (intoxication) cho con
ngi, thc vt ng vt.
Cc tc nhn gy nhim c mt trong mi trng n mt nng no th
tr nn c. Nh vy, t tc nhn nhim, cc tc nhn ny tr thnh tc nhn c,
cht c v gy c cho sinh vt v con ngi.
http://hoahocsp.tk 2
Trong mi trng c 3 loi cht c:
Cht c bn cht (cht c t nhin) : gm cc cht m d liu lng rt nh
cng gy c cho c th sinh vt. V d nh H
2
S, CH
4
, Pb, Hg, Cd, Be, Sn, ...
Cht c khng bn cht: t thn n khng l cht c nhng gy nn cc hiu
ng c khi n i vo mi trng thch hp no .
Cht c theo liu lng: l nhng cht c tnh c khi hm lng tng cao
trong mi trng t nhin. Thm ch mt s cht khi hm lng thp l cht dinh
dng cn thit cho sinh vt v con ngi, nhng khi nng tng cao vt qu mt
ngng an ton, th chng tr nn c.
V d: trong mi trng t, NH
+
4
trong dung dch t l cht dinh dng ca
thc vt v sinh vt khi nng thp; nhng khi vt qu t l 1/500 v khi lng l
gy c. Tng t Zn l nguyn t vi lng cn thit nng cao cht lng sn phm
nhng khi vt qu 0,78% gy c; hay Fe
+2

vt qu nng 500ppm l gy cht
la, vt qu 0,3ppm trong nc l nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi.
1.1.4. c t (toxin): l cht c c tit ra t sinh vt.
V d:
c t do ng vt: nc rn, nc ong, nc kin,...
c t do thc vt: cc alcaloid, cc glucoside...
c t do vi khun: Clostridim Botulism...
c t do nm: Alflatoxin...
1.1.5. Tc nhn gy c (toxic factor) l bt k mt cht no gy nn nhng hiu ng
xu cho sc khe hoc gy cht . Tt c cc cht c c tnh tim tng , ch c liu
lng ( hay nng ) hin din ca cht mi quyt nh n c gy c hay khng
(Paraceler, 1538)
1.1.6. Liu lng (dose) l mt n v ca s xut hin cc tc nhn ha hc, vt l
hay sinh hc. Liu lng c th c din t qua n v khi lng hay th tch trn
mt trng lng c th (mg, g, ml/kg trng lng c th) hay n v khi lng hay th
tch trn mt n v b mt c th (mg, g, mg/m
2
b mt c th) . Nng trong khng
kh c th c th hin qua n v khi lng hay th tch trn phn triu th tch
khng kh (ppm) hay miligam, gam trn m
3
khng kh . Nng trong nc c th
din t qua n v ppm hay ppb.
1.2.7. Nhim bn - nhim cht c v ng c
1.2.6.1. nhim mi trng (pollution)
Chng ta bit rng cc hin tng ng c ngi v sinh vt u lin quan n
lng c t, c cht c trong mi trng, m c cht ny li xut pht t cht gy
nhim c trong mi trng b nhim.
Khi nim: nhim mi trng l hin tng suy gim cht lng mi trng
qu t ngt gii hn cho php, i ngc li vi mc ch s dng mi trng, nh
hng n sc khe con ngi v sinh vt.
T chc Y t Th gii nh ngha " nhim l vic chuyn cc cht thi hoc
nng lng vo mi trng n mc c kh nng gy hi cho sc khe cho con
ngi v s pht trin sinh vt hoc lm gim cht lng mi trng sng".
* Ngun gy nhim l ngun thi ra cc cht nhim. Chng ta c th phn
chia cc cht gy nhim theo tnh cht hot ng, ngun gc pht sinh, theo khong
cc khng gian...
* Cht nhim l cc ha cht , tc nhn vt l, sinh hc nng hocmc
nht nh, tc ng xu n cht lng mi trng.
* nhim, gy c mi trng nc
Nc l mt ngun ti nguyn "v tn" trong thin nhin, nhng do s phn b
khng u v do tc ng ca con ngi nn mt s ni trn th gii tr nn khan him
hoc km cht lng, khng s dng c. Do tnh d lan truyn nn phm vi ca vng
nhim nc lan nhanh trong thy vc v theo pht trin ca sn xut cng nghip,
tc th ha ... Nhiu ni trn th gii hin nay ang b e da thiu nc sch
trm trng do tnh trng ngun nc v nhim hoc sa nc ha. Hu qa ca vic
nhim c c cht, c t trong vng nc b nhim , ang v s khc phc lu
di. Nc nhim l con ng d dng nht a c cht vo cc c th sng v con
ngi thng qua cc mt xch trong chui thc n. V th vn nhim nc v nh
hng ca cc tc nhn c trong nc n qun x thy sinh v con ngi cn c
nghin cu.
* nhim, gy c mi trng khng kh
Khng kh l hn hp cc cht c dng kh, c thnh phn th tch hu nh
khng i. Thnh phn ca khng kh kh l 78%N
2
, 20.95%O
2
, 0.93% Ar, 0.03%
CO
2
, 0.002% Ne, 0.005%He. Ngoi ra khng kh cn cha mt lng hi nc nht
nh. Nng bo ha hi nc trong khng kh ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit .
nhim khng kh l s pht tn vo kh quyn cc loi kh, hi, hay cc ht
khng phi l thnh phn khng kh kh, hoc cc loi ho cht, nng lng lm cho
thnh phn ny thay i, gy nh hng bt li cho con ngi, sinh vt v cc cng
trnh.
Khng kh nhim cha rt nhiu loi cht c nguy hi cho sc khe ca con
ngi v h sinh thi. Cc cht ny cng nguy him hn khi d dng xm nhp trc
tip v thng xuyn vo c th qua ng h hp v da, sau b hp th vo mu
hoc tc ng ngay ln h thn kinh.
* nhim, gy c mi trng t
nhim nc, nhim khng kh c lin quan mt thit n nhim gy c
t ai. nhim t phn nh nhng phng thc canh tc lc hu v nhng phng
thc qun l t ai khng hp l. nhim t phn nh s lin thng gia nhim
nc, khng kh dn n nhim t.
cc nc pht trin, nhim gy c t cn l do:
+ S dng qu mc trong nng nghip nhng sn phm ha hc nh phn bn,
cht iu ha sinh trng , thuc bo v thc vt...
+ Thi vo t mt lng ln cht thi cng nghip, cht thi c hi.
+ Do trn du.
+ Do cc ngun phng x t nhin v nhn to.
1.2.6.2. Nhim bn (contamination)
Nhim bn l trng hp cc cht l lm thay i thnh phn vi lng, ha hc,
sinh hc ca mi trng nhng chua lm thay i tnh cht v cht lng ca cc mi
trng thnh phn. Nh vy mi trng nc khi b nhim , tri qua giai on
nhim bn, nhng mt mi trng nhim bn cha chc b nhim.
2. i tng nghin cu ca c hc mI trng
c hc mi trng nghin cu cc i tng:
+ Cc nh hng ca c cht, cc c t sinh hc ln:
- Cc c th sinh vt
- Qun th
- Qun x
- H sinh thi
+ Cc nh hng ca c cht, cc c t sinh hc ln vi a sinh thi v trung
a sinh thi (terreotrial microcosms and mesocosms)
- Nhng thay i ca h thng sinh hc v chc nng sinh thi ca h sinh thi mi
trng.
- S tn hi ca sinh vt v con ngi
- Thay i v s lng loi, tui, cu trc, kch thc hoc nhng loi mi xut
hin trong qu trnh tc ng ca cht c.
- Thay i v phn b di truyn
- Thay i v s pht trin thc vt v nng sut sinh hc
- Thay i v tc v mc h hp trong t
- Thay i hm lng ca cc nguyn t vi a lng thnh phn mi trng
- Thay i cc c tnh v tp tc sinh hc ca sinh vt v tng tc gia cc
chng loi trong h sinh thi vi nhau
- Thng qua dy chuyn thc phm, tch lu v khuych i sinh hc cht c
v gy tc hi ton b h thng sinh thi mi trng.
Chng 2
tc ng ca c cht i vi c th sng
2.1. c im chung (Cc nguyn l v c hc mi trng)
2.1.1. Khi nim v c cht
C rt nhiu ha cht tn ti trong mi trng. Mt s cht trong chng l cc
cht c, s khc l nhng cht khng c. Cc cht c ho hc do cng nghip thi
vo khng kh, nc v t. T mi trng, chng thm nhp vo chu trnh thc n ca
con ngi. Khi i vo h thng sinh thi ca con ngi, chng s ph hy hoc lm
thay i cc qu trnh ha sinh, trong mt s trng hp dn n nhng hu qu
nghim trng gy cht ngi.
c cht hc ha hc: khoa hc nghin cu cc ha cht c hi v phng
thc gy c ca chng.
S cc cht c ha hc l rt nhiu. Hin nay trong rt nhiu trng hp kh
c th ni mt cht c bit no l c hay khng. Mt s ha cht quan trng, s
dng nhiu c kim tra cht ch nhng khng chng minh c c tnh khng
c ca chng. Nhiu kim loi th hin nh cc cht nguy him i vi mi trng li
l cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit ( dng vt) cho s pht trin bnh thng ca
con ngi v ng vt. Cc nguyn t l Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Ce, In,
Pb, Hg, Mo, Ag, Te, Tl, S, Ti, W, U v Zn. Schwartz d s dng thut ng ca s
nng (concentration window) a ra cc ng ranh gii ca chng, c th:
a) Nng cn thit.
b) Nng thiu (thp hn nng a), gy ri lon s trao i cht.
c) Nng gy c(cao hn nng a) gy cc hu qu tai hi.
Thm ch cc nguyn t ni ting v c hi nh As, Pb v Cd cng khng th
thiu c ( lng vt) cho s pht trin ca ng vt.
Cc cht c c th c phn loi tng ng vi tc dng v chc nng ca
chng. C th phn loi theo mutagens, cc cht gy ung th (carcinogens) v.v... Hoc
cc tp cht ca thc n, HCBVTV, kim loi nng, cacbonyl kim loi cc hp cht hu
c Clo v.v...
Theo s liu ca chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (United Nations
Environment Programme) hin nay c 4 triu ha cht khc nhau v hng nm c
thm 30 nghn cht mi c tm thm ra. Trong s cc cht trn c 60.000- 70.000
ha cht c s dng rng ri. Bn cnh tc dng ca chng lm cho sn xut, mc
sng v sc khe c tng ln, nhiu cht trong s l nhng cht c tim nng c
hi.
2.1.2. Tnh c
Tnh c ca mt cht c ph thuc vo cc y t sau:
c tnh ca cht i vi sinh vt.
V d: Pb, Hg, CuSO
4
, gy c vi sinh vt.
Hg v c t c hn so vi Hg hu c.
Cht hu c cha Cl c c tnh cng cao khi nguyn t Cl trong phn t cht
cng nhiu; th d: CH
3
Cl<CH
2
Cl
2
<CHCl
3
<CCl
4.

Hp cht amin, notro ca benzen cng c khi gc NH
2
v

NO
2
cng nhiu
trong phn t.
Cc cht d tan trong nc d gy c hn.
Nng (hayliu lng) ca cht c.
Tc ng tng hp ca nhiu cht: nu nhiu cht c cng tc dng ng thi th
mc nguy him cng tng. Trong trng hp ny nng cc cht phi nh hn
nng cho php ca tng cht.
Cch tnh nng cho php:
C
1
/T
1
+ C
2
/T
2
+ C
3
/T
3
+ ... < 1
Trong : C
1
,

C
2
, C
3
... l nng tng cht trong mi trng
T
1
, T
2
, T
3
... l nng ti a tng ng khi tc ng ring r.
Thi gian tip xc vi cht c cng lu cng nguy him.
Nhit mi trng: thng thng nhit cng cao, kh nng gy c cng ln
nhng c mt vi trng hp th ngc li.
2.1.3. Ngng c
Ngng c l liu lng cht c thp nht gy ra ng c. Thng tnh theo
n v mg/kg trng lng c th.
Ty theo loi sinh vt s c ngng c khc nhau. Cng mt cht c nhng
ngng c ca ngi khc ca thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt.
Tr s ngng gii hn (threshold limit value = TLV): i vi mt ha cht,
TLV l nng ha cht (tnh theo ppm) khng to ra nhng nh hng xu cho sinh
vt trong mt khong thi gian no . TLV thng dng nht thng p dng cho cc
i tng ngi v sinh vt phi chu ng trong 8 gi mi ngy v trong 5 ngy lin
tip. i khi phi p dng nhng tr s TLV ngn hn cho ngi v cng vic buc
phi i vo vng x l thuc.
2.1.4. Tnh bn vng ca c cht trong mi trng
Nhiu cht ha hc c thi gian bn hy (half life) rt di hay rt kh b oxy
ha hoc chuyn ho sinh ha hay sinh hc, do tn ti rt bn trong t nhin.
V d dioxin c thi gian bn hy t 10-12 nm. Chng c thi ra mi trng
tr thnh cht c hi c thi gian sng rt lu di v gy nguy him cho h sinh thi.
Chng c th c hp th vo cc c quan ca thc vt, ng vt rt lu m khng b
phn hy hay o thi. Theo thi gian chng c th c tch lu ngy cng nhiu qua
mi bc dinh dng trong thp dinh dng ca dy chuyn thc n, trc khi xm
nhp vo c th con ngi. Nng tch ly ny khi vt qu ngng c gii hn s
gy nhng bnh nguy him hoc lm thay i cu trc t bo, t bin gien... lm suy
thoi cc th h sau.
V d, s kin nhim c methyl thy ngn vnh Minamata, Nht Bn (1932-
1971) khng ch i vi c m nhim c ton b h sinh thi trong nc v trm tch
y vnh, l mt in hnh cho s tn ti bn vng ca c cht trong t nhin. Hu
qu l ng dn trong vng sau nhiu nm n c b nhim c, pht nhng cn bnh
l m ch c Minamata. Ngy nay, sau nhiu c gng no vt trm tch cha methyl
thy ngn v ci ti mi trng, ngi ta c tnh d lng cn li ca thy ngn trong
bn y vnh ny phi n nm 2011 mi phn hy ht.
2.1.5. Cc ngun c cht trong mi trng
2.1.5.1. Cht thi t cng nghip dc phm
Cng nghip dc to ra mt khi lng ln cc cht thi ha hc. Thnh phn
ca cc cht ny lin quan n b mt ca sn phm hay c quyn sng ch, do
kh cng khai hon ton. Cc cht ha hc ny c th l cht c ch sinh hc hay
cht c i vi qu trnh x l v s gy nhiu vn cho mi trng sng khi thi
ra ngoi.
2.1.5.2. HCBVTV hu c
Trn th trng mt s loi thuc bo v thc vt c s dng nh DDT,
lindane, chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin v heptachlor. V mt cng dng chng c xem
l c tc dng dit tuyt i nhiu loi cn trng khc nhau. Nhng khi cc loi trn
c dng di dng dung dch, chng c kh nng dnh cht vo cc ht keo t v
kh b ra tri theo dng nc v kh b phn hy sinh hc hay ha hc trong mi
trng t nhin. Thi gian bn phn hy ca chng tng i di (1-10 nm, DDT c
th n 120 nm). Do khng tan trong nc nn chng c th c tch ly trong cc
m m v chuyn t ng vt qua con ngi qua dy chuyn thc n, hoc qua nc,
khng kh nhim.
2.1.5.3. Hp cht phenol
Hp cht phenol xut pht t benzen gm: ployphenol, cholorophenol,
phenoxy axit. Phenol khng mu, tinh th trng c th chuyn sang khi b phi ra
nh nng. Tan tng i trong nc. Phenol l ph phm ca cng nghip ha du, t
m than, luyn cc hoc c th tch ra t nha ng, t iu ch tng hp hu c ...
Phenol l nguyn liu th ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Mt v d in hnh gn y
l 21 cng nhn b bng da, phi i cp cu , nhp vin v li thng tt do tip
xc vi phenol trong khi no vt knh Bnh Chnh, TP HCM (1999).
2.1.5.4. Cc hp cht PCB (polychloro biphenyl)
Ging HCBVTV c clo, PCB l hp cht rt bn vng trong t nhin. Mt
phng php thng dng ph hy cu trc ca PCB l t n 1200
o
C trong 2
pht. Con ng thng thng nht PCB xm nhp vo c th ngi l qua thc
vt, thy sn, kh quyn (ht bay hi). Chng c th tn lu trong m m ca cc sinh
vt sng.
2.1.5.5. Cht thi c gc halogen
Xut pht t qu trnh git ty lm sch kim loi, dt nhum hay thuc da,
cng nghip lm lnh. Gc halogen c th kt hp vi cc cht thi trong nc thi
to thnh cc hp cht rt nguy him, c hi, linh ng trong nc v tn ti lu bn
trong t nhin.
2.1.5.6. Cht c cyanua
T ha cht dng i vng, tuyn qung, x l hi nng trong luyn thp v
mt s cht thi cng nghip hay ch bin tinh bt.
2.1.5.7. Cht c phng x
C hai ngun cht thi phng x m ph bin nht l t nh my nng lng
ht nhn: m qung Uranium; cht thi bnh vin.
C ba loi tia phng x nh hng n con ngi l alpha, beta, gamma. Mc
gy hi ty loi tia. Cht phng x s gy ra tnh trng thiu mu, suy nhc c
th, mt mi, rng tc, c thy tinh th, ni ban da, ung th hoc gy nhng t
bin trong qu trnh hnh thnh t bo, bin di gien lm nh hng n c th h
tng lai.
2.1.5.8. Cc cht c kim loi nng
T bn cng rnh, knh rch th,nc thi cng nghip nht l luyn kim,
m kim loi... gy nh hng lu di ln c th sinh vt v con ngi, gy ung th.
2.1.5.9. Cc yu t lm nh hng n tnh c ca cht c, c t
Vic d on v d bo nhng nh hng c hi ca ha cht i vi con
ngi v cc qun th sinh vt trong h sinh thi lm mt vic ht sc kh khn v n
chu tc ng bi nhiu yu t, chng hn: tui tc, gii tnh, sc khe, iu kin
sng v nhiu yu t khc gp phn vo kt qu cui cng.
a. Liu lng v thi gian tip xc vi ha cht c
Ni chung khi liu lng tip xc cng cao v thi gian tip xc cng cao th
tnh c tc hi cng ln.
S xut hin cng mt lc nhiu loi ha cht trong c th sng hoc trong
mi trng ti cng mt thi im tip xc cng l mt yu t tc ng tnh c ca
cc cht.
chng t tc ng ny, cc nh c cht hc thng tin hnh cc th
nghim xc nh LD
50
ca mi loi c cht - LD
50
ch nh gi tnh c tng
i ca mt cht . V d, mt cht c LD
50
l 200ng/kg b.W, s c tnh c bng mt
na ca ha cht c LD
50
l 100mg/kg bw.
b. Cc yu t sinh hc
Tui tc: nhng c th tr, ang pht trin b tc ng mnh ca cht c hn
nhng c th ngi ln. V d, tr em b nhim c ch v thy ngn d dng v
nghim trng hn ngi ln v h thn kinh ca chng vn ang pht trin; con vt th
nghim nh b ng c ca SO
x
v NO
x
trong khng kh nhim nng hn con vt
ln.
Tnh trng sc khe: dinh dng km, cng thng thn kinh, n ung khng
iu , bnh tim, phi v ht thuc l gp phn lm suy yu sc khe v lm con
ngi d b nhim c hn. Yu t di truyn cng c th quyt nh s phn ng ca
c th i vi mt s cht c.
Yu t gien di truyn: cng c tc dng nht nh n mc tc hi v kh
nng nh hng lu di qua vi th h ca c cht.
c. Cc nhn t mi trng nh hng n hot tnh ca c cht
Cc nhn t nhim lan truyn trong cc mi trng thnh phn (mi trng
nc, khng kh, t) c th gia tng tnh c v cng c th to hin tng kt ta, sa
lng lm gim tnh c.
Cc nhn t nhim chu nh hng mnh ca cc yu t ca mi trng
thnh phn m n nm trong . C th k mt s tc nhn nh hng nh sau:
pH mi trng: tnh kim, axit hay trung tnh ca mi trng l yu t u
tin nh n tnh tan, pha long v hot tnh ca cc cht gy c. Mt tc nhn
nhim tn ti trng thi ha tan thng c c tnh cao hn i vi thy sinh.
V d: pH axit, km (Zn) c c tnh cao hn v tn ti cc dng Zn
2+
v
ZnHCO
3
+
(ha tan); trong khi pH kim, km c c tnh thp do tn ti dng
Zn(OH)
2
(kt ta).
dn in (EC): c nh hng nht l vi cc cht c c tnh in gii.
Cc cht cn trong mi trng nc, khng kh, t, gy kt dnh hay sa lng
c cht. V d, trong vng t chua phn, nu c cc ht keo st l lng - tch in
m, Al
3+
s lin kt vi cc ht mang in m ny v s lng xung lm gim c tnh
ca Al
3+
trong dung dch t.
Nhit : nh hng n kh nng ha tan, lm gia tng tc phn ng, tng
hot tnh ca cc cht nhim. V d, khi nhit cao, HgCl
2
s tc dng nhanh gp
2-4 ln so vi nhit thp. HCBVTV DDT v mt s loi thuc dit ry thng tng
c tnh khi nhit mi trng cao.
Din tch mt thong: nh hng trc tip n s phn b nng (liu
lng), phn hy cht nhim, c bit l cht hu c khng bn vng. Dng nc
c b mt ln, dng chy mnh, lu lng ln c kh nng t lm sch cao, gim c
tnh ca dng .
Cc cht phn ng hoc cht xc tc: nu trong mi trng tn ti cht xc
tc th hot tnh ca cht nhim s tng cao nhiu ln. Ngc li , khi c cht i
khng th c tnh s gim hoc trit tiu.
Cc yu t v kh tng , thy vn: m, tc gi, nh sng, s lan truyn
sng, dng chy, mn,... cng gy tc ng kh ln n hot tnh ca c cht.
2.1. 6. Cc cht c ha hc trong thnh phn mi trng
2.1.6.1. Cc cht c trong khng kh
Trn thc t, vic s dng hng nghn ha cht trong sn xut v i sng chnh
l mi nguy him e da n sc khe v i sng con ngi. Nm 1978 cc y ban
bo v mi trng, sc khe v an ton lao ng, an ton ca cc sn phm tiu
dng (M) nu ra danh sch 24 cht v nhm cht cc k nguy him i vi kh
quyn, l:
Acrilonitril, Asen, aming, benzen, Beri, Cadimi, cc dung mi Clo ha,
clofluocacbon, cromat (M
2
CrO
4
), cc kh l luyn cc, dietystilbesterol,
dibromcloropropan, etylen dibromua, etylen oxit, ch, thy ngn, nitroamin, ozon,
biphenyl c polybrom ha, biphenyl c polyclo ha, tia phng x, dioxit lu
hunh, vinyl clorua v s phn tn tro c cha cc cht thi c hi.
2.1.6.2. Cc cht c trong nc v trong t
a. Cc nguyn t
Danh sch cc nguyn t dng vt tm thy trong nc t nhin v nc thi
c nu ra bng 5.1.
Mt s trong cc cht ny l cn thit nng thp, c tc dng nh l cht dinh
dng cho i sng ng thc vt, nhng nng cao chng li l nhng cht c.
Bng 2.1. Cc nguyn t c hi tm thy nc t nhin v nc thi
Nguyn t Ngun thi ra Tc dng n sinh vt
As HCBVTV, cht thi ha hc c, c kh nng gy ung th
Cd Cht thi cng nghip m,
m kim loi , ng dn nc
o ngc vai tr ha sinh ca Ezym,gy
ra cao huyt p, gy hng thn, ph hy
cc m v hng cu, c tnh c i vi
ng thc vt di nc.
Be Than , nng lng ht
nhn v cng nghip v tr.
c tnh mnh v bn, c kh nng gy
ung th.
B Than , sn xut cht ty
ra, cht thi cng nghip
c i vi mt s loi cy.
Cr M kim loi Nguyn t cn thit dng vt, Cr(VI)
c kh nng gy ung th.
Cu M kim loi, cht thi sinh hot
hng ngy v cng nghip,
cng nghip m, kh kim.
Nguyn t cn thit dng vt, khng
c lm i vi ng vt, c i vi
cy ci nng trung bnh
F (ion F) Cc ngun a cht t nhin,
cht thi cng nghip, cht b
sung vo nc ung.
nng 1mg/l ngn cn s ph hy
rng, nng 5mg/l gy ra s ph
hy xng v gy nt rng.
Pb Cng nghip m, than ,
xng, h thng ng dn nc
my
c, gy bnh thiu mu, bnh thn,
ri lon thn kinh, mi trng sng b
ph hy.
Mn Cht thi cng nghip m,
tc ng vi sinh vt ln cc
khong Mn pE thp
t c i vi ng vt, c i vi
thc vt nng cao
Hg Thi cng nghip, m,
HCBVTV , than
c tnh cao
Mo Thi cng nghip, cc ngun
t nhin
C kh nng c i vi ng vt, cn
thit i vi thc vt
Se Cc ngun a cht t nhin,
than
Cn thit nng thp, c nng
cao
Zn Thi cng nghip, m kim
loi, h thng ng dn nc
my
Cn thit i vi nhiu metallo-
enzymes, c i vi thc vt nng
cao
b. HCBVTV trong nc:
Cc ngun nc cha mt s lng ln cc loi HCBVTV, ch yu xut pht t
h thng thot nc ca t cng nghip. Cc loi HCBVTV ny ch yu thuc v hai
nhm chnh l HCBVTV c clo v HCBVTV c photpho.
2.1.6.3. nh hng ca cc ha cht c i vi enzym
Ni chung cc ha cht c tn cng vo cc vng hot ng ca enzym, cn
tr chc nng thit yu ca chng. Cc ion kim loi nng, c bit nh Hg
2+
, Pb
2+
, v
Cd
2+
c th coi l nhng cht km hm enzym nhanh. Chng tc ng ln cc phi t
cha lu hunh nh-SCH
3
V -SH trong methionin v cystein amino axit, cc cht ny
l mt phn trong cu trc ca enzym:
Cc metallo-enzymes cha kim loi trong cu trc ca chng. Tc dng ca
chng b km hm khi mt ion kim loi ca metallo-enzyme b th ch bi ion kim
loi khc c cng kch thc v in tch. V d Zn
2+
trong mt s metallo-enzymes
c thay th bng Cd
2+
bao gm adenozin triphotphataza, alcohol dehydrogennaza,
amylaza, cacbonic anhydraza Pb
2+
cn tr axetylcolanesteraza, adenozin triphotphat...
2.2. Tc ng sinh ho ca mt s cht c v c in hnh
2.2.1. Tc dng ha sinh (biochemical effects) ca asen
Asen thng c mt trong HCBVTV, cc loi thuc dit nm (fungisides),
dit c (herbicides). Trong s cc hp cht ca asen th As (III) l c nht.
As(III) th hin tnh c bng tn cng ln cc nhm SH ca cc enzym,
lm cn tr hot ng ca enzym.
SH S
[Enzym] + Hg
2+
[Enzym] Hg + 2H
+

SH S
SH S
[Enzym] +AsO
3
3-
[Enzym] As O
-
+ 2OH
-

SH S
Cc enzym sn sinh nng lng ca t bo trong chu trnh ca axit xitric b nh
hng rt ln. Enzym s b c ch do vic to phc vi As(III), dn ti thuc tnh sn
sinh phn t ca ATP b ngn cn.
Do c s tng t v tnh cht ha hc vi Photpho, Asen can thip vo mt s
qu trnh ha sinh lm ri lon Photpho. C th thy c hin tng ny khi nghin
cu s pht trin ha sinh ca cht sinh nng lng ch yu l ATP (Adenozin
triphotphat). Mt giai on quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca
ATP l tng hp enzym ca 1,3 diphotpho glyxerat t glyxeraldehyd 3-photphat.
Asen s to ra 1-arseno-3-photphoglyxerat gy cn tr giai on ny. S photpho ha
c thay bng s asen ha, qu trnh ny km theo s thy phn t nhin to thnh 3-
photphoglyxerat v asen.
Asen (III) nng cao lm ng t cc protein c kh nng l do s tn cng
cc lin kt nhm sulphua bo ton cc cu trc bc 2 v 3.
Ba tc dng ha sinh chnh ca As l: lm ng t protein, to phc vi
coenzym v ph hy qu trnh photpho ha.
AsO
3
3-
+ HS-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH-(CH
2
)
4
-CO-Protein
-
O-As-S-CH
2

|
Asenit + Dihydrolipoic axit-protein CH
2

|
S-CH-(CH
2
)
4
-protein
Phc b th ng ha
CH
2
-OPO
3
2-
|
H-C-OH
|
C=O
|
H
Glyxeraldehyt 3-photphat
CH
2
-OPO
3
2-
|
H-C-OH
|
C=O
|
OAsO
3
2-

1-aseno - 3-photphoglyxerat
CH
2
-OPO
3
2-
|
H-C-OH
|
C=O
|
OPO
3
2-

1,3 diphotpho glyxerat
Photphat
Asenat
Anti ATP
ATP
Cc cht chng c Asen l cc ha cht c nhm -SH c kh nng to lin
kt vi Asen (III). V d 2,3 -dimercaptopropanol.
2.2.2. Tc dng ha sinh ca cadimi
Trong t nhin cadimi c trong cc khong vt cha km. Cy ci ang pht
trin i hi km v chng cng tch v lm giu Cadimi vi mt c ch ha sinh
tng t. Nhim c Cadimi xy ra ti Nht dng bnh itai itai hoc Ouch
Ouchlm xng tr nn gin. nhng nng cao Cadimi gy ra au thn, thiu
mu v ph hy ty xng.
Phn ln Cadmi xm nhp vo c th chng ta c gi li thn v c o
thitheo nc tiu. Mt phn nh c lin kt mnh nht vi protein ca c th thnh
metallothionein c mt thn, trong khi phn cn li c gi trong c th v dn dn
c tch ly cng vi tui tc. Khi nhng lng ln Cd
2+
c tch tr, n s th ch
Zn
2+
cc enzym quan trng v gy ra ri lon trao i cht.

2.2.3. Tc dng ha sinh ca ch
Ch l kim loi tng i ph bin. Trong t nhin, c nhiu kim loi cha ch.
Trong kh quyn, ch tng i giu hn so vi cc kim loi nng khc. Ngun chnh
ca ch phn tn trong khng kh l s t chy cc nhin liu (xng cha ch). Trong
nhin liu lng, ch c thm vo di dng Pb(CH
3
)
4
v Pb(C
2
H
5
)
4
cng vi cc cht
lm sch 1,2-dicloetan v1,2-dibrometan. Ni chung cng vi cc cht gy nhim
khc ch c loi khi kh quyn do cc qu trnh sa lng kh v t. Kt qu l bi
thnh ph v t bn ng ngy cng giu ch vi nng ph bin khong 1000-
4000 ng/kg nhng thnh ph no nhit.
Cd
2+
H hp
n ung 50g
Lin kt to thnh
Metallothionein
Cd
2+
t do
trong c th
Thn
Trao i vi
Zn
2+
trong enzym
1% d tr
trong thn
v cc b
phn khc
ca c th
Ri lon chc
nng ca thn
Thiu
mu
Tng
huyt p
99% o thi
Ph hy
ty xng
Ung
th
Trng hp dng liu
hng ngy qua ng
n ung v h hp qu
500g
Trng hp dng liu
hng ngy qu 50g
C th nhn thy rng phn ln ngi dn thnh ph b hp th ch t n ung
(200-300mg/l ngy), nc v khng kh cung cp thm 10-15 mg/l ngy. T tng s
ch b hp th ny th c khong 200 mg ch c o thi ra cn khong 25 mg c
gi li trong xng mi ngy.
Tc dng ha sinh ch yu ca ch l tc ng ca n ti s tng hp mu dn
n ph v hng cu. Ch c ch mt s enzym quan trng ca qu trnh tng hp mu
do s tch ly cc hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh trao i cht. Mt hp cht trung
gian kiu ny l delta-amino lenilinilic axit. Mt pha quan trng ca tng hp mu l
s chuyn ha delta-amino levulinic axit thnh porphobilinogen.
Ch c ch ALA-dehydraza enzym (I) do giai on tip theo to thnh dng
(II) porphobilinogen khng th xy ra. Tc dng chung l ph hy qu trnh tng hp
hemoglobin cng nh cc sc t h hp khc cn thit trong mu nh cytochromes.
Cui cng ch cn tr vic s dng O
2
v glucoza sn xut nng lng cho
qu trnh sng. S cn tr ny c th nhn thy khi nng ch trong mu khong 0,3
ppm. cc nng cao hn ca ch trong mu (>0,8 ppm) c th gy nn hin tng
thiu mu do s thiu hemoglobin. Nu hm lng ch trong mu nm trong khong
(>0.5-0.8 ppm) gy ra s ri loan chc nng ca thn v ph hy no.
Do s tng t v tnh cht ha hc ca Pb
2+
v Cd
2+
xng c xem l ni
tng tr Pb tch t ca c th. Sau phn ch ny c th tng tc cng vi photphat
trong xng v th hin tnh c khi truyn vo cc m mm ca c th.
Nhim c ch c th c cha bng cc tc nhn chelat c kh nng lin
kt mnh vi Pb
2+
. V d , chelat ca Canxi trong dung dch c dng gii c
ch. Pb
2+
th ch Ca
2+
trong phc chelat v kt qu l phc chelat Pb
2+
c tch ra
nhanh nc tiu. Ba phc chelat in hnh ca ch c ch ra di y:
HOOC-(CH
2
)
2
-CO-COOH
|| delta-aminolevunilic axit (I)
NH
2

HOOC-(CH2)2-C-CH-CH2-COOH
|| |
C-CH porphobilinogen (II)

H2N-H2C N
2.2.4. Tc dng ha sinh ca thy ngn
Thy ngn l kim loi ni ting v tnh c sau dch bnh Minamata vo
nhng nm 1953-1960 ti Nht. C 111 trng hp nhim c thy ngn trong s
nhng ngi n phi c nhim thy ngn vnh Minamata. Trong s khong 45
ngi cht. Nhng khuyt tt v gen c quan st thy 20 tr s sinh m m
ca chng n phi hi sn c khai thc t vnh. Trong c ca vnh ngi ta pht hin
thy c cha 27-102 ppm thy ngn di dng metyl thy ngn. Ngun thy ngn ny
thot ra t nh my ha cht Minamata. Tip l nhng tin tc cn tai hi hn v
nhim c thy ngn Iraq vo nm 1972 khi m 450 nng dn cht sau khi n
phi loi la mch b nhim c thy ngn do HCBVTV. Hai s kin bi thm ny,
chng t thy ngn l mt cht gy nhim mnh v kt qu l thy ngn c
nghin cu mt cch ton din hn so vi bt k cc nguyn t vt khc.
Trong t nhin, thy ngn c mt dng vt ca nhiu loi khong, . Cc
loi khong ny trung bnh cha khong 80ppb thy ngn. Qung cha thy ngn ch
yu l Cinnabar, HgS. Cc loi nhin liu, than v than nu cha khong 100 ppb
thy ngn. Ni tiu th thy ngn nhiu th hai l nh my sn xut cc thit b in,
nh n hi thy ngn, pin thy ngn, cng tc in... Ni s dng nhiu th ba l
cng ngh ht ging nng nghip s dng mt lng ln cht chng nm cho vic lm
sch ht ging. Mt s hp cht in hnh dng cho mc ch ny l :
Metyl nitril thu ngn
Metyl dixyan diamit thu ngn
Metyl axetat thu ngn
Etyl clorua thu ngn
Hp cht ca thy ngn c s dng lm sch mt lng ln ht ging, khi
ht ging gieo trng trn din tch rng s dn ti s phn tn rng ri cc hp cht
ca thy ngn. Tip thy ngn c chuyn n ng thc vt v vo trong thc n
ca con ngi.
Nh vy, thy ngn thm nhp vo mi trng ch yu thng qua hot ng
ca con ngi. Dng nc thi i khi cha lng thy ngn ln gp 10 ln so vi
nc t nhin (0,001-0,0001 ppm). Mt khi thy ngn hp th trong cc trm tch ca
cc ngun nc n s dn dn c gii phng vo nc v gy nn s nhim bn
thng xuyn lu di sau khi ngun thy ngn ban u b loi tr. S b sung t
1 - Pb - EDTA
2 - Pb - (2.3- dimecapto - propanol
3 - Pb - d-penecillamin
nhin ca thy ngnvo cc i dng l khong 5000 tn/nm, cn 5000 tn khc
c a vo do hot ng ca con ngi.
Hiu ng c: Tnh c ca thy ngn ph thuc vo c tnh ha hc ca
n. Thy ngn nguyn t tng i tr v khng c. Nu nut vo th thy ngn sau
c thi ra m khng gy hu qu nghim trng. Thy ngn c p sut hi tng
i cao v nu nh hi ny b ht vo th s rt c. V vy thy ngn cn phi c
bo qun nhng ni thong gi v nhng phn ri vi cn c lm sch rt nhanh.
Hi thy ngn , khi ht phi, i vo no qua mu, dn ti s hy hoi gh gm h
thng thn kinh trung ng.
Hg
2
2+
to nn chlorua thy ngn khng tan vi cc ion Cl
-
. V d dy chng
ta cha mt lng ln Cl
-
nn Hg
2
2+
khng c. Tuy nhin Hg
2+
l rt c. Do i
lc ln ca n i vi cc nguyn t S m n d dng kt hp vi cc amino axit cha
lu hunh ca protein. N cng to lin kt vi hemoglobin v albilmin huyt thanh,
c hai cht ny u c cha nhm sunphydryl. Tuy hhin Hg
2+
khng th i qua mng
sinh hc v do khng th thm nhp vo cc t bo sinh hc.
Cc dng c nht l cc hp cht hu c thy ngn, c bit l CH
3
Hg
+

(metyl thy ngn), cht ny ha tan trong m, phn cht bo ca cc mng v trong
no ty. Lin kt cng ha tr Hg-C khng d dng b ph v v alkyl thy ngn b
gi li trong mt thi gian di. c tnh nguy him nht l kh nng ca RHg
+
vt
qua rau thai v i v cc m bo thai.
S lin kt ca thy ngn vi mng t bo chc l ngn cn s chuyn vn tch
cc ca ng qua mng v khng cho cho php s dch chuyn Kali ti mng. Trong
trng hp cc t bo no, iu ny s dn n thiu ht nng lng trong t bo v
nhng ri lon trong vic truyn cc kch thch thn kinh. y l c s gii thch v
sao cc tr s sinh c sinh ra t nhng b m b nhm metyl thy ngn s chu
nhng ph hoi khng th hi phc c ca h thn kinh trung ng, bao gm s
phn lit thn kinh, s km pht trin v tr tu v chng co git. S nhim c metyl
thy ngn cng dn ti s phn lp th nhim sc, s ph v th nhim sc v ngn
cn s phn chia t bo. Tt c cc bnh nhim c thy ngn xy ra hm lng thy
ngn trong mu l 0,5 ppm CH
3
Hg
+
.
S tng nng thy ngn trong dy chuyn thc phm
Sau y l th d in hnh c cc nh nghin cu mi trng lun ly lm
th d, nh my ha cht Minamata thi thy ngn vo vnh Minamata nhng c trong
vnh li c tm thy c cha CH
3
Hg
+
.
Loi c tnh ho hc v sinh ho
Hg Tng i tr v khng c, dng hi rt c nu ht phi
Hg
2
2+
To hp cht t tan vi clorua - c thp
Hg
2+
c nhng kh di chuyn qua mng t bo (mng sinh hc)
RHg
+
c cao, thng dng CH
3
Hg
+
, gy nguy him cho h thn kinh v
no, d i qua mng sinh hc. Tch tr c trong cc m m.
R
2
Hg c thp nhng d chuyn thnh RHg
+
trong mi trng c axit
trung bnh.
Hg
2
S Khng tan v khng c, thng c trong t.
iu ny c gii thch nh sau: Thy ngn hoc mui ca n c th c
chuyn ha thnh metyl thy ngn bi vi khun ym kh tng hp metan trong nc.
S chuyn ha ny c thc y bi Co(III) cha coenzym vitamin B12 . Nhm CH
3
-
lin kt vi Co (III) trong coenzym c chuyn v enzym bi coban amin ti Hg
2+
,
to thnh CH
3
Hg
+
hoc (CH
3
)
2
Hg.
Mi trng axit thc y s chuyn ha ca dimetyl thy ngn thnh metyl
thy ngn tan c trong nc. Chnh metyl thy ngn tham gia vo dy chuyn
thc phm thng qua sinh vt tri ni v c tp trung c vi nng ln gp
khong 10
3
ln hoc hn so vi lc u. iu ny c ch ra hnh 5.3.
Nng thy ngn tng nhanh mi mt mc trong dy chuyn thc phm.
iu ny thy r thm ch c nc khng b nhim bn. Thy ngn lun lun l mt
phn ca mi trng v vng chuyn ha ca thy ngn tn ti rt lu trc khi
cng nghip pht trin. Trong loi c ln thi k xa xa c bo qun mt s bo
tng, tm thy c cha mt lng ng k thy ngn. Tuy nhin s nhim bn thy
ngn lm tng ng k nng thy ngn trong mi mt giai on ca dy chuyn
thc n.
Khng lu sau thm ha Minamata li c thng bo rng c t h Erie v sng
Saint Clair c cha hm lng thy ngn cao ( 0,1-0,35 ppm) dng metyl thy ngn
trong cc m sng ca chng. Kt qu l ngnh nh c thng phm quan trng trn
nhng a bn ny b ng ca.
Cc phng php iu tr:
Hg
2+
CH3Hg
+
sinh vt tri ni su b (c nh)
Chim, c ln ngi.
S nhim bn mi trng bi thy ngn c th c ngn cn nu tun theo
nhng nguyn tc sau y, do cc y ban bo v mi trng ca M v Thy in
(Environmental protection Agencies of USA and Sweden) a ra.
1. Tt c cc nh my sn xut clo v xt n da cn phi ngng vic s dng
in cc Hg v chuyn hng s dng cng ngh mi.
2. Tt c cc HCBVTV loi ankyl thy ngn phi b cm s dng.
3. Tt c cc HCBVTV cha thy ngn khc cn phi c s dng hn ch
mt vng chn lc.
Nhng trm tch b nhim thy ngn ca sng h s tip tc sn sinh
CH
3
Hg
+
c tnh cao vo nc nhiu nm tip theo. Thy in, cc cuc th
nghim c tin hnh gii c cho cc trm tch bng phng php bao ph
cc trm tch y nh cc vt liu mi nghin mn v c hp th cao. Mt phng
php na l chn giu cc trm tch trong cc vt liu v c tr.
2.2.5. Tc dng ha sinh ca cacbon monooxit (CO)
Cc ngun chnh thi cacbon monooxit:
Cc qu trnh t nhin nh hot ng ca ni la, t thot ra ca kh t nhin,
s phng in khi bo,s ny mm ca ht ging... ch thi ra mt lng nh cacbon
monooxit vo kh quyn. Phn ng gp chnh l t hot ng ca con ngi. Hng
nm qui m ton cu lng CO thi ra l 350 triu tn (do con ngi 275 v do t
nhin 75 triu tn) trong s ring M thi ra hn 100 triu tn CO vo kh quyn:
(a) Giao thng vn ti ng gp 64% lng CO thi ra:
- trong xe ng c l 59,2%
- hng khng l 2,9%
- ng st 0,1%
(b) Tip theo l cc ngun khc 16,9%:
- ng gp phn chnh l chy rng 7,2%
- t chy nng nghip 8,3%.
t chy nng nghip bao gm qu trnh t chy c kim tra khng ch
cc mnh rng, cc phn thi nng nghip, bi cy, c di v cc loi thc vt khc .
(c) Cc qu trnh cng nghip, ch yu l cng nghip luyn st, thp v cng
nghip du kh v giy ng v tr th 3 v mc thi CO vo khng kh(9,6%).
Nng CO nn ca kh quyn l 0.1 ppm.
Kh quyn ton cu cha vo khong 530 triu tn cacbon monooxit, vi thi
gian lu trung bnh t 36 ti 110 ngy.
Cacbon monooxit tn cng hemoglobin v th cacbon monooxit to ra
cacboxyhemoglobin. Phn ng ny c hng s cn bng vo khong 210 :
O
2
Hb +CO COHb = O
2

Cacboxyhemoglobin l phc bn do vy m kt qu l s gim kh nng ti O
2

ca mu.
Tc dng ban u ca nhim c cacbon monooxit l s mt kh nng xt
on, iu ny l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu tai nn t. Cng vi s tng hm lng
cabon monooxit th nhng ri lon v qu trnh trao i cht khc nhau cng s c
bt gp v hu qu l dn n ci cht, nh c ch ra bng di y.
S nhim cacbon monooxit c th c cha bng cch a ngi b nhim
c th kh O
2
trong lnh, do m phn ng ngc s xy
COHb +O
2
O
2
Hb + CO
Cnh st giao thng lm nhim v cc im nt giao thng trong nhng gi
cao im dc khuyn s dng bnh oxy nhng nc pht trin.
Bng 2.3. Hu qu ca s nhm c CO cc mc nng khc nhau.
Nng CO (ppm) % chuyn ha
O
2
Hb COHb
nh hng i vi con ngi
10
100
250
750
1000
2
15
32
60
66
Gim kh nng phn on v gic quan.
au u, chng mt, mt mi.
Bt tnh.
Cht sau vi gi.
Cht rt nhanh.
2.2.6. Tc dng ha sinh ca cc nit oxit (NO
X
)
Nit oxit NO t c hn so vi nit dioxit NO
2
. Ging nh CO, NO to lin
kt vi hemoglobin v lm gim hiu sut vn chuyn oxy. trong khng kh b
nhim th NO c mt nng thp hn nhiu so vi CO v v vy tc ng n
hemoglobin l nh hn nhiu.
NO
2
c hi hn vi sc khe con ngi. Hu qu ca nhim c NO
2
cc
mc nng khc nhau nu bng 2.4.
Vic ht phi NO
2
cha trong cc kh xut hin khi t xenllulo v phim
nitroxenllulo dn ti ci cht. Hai ngi cht v nm ngi b thng khi xy ra s
r r NO
2
lng khi phng tn la vt i dng Titan II Rock, ti Kansas vo ngy 24
thng 8 nm 1978. y, NO
2
lng c dng lm cht oxy ha cho nhin liu N
2
H
2

trong cc tn la.
C ch ha sinh gii thch c tnh ca NO
2
vn cha r rng. C th mt s h
thng enzym ca t bo d dng b ph hy bi NO
2
, bao gm s dehydro ha lactic
v catalaxa. C th dng cht chng c l cht chng oxy ha nh vitamin E.
Bng 2.4. Hu qu ca s nhim c NO
2
cc mc nng khc nhau vi sc khe
con ngi
Nng NO
2
(ppm) Thi gian tip xc Hu qu n sc khe con ngi
50 - 100 Di 1 h Vim phi trong 6 - 8 tun
150 200 Di 1 h Ph hy dy kh qun, s cht nu
thi gian tip xc l 3 - 5 tun
500 hoc ln hn 2 -10 ngy Cht
2.2.7. Tc dng ha sinh ca kh sunphur
Tc dng ch yu ca SO
2
l vo c quan h hp, gy nn s kch thch v lm
tng tr khng ca lung khng kh. Hu ht mi ngi b kch thch nng SO
2
l
5 ppm hoc coa hn. Mt s ngi nhy cm thm ch cn b kch thch nng 1-2
ppm SO
2
v i khi xy ra s co tht thanh qun khi b nhim c nng d SO
2
l 5-
10 ppm. Nhng triu chng ca hin tng nhm c SO
2
l s co hp ca dy thanh
qun km theo s tg tng ng cm di vi khng kh khi th.
Bng 2.5. Mt s thm ha do SO
2
trong khng kh gy ra.
Nm a im Hu qu c ghi nhn
12.1930 Mense River Chuyn ng nhit lu gi SO
2
, 38 ppm level, 60
ngi cht, mt s sc vt b cht.
10.1948 Donora
Pennsylvania
Nhim n 40%, 20 ngi cht , 2 ppm SO
2

12.1952 London o ln nhit , sng m, dy c, 1,3 ppm SO
2

, Khong 3500-4000 ngi cht
01.1956
12.1957
London 0,4 ppm SO
2
, 180-200 ngi cht.
S ngi cht ch yu (60%) la tui 70
Thm ha ph bin nht do SO
2
xy ra khi n c km theo vi khi. S kt
hp ny xy ra trong thi gian c sng m dy c. Ti London (T 5-9 thng 12
nm 1952) cc khi sng m dy c tn ti trong 5 ngy kin tc v gy ra 4000
trng hp t vong, cao hn so vi mc bnh thng. Nng cc i ca SO
2
l 1,3
ppm v khi l 4 mg.m
-3
. Nhng nguyn nhn gy t vong l au dy thanh qun,
vim phi v lin quan vi cc bnh ng h hp.
Sng m c lp li vo thng 12 nm 1962, nhng s ngi cht ch l
700. T l t vong trong trng hp ny thp l do lng khi t v cng c gi khng
kh trong lnh nm 1962 c thc hin.
SO
2
c gii quan chc ph trch sc khe x hi xem nh cht lm nhim
khng kh ng k nht, mc d trn thc t nng 20 ppm n khng gy c hi
v nng gy cht ngi ch ti 500 ppm. Nguyn nhn ca quan im ny l do SO
2

tc ng ln ngi cao tui, c bit ti nhng ngi mc bnh v ng h hp.
Nhng ngi cao tui ny rt nhy cm khi ht phi SO
2
trong thi gian ko di nng
cao, c trng cho nhng bin c nhim khng kh.
Tc dng ln gii thc vt ca SO
2
:
nng cao ca kh SO
2
gy ra s pha hy cc m l , lm h hi cc vng
ra ca l v vng nm gia cc gn l. Khi m tng i tng ln, tc hi i vi
thc vt cng tng ln. Tc hi ny tr nn cc i khi nhng l nh trn lp biu b
b mt dng cho s trao i tng h kh vi kh quyn c n ra, trong thi gian
ban ngy. nh hng ca kh quyn cha SO
2
nng thp nhng lu di nguy
him i vi cy trng hn l nng cao nhng trong thi gian ngn. SO
2
gy ra
ma axit ( chng 6) c tc hi i vi thc vt, tr nhng loi sng di nc sng
ngi , ao h.
2.2.8. Tc dng ha sinh ca Ozon v PAN
Ozon v peroxyaxetyl nitrat (PAN) l cc cn phm ca qu trnh quang ha
CH
3
-COO-O-NO
2
(PAN)
C O
3
v PAN u gy tc hi i vi mt v c quan h hp ca con ngi.
Khng kh cha 50 ppm O
3
trong vi gi s dn n cht do trn dch phi (pulmonary
edema), Ngha l s tch ly cht lng ( khng dn n cht) trong phi v ph hoi
cc mao qun ca phi. Nhng ng vt t tui v nhng ngi tr l nhy cm hn
i vi nhng tc ng gy c ny.
Tc dng ha sinh ca O
3
v PAN xut hin ch yu do kt qu ca s pht
sinh gc t do (free radicals) . Nhm sunphydril (-SH) trn enzym b tn hi do s tn
cng ca cac tc nhn oxy ha ny. Cc nhm -SH b oxy ha bi O
3
v PAN v cng
b axetyl ha bi PAN. Trong s cc amino axit cha S
-
th cystein b PAN tn cng
mnh.
Cc enzym b lm t lit bi cc tc nhn oxy ha quang ha bao gm
izoxitrie dehydrogenaza, malic dehydrogenaza v glucosa 6- photphat
dehydrogenaza. Cc enzym ny b bao bc bi vng xitric axit v b lm suy yu i s
sn sinh nng lng t bo ca glucoza. Cc tc nhn oxy ha ny ngn cn hot tnh
ca cc enzym tng hp nn celluloza v cht bo trong thc vt.
2.2.9. Tc dng ha sinh ca xyanua
Xyanua c trong ht ca cc loi qu nh to, anh o , o v mn. Xyanua
trong thc vt c lin kt vi gc ng v c gi l amygdalin. Xyanua c
gii phng ra bi qu trnh thy phn bi axit hoc enzym (xy ra trong d dy)
Xyanua thm nhp vo mi trng t nhiu ngun. HCN c s dng nh l
tc nhn st trng tiu dit cc sinh vt gm nhm trong thng ng ng cc, nh
v hm tu. Xyanua c s dng trong cc tng hp ha hc khc nhau, trong m
in v cng nghip lm sch kim loi.
Xyanua c ch cc enzym oxy ha ng vai tr mt xch trung gian cho qu
trnh s dng O
2
sn xut ATP. bc u tin xyanua lin kt vi ferricytochrome
oxidaza-metalloprotein cha Fe (di y gi tt l Fe (III) oxit), cht ny b kh
thnh Fe(II) oxit cytochome oxidaza bi glucoza.Fe(II) oxit nhng in t cho O
2
(
bc II).Sn phm quan trng l nng lng .
Bc 1.Fe(III) -oxit+glucoza Fe(II) - oxit
Bc 2.Fe(II) oxit+2H
+
+1/2 O
2
Fe(III)-oxit+H
2
O
ATP

ADP
+
Pi(photphat v c)
Xyanua can thip vo bc 1 bng cch to lin kt vi Fe(III)-oxit,v vy m
cht ny b th ng ha phn ng bc 2,tc l qu trnh sn xut nng lng b
ngn cn. Thm vo cc dng CN
-
cn to phc vi cc hp cht hematin khc.
Nhim c xyanua c th x l bng cch a vo trong ven (trong mch mu)
NaNO
2
hoc bng cch ngi amylnitrit. Cc phn ng ln lt l:
a)NO
2
-
oxy ha hemoglobin HbFe(II) thnh methemoglobin HbFe(III), cht
ny khng c tc dng trong vic vn chuyn O
2
ti cc m:
O-C
6
H
10
O
4
- O - C
6
H
11
O
5

|
NC = C (gc gluco) + 2H
2
O HCN + 2C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
|
O
HbFe(II) HbFe(III)
NO
2
-

Phn ng ny gii thch tc dng gy nn s thiu oxy v i khi dn n cht
. b) HbFe(III) lin kt vi CN
-
v nh vy gii phng CN
-
ra khi phc xyanua
ca ferricytochome oxidaze-Fe(III) oxid:
HbFe(III) +Fe(III)-oxit-CN HbFe(III) - CN + Fe(III)- oxit
c)S ch ha tip vi S
2
O
3
2-
loi b c xyanua :
HbFe(III) CN + S
2
O
3
2-
SCN
-
+ HbFe(III) + SO
3
2-

Phn ng ny c xc tc bi men cha nhm SCN (rhodanaza) hoc
mitochondrial sulfur transferaza.
2.3. Tc ng ho sinh ca mt s cht c hu c in hnh
2.3.1. Tc dng ha sinh ca cc ho cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV)
Trong s cc loi HCBVTV, tc dng sinh hc ca DDT i vi mi trng
c nghin cu nhiu v k nht. H thn kinh trung ng l mc tiu ca DDT,
tng t nh nhiu thuc dit cn trng, DDT ha tan trong cc m m v c tch
tr trong mng m bao quanh cc t bo thn kinh. iu ny c nhiu kh nng, dn
n s can thip vo s chuyn dch ca cc xung ng thn kinh (nerve impulses)
dc theo axons (ni lin cc t bo thn kinh). Kt qu l ph hy h thng thn kinh
trung ng v git cht su b cn dit tr.
Trong khi DDT rt bn v tn ti lu trong mi trng th cc nhm khc - cc
cht c photphat v cacbamat - b bin i nhanh trong mi trng. Cc cht ny tc
dng vi O
2
v H
2
O v b ph hy trong vng vi ngy trong mi trng. Cc sn
phm ca s phn hy ny l khng c.
Phng thc tc dng ca thuc trong dit cn trng: C ch m theo n cc
hydrocacbon c clo ha th hin tnh c hi i vi c th l cha c bit mt
cch chc chn. C th gi thit l chng b ha tan trong cc mng m bao quanh cc
dy thn kinh v can thip vo s chuyn vn ca cc ion vo trong hoc ra ngoi cc
dy thn kinh. iu ny dn n s chuyn dch cc rung ng thn kinh m kt qu
lm xut hin cc cn co git v cht.
HCBVTV c th c ch enzym-axetylcholinesteraza nh ch ra Hnh 5.4.
Axetylcholin l cht chuyn rung ng thn kinh - n kch ng cc t bo thn kinh.
Khong khng gian gia cc t bo thn kinh (gi l synapase) cha c hai cht
axetylcholin v enzym axetylcholinesteraza, cht ny s ph hy axetylcholin v ngn
cn cc t bo thn kinh lm vic. iu ny xy ra hai bc A(1) v (2)

CH
3

CH3
EOH + C=O EO C + HOCH
2
CH
2
N(CH
3
)
3
O
OCH
2
CH
2
N(CH
3
)
3
enzym-axetyl cholin
enzym axetylcholin
axetylcholinesteraza
CH
3

EOC + H
2
O EOH + CH
3
COOH
O Nhanh
Hnh 5.4. (A) S c ch acetylcholinesteraza do DDT gy ra
Trong bc 1 th enzym tc dng ln axetylcholin to thnh phn t trung gian
axetylenzym v cholin.
bc th hai axetyl enzym b phn hy bi nc to thnh CH
3
COOH v
enzym ban u c ti sinh.
Thuc dit cn trng c photpho c th tc dng ging nh axetylcholin v
kch thch s to thnh photphoryl enzym. Tc phn ng c o bng tc th
ch nhm X nguyn t P bng enzym. S phn hy cc hp cht trung gian ny l
chm hn nhiu (bc 2) so vi axetyl enzym trong A(1)
OR OR
EOH + XPOR
EO POR
+ HX
O O
Hp cht photpho Enzym photphoryl
OR OR
EO POR
+ H
2
O EOH + HOPOR

O O
Hnh 5.4 (B). S c ch Acetylcholinesteraza do thuc dit cn trng c photpho
O R
O R

(1) EOH + ROCN carbaryl enzym EOCN + ROH
H H
O R

O

R

(2) EOCN + H
2
O chm EOH + OHCN
H H
Hnh 5.4(C). Thuc dit cn trng cacbamat c ch enzym Acetylcholinesteraza
Cc phn ng Hnh 5.4 (B) v (C) xy ra tng t phosphoryl v carbaryl
enzymes B1 v C1 to thnh dn dn v nng enzyme hot ng b gim i.
Acetylcholine khng tip tc b phn hy nhanh v thn kinh bt u hot ng
trng thi khng kim sot c ,kt qu l cn trng b tiu dit.
DDT trong dy chuyn thc phm
Nh nhc trn, DDT l ha cht bn. Mt khi a v mi trng th n
bo ton c trong vi nm.
Phng thc m DDT c tch ly trong dy chuyn thc phm nh sau:
Plankton (sinh vt tri ni) bin cha vo khong 0,04 ppm DDT ng vt nh n
c s n plankton v lm tng nng DDT ln 16 ln , ngha l chng cha
khang 0,4 ppm DDT.T ng vt nh n c n ng vt, ri n loi chim n c,
nng DDT tng t 0,4 ti 2,1 v n 75,5 ppm.
Bi ging c hc mi trng: Bin i v vn chuyn cht c trong mi trng
Chng 3
S BIN I V VN CHUYN CHT C
TRONG MI TRNG
Mc tiu hc tp
1. M t s bin i v vn chuyn cht c trong mi trng t nhin,
2. Trnh by cc yu t nh hng n s bin i, tn lu v vn chuyn cht c
trong mi trng,
3. Trnh by s khuych i sinh hc cht c qua dy chuyn thc phm,
4. Trnh by s tch ly sinh hc ca cht c.
I. S BIN I CA CHT C TRONG MI TRNG T NHIN
Sau khi cht c xm nhp vo mi trng, chng s chu s tc ng v b
chuyn ha bi nhiu yu t t nhin nh: nh sng, nhit , pH, nc, vi sinh
vt... hnh thnh cc tc nhn gy c th cp, thng c c tnh thp hn cht c
ban u. Khi cht c tip xc vi c th sinh vt (cy c, ng vt hoc con ngui),
cht c s gy tc ng sinh hc th hin qua vic hp thu phn b trong c th,
chuyn ha, tng tc vi cc thnh phn sinh ha nhy cm v c th gy bin i v
sinh l, sinh ha v dn n gy bnh cho c th sinh vt. V d: tng tc gia ru
(etanol) vi c th ngi:
C
2
H
5
OH Thnh phn sinh ha ca c th
- Chuyn ha:
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2
3 H
2
O + 2 CO
2

- Tc ng: gy say ru.
- Cc i tng b tc ng: con ngi, ng vt c v.
Chuyn ha

Cht c C th
Tc ng
Hnh 1. Chu trnh tng tc gia cht c v c th sinh vt
Khi cht c tng tc vi h v sinh (t, nc, vt liu...) cht c c th hp thu,
phn ng vi cc thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu v gy tc ng (rt r, n mn...).
Nh th, con ng bin i v vn chuyn ca cht c trong mi trng t nhin
rt phc tp. Tuy nhin iu ny c th c th hin khi qut ha qua s biu din trn
hnh 2.
T ngun thi (cng thi, ng khi hoc t im xy ra s c du trn...) cht
c c pht tn vo mi trng. Khi tip xc vi mi trng sinh vt, cht c va
gy tc ng sinh ha, sinh l vi c th sinh vt ng thi cng b sinh vt hp thu,
chuyn ha lm suy gim nng , khi lng cht c. Tng t nh vy, khi tip
xc vi cc thnh phn v sinh cht c va gy tc ng n thnh phn ny va b
thnh phn v sinh hp thu, phn ng, gy bin i cht c.
Mi trng Mi trng
bn ngoi trong c th
Pha tip xc
Pha kinetic
Pha dynamic
Hnh 2. S biu din s bin i v vn chuyn ca cht c trong mi trng
Hp thu
Bi tit,
Tch ly
Ngun
Phn tn
trong mi
trng vt l
Suy gim do:
-Thy phn
-Quang phn
-Sinh vt
Nng
trong c th
Vn chuyn
sinh ha
Bin i
sinh ha
Tng tc
vi receptor
Tc ng v
sinh l,
bnh l

H sinh thi
Tc ng mi trng
Mi lin h trong h sinh thi v tc ng ca
h sinh thi n cht c
Bin i v tc ng ca cht c
Hnh 3. S bin i v tc ng ca cht c trong mi trng t nhin
II. CC YU T NH HNG N S BIN I, TN LU V VN
CHUYN CHT C TRONG MI TRNG
Khi cht c c a vo mi trng, c nhiu yu t ca mi trng (nh
sng, nhit , hi m, nc, a hnh, sinh vt...) nh hng n s bin i, tn lu
v vn chuyn ca cht c trong mi trng. S bin i, vn chuyn cng nh tn
Suy
gim
Cht
c
Di
chuyn
Thnh
phn hu
sinh
Tc nhn
gy c
Thnh
phn v
sinh
Tc ng
sinh hc
ca cht c
Bin i
v tc
ng ca
cht c
trong h
sinh thi
Tc ng
vt l ca
cht c
lu ca cht c trong mi trng cn ph thuc vo: bn cht ha, l ca cht c,
nng ban u ca cht c, cc yu t mi trng v nhy cm ca i tng
tip nhn.
Cc c tnh l ha sinh ca cht c l rt quan trng, bao gm cu trc phn
t, tnh tan trong nc, p sut bay hi. Tnh n nh ca s thy phn, quang phn,
phn hy sinh hc, bc hi, hp th, thng kh, s t lm sch bi cc vi sinh vt v c
s tham gia ca cc cp mi trng (khng kh-nc; trm tch bn-nc...) cng cung
cp nhng thng tin quan trng
T l trung bnh ca cht c trong ngun thi vo mi trng cng kh quan
trng trong vic d on nng cht c trong mi trng. Tuy nhin t l trung bnh
ca ngun vo v tc x thi cao trong thi gian ngn do sn xut th rt kh c
tnh nn c tnh khng chnh xc cao.. Thng tin v nng c bn ca cht c v
cc sn phm bin i trung gian cng rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton nng ca
chng trong mi trng. S con ng vn chuyn, chuyn ha v tc ng ca
cht c trong mi trng c th hin trn hnh 3.
Mt s nhn t mi trng nh hng n s bin i, tn lu v vn chuyn
ca cht c nh sau:
2.1. pH mi trng: tnh kim, axit hay trung tnh ca mi trng l yu t u tin
nh hng n tnh tan, pha long v hot tnh ca tc nhn gy c. Mt tc nhn
gy c tn ti trng thi ha tan thng c c tnh cao hn i vi cc loi thy
sinh. V d: pH acid, km (Zn) c c tnh cao hn v tn ti hnh thi Zn
2+
v
ZnHCO
3
+
(ha tan), trong khi pH kim, km c c tnh thp do tn ti trngt
hi Zn(OH)
2
(kt ta). Mt s cht c sinh hc thay i c tnh theo pH, mt s
khc khng thay i. c tnh ca cht dit c dinitrophenol gim 5 ln khi pH tng
ln t 6,9 n 8,0. Tng t nh vy, c tnh ca 2,4 diclorophenol gim i khi pH
tng ln. iu ny c gii thch do pH tng s lm gim dng khng lin kt. Trong
cc cht c t b nh hng bi pH c cht rotenone v 2,4 diclorophenoxy acetic
acid. Mt s cht khng thay i nhiu v c tnh khi pH thay i, chng hn nh
phenol, cht hot ng b mt alkyl benzenesulfonate (ABS).
2.2. EC (electric conductivity- dn in): cc cht c c tnh in gii b nh
hng mnh bi dn in ca mi trng
2.3. Cc cht cn: trong mi trng nc, khng kh, t, gy kt dnh hay sa lng
c cht. V d, trong vng t chua phn, nu c cc ht keo st l lng, Al
3+
s lin
kt vi cc ht mang in tch m ny v s trm lng xung lm gim c tnh ca
Al
3+
trong mi trng.
2.4. Nhit : nh hng r rt n kh nng ha tan, lm gia tng tc phn ng,
tng hot tnh ca cc cht c. V d, khi nhit cao, HgCl
2
s tc dng nhanh gp
2-3 ln so vi nhit thp. Thuc tr su DDT v mt s dit ry thng tng c
tnh khi nhit cao. Trong mi trng nc, nhit cn lm gia tng tc phn
ng thy phn chuyn cht c thnh cht c c tnh thp hn. nh hng ca
nhit i vi vic thy phn ha cht Malathion cc pH khc nhau c th hin
trong hnh 4:
Hnh 4: S ph thuc ca tc thy phn malathion vo nhit v pH
2.5. Din tch mt thong: nh hng trc tip n s phn b nng v liu lng,
s phn hy cht nhim, c bit l cht c hu c khng bn vng. V d, dng
nc c b mt ln, dng chy mnh, lu lng ln c kh nng t lm sch cao, lm
gim c tnh ca cht c trong mi trng nc.
2.6. Cc yu t kh tng thy vn nh m, tc gi, nh sng, s lan truyn
sng, dng chy, mn cng gy tc ng kh ln n s bin i, tn lu v vn
chuyn ca cht c
2.7. Kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng: mi h thng mi trng sinh thi u
c kh nng t lm sch ca n. Kh nng ny cng ln th tnh chu c v gii c
(detoxification) cng cao.
III. DY CHUYN THC PHM V S KHUYCH I SINH HC CA CHT C
3.1. Khi nim v dy chuyn thc phm
Dy chuyn thc phm l con ng truyn nng lng (cht dinh dng) t c
th sinh vt ny n c th sinh vt khc. Nu trong c th sinh vt trong mt mc xch
ca dy chuyn c cht c th cht c ny c truyn sang cho sinh vt khc c bc
dinh dng cao hn, k sau n, trong dy chuyn thc phm. V d: trong h sinh thi
nc, mt dy chuyn thc phm c bt u bng sinh vt sn xut bc nht. y l
cc loi thc vt (nh to, bo) s dng nng lng ca nh sng mt tri v cc cht
dinh dng trong nc tng hp cc cht v c thnh t chc sng. Sinh vt sn
xut l ngun cung cp nng lng v dinh dng cho sinh vt tiu th bc nht (cc
loi phiu sinh ng vt). Cc loi sinh vt tiu th bc nht ny li l ngun thc n
cho cc loi sinh vt tiu th bc hai (loi n ng vt). Sinh vt tiu th bc hai li l
ngun thc n cho sinh vt ln hn (sinh vt tiu th bc ba)...Mt dy chuyn thc
phm trong h sinh thi nc c trnh by trong hnh 5
3.2. S khuych i sinh hc (biomagnification) ca cht c qua dy chuyn
thc phm
Hnh 7: S biu din s tch ly v khuych i sinh hc ca DDT trong
mng li thc n (nng tnh bng ppm)
Chim ng C ln (n c nh)

Chut ng C nh

La m
C, rong bo
t+Nc
Mi trng nc......dinh dng
5 a. Nng D DT chuyn theo dy Mt do h hp v bi tit
chuyn thc phm trong h sinh thi cn
5 b. Nng D DT chuyn theo dy
chuyn
thc phm trong h sinh thi nc

Hnh 5 : S biu din s chuyn ha ca cc cht c qua dy chuyn thc phm
Theo s hnh 5 a ta thy rng, mc d la m l sinh vt sn xut v trc
tip nhn thuc tr su DDT nhng c hm lng DDT thp nht v c tnh sinh hc
ca n mt phn DDT b o thi vo t. Chut ng (sinh vt tiu th bc nht) l
loi n la m tch ly DDT trong c th n. DDT t chut chuyn sang chim ng
(sinh vt tiu th bc hai) l loi n chut. Nng trong chim ng cao nht v chim
ng c kh nng tch ly DDT trong m ca n, lng DDT b bi tit ra t. Cch gii
thch ny tng t cho s hnh 5 b.
Thng thng c th sinh vt c th b nhim c bi cht c tn ti trong mi
trng (t, nc khng kh); tuy nhin cng c nhiu trng hp sinh vt b nhim
c thng qua chui thc n hoc mng li thc n. Cc thc vt v ng vt (bc
thp, bc cao) k c con ngi khi tip xc vi cht c u c th b nhim c. Phn
ln cc cht c c sinh vt o thi ra ngoi, mt phn cht c c kh nng tn
lu trong c th sinh vt. Theo li thc n v quy lut vt ch, con mi, cc cht c
tn lu c th c vn chuyn t sinh vt ny sang sinh vt khc v c tch ly
bng nhng hm lng c cht cao hn theo bc dinh dng v thi gian sinh sng.
Nh th, thng qua li thc phm cht c c phng i ln v ngi ta thng gi qu
trnh ny l s khuych i sinh hc ca cht c trong c th sinh vt. Vy, s khuych i
sinh hc ca cht c l s lan truyn cht c qua thc n trong h sinh thi.
Hnh 6. S lan truyn thy ngn theo mc xch thc n
p dng khi nim khuych i sinh hc ca cht c trong c th sinh vt ta
c th l gii v nhim c thy ngn vnh Minamata lm chc ngn ngi Nht bn
b nhim c thy ngn qua vic n cc loi hi sn nh bt t vinh Minamata c
ngun nc b nhim do thy ngn t nc thi nh my ha cht vo vnh, hu
qu trn 1000 ngi cht trong vng hn 10 nm (1958-1968). S bin i v lan
truyn ca thy ngn vnh Minamata c gii thch nh sau:
Nh my ha cht Minamata thi thy ngn vo vnh Minamata nhng c trong
vnh li c c tm thy c cha CH
3
Hg
+
. L do l thy ngn hoc mui ca n c
th c chuyn ha thnh methyl thy ngn bi vi khun ym kh tng hp metan
trong nc. S chuyn ha ny c thc y bi Co(III) cha coenzym vitamin B
12
.
Nhm CH
3
-lin kt vi Co(III) trong coenzym c chuyn v enzym bi methyl
coban amin ti Hg
2+
, to thnh CH
3
Hg
+
hoc (CH
3
)
2
Hg. Mi trng axit thc y s
chuyn ha ca dimethyl thy ngn thnh methyl thy ngn tan trong nc. Chnh
methyl thy ngn tham gia vo dy chuyn thc phm thng qua sinh vt tri ni
v c tp trung c vi nng ln gp khong 10
3
ln hoc hn so vi lc u.
(hnh 6). Qu trnh khuych i sinh hc ca cht c trong c th sinh vt c ngha quan
trng trong vic gim st, qun l cht c v nghin cu c hc mi trng.
V qua s khuych i sinh hc, ta cng hiu c v sao ngi dn nhiu
vng khng dng ha cht bo v thc vt (BVTV)vn c kh nng b nhim c do
ha cht BVTV nu n thc phm (rau, c tht) t vng b phun thuc BVTV.
Hg
2+
CH
3
Hg
+
Sinh vt tri ni
Su b C nh
Chim Ngi C ln
Hnh 8:Dn xut ca DDT (DDT + DDD + DDE: ppm) nhng mc khc nhau
theo dy chuyn thc phm ca sng v cc m ly mn qun o Long, New York
nh sng mt tri
Thc vt bc thp Thc vt bc cao
(vi to...) (rau, c...)
ng vt ph du ng vt n c ng vt nui....
C nh
C ln Con ngi
Hnh 9: Mt dy chuyn thc phm tng qut
Chim n c
3,15 - 75,5
C
0,17 - 2,07
Tm
0,16
c sn
bn 0,26
Trai (hn)
0,26
Cn trng
0,23 - 0,3
Mnh hu
sinh
0,3 - 0,13
Sinh vt
hu sinh
0,03
Phiu sinh
0,03
Thc vt
vng m
ly bin
IV. S TCH LY SINH HC CA CHT C
4.1. Tch ly sinh hc
4.1.1. nh ngha: tch ly sinh hc (bioaccumulation) cht c l mt qu trnh tch
t cc nguyn t vi lng, cc cht c vo trong c th sinh vt thng qua vic hp
thu cht c bi cc sinh vt t mi trng xung quanh m chng sinh sng.
4.1.2. Qu trnh tch ly sinh hc cht c
Mc tch ly sinh hc ca cht c ph thuc vo mt s cc yu t sinh ha
sinh l ca cht c v c th sinh vt. Chng ta bit rng, s hp thu cc kim loi vi
lng bi sinh vt ty thuc vo tng nhm nguyn t, v nhng nguyn t ny c th
phn loi ra: nhm nguyn t vi lng cn thit v nhm khng cn thit. S khc bit
ny ph thuc vo s tham gia ca cc nguyn t trong h enzym hoc cc h sinh ha
bn trong sinh vt. Mt khc, ngi ta nhn bit c cc nhu cu sinh ha v sinh l
i vi cc nguyn t vi lng hoc l cn thit cho c th hoc l nhng cht c.
S tch ly sinh hc cht c trong c th sinh vt ph thuc vo nhiu yu t,
trong quan trng nht l kh nng khng tan v tan trong lipid ca cc cht c.
xc lp tnh cht k thy (hydrophobicity) ca mt cht c, ngi ta thng dng h
s phn b n-octanol-nc (hay cn gi l h s Kow), h s ny c biu th bng t
s: nng ca cht c trong pha lipid/nng ca cht c trong pha nc. Nh
th, nu h s ny cao th tnh tan trong lipid ca cht c cng ln. Ngi ta thng
s dng n-octanol lm dung mi lipid v cu trc ca n-octanol c chui cacbon ging
ht vi chui cacbon ca phospholipid, tuy vy, nhiu h dung mi khc cng c th
c dng (chloroform/nc, ether/nc, du olive/nc); hin nhin mi loi dung
mi u cho mt gi tr khc nhau ca h s Kow.
Mt khc, ngi ta cng tm thy rng s tch tch ly sinh hc ca cht c
cn lin quan n mt s yu t khc nhau sau:
* Cu trc phn t ca cht c
Ngi ta tm thy mi lin quan gia vai tr ca cu trc ca hp cht hu
c vi s tch ly sinh hc cht c. V d in hnh hnh nht l s lin quan n kh
nng tch ly sinh hc khc nhau ca cu t PCB. Hp cht ny th hin c hai
trng hp l s lng nguyn t Clor v v tr ca Clor trong vng biphenyl, c hai
yu t ny nh hng n s tch ly sinh hc ca PCB trong c th sinh vt.
* Hm lng cht bo (lipid) c cha trong c th sinh vt
Tnh cht l ha t nhin ca qu trnh tch ly sinh hc trong sinh vt th hin
nhiu kha cnh khc nhau trong mng li hp thu cc hp cht clo hu c bi cc
sinh vt. Yu t quan trng nht tc ng n mng li hp thu cc cht clo hu c
bi cc sinh vt l hm lng cht bo (lipid) c cha trong c th sinh vt. Hm
lng lipid trong c th sinh vt khng ging nhau gia cc loi, gia cc c th, trong
cc m, v th mun bit c s tch ly hp cht clo trong sinh vt cn phi xc nh
hm lng lipid trong chng. V d: cc loi c khc nhau th tng lng lipid cha
trong c cng khc nhau t 1% n 20%, v s tch ly cc cht c hu c clo trong
m cng tng theo t l hm lng lipid.
Nhiu nghin cu minh chng rng s tch ly cc hp cht clo hu c
(organochlorine) trong cc m m ca nhiu loi ng vt c lin quan n lng m trong
c th chng.
Bng 1: Nng DDT (mg/kg) trn trng lng t v m t trong 6 c quan
khc nhau ca c th c voi.
Cc ch tiu M c voi Gan c C bp L lch Thn
DDT (trng lng t) 3,8 0,58 0,02 0,56 0,12 0,04
% m 67 13,2 8,3 6,1 5,1 1,4
DDT (trng lng m) 5,6 4,8 0,27 9,2 2,4 2,9
T kt qu trn, ta nhn thy rng, mc nhim DDT ph thuc vo lng
m trong cc m, ring mc nhim DDT trong c l thp nht mc d lng m
ca c khng thp. y l do tnh tri ca phospholipid trong cc m c.
* Yu t tui v gii tnh
Hp cht clo hu c xm nhp tch ly trong sinh vt cn ph thuc vo tui v
gii tnh khc nhau trong cc c th. Chng hn nh: khi cht clo hu c c truyn
t b m sang b con ngay t trong bo thai v khi b con c sinh ra th n li c
truyn thm mt lng clo hu c t sa b m; i vi loi c, cc nh nghin cu
cng thy rng hm lng lipid tng ln theo chiu di hoc tui ca con c; trong mt
vi trng hp lng lipid tng theo s sinh nhiu; ng thi ngi ta cng cho bit
nhng ng vt ging ci khng th bi tit hp cht clo hu c
4.2. S xm nhp ca cht c vo c th sinh vt
Cc cht c xm nhp vo c th sinh vt bng nhiu con ng khc nhau
ty thuc vo tng nhm loi sinh vt.
4.2.1. i vi thc vt
Cht c c th xm nhp vo c th thc vt bng cch th ng hay ch
ng, iu ny c ngha l thc vt chu nh hng trc tip hay gin tip ca cht
c. Cc cht c xm nhp vo c th thc vt qua qu trnh ly cc dinh dng,
mui khong t b r, t c quan hp thu, sinh sn, d tr nh l-hoa-qu..., mt s
cht c th thm thu trc tip qua mng t bo khi tip xc vi cht c.
V d: DDT xm nhp vo c th thc vt bng con ng tip xc, hp thu
qua l - hoa - qu. Mt phn khc chng c chuyn vo t b r thng qua qu trnh
ht cc cht dinh dng v mui khong.
4.2.2. i vi ng vt
Cht c xm nhp vo c th ng vt qua cc con ng sau:
+ ng h hp
+ ng da
+ ng tun hon
+ ng tiu ha
+ ng thn kinh
+ Qua cc c quan d b tn thng, nhy cm vi c cht.
4.2.3. i vi ngi
Qu trnh xm nhp ca cht c vo c th ngi t ba con ng chnh l: h
hp, tiu ha v thm qua da
+ ng tiu ha
Cht c c th xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha: do n ung...khng
hp v sinh. Cc cht c c trong thc n, nc ung vo ng tiu ha qua ming
vo d dy, rut non, gan, qua ng tun hon, n cc ph tng v gy nhim c
+ ng h hp
y l con ng xm nhp quan trong nht v lun xy ra do con ngi lun
phi th ht Thng k thy rng, 95% nhim c ngh nghip l qua ng h hp.
Phi ngi c c din tch trao i kh l 90 m
2
, trong 70 m
2
l ca ph nang. Mng
li mao mch c din tch l 140 m
2
. Th tch h hp kh ca ngi ln l 20 m
3
/ngy
v tr em l 5 m
3
/ngy. Mu qua phi nhanh v thun li cho s xm nhp ca cht
c. Chng i vo mi, qua hng, kh qun, vo phi. y, c nhng mch mu nh
li ti, mng nhy l ni din ra qu trnh trao i kh; cc cht c t y i vo mu.
Mu tun hon nhanh, trong 2-3 giy, s a n cc c quan nh no, gan, thn, mt.
Cht bi tit qua sa m, tuyn m hi, sinh dc. Cht kh c theo con ng ny,
mt phn b gi li mi (ht > 10
-3
mm). Nhng ht c ng knh t 1-5.10
-3
mm
vo ph qun, ph nang; nhng ht < 10
-3
mm i thng vo ph nang. Nh trn
trnh by, ton b ph nang phi c mt lng li mao mch dy c lm cho cht
c khuych tn nhanh vo trong mu, khng qua gan gii c mt phn nh h
tiu ha m qua ngay tim i n cc ph tng, c bit n h thn kinh trung ng.
Do c th ni, c cht vo trong c th theo con ng h hp nhanh gn nh tin
thng vo tnh mch.
+ ng da
Da c vai tr bo v chng cc yu t ha hc, l hc v sinh hc. Mt s ha
cht c p lc ln vi lp m di da, i qua lp thng b v m b ri i vo h tun
hon v gy nhim c cho c th. Cc ha cht l xng, nicotin, cc dn xut nitro
v amin thm, cc dung mi c cha clo, thuc tr su photpho v clo hu c. Nhim
qua da cng d dng khi da b tn thng. Nhim c qua nim mc cng nguy
him hn v nim mc c cc mao mch dy c nh nim mc mt...chng hp thu
d dng mt s cht c v nhy cm vi mt s cht kch thch. Kh nng xm nhp
qua da ph thuc vo:
- dy ca da
- Sc t da
- Mao mch di da
- Thi tit: nng nhim c nhanh hn
- m da: m hi nhiu d nhim c cht tan trong nc
- B phn c th: da s hp thu nhanh hn da lng bn tay, bn chn.
4.3. Tc ng, tch ly v bin i ca cht c trong c th ngi.
4.3.1. Cc dng tc ng ca cht c ln c th
* Tc ng cc b:
- C quan hoc b phn chu tc ng l ng h hp, da, tiu ha, mt.
- Hin tng xy ra ti im tip xc vi cc cht c c hot tnh ha hc v
nng lng b mt cao
- Qu trnh tc ng tri qua ba giai don: kch thch, ph thng v vim, trng
hp nng xy ra hoi t.
* Tc ng ton thn
- Cht c vo mu c phn b trong c th, c th tc ng trn mt hoc
nhiu c quan hay t chc
- Tc ng c c th l s cp, cp 2 hoc cp 3, kch thch hoc c ch
- Tn thng c th phc hi hoc khng phc hi
- Tip xc ng thi vi nhiu cht c c th tc ng hp ng hoc i
khng, c khi l tc ng cng hng
- Tip xc vi cht c mt thi gian lu, c th xy ra cc bin chng hoc cc
hi chng nhim c, biu hin cc tc ng c trn cc m, cc t chc v cc c
quan, tc l mc t bo phn t
* Tc ng chn lc
y l tc ng ca cc cht c ln c quan ring bit. Cc tc ng ph
thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- dn truyn ca cc c quan (lu lng mu qua c quan) ko theo nng
cht c tng ln vo c th.
- Cu to ha hc ca cc c quan
- Tnh trng ring ca ng vn chuyn cht c
- Cc c im sinh ha hc ca cc c quan b tc ng. Chng hn, c quan
c kh nng chuyn ha cht c thnh cht khng c hoc thnh cht c hn.
4.3.2. Tc ng ca hai hay nhiu cht c hot ng ng thi
S tc ng ny c th din ra nh sau:
* S cng tc ng:
Tng ng vi tc ng tng cng kt hp ca tng cht ring l c gi l
s cng tc ng. C ch ca tng tc ny c th ging nhau hay khc nhau. V d: A
+ B phn ng 1 + 3 = 4, khi c hai loi thuc tr su phosphor hu c hot ng
ng thi th chng s nh hng n s c ch enzym cholinesteraza
* S cng hng
Ln hn tc ng tng cng kt hp ca tng tc ng ca tng cht ring l v
c gi l s cng hng. C ch ca s tng tc ny c th ging nhau hay khc
nhau. V d: A + B phn ng 1 +1 = 5. S cng hng xy ra khi c hai cht cng
tc ng ln cng mt b phn hay mt h thng. V d A + B phan rng 1 + 3 =
10, ethanol tng cng c tnh gy vim gan ca CCl
4
hay chloroform .S tim n khi
mt ha cht khng nh hng ln mt h thng dc bit no nhng s c mt ca n
tng cng hot ng ca mt s cht khc ln h thng d. V d A + B phn ng
0 + 3 = 5 ;isopropyl ancohol (CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH) tng cng c tnh gy vim gan
ca CCl
4.

* Tc ng trit tiu
- t hn tc ng tng cng nhng hiu ng lai thp hn so vi tc ng ca
tng cht ring l, c gi l tc ng trit tiu nhau. Tc ng trit tiu xut hin khi
c mt mt ha cht cn tr hot ng ca cc cht khc. Khi nh hng tng cng
ca hai cht hay nhiu cht ny it hn kt qu tng cng ca tng cht A + B phn
ng: 1 + 3 = 2 hay 1 + 3 = 0. Tc ng trit tiu v chc nng hot ng hay sinh
l,ha hc ,c tnh sinh l hay ha l, dc l. S trit tiu thuc v chc nng hay
sinh l xy ra khi hay hai nhiu cht to ra cc tc ng tri ngc nhau trn cng mt
h thng, gy ra s trung ha cc tc ng (vi d thuc gim au dng kim sot s
co git) hay trn cc h thng khc nhau to ra cc nh hng sinh l, ha hc chng
li nhau (v d nh cht histamine lm gim huyt p cn cht norepinephrine lm
tng huyt p) khi cc cht ny c mt ng thi.
4.3.2. S vn chuyn, phn b v tch ly cht c trong c th
* S vn chuyn: cc cht c i vo tun hon mu bng nhiu kiu ty theo
cch vn chuyn:
- Cc kh v hi, v mt vn chuyn, ha tan trong huyt tng
- cc kh gn vi huyt cu t
- Cc cht c c hp th trn b mt hng cu hoc gn vi cc thnh phn
ca hng cu
- Cc cht c c vn chuyn mt phn bi hng cu, mt phn bi cc
thnh phn khc ca huyt tng
- Cc cht in gii di dng ion trong huyt tng
- Cc cht c thy phn th to thnh cht keo trong mu
Sau khi c vn chuyn, cc cht c tip xc vi cc t bo khc nhau ca
cc t chc v c quan. Tnh cht l ha hc ca cht c v tnh cht ca cc t chc
vi nhiu yu t khc nh hng ti s phn b v tch ly ca cc cht c trong
nhiu vng c th.
* S phn b
- Cc cht ha tan trong cc dch c th: phn b kh ng u trn ton c th,
nh cc cation ha tr I (Na
+
, K
+
, Li
+
), mt s nguyn t ha tr V, VI, VII cc anion
Cl
-
, Br
-
, F
-
, ru ethylic.
- Cc cht tch ly phn ln trong gan v mt s c quan khc nh: cc cation ha tr
III, IV ca lanthanum, cerium, thorium hoc cc cht thy phn hoc cc cht keo
- Cc cht c tr trong xng: l nhng cht c biu hin i lc vi cc m
xng, gi l nguyn t hng xng. l cc cation ha tr II ca Ca, Ba, St, Ra,
Be v nhm cc anion F.
- Cc cht c tr trong cc c quan c hiu: cc cht c cng c i lc vi
mt s c quan, chng tch ly ln trong cc c quan , nh: iodine trong tuyn ty,
uranium trong thn, digitaline trong tim.
- Cc cht c tr trong cc m m, m bo: l cc cht ha tan trong m,
chng c i lc vi m m, m bo. l cc dung mi hu c, cc kh tr, cc hp
cht chlor hu c (cc cht tr su DDT, HCH, 666), cc thuc ng c tr t bo
thn kinh, gan, thn.
4.3.3. S khu tr cht c trong c th
Sau khi vo c th, cht c lu thng trong mu, bch huyt, n cc t chc
v ph tng. Trong phn ln trng hp, c s khu tr chn lc: s khu tr ny t
nhiu ph thuc vo i lc rt c hiu ca tng loi cht c v ca tng loi t chc
ca c th.
* S khu tr ca mt s cht c
- Do kh nng ha tan trong nc, ethanol c th c gi li trong ton b cc
ph tng.
- Cc cht ha tan trong m nh nh cc dung mi, cc ha cht tr su chlor
hu c tch ly cc t chc giu m cng nh thn kinh trung ng, gan, thn..
- Do mt s tnh cht ha hc, ion fluor c kh nng to thnh fluor calci khng
ha tan v cc phc hp fluorophosphocalci c nh xng, rng.
- Cc kim loi nng (nh Pb, Hg, Cd...) tc dng ln nhm thiol, c ch hot
tnh cc enzym v tch cha lng, tc, mng...
- Phn ln cc cht gy ung th tc dng ln axit nucleic, cc protein trc tip
hoc sau khi hot ha s chuyn ha.
- Ben zen khu tr chn lc ty xng, methanol tch ly vng mc.
* Mt s c quan t chc khu tr
- Gan l mt c quan quan trng, l ni cc cht c b gi li, chuyn ha v
bin i. Phn ln cc ion v c ng li gan, v th ngi ta thng tm thy nhiu
cht c mt ri thi ra theo ng tiu ha.
- Mu l mt th khng thun nht, mt s ion kim loi nh thy ngn, ng,
...dc gi li huyt tng di dng hp cht protein. Cc ion khc (nh ch) hu
nh tch ly trong hng cu. i vi cc cht hu c, nhiu cht kt hp vi protein
huyt tng, song c cht tp trung hng cu nh asen.
- H thng nim vng ni mc c kh nng gi cht c, cc ht bi silic tn
ng t chc gian bo phi...
4.4. S chuyn ha sinh hc
Hnh 10: Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc trong c th sinh vt
Cht c tc ng gy bin i s chuyn ha ca c th v ngc li, c th
cng tc ng lm bin i cht c, nht l cht c hu c.
Thng thng cc cht chuyn ha mi sinh ra hoc khng cn c tnh hoc
c c tnh thp hn ban u (v xu hng chung ca s chuyn ha l to ra cht c
tnh i lipid km hn, v tnh i thy cao hn, do kh thm vo mng t bo v d
b bi tit). Qa trnh ny gi l "kh hot ha sinh hc" ca cht c.. Ngoi ra, c
mt s t cht th tri qua qu trnh chuyn ha c tnh li tng cao, nguy hm hn
Cht c
Kh hot ha (tng
phn cc, tng
tnh i thy)
Hot hpa (gim
phn cc, tng tnh i
lipid)
D bi tit
Gim c tnh
Kh bi tit
Tng c tnh
(nh parathion c th chuyn thnh paraoxon c c tnh cao hn). Qu trnh ny gi
l"hot ha sinh hc" (bioactivation). (hnh10)
Cc qu trnh chuyn ha v bin i sinh ha ca c cht trong c th rt a
dng nh oxi ha-kh, thy phn, di chuyn nguyn t, methyl ha, lin kt...
4.5. S bin i sinh hc (biotransformation)
S bin i sinh hc ca vic tch ly cc cht c l mt vn quan trng v
cn c xem xt thi gian cc cht c c tr trong c th sinh vt. Cc kim loi
nng c th bin i sinh hc theo mt vi hng, trong phn ng methyl ha
(biomethylation) thng xy ra i vi mt s kim loi nng, qu trnh methyl ha
nhng kim loi nng (asen, thy ngn, selen, ch, thit, thallium...) thng xy ra trong
mi trng nc vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt. Cc kim loi nng sau khi c
methyl ha th d dng hp thu v tch ly trong c th sinh vt hn l khi chng
dng ion v c.
Cc v d in hnh di y cho thy s tham gia ca cc nguyn t kim loi
nng ny vi vi cc cht hu c to ra nhng hp cht c kim (organo-metalic
compound) nh arsenic (As) v thy ngn (Hg).
+ i vi asenic: enzym ng vai tr trong qu trnh methyl ha l S-adenosyl
methyionine. S bin i sinh hc ca asenic xy ra trong mi trng nc c nu
trong s hnh 11.
(CH
3
)
3
As
ion icalreduct log bio
(CH
3
)AsO (CH
3
)As
2+
+ CH
3
+
(CH
3
)
4
As
+

+ CH
3
+
(CH
3
)
3
AsCH
2
CH
2
COOH
(CH
3
)AsH
reduction
(CH
3
)
2
AsO(OH)
+ CH
3
+

(CH
3
)AsH
2

reduction
CH
3
As(OH)
2

+ CH
3
+
Oxidation
As
0
HAsO
2
+S
2-

As
2
S
3

AsH
3

H
3
AsO
4

Hnh 11: S bin i sinh hc ca asenic trong mi trng nc.
+ i vi thy ngn: Thy ngn hoc mui ca n c th c bin i thnh
methyl thy ngn, s methyl ha ny do vi khun ym kh m nhn. S bin i ny
c thc y bi Cobalt c trong vitamin B
12
. Nhm CH
3
lin kt vi Co(III) trong
coenzym c chuyn v enzym bi methyl cobalamin ti Hg
2+
, to thnh CH
3
Hg
+
v
(CH
3
)
2
Hg:
Hg
2+
CH
3
Hg
+
(CH
3
)
2
Hg
Mi trng axit thc y s bin i ca dimethyl thy ngn thnh methyl thy
ngn tan trong nc. S bin i ca thy ngn trong mi trng c trnh by
hnh 12.
Bacterial photolysis
(CH
3
)
2
Hg + OH
-
CH
3
HgOH
(Methyl h
cobalamin) + S
2-
(CH
3
Hg)
2
S Hg
o

+ CH
3
+
h
CH
3
Hg
+
h
(Methyl + RS
-
CH
3
HgSR
cobalamin) Bacterial
+ CH
3
+
photolysis

Hg
2+
S
2-

Hg
2+
RS
-

-
HgS
Hg
o
(RS)
2
Hg
H
+
OH
-

Hg
o

Hnh 12: S trnh by s bin i ca thy ngn trong mi trng
4.6. Cc sinh vt phn ng li vi c cht kim loi nng
Khi hm lng cc nguyn t vi v a lng trong c th thc vt qua cao s
gy c tnh sinh l, sinh ha cho cy , ngi ta a ra mt s c ch tc ng gy
c ca kim loi nng nh sau:
- Lm bin i tnh thm ca mng nhy t bo, gm c cc tc nhn: Ag, Au,
Br, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, Pb, UO
2
.
- Gy nn phn ng sulfurhydryl (-SH) vi cc cation: Ag
+
, Hg
+
, Pb
+
.
- Cch tranh v tr trong qu trnh trao i cht vi cc hp cht a lng trong
sinh vt bi cc cation: As, Sb, Se, Te, W, Fe.
- Hp th nhm hp cht phosphate v nhm hot ha ADP v ATP gy nn
bi cc nguyn t: Al, Be, Y, La, v c th l ton b kim loi nng.
- Chim ch cc ion a lng gy nn bi ch yu cc cation: Cr, Li, Pb, Se, Sr.
- Chim ch cc nhm dinh dng thit yu nh l phosphate v nitrat trong t
bo bi cc mui: arsenat, fluorat, borat, brromat, selenat...
- S lin quan gia c tnh ca cc kim loi nng khc nhau i vi thc vt l
rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo h gen v c tnh ca tng kim loi nng. Khi hm
lng kim loi nng trong c th sinh vt vt qu mc cho php, chng khng phi l
nguyn t vi lng na m l nguyn t c cho thc vt v vi sinh vt. V d nh Hg,
Cu, Pb, Cd v cng c th l Ag, Be, v Sn. C nhng loi thc vt c tnh chi ng
vi s tch ly cao ca c cht kim loi nng. Bn cnh , c nhng thc vt rt
nhy cm vi c cht kim loi nng, ngi ta cho bit nng d ca Zn, Cu, Ni v Cd
trong bn cng rnh u l c cht cy ch, rau dip c, c c r, c ci ng, ng,
mc d chng chi ng c nhiu cht kim loi nng khc.
C ch chi ng c cht kim loi nng ca thc vt gm nhng kh nng sau:
- Hp thu c chn lc cc ion
- Gim tnh thm ca mng nhy v thay i chc nng mng nhy t bo
- C kh nng c nh cc c cht dng ion, trong r, trong l, trong ht.
- C kh nng chuyn i tnh cht ca cht c bi qu trnh lng t trong cc
phn ng c nh hay kt ta vi cc kim loi nng
- Thay i phng thc trao i cht, tng hot tnh h thng enzym gim
thiu qu trnh gy c.
- Lm gim bt s tp trung ca cc ion kim loi c bng c ch c bit ca
cc cnh l: rng bt l hoc bi dn truyn v s bi tit ca r.
- Tnh thch ng l kiu c trng ca mi loi thc vt vi nhng kim loi
nng khc nhau, tuy vy, n khng vt khi mc gii hn nht nh khi nng kim
lai nng trong t qu ln.
Bng 2: Kh nng tch ly ca cc kim loi nng trong mt s thc vt
TT Kim loi nng Cc thc vt tch ly cao Cc thc vt tch ly thp
1
2
3
4
5
Cd
Pb
Cu
Ni
Zn
Bp ci, cn ty, rau dip c
Ci xanh, la mch en, cn ty
C ci ng, la mch trng
C ci ng, la mch en
C ci ng, xoi, thm
Khoai ty, ng, u xanh
La mch trng, khoai ty, ng
Ti, bp ci, hnh
Ng, ti, hnh, la mch trng
Khoai ty, c chua, ti, hnh
Bi ging c hc mi trng: c tnh v nh gi c tnh
Chng 4
C TNH V NH GI C TNH
Mc tiu hc tp:
1. Trnh by khi nim v phn loi c tnh
2. Trnh by phng php nh gi v th nghim c tnh
3. Trnh by phng php QSAR d on c tnh ha cht
NI DUNG
1. c tnh v th nghim c tnh
1.1. Khi nim v c tnh v phn loi
c tnh (toxicity) l thut ng dng m t nhng tc ng xu ca
cht c ln c th sinh vt. Ty thuc vo mc ca c tnh, cht c c th
gy cht, hoc gy tc hi ln tng c quan ca c th. c tnh l mt khi nim
nh lng. Hu nh bt k mt cht no u gy tc hi ti mt liu (dose) no
v ti cng mt thi im. Bin gy hiu ng c ca mt cht c dao
ng rt ln: t liu gy hiu ng c mn tnh n liu gy cht tc khc.
1.1.1. c tnh cp (acute toxicity): thut ng ny biu th s tc ng xu hay
s t vong ca sinh vt ngay sau khi tip xc vi cht c. c tnh cp xy ra
do tip xc vi n hoc a yu t trong phm vi mt thi gian ngn ( 24 gi)
v tc ng cp tnh l tc ng xy ra trong vng mt vi ngy hoc thm ch
mt vi gi u tin sau khi tip xc vi cht c, thng thng thi gian gy
c tnh cp phi t hn hai tun.Mt khc, v nhng tc ng mn tnh ch xut
hin sau khi tip xc lp li vi mt cht c: trong nhiu trng hp cn phi
tip xc lin tc hng thng vi cht c. Trong khi , tc nhn gy c tnh cp
c hp thu nhanh chng vo c th v sn sinh ngay lp tc cc hiu ng c
cho c th, song cng c trng hp, tip xc cp tnh b suy gim c tnh.
* Th nghim c tnh cp (acute toxicity test): Th nghim thng
thng nht ca c tnh cp l th thim LC50 v LD50: c thit k o
lng s t vong i vi nhng p ng ca mt chn thng c tnh cp.
Nhng loi th nghim khc ca c tnh cp bao gm: th nghim kch thch
da, th nghim tnh nhy cm ca da, th nghim kch thch mt, photoallergy,
phototoxicity...
* c tnh bn cp (subacute toxicity): l tc ng gy tc hi c th
ng vt nu hng ngy ha cht a vo c th trong khong thi gian < 10%
thi gian sng ca ng vt th nghim.
1.1.2. c tnh mn (chronic toxicity): Thut ng ny c s dng m t
nhng hiu ng xu xut hin sau mt thi gian di tip xc vi nhng lng
nh cht c. Liu tip xc vi cht c l nh khng gy tc ng cp
tnh v thi gian l yu t c ngha cho vic mong ch i sng bnh thng
ca sinh vt. Phn ln biu hin nghim trng nht ca c tnh mn l gy ung
th, tuy nhin nhng biu hin khc ca c tnh mn cng c bit, v d nh
tc ng n s sinh sn v hnh vi.
* Th nghim c tnh mn (chronic toxicity test): Th nghim mn
tnh l loi th nghim m thi gian nghin cu ko di sao cho ln hn i sng
ca ng vt th nghim, trong mt vi trng hp thng ln hn mt th h.
Nhng th nghim quan trong nht ca loi th nghim ny l th nghim gy
ung th, qui thai, d tt bm sinh...
1.1.3. c tnh bn mn (subchronic toxicity): c tnh ny l do tip xc mn
tnh v c tip din cho n khi tip xc nhiu cht c m khng gy ra bt k
mt chng c no ca c tnh cp, v thi gian tip xc c dn tri nhng
khng qu di to ra mt phn c ngha ca i sng sinh vt qua vic tip
xc vi cht c. i vi th nghim c tnh bn mn tnh ngi ta s dng
ng vt c v kho nghim vi thi gian tip xc t 30-90 ngy l thch hp.
* Th nghim c tnh bn mn (subchronic toxicity test): vic kho
st nhng th nghim bn mn ca c tnh c thc hin bng cch lp li
nhng liu gy c trn ng vt th nghim mt thi gian ko di nhng
khng qu di c th gy ra nhng tc ng cp hoc bn cp trn ng vt th
nghim. Thng thng, nhng th nghim bn mn tnh c thc hin trn ch
hoc th vi thi gan nghin cu: 90 ngy khi cht c c truyn qua ng
ming, 30 ngy khi cht c truyn qua ng da, v t 30 n 90 ngy khi
truyn qua ng ht th. Nhng th nghim nh trn s cung cp thng tin thit
yu tnh ton liu gy c cho vic xc nh nng gy bn mn tnh ca
mt loi cht c. ng thi nhng th nghim bn mn tnh cng c s dng
lm cn c cho vic xc nh "mc gy hiu ng xu khng quan st c" (no-
observed adverse effect level: NOAEL) ca cht c: gi tr ny thng c
nh ngha l nng cao nht ca cht c m khng gy bt k hiu ng xu
no c th pht hin c - ngha l nhng hiu ng xu quan st c i vi
nhng liu cao nht. NOAEL cng thng c dng tnh ton trong vic
nh gi nguy c. Th nghim bn mn tnh cng hu ch trong vic cung cp
thng tin gy hiu ng ca cht c trn cc c quan ca c th; v th nghim
ny cng c dng nh gi s tch ly sinh hc ca cht c.
1.2. Th nghim c tnh
Th nghim c tnh lin quan n vic s dng sinh vt lng gi
hiu ng c ca mt cht c. Th nghim c tnh c phn nh nh sau:
"th nghim trong c th" (in vivo test) lin quan n hiu ng gy c cp
(acute), bn mn tnh (subchronic) hay mn tnh (chronic), v "th nghim bn
ngoi c th" (in vitro test) lin quan n hiu ng gy tc hi ln vt liu di
truyn (genotoxicity) ca t bo sng: DNA.
nh gi c tnh (toxicity assessment) l s xc nh kh nng ca bt k
mt cht no gy hiu ng c. y l mt nh gi nh lng phn nh
c tnh ca tng loi ha cht c. iu ny lin quan n lut php ca tng
nc trong vic: sn xut, vn chuyn, lu hnh, tiu dng, qun l cht thi...
Hu ht cc th nghim c tnh c thc hin trn ng vt th nghim,
c nhiu mc tiu cn thc hin loi tr kh nng gy ri ro cho con ngi.
iu ny l cn thit, v kin thc ca chng ta v "tng quan hot tnh cu trc
nh lng" (QSAR: quantitative structure-activity relationships) khng cho php
ngoi suy chnh xc i vi nhng hp cht mi. Thng tin v th nghim c
tnh trn con ngi l rt kh t c v mt thc nghim v l do o c, tuy
nhin n rt cn thit bit c cc hiu ng c nh: tnh kch thch, nn
ma, d ng, tc ng ln chc nng no b...Trong mt vi trng hp nhng
thng tin ny c th thu thp t cc trng hp nhim c ngh nghip.
Mc d vic ngoi suy t ng vt th nghim sang ngi thng c nhiu
im khc bit nhau nh: con ng bin dng, hp thu, cch thc tc ng...
nhng tin trnh th nghim c tnh trn ng vt th nghim l thun tin v
nhiu l do nh: c th xc nh th tng di truyn, d dng trong vic kim sot
s phi nhim, kim sot c thi gian phi nhim v c th kho st chi tit tt
c cc m qua vic m t thi. Cc phng php th nghim c tnh c nu
tm tt trong bng 1
Bng 1. Tm tt nhng th nghim c tnh
1. Nhng tnh cht vt l v ha hc
2. S phi nhim v s phn mi trng
A. Nghin cu s suy bin; thy phn, suy bin quang hp...
B. Suy bin trong t, nc...di nhiu iu kin khc nhau.
C. S di chuyn v hao mn trong t, nc, khng kh
D. S tch ly trong thc vt, ng vt thy sinh, ng vt hoang di sng
trn cn, thc phm t thc vt v ng vt
3. Th nghim in vivo
A. Cp tnh
- LD50 v LC50: ng ming, ng da, ng ht th
- Kch thch mt
- Kch thch da
- Nhy cm ha da
B. Bn mn tnh (subchronic)
- Truyn cht c vo c th trong 90 ngy
- Tip xc bng ng ht th hay bng ng da t 30 n 90 ngy
C. Mn tnh
- Nui dng mn tnh (bao gm cc th nghim gen gy ung th)
- Gen gy qui thai
- Sinh sn (nhiu hn mt th h)
D. Cc th nghim c bit
- c tnh thn kinh (suy thoi thn kinh)
- Tim tng
- Bin dng
- Dc ng hc
- Hnh vi
4. Cc th nghim in vitro
- Gen gy bin d
- Lon nhim sc th
5. Tc ng trn s sng hoang di
Chn nhng loi ng vt hoang di: chim, c v ng vt khng xng
sng kho st c tnh cp, s tch ly v sinh sn trong iu kin hin
trng phng th nghim.
1.2.1. Phng thc dn truyn cht c vo c th ng vt th nghim c tnh
Thng thng c bn ng dn truyn cht c vo c th nh sau:
* ng ming (oral): c thc hin bng cch cho ung cht c vi
nc hoc trn cht c vi thc n, hoc chuyn thng cht c vo d dy
* ng da (dermal): ng dn cht c qua da cn thit c lng
c tnh ca cc ha cht c th xm nhp xuyn qua da. C th bi cht c ln
da hoc trn vi dung mi thch hp ri bi ln da.
* ng ht th (inhalation); h thng h hp l cng vo quan trng cho
mc ch nh gi c tnh ca cht c. Vic nghin cu c tnh bng ng
ht th cn phi c bung h hp. Bung ny l mt h thng phc tp bao gm
cc dng c to nn cc phn t dng kh dung, bi, hay hn hp kh m nh
trc thnh phn v kch c ca ht. Bnh thng, ngi ta cho ng vt th
nghim tip xc vi cht c mt s gi trong ngy v mt s ngy trong tun.
* ng tim (njection): phng php tim bao gm: tim trong tnh
mch (intravenous), tim trong c (intramuscular), tim trong mng bng
(intraperitoneal) v tim di da (subcutaneous).
1.2.2. Th nghim bn trong c th (in vivo test)
Theo kinh in, th nghim in vivo l th nghim cn bn xc nh
tnh c ca cht c. Cch tin hnh nh sau: mt hay nhiu mu nghim ca
ng vt th nghim c dng kho st t vong trong th nghim cp tnh.
T nhng kt qu ny ngi ta s dng nhng k thut ngoi suy khc nhau
c lng tc hi n con ngi.
1.2.2. Th nghim bn ngoi c th (in vitro test)
Theo ngha en, y l th nghim c thc hin bn ngoi c th sinh
vt. Trong th nghim c tnh, loi th nghim ny s bao gm nhng nghin
cu s dng vic ly trch enzym, nui cy t bo...Cc nh c cht hc thng
s dng th nghim ny cho loi th nghim ngn hn nghin cu tnh bin d
ca gen v ngi ta thng s dng th nghim ny nh l mt ch s kh
nng gy ung th ca cht c.
Bng 2: Cc th nghim trong c hc v c hc mi trng
Mc c bn chung Cp 1 Cp 2
Th
nghim
c cht
hc
c tnh cp
- ng ming
- ng ht th
- Qua da
- Qua mt
c tnh bn cp
- NOAEL sau 28 ngy
Cc tc ng khc
- Bin d di truyn
- Nghin cu v kh
nng sinh sn
- Nghin cu v kh
nng gy qui thai
- Cc nghin cu bn
mn tnh v mn tnh
- Nghin cu su hn
v bin d di truyn
- Nghin cu v
c tnh mn
- Nghin cu v
ung th
- Nghin cu v
kh nng sinh sn
- Nghin cu v kh
nng gy qui thai
- Nghin cu v c
tnh cp v bn cp
trn mt loi khc
Th
nghim
c hc
mi
trng
Tc ng n sinh vt
- c tnh cp i vi c
S suy thoi ca:
- Cc thnh phn hu c
- Cc thnh phn v c
- Th nghim v kh
nng km hm s pht
trin i vi ru to
- Th nghim trn cc
loi thc vt cp cao hn
- Th nghim trn
giun t
- Th nghim trn c
- Th nghim v kh
nng tch ly trong
mt s loi
- Th nghim m
rng v kh nng
tch ly sinh hc,
s suy thoi v s
di chuyn
- Nghin cu su
hn trn c (k c
nghin cu v s
sinh sn)
- Nghin cu thm
v c hc trn mt
s loi chim
- Nghin cu thm
v c hc trn mt
s loi khc
- Nghin cu v
s hp ph v s
gii hp
1.3. Cc loi th nghim trong c hc mi trng
C nm loi th nghim c qui nh ty theo tng nhu cu khc nhau,
nguyn gc chng c qui nh lm th nghim i vi c, nhng chng c
th c p dng d dng i vi cc loi ng vt khc trong h sinh thi thy
sinh hay h sinh thi cn.
Nm loi th nghim ny c qui nh vi mc ch:
1. Kim tra s b c tnh ca ha cht
2. Quan trc c tnh s pht tn nhim ca cht thi hay cc ni chn
cht thi
3. Quan trc cht lng mi trng vi cc mc ch v lut php
4. nh gi nhy ca mi trng t nhin i vi cc ha cht
5. Nghin cu thit lp tiu chun mi trng
Sau y l th d dn chng minh ha cho nm loi th nghim trn y
vi th nghim trn c.
1.3.1. Kim tra s b c tnh ca ha cht
V mt l thuyt, hu ht cc kim loi ti c h sinh thi thy sinh c
th do b thi ra mt cch ngu nhin hay tnh c trong khi vn chuyn, hay b
thi ra do mt hnh ng thiu trch nhim. Kiu th nghim ny c dng
xc nh nguy c c hi ca nhm cc ha cht hay sn phm c kh nng thm
nhp vo h sinh thi thy sinh khi con ngi s dng mt cch bnh thng. Do
vy, vic s dng cc hp cht t c nht c th c nghin cu su hn. cc
th nghim nh vy c chun ha.
1.3.2. Quan trc c tnh s pht tn nhim ca cht thi hay cc ni
chn cht thi
Thng thng tiu chun cht lng cho php thit lp cho cc dng cht
thi c kim tra sau bng cch tin hnh phn tch ha hc. Tuy vy, nhng
dng cht thi mang theo cc ha cht c hi thng kh phn tch v th
nghim c tnh. hnh dung mc trm trng ca nguy c, mt th nghim
n gin c dng quan trc tip dng cht thi. Php th nghim ny c
gi l s quan trc dng cht thi.
1.3.3. Quan trc cht lng mi trng vi cc mc ch v lut php
Nu nh b tiu chun mi trng Quc gia cn c a vo cc qui
nh nh php lut, mt qui trnh th nghim chnh xc, hiu qu phi c thit
lp v phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun v nghin cu c cht hc i vi c.
Nhng php th nghim ny c gi l nhng php th nghim mang tnh php lut.
1.3.4. nh gi nhy ca mi trng t nhin i vi cc ha cht
Nh trnh by trn, cc dng sng c th b nhim mt cch ngu
nhin t nhiu ngun khc nhau, gy nguy him cho nhng ngi s dng cui
ngun. Nhng trng hp ny, h thng quan trc phi quan st c nhng du
hiu l tc ng n nhng loi c sinh sng y. Qua a ra nhng kin
ngh kp thi tip tc cho php hoc phi chm dt nhng hot ng gy ra
nhng tc ng ni trn. Nhng th nghim ny gi l nhng th nghim quan
trc cht lng nc chy trn sng.
1.3.5. Nghin cu thit lp tiu chun mi trng
C rt nhiu cc c cht xut hin trong mi trng nc, l do hu
qu ca cc hot ng cng, nng nghip v nc thi sinh hot. Nhng ha cht
ny lu li trong h sinh thi thy sinhvi nhng chu k rt di, thm ch i khi
tn ti vnh cu. i vi nhng cht ny cn nhiu thng tin nh gi nguy
hi, thit lp tiu chun cho php trong mi trng nc. Bn cht v qui m
ca nhng th nghim km theo ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca tc nhn v
mc gy ri ro ca n. Qui trnh th nghim phi a ra nhng thng tin c
th c din t nh l php th nghim thit lp tiu chun cht lng nc.
Nhng th nghim ny thng phc tp, phi c tin hnh trong nhiu khong
thi gian v trn hng lot cc loi khc nhau v.v...
Bng 3: nh gi kh nng p dng nm th nghim nu trn trong
nghin cu c hc mi trng
Th nghim Trn
mt
loi
Trn
mt
qun x
H sinh
thi i
chng
Nghin
cu trn
thc t
1. Kim tra s b c tnh ca ha cht +

- -
2. Quan trc c tnh s pht tn
nhim ca cht thi hay cc ni chn
cht thi
+

- -
3. Quan trc cht lng mi trng vi
cc mc ch v lut php

- - +
4. nh gi nhy ca mi trng
t nhin i vi cc ha cht

+ + -
5. Nghin cu thit lp tiu

+

chun mi trng
2. nh gi c tnh
2.1. nh gi c tnh cp
nh gi c tnh cp thng lin quan n tnh t vong thng qua vic
c lng LD50 hay LC50, mc d nhng tc ng cp tnh khc nh gy kch
thch mt cng l nhng ch ca loi th nghim ny. Mt s th nghim
thng dng nh gi c tnh nh sau:
2.1. Quan h liu lng - p ng (dose-response)
p ng l phn ng ca ton b c th hay ca mt hoc vi b phn ca c
th sinh vt i vi cht kch thch (cht gy p ng). Cht kch thch c th c rt
nhiu dng, v cng ca p ng thng l hm s ca cng cht kch thch.
Cht kch thch cng cao th cng p ng trong c th xy ra cng ln. Khi cht
kch thch l ha cht, th p ng thng l hm s ca liu lng v mi quan h
ny c gi l mi quan h liu lng - p ng
nh gi liu lng-p ng l mt bc trong tin trnh nh gi nguy
c, n c c trng ha bi mi tng quan nh lng gia liu lng ca
cht c a vo mt qun th ng vt th nghim vi ch s ca mc tn
thng hay mc bnh. Mt liu (dose) l mt n v tip xc vi mt ha cht v
thng c biu din dng mt n v khi lng ca ha cht trn n v th
trng (trn kg th trng), hoc trn mt din tch b mt ca c th (trn m
2
hoc
cm
2
ca din tch b mt c th). Mi lin quan gia liu lng v cc hiu ng
sinh hc l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn trong lnh vc c cht hc.
S liu nh gi liu lng - p ng c suy ra t cc nghin cu trn
ng vt, trong mt s t trng hp suy ra t cc nghin cu bnh hc trn mt
nhm ngi tip xc. C th c nhiu mi lin h khc nhau cho mt ha cht
nu n gy ra nhiu tc hi khc nhau di nhng iu kin tip xc khc nhau.
Trong nh gi liu lng - p ng mc tip xc cn thit gy nn
nhng tc hi ca c cht cn phi c xc nh. S sinh ra ca mt p ng
v mc p ng c lin quan vi nng ca tc nhn ti v tr phn ng. p
ng v liu lng c lin h nhn qu vi nhau. Tuy nhin cc liu lng thp,
ta s khng quan st c p ng. Liu lng thp nht ca mt ha cht m
khng gy nn tc ng xu gi l "liu ngng" (threshold dose).
Nu cc s liu v liu lng p ng c y th c th biu th chng
trn th v ng ni nhng im s liu gi l th liu lng - p ng.
C nhiu dng ng cong liu lng - p ng, trong dng ng cong loi
grade v ng cong dng quantal thng c dng nhiu nht.
+ i vi ng cong dng grade, tc ng c xc nh trong tng c
th ca tng c th v cng c xp hng nh hm s ca log liu lng
ha cht. Cc c th trong qun th c th c nhng ng cong liu lng- p
ng khc nhau do s khc bit v sinh hc.
+ ng cong dng quantal lin quan n log liu lng ha cht vi tn
s ca phn ng trong qun th nghin cu. p ng c th xc nh trc tc
hi. Trong th liu lng - p ng dng quantal, tn s thay th cng
trong ng cong dng grade.
Phng php s dng ng cong liu lng - p ng so snh c
tnh ca cc cht c: nu nh p ng c v nh hm s ca log liu lng
th dc ca ng thng s c dng so snh. dc cng ln th ha
cht cng c hi
Phn ng cc i

50

ED
50
0
Log liu lng (mg/kg)
Hnh 1. Dng c trng ca th liu lng - p ng

100 Agonist

50 Agonist + Antagonist
Khng cnh tranh
ED
50

Liu lng (mg/kg)
Hnh 2: th liu lng p ng dng grade. p ng c th
2.2. LD50, LC50, ED50, EC50
p
ng
%
LD50 (median lethal dose 50) l liu c lng, khi cht c c dn
trc tip vo ng vt th nghim m kt qu l gy cht 50% qun th tip
xc vi cht c di nhng iu kin xc nh ca th nghim. Gi tr LD50
c xem nh l tiu chun so snh c tnh cp gia cht c vi nhau. V
nhng kt qu ca nhng xc nh LD50 rt khc nhau do nhng iu kin v
sinh hc v vt l hc c nh r trong mt khong hp (v d: nhng iu
kin v mi trng, thi gian v ng tip xc, loi, gii v tui ca sinh vt
th nghim). Gi tr LD50 c th c xc nh qua th vi trc honh l log
nng v trc tung l n v xc sut (probability units: probits) biu din s t
vong ca ngvt th nghim
LC50 (median lethal concentration 50) l nng c lng trong mi
trng m ng vt tip xc v s git cht 50% qun th tip xc vi cht
c di nhng iu kin xc nh ca th nghim. Bnh thng, ngi ta s
dng LC50 thay cho LD50 trong nghin cu c hc mi trng nc
(aquatic toxicology) v c hc mi trng khng kh (inhalation toxiclogy)
Nu nh im cui ca th nghim khng gy cht ng vt th nghim
m cc nng th nghim dn n cc tc ng khc nhau i vi 50% ng
vt th nghim th gi l liu tc ng 50% hay ED50 (median effective dose)
hay nng tc ng 50%: EC50 (median effective concentration)
Gi tr EC50 hay LD50 thng c thc hin trong vng 24 n 96 gi
v c th nghim trn mt loi cht nht nh, v d nh th trn ngun nc
cp, thuc bo v thc vt, mt loi cht in hnh trong nc thi cng
nghip... xc nh nng v ngng an ton. Thi gian cng c ghi cng
vi liu lng gy cht: LD50-48 gi hay EC50-24 gi.
Mt phng php nghin cu khc l o thi gian cn thit 50% sinh
vt th nghim c phn ng c bit (v d nh s t vong). Phng php ny i
hi phi gi mc ca cc tc ng chn lc lun khng i v theo di trong
thi gian th nghim xc nh thi im 50% ng vt th nghim cht, hay
50% ng vt cn sng. Thi gian gi l median lethal time LT50: thi gian
cht 50%.
Trevan l ngi u tin pht trin khi nim LD50 vo nm 1927. Gi
tr ny thng c biu din nh l mt c lng gii hn khong tin
(confidence limit) xut x t nhiu nhm ng vt th nghim vi nhiu liu
lng khc nhau.
Phng php n gin nht xc nh LD50 v LC50, qua gii hn
khong tin, l s dng mt th v cn c vo s tha nhn rng s tc ng l
tn s trong th dng quantal (all or none: tt c hoc khng): phn trm p
ng trong mt nhm ng vt th nghim lin quan vi liu tng ng v tc
ng tch ly l mt phn b chun.
Hin nay, trong khoa hc th nghim LD50 thng gy ra nhiu s tranh
lun, v th khi s dng th nghim LD50, cn phi tiu ch ha cc yu t sau:
1. LD50 ch biu din s t vong khng phn nh cc tc ng cp tnh khc.
2. Th nghim ny tin hnh vi s ng vt th nghim ln c c
gi tr thng k c th chp nhn. Hn th na, nhng kt qu ca nhng th
nghim LD50 thng bin i theo ging, loi, gii, tui...(bng ), do vy, cc
gi tr LD50 him khi ng nht vi nhau t phng th ny n phng th nghim
khc, mc d cng th nghim vi mt loi cht c.
3. Tt c nhng lut l cng nh cc khuyn co phi lm r rng th nghim
kinh in LD50 l khng ng nht vi cc th nghim c tnh cp hin i
Bng 4: Phn loi c tnh theo gi tr LD50
Phn loi LD50 (mg/kg) Th d
I : Siu c (super toxic)
II : Cc c (extremely toxic)
III: Rt c (very toxic)
IV: c va phi (moderately toxic)
V : t c (slightly toxic)
5
5 - 50
50 - 500
500 - 5000
5000 - 15000
TCDD
Pictrotoxin
phenobarbital
Morphine sulfate
Ethanol
2.3. nh gi c tnh cp i vi cc loi thy sinh
Mt khc, theo quan im c hc mi trng nc, do t vong l mt
yu t d xc nh trong cc p ng, nn th nghim c tnh cp thng thng
nht l th nghim nng gy cht cp tnh, trong , 50% p ng l thng s
ch v hm lng cht c c s dng v 96 gi (hay t hn ) l thi gian gy
ng c tiu chun (v 96 gi l thi gian cn thit gy ra ng cp tnh hay gy
cht cp tnh). i vi loi c v ng vt khng xng ln, thng s dng
nh gi c tnh cp l LC50-96 gi.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc ng vt khng xng, do s t vong rt kh
xc nh, nn mt thng s khc: EC50 (nng gy tc ng trung bnh)
thng c dng thay th cho LC50. S tc ng c s dng c tnh
EC50 cho mt s ng vt khng xng sng (v d nh daphnia: u trng rui
nhu) l s bt ng hay s khng di chuyn c. Cc tc ng thng c s
dng c tnh EC50 cho cua, tm bin, tm ng l s bt ng v mt cn
bng: c xc nh l mt kh nng duy tr t th bnh thng.
nh gi c tnh cp qua loi gip xc Ceriodaphnia: Trong mi trng
nc ngt thng tn ti loi phiu sinh vt gip xc Ceriodaphnia - mt loi thc
n cho c nh. Ngi ta s dng tnh nhy cm ca n vi nng c cht qua s
lng c th cht xc nh mc nhim c ca mi trng sau 24 gi hoc 48
gi. S lng cht ca Ceriodaphnia cng c biu din qua EC50-24 gi, EC50-
48 gi hoc LC50-24 gi v n v c c dng l mg/L
2.4. nh gi c tnh cp theo th nghim Microtox Test: MT test)
xc nh c tnh cp, ngi ta cn dng mt loi th nghim khc gi l
TM test (Microtox Test). Nguyn l ca th nghim ny nh sau: kim sot qu
trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt pht quang vi thi gian ngn (5-10 pht) qua ,
nh gi c tnh cp ca mi trng nc hay t, bn. Nhit c duy tr
15 - 27
0
C. Thit b o l my Microtox, model 500: o cng pht quang ca vi
sinh vt Vibrio fischeri NRRL B-11177, thuc th Microtox Reagent. My th c
ni vi mt my tnh ci t phn mm Microtox data collection and reduction
sofware-version 6.0 hoc phn mm Microtox Omi
TM
. Trong iu kin mi trng
cha c hoc c t c cht, vi sinh vt pht quang mnh do qu trnh h hp t bo
ca chng. Nu mi trng b nhim c, cht c cng tng th lng pht quang
cng gim. Ngi ta a ra mt ch s EC50 cng pht sng ca vi sinh vt
trong khong thi gian 5 - 15 pht vi nhit t = 15 0,5
0
C. Tr s EC50 c
c qua my tnh.
3. Cc n v c tnh (TU - Toxicity Units)
TU l i lng th hin lng c tnh ca cht c vi sinh vt th
nghim. Mt n v c tnh tng ng vi lng cht c c pha long
git cht 50% s lng sinh vt th nghim
50%) ( EC
(%) 100
TU
50
=
TU cng cao th EC50 cng thp: mi trng cng c hi
* Tc pht thi cht c (toxic emission rate): l lng cht c thi ra
mi trng chung quanh trong thi gian mt ngy
TER = TU/ngy = TU x Q (m
3
/ngy)
* H s pht thi cht c (toxic emission factor - TEF): H s pht thi cht
c l lng cht c pht thi tnh trn mt tn cht thi rn cc bi rc thi.
TEF = TU/tn rc ang phn hy
rac/ngay) (tan H
TER
=
4. Phng php QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships:
tng quan hot tnh cu trc nh lng) d on c tnh ha cht
4.1. Khi nim QSAR
Tng quan hot tnh cu trc nh lng l s tng quan gia nhng
tnh cht l hc hoc ha hc ca ha cht v kh nng gy ra mt tc ng c
bit (hot tnh) ca ha cht.
Phng php QSAR l phng php c lng c pht trin v s
dng nhm tin on nhng tnh cht hoc nhng tc ng no ca ha cht.
Phng php ny ch yu l da vo cu trc ca ha cht cn nghin cu
Phng php QSAR c pht trin cn c vo nhng d kin thc
nghim ca nhng cht mu (model substances) c sn
Mc ch ca nhng nghin cu QSAR trong c hc mi trng l
xc nh c tnh ca mt cht c m c th tin on t cu trc ha hc ca
cht c tng t vi nhng cht c khc m bit hot tnh v nhng tnh
cht gy c.
4.2. V d: Sau y y l nhng m hnh (cc m hnh l nhng phng trnh
hi qui tuyn tnh) c chn la v tnh ton li nh gi nhng QSAR trong
c hc mi trng
Bng 5: M hnh QSAR ng dng trong nghin cu c tnh ca cc loi
thuc ng khng phn cc
Species Enpoint Equation + statictics Reference
Fish

Pimephales
promelas
96h LC50, mol/L log LC50 = - 0.85 logKow -1.39
n = 58, r2 = 0.94, Q2 = 0.93, s.e = 0.36
Verhaar et
al; 1995
Brachydanio rrio
P. promelas
28-32d NOEC
ELS test, mol/L
log NOEC = -0.90 log Kow-2.30
n=27, r2=0.92, q2=0.91, s.e=0.33
Verhaar et
al; 1995
Daphnia
Daphnia magna 48h EC50
immobilis, mol/L
log EC50 = - 0.95log Kow -1.32
n = 49, r2 = 0.95, Q2 = 0.94, s.e = 0.34
Verhaar et
al; 1995
Daphnia magna 16d NOEC, growth,
reproduct, mol/L
log NOEC= -1.05 log Kow -1.85
n = 10, r2 = 0.97, Q2 = 0.95, s.e = 0.39
Verhaar et
al; 1995
Algae

Selenastrum
capricornutum
72-96h EC50
growth, mol/L
log EC50= -1.00 log Kow -1.23
n=10 , r2 = 0.93, Q2 = n.d, s.e = 0.17
VanL eewen,
1992
Ghi ch : n l s d kin, r2 l h s tng quan, Q2 l tnh hp php ca r2,
s.e l sai s chun ca c lng
Nguyn tc pht trin QSAR:
Mt cch tng qut ngi ta chp nhn rng cu trc, nhng thnh phn
vt l v ha hc ca mt hp cht l nh hng trc tip n hot tnh sinh hc
ca hp cht . xc nh mt QSAR cn tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. nh ngha phng php o lng hot tnh sinh hc ca hp cht
2. M t cu trc phn t v nhng tnh cht l ha hc ca hp cht
3. Xc nh hm tng quan gia hot tnh ca hp cht vi cu trc phn
t, nhng tnh cht l, ha hc ca hp cht: ngha l tm mt hm ton hc f c
mc chnh xc cao, hm f c dng:
f = "hot tnh sinh hc"
y f l cu trc phn t v nhng tnh cht l, ha hc ca hp cht.
xc nh hm tng quan ngi ta thng s dng k thut thng k:
tng quan hi qui hay bnh phng ti thiu (regression or least squares).
4. S dng nhng thng tin c c t ba bc trn y (o lng hot
tnh, cu trc phn t v hm tng quan f tin on hot tnh sinh hc ca
hp cht mi.
Phng php QSAR ln u tin do Hansch,C., Fujita,T tm ra vo nm 1964.
Bi ging c hc mi trng: Qun l mi trng cc cht c v s nhim c
Chng 5
QUN L MI TRNG CC CHT C V S
NHIM C

I. CC TIU CHUN MI TRNG V CHT C
1.1. c im chung
1.2. Tiu chun nc, nc thi
1.3. Tiu chun khng kh
1.4. Tiu chun t bn
II. QUN L V KIM SOT NHIM HA CHT BO V THC VT
1. ngha c cht ca cc thuc BVTV. Hin nay trn th gii cc mt hng
thuc BVTV (ch yu l cc cht hu c) ln ti 100.000 ch phm, chng thuc
vo hn 900 hp cht ho hc khc nhau. Chng u c hot tnh sinh hc cao,
khng ch c vi cn trng, c di m cn c vi ngi, gia sc, cn trng c
ch, cy trng...Hn na vic s dng rng ri, chng c th gy nhim mi
trng sng. Cn c vo c tnh trn sc vt th nghim (th, chut...) c th
chia cc thuc BVTV thnh 4 nhm:
- c tnh cao: LD
50
50mg/kg.
- c tnh mnh: LD
50
50-200mg/kg.
- c tnh trung bnh: LD
50
200-1000mg/kg.
- t c: LD
50
> 1000mg/kg
S phn loi ny ch mang tnh qui c. Khi nh gi c tnh ca cht
ny hay cht khc, ngoi s liu v liu lng, cn phi tnh n tnh cht l ho
ca cht . V d nh kh nng ho tan trong m, kh nng bay hi...
Tnh cht l ho c lin quan cht ch dn s tn ti ca cht mi
trng bn ngoi, n s tch lu v kh nng o thi ra khi c th.
Vic s dng thuc BVTV rng ri trong nng nghip l nguyn nhn ca
cc trng hp ng c cp v trng din.
D phng nga nhim c cho ngi bi thuc bo v thc vt, cc
chuyn gia v c cht, v sinh, ho hc...cn phi nghin cu ra nhng
qui nh nghim ngt v sn xut, bo qun, chuyn ch, s dng thuc BVTV.
ng thi nghin cu d lng cho php ca tng loi thuc bo v thc vt
trong thc phm, cc phng php xc nh d lng. Vic nghin cu cc
phng php phn lp, nh tnh, nh lng cc thuc bo v thc vt trong i
tng sinh hc (mu, nc tiu...) cng rt quan trng phc v cho cp cu v
iu tr nhim c thuc BVTV.
2. D lng thuc BVTV. Sau khi s dng thuc BVTV, trn b mt cy ci
hm lng thuc dn dn mt i, do nh hng ca nhiu yu t. Mt phn thuc
BVTV thm vo bn trong theo mao mch phn b vo thn , l, qu. Phn ln
chng ri xung t trong c mt phn c ht vo cy qua r.
2.1. D lng trong nng sn. Thuc BVTV vo bn trong cy chui tc dng ca
cc h men, c th tng hay gim c tnh do kt qu ca qu trnh chuyn ho.
V mt v sinh y t cn ch ti qu trnh tch lu ca cc thuc BVTV
trong thc phm v tc dng ca cc liu nh cht c trong thi gian di.
D lng ca thuc BVTV trn b mt cy ci v bn trong nng sn ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong tnh cht ho l ca ch phm v cc yu t kh
tng l quan trng nht:
+ S bc hi hoc ra t nhin di tc dng ca ma, nng, gi.
+ S ph hu trn b mt: thu phn, xi ho, ng phn ho...di tc
dng ca nh sng mt tri, oxy, nc, CO
2
, khng kh.
+ D lng thuc BVTV trong cy b ph hu v bin i thnh hp
cht mi di tc dng ca men. V d lng ca thuc BVTV trong cy rt nh
nn cn dng nhng phng php phn tch c gii hn pht hin v gii hn
nh lng thp mi cho php nh lng c lng vt cc hp cht v sn
phm bin i ca chng.
2.2. D lng trong t. Mt s thuc BVTV bn vng khi vo trong t tn ti
trong mt thi gian tng i di, chng c ht qua r cy. Ngay c nhng
nm khng dng thuc BVTV m vn tm thy chng trong t trng. Tiu
chun hm lng thuc BVTV trong t c ngha rt quan trng nht l i vi
cc hp cht bn vng nh Lindan. Cc hp cht photpho v cacbamat trong t
thng b phn hu nhanh nn d lng thng rt nh.
2.3. D lng trong nc. Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut thuc bo v
thc vt cng nh vic s dng cc huc ny trong nng nghip c th gy
nhim cc ngun nc (sng ngi, knh mng...). Lng cht c ho hc ny
vo trong nc c th dao ng
trong khong rng t vi g/L n vi mg/L. Chng c th ngm su xung t
lm nhim cc nc ngm.
3. phng ng c cc loi thuc BVTV. Phng nga ng c thuc BVTV bao
gm nhng vn c lin quan n iu kin lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut v
s dng chng.
a s cc trng hp ng c xy ra l do vic t chc lm vic khi tip
xc vi thuc BVTV khng dc tt, khng tun theo nhng qui tc bo h lao
ng. Vic t chc, gio dc thc d phng cho nhng ngi sn xut v s
dng thuc BVTV l v cng quan trng. Cn nh k khm sc kho pht
hin kp thi nhng du hiu nhim c phng nga ng c trng din.
3.1. iu kin lao ng khi lm vic tip xc vi thuc BVTV. Ngi lao
ng phun thuc BVTV trong nng nghip c kh nng b nhim c nhiu nht
sau n ngi lm cng tc sn xut, vn chuyn.
* Ngi phun thuc BVTV phi tun theo cc qui nh sau:
- Khng c dng tay trc tip khuy trn thuc BVTV khi pha dung
dch phun.
- Cn phi s dng cc phng tin phng h lao ng trong qua trnh phun,
eo gng tay cao su, eo khu trang.
- Khi phun phi i git li ngc theo chiu gi.
- Thay o qun v tm sau khi phun.
* Cng nhn sn xut thuc BVTV: khng kh ni lm vic thng b nhim
thuc BVTV, v vy trong thit k cng nghip cn phi t ng ho qu trnh sn
xut vi cc thit b kn phng h.
3.2. Yu cu v sinh khu bo qun v vn chuyn thuc BVTV.
- Kho cha thuc BVTV phi xa im dn c v xa ngun nc t nht 200m.
- Kho phi c kho.
- Thuc BVTV phi ng trong cc bao b c bit, c dn nhn.
- Trong kho khng c thc phm, thc n gia sc ht ging...
- Khi dng ht thuc BVTV, phi x l bao b cn thn chng tr thnh
v hi: un bao b bng kim loi hoc thu tinh vi nc vi; bao b bng giy hoc
g th em t.
- Vn chuyn thuc BVTV trn nhng xe ring. Nghim cm dng xe chuyn
ch thuc BVTV ch khch, thc phm, thc n gia sc...Sau khi chuyn ch
xong phi ra xe bng nc vi, nc javel...ri ra sch bng nc.
3.3. Kim tra sc kho.
- Kim tra sc kho nh k cho nhng ngi tip xc vi thuc BVTV su
thng mt ln. i vi nhng ngui lm vic tip xc vi vi thuc BVTV loi
photpho hu c th nht thit phi o hot tnh men cholinesteraza hng cu v huyt
tng, v s gim hot tnh men cholinesteraza l du hiu nhim c sm nht. i
vi nhng ngi c hot tnh men ny gim 25% th phi cho ngh vic.
- i vi nhng ngui mc bnh sau y: bnh v thn kinh trung ng, lao
tin trin, hen ph qun, vim ng h hp, bnh d dy, rut, bnh gan, thn, thn
kinh thc vt..., nhng ngi di 18 tui, ph n c thai hoc cho con b khng lm
vic tip xc vi thuc BVTV.
3.4. Nng cho php ca thuc BVTV trong khng kh. Bo v khng kh khi
b nhim bi cc thuc BVTV c ngha quan trng trong phng nhim c.
Nng thuc BVTV trong khng kh khng c vt qu nng cho php vi
tng cht ni lm vic. Nghin cu iu kin lao ng lm vic tip xc vi thuc
BVTV trong nng nghip ngi ta thy rng: khi phun thuc BVTV th nng ca
n trong khng kh cao hn gii hn nng cho php; v th ngi lao ng phi
c trang b y cc phng tin bo h lao ng. Phng tin phng h ng
h hp l quan trng nht; dng mt n phng c, nu khng c mt n th phi dng
khu trang...Sau khi phun thuc BVTV nn dng thuc phng v c th bi dng
thch hp.
III. V SINH NGH NGHIP
1. Khi nim chung v tc hi ngh nghip v bnh ngh nghip
Trong qu trnh con ngi tham gia vo qu trnh lao ng sn xut, cc
yu t c trong qu trnh cng ngh, qu trnh lao ng v hon cnh ni lm
vic c th gy nh hng nht nh i vi trng thi c th v sc khe ngi
lao ng. tt c nhng yu t c gi l yu t v sinh ngh nghip hay yu
t ngh nghip.
Khi cc yu t ngh nghip c tc dng xu i vi sc khe v kh nng
lm vic ca ngi lao ng th c gi l cc yu t tc hi ngh nghip.
Nhng bnh tt ch yu do tc hi ngh nghip gy nn c gi l nhng
bnh ngh nghip. Tc hi ngh nghip khng hn l s mi mi gn cht vi
ngh nghip v khng th no trnh c. Tri li, con ngi c kh nng thay
i n, thm ch loi tr hn n ra khi iu kin lm vic. Trong vn ny,
nhiu khi cc bin php v sinh cng nghip ng vai tr quyt nh.
nh hng ca tc hi ngh nghip i vi ngi lao ng ph thuc vo
hai mt. Tc hi ngh nghip (yu t bn ngoi) v tnh trng c th (yu t bn
trong). Khi hot tnh sinh vt hc ca cc tc hi ngh nghip khng ln, cng
(hoc nng ) ca chng nh, gii hn cho php, thi gian tc dng ngn,
c th ngi lao ng li rt khe mnh th chng khng gy ra nh hng xu
i vi c th. Tip thm mt bc, nu cc yu t tc hi ngh nghip pht trin
theo hng bt li i vi sc khe (cng tc dng tng ln, thi gian tip
xc li di v.v...) th c th lm cho c th mt s ngi lao ng pht sinh
nhng bin i c nng c tnh cht tm thi hoc a n xut hin mt loi "
trng thi tin bnh l", vi tnh trng sc khe thay i khng r rt, cng
khng nh hng n kh nng lao ng. Lc ny tuy tc hi ngh nghip cha
gy ra nhng bnh ngh nghip thc s, nhng n c th l nguy c gy ra
nhng bnh tt chung, khng phi l bnh ngh nghip (nh cm st, lao, vim
hng...) tng thm nhiu bnh cnh ko di hn hoc nng hn. tc dng nyb
c gi l tc dng khng c hiu ca tc hi ngh nghip. Trong iu kin cc
tc hi ngh nghip vt qu gii hn nht nh hoc sc khng c th gim
st, tc hi ngh nghip s gy ra nhng bin i bnh l l cc bnh ngh
nghip. Khi hot tnh sinh vt hc, cng hoc nng ca tc hi ngh
nghip rt mnh, thi gian tc dng ca chng tng i di th thng thng
c th pht sinh nhng bin i khc, tc hi ngh nghip ch gy ra ci gi l vt
so ngh nghip hoc du hiu ca ngh nghip trong mt s ngh nh thay i
mu da, chai chn, chai tay,v.v...Trng hp ny, ni chung chng khng gy nh
hng r rt i vi tnh trng sc khe ton thn v kh nng lao ng. Xc nh
cng nhn c phi mc bnh ngh nghip hay khng l vn ht sc quan trng.
nc ta, vic iu tra cc bnh ngh nghip mi ch tin hnh bc u.
Chng ta pht hin c mt s trng hp nhim c ngh nghip (nh
nhim c ch, benzen, thuc tr su ln hu c, kh SO
2
v.v...) cc bnh bi
phi do silic, bi phi bng v.v...Chng ta cn phi tip tc nghin cu dch t
hc bnh ngh nghip vi qui m rng ln hn v c chng trnh kim sot d
phng bnh p ng nhu cu bo v sc khe cng nhn trong s nghip cng
nghip ha XHCN. Ch c th pht hin sm v iu tr sm v p dng gii
php khng ch c nhng tc hi gy bnh ngh nghip mi bo v c sc
khe ngi lao ng.
2. Phn loi cc tc hi ngh nghip ch yu
Theo s pht trin ca k thut sn xut, cc yu t tc hi ngh nghip s
khng ngng tng thm, nhng mt khc, do s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut
m dn dn con ngi nhn thc c, tin ti khng ch v th tiu cc yu t
c hi . C th chia cc tc hi ngh nghip ch yu gp trong sn xut thnh
ba loi:
2.1. Tc hi lin quan n qu trnh sn xut
2.1.1. Yu t vt l
iu kin kh tng xu: nhit , m qu cao hoc qu thp, s kt
hp ca cc iu kin kh tng xu nh: m, nhit , tc gi, bc x
nhit, nh hng xu ca iu kin kh quyn khi lm vic ngoi tri, s ion ha
khng kh tng hoc gim, nhit b mt cc thit b tng hoc gim
- Bc x in t
Sng v tuyn in (in t trng cao tn); tia hng ngoi (bc x nhit),
nh sng mnh (ngun sng chi mt) v tia t ngoi.
- in p: khi ng mch pht ra dng in i qua c th hoc tch in tng
- Bc x ion ha: tia X, tia bc x khc
- p sut khng kh bt thng: lm vic iu kin p sut khng kh
cao, thp hoc thay i t ngt.
- Ting n, rung chuyn, s kt hp ca ting n v rung chuyn, sng
siu m v h m tng.
- Sc p v ma st.
2.1.2. Yu t ha hc v l ha
- Cc cht c trong sn xut
- Bi trong sn xut
2.1.3. Yu t sinh vt hc
- S cm nhim v s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt v k sinh trng
- S tip xc vi ngui bnh hoc sc vt mc bnh, hoc b sc vt mc
bnh cn, t.
2.2. Tc hi ngh nghip lin quan n qu trnh lao ng
- Thi gian lm vic qu lu, thng ca, lm thm gi qu nhiu, lm c
ngy ngh.
- Cng lao ng qu nng, th d khun vc qu nng
- Ch lao ng ngh ngi khng hp l
- T chc lao ng khng hp l.
- S bt hp l trong vic sp xp sc lao ng
- Lm vic t th b buc qu lu
- S cng thng qu mc ca mt c quan hoc mt h thng no trong
lc lao ng.
2.3. Tc hi ngh nghip lin quan n nhng thiu st v iu kin v sinh
chung ni lm vic, k thut v sinh v trang thit b sn xut
- Din tch hoc th tch phn xng khng , cc my mc thit b t
qu st, phn xng ba bn vt t, ph liu v. v...
- Thiu nhng thit b thng gi thong kh hoc c nhng khng hon
ton, hiu lc km
- Thiu nhng thit b bao che v cch bit chng nng, chng bi,
chng c, hoc c nhng khng hon ho.
- Chiu sng cha tt: nh sng khng , tng phn gim, nh sng
gy chi, la mt
- Thit k kin trc bn trong phn xng v qun l thit b c nhng
thiu st. Th d: chn nguyn liu lm mt sn, tng khng thch hp, thiu
cc phng v sinh, sinh hot cn thit nh nh v sinh, nh tm...
- Vic thc hin cc qui tc v v sinh cng nghip v an ton lao ng
cn cha trit v nghim chnh.
- C thiu st v mt trang thit b bo h lao ng.
IV. MT S K THUT X L NHIM CHT C
1. Cc qu trnh k thut c bn x l nhim cht c
C nhiu qu trnh k thut c dng x l nhim cc cht c hi,
chng c th c chia ra thnh bn nhm:
a. Cc qu trnh ha l: ch yu tch cht c t pha ny sang pha khc
hoc tch pha nhm gim th tch dng thi cht c hi
b. Cc qu trnh ha hc: bin i ha hc cc cht c thnh cc cht
khng c hoc t c hn.
c. Cc qu trnh sinh hc: phn hy sinh hc cc cht c hi hu c
d. Cc k thut thi b cht c hi
Mi phng php u c u im v mt hn ch ca n v vy chn
phng php no x l l ty thuc vo:
- Bn cht cht c
- Nng cht c
- Tiu chun mi trng
- Cc yu t kinh t, k thut
Mt khc khng mt phng php no c th x l c trit cht c
do vy trn thc t day chuyn x l bao gm mt tp hp cc qu trnh x l
lin h v b sung cho nhau t c mc tiu x l
V d:
- tch cc kim loi nng ra khi dng thi ngi ta dng ni tip ba
qu trnh: kt ta, to bng, lng
- tch du ra khi nh tng - nc, ngi ta dng 3 qu trnh ph nh
tng (bng ha hc), phn ly, gn.
1.1. Cc qu trnh ha l
1.1.1. Lng. Qu trnh lng c dng tch cht rn ra khi dng kh, tch bn
v cc ht tinh th ra khi dng lng, phn ly nh tng thnh hai lp khng tan
ln. Nguyn l:
- Da vo s khc nhau v trng lng ring ca ht rn vi mi trng
(lng hoc kh)
- Di tc dng ca trng lc hoc lc ly tm
1.1.2. Lc. Lc l qu trnh tch cc ht rn ra khi pha lng hoc pha kh bng cch
cho dng kh hoc lng c cha ht rn chy qua lp vt ngn xp. cc ht rn s b
gi li trn mt lp vt liu ngn cn kh hoc lng s thm qua lp vt ngn. Qu
trnh lc tch bi ra khi dng kh, tch nc khi bn, lc cc tinh th.
Vt ngn phi lm bng vt liu c: bn ha, bn c v bn nhit
p ng vi mi trng lc
Thit b lc c nhiu loi: lc chn khng, lc ti, lc p, lc ly tm...
1.1.3. Tuyn ni (Flotation): l qu trnh tch cc ht l lng ra khi cht lng bng
cch sc vo cht lng dng kh phn tn dng bt rt nh, cc ht khng thm t
s dnh vo bt v cng vi bt ni ln trn b mt cht lng v c vt ra ngoi.
Qu trnh ny c c s dng tch bn hot tnh, tch cc tp cht
dnh du...
thay i tnh thm t ca ht ngi ta cho thm tc nhn: du ha...
gi cho cc nh khng dnh vo nhau thnh bt ln lm gim nng
sut ca qu trnh, ngi ta cho thm tc nhn lm mm bt: ru tng hp
Thit b tuyn ni c nhiu loi khc nhau bi phng php to ra bt kh.
Bt kh c th to bng sc kh, bng cc phn ng ha hc v sinh hc to ra. V
d: phn ng sinh hc sinh ra kh CO
2
to ra bt nh lm dnh cc ht bn hot
tnh ni ln trn.
1.1.4. To bng (Flocculation): l qu trnh lm keo t cc ht keo hoc dnh cc
ht nh li thnh mt tp hp cc ht ln d lng bng cch a vo cht lng
cc tc nhn to bng c tc dng ph keo hoc hp ph cc ht nh ln b mt
ca n hoc dnh cc ht nh li vi nhau
Tc nhn to bng v c: Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, ACl
3
, FeCl
3

Tc nhn ta bng hu c, v d polyacrylamit khi a vo nc thi do
cu to mch di ca n nhng ch tch in s ht nhng ht keo m vo n v
c ch bc cu cc ht bn trong nc s bm vo n thnh tp hp ht ln hn
do lc hp ph.
1.1.5. Thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis): l qu trnh tch nc qua mng bn
thm t pha dung dch c hn sang pha dung dch long hn khi p sut tc
dng ln dung dch vt qu p sut thm thu. Qu trnh ging vi lc. Mng
thng sn xut t vt liu polyme
* C ch thm thu ngc: mng hp ph mt lp nc b mt mng, lp
nc ny khng c kh nng ha tan cc cht tan. Nu chiu dy lp nc hp ph
1/2 ng knh l mao qun ca mng th mng ch cho qua nc sch. Cc ion
kh qua hn v chung quanh ion c mt lp v hydrat bao quanh lm cho ng
knh lp v hydrat ln hn 1/2 ng knh l mao qun ca mng nn chng b gi
li khng qua mng, trng hp ngc li th ion cng lt qua mng.
1.1.6. Siu lc (Ultrafiration): l qu trnh lc mng trong mng cho qua dung
mi m gi li cht tan v kch thc phn t cht tan ln hn ng knh l mao
qun ca mng hoc cc phn t cht tan b gi li do ma st ca cc phn t vi
thnh ca l mng. Qu trnh ging qu trnh thm thu ngc ch khc c ch
gi li cht tan. Cc qu trnh mng thng t do gi thnh mng cao nn ch
dng tinh ch cc sn phm qu ch cha c thc t i vi x l cc cht c.
1.1.7. Thm tch (Dialysis): l qu trnh tch cc cht in ly khi cc cht hu
c c trong lng phn t ln hoc cc ht keo bng nhng mng bn thm.
Mng ch cho php cc ion ca cht in ly i qua cn cc cht hu c phn t
ln hoc ht keo khng thm qua c
1.1.8. in thm tch (Electrodialysis): l qu trnh tch cc cht c hi b ion
ha di tc dng ca lc in ng to ra trong dung dch hai pha mng ngn
S nguyn tc
S a v b c 3 phng cch nhau bi mng ngn. Hai in cc t hai u.
Phng1, 3 nc sch. Phng 2 dung dch cn tch. Mng m
A
l mng anion
ch cho qua anion. Mng m
B
l mng cation ch cho qua cation. m
1
v m
2
cho c
anion v cation i qua.
Di tc dng ca in trng cc ion (+) chuyn sang cathod. cc ion (-)
chuyn sang anod
Ti anod Ti cathod
- O
2
to thnh gi phng H
+
- H
2
to thnh gii phng OH
-

- Ion A
-
t phng 2 chuyn qua mng - Ion Me
+
t phng 2 chuyn qua mng
vo phng 1 sang phng 3
Kt qu: Phng 1 to ra dung dch ca axit HA
Phng 3 to ra dung dch ca kim MeOH
Phng 2 kt u cht MeA
Do mng m
1
, m
2
cho H
+
v OH
-
thm vo phng 2 to thnh H
2
O. V vy
hiu qu dng mng m
1
, m
2
km hn dng mng m
A
, m
B

1.1.9. Hp ph cacbon (carbon sorption): l qu trnh tch cc cu t c hi nm
trong pha kh hoc pha lng vi nng rt thp ln b mt hoc trong cc l
mao qun ca cht hp ph l pha rn xp. Sau c th nh hp ph thu hi
cc cht c hi v hon nguyn cht rn hp ph.
Hp ph kh-rn thu hi cc dung mi bay hi c tnh c hoc kh c
nh: aceton, benzen, cc dn xut cho ca cacbuahydro (CH
3
Cl, C
2
H
4
Cl
2
,
C
6
H
5
Cl...), H
2
S...Nng cu t cht c trong pha kh thng nh: mt vi
g/m
3
. Hp ph lng - rn dng tch cc cht c: phenol, cc thuc tr su
dit d, cc hp cht hot ng b mt, cc cht mu ra khi nc thi. Nng
cc cht c hi trong pha lng thng rt nh.
Cht hp ph rn thng dng l than hot tnh, tro, x, silicagel...Cht
hp ph phi tha mn yu cu:
- Hp ph chn lc
- B mt ring ln
- D hon nguyn
- o bo bn c v nhit
- Khng c hot tnh xc tc vi cc phn ng oxi ha, trng ngng....
- D kim, r tin.
1.2. Cc qu trnh ha hc
1.2.1. Trung ha: l qu trnh x l dng thi cha axit hoc kim ti pH gn
trung tnh. Qu trnh trung ha dng thi nhm mc ch:
- Kt ta kim loi nng trong dng thi
- Ngn nga n mm
- a dng thi v trung tnh x l tip theo bng phng php sinh hc
- Ph nh tng du - nc
Cc phng thc trung ha dng thi:
- Trn dng thi axit vi kim
- Cho dng thi i qua lp vi CaCO
3

- Thi khi l qua dng thi c tnh kim
1.2.2. Kt ta / To bng / Lng
* Kt ta l qu trnh chuyn cc cht ha tan trong dung dch sang pha
rn da trn ha tan ca cc hidroxit hoc mui v c. Qu trnh ny c
ng dng tch cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg... ra khi nc thi
dng kt ta hidroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
hoc dng Sunfit kim lai MS. Tc nhn
kt ta kim loi l sa vi Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
S.
* To bng l qu trnh tip theo sau qu trnh kt ta lm kt t cc ht
tinh th nh va hnh thnh trong qu trnh kt ta thnh cc ht (cc cn bng)
ln hn d dng lng xung. Tc nhn to bng l Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FCl
3
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
,
cc polyacrylamid
* Lng l qu trnh tip theo qu trnh to bng tch cn ra khi dung dch
1.2.3. Oxy ha: l qu trnh thc hin phn ng dng oxi ha kh trong tc
nhn oxi l mt trong nhng cht sau: Cl
2
, NaOCl, Ca(OCl)
2
, KMnO
4
, H
2
O
2
, O
3
.
Cn cc cht c nh cyanit (CN
-
), phenol, cc hp cht hu c cha halogen,
cc mui kim loi nng....Khi b oxi ha s chuyn thnh cht t c hn hoc
khng c d dng tch ra khi dng thi.
- V d: qu trnh chuyn CN
-
thnh CNO
-
+ t c hn hoc CO
2
+ N
2
khng c xy ra mi trng kim pH 9. Phng trnh phn ng:
CN
-
+ 2OH
-
CNO
-
+ Cl
-
+ H
2
O
Tip tc:
2CNO
-
+ 4OH
-
+ 3Cl
2
2CO
2
+ 6Cl
-
+ N
2
+ 2H
2
O
1.2.4. Kh: l qu trnh oxi ha kh tch cc kim loi nng Hg, Cr, As
- kh Hg v cc hp cht hu c cha Hg, cc cht kh thng dng
l FeS, NaSH, bt Fe, bt nhm, H
2
S. Trong qu trnh kh cc hp cht hu c
Hg b phn hy sau ion Hg
+
s b kh thnh Hg
o
v c tch ra khi dung
dch bng lng, lc.
- kh As trong nc thi (AsO
2
, AsO
3
2-
, AsS
2-
, AsS
3
3-
) thnh hp cht
kh tan As
2
O
3
ri tch ra bng cch lc.
1.2.5. Trao i ion: l qu trnh tng tc ca dung dch vi pha rn c tnh cht
trao i ion trong pha rn vi ion c trong dung dch. Qu trnh c dng tc
cc kim loi (Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Cr, Cd..., hp cht As, P, CN
-
...).
Pha rn trao i ion gi l ionit
Pha rn trao i cc ion dng gi l cation
Pha rn trao i cc ion m gi l anion
2. Nhng k thut thng dng x l cc cht c
1. Phng php thiu hu (ho tng): Thiu hu bng nhit c s dng
trong trng hp kh c nng hp cht c hi cao (vt qu gii hn bt
chy) v cha hm lng oxi ln. Nhit t thng khong 800-1100
0
C.
C th tin hnh t kh thi trc tip c thu hi nhit v khng thu hi nhit.
Mun thu hi nhit th phi t kh thi trong bung t. Nu khng thu hi nhit
th c th t ngay ming ng khi. Nhin liu ph tr t kh thi cn c
hm lng lu hunh cng nh cng tt, ph hp nht l dng gaz t nhin
Thi gian gn y phng php thiu hu xc tc c pht trin mnh.
Trong phng php ny nhit oxi ho khng vt qu 250-300
0
C. Lm sch
kh thi theo phng php xc tc r hn 2-3 ln so vi phng php thiu t
bng l nhit cao, v n gim bt tiu hao nng lng t v thc hin qu
trnh lin tc.
Phng php thiu hu kiu xc tc thch hp dng cho x l cht c hi
c nng thp, gn vi hn bt la. Ngi ta c th dng cc thanh kim loi hoc
hp cht kim loi nh bch kim, ng v cc kim loi tng t lm cc vt xc
tc. Bi v cht chy xc tc l b mt, c din tch b mt t kh thi cn
c rt nhiu vt xc tc v pha b tr sao cho chng c b mt tip xc ln nht. v
d nh ngi ta dng cc tm mng bng bch kim, cc di bng crom niken hay
l bch kim s lm vt xc tc. Hiu qu phn ng c tng ln theo nhit
c tng ln. Nhit bt u gy phn ng l nhit c trng cho mi phn
ng. Nu thp hn nhit th phn ng khng xy ra. Gii hn trn l nhit
m trong thit b xc tc s b php hoi.
1.1.2. Phng php hp th (absorption: ho tan) l phng php lm sch
cht thi da trn c s hp th kh c hi cha trong hn hp kh bng ca cc
cht lng. Hiu qu ca phng php ny dao ng trn mt phm vi rng, ph
thuc vo loi kh cn hp th v dung dch hp th. Cc kh c hi nh SO
x
,
H
2
S, NH
3
, HF, ...c x l theo phng php ny rt c hiu qu. R tin nht
l dng nc lm hp th, nhng hiu qu khng cao. C loi dung dch hp th
khng c phn ng, chng ho tan kh c hi khng cn phn ng ho hc, v
c loi dung dch hp th c phn ng, tc l tch cht c hi bng phn ng
ho hc vi chng, trung ho chng.
Thit b hp th kh c hi bng phng php ra kh thng l cc thp
ra kh, trong thp ra kh cht lng (thng l nc) c phun thnh cc ht
nh theo hng ct ngang hoc ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca dng kh thi.
Cc ht nc nh ly ti tip xc vi kh thi v hp th kh c hi trong kh thi.
Phng php ny thch hp vi cc loi kh c hi d ho tan trong nc, hay
d phn ng vi cc tc nhn hp th cha trong nc nh l cc kh SO
2
, HF,
HCl, ...Nhc im ca phng php ny l nc thi ca thit b s b nhim
bn v nhiu khi phi c thit b x l nc km theo. Thit b ra kh ny ng
thi c tc dng hp th bi (lc bi) trong kh thi.
Hp th kh SO
2
, SO
3
: kh thi cha cht nhim SO
2
, SO
3
rt ph bin i
vi cng nghip c t nhin liu, c bit l cng nghip nng lng. Cht
nhim SO
2
, SO
3
sn sinh t cng nghip nng lng thng l rt ln v rt nguy
him vi mi trng, chng cn phi c x l cn thn.
V d nh ngi ta c th dng dung dch mangan oxit hoc dung dch vi
(hay bt vi) hp th kh SO
2
. Cc phn ng hp th ca mangan oxit i vi
kh SO
2
din ra nh sau:
Mn
2
O
3
+ 2SO
2
+ 1/2O
2
2MnSO
4

Sau cho MnSO
4
phn ng vi dung dch xt (NaOH) th mangan oxit li c
hon nguyn
2MnSO
4
+ 2NaOH + 1/2O
2
Mn
2
O
3
+ 2Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Hp cht Na
2
SO
4
a vo thit b in phn hon nguyn dung dch
xt, to ra axit sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
) c thu hi thnh sn phm ph.
i vi kh H
2
S c th dng st oxit hp th nh sau:
6H
2
S + 2Fe
2
O
3
2Fe
2
S
3
+ 6H
2
O
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3O
2
6S + 2Fe
2
O
3

Nh vy qua phn ng th 2 th st oxit li c hon nguyn s dng
cho phn ng th nht, cn lu hunh nguyn cht (S) th c thu hi thnh
mt thng phm ca nh my. Qu trnh oxi ha ny c thc hin tt nht
nhit 37,8
0
C.
1.1.3. Phng php hp ph (adsorption: ht bm) l phng php da trn
c s hp th kh v hi c hi vi s tham gia ca cht hp ph rn nh than
hot tnh, than x da, silicagen, zeolit, v.v...Phng php ny c ph bin
nht l hp ph v s dng li trong sn xut hi ca dung dch cht hu c.
y li dng tnh cht vt l ca mt s vt liu rn nhiu l rng vi cc cu
trc siu hin vi, cu trc c tc dng cht lc hi kh c hi trong hn hp
kh thi v gi chng trn b mt ca mnh. Cht hp ph ph bin nht l than
hot tnh. Phng php lm sch khng kh kiu ny c dng rng ri kh
mi thi ra t cc nh my thc phm, sn xut da, nh my nhum hay l cc
thit b gia cng kh t nhin., cng nh khi sn xut keo dn, v.v...Hiu qu lm
sch khng kh bng phng php hp ph c th t ti 98% v cht nhim
gim ti 90%.
1.1.4. Phng php ngng t: cc cht dung mi hu c bay hi thi vo
khng kh nh xng du, aceton, etyl ete, xylen, toluen (bay hi t sn, v.v...) c
th c thu hi bng phng php ngng t. Phng php ngng t c dng
ph bin nht l phng php gim nhit (lm lnh). Cc cht hu c bay hi
c lm lnh ti im sng, b ngng t v tch khi dng kh thi. C th lm
lnh trc tip hay lm lnh gin tip. Phng php trc tip l dng tc nhn lnh
trc tip tip xc vi kh thi, gy hiu ng ngng t cht nhim c hi, sau
tch kh c hi ngng t ra khi cht tc nhn lm lnh. Phng php
gin tip l dng phng tin trao i nhit (gin tip), cht thi c hi ngng t
c thu hi d dng, khng cn phi c thit b x l phn tch
1.1.5. Phng php ha sinh-vi sinh: trong mi trng t nhin (t, nc,
khng kh, ...) c rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt sng bng ngun dinh dng gm cc
cht hu c v v c. Phng php ha sinh-vi sinh l li dng cc vi sinh vt
phn hy hic tiu th cc kh thi c hi, nht l cc kh thi t cc nh my
thc phm, nh my phn m, phn tng hp hu c, v.v...Cc vi sinh vt, vi
khun s hp th v ng ha cc cht kh thi hu c, v c c hi v thi ra
cc kh N
2
, CO
2
, v.v...
Thng thng vi sinh vt pht trin mnh cn c iu kin l: nhit
25-30
0
C, m khong 95-100%, tc kh lu thng khong 2 m/pht.
V. S LC V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HIM
1. Khi nim v cht thi nguy him
Cc cht thi nguy him dng kh, lng rn thi ra t cc c s cng
nghip trong dng thi: kh thi, nc thi, b thi rn, cc cht c hi c trong
cc n phm s dng trong sinh hot: xng, du, acqui, cht ty, sn, thuc tr
su...do ngi dn thi b cng vi nc thi v rc thi gy nhim khng kh,
nc b mt, nc ngm, gy nhim t, gy tch t sinh hc, gy chy n lm
nh hng nghim trng ti mi trng sinh thi v gy nguy him cho sc khe
cng ng.
bo v mi trng, sinh thi v sc khe cng ng mi quc gia
c chng trnh qun l cc cht thi qu mnh. Cc chng trnh tuy khc nhau
v mc qun l song bao gm cc chin lc sau:
- Gim lng v c hi ca cht thi nguy him ti ngun
- X l : - Tch cc cht thi nguy him
- Bin i ha hc, sinh hc nhm ph hy cc cht thi nguy
him hoc bin thnh cht t nguy him hoc khng gy nguy him
- Thi b cht thi nguy him theo ng k thut khng gy tc hi ti
mi trng v sc khe cng ng.
Hng nm cc nc u cng b danh mc cc cht thi nguy him. Mi
quc gia ty theo tnh hnh kinh t v k thut ca mnh m c s la chn ring
x l cc cht thi ny. Sau y l nh ngha v cht thi nguy him ca mt
s nc:
- Canada: cht thi nguy him l cc cht ph thi m tnh cht v s
lng ca chng c th c hi n sc kho con ngi hay mi trng v cn
n k thut c bit loi tr hay gim thiu mi c hi.
- Philipin: Cc cht t chng c tnh nguy him n c th n c th con
ngi hay sc vt bao gm c nhng cht gy ng c hay c tnh c, gy n
mn, gy nga rt, gy cm ng mnh, d chy, d n, gy bnh, phng x v
cc thuc tr su b.
- C quan bo v mi trng M (US-EPA): cht thi hay hn hp cc
cht thi do vic bo qun, vn chuyn x l, thi khng thch hp hm
lng, nng v tnh cht l ha hc ca chng gy ra nhng tc ng c
hi lm gim sc khe, gy nguy hi n tnh mng con ngi.
- Hi bo v mi trng chu u: Cc cht thi hay hn hp cc cht thi
gi vai tr v tim nng nguy hi i vi sc khe con ngi hoc i vi ng
vt v:
Nhng cht thi ny khng b phn hy hoc tr (bn vng) trong t nhin.
Nhng cht thi ny c th s pht tn rng ra do qu trnh sinh hc
Nhng cht thi ny c th lm cht ngi
Nhng cht thi ny c th gy ra nhng nh hng tch ng v gy hi.
Tng hp v y hn c l nh ngha cht thi nguy him ca T chc
ng k tim nng ha cht c hi (IRPTC) thuc UNEP: Cc cht gy tc
ng xu cp tnh v mn tnh, tc hi lu di v tc thi n sc khe con ngi
v cc i tng mi trng chung quanh.
Tm li, cht thi nguy him c hiu nh sau:
* Cc cht thi nguy him c sn sinh ra t cc hot ng a dng ca
cng nghip, thng mi, nng nghip v thm ch t sinh hot. Cht thi nguy
him c th gy ra nhng nh hng xu tc thi hoc tim tng gy tc ng xu
i vi sc khe ca cng ng cng nh gy nhim lu di cho mi trng.
2. Cc tnh cht chnh ca cht thi nguy him
- n mn (cc cht c tnh kim hoc axit) (A)
- Chy (B)
- Hot ng (gy phn ng, gy n) (C)
- c hi (D)
- Tch ly sinh hc (F)
- Bn vng trong mi trng (G)
- Gy ung th (H)
- Gy vim nhim (J)
- Gy qui thai (K)
- Gy bnh thn kinh (L)
Ghi ch: ( ): - ky hiu cho cc nhm cht trn.
3. Cng ngh x l cht thi nguy him
Bng 1: Cc bin php x l cht thi nguy him
Loi cht gy nguy
him
Thu
hi
Thiu
t
Bng bin php vt
l, ha hc, sinh hc
C nh
ng rn
Chn
lp
Kim loi nng
Cc cht v c c
Cht thi phn ng
Cao su, sn, cn lng
hu c
Du
Ha cht hu c
Thuc tr su
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Rc thi nguy him cn c x l theo tnh cht v thnh phn ca chng
Khng th x l hoc thiu hy hoc x l tt c cc cht nguy him ch bng
mt cng ngh. Cht thi nguy him c c tnh l, ha hoc sinh hc i hi
phi c qui trnh c bit x l v chn lp nhm trnh nhng ri ro i vi
sc khe hoc nh hng bt li i vi mi trng.
* X l rc thi nguy him ni chung
X l cht thi nguy him u tin i vi phng n gim quay vng v
ti s dng. Tuy nhin, phng n x l ny thng ch p dng i vi mt s
loi rc thi nh cht rt c...Bn cnh phng n x l ny c nhng hn
ch l: kh thc hin do u t kinh ph, k thut, tnh cht rc thi...do vy cn
xem xt n phng n x l khc nh chn lp, t, b tng ha...
Theo cc tp on x l cht thi, nh tp on Miltox (c), tp on
AMAREC (o) cho rng gi tin x l cht thi nguy him t 800-1200
USD/tn.
Qu trnh x l cht thi nguy him cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Gim khi lng, tch cc thnh phn, kh c v thu hi vt liu c ch.
+ Gim th tch, kch thc rc thi nguy him: thng c p dng
bng cc k thut c hc (my nn, p rc), my ct, my nghin v t.
+ Thiu t: t cht thi l qu trnh oxi ha cht thi bng oxi ca
khng kh nhit cao. y l qui trnh x l cui cng ng dng cho mt s
cht thi nht nh m n khng th ti ch, ti s dng hay d tr an ton trong
bi chn lp. Phn tro sau khi t c chn lp. t cht thi nguy him c
s dng nh mt bin php x l gim s lng, gim tnh c, thu hi nng
lng v c th x l mt khi lng ln cht thi. C hai phng n thiu t:
- Thiu t ti l t tp trung dnh cho cc cht thi nguy him
Phng php ny c thun li l lm gim ti a nhng tc ng nguy hi
ca rc thi i vi mi trng v sc khe cng ng, song gp kh khn v v
tr, thit b vn chuyn v kho tm cha cht thi nguy him.
- Thiu t ti ch cc cht thi nguy him
Phng php ny thun li l gim chi ph vn chuyn. Song cc c s c
l t thng ln vi khu dn c nn vic xy dng l t y s gy
nhim khng kh trong khu vc. bn cnh , nu vic t cc cht thi khng
ng theo qui trnh k thut rt d gy ra cc tc ng xu tip theo i vi mi
trng xung quanh v sc khe cng ng.
Phng n thiu t nn dng khi:
- Cht thi l cht c sinh hc
- Khng b phn hy sinh hc v bn vng trong mi trng
- L cht c hi v d phn tn
- Kh x l trong mi trng t
- Cha cc cht hu c: halogen, ch, thy ngn, km, nit, photpho v
sunphua.
Rc thi nguy hi c th x l bng phng php t l cc vt liu ch
du, phastic, cao su, sn, cht thi bnh vin, x nghip dc phm, nha v sp,
cht thi cha S, P, N v halogen, thuc tr su...
Cc cht thi khng nn x l bng phng php t: cht thi phng x,
cht thi d n. Cht thi c cha cht c bay hi (Hg, As) cng khng c
php t v gy nhim khng kh.
Hnh 1: S cng ngh x l rc thi nguy him ca khu vc bnh vin
* Nhit t > 900
o
C v:
900-1000
o
C: cacbua no mi chy ht
1100-1200
o
C: hp cht hu c cha Cl s chy ht
Nu cht thi nguy him c t nhit < 900
o
C th dioxin v furan
s hnh thnh.
* Thi gan lu cht chi nguy him trong l t: t nht l vi gi ty
loi v kch thc cht thi
Sn phm ca qu trnh t l khi l c cha bi, cc oxit kim loi, cc
kh axit, v vy cn x l trc khi phng vo khng trung.. X l bi: cyclo, lc
Cc ngun pht sinh
cht thi bnh vn
Phn loi ngay
ti ch
Rc thi khng
c hi
Kh trng
Bi rc
chung
Rc thi c hi
dng hu c
Bn cn trong
cng rnh
V c ha hon
ton
t chy trong l
nhit cao
Tp trung thu
gom
Rc thi c hi
dng v c, cc
ha cht v cc
dc liu qu hn
Tp trung thu
gom
Tp trung thu
gom
Tp trung thu
gom
tnh in, lc ti, thp ra. Tro ca l t cn c em chn. L t cht thi c
nhiu loi: l ng, l quay...C th t cht thi trong l xi mng, l nung kiu
l quay v c nhit cao.
* Cng ngh c nh, ng rn rc thi nguy him
Mt trong nhng vic cn lm trc khi chn lp rc thi nguy him l
lm n nh cht thi ngn chn s r r. Cng ngh ny hn ch mc cao s
thm thu ca cht thi. n nh ng rn l cng ngh trn vt liu ph thi vi
vt liu cht ng rn to thnh th rn bao ly cht thi hoc c nh cht thi
trong cu trc ca vt rn.. Cng ngh ny thng c dng x l cht thi
ca sn xut kim loi, m kim loi, bn tro ca l t, cht thi tuyn
khong...to thnh khi rn d vn cghuyn v thi b
4. Qun l cht thi nguy him
Qun l cht thi nguy him bao qut ton b qu trnh sng ca cht thi
nguy him t khi sinh ra ti khu x l cui cng. C th khi qut ni dung
qun l cht thi nguy him theo s d sau:
Hnh 2: S qun l cht thi nguy him
Vi ni dung theo s trn c th tm tt cc bc chnh trong qu trnh qun
l cht thi nguy him l:
1. Qun l ngun sinh cht thi nguy him
Ngun sinh cht
thi nguy him
Thu gom
phn loi
Vn chuyn
X l Thu vt liu
c ch
Thi b ng k
thut
2. Qun l qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn
3. Ti ch v thu hi vt liu c ch
4. X l cht thi nguy him
5. Thi b ng k thut
Song song vi vic qun l ny mi quc gia phi c cc chnh sch v
lut php mt cch r rng cht ch qun l cht thi nguy him nhm hn ch
ti a nhim mi trng ng thi phi thng qua cng c kinh t thc hin
cc chnh sch v lut php ra.
VI. S LC V NH GI NGUY C
1. Nhng khi nim v nh ngha c bn
Phng php nh gi nguy c mi trng l phng php cp n cc
nguy c i vi sc khe, hnh phc con ngi v v sinh thi. l nhng
nguy c xy ra trong thin nhin hoc truyn qua mi trng thin nhin. Rt
kh nhn bit ngay t ban u nguy c (ri ro) do sn xut cng nghip v s
dng ha cht c hi, song cng chnh nhng yu t ny lm nn tng cho
phng php nh gi nguy c mi trng.
1.1. Nguy c (risk): l nh hng xu c th xy ra trc tip hay gin tip n
sc khe, hnh phc ca con ngi. Khi nim v nguy c bao hm c xc sut
ca mt tc ng c hi n sc khe con ngi, mi trng v ti sn, v c
mc ca nhng nguy c c lin quan. C th biu din nguy c bng :
Nguy c = s nguy him x tip xc
1.2. nh gi nguy c mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment-ERA):
M t, phn tch v truyn t cc thng tin v nguy c c th xy ra i vi sc
khe, hnh phc con ngi v vi cc h sinh thi. Nhng nguy c ny c th
xy ra trong mi trng hay c th truyn qua mi trng.
1.3. Qun l nguy c: tin hnh cc hot ng lm gim cc nguy c v lm
cn bng nguy c da trn c s m t c im ca cc nguy c v cc thng tin
v chi ph hu hiu
1.4. c im nguy c: xc sut c th t n im cui sinh hc, xc sut ny
c lin quan s o ca mt vi thng s mi trng
1.5. im cui sinh hc (biological enpoin): s thay i c th o c trong
mt sinh vt tip xc vi him ha mi trng (v d: bnh tt, t vong, tn tt,
thay i trng lng, thay i kh nng ti sinh)
1.6. Cht nguy him (hazardous substances): l cht c mt trong nm thuc tnh
sau y:
- Phn ng: khng bn vng iu kin bnh thng, cho cc phn ng
khc nhau nh gy n, gy chy ( nhit < 60
0
C), gii phng cht c khi
phn ng vi nc
- n mn: cht lng c pH < 2 hoc pH > 12. Chng n mn kim loi
- Bn vng trong mi trng (trong t, nc, kh quyn)
- Tch ly trong c th sng (trong ngi, ng vt)
- c hi cho ngi (gy ung th, sinh qui thai)
Cc cht nguy him l ngun gy tc hi, l mi nguy c c th gy nn
s c mi trng. nh gi s c mi trng l phn tch kha cnh khoa hc ca
s c. N l s tp hp, phn tch cc s liu dng xc nh quan h gia phn
ng v liu lng. Nhng cht no l nguy him.
Nm thuc tnh ca cht nhim c nu trn, song xc nh c
th cht no l nguy him th c nhiu kin khc nhau. Theo Cc bo v mi
trng ca M (US.EPA), mt s cn c sau c dng lm c s xp loi
cht nguy him khi x l, lu gi v vn chuyn hay thi b chng s gy ra
nhim v c hi cho ngi, c th:
- Tng ng k s t vong,
- Tng tnh trng m au khng hi phc c,
- Pht trin him ha trong thi gian trc mt hoc lu di
Cc bo b mi trng M qui nh 8 nguyn t v 6 loi thuc bo v thc
vt (bng 1) khi nng ln hn cc gi tr ti a cho php l cht nguy him.
Theo quy nh ca US. EPA, M khi lu hnh mt bn thng k thc t
v cc cht thi nguy him, th cn c xp thnh ba nhm:
* Cc cht thi cng ngh c hi: nh cng ngh lc du, bo qun g,
* Cc cht thi ph bin trong cng nghip thng thng,
Cc ha cht thng thng nh benzen, cresol, thuc bo v thc vt, hp cht
thy ngn.
Bng 2: Nng ti a ca cc cht nhim kim tra tnh nguy him
Cht nhim Nng cc i (mg/L)
Asen 5,0
Bari 100,0
Cadimi 1,0
Crom VI 5,0
Ch 5,0
Thy ngn 0,2
Selen 1,0
Bc 5,0
Endrin 0,02
Lindan 0,4
Metoxyclor 10,0
Toxaphen 0,5
Acid diclorophenoxyacetic 10,0
Acid triclorophenoxypropionic 1,0
2. Cc bc nh gi nguy c. Vin hn lm khoa hc M (1983) ngh vic
nh gi nguy c lm bn bc:
- Bc 1: Nhn dng s nguy him. Thng da vo kt qu th nghim
trn ng vt xc nh ha cht no gy ung th, qui thai.
- Bc 2: nh gi quan h liu lng - phn ng. Qu trnh nh r quan
h gia liu lng ca mt tc nhn v t l bnh mc phi. Vic thc nghim o
quan h ny tin hnh trn sc vt phi c nh gi ngoi suy cho ngi.
- Bc 3: nh gi nguy c. Xc nh quy m v tnh cht ca dn s b
nguy him bi tc nhn ang nghin cu. nh gi ny phi c kho st di
nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau: tui tc, tnh trng sc khe, s hip
ng ca nhiu cht c.
Hnh 3: Bn bc tin hnh nh gi nguy c
3. Ni dung xc nh nguy c ca cht nhim. y l cng vic ca nh c
cht: cn xc nh xem tc nhn cn nghin cu c nguy him i vi sc khe
ca ngi hay khng. Ni dung ny c th gm:
- S phn b, hp thu, chuyn ha, o thi ca cht c sau khi a vo
c th ngi.
- Tc ng trn cc c quan: nht l gan v thn
- Xc nh mc tch ly trong c th
- Kh nng gy t bin gen, lm thay i ADN
- Gy ung th, khi u lnh tnh hoc c tnh.
4. nh gi quan h liu lng - p ng
y mun xc nh mi quan h ton hc gia liu lng cht c xm
nhp vo c th v tnh trng nguy him ca ngi. Mi quann h c th hin
bng th:
- Trc honh: liu lng (mg/kg/ngy),
- Trc tung: l phn ng, mc nguy him, khng c n v, l xc
sut c hi cho sc khe. V d: t l gim tui th, t l % gy bnh cho ngi.
Nguy c xy ra liu lng trung bnh h s tim n
trong i ngi = hng ngy x nguy c
Bc 1: Xc nh
nguy c
Bc 2: nh gi
liu lng phn ng
Bc 3: nh gi
nguy c
Bc 4: nh r tnh
cht ca nguy c
(mg/kg/ngy) (mg/kg/ngy)
-1

Hnh 4: Quan h liu liu - p ng
Trn c s thc nghim, EPA a ra bng h s tim n nguy c qua ng
tiu ha v h hp ca 20 cht khc nhau (bng 2)
V d. Gi thit nc my c hm lng THM l 40 ppt (Gii hn cho
php ca THM; 70 ppt). Hy tnh:
- Nguy c ln nht mc bnh ung th cho c i ngi dng nc my c
nng THM trn.
* Lng THM a vo hng ngy tnh cho 1 kg cn nng (CDI)
day / kg / 10 mg 14. , 1
kg 70
day / 2L . L / mg 10 . 40
CDI
3
3
= =
Nguy c do THM = CDI x h s tim n nguy c
= 1,14.10
-3
mg/kg/ngy x 6,1.10
-3
(mg/kg/ngy)
-1
= 7.10
-6
xc nh lng cht nhim vo ngi qua thc phm ngi ta dng:
H s nng sinh hc (bioconcentration factor-BCF)
Hm lng cht = Nng cht x h s nng
c trong c (mg/kg) c trong nc (mg/L) sinh hc (L/kg)
VD: TCE trong c = TCE/nc x BCF (c sng trong nc c TCE: 0,1 mg/L)
= 0,1 x 10,6 = 1,06 mg/kg
CDI = 0,0065 Kg c/ngy x 1,06 mg TCE/kg c x 1/70 kg
= 9,8.10
-3
mg/kg/ngaKnh gi
Nguy c = liu trung bnh x h s tim n nguy c
-1

1
2
Phn ng
(nguy c)
Ngng Liu lng (mg/kg/ ngy)
(1): i vi cht gy ung th
(2): i vi cht khng gy ung th
= 9,8.10
-3
x 1,1.10
-2
= 1,08.10
-6

Nguy c gy ung th cho ngi c xc sut l 1 phn triu
Bng 3: H s tim n nguy c (EPA-1989)
Ha cht Phn loi
c tnh
H s tim n nguy c
qua ng tiu ha
(mg/kg/ngy)
-1

H s tim n nguy c
qua ng h hp
(mg/kg/ngy)
-1

Asen A 1,75 50
Xng A 2,9.10
-2
2,9.10
-2

Cadimi B
1
- 6,1
CCl
4
B
2
0,13
Crom(VI) A - 41
DDT B
2
0,34 -
Diedrin B
2
30 -
Niken v hp cht A - 1,19
2,3,7,8 TCDD B
2
1,56.10
-2
-
PCB B
2
7,7 -
Clorovinyl A 2,3 0,295
Cloroform B
2
6,1.10
-3
8,1.10
-2

Gi tr chun cho nh gi nguy c (EPA-1986)
Thng s Gi tr chun
Trng lng c th trung bnh ca ngi ln 70 kg
Trng lng c th trung bnh ca tr em 10 kg
Lng nc tiu th hng ngy ca ngi ln 2 lit
Lng nc tiu th hng ngy ca tr em 1 lit
Lng khng kh ht th hng ngy ca ngi ln 20 m
3

Lng khng kh ht th hng ngy ca tr em 5 m
3

Lng c tiu th hng ngy ca ngi ln 6,5 gam
Tui th trung bnh ca ngi ln 70 nm
Nguy c xy ra liu lng trung bnh h s tim n
trong i ngi hng ngy nguy c
-1

=
X

07 Doc Hoc Moi Truong

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

07 Doc Hoc Moi Truong

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://hoahocsp.

You might also like