CC DNG BI TP VT L 12

Chuyn 1: Ht nhn nguyn t

Dng 1: Tnh nng lng phn ng A + B

C + D
* W = ( m0 m)c
2
* W =
lksau
W

lktr
W
* W =
tr sau
W W
Dng 2: !" ph#ng $
* % =
A
N
A
m
T
N & &
'() * 0
=
(B+) *
0
H
=
A
N
A
m
T
N & &
'() * 0
0
0
=
(B+) * % =
0
H
T
t
t
H e

= 2
0

* Th,- g-.n /nh 01ng g-23 * !4n 56 : 1 C- = )*7&

10
10 B+
Dng ): !6nh l89/ ph#ng $
* !" ph#ng $(:; ng83<n /=* >h;- lng) g-m n l?n

n
H
H
T
t
= = 2
0
* !" ph#ng $(:; ng83<n /=* >h;- lng) g-m (m@/ A-) nB

n
H
H
T
t
= =

2 1
0
B
* Tnh /8C- : % = T
t
H

2 &
0
* 5D- 0
H
01ng A" ph#ng $ cE. /hFc 59/ :;ng /4ng /F* cGng >h;- lng&
* H; ng83<n /= (>h;- lng) AI ph2n JI :
) 2 1 (
0
T
t
N N

=
* c# /hK LF. 5MN ph4ng /JOnh phn ng AK $Pc
A6nh :; h/ nh2n AI ph2n JI 01ng :; h/ nh2n /N /hMnh&
* Q9n LRng A6nh l89/ ph#ng $ chN nh-S8 g-.- ANn:

1
N
2
N
) 1 (
1
0 1
t
e N N

=
1 T
2 2
N N =
U
) (
) V
t t
W
)
0 2
t
e N N

=
Dng V : !6nh l89/ 0N /NMn nng lng /NMn ph?n 5M 0N /NMn A"ng lng
* !"ng lng :

+ = +
D C B A
p p p p
* Xng lng /NMn ph?n : W =
tr sau
W W
* Y-<n hZ :

mW p 2
2
= * [\/ hp LGng g-n A] 5Uc/NJ
Dng ^ : Xng lng l-<n >\/* nng lng l-<n >\/ J-<ng
*
2
) ( c m Nm Zm W
X n p lkX
+ =
( lM nng lng /N J. >h- >\/ hp cPc n8clUNn /hMnh h/ nh2n* c_ng lM nng lng AK
/Pch h/ nh2n /hMnh cPc n8clUNn J-<ng J`)
*
A
W
W
lkX
lkrX
= ( h/ nh2n c# nng lng l-<n >\/ J-<ng cMng lDn /hO cMng 0Sn 5ang)
Chuyn 2 : H!"n t#$ng %u&ng !"n
Dng 1: Q9n LRng ph4ng /JOnh b-:/U-n AK /nh cPc A- lng l-<n +8.n
* hc =
2
m.$ 0
2
1
mv A
hc
+ =

* !-S8 >-Zn $3 J. h-Zn /ng +8.ng A-Zn :

A
hc
=
0

* X\8 c# hp >-m g]m nh-S8 >-m lN- * /hO g-D- hn +8.ng A-Zn cE. hp >-m lM g-P /J6 +8.ng A-Zn lDn nh@/ cE. cPc >-m
lN- /N n<n hp >-m
* Dng 2 : Tnh h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ hIm 5M A-Zn /h\ cFc A- /J<n 59/ Ldn >-m lN- ce l9p 5S A-Zn
U A
hc
mv U
h
= =

2
m.$ 0
2
1
A
hc
mv V = =

2
m.$ 0 m.$
2
1
X\8 c# 2 0c $ cGng g23 J. h-Zn /ng +8.ng A-Zn /hO
A-Zn /h\ cFc A- cE. 59/ Ldn ce l9p 5S A-Zn lM LN 0c $ c# 0Dc :#ng nhf g23 J.&
Dng ): %-Z8 :8@/ lng /=(lM /g :; g-a. cPc UlUc/JNn /hNP/ J. >hf- [./NL 5M :; phN/Nn ch-\8 l<n n#)
* % =
Pe
I
Pt
e
It
n
n
p
e

= =
* h lM ceng :8@/ ng8]n 0c $ * i c,ng A" Ljng +8.ng A-Zn 0N hNM
Dng V : Ch83Kn A"ng UlUc/JNn /JNng A-Zn /J,ng AS8 5M /k /J,ng AS8
* TJNng A-Zn /J,ng AS8 : g-. /;c cE. UlUc/JNn
e e
m
E e
m
F
a

= =
* TJNng /k /J,ng AS8 : lFc YNJUn/l A#ng 5.- /Jj lFc hDng /2m* g-. /;c hDng /2m . =
e e
m
eBv
m
F
=
* 0Pn >nh +8m AN
n =
eB
v m
e
* /JNng A# 5 lM 59n /;c cE. UlUc/JNn +8.ng A-Zn *

B v
&
* !,ng A- LM- nh@/ cE. UlUc/JNn +8.ng A-Zn /JNng A-Zn /J,ng : 0
2
m.$ 0
2
1
mv = UbL
Chuyn ' : G!&( th(& )nh *)ng
Dng 1 : Q6 /J 52n g-.N /hN.
* Q2n :Png 09c > : $ = >- = >
a
D
* Q6 /J 52n /;- /h (>+1) : $ = (> +
a
D
k

)
2
1
( )
2
1
+ =
* oPc A6nh lN- 52n /- p c# /N A"
!
" : $q/ /g :;

"
!
n\8 01ng > /hO /- A# 52n :Png
n\8 01ng (>*^) /hO /- A# lM 52n /;-&
Dng 2 : TOm :; 52n +8.n :P/ Ac /J<n mMn
* oPc A6nh 0S J"ng g-.N /hN. /J,ng Y /J<n mMn ( A;- $ng +8. 52n /J8ng /2m)
* p n

#
*
2
= :; 52n :Png lM 2n+1 * :; 52n /;- lM : 2n n,u - . /01 * lM 22n+13 n,u -
^ * 0
Dng ) : r-.N /hN. 5D- nh-S8 0c $ A4n :sc h.3 Pnh :Png /Jsng
* Q6 /J cPc 52n :Png cE. cPc 0c $ A4n :sc /JGng nh.8:
+
n n
k k k = = = &&&
2 2 1 1
+ !-S8 >-Zn cE.
1
1
2
#
k
+ QD- Y lM 0S J"ng /J,ng g-.N /hN.
* CPc 0c $ cE. Pnh :Png chN 52n :Png /- p :
+

!
t
kD
a"
=
D
a"
k
D
a"
t
!

!


(> lM :; ng83<n)
* CPc 0c $ cE. Pnh :Png chN 52n /;- /- p :
+

!
t
D k
a"

+
=
) 1 2 (
2

D
a"
k
D
a"
t
!

!

2
1 2
2
+
(> lM :; ng83<n)
Dng V : HF L6ch cE. hZ 52n g-.N /hN.
* DN :F $< L6ch cE. ng8]n :Png H : Q2n /J8ng /2m L6ch ngc ch-S8 1 ANn tt
u
=
v
$$
%
D
* L >hNng cPch /k H A\n >hU
* DN 0n mw/ :Nng :Nng Aw/ /JDc 1 /JNng 2 >hU : hZ L6ch 5S ph. 0n mfng 1 ANn tt
u
=
a
eD n ) 1 (
* U 0S LM3 cE. 0n
Dng ^ : CPc /h ngh-Zm g-.N /hN.
* [hU xN8ng
* Yyng lng >nh cJU:nUl : . = H$ A n $ $ & ) 1 ( 2
2 1
=
* BPn /h@8 >nh B-llU/ : . =
2 1
v
2 1
)& 1 ( & &
%
%
$ $ + =
* r4ng cJU:nUl : . = 2 &
2 1
&$ $ $ = ( [h- ng8]n H L6ch /J<n A,ng /Jjn /2m t* 0Pn >nh tH /hO hZ 52n L6ch
&$
s
l l " = =
Chuyn 4 : D&( 5ng !u h(6 (BizX HiX T%{X% CtH Tn|
2

BizX CtH T%{X% HiX T%}p

2

)
Dng 1: Q-\/ ph4ng /JOnh L.N A"ng : $ = AcN:(
) + t
+ TOm A =
2
2
2

v
" + (h.3 /k c4 nng b =
2
2
1
kA ) + TOm =
m
k
(cNn lsc lj $N) *
l
'
= (cNn lsc A4n)
+ TOm

/k A-S8 >-Zn 0.n A?8 :

cN:
0
A " =
5M
:-n
0
A v =

0
0
/.n
"
v
=
Th,ng LGng $0 5M 50 ~0 (h.3 500)
+ TJ,ng hp Awc 0-Z/:
r;c /h,- g-.n >h- 59/ +8. 56 /J c2n 01ng /hUN ch-S8 L4ng /hO
2

=
r;c /h,- g-.n >h- 59/ +8. 56 /J c2n 01ng /hUN ch-S8 2m /hO
2

=
r;c /h,- g-.n >h- 59/ 0-<n L4ng /hO
0 =
r;c /h,- g-.n >h- 59/ 0-<n 2m /hO
=
+ Y8 : [h- 1 A- lng 0-\n /h-<n /hUN /h,- g-.n /h,- A-Km /0 /ng /hO AN hMm 09c nh@/ cE. n# /hUN / : L4ng 5M
ngc l-& $ 2
+ CPch $Pc A6nh ph. cE. $* 5* . /JNng L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM : 5
Dng 2: Y-<n hZ g-a. L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM 5M ch83Kn A"ng /Jjn AS8 . 2
* oPc A6nh +8Ing A,ng 59/ A- Ac /JNng >hNng /h,- g-.n $Pc A6nh / :
+ oPc A6nh /N A" 5M 59n /;c 0.n A?8 ( /h.3 / = 0 5MN ph4ng /JOnh $ 5M 5) AK $Pc A6nh ch-S8 L- ch83Kn cE. 59/
+ oPc A6nh /N A" 59/ /h,- A-Km /
+ Ch-. / = nT + /
u
* LF. 5MN 2 0Dc /J<n $Pc A6nh A,ng A- &
* oPc A6nh >hNng /h,- g-.n ( ngsn nh@/ ) >h- ch@/ A-Km L- ch83Kn /k $p A\n $X :
+ Q +8m AN /Jjn /2m t * 0Pn >nh A */;c A" g#c 01ng & Chn /JRc /N A" t$ n1m /JNng mw/ phng +8m AN
+oPc A6nh 56 /J p 5M X * /h,- g-.n c?n /Om 01ng /h,- g-.n 0Pn >nh +8q/ g#c

!&N
=
+Th,- g-.n c?n /Om lM / =

2
T
Dng ) : Q9n LRng cPc ceng /hc A6nh ngh.* ceng /hc l-<n hZ >heng c# /
+ Y- A" $ = AcN:(
) + t
Q9n /;c 5 = A :-n(
) + t
r-. /;c . = "
2

+ %Z /hc A"c l9p : 1

2 2
2
2
2
= +
A
v
A
"
5 =
2 2
" A 5M A =
2
2
2

v
" +
+ YFc >qN 5S = m. = m( "
2
) * /8 /hUN hZ cR /hK 5M /N A" 59/ /h.3 5MN 0-K8 /hc &
Dng ^ : BM- /NPn 5S A] /h6 L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM
+ oPc A6nh Ac ch8 > T* cPc g-P /J6 cFc A- * h.- /N A" cE. A-Km /J<n A] /h6
+ [\/ hp cPc >hP- n-Zm l-<n +8.n * /Om J. >\/ +8 &
Dng ' : Chng m-nh 59/ L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM
+ CPch 1: !. l- A" 5S Lng $ = AcN:(
) + t
* (LGng phqp L,- g;c /N A")
+ CPch 2: hh2n /ch lFc ( $q/ 56 /J c2n 01ng * 5M 56 /J c# l- A" $ * 0-\n AC- A. 5S Lng . = "
2

+ CPch ): DGng A6nh l89/ 0N /NMn nng lng ( 5-\/ c4 nng 56 /J $ * l@3 AN hMm 0 =
%t
%E
)
Chuyn 1 : C(n 789 7: ;(
Dng 1: Q-\/ ph4ng /JOnh L.N A"ng ( g-;ng nh L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM)
Dng 2: Tnh 0-<n A" */?n :; * ch8 > 5M nng lng
+ DGng A =
2
2
2

v
" + * h.3 /k b =
2
2
1
kA
+ Ch8 > T =
(
1 2
=

*
0
l
lM A" LIn cE. lj $N( /JUN /hng Ang) >h- 59/ c2n 01ng /hO
0
l
'
m
k

= =
+ Yj $N /JUN ngh-<ng g#c * /hO >h- 59/ c2n 01ng /. c# mg&:-n = >&
0
l
+ b =
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
A m kA k" mv E E
t
= = + = +
+ [ch /hch 01ng 5. chm : LGng A6nh l89/ 0N /NMn A"ng lng* 0N /NMn A"ng nng ( 5. chm AMn h]-) * $Pc A6nh 59n
/;c cNn lsc :.8 5. chm& p LRng
sau
W kA =
2
2
1
+ Ch8 > cNn lsc 5Dng A-nh : T = ) (
2
1
v k
T T +
+
2 1
2 1
T T
T T
T
s
+
=
>h- 2 lj $N ghqp :Nng :Nng *
2
2
2
1
2
T T T
n
+ = >h- 2 lj $N ghqp n;- /-\p
Dng ) : Tnh lFc AMn h]- cE. lj $N
+ DGng = >& l * 5D- l lM A" 0-\n Lng cE. lj $N & Cn c 5MN /N A" cE. 59/ AK $Pc A6nh Ang A" 0-\n Lng l &
m.$
F
>h-
m.$
l
*
m-n
F >h-
m-n
l &
Dng V : Cs/ * ghqp lj $N
+ Cs/ :
n n
l k l k l k = = = &&&
2 2 1 1
+ rhqp n;- /-\p :
2 1
1 1 1
k k k
+ =
+ rhqp :Nng :Nng : > =
2 1
k k +
Dng ^ : CNn lsc +8.3
+ TN n<n mw/ n#n c# n=. g#c Agnh lM * >h-

= +
ht h
F F P
+ X\8 lj $N n1m ng.ng /hO

=
ht h
F F
&
+ Q9n /;c +8.3 (5jng:) X =
cN: 2
1
l
'
+ Q9n /;c +8.3 /;- /h-K8 AK cNn lsc /Pch J,- >hf- /JRc +8.3 X
l
'
2
1

Dng ' : TCng hp nh-S8 L.N A"ng A-S8 hNM cGng ph4ng *cGng /?n :;
+ TCng +8P/ : Ao =
n n
A A A cN: &&& cN: cN:
2 2 1 1
+ + +
* Ax =
n n
A A A :-n &&& :-n :-n
2 2 1 1
+ + +
A
2
=
2 2
) X
A A + * /.n

=
X
)
A
A
7#u < ;)9 =nh >ng g?9

@A& B6( h" t( 5 CDE x

C
Chuyn F : C(n 789 Gn

Dng 1: Tnh /NPn l-<n +8.n A\n ch8 >* /?n :; * nng lng * 59n /;c * lFc cng L23 :
+ Ch8 > T =
(
1 2
=

= 2
'
l
+ T?n :; g#c
l
'
= + r#c nhf : 1cN:
2
2
0

+ C4 nng b = mgl(1 cN:
0

) * >h-
0

nhf /hO b = mgl

2
2
0

* 5D-
l s
0 0
=
&
+ Q9n /;c /- 56 /J lM 5 =
) cN: (cN: 2
0
'l
+ YFc cng L23 T = mg()cN:
) cN: 2
0

+ !"ng nng
2
2
1
mv E

= + Th\ nng
) cN: 1 ( = m'l E
t
+ Xng lng bA 5M b/ c# /?n :; g#c L.N A"ng lM 2 ch8 >O
2
T
& TJNng 1 ch8 >O
2 2
V
1
A m W W
t
= = h.- l?n
( LGng A] /h6 $Pc A6nh /h,- A-Km gwp nh.8)& [hNng /h,- g-.n g-a. 2 l?n l-<n /-\p mM A"ng nng 01ng /h\ nng lM TV
Dng 2 : HF /h.3 AC- ch8 >
+ !. $8;ng A" :28 h : A]ng h] ch9m * m- g-23 ch9m
*
h
T
T
2
=

+ !. l<n A" c.N h : A]ng h] ch9m * m- g-23 ch9m

*
h
T
T
=

+ ThUN nh-Z/ A" :

2
0
t
T
T
=

* >h-
0
t /ng /hO A]ng h] ch9m m- g-23 lM
2
0
t
T
T
=

* >h- nh-Z/ A" g-m A]ng h]
nh.nh m- g-23 lM
2
0
t
T
T
=

&
+ X\8 chN g-P /J6 cR /hK cE. g 5M l >h- /h.3 AC- /hO
'
'
l
l
T
T
2 2

Dng ) : hh4ng phPp g-. /Jng 0-K8 >-\n

+ CNn lsc ch68 /h<m /Pc LRng cE. lFc l

(
( lFc +8Pn /nh* lFc A3 AJch-mULUJ* lFc A-Zn /J,ng ) * /. $Um cNn lsc L.N
A"ng /- n4- c# g-. /;c /Jng lFc 0-K8 >-\n
m
(
' '

+ =
v
&
+ Cn c 5MN ch-S8 cE.

(
5M

'
/Om g-P /J6 cE.
v
' & Ch8 > cNn lsc lM T = 2
v
'
l

+ CNn lsc A4n Aw/ /JNng $U ch83Kn A"ng 5D- g-. /;c . = cNn:/ : T = 2
'
l
'
l

cN:
2
v
=
* 5D- lM 56 /J c2n 01ng cE.
cNn lsc /.n =
'
a
+ CNn lsc /JUN /J<n $U ch83Kn A"ng /J<n L;c ngh-<ng g#c * 56 /J c2n 01ng /.n

:-n
cN: &
a '
a

( l<n L;c l@3 L@8 + *

$8;ng L;c l@3 L@8 ) *

cN:
:-n
v

=
'
'
( l<n L;c l@3 L@8 + * $8;ng L;c l@3 L@8 ) $
Dng V : Q-\/ ph4ng /JOnh L.N A"ng : =
) cN:(
0
+ t s
h.3
) cN:(
0
+ = t

+ Tnh
0
s
=
2
2
2

v
s + + Th,ng chn g;c /h,- g-.n >h- 59/ +8. 56 /J c2n 01ng /hUN
ch-S8 L4ng /hO
0 =
3
+ TOm

/k A-S8 >-Zn 0.n A?8 :

cN:
0
A s =
5M
:-n
0
A v =

0
0
/.n
s
v
=
Th,ng LGng :0 5M 50 ~0 (h.3 500)
Dng ^ : CNn lsc /JGng phGng
+ %.- cNn lsc cGng +8. 56 /J c2n 01ng cGng ch-S8 :.8 nh-S8 l?n: /h,- g-.n / g-a. 2 l?n gwp nh.8 l-<n /-\p / =
2 2 1 1
T n T n =
2 1
* n n l?n l/ lM :; ch8 >O 2 cNn lsc /hFc h-Zn AK /JGng phGng n1 5M n2 ch<nh nh.8 1 A4n 56* n\8
2 1
T T > /hO
1
1 2
+ = n n 5M ngc l-
+ CNn lsc A4n A]ng 0" 5D- cNn lsc >qp >h- ch8 >O cE. chGng 01ng nh.8 * lc A#
!%
I
l =

Chyn H : I?ng 9G hJ9
Dng 1: Q-\/ ph4ng /JOnh :#ng & !" lZch ph.
+ X\8 ph4ng /JOnh :#ng /- t lM
) cN:(
0
+ = t A u
/hO ph4ng /JOnh :#ng /- p lM )
2
cN:(

%
t A u
!
+ = &
D@8 () n\8 :#ng /J83Sn /k t /D- p* L@8 (+) n\8 :#ng /J83Sn /k p /D- t&
+ !" lZch ph. g-a. 2 A-Km n1m /J<n ph4ng /J83Sn :#ng cPch nh.8 >hNng L lM

% 2
=
X\8 2 L.N A"ng cGng ph. /hO
k 2 =
X\8 2 L.N A"ng ngc ph. /hO
) 1 2 ( + = k
Dng 2 : Tnh 0Dc :#ng * 59n /;c /J83Sn :#ng* 59n /;c L.N A"ng
+ BDc :#ng
(
v
vT = =
+ [hNng cPch g-a. n gn :#ng l-<n /-\p nh.8 ( 1 ng8]n) lM (n1)
+ Q9n /;c L.N A"ng ) :-n(
v
+ = t A u
Dng ) : Tnh 0-<n A" L.N A"ng /.- p /J<n ph4ng /J83Sn :#ng
+ Xng lng :#ng /- ng8]n t 5M /- p lM :
2
0 0
kA W = *
2
! !
kA W = * 5D- > =
2
2
D
lM hZ :; /g lZ * D >h;- lng
J-<ng me- /J,ng /J83Sn :#ng
+ H#ng /J83Sn /J<n mw/ nDc: nng lng :#ng g-m /g lZ 5D- +8Ing A,ng /J83Sn :#ng& r- W nng lng :#ng c8ng
c@p 0- ng8]n L.N A"ng /JNng 1:& T. c#
A
A
r
W
kA
2
2
=
*
!
!
r
W
kA
2
2
=
*
!
A
A !
r
r
A A =
+ H#ng /J83Sn /JNng >heng g-.n (:#ng 2m) : nng lng :#ng g-m /g lZ 5D- 0Onh ph4ng +8Ing A,ng /J83Sn :#ng& T.
c#
2
2
V
A
A
r
W
kA

=
*
2
2
V
!
!
r
W
kA =
*
!
A
A !
r
r
A A =
Chuyn K : G!&( th(& *?ng 9G
Dng 1: TOm :; A-Km cFc A- * cFc /-K8 /J<n ANn /hng n;- 2 ng8]n >\/ hp l $ $ =
2 1
* X\8 2 ng8]n lZch ph. nh.8

:
+ H; cFc A-

2 2

l
k
l
+ H; cFc /-K8
2
1
2 2
1
2

l
k
l
Dng 2 : TOm :; A,ng h3pUJ0Nl /JNng >hNng CD cE. hOnh g-D- hn
+ Tnh L1 * L2
+ X\8 C L.N A"ng 5D- 0-<n A" cFc A- : L1 L2 = >& ( cFc /-K8 L1 L2 = (>+12)& )
+ Tnh > =

2 1
% %
* l@3 > lM :; ng83<n
+ Tnh Ac :; A,ng cFc A- /JNng >hNng CD
Dng ) : TOm :; A,ng h3pUJ0Nl /JNng >hNng CA cE. hOnh g-D- hn
+ Tnh pA 01ng cPch : pA pB = CA CB
+ r- X lM A-Km /J<n AB* >h- A# :
XAXB = >&* ( cFc /-K8 (>+12)& )
XA + XB = AB
+ oPc A6nh > /k g-D- hn 0 XA pA
Dng V : hh4ng /JOnh g-.N /hN.
+ %.- ng8]n : ) cN:(
1
+ = t a u * ) cN:(
2
t a u =
+ hh4ng /JOnh g-.N /hN. : )
2
cN:( 2 )
2
cN:( )
2
cN:(
1 2 2 1

% %
a
%
t a
%
t a u
!

+

= + + = cN:(
)
2
1 2

% %
t
+

+
+ B-<n A" g-.N /hN. )
2
cN:( 2
1 2

% %
a A
!

+

= cGng ph.
k 2 =
* ngc ph.
) 1 2 ( + = k
+ !" lZch ph. g-a. p 5D- 2 ng8]n cGng ph. lM

=

1 2
% % +
L#u <: Tnh bin giao thoa theo cng thc tng hp dao ng l
2
!
A = ) cN:( 2
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
+ + A A A A
Vi

1
1
2
%
= ,

2
2
2
%
=
+ X\8 2 ng8]n cGng ph. /hO A" lZch ph. g-a. :#ng g-.N /hN. 5D- 2 ng8]n lM

2 1
% % +
Dng ^ : !] /h6 $q/ /J,ng hp 2 ng8]n >\/ hp cGng ph.* ngc ph.
* CGng ph.:
+ Q2n g-.N /hN. cFc A- lM cPc A,ng h3pUJ0Nl * c# Lng gn l]- * A,ng /J8ng /JFc cE.
2 1
$ $ lM 52n cFc A- > = 0
+ Q2n g-.N /hN. cFc /-K8 cPc A,ng h3pUJ0Nl * c# Lng gn lm
* Xgc ph. : AC- /nh ch@/ cFc A- 5M cFc /-K8 cE. /J,ng hp cGng ph.
* [hNng cPch g-a. cPc g-.N A-Km cE. cPc nhPnh h3pUJ0Nl 5D-
2 1
$ $ l8en 01ng nh.8 5M 01ng 2
Chuyn L : IMNG DNNG
+ hh4ng /JOnh :#ng Lkng: p"! t! !
u u u + =
& Q9/ cn c; A6nh ( p" p"
u u =
) & Q9/ cn /F LN ( p" p"
u u =
)
8p = 2:-n2

%
&:-n(/2

l
) : 59/ cn c; A6nh 8p = 2.cN:2

%
&cN:(/2

l
) : 59/ cn /F LN
2

A
h
X X X X X
B B B B
4

A B AB = l * pB = L * B 59/ cn
+ !-S8 >-Zn $3 J. :#ng Lkng :
%.- A?8 c; A6nh: l = >
2

* > 0# * > 0Rng * (>+1) n/ p"/ A?8 /F LN : l =

2
)
2
1
(

+ k * > 0#* (> +1) n/ * ( >+1) 0Rng
Q9/ cn c; A6nh lM A-Km n/* 59/ cn /F LN lM A-Km 0Rng& [hNng cPch g-a. 2 n/* 2 0Rng lM >
2

* >hNng cPch /k 1
A-Km 0Rng A\n 1 A-Km n/ lM
2
)
2
1
(

+ k
+ Tk A-S8 >-Zn $3 J. :#ng Lkng * /Om /?n :; cPc hN 2m
0
n( (
n
=
1&%.- A?8 c; A6nh : cc0 = 52l *cPc hN 2m cn = n52l (nX)
c:.8 c/J = cc0
2& p"/ A?8 /F LN : cc0 = 5Vl *cPc hN 2m cn = (2n+1)5Vl (nX) & c:.8 c/J = 2cc0
)&%.- A?8 /F LN : cc0 = 52l *cPc hN 2m cn = n52l (nX)
C)9h ;)9 =nh 2 Ou tA @( h&y 9P =nh :
Tnh f = fsau ft! , "#p t$ s%
(
(
n

& '(t )u* l c+c s% , -,. / 0,. / 1,. / 2,. 3 d45 c6 0 7u t8 do, 0 7u c% 9nh &
'(t )u* l c+c s% , / 0 / / 1 / / 2 / : 3 d45 c6 1 7u c% 9nh ; ho<c 1 7u t8 do =&
* I?ng Q :
* %-Z8 ng DNpplUJ: c/h8 = ph
ph phat
t thu
(
v v
v v

cN:
cN:

*
t

g#c hp 0-
thu
v 5D- A,ng /hng n;- ng8]n 5M 0" ph9n /h8 *
ph g#c hp 0-
phat
v
5D- A,ng /hng n;- ng8]n 5M 0" ph9n /h8 &
Y- g?n /hO l@3 (+* ) * /-\n $. /hO l@3 ( * + )
DGng ceng /hc c"ng 59n /;c ( 5 LR nh c# g-# )
Chuyn 1/ : RCH SLC NTI TIUP
Dng 1 : Q-\/ 0-K8 /hc - h.3 8
X\8 - =
t I cN:
0
/hO Lng cE. 8 lM 8 =
) cN:(
0
+ t U
& %Nwc 8 =
t U cN:
0
/hO Lng cE. - lM lM - =
) cN:(
0
t I
QD-
2 2
0 0
0
) ( ) (
C #
Z Z r *
U
Z
U
I
+ +
= =
5M /.n
r *
Z Z
C #
+

= ( [h- ANn mch >heng c# ph?n /= nMN /hO A-Zn /J cE.

ph?n /= A# 01ng >heng)
+ C# /hK LGng g-n A] 5Uc/NJ AK /Om

(

*
U
5 /JGng /JRc

I
*

#
U
5 58eng g#c /JRc

I
5M hDng l<n*

C
U
5 58eng
g#c /JRc

I
5M hDng $8;ng * :.8 A# LGng +83 /sc A. g-Pc )& X\8 mch c# J c8"n L23 /hO g-n A] nh :.8:
Y

n J
+ Y8 : [h- 1 A- lng 0-\n /h-<n /hUN /h,- g-.n /h,- A-Km /0 /ng /hO AN hMm 09c nh@/ cE. n# /hUN / : L4ng 5M
ngc l-&
p
Dng 2 : Tnh /NPn cPc A- lng cE. mch A-Zn
+ i =
2
0
I
* =
2
0
U
* h = icN:

* n\8 mch chg c# ph?n /= /-<8 /hR A-Zn nng 0-\n /hMnh nh-Z/ /hO h = n
2
I
+ %Z :; ceng :8@/ cN:
2 2
) ( ) (
C #
Z Z r *
r *
Z
r *
+ +
+
=
+
=
+ Chg n#- A\n c"ng hng >h- mch c# n+J = cNn:/ 5M lc A# : r * Z + =
m-n
*
0 =
*
r *
U
I
+
=
m.$
*
r *
U
P
+
=
2
m.$
+ DGng ceng /hc h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ :
2 2 2
) (
C # *
U U U U + = * l8en c# n
+ DGng ceng /hc /.n

AK $Pc A6nh c@8 /N ANn mch 2 ph?n /= :

X\8
2

= mch c# Y 5M C X\8
0 >
5M >hPc
2

mch c# n*C X\8

0 <
5M >hPc
2

mch c# n*C
+ C# 2 g-P /J6 cE. (n *
( *
) mch /-<8 /hR cGng 1 ceng :8@/ * /hO cPc A- lng A# lM ngh-Zm cE. ph4ng /JOnh h = n
2
I
Dng ) : CFc /J6
+
*
Z * U
U
U
#
C
2 2
v
m.$
cN:
+
= =

>h-
#
#
C
Z
* Z
Z
2 2
+
= +
*
Z * U
U
U
C
#
2 2
v
m.$
cN:
+
= =

>h-
C
C
#
Z
* Z
Z
2 2
+
=
+ TCng +8P/ : oPc A6nh A- lng A-Zn x cFc /J6 >h- o /h.3 AC-
Th-\/ l9p +8.n hZ x /hUN o DGng cPc phqp 0-\n AC-( /.m /hc 09c 2 * 0@/ Ang /hc* AN hMm) AK /Om cFc /J6
+
*
U
P
AB
2
2
m.$
= >h- n = C #
Z Z
5D- mch nYC c# n /h.3 AC-
+
) ( 2
2
m.$
r *
U
P
AB
+
= >h- n + J = C #
Z Z
5D- mch JnYC c# n /h.3 AC-
+
2 2
2
m.$
) ( ) (
C #
*
Z Z r *
* U
P
+ +
= >h- n =
2 2
) (
C #
Z Z r + 5D- mch JnYC c# n /h.3 AC-
+ C# /hK LGng A] /h6 AK $Pc A6nh cFc /J6 ( A] /h6 hMm 09c 2)
+ pch nYC c# /h.3 AC- * /Om AK :
1& %-Z8 A-Zn /h\ h.- A?8 n cFc A- : =
#C
1
2& %-Z8 A-Zn /h\ h.- A?8 C cFc A- : =
2
2
2
1
#
*
#C

)& %-Z8 A-Zn /h\ h.- A?8 Y cFc A- : =
2 2
2
2
C * #C

Dng V : !-S8 >-Zn AK 2 A- lng A-Zn c# m;- l-<n hZ 5S ph.
+ %.- h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ /J<n cGng ANn mch cGng ph. :
2 1
=
2 1
/.n /.n =
+ %.- h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ /J<n cGng ANn mch 58eng ph. :
2
2 1

=
2
1
/.n
1
/.n

=
+ %.- h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ /J<n cGng ANn mch lZch ph. nh.8 g#c : =
2 1

/.n /.n 1
/.n /.n
/.n
2
2
1

=
Chuyn 11: D&( 5ng !"n tV
Dng 1 : Tnh /NPn cPc A- lng c4 0n
+ Ch8 > T = 2 #C
+ T?n :; c =
#C 2
1
& X\8 2 /R ghqp :Nng :Nng
2
2
2
1
2
1 1
( ( (
s
+
=
& X\8 2 /R ghqp n;- /-\p
2
2
2
1
2
( ( (
nt
+ =
+ BDc :#ng A-Zn /k #C c T c & 2 & = = & !K /h8 Ac :#ng A-Zn /k /?n :; c /hO /?n :; J-<ng cE. mch L.N A"ng ph-
01ng c
+ Xng lng A-Zn /J,ng :
C
+
Cu W

2
2
2
1
2
1
= =
C
,
CU W

2
0 2
0 m.$
2
1
2
1
= =
+ Xng lng /k /J,ng :
2
2
1
# W
t
=
2
0 m.$
2
1
#I W
t
=
+ Xng lng A-Zn /k : W =
2
2
1
Cu +
2
2
1
# =
C
+
2
2
1
+
2
2
1
# =
C
,
CU
2
0 2
0
2
1
2
1
=
2
0
2
1
#I = & Q93
=
m.$
W
m.$ t
W
+ Y-<n hZ

0
0 0
I
CU , = =
Dng 2 : Q-\/ cPc 0-K8 /hc /c /h,-
+ hh4ng /JOnh 0
2 * *
= + + + *
#C
1
=
* B-K8 /hc + =
) cN:(
0
+ t +

+ 8 = U J- * %-Z8 A-Zn /h\ 8 = U = Y
*
( LN J = 0) + C,ng A" Ljng A-Zn - = ) :-n(
0
*
+ = t + +
+ Xng lng: t W t
C
+
C
+
Cu W

) ( cN: ) ( cN:
2 2
1
2
1
2 2
2
0
2
2
+ = + = = = * /?n :; g#c L.N A"ng cE.

W
lM 2
ch8 >O
2
T
&
t
W
= ) ( :-n ) ( :-n
2 2
1
2 2
2
0 2
+ = + = t W t
C
+
# * /?n :; g#c L.N A"ng cE.
t
W
lM 2 * ch8 >O
2
T
TJNng 1 ch8 >O
C
+
W W
t
V
2
0
= = h.- l?n ( LGng A] /h6 $Pc A6nh /h,- A-Km gwp nh.8)& [hNng /h,- g-.n g-a. 2 l?n l-<n
/-\p mM nng lng A-Zn 01ng nng lng /k lM TV
Chuyn 12 : R)y -h)t !"n 0 Q)y W!,n )- 0 tXuyn tY!
Dng 1 : pP3 phP/ A-Zn
+ Tk /heng :
) cN:( + = t NB$
=
) cN:(
0
+ t
(W0) 5D-
NB$ =
0
+ H8@/ A-Zn A"ng : U = ) :-n( + =

t NB$
%t
%
=
) :-n(
0
+ t E
5D-

0 0
= = NB$ E
( n\8 c# n c8"n L23
msc n;- /-\p /hO :8@/ A-Zn A"ng cFc A- lM n
0
E
+ T?n :; cE. Ljng A-Zn LN mP3 phP/ /N J. lM : c = np * n /;c A" +8.3 cE. JN/N A4n 56 5jng: * p lM :; cwp cFc /k
+ pch A-Zn ) ph. : Xg8]n 5M /- c# /hK msc :.N h.3 /.m g-Pc ( ng8]n / msc /.m g-Pc 5O Ljng A-Zn lDn)
T.m g-Pc : ( p %
U U =
*
p %
I I ) = ) %Onh :.N : (
p %
U U ) =
* p %
I I =
) !-Zn Pp msc 5M /- lM p
U
X\8 LGng g-n A] 5Uc/NJ /hO m- A- lng A-Zn /JNng mch ) ph. A;- $ng c# cGng A" lDn nhng lZch ph.
)
2
Dng 2 : pP3 0-\n Pp
+ Y-<n hZ h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ :
2
1
2
1
N
N
U
U
=
( X2X1 : g-m Pp * X2~X1 : /ng Pp )
+ pch /h c@p >n 5M 0f +8. h.N ph A-Zn nng /hO
2
1
1
2
I
I
U
U
=

+ TCng +8P/ h-Z8 :8@/ pBA lM % =
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
2
cN:
cN:

s I U
I U
P
P
=
+ X\8 A-Zn /J /h8?n cPc c8"n L23 nhf /hO
2
1
2
1
N
N
e
e
=
2
1
2
1
N
N
E
E
=
+ X\8 cPc c8"n L23 c# A-Zn /J /h8?n :
1
e $Um nh ng8]n /h8
1 1 1 1
r u e = *
2
e $Um nh ng8]n phP/
2 2 2 2
r u e + = &
Q93
2
1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
1
N
N
r u
r u
e
e
=
+

=
& Ceng :8@/ 2 ng8]n cm ng lM nh nh.8
2 2 1 1
e e =
Dng ) : TJ83Sn /- A-Zn nng
+ Ceng :8@/ h.N ph /J<n A,ng L23 :
2
2
) cN: ( U
P
* P =
5D- cN:

lM hZ :; ceng :8@/ cE. mch A-Zn * n\8 8 5M -

cGng
ph. /hO
2
2
U
P
* P = ( h >heng AC-)
1
u
2
u
-n
+ !" g-m /h\ /J<n A,ng L23 8 = -n (n A-Zn /J cE. 2 L23) & T. c#
1
u = -n +
2
u * n\8 h-Z8 A-Zn /h\ 5M c,ng A"
Ljng A-Zn cGng ph. /hO ni =
2 1
U U
+ %-Z8 :8@/ /J83Sn /-
ph
tth
tt
P
P
H =
=
ph
ph
P
P P
&
Chuyn 1' : Thuy,t t#Gng P!
+ [h;- lng /4ng A;- /nh m =
0
2
2
0
1
m
c
v
m

( lM >h;- lng /nh)

+ Xng lng nghg b0 = m0c
2
* nng lng /NMn ph?n b = mc
2
=
2
2
2
0
1
c
c
v
m

+ %Z /hc g-a. nng lng 5M A"ng lng b

2
=
2
0
m
2 2 V
c p c +
+ !"ng nng WA = mc
2
m0c
2
= m0c
2

1
1
1
2
2
c
v
&
[h- 5
c
/hO nng lng /NMn ph?n g]m nng lng nghg 5M A"ng
nng * A"ng nng lM (
2
1
m05
2
)
+ %Z +8 cE. /h83\/ /4ng A;- hp :
Ch-S8 LM- cN /hUN ph4ng ch83Kn A"ng l = l0
0
2
2
1 l
c
v
<
Th,- g-.n LM- h4n
0
2
2
0
1
t
c
v
t
t >