CHNG 1.

TNG QUAN V LI IN THNG MINH

1.1.

NH NGHA V LI IN THNG MINH

Trong vi nm qua, nng lng in tiu th lin tc pht trin v,
ng thi, u t c s h tng T & D (kim tra v chn on) do b suy sp. Cc
gii php truyn thng nng cp c s h tng h thng in ch yu c thc
hin theo hnh thc nh my in mi, ng dy truyn ti mi, trm bin p, v
thit b lin quan. Tuy nhin, nh kinh nghim chng minh, cc qu trnh cho
php, nh v, v xy dng ng dy truyn ti mi tr nn v cng kh khn, tn
km v mt thi gian. Kt qu l, li in l b suy gim, dn n tin cy b gim
v chi ph nng lng cao hn.
Bt chp nhng vn trn, tin cy ca h thng l quan trng v khng th
b nh hng. khc phc vn ny, cc nh khai thc mng li di chuyn t
h thng hnh tia ti mng li. Tuy nhin iu ny lm gim kh nng kim sot ca
mng v dng in chy dc theo cc ng dy c th m khng d dng c kim
sot. Tnh hnh thm ch cn ti t hn nu mt s c nh qu ti xy ra, tng kh
nng mt in li. Thm vo , vic tng trng ph ti nhanh chng dn n tc
nghn trn cc ng dy trng im, do , dn n cc hot ng khng hiu qu
ca th trng nng lng.
Cu tr li dng nh nm trong vic bin dng EPS vo mng nng lng
in thng minh (SEEN).H thng li in thng minh trong tng lai s pht trin
mnh m hn, ng tin cy hn,linh hot hn v c kh nng t phc hi, hon ton
kim sot c, c kh nng s hu v s l mt nn tng lm cho s cng tn ti
ca h thng li in thng minh vi mt s lng ln ca DGS v cc nh my
in quy m ln tp trung. S cn thit phi sa i, yu cu loi b cc ro cn
i vi vic khai thc quy m ln v hi nhp ca DGS v cc vn khc, s i hi
phi nghin cu sng to v pht trin cng ngh mi t truyn ti v phn phi cho
cc cng c truyn thng, vi s lng cm bin nhiu hn so vi hin nay.
V vy, d kin rng cc h thng FACTS, CUPS, ESS, DG thng minh cho
ngi dng trc tip vi cc thit b thng tin lin lc s c t ti trung tm ca
cc h thng li in thng minh trong tng lai, xem hnh 1.1.
H thng li in thng minh (SEEN ) s cho php cc khch hng c mt vai
tr tch cc trong vic cung cp in, c th gip h thng in p ng vi s c
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thit b hay cc iu kin thi tit lin quan n trng hp khn cp, v cc iu kin
khc.
Hin nay, cc nh iu hnh h thng phi duy tr d tha cng sut pht in trc
tuyn hoc nhanh chng c sn tip tc cung cp h thng np nu pht sinh mt
n v
tiu th ln hoc ng dy truyn ti b s c.
Trong mng li in thng minh, phn ln nng lng d tr c th c cung cp
bi cc n v EPS hoc DG nh, ESS nm gn cc v tr ca ngi s dng trc
tip.

Hnh 1.1: nh ngha mng nng lng in thng minh

Tm li, mt li in thng minh hin i s to ra EPS l :

S
gim
cc
ti
nh
v
to
ra
cc
phn
d
tr;
S loi tr cc chi ph c bn ca c s h tng (kim tra v chn on) mi cng
nh
to
ra
cc
nh
my;
S gim tn tht ng dy cng vi chi ph vn hnh v bo dng;
S chuyn hng dng nng lng chy, thay i m hnh ti, ci thin bn dng
in
p
v

n
nh;
S cho php ti ESS v DG tham gia vo hot ng h thng;
Thng qua gim st rng ri, thng tin lin lc nhanh chng, v kim sot thng tin
phn hi ca cc hot ng, s c nhiu thng tin hn v cc vn pht sinh ca h
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thng
trc
khi
chng
nh
hng
n
dch
v;
Cung cp cc tin ch h thng vi cc cng c trc quan tin tin nng cao kh
nng gim st h thng.
1.2. CC VN CHT LNG TRONG CC MNG IN THNG MINH
1.2.1. Cht lng in v EMC
Mt trong nhng khi nim c bn lin quan n s dng nng lng in l s
tng thch in t (EMC) - gia cc thit b in v mi trng ca n, hoc gia
thit b ny v cc thit b khc. l, theo nh ngha ca y ban k thut in quc
t (IEC) : "kh nng ca mt thit b hoc h thng hot ng tt trong mi trng
in t ca n m khng cn quan tm n cc nhiu in t phn b ti bt c ni
no trong mi trng " .
S tng tc ln nhau gia mi trng in t v ti c th qua dy dn hoc bc x. .
Hin nay, khng ging nh trong qu kh, cc khi nim v tnh tng thch in t
khng ch lin quan n cc vn ca truyn thng tin.
N cng bao gm cc vn ca s tng tc ln nhau gia cc thit b v cc
h thng s dng hin tng in t nng lng truyn ti v mc ch chuyn i,
cng nh tc ng ca thit b ny v cc h thng trong mi trng in t t nhin
v sinh quyn, do , n bao gm tt c cc trng hp ca mi s khng tng thch
in t.
in l kt qu ca mt qu trnh sn xut v l mt sn phm c thm nh
v tiu chun ha. N cng l mt vn ca kim ngch thng mi th trng, do
gi tr tin ch ca n c phi l mt s nh gi m t trong mt tha thun gia cc
bn trong giao dch thng mi. Trong ngha thng qua bi Hi ng chu u iu
tit nng lng (CEER) cht lng cung cp in bao gm ba lnh vc chnh, xem
hnh 1.2:

Hnh 1.2: S phn loi cc vn cung cp nng lng in

:
-, Quality of power delivery : Cht lng ca cung cp nng lng in
-, Commercial quality : c tnh thng mi
-, Continuity of supply : S lin tc cung cp
-, Voltage quality : Cht lng in p
-, Frequency : Tn s
-, Level : Mc
-, Waveform shape : hnh dng sng
-, Asymmetry : S khng i xng
Cht lng thng mi c hiu l cht lng ca cc mi quan h thng mi
gia
cc
nh
cung
cp
in
v
khch
hng;
Lin tc cung cp thng c o trong iu kin ca s lng s gin on cung
cp, khong thi gian ca mt s gin on, thi gian tch t ca cc gin on cung
cp
in
trong
mt
khong
thi
gian
nht
nh.
Cht lng in p o lng trong iu kin ca s khc bit gia dng sng thc t
v dng sng in p v dng ba pha sin cn bng v gi tr danh nh.
Phn ln, cc ngnh cng nghip chp nhn nh ngha ca vn cht lng in
nh sau : "Cht lng cung cp nng lng in l mt tp hp cc thng s trong
m t qu trnh phn phi nng lng in ti ngi s dng trong iu kin hot
ng bnh thng, xc nh s cung cp lin tc (cung cp gin on ngn hn v di)
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v c trng ca cc in p cung cp ( ln, khng i xng, tn s, v hnh dng

sng) ".
1.2.2. Cc vn v cht lng in
a, Bin ca cc in p cung cp
L do chnh lm thay i gi tr hiu dng ca in p trong mng in l s
bin i ca ti. Nh hnh 1.3, in p thay i trong mng in cung cp vt qu
gii hn cho php, c nh hng xu n ti v c th dn ti hng hc cc thit b
ho trong trng hp ti t nht c th dn ti s ph hy chng. in p gim lm
tng tn hao trong ng dy truyn ti , my bin p... Trong khi vic tng bin
in p s lm tng dng t ha cc my bin p v ng c, lm gim tui th hay
ph hy cch in v lm tng s tiu tn nng lng trong ti (qu nng).

Hnh 1.3 V d v s thay i theo tun trong in p pha v dng pha

b, Dao ng in p
in p bin ng l mt lot cc s thay i gi tr hiu dng ca in p hoc
s thay i ng bao in p, xem hnh 1.4. Cc ngun chnh ca s dao ng in
p
trong
mng li in l nhiu ca cc ti cng nghip nng lng cao (hn in, a my
cn, my cu, l h quang, vv) v hot ng chuyn mch trong h thng in lm
thay i cu hnh mng hay gy ra bi h thng iu chnh in p.
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Hnh 1.4 V d ca s dao ng in p trong dng sng tc thi

c, S st p v s ngt ngun ngn
S st p l s gim t ngt ca in p ti mt im c th ca mt h thng
cung cp in di ngng nhng quy nh (trong mt khong thi gian khng nh
hn 10 ms), tip theo l phc hi ca n sau mt khong thi gian ngn. Thng
thng mt s st p thng gn vi mt s c hay hin tng ngn mch hay s
tng ca dng cc trn h thng hay ti im kt ni ban u ca n (v d s khi
ng ca ng c ln). Mt s st in p nh mt s nhiu lon in t 2 chiu,
mc ca n c xc nh ti c 2 in p (in p d hoc bin ) v thi gian
(khong thi gian). Xem hnh 1.5 v 1.6 c th thy rng ngun nhiu l pha ngi
s dng nh di y t bn cht ca s thay i dng trong sut s nhiu lon ny.

Hnh 1.5: S st p v c tnh ca n

Hnh 1.6: V d v s st p ti cc cc ca thit b

S ngt ngun ngn l mt s gim t ngt ca in p trn tt c cc pha ti
im c th ca mt h thng in cung cp di mt ngng gin on c trng
theo s phc hi ca n sau mt khong thi gian ngn. S ngt ngun ngn l mt
trng hp c th ca s st in p. S gin on ngn thng i cng vi hot ng
chuyn mch lin quan ti s xut hin v chm dt hin tng ngn mch trn h
thng hoc ti im kt ni khi to vi n.
d, S mo dng in v in p
Cc dng sng dng in v in p mo tr thnh mt iu kin hot ng
thng thng trong h thng in ngy nay. Thng thng chp nhn o lng s
mo bao gm c sng hi in p v dng in (cc thnh phn m tn s ca n l
bi ca cc tn s c bn). Cc thng tin ton din nht thu c t cc thit lp, n
xc nh bc, bin v pha ca cc sng hi c th. Cc ti liu chun ha chp
nhn s thay i ca s lng xc nh trn thit lp ny. Chng th phn ln l h s
sng hi bc n.V ton b in p hi mo c tnh ton c th ln sng hi bc 50.
Nhng yu t ny l c s tiu chun ha cht lng in.
Trong s cc ngun sng hi xy ra trong h thng in, ba nhm thit b c th c
phn

bit

Thit b c li t, v d, my bin p, ng c, my pht in,

L h quang v cc thit b khc, v d, n phng in cao p, h quang..
in t v thit b in in t.
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1.2.3. Phn loi cc nhiu lon in t

Nhiu lon in p c th c chia thnh hai nhm :
Bin i, tc l s sai lch nh t cc gi tr danh ngha hoc mong mun , n xy
ra lin tc (s thay i nhanh hoc chm trong bin in p, s bin i,.)
Nguyn nhn chnh l s bin i ca ti h thng hay ti phi tuyn. Kt qu lm in
p bin i t hot ng ca h thng, v do gi tr ca ch s m t cc nhiu lon
ny th khng th khc bit ng k so vi mc danh nh. K t khi h thng in
c thit k hot ng ti u di iu kin thng thng v in p v dng
hnh sin, s bin i in p c gim n mc ti thiu. H thng iu hnh phi
c bin php t c iu kin ny dn n qun l h thng hiu qu hn.

Cc s kin, tc l s lch ng k v t ngt t dng sng mong mun v

danh nh. S bin i nhanh, st p nhanh hay qu in p tc thi l cc nhiu in

hnh trong h thng v cng vi s ngt ngun cung cp, l cc s kin in hnh nht
ca trng hp ny. Khng ging nh s bin i in p lin tc xut hin, cn cc
s kin in p th xy ra ngu nhin. Chng c xc nh bng cch gim st lin
tc bng thit b ghi m cung cp mt chc nng kch hot v n c kch hot khi
s lng ghi vt qu gi tr ngng. Nhng s kin in p m t "bnh l" trong
hot ng mng li cung cp v c ngha rt ln i vi thit b s dng. Chng c
th lm gin on mt qu trnh sn xut s dng in, ngay c khi mt s gin on
ngun cung cp khng xy ra. V chng c tnh cht ngu nhin nn chng c x l
bng cch s dng ch yu l cc phng php thng k.
Cc nhiu lon, c o lng trong cc iu kin ca s tc ng kinh t ca chng,
c s khc bit ng k, v th cc s xp hng di y c th c chp nhn :

Trong mi trng cng nghip : s st in p , s ngt ngun cung cp, bin

in p, s khng i xng, cc sng hi, bin i in p, s bin i tn s.

i vi doanh nghip nh v cc dch v : Gin on ngun cung cp, bin

in p , s st in p, khng i xng, sng hi, bin i in p, bin i tn
s.
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Trong mi trng dn c : bin in p, bin i in p, s ngt ngun

cung cp, s st p, qu p, sng hi, khng i xng, tn s bin i.

1.3. KIM TRA CHT LNG IN NNG

1.3.1. Th tc o
Hin nay c 3 ti liu tiu chun ha c bn iu chnh s o lng cc tham s
cht lng in. Vi mi tham s o lng, c phn thnh 2 loi : A (vit tt ca
Advanced v B (vit tt ca Basic). Vi mi loi th phng php o lng v
cc yu cu thi hnh s khc nhau. Ngi dng s la chn loi m h yu cu da
trn ng dng ca h.
Loi A c s dng m cc php o chnh xc l cn thit. Bt c s o lng ca
mt tham s c a ra vi 2 dng c khc nhau ng thun vi cc yu cu ca lp
A, khi o lng cng tn hiu s sinh ra kt qu ph hp trong s bt nh ca tham
s .
Loi B c th c s dng kho st cht lng, x l cc s c ng dng v cc
ng dng khc, bt nh thp l khng cn thit. Cht lng in c o
lng c th c truy cp trc tip , nh trng hp thng thng trong h thng
in p thp hay s truy cp qua b chuyn i o lng. Cc chui o lng c
th hin nh trong hnh 1.6

Hnh 1.7. Chui o lng

1.3.2. S tp hp cc kt qu o lng qua cc khong thi gian

i vi loi A o lng c bn khong thi gian cho tham s bin (v in p
cung cp, sng hi, v cc sng khng i xng) s l khong thi gian 10 chu k cho
h thng in 50Hz . Gi tr 10 chu k th sau c tp hp qua 3 khong thi gian
b sung:

Khong thi gian 150 chu k (vi tn s 150Hz), d liu s c tp hp khng

c h t khong thi gian 15 10 chu k. Khong thi gian ny khng phi l
thi gian ng h m n da trn c tnh tn s v s chy khng ti vi
khong thi gian 10 chu k.

Khong thi gian 10 pht. D liu cho khong thi gian ny s c tp hp t

khong thi gian 10 chu k. Mi khong thi gian 10 pht s bt u trn ng
h thi gian quc t 10 pht nhp. Bt c s trng khp no ca khong thi gian
10 chu k c chn vo trong s tp hp ca khong thi gian 10 pht trc.

Khong thi gian 2 gi : D liu cho khong thi gian ny s c tch hp t

khong thi gian t 12-10 pht.

S tp hp phi c thc hin bng cch s dng cn bc hai trung bnh ca bnh
phng gi tr u vo.
1.3.3. Khi nim nh du
Trong sut s st p, tng p hay s ngt ngun, thut ton o lng cho cc tham s
khc c th sinh ra mt gi tr khng ng tin cy. Khi nim Flagging do ngn
chn vic m mt s kin n hn mt ln trong cc tham s khc nhau v ch ra
rng mt gi tr tp hp c th khng ng tin cy. Khi nim nh du c p dng
cho loi A trong sut qu trnh o lng tn s , bin in p, nhp nhy, s
khng i xng in p cung cp, sng hi, tn hiu quan trng v s o lng di
lch v qua cc tham s lch.

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Nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, bt c gi tr no c nh du (flag) , th

gi tr tp hp s bao gm gi tr ca n, cng s c nh du. Ngi s dng cng
c th quyt nh cch nh gi cc d liu nh du.
1.4. TCH HP CC PHN H VI H THNG IN NNG
1.4.1. H thng tch tr nng lng trong qu kh v tng lai
H thng tch tr l mt n v pht sinh cng sut in d tr c s dng trong
nhiu thit b cng nghip, bnh vin, trng hc, cc khu ta nh, bit th....Hu ht
cc n v d tr ny u c s dng ch yu khi h thng li in quc gia gp
s c hay khng c hiu lc. Vic lp t n v d tr khp kn c tc dng hn ch
s tn km ng dy v tn hao trn ng dy truyn ti. Cc n v d tr th hin
thi c coi nh l sn lng in phn phi phn bit t m hnh my pht in tp
trung c truyn. M hnh my pht in tp trung phi cung cp ngun in tit kim
v tin cy.
C khong 12 triu n v DG c lp t M, vi ton b nng lng khong
200GW. DG th c d on l c s dng trong th trng nng lng mi vi
tt c cc li tch chnh sau:
Nh EPS, DG s tng kh nng truyn ti v phn phi v do , gii hn th
trng v nh hng ti s tng gi thnh nng lng.
Vi h thng in ca ngi tiu dng ln hoc nh, DG s dng kh nng cc
b kt hp vi ngun nhin liu c bn, nh lm gim s ph thuc vo s
nhp khu. N cng c th c s dng cho trng hp d tr khn cp v
hn na n c th c coi nh mt phng tin thu nhp my pht nu n
c lin kt vi mt h thng li ch.
Ngy nay DG c bin i vi gii hn cng sut t vi watt ti hng mega watt.
Gii hn cng ngh DC t n v ch ra rng ch ch h thng in nh h thng
quang in ti n v ca chng mi sinh ra mt s kt hp ca nhit v in.
1.4.2. Kt ni vi mt li chnh hot ng song song
kt hp thnh cng DG vi mt h thng li chnh th s lin kt r rng phi
yu cu mt cng thc chnh xc. Cc cng trinh hin thi thi hnh cho cc h thng
lin kt mng DG/phn phi th khi phc mng phn phi ti cu hnh c in ca

11

n vi tt c cc n v lin kt DG. Trong thc t c rt nhiu h thng kt hp DG

nh :
Lin kt ca nhin liu DG vi nhin liu ha thch
Lin kt ca nhin liu DG vi nhin liu phi ha thch
Lin kt ca nhin liu DG vi s kt hp ca c nhin liu ha thch v phi
ha thch.
Ngy nay cu trc th 3 c s dng rng ri trong thc t. N bao gm cu trc
AC, DC, cu trc AC/DC nh trong hnh 1.8. Khi mt b n v nng lng sinh ra
tn ti trong mt v tr gii hn, chng t mt in p cao cho vic to ra mt min
ngun phn phi. N c kh nng to ra mt mng phn phi trong h thng nh
ngha nh mt h thng pht sinh v phn phi Micro Grid (MGR). Mc ch y l
kt hp tt c ngun nng lng c hiu lc v cc n v lin kt DG trong mt min
p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng mt cch tt nht. Bt c phn nng lng
tha no c th c trao i vi mt n v gn , do , b sung mt phn trong
th trng nng lng trong thi gian rt ngn.

12

Hnh 1.8: Cc cu trc MGR : a Cu trc AC nn tng ; b Cu trc dng DC nn

tng ; c Cu trc DC nn tng v AC nn tng tp trung.
Nh s trong hnh 1.5, ta thy c 3 cu trc phn phi trong mng in MGR l
cu trc AC,DC v cu trc AC/DC.
Cu trc AC : V ring bit, mi mt DG pht sinh mt ngun nng lng cht
lng cao cho bn thn n. Cc n v DG bin i th sau c kt ni vi nhau
t cu trc ca ton b mng phn phi nh ch ra trong hnh 1.5a. y l mt cu
trc m un ca kt ni DG. Cc n v DG ln hn hay nh hn c th c thm
vo p ng yu cu cc b. Yu cu th lin tc c cung cp qua cu trc MG.
Cu hnh nh vy yu cu c h tr ph thuc cc yu cu thi hnh VAR. S phi hp
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chnh xc gia cc n v DG th ch yu cho s lin tc ca dng nng lng ti

li. S trao i nng lng gia cc h thng vi cc tin ch c sn cng c th
thc hin c.
Cu trc DC : B qua nhin liu s khai, tt c cc n v DG th sinh ra nng
lng DC nh trong hnh 1.5b, to ra mng phn phi DC. Bus DC to ra c th cp
trc tip cho cc h tiu th ring l bi mc in p mt chiu tiu chun. Cu hnh
nh vy c mt n nh v d tha cao nh n yu cu mt s tinh xo nh
trong qu trnh kt ni ngun DC so snh vi ngun xoay chiu. Li th chnh l s
ri ro trong qu trnh dng in tun hon gia cc n v. Mi h tiu th c th s
dng ngun mt chiu hay o ngc n vo trong ngun xoay chiu ph thuc vo
cc thit b s dng. S trao i cng sut vi nng lc u tin th cng c kh nng
thc hin bi vic s dng mt b phn n v nghch lu tiu chun.
Cu trc DC/AC: MGR c cu trc quanh n v pht sinh ring l, n sinh ra ngun
in p mt chiu kt ni ti mt bus mt chiu. Nhn chung, cc n v c ni
mng ti h thng giao din AC tp trung cho mc ch tch hp vi li tn ti
nh m t trong hnh 1.5c. Mt im yu trong cu hnh ny l ton b tn hao ca
nng lng xoay chiu nt b nghch lu tp trung ngng hot ng.
Trong tt c cc cu trc c hu lc, cc kt ni khc nhau hay cc yu cu qun l
nng lng cn phi c ng nht ha v a ch ha bi ngi iu khin MGR v
bi mng li chnh. Tng t nh s a dng ca cc cch thc DG c th tch hp
ln nhau v vi mt li chnh cung cp mt vi c hi. N cung cp s h tr cho
khu vc nng lng theo cc cng ngh mi xut hin. N cng m ra mt hng
nghin cu mi cho s pht trin ca cc cng ngh mi ny.
1.4.3. Nguyn l tim cng sut
Ton b cng sut biu kin c tim vo trong ng dy truyn ti th bao
gm 2 phn chnh l tc dng v phn khng. Thnh phn cng sut tc dng P l mt
phn ca nng lng c chuyn i vo trong cu trc nng lng vt l. Thnh
phn cng sut phn khng Q th gip cho vic to ra mi trng t rt cn thit cho
cc h thng v cc thit b in t chuyn i nng lng hin nay. Chng hn nh
ng c in xoay chiu hp th c 2 thnh phn P v Q mt ln n c cung cp
bi ngun xoay chiu. Phn cng sut phn khng thu ht to ra trng in t cn
thit cho php qu trnh chuyn i nng lng cn thit trong ng c. Thnh
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phn cng sut tc dng c thu ht v chuyn i trong nng lng c, n di

chuyn c b i ti c hc nh mt bng chuyn c hc.
ng c in s tch tr cng sut phn khng nh nng lng t dao ng
trong cun dy ca n nh mt qu trnh chuyn i lin tc. Hu ht cc ng dng
trong cng nghip v thng mi th yu cu c 2 cng sut P v Q u phi hot
ng.
C 2 cng sut P v Q th cn thit ngay tc thi v vi cc s lng khc nhau
p ng yu cu ca cc thit b chuyn i nng lng in kt ni ti ngun
xoay chiu. Cng sut phn khng c th c ht hay cung cp ph thuc vo mi
trng nng lng lin kt vi thit b in. Cc thnh phn nng lng thu ht hay
cung cp l cun cm hoc t in. Cun cm th thu ht cng sut phn khng +Q v
rt phn c nh ngha nh dng tr pha. Nng lng tiu th c tch tr nh
nng lng t trong cun cm. Trong khi , t in li cung cp cng sut phn
khng Q v rt mt dng sm pha, tch tr n nh vic np nng lng vo trong
mi trng in mi v cc khu vc lin kt.
hiu s chy ca P v Q trong ng dy, ta xem xt mt ng dy n thun n
to ra cc bus truyn v nhn vi cp truyn ti gia nh trong hnh 1.6.

Hnh 1.9: M t ng dy n ca mng li phn phi nng lng

Gi nh in tr ng dy nh R<<X, cc thnh phn cng sut tc dng v phn
khng c th xp x tnh nh sau :
PS
QS

VS V R
sin ( S R )
X

VS2 VS VR cos ( S R )
X

C th thy rng t cng thc xp x trn, cc thnh phn cng sut chy th ph
thuc vo 4 bin iu khin : VS , VR ,X v ( S R ) .
Vic b song song ti im gia trn ng dy truyn ti s lm tng c 2 thnh
phn cng sut P v Q ca cng sut tim vo. b b khng tn hao v cc ng
15

dy truyn ti VS =VR =V, th cng sut tim vo ti im gia th by gi c xc

nh bi :
2V 2
sin(( S R ) / 2)
X

PSh

V
QSh

4V 2
(1 cos(( S R ) / 2))
X

Trong khi , vic b ni tip ti im gia vi in p V C trong trng thi vung gc

vi dng dy tng ng cho php cc yu t b ch gip iu khin cng sut phn
khng. Kt qu l cng sut tim vo th c xc nh bi :
PSer

V2
sin( S R )
(1 r ) X

V
QSer

2V 2
r
(1 cos( S R ))
X (1 r ) 2

r chnh l mc ca b b ni tip ( 0 r 1 )
1.4.4. Tim cng sut s dng b b tnh
a s cc b b tnh th c thit k cung cp iu khin cng sut phn
khng. Cc b b ni tip v song song c s dng v cung cp mt gii php thi
hnh cho b b VAR. Cc linh kin chuyn mch cng sut c s dng iu
khin kt ni vi mt b c nh hay mt b ngt c ca cun cm hay t in ti
ng dy truyn ti.
a. B VAR c nh
B b VAR c nh c thc hin bi t in song song kt ni vi ng dy
truyn ti. T in song song c th chuyn mch p ng cc mc bin i ca
cng sut VAR yu cu duy tr mc tt nht ca b iu chnh in p v h s
cng sut s dng b i t in nh trong hnh 1.10. dng cng sut tc dng l
hng s v cung cp in p V, yu cu nng lng VAR phi c s chnh lch gia
ln b trc v phn b yu cu, nh vy s lng ca nng lng in np c xc
nh bi :
BC

VAR yu cu VAR khngb

T in dung yu cu c gi tr : C

V2

BC

16

Hnh 1.10: (a) B iu khin b i t in chuyn mch; (b) M hnh tng ng

B in khng ni tip th thng c iu chnh vi t in song song loi
tr cc dng hi khng mong mun v thc hin gii hn dng khi ng trong sut
s chuyn mch ca t in. N l mt s gi thnh thp v ch cung cp cng sut
chnh. Hn ch ca n l xut hin chuyn mch ngn vi gi tr khc nhau ca t
in khi chuyn mch ON v OFF.
b. B b iu khin VAR ng
B b VAR ng c sinh ra bi vic s dng SVC, n cho php dng b bin
i t gi tr sm pha hoc tr pha. iu ny c th c thi hnh bi s thay i tr
khng ti cc bi s dng b iu khin in dung v cc yu t cun cm kt ni
song song ti im tim cng sut. S tr ca dng vi in p c a ra bi s
dng cc thit b nh Thyristor hay transistor cng sut.
- Thyristor chuyn mch t in
S Thyristor chuyn mch t in (TSC) c ch ra trong hnh 1.11. Linh kin
chuyn mch trong TSC ch s dng cc chuyn mch ON v OFF, khng c iu
khin gc pha. Bn thn TSC khng cung cp sng hi nhng c th chuyn mch rt
nhanh. S chuyn mch ca b t in c s dng khi ti yu cu t in h tr. S
h tr ca t in thng c chia thnh 3 ti 4 bc:
Nhn chung th in khng ni tip c kt ni song song vi b t in gii
hn s chy nng lng trong khi t in chuyn mch v gii hn gi tr nh mc
ca s tng ca dng ca linh kin chuyn mch trong mt gi tr an ton.
17

Hnh 1.11 (a) TSC; (b) M hnh tng ng

-Thyristor iu khin in khng
Trong s Thyristor iu khin in khng (TCR), cc switch tnh th c kt
ni ni tip vi in khng nh trong hnh 1.12. TCR thi hnh nh mt in np bin
i v ph thuc vo thyristor iu khin chuyn mch. B iu khin gc pha
chuyn mch t 900 n 1800, dng chy qua b in khng th bin i. Cc dng c
bn qua cun cm th do c chc nng nh mt nhnh in np BTCR , n ph thuc
vo s tr ca gc m van v c c lng theo cng thc :
IL V

1
2 sin( 2 )
(1

)
L

18

Hnh 1.12: (a) TCR; (b) M hnh tng ng

Trong s 3 pha, TCR th thng c kt ni hnh tam gic lm gim sng
hi. Cc thnh phn sng hi trong dng cun cm chy vo trong mng gm cc
sng hi bc 3,5,7,9,11,v 13 vi bin cc i l 13,8%, 5%, 2,5%, 1,6%,1% v
0,7%. Nu mng li m cn bng, tt c cc bi s ca sng hi bc 3 s c trit
tiu trong kt ni tam gic TCR v s khng chy trong mng. Cng ch rng trong
trng hp ti khng cn bng, bi ca cc sng hi bc 3 cng chy trong mng v
n thm vo cc sng hi. Do yu t t in lc phi c tng trong khi lc cc
thnh phn dng hi khng mong mun to ra bi TCR trong sut qu trnh n hot
ng.
-C nh t in v Thyristor iu khin in khng
Phi ch rng TSC th bn thn n khng th cung cp cng sut phn khng
bin i mt cch nh nhng. N ch iu khin trong nhng bc nhy, v vy cho
hot ng an ton v nh nhng ca n th cn phi kt hp gia TSC v TCR. Trong
s mt t in c nh c kt ni qua mt s kt hp ca linh kin chuyn mch
ni tip vi b in khng nh hnh 1.13.

19

Hnh 1.13: (a) T in c nh vi Thyristor iu khin in khng ; (b) M hnh

tng ng
Dng trong cun cm th bin i bi phng php trnh by trc ca s
iu khin gc tr pha. T in c nh trong thi hnh th thng c thay th hon
ton hay mt phn bi mng b lc, n cn thit phi c t in v cun cm ti tn
s c bn pht sinh cng sut VAR yu cu. Tuy nhin, iu ny s cung cp mt
tr khng thp ti tn s la chn lc cc dng hi song song ch yu sinh ra bi
TCR. VAR c nh sm pha th cung cp bi t in v n i khng vi cng sut
VAR tr pha cung cp bi cun cm. Ton b in np cho bi h thng th chia thnh
2 phn (c nh v bin i) v n c xc nh nh sau :
BC TCR BC BTCR ( )

Ti in dung cc i u ra, thyritor iu khin in khng th OFF. lm gim

in dung u ra, dng trong b in khng th tng bi vic gim gc tr pha. Ti
cng sut u ra VAR = 0, dng trong cun cm v t in th cn bng nhau. Vi s
gim hn na ca gc lch pha, dng trong cun cm tr nn ln hn so vi dng
trong t in, kt qu l cun cm cung cp cng sut u ra.
- Thyristor chuyn mch t in v Thyristor iu khin in khng
Thyristor chuyn mch t in v Thyristor iu khin in khng (TSC-TCR) th
tng t nh hot ng ca t in c nh v TCR (FC-TCR) nhng ci gi tr bc
nhy ca t in. Mt pha n TSC-TCR c ch ra nh trong hnh 1.14. gii
hn in dung u ra, n bao gm s lng bi ca nhnh TSC v mt TCR. S
20

lng ca cc nhnh th c xc nh bi yu cu thc t n bao gm s hot ng

ca cc mc in p hot ng, cng sut u ra ti a, gii hn dng ca linh kin
chuyn mch. Gii hn cun cm c th khuch i ti bt c gii hn cc i no
bi vic thm vo nhnh TCR. Ton b gii hn nng lng u ra th c chia
thnh n khong. Trong khong thi gian u tin, u ra ca my pht VAR c iu
khin trong gii hn VAR/n khng. VAR l ton b gii hn cung cp bi tt c
cc nhnh TSC. Trong khong thi gian ny, mt t in th chuyn mch v ng
thi, dng trong TCR th c t bi gc m tr v n l tng ca VAR u ra ca
TSC v ca TCR cn bng vi nng lng u ra yu cu.

Hnh 1.14: (a)TSC-TCR ; (b) M hnh tng ng

1.4.5. Tim cng sut s dng thit b tnh hin i
Cc b b th ng v ngt c sinh ra sng hi tn s thp trongkhi cung cp
cng sut VAR yu cu. Bi vic s dng cc linh kin chuyn mch thng minh,
hin i v nhanh s lm gim sng hi c thi hnh vi gi thnh thp ca b lc
thng cao. Li th ca vic s dng linh kin chuyn mch ny l vic iu khin cc
b t b hay cun cm b a ra h thng b vi kh nng iu khin c cng sut
phn khng v tc dng. Trong s cc b t b hin i th b b ng b tnh
STATCOM thng c s dng nhiu nht nh b D-STATCOM (Dynamic Static
Synchronous Compensator) hay UPFC.
a. B b ng b tnh
STATCOM l mt b b cht lng cao cho lm gim s dao ng ca thnh phn
cng sut phn khng tim vo. N c cu to t 6 linh kin chuyn mch cng
21

sut trong s cu 3 pha. Cu c iu khin cung cp dng ti t in mt

chiu ln. Gii hn cng sut c cc linh kin th tng i thp. Cc linh kin
chuyn mch c iu khin bi mch iu khin chuyn mch logic PWM. Cc
thnh phn sng hi tn s cao c th d dng c lc s dng cc yu t lc th
ng tn s cao. Cc thnh phn c bn ca in p dy bin i, v th dng c rt
t b bin i. STATCOM c kt ni song song vi mng li phn phi qua b
in khng gii hn hay bin p i nh trong hnh 1.15.

Hnh 1.15: (a) STATCOM ; (b) M hnh tng ng

Khi in p ln hn in p c bn ca b bin i th b STATCOM s sinh ra cng
sut phn khng v khi in p h thng cao hn th n s thu ht cng sut phn
khng. C hai thnh phn cng sut phn khng v tc dng c xc nh bi :
PSh
QSh

VSh VP
sin( )
X Sh

VSh2 VShVP cos( )

X Sh

B STATCOM cho php cc linh kin thu ht hay pht sinh cng sut phn khng vi
mt t in bn ngoi hay mt sng qua cun cm thu ht bi cu iu khin th
khng ph thuc vo mc in p xoay chiu vi in p b bin i.
b. B iu khin cng sut chy thng nht (UPFC- Unified Power Flow
Controller)
22

UPFC c bn th bao gm 2 b bin i y chia s chung mt t DC link nh

ch ra trong hnh 1.16. Cc b bin i c iu khin b in p nh cng sut
ca b i ng dy truyn ti. B bin i 2 thc hin chc nng chnh l tim mt
in p xoay chiu vi bin iu khin c v gc pha ni tip vi ng dy
truyn ti. B bin i 1, mt khc cn cung cp hay thu ht cng sut tc dng yu
cu bi b bin i 2. C 2 b bin i c th c iu khin pht sinh hay hp
thu mt cng sut phn khng hay cung cp khng ph thuc vo b b cng sut
phn khng song song cho ng dy. V nguyn l, mt UPFC c th thi hnh vic
h tr in p, iu khin cng sut chy c ci thin n nh ng trong mt hay mt
vi linh kin ging nhau.

Hnh 1.16: (a) UPFC ; (b) M hnh tng ng

1.5. NHN XT
Nh trnh by trn, chng ny trnh by s lc v li in thng minh v
cc vn lin quan n cht lng in nng trong li in thng minh. Nguyn l
tim cng sut v m hnh MGR (MicroGrid) cng c cp, cc b b
STATCOM v UPFC cng c m t, l tin cho s pht trin ca m hnh lc
tch cc cho cc chng sau.

23

CHNG 2. L THUYT CNG SUT TC THI

2.1. NHC LI V L THUYT CNG SUT C IN
2.1.1. nh ngha cng sut di cc iu kin sin
Cc nh ngha ca cng sut in cho h thng hnh sin 1 pha c thit lp
t lu. Ngy nay cng khng c s khc nhau trong kt qu thu c min thi gian
v min tn s.
Mt h thng 1 pha l tng vi mt ngun p hnh sin v mt ti tuyn tnh
th c in p v dng in c xc inh theo cng thc:
u(t) = 2V sin(t ) v i (t ) 2 I sin(t ) (2.1)
V v I m t gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in, v l tn s gc.
Cng sut tc dng tc thi c xc nh bng tch ca in p dng in tc thi,
l :
p(t) = u(t)* i(t) = 2VI sin ( t) sin ( t )
=VI cos VI cos ( 2t ) (2.2)
Cng thc (2.2) ch ra rng cng sut tc thi ca h thng mt pha th khng
phi l hng s. N c mt thnh phn dao ng vi tn s gc 2 c thm vo
vi thnh phn mt chiu VI cos . Phn tch thnh phn dao ng trong cng thc
trn v bin i ta thu c nh ngha c in ca cng sut tc dng v cng sut
phn khng :
p(t)=VI cos [1-cos 2 t ] - VI sin sin (2 t ) (2.3)
Cng thc (2.3) ch 2 phn ca cng sut tc thi v n c th c din dch
nh sau :
Phn 1 c mt gi tr trung bnh l VI cos v c mt thnh phn dao ng vi tn s
2 trn n. Phn ny th khng bao gi b m v -90<= <=90 v do n m t
mt chiu cng sut chy t ngun ti ti.
Phn 2 c mt thnh phn dao ng ti tn s 2 v n c gi tr cc i l VI sin
.R rng, n c gi tr trung bnh l 0.
Thng thng cng sut tc thi c ch ra trong (2.3) th c m t bi 3
cng sut hng s : Cng sut tc dng, Cng sut phn khng v Cng sut biu
kin. Cc cng sut ny c m t nh sau:
Cng sut tc dng : P L gi tr trung bnh ca phn 1 :
P= VI cos
24

n v chun ca n l Watt (W).

Cng sut phn khng Q: l gi tr cc i ca phn 2:
P= VI sin
n v o chun ca n l Var (Votl ampere reactive).
Mt tn hiu cho s thay i ca l s thay i c tnh ca cun cm hoc
in dung ca ti. y, ta mc nh : gi tr dng cho cng sut phn khng ca ti
in cm, v gi tr m cho cng sut phn khng ca ti in dung.
Cng sut phn khng theo thng thng vn gi l thnh phn cng sut vi
gi tr trung bnh l 0.Tuy nhin s nhn nh ny khng hon ton chnh xc v n s
dc ch ra sau. ngha vt l ny ca cng sut phn khng c chng minh khi
thit b phn khng ch l cun cm v t in. Tt nhin, khng c thit b in
t cng sut. Cc linh kin ny c kh nng to ra cng sut phn khng khng c
thnh phn tch tr nng lng. Vn ny s c cp chng ti.
By gi cng sut tc thi p(t) c th c vit li :
p(t) = P [1-cos 2 t ] - Q sin (2 t ) (2.6)
Hnh 2.1 ch ra cc thnh phn cng sut trn cho in p v dng in.Trong hnh
ny th dng intr pha hn so vi in p bi mt gc , n cn bng vi gc 600.
T cng thc (2.6) v hnh 2.1 ta d dng hiu rng nng lng chy (cng sut tc
thi) trong h thng 1 pha xoay chiu th khng phi l c nh v chiu v gi tr.
Trong sut khong thi gian tng ng ca vng A ,ngun cung cp nng lng
cho ti v ngc li , trong sut khong thi gian tng ng ca vng b th nng
lng chy theo chiu ngc li.

25

Hnh 2.1. Cc khi nim thng thng ca cng sut phn khng v cng sut tc
dng
S lng cng sut cn li th c s dng chung nh ngha gii hn cng sut
ca thit b in l cng sut biu kin S.
cng sut biu kin S : c nh ngha : S=VI (2.7)
n v ca n trong h o lng quc t l VA (votl-ampere). Cng sut ny
m t gi tr cc i ca cng sut tch cc khi h s cng sut l 1. nh ngha ca h
s cng sut s c trnh b phn tip theo.
2.1.2. Gi tr phc ca dng v p v tr khng phc
i khi , vic phn tch cc h thng in c th c n gin mt cch ng k
bng cch s dng gi tr phc thay cho cc gi tr dng in v in p nh l cc
hm ca thi gian c ch ra trong (2.1). Do , mt phn gii thiu ngn gn v gi
tr phc s c cp y.
Mt hm hnh sin theo thi gian f(t) , vi tn s gc c th c nh ngha
nh thnh phn o ca s phc nh sau :
f (t )

2 A sin A sin(t ) Im(F * e jt )(2.8)

y F l s phc vi bin
lin h vi hm sin f(t).Do :

2A

v pha l , v c nh ngha nh s phc

2 A

26

Vic m t mt dng sng hnh sin bi mt i lng phc ch thc hin c nu n

hon ton l hnh sin vi tn s gc v n c nh khi hon thnh mt chu k. Do
, i lng phc m t, qua thc hin, n ch ng trong cc iu kin n nh.
Mt gi tr in p phc V v dng phc I c th c m t bi cc s phc trong
h trc cc nh sau :

V V V jV II I jI
V I
V VcosV ; V VsinV I IcosI ; I IsinI

(2.10)

V v I l gi tr hiu dng ca hm in p v dng in theo thi gian.

Cn v v i l gc pha ti mt thi im bt k. Gc pha dng th thng c o
theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Hnh 2.2 ch ra hm thi gian in p v dng
in hnh sin v gi tr phc tng ng ti mt thi im khi t v 0 . Gc lch pha
gia V v I l v i .
Nu cc in p v dng in ca ngun xoay chiu l hnh sin, n c th nh ngha
cc khi nim ca tr khng. V d, trn mt nhnh tr khng RLC ni tip, t s gia
in p phc v dng phc s l mt s phc, c nh ngha l tr khng phc Z:

V0V
V
1
( V I ) V Z R j (L
) ( 2.11)
I I
I
C

N cng ch ra rng dng in qua cun cm th tr pha hn in p qua n v dng

in qua t in th sm pha hn in p qua n. Do tr khng phc s sinh ra mt
gc pha dng vi ti in cm.

27

Hnh 2.2 Mi quan h gia i lng phc v cc hm sin theo thi gian
2.1.3. Cng sut phc v h s cng sut
Mt cng sut phc, S, c th nh ngha nh tch ca in p phc v dng phc.
lin kt vi tn hiu chun ca cng sut phn khng ch ra trong (2.5) rng n
c lin quan ti cng sut phn khng dng cho ti in tr, nh ngha di y
ca cng sut phc nn s dng gi tr lin hp ca dng phc I&* I I .
Cng sut phc S c nh ngha nh:

S V I * (VV )( I I ) VI cos(V I ) jVI sin(V I )

( 2.12)

Ch rng gi tr tuyt i ca cng sut phc th cn bng vi cng sut biu kin
ch ra (2.7) , l :
S [VI cos( V I )] 2 [VI sin( V I )] 2 S VI

2.13

S hng cos th cn bng vi t s gia cng sut P v S, v n c gi l h s

cng sut . Trong cc ti liu hin i, n c k hiu chung l PF biu th h
s cng sut :
PF cos

P
S

(2.14)

nh ngha ca cng sut phc v h s cng sut c th c th hin bng

gin tam gic cng sut nh hnh 2.3. Trong hnh ny, cng vi s nh ngha
trn v cng sut v h s cng sut th c tng kt nh di y. Nu ti khng
thun tr th cng sut phn khng khng tr v 0, v cng sut tc dng s nh hn
cng sut biu kin.

28

Hnh 2.3. th m t cng sut phc - tam gic cng sut.

Do vy, h s cng sut PF < 1. l ngha c in ca cng sut in c nh
ngha di iu kin hon ton sin. N c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip
m t cc thit b in nh bin p, my in v hn th na. ng tic, cc nh
ngha ny v cng sut th khng ng, hay b hiu sai di iu kin khng sin.
im ny s c i su hn trong phn tip theo ca chng.
2.1.4. Cc khi nim cng sut di iu kin khng sin cc quy c chung
Cc nh ngha v cng sut di iu kin khng sin th khng ch c mt :
chng bt ng v khc nhau trong mt vi hng. Hai chiu hng ring bit ca
nh ngha cng sut c s dng. Mt th c thnh lp trong min tn s v
ci cn li th nh ngha trong min thi gian. Chng c m t di y, lm
ni bt tnh khng nht qun ca chng v ch ra ti sao chng khng ph hp s
dng iu chnh cc b x l cng sut ng dy.
a, nh ngha cng sut bi Budeanu
Mt b cc nh ngha cng sut c thnh lp bi Budeanu vo nm 1927 th
vn v cng quan trng phn tch h thng cng sut trong min tn s. ng
gii thiu cc nh ngha rng n ng cho cc dng sng trung ca dng in v in
p. Tuy nhin, t khi n c nh ngha trong min tn s, n c th ch c p
dng trong phn tch trng thi n nh. Trong cc trng hp khc, n b gii hn bi
dng sng tun hon ca in p v dng in.
Nu mt mch in xoay chiu 1 pha gm mt ti chung v mt ngun trong
trng thi n nh, dng sng in p v dng in ca n c th c phn tch thnh

29

chui Furie. Sau , cc gi tr phc tng ng ca mi thnh phn hi c th c

xc nh v cc nh ngha di y ca cng sut c th c suy ra:
Cng sut biu kin : S c nh ngha : S=VI
(2.15)
Cng sut biu kin trong ( 2.15) th v nguyn l , th ging ht nh cng thc (2.7).
S khc bit l gi tr V v I l gi tr hiu dng trong mt chu k in p v dng in
, n c tnh ton nh sau:
T

1 2
V
v (t )dt
V 0

V
n 1

1 2
I
i (t )dt
V 0

2
n

I
n 1

2.16

2
n

y, Vn v In l gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn iu ha bc n ca chui Furie, v

T l chu k ca thnh phn c bn. Thnh phn dng mt chiu th c xt n trong
phn tch ny. S thay th gc ca c 2 thnh phn p v dng iu ha bc n c
m t bi gc n . Budeanu nh ngha cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng
nh sau:
Cng sut tc dng : P

n 1

n 1

P Pn V n I n cos n

(2.17)

Cng sut phn khng : Q

n 1

n 1

Q Qn V n I n sin n

2.18

Cc nh nha ca cng sut biu kin v cng sut phn khng dng nh ti t s
cn thit ca vic lng t ha trong cc h thng xoay chiu the portion of power
that does not realize work . Trong cc trng hp khc, n c l th v hn c cc
bng ch thch cho vic lng t ha cht lng ca cng sut c cung cp bi mt
h thng my pht in. Tuy nhin, di iu kin khng sin, c 2 cng sut phn
khng v cng sut biu kin khng th m t mt cch th ng cc vn ca cht
lng cng sut hay hiu sut ca h thng truyn dn. V d, cng sut phn khng
c xc nh nh trn khng bao gm s tch ca cc sng hi in p v dng in
cc min tn s khc nhau. Xa hn na, cng thc (2.18) bao gm tng i s ca
cc thnh phn cng sut phn khng hi , n c th dng hay m hay thm ch b
qua ln nhau,ph thuc vo vi gc hi thay th n .

30

Tn tht ca cht lng cng sut di iu kin khng sin th c m t tt hn bi

nh ngha cng sut khc, cng sut mo D, n c gii thiu bi Budeanu. Cng
sut mo ny th b sung cc b nh ngha v cng sut trn.
Cng sut mo D c nh ngha :
D2 S 2 P2 Q2
2.19
Cc nh ngha trong (2.15) n (2.19) c s dng rng ri trong vic phn tch cc
mch in hot ng di cc iu kin khng sin. Tuy nhin, ch c cng sut tc
dng P (2.17) l c ngha vt l r rng, khng ch trong iu kin sin m cn trong
c iu kin khng sin. Cng sut tc dng m t gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut tc
dng tc thi. Trong cc trng hp khc, n m t t s trung bnh ca nng lng
truyn dn gia 2 h thng in con. Ngc li, cng sut phn khng v cng sut
biu kin nh gii thiu bi Budeanu th c trnh by mt cch chnh xc nh
mt s m rng ca nh ngha cng sut trong iu kin sin v khng c ngha vt
l r rng. Hn ch khc l dng c o lng cng sut chung da trn cc n ngha
cng sut trong min tn s khng d dng biu th mt tn tht cht lng in trong
trng hp thc hin. im ny c phn tch trong v d di y:
-, T gic cng sut v h s mo
Do vic m t cng sut mo D di iu kin khng sin, th cng sut c
m t trn 3 khung ta chun, thay cho tam gic cng sut m t trong hnh 2.3,
hnh 2.5 m t th cng sut mi nh mt t gic cng sut.
Di iu kin khng sin, cng sut biu kin c nh ngha trong (2.7) v
(2.15) khng ging nh nh ngha trong (2.12). S tng ng gia chng c ch
ra trong (2.13). Mt cng sut phc mi Spq c th c nh ngha t (2.17) v
(2.18) tng ng nh ngha cng sut tc dng mi v cng sut phn khng mi ca
Budeanu. Cng sut phc mi Spq c nh ngha nh sau :

n 1

n 1

n 1

n 1

S PQ P jQ Pn j Q n Vn I n cos n Vn I n sin n

(2.20)

Mi lin h gia cng sut biu kin v cng sut phc Spq c xc nh bi:
S VI

P2 Q2 D2

S PQ

D2

2.21

H s cng sut c nh ngha trong (2.14) nh t s gia cng sut tc dng v

cng sut biu kin. By gi, PF th cn bng vi cos trong t gic cng sut
hnh 2.5.
31

Nh c thy trong (2.21) gi tr tuyt i ca cng sut phc Spq th khc so vi

cng sut biu kin S di iu kin khng sin. T s gia P v Spq c nh ngha
nh mt h s thay th cos , mc d n l h s cng sut di iu kin sin. Trong
cc iu kin khc th h s mo, c nh ngha nh t s gia Spq v cng sut
biu kin S. Cc h s c lit k di y:
H s cng sut :
cos

P
(2.22)
S

H s thay th:
cos

P
S PQ

(2.23)

H s mo :
cos

S PQ

2.24

V mi quan h gia chng:

cos

P
cos cos
S

2.25

Nhn xt :
Cng sut phn khng Q (2.18) v cng sut dao ng D (2.19) l cc cch pht biu
chnh xc, n c th lm sai s gii thch, nht l khi cc nh ngha ny c a ra
phn tch mch 3 pha. Cc cng thc trn x l cc mch in di cc iu kin
khng sin nh tng ca vi mch c lp b kch thch ti cc tn s khc nhau. Vic

32

tnh ton cc cng sut th khng cung cp bt c nn tng ph hp no cho nghin

cu lc th ng hay iu khin cc b iu chnh cng sut tc dng ng dy.
Cng sut biu kin S c t nht 4 nh ngha c a ra c hiu rt rng.Mt
trong s chng xt n nh mt s a ra gii hn c bn ca thit b in. Tuy nhin,
n khng nh ngha c nht v do , nh ngha a ra trong (2.15) l mt trong s
chng, tn l gi tr vn-ampe hiu dng.
iu ny th kh hn trong vic tm ra l do cho kh nng p dng ca cng sut biu
kin nu mt ngun in 3 pha 4 dy khng sin c kt ni vi mt ti chung. Cc
vn ny c bo co trong vi cng trnh v mt vi nghin cu. Gn y
,IEEE s dng chun th nghim c cng b cc nh ngha s dng cho o
lng cht lng cng sut di iu kin sin, khng sin, cn bng v khng cn
bng. Cc danh sch biu thc ton hc ca n c s dng t trc, nh cc biu
thc mi v gii thch cc dc trng ca cc nh ngha mi.
b, nh ngha cng sut bi Fryze
Vo trc nhng nm 1930, Fryze a ra mt b cc nh ngha cng sut da trn
gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in. Cc cng thc c bn ca Fryze c lit
k i y:
Cng sut tc dng : Pw
Pw

1
T

p(t )dt
0

1
v(t )l (t )dt Vw I VI w
T 0

2.26

, V v I l gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in v Iw,Uw l in p tc

dng v dng tc dng c nh ngha di y. Gi tr trung bnh ca in p v
dng in c tnh ton nh trong (2.16). Cng vi cng sut tc dng Pw, cc gi
tr hiu dng ny l nn tng ca cch tip cn Fryze. T chng, tt c cc tham s
khc c th c nh ngha v tnh ton nh sau:
Cng sut biu kin Ps:
H s cng sut tc dng :

Pw pw

Ps VI

2.28

Cng sut phn khng:

Pq

PS2 Pw2 Vq I VI q

2.29

, Vq v Iq l in p phn khng v dng in phn khng nh c nh ngha

di y:
33

H s cng sut phn khng :

2.30

q 1 2

in p tc dng v dng in tc dng:

Vw .V

I w .I

2.31

in p phn khng v dng in phn khng:

V q q .V

I q q .I

2.32

Fryze nh ngha cng sut phn khng nh l bao gm tt c cc phn chia ca

in p v dng in, th m khng gp phn vo cng sut tc dng Pw. Ch rng
cng sut tc dng Pw th c nh ngha nh mt gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut
tc thi . nh ngha ny ca cng sut tc dng v phn khng th n ngy nay vn
c ng tnh.
iu ny c th gii thch rng khng c s khc nhau gia cng sut tc dng
v cng sut biu kin c nh ngha bi Fryze trong min thi gian v Budeanu
trong min tn s. N d dng khng nh rng cng sut tc dng tnh ton t (2.17)
th lun lun ging (2.26). C 2 cng sut biu kin t (2.15) v (2.27) th cng ging
nhau. Tuy nhin, cng sut phn khng a ra trong (2.18) bi Budeanu th li khc
(2.29) ca Fryze.
Fryze chng minh rng h s cng sut tc dng th c gi tr cc i l 1
nu ch c dng tc thi t l vi in p tc thi, cc trng hp khc th <1. Tuy
nhin, di iu kin khng sin th thc t dng t l vi in p khng bo m dng
cng sut ti u t quan im chuyn i nng lng in c, s c ch ra sau. Nu
cc nh ngha trn c p dng phn tch h thng 3 pha , n c th xem xt
cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha bao gm mt thnh phn dao ng, thm ch nu
in p v dng in t l vi nhau (tc PF=1). Tt c cc iu ny s c phn tch
chng ti, n s trnh by l thuyt cng sut tc thi.
Cc b nh ngha cng sut trn khng cn bt c s phn tch no ca in p
v dng in trong chui Furie, mc d n vn yu cu tnh ton gi tr hiu dng ca
in p v dng in. Do , n khng ng trong sut hin tng tc thi.
2.1.5. in t cng sut trong h thng 3 pha
Thng thng cc mch in 3 pha c xem xt nh tng ca 3 mch in
mt pha ring l. iu ny th n gin, c bit l trong cc trng hp bao gm cc
linh kin cng sut hay ti phi tuyn. Ton b cng sut tc dng, phn khng v biu
kin trong mch 3 pha c tnh ton nh 3 ln cng sut trong mch mt pha, hay
34

tng ca cc cng sut trong mch 3 pha ring l. N cng thng tm thy trong cc
ti liu u ging nhau v ngha vt l v ton hc cho cng sut tc dng v PK v
BK trong c mch 1 pha v 3 pha. Cc tc gi th khng ng vi cc quan im
ny v h thng 3 pha m t mt vi c tnh khng c quan st trong mch 1 pha.
Cc c tnh ny s c xem xt trong phn ny.
a, Phn loi cc h thng 3 pha
H thng 3 pha c th ni t hay khng. Nu mt h thng 3 pha ni t ti
hn mt im hot ng chung, th t c th cung cp thm mt ng cho s lu
thng dng. Mt h thng 3 pha c th cng c 4 dy hay c gi l dy trung tnh
hay dy dn. Trong c hai trng hp h thng c phn loi nh h thng 3 pha 4
dy. Nu t khng c m t hay y ch c mt nt t trong mng con ca n
th h thng c phn loi l 3 pha 3 dy hay n thun l h thng 3 pha.
Xa hn na, mt h thng mt pha c xem xt v phn loi nh h thng
di iu kin sin hay di iu kin khng sin. Sau y, t h thng mo s c s
dng nh mt h thng di iu kin khng sin. Bn cnh nhng s xem xt ny, h
thng 3 pha di iu kin sin c mt c tnh thc hin i vi bin v gc pha
ca mi in p pha (hay dng dy). Nu cc bin m cn bng nhau v cc gc
thay th gia cc pha th cn bng vi 120 0 th h thng 3 pha c gi l cn bng
hay i xng. Trong cc trng hp khc th h thng c gi l khng cn bng
hay khng i xng. Cc iu kin cn bng v khng cn bng s c s dng
trong cun sch ny. Cch phn loi nh trn c trnh by trong hnh 2.6 , 3 v
d ca in p 3 pha cng c a ra. iu ny c ngha l mt h thng 3 pha ch
gm c mt thnh phn th t dng hay ch mt thnh phn th t m l mt h
thng cn bng. Tuy nhin ch c thnh phn th t dng s c nghin cu trong
cun sch ny nh mt thnh phn chnh.
Hnh 2.6 a v b ch ra v d ca in p 3 pha cn bng v khng cn bng tch bit
nhau. Hnh 2.6c ch ra in p 3 pha mo v khng cn bng, n dnh c nh s
xp chng cc thnh phn sng hi trn in p khng cn bng hnh 2.6b. Nh
vy,bn cnh cc thnh phn sng hi th in p cng c cc thnh phn c bn
khng cn bng.

35

Hnh 2.6. a,Cc in p cn bng; b, Cc in p khng cn bng ; c, Cc in p mo

v khng cn bng.
l 2 loi khng cn bng, n c th c hiu r hn khi l thuyt cc thnh phn
i xng c p dng trong cc gi tr phc 3 pha ca in p v dng in.
Trc tin, cc gi tr phc 3 pha khng cn bng Va, Vb, Vc c bin i vo 3
gi tr phc khc : thnh phn phc th t dng , thnh phn phc th t m v
thnh phn phc th t khng .Chng c tnh ton nh sau:

36


V 0 1 1 Va

1 2
V 1 Vb 2.3
3 2
1
V Vc

Hng s l mt gi tr phc vi gc lch pha 1200:

1 120 e j ( 2 / 3)

Bin i ngc ca (2.33) ta c:

37

1
3
j
2
2

2.34


V a 1 1 V0

1 2
V b 1 V 2.35
3 2
1
V c V

Ch rng thnh phn phc th t khng gp phn vo in p pha khng c gc

lch pha 1200 , , thnh phn th t dng gp phn vo in p trong cu trc th
t abc v thnh phn th t m gp phn vo in p trong cu trc th t acb.
tng trn ca s phn ly ca cc gi tr phc khng i xng trong thnh phn th t
dng phc, thnh phn th t mphc, thnh phn th t 0 phc c th hnh dung r
hn bng cch nhn vo hnh 2.7 :

38

Hnh 2.7: Thnh phn th t dng, m v thnh phn th t khng trong h thng 3
pha khng cn bng
S khng cn bng tn s c bn c th gy ra bi thnh phn th t m hay thnh
phn th t 0. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng cn ch l ch c mt s khng cn bng
t thnh phn th t m c th xut hin trong h thng 3 pha ni t hoc khng ni
t. S khng cn bng t thnh phn th t 0 ch xut hin trong h thng 3 pha 4
dy, n dn dng chy qua dy trung tnh. Ngc li, tng ca 3 in p pha tc thi
nh tng ca 3 dng dy tc thi th lun lun =0 nu n ch bao gm thnh phn th
t dng and/or thnh phn th t m. Do , thnh phn th t dng v thnh phn
th t m c th c m t trong cc mch in 3 pha c hoc khng c dy trung
tnh.
Hnh 2.7 ch ra cc s phc trong cng tn s gc, tng ng vi s phn tch
ca mt h thng 3 pha khng cn bng trong cc thnh phn i xng. S phn tch
trn l ng cho mt gi tr la chn c quyn , chng hn, chu k in p v dng
in trong h thng 3 pha c th c phn tch trong chui Furie. T chui ny,
thnh phn sng hi bc 3, 5, 7 v sng hi sau, trong in p v dng 3 pha c th
c tch ri trong cc nhm ca cc sng hi abc ti mt tn s a ra. Vi mi
nhm sng hi abc th s phn chia trn ca cc gi tr phc vo trong cc thnh phn
i xng c th c p dng.
b, Cng sut trong h thng 3 pha cn bng
Trong h thng 3 pha cn bng, ton b cng sut tc dng, pk v BK c tnh
ton nh 3 ln cc cng sut trong mch 1 pha. Mc d nhiu tc gi quy nh s
ging nhau trong ngha vt l v ton hc ca cc cng sut ny trong c 2 h thng
1 pha v 3 pha. Th t nht mt ch nn c lin quan ti cng sut PK. N khng

39

c m t ging nh hin tng trong cc mch 1 pha v 3 pha. iu ny c th

hin di y:
in p 3 pha v dng dy th ch bao gm thnh phn th t dng c bn (h thng
hn sin v cn bng) c xc nh bi :

va (t ) 2V sin(t V )

2
vb (t ) 2V sin(t V )
3

vc (t ) 2V sin(t V 3 )

2.36

ia (t ) 2V sin(t I )

2
ib (t ) 2V sin(t I )
3

2
ic (t ) 2V sin(t I )
3

2.37

Biu tng V+,I+.vi du + nhn mnh bn cht ca thnh phn th t dng.

Cho mt h thng 3 pha c hoc khng c dy trung tnh th cng sut tc thi 3 pha
m t ton b cng sut chy trn 1 n v thi gian truyn dn gia hai h thng con
v n c tnh theo cng thc :
2.38
P3 (t ) va (t )ia (t ) vb (t )ib (t ) vc (t )ic (t ) pa (t ) pb (t ) pc (t )
Thay th (2.36) v (2.37) vo (2.38) ta c:

2
cos(V I ) cos(2t V I ) cos(V I ) cos(2t V I 3
p3 (t) V I

cos( ) cos(2t 2 )

V I
V I

3
2.39
p3 (t) 3V I cos(V I ) 3P

40

Tng ca 3 hm l thuc thi gian ca (2.39) th lun lun = 0. Do , cng sut tc

dng tc thi 3 pha l hng s, tc l n khng ph thuc thi gian. Ngc li, cng
sut 1 pha c nh ngha trong (2.2) cha 1 thnh phn ph thuc thi gian. Thnh
phn ny c phn tch thnh 2 iu kin trong (2.3), t , cng sut tc dng P v
cng sut phn khng Q c nh ngha. y, cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha th
l hng s v n cn bng vi 3P (3 ln cng sut tc dng 1 pha). ng nht vi
cc nh ngha trong h thng 1 pha , cng sut tc dng 3 pha c nh ngha nh
sau:
P3 3P 3V I cos(V I )
2.40
Cho h thng 3 pha cn bng, cng sut biu kin c th c nh ngha t gi tr p
phc v dng phc, tng t nh nh ngha ca h thng 1 pha di iu kin sin.
Bi v mch 3 pha l cn bng nn tng coi mch 3 pha c th xem nh 3 mch
mt pha c th c chp nhn. Trong trng hp ny, tng iu g xy ra trong
mt pha cng s xy ra trong pha tip theo, 1/3 chu k c bn sau , v hn na
cng c s dng. Do , cng sut biu kin 3 pha c nh ngha:
2.41
S3 3S 3V I
Xa hn na, mt cng sut phc 3 pha S3 th c nh ngha nh 3 ln ca cng
sut phc 1 pha (2.12). Mt nh ngha ca cng sut phn khng 3 pha c th c
xem xt t thnh phn o ca nh ngha cng sut phc 3 pha nh di y:
Cng sut phc 3 pha S3 :

S3 3V I * 3V V I I
3V I cos(V I ) j 3V I sin(V I )

2.42

Cng sut phn khng 3 pha:

Q3 3Q 3V I cos(V I )

2.43

Cng sut phn khng 3 pha trong (2.42) hay (2.43) th ng nh mt nh

ngha ton hc v khng c bt c mt ngha vt l r rng no c. Trong cc
trng hp khc, mt mch 3 pha bao gm thnh phn cng sut khng dao ng,
trong cng sut tc dng 3 pha a ra bi (2.39), ngc li vi cng sut tc dng 1
pha a ra (2.3). Nh vy, khng c mt phn no ca cng sut lin h vi cng
sut dao ng mt chiu t cng sut tc dng c nh ngha bi P=VI cos ,hay
mt thnh phn cng sut dao ng th khng lm vic ng nh ngha bi bi Q =
V I sin .

41

V d , mt my pht mt pha l tng cung cp cho mt dn t cn bng, l tng s

khng sinh ra m men my nu tn tht b b qua. Trong trng hp ny, mi gi tr
in p pha phc th vung pha vi thnh phn dng dy phc v P 3 th = 0. Mt
my pht khng cung cp trung bnh ly tha tc dng th khng c m men
my. Mt khc, my pht mt pha l tng th cung cp mt t in l tng c mt
m men my dao ng do s c mt ca thnh phn dao ng ca cng sut tc dng,
nh (2.3). Do , khng ng khi ngh rng cng sut phn khng 3 pha m t nng
lng dao ng gia ngun v ti nu tt c 3 pha ca h thng c lin h vi nhau
khng nh 3 mch mt pha m nh mt mch 3 pha. y l l do ti sao h thng 3
pha khng th c coi nh tng ca 3 h thng 1 pha ring bit. Tuy nhin, nh
ngha cng sut 1 pha trn c th c s dng trong trng hp ch cn phn tch
n gin cc h thng in xp x vi m hnh cn bng v sin.
c, Cng sut trong h thng 3 pha khng cn bng
Cc nh ngha truyn thng ca cng sut biu kin v cng sut phn khng th
khng ng nu p dng cho h thng 3 pha khng cn bng hay mo. C 2 nghin
cu ca Budeanu v Fryze th khng trong h thng 3 pha mo hay khng cn
bng.
Da trn gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in, 2 nh ngha ca cng sut biu
kin 3 pha c s dng chung bi mt vi tc gi:
i, Trn pha tnh ton:
S 3 S k Vk I k ,
k

k (a, b, c)

2.44

ii, Ton b gi tr hiu dng tnh ton:

V I
2
k

k (a, b, c) 2.45

2
k

y, Va,Vb,Vc, v Ia,Ib,Ic l gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha v dng dy, c

tnh ton trong (2.16).
N c th gii thch rng cho trng hp cn bng v sin, cc cng sut biu kin t
(2.44) v (2.45) l tng ng. Tuy nhin, di iu kin khng sin hay khng cn
bng, kt qu lun lun gi :

S 3

. Cc cng sut ny th nh ngha ton hc

v khng c ngha vt l r rng. Tuy nhin, mt vi tc gi s dng mt trong s

chng nh hng gi tr cng sut tc dng cc i ti h s cng sut n v.
42

Trong (2.45), nh ngha ca in p v dng tng hp c s dng. Buchholz gii

thiu v in p v dng tng hp vo nm 1919 nh ngha cng sut biu kin
cho ti chung. Gi tr in p v dng tng hp hiu dng c xc nh bi :

V Va2 Vb2 Vc2 & I I a2 I b2 I c2 2.46

in p tng hp trong (2.46) c tnh ton t cc gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha
Va,Vb,Vc v a ra gi tr hiu dng ca in p dy nu h thng l sin v cn bng.
Tng t nh vy dng tng hp cng c tnh t gi tr hiu dng va dng dy
Ia,Ib,Ic. Hn na, nh ngha ca in p tng hp c th cng c s dng nu gi
tr tc thi ca in p pha c s dng. Xt v d di y:

va (t) 2V sin(t V )
2
v Va2 (t) Vb2 (t) Vc2 (t) 3V 2.47
3
2
vc (t) 2V sin(t V
3
vb (t) 2V sin(t V

Di h thng 3 pha mo hay khng cn bng th in p tng hp tc thi c

mt thnh phn dao ng xp chng vi mt thnh phn mt chiu c a ra
(2.47).
N khng th chng minh gm c mt b cc nh ngha cng sut t cng sut biu
kin (2.44) v (2.45) . iu ny s c nh ngha sau DN cng sut phn khng
hay cng sut hi v n c nh ngha hon ton theo cng thc ton hc v khng
c ngha vt l r rng. Do cng sut tc dng tc thi mt nh ngha chung
s c la chn trong phn tip theo nh l mt cng thc c bn cho nh ngha
cng sut trong h thng 3 pha.
2.1.6. Nhn xt
Phn ny trnh by mt cch tng quan v cc l thuyt cng sut, bt u t
vic phn loi chun t nhng nm 1920. N rt th v ch ra rng ngy xa mt
vi nghin cu nh Fryze v Budeanu tng nghin cu vn ny. Hu ht tt c
cc nh ngha trnh by y khng ch quan trng trong vic bit cc khi nim
43

trong qu kh m n cn gip ta hiu r hn v cc khi nim mi s c cp

phn sau.
Mc d phn ny bt u vi cc nh ngha cng sut di iu kin sin, n l trng
thi hon ton chung v tt bit cho cc k s in, n rt cn thit to ra mt
nn tng l thuyt vng chc. Cc gi tr phc ca in p v dng in th to thnh
tr khng phc , chng m t mt cch tng qut v cc nh ngha ny, cn thit
nh ngha cng sut phc v h s cng sut. Cc nh ngha ca cng sut di iu
kin khng sin cho cc l thuyt c in c phn tch, bt u bi nh ngha
ca Budeanu trong min tn s. T gic cng sut v h s mo cng c gii thiu
nh ngha tt hn di cc iu kin khng sin. Sau , cc nh ngha cng sut
bi Fryze c a ra trong min thi gian v dn ti cng sut in trong h thng 3
pha c m t, sau phn loi cc h thng 3 pha khng cn bng and/or mo.
Cng sut trong h thng 3 pha cn bng v cng sut trong h thng 3 pha khng cn
bng v mo cng c m t, dc theo s phn tch chi tit trn cc nh ngha ca
cng sut biu kin trong c 2 h thng.
2.2. L THUYT CNG SUT TC THI
2.2.1. L thuyt cng sut tc thi c bn
L thuyt cng sut tc thi da trn mt b cc nh ngha cng sut tc thi
trong min thi gian. N khng hn ch trong vic p buc dng sng dng in v
in p, v n c th c p dng cho h thng 3 pha c hoc khng c dy trung
tnh cho cc dng sng chung ca in p v dng in. V vy n khng ch ng
trong ch n nh m cn ng cho c ch tc thi. Nh s ch ra di y, l
thuyt ny rt hu ch v linh hot cho cc d n iu chnh cng sut da trn cc
linh kin in t cng sut.
Cc nh ngha c in ca cng sut c m t bi vic xem xt mt h
thng 3 pha nh 3 h thng 1 pha. L thuyt p-q th trc tin bin i cc in p v
dng in trong h trc abc sang h trc

v sau nh ngha cng sut tc thi

trn cc trc . Do , l thuyt ny lun xem xt h thng 3 pha nh l mt n v

khng nh l s xp chng hay tng ca 3 h thng mch 1 pha.
a, Php bin i Clarke
44

Php bin i

hay php bin i Clarke vch ra cc in p 3 pha tc thi

trong h trc abc chuyn sang h trc

0 .

Php bin i Clarke v bin i ngc

ca n cho in p 3 pha c xc nh bi :

1 1 1
2 2 2
v0 v a
2 1 1
v 1 vb
3 22
v vc
3 3
0
2 2

45

(2.48)

1
1 0
2

v a v0

2
1

1
3
v v

b
3 2 2 2
vc v
1 1 3

2 2 2

(2.49)

Tng t nh vy, cc dng dy ca h thng 3 pha cng c xc nh :

46

 1 1 1

2
2
2
i0 i a
2 1 1
i 1 ib 2.50
3 22
i ic
3 3
0
2 2
V bin i ngc ca n :

47

1
01
2

i a i0
2 1 1 3
i b i 2.51
3 2 2 2
ic i
1 1 3

2 2 2
Mt li th ca vic p dng php bin i

t khng t cc thnh phn pha abc. Cc trc v

l n to ra cc thnh phn th
th khng gp phn vo thnh

phn th t khng. Thnh phn dng th t khng th khng tn ti trong h thng 3

pha 3 dy, v vy i0 c th loi tr t cc cng thc trn, nh vy, kt qu tr v s n
gin hn. Nu cc in p 3 pha m cn bng trong h thng 4 dy th thnh phn
in p th t khng cng khng tn ti, v n s b loi tr khi cng thc trn. Tuy
nhin, khi thnh phn th t khng m tn ti th ta vn phi xem xt ti cc thnh
phn ny.
Nu v0 c th loi tr t ma trn bin i, php bin i Clarke v bin i ngc ca
n tr thnh :
48

 1 1v
1 a
v 2 2 2
vb 2.5
v 3 3 3
0 vc
2 2
V

49


01

va
2 1 3 v
v b 2.53
3 2 2 v
vc
1 3
2 2
Tng t nh vy, cc ma trn dng dy cng c bin i tng ng.
Cc ma trn thc trong (2.52) v (2.53) xut php bin i h trc nh ch ra
trong hnh 2.8. Chng l cc trc tnh v khng nn b xo trn vi cc nh ngha ca
dng v p phc nh c ch ra hnh 2.2. y, trong gi tr tc thi ca in p
pha v dng dy, quy t h trc abc sang h trc

th lch pha nhau 1 gc 1200 trong khi cc trc v

trc th song song vi trc a. Chiu ca trc

hay ngc li. Cc trc a,b,c

th li trc giao vi nhau v

theo cch rng nu cc vecto khng

gian in p v dng in trn h trc abc quay theo th t abc th chng s quay theo
th t

trong h trc

50

Hnh 2.8: M t ha , (a) : php bin i t abc sang

; (b) php bin i t

sang abc
2.2.2. Cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha trong trong cc iu kin ca thnh
phn Clarke
Php bin i Clarke v bin i ngc ca n c s dng trong (2.48) n
(2.51) th lun chnh xc v bt bin trong trong cng sut. c im ny rt thch
hp khi s dng phn tch cng sut tc thi trong h thng 3 pha.
Tt c cc nh ngha cng sut c in tng kt trong chng trc th quy nh
h thng phi trng thi n nh. Cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha c mt ngha
vt l r rng v thng nht, n cng ng trong sut trng thi tc thi.
Trong h thng 3 pha c hoc khng c dy trung tnh th trong trng thi n nh
hoc trong sut trng thi tc thi, cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha m t ton b
nng lng chy trn 1 giy gia 2 h thng con.
Cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha

p3 (t )

c tnh ton t cc in p pha v cc dng

dy tc thi nh sau:
p 3 (t ) v a (t )i a (t ) vb (t )ib (t ) v c (t )ic (t )

2.54

p 3 v a i a v b ib v c ic

va , vb , vc , , ia, ib , ic l cc gi tr in p pha v dng dy tc thi.nh ch

ra trong hnh 3.3. Trong h thng khng c dy trung tnh v a , vb , vc c o t mt
51

im chung quy chiu. i khi n cng c gi l t hay im sao o. Tuy nhin

im chun ny c th c t mt cch ty v

p3 (t )

tnh ton t (2.54) , kt qu

lun lun cho cng gi tr vi cc im khc khi o lng in p. Chng hn, nu

pha b c la chn nh mt im chun, o lng in p cc pha v cng sut tc
dng tc thi 3 pha c tnh ton nh sau:
p 3 (v a v b )i a (v b v b )i b (v c v b )i c v ab i a v cb i c

2.55

Kt qu ny gii thch v sao ta ch cn (n-1) Wattmet o lng cng sut tc dng

trong h thng n dy.
Cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha c th c tnh ton trong cc iu kin ca thnh
phn

nu (2.49) v (2.51) c s dng trong mi lin h vi cc bin abc trong

(2.54):
p 3 v a i a v b ib v c i c p 3 v i v i v 0 i 0

2.56

S ng n ca cng sut bt bin nh kt qu ca vic s dng php bin i

Clarke c ch ra trong (2.56) . L thuyt p-q s khai thc c im ny.
2.2.3. L thuyt cng sut tc thi
L thuyt cng sut tc thi c nh ngha trong h thng 3 pha c hoc khng
c dy trung tnh. 3 cng sut tc dng tc thi cng sut th t khng tc thi p 0,
cng sut thc p, v v cng sut o q c nh ngha t cc in p pha v dng
dy tc thi trn h trc

nh sau:

52

p 0 v0 0 i0

p 0 vv i 2.57
q 0 vv i

Khng c thnh phn dng th t khng trong h thng 3 pha 3 dy, do , i 0 =0.
Trong trng hp ny ch c cc cng sut tc thi nh ngha trn h trc

bi v

tch ca v0i0 trong (2.56) lun lun =0. Do , trong h thng 3 pha 3 dy,cng sut
thc tc thi m t ton b nng lng chy trn 1 giy trong cc iu kin ca thnh
phn

. Trong trng hp ny :

p3 p .

Cng sut o tc thi q th khng c ngha vt l c in v n s c cp sau.

53

Hnh 2.9. Cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha

a, L thuyt cng sut tc thi trong h thng 3 pha 3 dy
Cc nh ngha c in ca cng sut phc nh ngha (2.12) s dng cc in
p phc v s lin hp ca dng phc. Nh vy n ch ng cho h thng trong trng
thi bn vng vi mt tn s c nh. Mt nh ngha mi ca cng sut phc tc thi
s dng cc vecto tc thi ca in p v dng in. Cng sut phc tc thi th c
nh ngha nh tch ca vecto in p e v s lin hp ca dng i*, xc nh trong
cng thc ca s phc :
s e.i* (v jv )(v jv ) (v i v i ) j (v i v i )

2.58

Cng sut thc v o tc thi c nh ngha trong (2.57) l mt phn ca cng sut
phc tc thi s, nh ngha trong (2.58), t khi cc in p v dng tc thi c s
dng th khng c s hn ch ca s, v n c th c p dng trong sut trng thi
tc thi hay n nh.
nh ngha gc ca p v q da trn cng thc di y:

54

p v i
2.59
q v i
Cng thc (2.57) v (2.59) th thch hp phn tch v thit k trong cng phng
php. Tuy nhin cun sch ny chp nhn cng thc (2.57) gi tr dng ca cng
sut o tc thi q trong (2.57) th tng ng vi tch ca in p th t dng v
dng in th t dng, n ng nht vi nh ngha c in ca cng sut phn
khng.
Trong s gii thch di y th dng

s c t nh cc hm ca in p v

cng sut o v cng sut thc p v q. iu ny rt ph hp trong vic gii thch

ngha vt l ca nh ngha cc cng sut trong l thuyt p-q. T (3.18) ta c :

55

i 1 v p
22 2.60
i v v q
V phi ca (3.21) c th bin i nh sau:

56

vi1p 0ipq
2 2 2.61
iv0 vqipq
57

Cc thnh phn dng trn c th c nh ngha nh sau:

Dng tc dng tc thi trn trc :
v

i ap

v v 2
2

2.62

2.63

2.64

2.65

Dng phn khng tc thi trn trc :

i aq

Dng tc dng tc thi trn trc

v
v v 2
2

Dng phn khng tc thi trn trc

i q

v v 2

i p

Cng sut tc thi trn h trc

v
2

:
v

v v 2
2

c nh ngha nh

c tnh ton t cc dng v p tc thi trn h trc

58

nh sau:

tch bit nhau v

p vip q
2.6
pvi pviq
Ch rng trong h thng 3 pha 3 dy th cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha trong iu
kin ca thnh phn Clarke trong (2.56) th cn bng vi cng sut thc nh ngha
trong (2.56). T (2.66) v (2.57) cng sut thc c th c a ra bi tng ca
v

. Do , vit li tng bng cch s dng (2.66) ta c cng thc:

p v i p v i p v i q v i q

v 2
v v
v v
v2
p

p 2
q 2
q
2
2
2
2
2
v v
v v
v v
v v 2

2.67

Trong cng thc trn, c 2 im quan trng. Mt l cng sut thc tc thi p c
xc nh bi :
v ip v i p pp p p p

2.68

im cn li l mi lin h xc nh cho cc iu kin l thuc trn q:

59

 2.69

v iq v i q pq p q 0

Cc cng thc trn xut s phn ly ca cc cng sut thnh cc loi nh sau:
Cng sut tc dng tc thi trn trc :
pp v .ip

v2
v2 v 2

2.70

Cng sut phn khng tc thi trn trc :

pq v .iq

Cng sut tc dng tc thi trn trc

p q v .i q

v2 v 2

2.71

2.72

p p v .i p

Cng sut phn khng tc thi trn trc

v v

v 2
v2 v 2

v v
v2 v 2

2.73

N nn c ch rng watt [W] c th s dng nh dn v ca tt c cc cng sut

trn bi v mi cng sut th c nh ngha bi tch ca in p tc thi trn mt
trc v mt phn ca dng tc thi trn cng trc .
Cc cng thc trn dn ti cc kt lun quan trng sau:

Dng tc thi

c chia thnh thnh phn dng tc dng tc thi

thnh phn dng phn khng tc thi

iq

ny cng c tng t nh vy trn trc

ip

nh trong (2.62) v (2.63). Vic chia

Tng ca cng sut tc dng tc thi trn trc thc

pp

(2.70) v trc o

p p

(2.72) tng ng vi cng sut thc p.

Tng ca

p q

p q

th lun =0. Do chng khng truyn ti gia ngun v

ti trong mch 3 pha. y l l do m chng c gi l cng sut phn khng

trn trc
v

p q

. Cng sut o q th l mt s lng a ra bin cng sut

60

p q

Bi v tng ca

p q

p q

th lun =0 nn vic b ca chng khng cn bt c

mt h thng tch tr nng lng no v s c ch ra sau.

Nu cc bin

ca cng sut o q c nh ngha trong (2.57) c thay th

bi cc biu thc tng ng ca chng trong h trc abc s dng (2.52) v tng t
vi cc dng, ta s tm thy mi lin h sau:
q v i v i

1
3

1
3

[(v a v b )i c (v b v c )i a (v c v a )ib ]

(v ab i c v bc i a v ca ib )

Ch rng trn h trc

2.74

, c nh ngha nh tng ca tch cc in p v

dng trn cc trc khc nhau. Tng t nh vy, cng sut o q khi c tnh ton
trc tip t cc in p pha v dng dy, kt qu t tng ca cc tch in p dy v
dng dy trong cc pha khc nhau. Biu thc ny th tng t nh vic b sung mt
vi cng c trong o lng cng sut phn khng 3 pha.
S khc nhau l in p cc gi tr in p v dng phc c s dng trong cc dng
c o lng ny. y, gi tr tc thi ca in p v dng in c s dng thay
th. Nh ch ra cng sut o q khng phn b ton nng lng chy gia ngun v
ti. Cng sut o q l mt s lng mi v cn mt n v phn bit n vi cc cng
sut phn khng c in. Cc tc gi u thng nht s dng n v votl-ampere
imaginary (vai) khc bit vi (var ) trong cng sut phn khng.
T by gi, bt c lc no m khng c s h nghi pht hin, cng sut th t
khng tc thi, cng sut o tc thi, v cng sut thc tc thi nh ngha trong
l thuyt p-q s c gi l cng sut th t khng, cng sut o.v cng sut thc,
tch bit nhau.
Ti im ny,chng ta c tng kt quan trng sau:
Cng sut o q th t l vi s lng nng lng thay i gia cc pha ca h thng.
N khng phn phi nng lng truyn gia ngun v ti ti bt c thi gian no.
Hnh 2.10 tng kt cc biu thc trn v cng sut thc v o. N quan trng ch
rng l thuyt cng sut kinh in nh ngha cng sut phn khng nh l mt
61

thnh phn ca cng sut tc dng tc thi, n c mt gi tr trung bnh = 0 . y,

n khng nh vy. Cng sut o ngha l tng ca tch cc in p v dng 3 pha tc
thi v n khng phn phi nng lng truyn ti gia ngun v ti vo bt c thi
gian no. Trong cun sch ny cng sut phn khng tc thi trong h thng 3 pha
th c s dng nh mt t ng ngha vi cng sut o. Do , n ging nhau v
ngha vt l.

Hnh 2.10: ngha vt l ca cng sut thc v o tc thi

b, ngha vt l ca cc cng sut tc thi thc, o v cng sut th t 0
Trc khi s dng l thuyt p-q pht trin mch iu khin cho cc b x l
cng sut tc dng ng dy cho thnh phn dng hay p, ngha vt l ca tt c
cc cng sut tc thi phi c gii thch r rng. Hnh 2.11 tm tt cc nh ngha
bao hm trong cc cng sut ny.
Cc kt lun di y th tng t cho tt c cc kt lun thu c sau . Tuy nhin,
lc ny chng ta thu c cc dng sng in p v dng in chung.
Cc cng sut tc thi ch ra rng l thuyt p-q nh ngha trong min thi gian v n
khng ph thuc vo gi tr trung bnh ca cc in p v dng in. L thuyt ny
bao gm cc nh ngha c in trong min tn s ca cng sut tc dng v phn
khng dnh ngha cho h thng 3 pha cn bng hnh sin nh trng hp ring bit. Do
, l thuyt p-q trong min thi gian th khng mu thun v b sung cho cc l
thuyt kinh in trong min tn s.
62

Hnh 2.11 ngha vt l ca cc cng sut tc thi nh ngha trong khung ta

0

T nhng phn tch trn ta thu c cc kt lun sau:

Cc thnh phn th t khng trong in p v dng c bn and/or trong sng hi

khng gp phn vo cng sut thc v o.

Ton b nng lng chy trn mt n v thi gian , l cng sut tc dng tc
thi 3 pha ,thm ch trong mt h thng mo v khng cn bng, n lun lun
cn bng vi tng ca cng sut thc v cng sut th t khng v c th bao
hm cc phn cng sut trung bnh v cng sut dao ng.

Cng sut o q ,th khng ph thuc vo s hin din ca sng hi hay khng cn
bng , m t s lng nng lng trao i gia cc pha ca h thng. iu ny
c ngha rng cng sut o q khng gp phn truyn ti nng lng gia ngun
v ti ti bt c thi im no.

2.3. L THUYT ABC TC THI

Nh gii thch trong phn gii thiu ca chng, l thuyt cng sut tc thi
c th c tch thnh 2 nhm : Nhm s 1 nh ngha cc cng sut trong khung ta

0 v

nhm cn li th nh ngha trc tip cng sut trong cc pha abc, l

63

vic s dng cc in p pha v cc dng dy tc thi. Mt s tm tt ca cc l

thuyt lm vic trc tip trn h trc abc c trnh by y. duy tr r rng s
tng phn vi l thuyt p-q , cc b nh ngha cng sut v dng phn tch trong
cc trc abc s c gi l l thuyt abc.
L thuyt p-q a mt nh ngha tt nht ca cng sut o c ngha vt l r
rng. Tuy nhin, n yu cu s s dng php bin i Clarke trong l thuyt ny.
Trong mt vi phn tch, hay thm ch trong mt vi trng hp loi tr sng hi,
php bin i ny c th c thy nh s n lc tnh ton thm v n nn c hn
ch.
Mt s tm tt ca mt vi nghin cu c in c lm, v n s c cp
di y nh mt cc tip cn khc tnh ton cc phn dng tc dng v khng tc
dng ca dng ti chung. Thay cho vic s dng php bin i Clarke v tnh ton cc
cng sut thc v o th ta s tnh ra cc dng tc dng v khng tc dng ca dng
ti trc tip t cc in p pha abc v cc dng dy. Cch tip cn ny c th d dng
t c bng cch p dng phng php cc tiu cho dng ti nh trnh by di
y .
Mc d Fryze khng cp ti nh ngha ca cng sut phn khng tc thi
trong ti liu ca mnh, ng s dng tng phn tch thnh phn dng tc dng
v thnh phn dng phn khng. Mt s m rng cc thnh phn in p phn khng
v tc dng cng c cp. Da trn cc thnh phn ny, cng sut tc dng Pw v
cng sut phn khng Qw th ph hp vi nh ngha trong (2.26) ti (2.32).
L thuyt abc di y bao gm s xc nh phn tc dng tc thi ca dng ti
chung. Trong cc trng hp khc mt thnh phn dng tc dng tc thi cc tiu
c xc nh vi s rng buc rng n s truyn ti s nng lng ging nh dng
ti khng b. im khc bit gia dng ti kinh in tc thi v tnh ton dng tc
dng tc thi (dng cc tiu) l dng khng tc dng tc thi, n l mt phn ca
dng ti kinh in. xc nh dng tc dng tc thi , phng php cc tiu c th
c s dng.
64

Mt nh ngha ca cng sut phn khng tc thi 3 pha c th nhn c t nh

ngha trn ca cc dng tc dng v khng tc dng nh sau:
Cng sut phn khng tc thi 3 pha bao gm tch ca cc thnh phn in p v
dng in v n khng gp phn vo cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha.
Fryze s dng cc t tng t trn nh ngha cng sut phn khng ca n, Pq. S
khc bit l y gi tr tc thi ca cc in p v dng in c cn nhc.
N s c nhn xt rng y tng truyn thng l cng sut phn khng c
m t mt dng nng lng dao ng, nh c gii thiu trong hnh 2.1, b xa b.
Nu mt dng nng lng dao ng xc nh gia 2 h con, bt chp n l h
thng 3 pha 3 dy hay 4 dy, n c x l y nh mt phn cng sut tc dng
tc thi 3 pha v n c gi tr trung bnh =0.
Khi gi tr tc thi ca cc in p v cc dng c s dng, cc nh ngha
trn ca s phn tch tc thi trong cc dng tc dng v khng tc dng , dc theo
cc cng sut tc dng v phn khng, th ng trong sut chu trnh tc thi hay trong
iu kin trng thi n nh. Hn na, s khng hn ch c p t trn cc dng
sng ca chng v chng c th c s dng di iu kin khng sin hay khng
cn bng.
ngha vt l lin quan ti cng sut o trong l thuyt p-q khng th c gii thch
trc tip t nh ngha cng sut phn khng tc thi 3 pha. Kt qu l tng t nu
khng c thnh phn th t 0 c m t. y, chng ch khc nhau v s hin din
ca thnh phn th t khng trong dng v in p. Trong sut s m t ca l thuyt
abc, cc s khc nhau ny t l thuyt p-q s c lm cho d hiu qua mt vi v d
ca vic b dng.
2.3.1. Tnh ton dng tch cc v khng tch cc bi phng php cc tiu ha
Dng khng tc dng tc thi trong h thng 3 pha l thnh phn ca dng ti v
n khng sn sinh ra cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha, mc d n tng bin ca
65

dng v do n cng lm tng tn tht trong mng. Dng khng tc dng tc thi
c th c xc nh bng vic p dng phng php cc tiu. lp cng thc ca
vn ny, mt dng ti gi thit 3 pha i k , k=(a,b,c) c gi nh l bao gm mt
phn tc dng v mt phn khng tc dng :
i k i wk i qk

k (a, b, c)

(2.75)

Phng php bao hm cc dng ti cc tiu di s rng buc rng cc thnh phn
dng khng tc dng iqa , iqb , iqc th khng pht sinh ra cng sut tc dng tc thi 3
pha. Nh vy, cng vic bao gm vic tm cc gi tr cc tiu ca :
L(i qa , i qb , i qc ) (i a i qa ) 2 (ib i qb ) 2 (i c i qc ) 2

B rng buc bi :
g (i qa , i qb , i qc ) v a i qa v b i qb v c i qc ( 2.76)

Vn c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng phng php nhn t Lagrange, n

dn n cc cng thc di y :

66

2 0 va iqa 2ia
0 2 0 v i
2
i
q
b
b
b (2.7 )
0 2 vc iqc 2ic

v vcba 0 0
Gii (3.124) cho ta c :

2 (v a i a v b i b v c i c )
v a2 v b2 v c2

2 p 3
v a2 v b2 v c2

(2.78)

Bng cch thay th (2.78) vo (2.79) ta thu c dng khng tc dng tc thi :

67

 i qa i a v a
p3
i qb ib 2 2 2 vb (2.79)
vvv a b c

iqc ic vc

T (2.75) v (2.79) , dng tc dng tc thi l :

68

 iwa va
p
i 3 v (2. 0)8
wb v2 v2 v2 b
abc
iwc vc
Do , s hn ch p t trong phng php cc tiu p buc dng tc dng tnh
trong (2.80) v cc dng ti kinh in ia , ib , ic sinh ra cng sut tc dng tc thi
ging nh 3 pha (p3 ) khi n c nhn bi cc in p pha tng ng :
p 3 v a i a v b ib v c i c v a i wa v b i wb v c i wc

( 2.81)

Do , chng tng ng vi quan im truyn ti nng lng. S khc nhau l cc

dng tc dng iwa , iwb , iwc khng sinh ra bt c cng sut phn khng tc thi 3 pha
no v c gi tr trung bnh nh hn.
Nu iqa , iqb , iqc c b kn ti cc cc ti, sau h thng pht in ch cung cp iwa ,
iwb , iwc lm gim tn tht trong mng. Nguyn l c bn ca vic b dng song song
th c biu din trn hnh 2.12. Nguyn l ny c th c s dng cho vic b
dng khng tc dng nh tnh trong (2.79).

69

Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l c bn ca b dng song song

Trong trng hp ny, cc dng ti kinh in i a = iwa + iqa , ib = iwb + iqb , ic = iwc + iqc
c b bi vic to ra i*Ca =-iqa , i*Cb =-iqb , i*Cc =-iqc , tc ng lm cc dng ngun
tr thnh ia = iwa , ib = iwb , ic = iwc . Khi iqa , iqb , iqc khng sinh ra cng sut tc dng, b
b khng cung cp bt c mt nng lng no ti h thng. Do b b khng cn
phi c b phn tch tr nng lng.
L thuyt p-q m t nh trn da trn nguyn l ca vic phn tch dng ti
thnh 2 phn : dng tc dng v dng khng tc dng. nh ngha ca cng sut phn
khng tc thi 3 pha nh trn nhn c t s phn tch cc dng ny. Thc t, khng
c cng thc no tnh ton trc tip cng sut phn khng tc thi 3 pha , ngc li,
cng sut o c nh ngha rt r rng trong l thuyt p-q.
Nhiu nghin cu trn l thuyt cng sut c th tm thy trong cc ti liu. Mc
d l thuyt abc m t trn khng ti trong bn thn n. N c gng tng kt cc kt
qu ca cc nghin cu. Mt vi cng thc in gn y cho thy rng cc kt qu
tng t vi (2.79) v (2.80) xut hin rt nhiu ti liu.
Nu h thng 3 pha l cn bng v hnh sin,

p 3

=const. Trong trng hp ny

tng ca cc bnh phng ( v a2 vb2 vc2 ) th cng l hng s. Nh vy, cc dng tc thi
cc tiu iwa , iwb , iwc th t l vi cc in p pha v a , vb , vc , tch bit nhau. Do ,
dng dy trong mt pha l hnh sin v cng pha vi in p pha tng ng. iu ny
a ra s pht trin ca tng loi tt nht ca ti l mt ti thun tr.
Mc ch chnh ca chin lc b da trn l thuyt abc l :
70

Thu c dng b t l vi in p.

Thu c dng b vi gi tr trung bnh cc tiu, nng lc phn phi cong sut
tc dng tng t nh nng lc ca dng kinh in ca ti

kinh in.
2.4. SO SNH GIA L THUYT ABC V L THUYT P-Q
L thuyt p-q c th xc nh cc thnh phn in p v dng in trn trc

,n

ch ph thuc vo cng sut thc p hay cng sut o q. Trong cc trng hp khc, n
c kh nng phn bit cc in p thc v o nh cc dng o v thc, n ch gp
phn vo cng sut o hay thc. Tng t, l thuyt abc xc nh cc dng tc dng
iwa , iwb , iwc v n ch gp phn vo cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha, v cc dng
khng tc dng iqa , iqb , iqc v n ch gp phn vo cng sut phn khng tc thi 3
pha. Vic phn tch cc dng trong (2.61) th c vit li :

ip q
(2.8)
i p iq
Mt thut ton b xc nh cc dng o tc thi c th c suy ra trc tip t
(2.82) bi vic tnh ton cc php bin i ngc ca
71

iq

i q

nh sau:


1 0

i aq
2 1 3 iq
ibq (2.83)
3 2 2 iq
i cq
1 3
2 2
Do , trong vic phn tch b ca dng khng tc dng a ra bi (2.79) trong l
thuyt abc, mt thut ton b da trn l thuyt p-q c th c thc hin ch b cng
sut phn khng. Nu mt b b song song c ch ra trong hnh 2.12 th thu ht cc
dng o iCa = -iaq , iCb = -ibq , iCc = -icq. Mng ch cung cp dng thc (iap, ibp, icp) ca
dng ti chung. Trng hp ny khng quan tm n thnh phn th t khng. Hnh
2.66 ch ra thut ton xc nh xc nh gi tr tc thi ca dng b v n s c ly
t b lc song song. Mc d thut ton iu khin ny i hi s n lc tnh ton hn
so vi tnh ton cho vic b dng khng tc dng da trn l thuyt abc, n ch bao
gm cc php ton i s , l n khng cha ng khi ng. iu ny c ngha l
cc dng o tc thi nh cc dng khng tc dng, c th c xc nh tc thi. Nu

72

khng c thnh phn th t khng c m t, mi lin h di y cho phng php

b da trn l thuyt p-q l ng :

iap ia iaq

i bp ib ibq (2.84)
i i i
c p c cq
Trong s ngc li cc dng khng tc dng tc thi trong (2.79), cc dng o
tc thi t c trong hnh 2.14 th khng nh hng bi thnh phn th t khng.
Cc in p pha abc nh cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha c s dng trong (2.79)
c th bao gm thnh phn th t khng, , in p

v cc cng sut o q

trong hnh 2.14 th khng nh hng bi cc thnh phn ny. iu khc bit ny l
bng chng trong hnh 2.15, dng b (dng ngun) nhn c t c 2 phng
php th c v vi nhau cho cng trng hp ca cc in p pha v dng ti
trong hnh 2.13. Khng c dng trung tnh c rt ra t b b song song nu b iu

73

khin ca n da trn l thuyt p-q, , mt dng trung tnh khng mong mun xut
hin trong trng hp ca l thuyt abc.

Hnh 2.13: Mt ng dng ca phng php dng Fryze v phng php dng cc tiu
trong s xut hin ca thnh phn th t khng trong in p
Mc d cc dng ti ia , ib , ic trong hnh 2.13 v hnh 2.15 th c mo kin c
b, chng khng cha ng dng th t khng no c. l, i a + ib + ic = 0. ng
tic, mt dng trung tnh khng mong mun s pht sinh bi mt b b song song
c iu khin bi phng php cc tiu (2.79). Dng trung tnh ny chy qua
ngun, t khi iS0 khc 0, nh ch ra trong hnh 2.15b. Ngc li, thut ton iu khin
da trn l thuyt p-q c th b chnh xc cho dng ti trong s hin din ca cc in
p th t khng, khng c s pht sinh cc dng th t khng ti ngun. l, i S0 =
iap + ibp + icp = 0 nh c thy trong hnh 2.15a.

74

Hnh 2.14: Thut ton iu khin cho vic b dng o da trn l thuyt p-q

Hnh 2.15: Cc dng b. (a) Dng thc (l thuyt p-q), (b) Dng tc dng (phng
php cc tiu)

75

Nu khng c thnh phn th t khng c m t trong c in p pha v dng dy

th dng o xc inh t (3.136) th ging ht dng khng tc dng trong (3.126). Do
vy, dng tc dng iwk = ik-iqk (k=a,b,c) v dng thc ikp = ik - ikq (k=a,b,c) th cng
ging nh trong trng hp ny. Tuy nhin, trong s hin din ca thnh phn th t
khng , kt qu trong cc phng php b trong 2 gii php khc nhau, mc d c i wk
hay iwp u khng sinh ra cng sut o q, v c iqk hay ikq sinh ra cng sut tc dng,
l :

1
q

(v ab iwc vbc iwa vca iwb ) 0

(2.85)

q 1 (v i v i v i ) 0
ab cp
bc ap ca bp

p3 (va iqa vb iqb vc iqc ) 0

p3 (va iaq vb ibq vc icq ) 0

Cng thc (2.56) ch ra rng

p 3 p p 0

(2.86)

. Mt khc, (2.86) ch ra rng b lc song

song khng cung cp bt c nng lng no ti ti c. Do , cng sut tc dng tc

thi 3 pha ca ngun

p 3

l ging ht ca ti trong c 2 phng php b s dng

trong hnh 2.15. T khi cc dng cc tiu iwa , iwb , iwc cung cp in p cha cc thnh
phn th t khng, ngun s cung cp mt cng sut th t khng qua cc thnh phn
in p th t khng. Ngc li, ngun khng cung cp mt cng sut th t khng
nu b b song song c iu khin bi mt thut ton a ra hnh 2.14. Do ,
cc dng iwa , iwb , iwc v iap , ibp , ic p sinh ra cc cng sut th t khng v cng sut
thc khc. Tuy nhin, tng ca chng (p+p 0 ) phi bng

p 3

ti mi thi im. Ch

rng coi cc dng ti ia , ic , ib khng cha cc thnh phn th t khng, Nh vy,

cng sut thc sinh ra bi ia , ic , ib v iap , ibp , ic p phi ging ht nhau.
76

V d a ra trn chng t rng l thuyt p-q th c hiu qu hn trong vic x l

vi cc dng khng sin, c bit khi cc thnh phn th t khng c xut hin. Mt
li th ca vic s dng cc nh ngha cng sut trong l thuyt p-q l n c kh
nng b tch bit cc cng sut p-q v p 0. y l l do ti sao l thuyt p-q c th b
cc dng ti cung cp hng s cng sut tc thi ti ngun, thm ch di in p
mo v khng cn bng. Cc b iu khin ca b x l cng sut tc dng ng
dy c trnh by trong phn tip theo khai thc rng hn phn ny.
Chng ti x l vi cc b lc tch cc song song. N ch ra rng l thuyt p-q c
th x l chnh xc vi cc thnh phn th t khng. Hn na, n c th b cho cc
dng ti tt nh sinh ra cc dng sin ti ngun, thm ch nu cc in p l mo hay
khng sin. Nu mun, l thuyt p-q c th cng c s dng bt buc cc dng
b thu ht hng s cng sut tc dng tc thi 3 pha t ngun, thm ch trong s hin
din ca cc in p mo hay khng cn bng.
2.5. NHN XT
Trong chng ny, mt vi iu quan trng ca cc nh ngha cng sut c
trnh by, nhn mnh cch s dng ca chng trong iu khin ca cc b x l cng
sut tc dng ng dy. Mt vi tng kt quan trng s c trnh by di y :

Cc cng sut thc v o tc thi nh ngha trong min thi gian thnh lp mt
nn tng vng chc cho cc thut ton c hiu lc cao p dng iu khin cc
b x l cng sut tc dng ng dy.

ngha vt l r rng c gn cho cng sut thc, cng sut o v cng sut
th t khng trong l thuyt p-q .

Cc thut ton b c thnh lp qua phng php cc tiu th tng i n

gin thc hin. Tuy nhin, chng li khng p dng c trong h thng 3
pha 4 dy, v khng th bo m hng s cng sut tc dng ti ngun.

Phng php dng Fryze tng qut th dn ti cc dng dy t l vi cc in p

pha v a ra gi tr hiu dng nh nht cho dng b. Tuy nhin, n khng phi
l mt thut ton tc thi (n khng phi l phng trnh i s).
77

Thut ton b da trn l thuyt p-q th rt linh hot. Cc cng sut khng mong
mun c b c th la chn mt cch thun tin. Cng sut o tc thi c
tnh ton khng c thi gian tr. Thut ton b s dng php bin i Clarke c
th cho php ti 3 pha cung cp hng s cng sut tc dng ti ngun, thm ch
nu in p cung cp l khng cn bng hay cha ng sng hi.

CHNG 3. CC B LC TCH CC
3.1.NH NGHA B LC TCH CC
3.1.1. nh hng ca sng hi bc cao
78

Cc ti thc t nh my tnh, b chnh lu, bin tn thng s dng b bin

i in t cng sut, trong cc tiristo, IGBT chuyn mch lm thay i dng sng
dng in, in p. Cc ti phi tuyn nh n phng in cht kh, l h quang, l
cm ng cng l nguyn nhn gy lm dng sng dng in, in p tr nn khng
hnh sin (hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1: Dng sng dng in, in p qua ti phi tuyn

Sng khng hnh sin c th phn tch thnh tng ca cc iu ha hnh sin c
tn s khc nhau theo cng thc Fourier. Sng hnh sin c tn s bng tn s sng
khng hnh sin gi l sng c bn, cn cc sng c tn s ln hn sng c bn l sng
hi bc cao. Bin ca sng hi bc cao gim dn. Trong s cc sng hi th hi bc
ba c bin ln nht. Trong mch ba pha hi bc ba ca cc pha c gc lch pha
bng 3x1200 = 3600, ngha l trng pha, chng hp thnh h thng th t khng v
khp mch trong dy trung tnh, lm qu ti h thng trung tnh.
H s mo iu ha THD (Total Harmonic Distorsion) =

I n

n 2,3,4 I1

Trong In l tr s hiu dng ca hi bc n, I1 l tr s hiu dng ca iu ha c bn.

THD nh gi nh hng ca sng hi i vi li in. Theo IEEE 519-1992 i vi
mi loi ti quy nh THD < 5%, ring i vi ti k thut s THD < 3%.
79

Cc sng hi dn n :
Tng dng in ti (ti 50%), gy qu ti ngun, cp, my bin p, gim hiu sut
ca ng c khng ng b.
Gim in p trn ti.
Gim h s cng sut cos.
Gy cng hng trong mch.
Gy nhiu, lm nh hng ti cc thit b in t.
V cc l do ny ngi ta phi tm cc bin php gim thiu cc hi bc cao.
3.1.2. Cc gii php gim thiu nh hng ca sng hi
gim cc hi bc cao th s dng cc gii php:
S dng cun khng chn (hnh 3.2)

Hnh 3.2: Cun khng chn

S dng mch lc th ng (hnh 3.3)

80

Hnh 3.3: Mch lc th ng

Hai phng n ny ch c tc dng hn ch mt s hi bc cao cho cc ph ti c c
tnh phi tuyn tnh. Khng th tng mi in khng ca cun chn v st p lm gim
cng sut ca ti. B lc LC cho php gim THD ti 10%, c th ti 5% khi phi hp
vi in khng chn.
Hin nay, cc b t b c s dng rng ri, c coi l gii php ch yu
trong vic nng cao h s cng sut cos ca ti, lm gim cng sut phn khng,
gim tn tht cng sut, nng cao cht lng in p v nng cao kh nng truyn ti
ca h thng in.V th ngnh in quy nh gi tr costiu chun 0,85.
Khi lm vic di gi tr ny trong ha n tin in khch hng phi cng thm tin
mua cng sut phn khng (tin pht cos). Khi ti thay i mch t ng iu khin
cng tc t, lm thay i gi tr in dng C ca t b n gi tr mong mun. Nu b
qu c nguy c lm in p tng cao, nh hng xu n cch in ca cc thit b
in. Tuy nhin b t b c iu khin bng cng tc t ch thch hp i vi cc ti
c c tnh tuyn tnh, i vi cc ti phi tuyn mch ny khng thch hp na.
i vi cc ph ti ng c c tnh phi tuyn tc thi lun bin ng nh my hn,
l h quang cn s dng b lc tch cc

81

3.1.3. B lc tch cc
L b lc s dng phn t in t cng sut to nn cc sng hi bng v
ngc pha vi sng hi pht sinh trong mch. Kt qu l cc thnh phn sng hi b
trit tiu do dng sng ca ngun s thun ty hnh sin. Trn hnh 3.4 ta thy tng
ca sng hi do ngun Ingun v sng hi do b lc tch cc pht ra Ilc bng khng.
Tuy nhin cc sng ny lun thay i, do b lc tch cc cn c iu khin theo
tn hiu dng sng ngun v dng sng ti v c phn nh qua phn hi dng in.
Nh b lc tch cc cht lng in p cng c nng ln v tn hao cng sut trong
li s gim i.

Hnh 3.4: Mt dng ca b lc tch cc

3.2. CC CU TRC LC TCH CC V NG DNG
Trn thc t c 2 cu trc lc tch cc c s dng ph bin l b lc tch cc
song song v b lc tch cc ni tip. B lc tch cc song song b cc thnh phn
dng hi vo trong h thng cn b lc tch cc ni tip th b cc in p hi cho
li.
3.2.1. B lc tch cc song song
Hnh 3.5 m t s c bn ca b lc tch cc song song :

82

Hnh 3.5 S c bn ca mt b lc tich cc song song

Thc t c rt nhiu cu trc lc tch cc song song trong li in. Di y l mt
vi cu trc :

Hnh 3.6: S mt b lc tch cc song song 3 pha 3 dy

83

Hnh 3.7: S c bn ca b lc tch cc 3 pha 4 dy

Hnh 3.6 ch ra mt s c bn ca lc tch cc song song trong h thng 3 pha
3 dy. y l mt trong hu ht cc b lc tch cc c bn dng trong vic b sng
hi ca mt ti phi tuyn. Vi mc ch n gin, cun cm ca h thng khng xc
nh r hng ngc ca im ni chung . B lc tch cc song song ny trang b bi
84

mt chu trnh con hin thi c iu khin xc nh dng b Ic t ngun AC , v

vy c th b qua dng hi cha ng trong dng ti IL.
Hnh 3.8 m t dng sng dng in v in p ca ngun xoay chiu Va, dng
ngun Isa, dng ti ILa, v dng b Ica trong mt pha di dng gi nh. Cun khng
san bng Ldc trong pha mt chiu ca chnh lu th ln gi dng mt chiu Idc
= const. B lc tch cc hot ng nh 1 ngun dng iu khin l tng v cun Lac
0.

isa = ila + ica

Hnh 3.8: Dng sng ca dng in v in p trong hnh 3.6

B lc tch cc song song nn s dng cho 1 ti phi tuyn, n c th c coi
nh mt ngun dng hi ,mt diode hay mt tiristor chnh lu vi mt ti cm, 1 l
h quang v nhiu hn naHin ti, mt b bin i ngun p PWM th ni chung
l c u tin hn nh mt mch cng sut ca b lc tch cc thay v b bin i
ngun dng. Mt l do chnh l IGBT l mt trong hu ht cc linh kin chuyn mch
cng sut c tch hp 1 diode hon nng lng bn trong, v vy n mang li hiu
qu rt ln v kinh t trong vic xy dng b bin i ngun p hn l b bin i
PWM ngun dng.
Mt l do khc l t 1 chiu l rt cn thit cho nghch lu ngun p. N gn v
nh hn so vi cun cm 1 chiu cho nghch lu ngun dng. Ngoi vic thm dng
b sng hi th lc tch cc cn c th b cng sut phn khng. Tuy nhin vic thm
chc nng ny vo lc tch cc song song s lm tng dng nh mc cho VSI.
85

Ngoi cc s trn trong thc t cn c s kt hp gia b lc tch cc vi

b lc th ng :

Hnh 3.9: S b lc tich cc song song kt hp vi b lc th ng song song

3.2.2. B lc tch cc ni tip
Hnh 3.10 m t s c bn b lc tch cc ni tip

86

Hnh 3.10: S b lc tch cc ni tip cho li 3 pha 3 dy

Hnh 3.11: Cu hnh mt b lc tch cc ni tip c lp

Hnh 3.11 ch ra 1 mch c bn ca lc tch cc ni tip trong h thng 3 pha 3
dy. B lc tch cc ni tip gm c 1 b VSI 3 pha hoc 3 b VSI mt pha v n
c kt ni vi ng dy qua 1 bin p 3 pha hay 3 bin p mt pha. Khc so vi
lc tch cc song song, lc tch cc ni tip hot ng nh mt ngun p c iu
khin, do VSI PWM th khng c chu trnh nh v dng. iu ny lm cho lc tch
cc ni tip ph hp vi vic b 1 ngun p hi nh mt b diode chnh lu 3 pha vi
ti in dung.

87

Hnh 3.12: Dng sng ca dng in v in p trong hnh 1.5

Hnh 3.12 m t dng sng dng in v in p ca ngun xoay chiu Va, dng
ngun Isa, in p ti VLa (in p pha xoay chiu ca chnh lu) v in p b Vca
trong mt pha. y, gi nh rng t Cdc pha mt chiu ca chnh lu th ln
gi Vdc= const. B lc tch cc hot ng nh mt ngun p c iu khin l
tng v cun cm Lac . Trong h thng thc, lc tch cc ni tip s khng lm vic
mt cch ng n nu cun cm Lac xc nh. Ni cch khc, mt cun cm xoay
chiu cn thit cho hot ng chnh xc, thm ch nu nh b lc tch cc ni tip
c gi nh l l tng.
L do l cun xoay chiu c mt vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic chng li
s khc bit v in p gia ngun p Vs v tng ca in p b Vc v in p ti VL.
T khi dng cung cp ging ht dng u vo ca chnh lu,n c thay i t mt
dng sng gin on mo ti mt dng hnh sin, lin tc nh 1 kt qu ca b in p
hi t c.
iu ny c ngha l khong dn ca mt diode ln ti 180 0 . Khi b lc tch cc
ni tip c d tnh ch b sng hi, in p b Vc khng c thnh phn sng hi
bc 1 (tn s c bn). in p mt chiu ca diode chnh lu c th c iu chnh
bi vic c tnh iu khin thnh phn sng hi bc 1 ca in p b.
88

Ngoi cc s trn trong thc t cn c s kt hp gia b lc tch cc vi

b lc th ng.

Hnh 3.13: B lc tch cc ni tip kt hp vi mt b lc th ng song song

3.3. SO SNH GIA B LC TCH CC NI TIP V B LC TCH CC
SONG SONG
Bng 3.1 tng kt s so snh gia lc tch cc song song v lc tch cc ni tip.
Lu rng lc tch cc ni tip c mt mi lin h kp trong mi im c th vi lc
tch cc song song.

89

Bng 3.1. So snh gia lc tch cc song song v ni tip

Lc tch cc song

Lc tch cc ni tip

Hnh 1.3
B bin i

Hnh 1.4
B bin i

song
Cu hnh mch
Mch cng sut

PWM

PWM

ngun p vi chu k dng ngun p khng c chu k

nh
Hot ng
Ti phi tuyn ph
hp
Chc nng thm

dng nh
Ngun dng Ic
Ngun p Vc
Diode/tiristor chnh
Diode chnh lu vi

lu vi ti in cm
ti in dung
B cng sut phn
B in p xoay
khng

chiu

Coi rng h thng phn phi da trn nh ngha v mt ngun p phn phi ti
h tiu th cui cng. Thng thng n l mt ngun p l tng. Do , hu ht cc
trng hp th tr khng ngun tng i nh, dng sng in p c coi nh l sin
trn tru khi ti l phi tuyn v dng th b mo. Trong trng hp ny nguyn l b c
bn da trn b lc tch cc song song nh hnh 3.6.
3.4. NHN XT
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v cc cu trc lc tch cc song song v ni tip
trong li in v s cn thit ca chng trong li in hin nay. L tin tt cho
s m u m phng b lc tch cc song song chng sau.

CHNG 4. TNG HP B IU KHIN CHO CU TRC SHUNT -APF

4.1. M t chung ca b lc tch cc song song
90

Hnh 4.1: S c bn ca b lc tch cc song song

Nh s trn, b lc tch cc song song c 2 phn chnh l:
Phn cng sut gm b bin i ngun p PWM
Phn iu khin gm b iu khin dng cho nghch lu PWM (current control
PWM)
a, B bin i PWM cho cc b lc tch cc song song

Hnh
4.2: Cc b nghch lu PWM cho b lc tch cc song song
91

Hnh 4.2 ch ra cc b bin i cng sut 3 pha cho vic thi hnh cc b lc tch cc
song song. Hnh 4.2a l b bin i ngun p (VSC) v hnh 4.2b l b bin i
ngun dng (VCC). Cch ghp ni cc b iu khin dng PWM ca mi b bin i
c cc thit k khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c 2 b bin i u c cng chc nng : hot
ng nh mt ngun dng c iu khin. N khng cung cp ngun in m ch c
yu t tch tr nng lng (t in hoc cun cm) pha mt chiu ca b bin i.
L do l b lc tch cc song song hot ng nh mt b b. Trong cc trng hp
khc, nng lng trung bnh thay i gia b lc tch cc v h thng cng sut s l
0. Ngoi ra, b iu khin lc tch cc s c thit k gi n nh in p mt
chiu ca VSC hay dng mt chiu ca VCC v n cng cung cp nng lng cho tn
hao ca b bin i.
B bin i PWM sinh ra cc dng hi khng mong mun quanh tn s chuyn
mch v bi s ca n. Nu tn s chuyn mch ca b bin i PWM l cao ng k.
Cc dng hi khng mong mun c th d dng d dng c lc ra bi b lc thng
thp. V l tng, cc dng hi do chuyn mch s c tch y v b cc dng
iCk ph hp vi cc dng tham chiu i*Ck (k = a,b,c).
i khi, thun tin cho vic thc hin b lc tch cc 3 pha s dng 3 b
bin i 1 pha thay th cho mt b bin i 3 pha nh ch ra trong hnh 4.3. Tuy
nhin, b cng sut phn khng tc thi (hay cng sut o tc thi trong l thuyt
p-q ) khng cn cc yu t tch tr nng lng nh gi thch trong chng 3, mt t
in mt chiu trong trng hp s dng VSC hay mt cun cm mt chiu trong
trng hp s dng CSC s c s dng vi 3 b bin i 1 pha kt ni song song
vi n.
M un IGBT th c hiu lc trn th trng v n ph hp hn cho b bin i
ngun p PWM v n c mt diode hon nng lng bn trong ghp song song vi
mi IGBT. iu ny c ngha rng IGBT khng cn cung cp nng lc ca khi in
p ngc trong bn thn n, lm cho n linh hot hn trong vic thit k ph hp hn
gia s dn v tn hao chuyn mch v kh nng ngn mch hn khi IGBT ngc.
92

b, Cc b iu chnh lc tch cc
Cc thut ton iu khin thc hin trong cc b lc tch cc song song xc
nh cc c tnh b ca b lc tch cc song song. C nhiu cch khc nhau thit
k mt thut ton iu khin cho lc tch cc. Tt nhin, l thuyt p-q l nn tng
quan trng thc hin cc thut ton ny.
Nguyn l chung ca b dng song song c m t trong chng 3 dn
ng cho cc thut ton di y ca cc b iu khin lc tch cc. Cc b iu
khin thit k thc t th rt kh nu nh b lc song song c p dng trong cc h
thng cng sut vi cc in p mo v khng cn bng. Cc cng thc chung ca l
thuyt p-q ch ra rng n khng th thc hin c vic b cc dng ti v bt buc
b cc dng ngun tha mn ng thi 3 c tnh b ti u khi h thng in cha
ng cc thnh phn in p mo v khng cn bng ti tn s c bn :
1. Rt mt hng s cng sut tc dng t ngun.
2. Rt mt dng sin t ngun.
3. B cng sut phn khng cho ngun
Di iu kin in p sin cn bng n c th tha mn ng thi c 3 c tnh b
ti u nh trn. Tuy nhin, di iu kin in p h thng khng sin v khng cn
bng, b lc tch cc song song c th b dng ti v ch bo m mt c tnh b ti
u. Do , mt s la chn phi c thc hin trc khi thit k b iu khin cho
b lc tch cc. y l l do rt ra 3 thut ton iu khin khc nhau :
1. Chin lc iu khin hng s cng sut tc thi.
2. Chin lc iu khin dng sin.
3. Chin lc iu khin b cng sut phn khng
Phn di y s trnh by chi tit cc thut ton iu khin ny.
Di iu kin in p sin v cn bng th 3 thut ton iu khin ny c th sinh
ra cng mt kt qu. Tuy nhin, di iu kin in p h thng khng sin v khng

93

cn bng th mi chin lc ch bo m mt c tnh b ring bit. Do , kt qu b

cc dng ngun l khc nhau.
4.2.

B lc tch cc song song 3 pha 3 dy

H thng 3 pha 3 dy th khng c mt ca dy trung tnh v do cng khng

c mt ca thnh phn dng th t khng. Nh vy cng sut th t khng th lun

bng khng trong h thng.
Hnh 4.5 ch ra cc phn quan trng nht ca b lc tch cc 3 pha 3 dy cho
vic b dng. Khi iu khin tnh ton cng sut tc thi vi u vo l cc in
p pha c o ti im ni chung (PCC) v cc dng dy ca ti phi tuyn m n s
c b. iu ny c ngha rng b lc tch cc song song c mt c tnh b la
chn. Trong cc trng hp khc, n thi hnh nh mt mch h cho cc dng hi pht
sinh bi cc ti phi tuyn gn k khc.
B lc tch cc song song b dng ti nh ch ra trong hnh 4.5 th l mt trong cc
b lc tch cc ph bin nht. Nh cp trc y, b lc tch cc song song
cng cung cp vic gim sng hi qua ng dy ngn nga s lan truyn sng hi
t kt qu ca cng hng dao ng gia cun cm ni tip v t in song song ca
h thng iu chnh h s cng sut.

94

Hnh 4.3. B lc tch cc song song 3 pha 3 dy

B iu khin lc tch cc song song bao gm 4 khi chc nng c bn:
Tnh ton cng sut tc thi
La chn cng sut b
Tnh ton dng quy chiu
Khi iu khin dng nghch lu PWM
Khi u tin tnh ton cc cng sut ca ti phi tuyn. Theo l thuyt p-q , ch c
cng sut thc v cng sut o tn ti, bi v cng sut th t khng lun lun bng
khng. Khi th 2 xc nh s lm vic ca b lc tch cc song song. Trong cc
trng hp khc, n la chn cc phn ca cng sut thc v o ca ti phi tuyn s
c b.Khi th 3 tnh ton ra cc dng quy chiu cn b b lc a vo h
thng. N xc nh cc dng b tc thi quy chiu t cc cng sut cn b v cc
in p. Khi iu khin thi hnh mt trong 3 thut ton iu khin cp t
trc. Tt c cc khi iu khin trong hnh 4.3 s c cp chi tit sau, theo mi
thut ton b.
95

Mch cng sut ca b lc tch cc song song bao gm mt b nghch lu ngun p 3

pha c cu to t cc IGBT v cc diode mc song song. B iu khin dng PWM
thc hin b nghch lu ngun p nh l mt ngun dng c iu khin. hn ch
s bin thin di/dt cao, s ghp cp ca VSI vi h thng in cn phi c cun cm
mc ni tip. Trong mt s trng hp khc s dng bin p th tr khng ca cun
dy bin p lc di/dt nn cun cm s c th b loi tr. Trong trng hp ny
th mt b lc thng thp RC c th c s dng lc gn sng dng khi cc van
bn dn chuyn mch, n c khi to pha s cp ca bin p.
Mt ng dng quan trng ca l thuyt p-q l b cc dng khng mong mun.
Hnh 2.12 m t tng c bn ca vic b dng song song. N ch ra mt ngun
(h thng my pht in) cung cp cho mt ti phi tuyn v n s c b bi mt b
b song song.B lc tch cc chnh l mt dng ca b b song song. n gin, ta
gi nh rng b b song song vn hnh nh mt ngun dng 3 pha c iu khin v
n c th ko hay t ty dng la chn theo gi tr i*Ca , i*Cb , i*Cc .
Hnh 4.4 ch ra mt phng php iu khin chung c s dng trong iu khin cc
b b song song. Vic tnh ton cng sut thc ca ti c th c tch ri trong phn
gi tr trung bnh

hay dao ng

~
p

ca n. Ging nh vy, cng sut o ca ti q

c th c tch ri trong phn gi tr trung bnh

hay dao ng

~
q

ca n. Sau ,

phn khng mong mun s chia cc cng sut thc v o ca ti v n nn c b v

la chn. Cc cng sut c b th c m t bi p* c v q*c trong cc b iu
khin c ch ra trong hnh 3.11. L do bao gm cc tn hiu m trong cng sut b
l nhn mnh rng b b nn c dng b sn sinh ra cc cng sut b ngc so vi
cng sut khng mong mun trong ti phi tuyn. Ch rng vic chp nhn cc dng
quy c trong hnh 4.1 th ging nh cc dng b , l ngun dng , l tng ca
dng ti v dng b. Sau , bin i ngc t h

sang h abc c p dng

tnh ton gi tr ca dng b ba pha quy chiu : i*Ca , i*Cb , i*Cc .

96

Hnh 4.4: Phng php iu khin cho b dng song song da trn l thuyt p-q
Nh cp chng 2, mt li th chnh ca l thuyt cng sut tc thi l n c
th la chn ty cng sut b bao gm

~
p

hay

~
q

mt cch ty , ph

thuc vo mc ch ca ngi s dng. chng ny ta s tin hnh i su vo m

phng b lc tch cc vi cc thut ton la chn cng sut b khc nhau.
Ch rng b b phi ti sinh ra dng b ngc so vi dng cn loi tr.
4.3. M hnh ton hc
4.3.1. M hnh ton hc trn min tng t
Xt s nh trong hnh 4.5, vi b lc tch cc cp nh trn th m hnh ton
hc ca i tng m ta cn iu khin chnh l b nghch lu PWM, vi tn hiu vo
l sai lch i gia cc dng quy chiu i*Ca , i*Cb , i*Cc v phn hi m gia cc dng
b thc t ifa , ifb , ifc . B iu khin c tc dng tnh ton pht ra cc xung kch m
cho cc van IGBT b nghch lu a ra cc dng b ng vi cc dng quy chiu.
n gin ta tin hnh xc nh m hnh ton hc trn pha a, cc pha khc tng t.
97

*
i Ca

GC(s)

H(s)

1/sL

i fa
Hnh 4.5 S khi b lc tch cc cho mt pha
y, H(s) chnh l b nghch lu PWM vi hm truyn :

H (s)

1 e sT
s

. i tng

u ra ca b nghch lu l cun cm L hn ch s bin thin di/dt nh cp

t trc.
4.3.2. M hnh ton hc trn min s

v
v

HD

*
i Ca

+ -

GC

+ +

-sT

*
v Ca

Hs

vC
+

1/sL
ifa

ifa

B iu khin s

Hnh 4.6: S khi b lc tch cc vi b iu khin s

Hnh 4.6 ch ra mt s khi ca b lc tch cc vi b iu khin s. in p cung
cp v trn bus khi to v dng b

*
iC

c trch mu ti cng thi im. Sau , cc

thnh phn sng hi cha trong v c tch ra bi mch pht hin sng hi, chng
hn nh ch ra trong hnh 4.5, nh vy dng b quy chiu
98

*
iC

linh ng hn.

Tip theo, dng quy chiu

*
iC

v gi tr thc t ca n iC c so snh v s sai lch

c iu khin bi b iu chnh dng G C. in p cung cp trch mu v c thm

vo tn hiu u ra ca b GC thi hnh b b feed- forward. Nh mt kt qu, n
kh nng loi tr nh hng ca in p cung cp, n c coi nh mt nhiu lon t
b iu khin dng, nu ti ca b bin i PWM ch l mt cun cm L C nh ch ra
trong hnh 4.6. Dy ny mang li in p quy chiu

*
vC

cho b bin i PWM, c

thm vo bi mt thi gian tr ca chu k trch mu T. Tc ng ca thi gian tr c

m t nh l e sT trong s khi iu khin.
B bin i PWM c th c gi nh nh mt khu gi mu bc 0:
H (s)

1 e sT
s

Hnh 4.7 ch ra mt s khi iu khin dng trong min z. Nh cp trc,

in p cung cp v c th gi nh l tn hiu nhiu trong b iu khin dng. Tn hiu
nhiu ny c th b qua bi chc nng ca mch vng phn hi feedforward, v vy
c 2 tn hiu nhiu v mch vng feedforward u c loi ra trong hnh 4.6. Hn
na, s kt hp ca b bin i PWM v cun cm to ra mt hm truyn gin on
n thun.

Hnh 4.7 S khi b iu khin dng

4.4. Tng hp b iu khin
4.4.1 Tng hp b iu khin trn min tng t
Vi m hnh ton hc trn min tng t nh trong hnh 4.5, ta tin hnh i tng hp
b iu khin trn min lin tc vi cng c RLTOOL trong Matlab & simulink vi
yu cu h thng phi p ng n nh v nhanh sau khong thi gian tng i ngn.
99

Ta s dng tiu chun tch phn v c b iu khin PI vi hm truyn t nh

sau :
GC(s) =

1 1,9 s
s

4.4.2. Tng hp b iu khin trn min s

Vi s b iu khin nh trong hnh 4.7, ta tin hnh tng hp b iu khin s t
l nh sau :
Trong trng hp phng php iu khin t l, b iu chnh dng G C(z) c m t
bi mt h s khuch i phn hi KC nh sau:
GC(z) =KC
Theo s khi trong hnh 4.7, mch vng kn, hm truyn gin on W(z) c xc
nh nh sau:
W ( z)

I C ( z)
K C T / LC
2
*
I C ( z ) z z K C T / LC

Cc nghim c trng l :
z

1 KCT

4
LC

bo m tnh n nh ca b iu khin dng, cc nghim c trng phi nm

trong vng trn n v ca mt phng z. N kt lun rng b iu khin dng n nh
khi :
0 K C

LC
T

hon thnh b iu khin khng c s qu ti hay dao ng trong min thi gian ,
h s khuch i KC c t cng nghim c trng v s c la chn l :
K C

LC
4T

y vi thng s : L=0,0005(H)
Chu k trch mu T= 0,00001 (s)
Ta tnh c b iu khin s l GC = KC = 25.
4.4.3. La chn phng n iu khin dng (PWM current control)
100

Sau khi tng hp xong b iu khin , mt bc v cng quan trng na l la chn

phng n iu khin dng ca nghch lu ngun p. Trong thc t c nhiu phng
n c la chn thc hin, c th c 2 phng php thng dng nht l b
iu khin dng tr (Hysteresis Controller) v b iu khin so snh dc (Ramp
Comparison) (xem ti liu 1,2,3).
Phn di y ta s trnh by s qua v cc phng n ny :
a. B iu khin tr (Hysteresis Controller) :
Mt phin bn ca b iu khin dng tr m t trong ti liu [1] s dng 3 b iu
khin c lp, mt b cho mi pha. iu khin cho mt chn nghch lu c ch ra
trong hnh 4.8. Khi dng dy tr nn ln hn hay nh hn dng tham chiu bi bng
tr th chn nghch lu s c chuyn trng thi theo chiu m hoc dng, n cung
cp mt dng tc thi gii hn nu dy trung tnh c kt ni vi im gia ca bus
mt chiu. Do bng tr ch r gn dng cc i gi nh rng khng c b iu
khin no ca nghch lu b tr. Tn s chuyn mch nghch lu s bin i qua mt
chu k nghch lu c bn khi cc gn dng c xc lp bi bng tr. Trong mt h
thng khng c dy trung tnh sai lch dng thc t c th gp 2 ln bng tr, gi nh
rng cc dng tham chiu 3 pha c tng l 0. Mt s trnh by chi tit hin tng ny
s c trnh by sau.

Hnh 4.8: B iu khin tr cho mt pha

101

Hnh 4.9 : S b iu khin dng tr (HB) cho nghch lu ngun p 3 pha

b. B iu khin so snh dc (Ramp Comparison): Khng ng b sng mang sin
vi phn hi dng
B iu khin so snh dc cho mt chn nghch lu ch ra trong hnh 4.10. B iu
khin c th coi nh vic sinh ra mt tn hiu sng mang PWM khng ng b vi sai
lch dng coi nh cc hm iu bin. Sai lch dng c so snh vi tn hiu sng
mang v nu nh sai lch dng m ln hn (hay nh hn) tn hiu sng mang th sau
chn nghch lu s c chuyn mch theo chiu dng (hay m).
Vi sng mang hnh sin-tam gic, b nghch lu s chuyn mch ti tn s sng mang
v sinh ra cc sng hi . Cc s giao nhau ca dc bi sai lch dng c th l mt
vn khi gii hn thi gian ca s thay i ca sai lch dng tr nn ln hn thi
gian ca tn hiu rng ca.

102

Hnh 4.10: B iu khin so snh dc cho mt pha

N s c ch ra sau rng l sai lch vn c v bin v lch pha trong cc
dng dy. Sai lch c th c gim bi vic tng h s khuch i ca b iu khin
hay vic thm b b. H s khuch i ca b iu khin c th c iu chnh bi
vic iu chnh bin sng mang hay khuch i sai lch dng.
Da trn cc phn tch trn ta thy, mt b iu khin tr th b iu khin dng tr c
li th l n gin, gii hn ng tt v ph thuc vo tc chuyn mch v hng s
thi gian ca ti. Hn ch ca n l chu nhiu v gii hn chu k. Do vic bo v
cc b bin i l kh khn. Cn b iu khin so snh dc th c li th l gii
hn tn s chuyn mch nghch lu cc i v lm gim sng hi nhng b iu khin
yu cu h s khuch i ln v b b lm gim sai lch dng.
Da trn cc phng n nu trn, n gin ta quyt nh la chn b iu khin
dng tr cho b lc tch cc song song. Phn di y ta s i su v nguyn l
hot ng ca b iu khin loi ny.

c. Cu trc c bn ca VSI vi b iu khin dng tr

103

Hnh 4.11: Nghch lu ngun p 3 pha vi b iu khin dng tr

Cu trc c bn ca VSI vi b iu khin dng tr c ch ra trong hnh 4.11.
Trong mch ny th mch ti 3 pha RL c kt ni trc tip vi VSI. Cc dng ti ia ,
ib , ic c so snh trc tip vi cc dng t

*
*
*
iCa
, iCb
, i Cc

v tn hiu sai lch i qua

bng tr pht sinh cc xung m van. N hot ng sinh ra in p u ra trong

mch vng nh lm gim sai lch dng. Nguyn l ca b iu khin bng tr th
tng i n gin. Mc ch ca b iu khin dng l iu khin dng ti bng
cch bt buc n bm theo gi tr t ca n. N c thc hin bng cch tc ng
chuyn mch ca b nghch lu gi cc dng trong bng tr. Cc dng ti th c
o lng v so snh vi cc dng t bi 3 b iu khin dng c lp. B so snh tr
c mt bng tr l h. Tn hiu u ra ca b so snh c s dng tc ng ln cc
switch ca b nghch lu. Cc switch chuyn mch nghch lu s sinh ra 6 vec to tc
dng v 2 vecto khng tc dng theo th t chuyn mch v cc b iu khin tr th
s dng bng tr trong mt phng

to ra hnh lc gic c ch ra trong hnh

2. nh ngha ca cc vecto p v dng th c xc nh theo ti liu [1], bi v n

m t rt thng thng mt b cc in p 3 pha.
Vecto in p c xc nh nh sau:
v

a = e

2
[v a av b a 2 v c ]
3

j 2
3

V va , vb , vc l cc vecto in p pha.
104

Tng t, vecto dng c nh ngha nh sau:

i

2
[i a ai b a 2 ic ]
3

in p thc c th thu c t v :
v a [v] cos
2
)
3
2
v c [v] cos(
)
3
v b [v] cos (

l gc gia vecto in p v trc thc.

d.Phn tch b iu khin dng tr

Hnh 4.12: Cu trc ca bng tr

Hnh 4.13: Cc dng sng dng

Lut chuyn mch nh sau :
Trong s ny, cc bng tr th c c nh trong sut chu k c bn. Thut ton
cho s ny c xc nh nh sau:
105

I ref I max sin(t )

Bng bn trn : iup

i ref h

Bng pha di :

i low i ref h

, h l gii hn bng tr. Nu

Nu

i a i up , V ao V dc / 2

i a ilow , V ao V dc / 2

Hnh 4.14: S bng tr

4.5. M phng off-line cc b lc tch cc song song
Nh phn tch trn, vi cc thut ton iu khin khc nhau ta s thu c cc
kt qu b khc nhau. phn ny ta s i su vo qu trnh m phng vi tng thut
ton khc nhau v so snh cc kt qu thu c mt cch c th.
d dng so snh cc thut ton khc nhau, ta tin hnh m phng cho cng mt h
thng li in xoay chiu 3 pha 3 dy cung cp nng lng cho b bin i l chnh
lu diode 3 pha, ti tr cm (s hnh di) vi cc thng s c th nh sau:
Ngun 3 pha hnh sin i xng : Ud = 380V
Tn s ngun : 50Hz
B bin i cng sut l cu chnh lu diode 3 pha
Ti tr cm vi thng s : R =10 ( )
L = 0,02(H)

106

B lc tch cc s dng h thng nghch lu ngun p 3 pha vi ngun mt chiu

600V, van ng m s dng b cu nghch lu IGBT v nhng li th cp t
trc.
Nh cp chng 2, mt li th chnh ca l thuyt cng sut tc thi l n c
th la chn ty cng sut b bao gm

~
p

hay

~
q

mt cch ty , ph

thuc vo mc ch ca ngi s dng. chng ny ta s tin hnh i su vo m

phng b lc tch cc vi cc thut ton la chn cng sut b khc nhau. ng vi
mi cch la chn cng sut b th ta s thu c cc p ng khc nhau. C th,
y ta s tin hnh m phng b lc tch cc song song vi cc chin lc :
iu khin hng s cng sut tc thi
iu khin dng sin
B cng sut phn khng cho li
y, s h thng li l ging nhau, cc thut ton ch khc nhau cch la chn
thnh phn cng sut b. Hnh 4.15 m t s chung ca ton b h thng :

107

Hnh 4.15: S khi m phng b lc tch cc song song trong mi trng Matlab
v simulink
y b lc tch cc song song ch tham gia vo li ti thi im 0,015s qua switch
chuyn mch.
S trn bao gm khi ngun 3 pha i xng, cp ngun b bin i chnh lu cu
diode vi ti tr cm. Do s pht sinh sng hi trong qu trnh cc van chuyn mch
nn dng trn li s khng sin v cng sut dao ng tng i ln. V vy cn s
c mt ca b lc tch cc vi 2 khi chnh l khi tnh ton theo l thuyt p-q v b
nghch lu cng sut tim dng cho li.
Cu trc c th ca tng phn nh hnh di y :

Hnh 4.16: S ngun 3 pha i xng (Ud=380V, f=50Hz, tr khng ng dy R=1

, L=0,00001H)

108

Hnh 4.17: S cu chnh lu diode 3 pha vi ti tr cm (R =10 , L=0,02H)

Hnh 4.18: S b nghch lu 3 pha (Udc= 600V, L=0,0005H, R=0,1 , C=2 F )

109

Hnh 4.19: S khi tnh ton theo l thuyt p-q

Hnh 4.20: Khi chuyn t h trc abc sang h trc

110

Hnh 4.21: Khi tnh ton cng sut thc v o (p v q)

Hnh 4.22 : Khi tnh ton dng quy chiu

111

Hnh 4.23: Khi chuyn h trc

sang h trc abc

Hnh 4.24: Khi tnh ton cng sut thc v o ca ngun

Thuyt minh nguyn l hot ng ca m hnh :

112

Di tc ng ca ngun gy ra sng hi l b cu chnh lu diode 3 pha, dng in

trn li s b mo v tr nn khng sin. B lc tch cc thc hin qu trnh tnh ton
ra cc dng cn thit tim vo li b cc phn dng khng mong mun.
Trc tin, h thng s dng cc cm bin dng in v in p o dng ti v
in p ngun cc pha. Sau 6 tn hiu ny c a vo khi tnh ton theo l
thuyt p-q tnh ra cc dng cn b quy chiu cho cc pha

*
*
*
iCa
, iCb
, iCc

.Qu trnh

tnh ton nh sau : Ban u cc in p pha v cc dng dy ca li thu c t o

lng c chuyn sang h trc alpha beta qua php bin i Clarke theo cc cng
thc (2.50) v (2.52) trong chng 2. Sau cc tn hiu ny c a vo khi tnh
ton cng sut thc v o ca ti theo cng thc (2.59) trong chng 2. Sau khi tnh
ton xong p v q, 2 tn hiu ny s c a qua khi la chn cng sut b (vi
mi thut ton khc nhau th cng sut la chn b cng khc nhau- c th l ton
b cng sut o hay ch phn dao ng ca cng sut o, cng sut thc.) . Tn hiu
cng sut cn b sau khi c la chn c a vo khi tnh ton dng quy
chiu trn h trc alpha-beta theo cng thc (2.60). Sau tn hiu ny c a ti
khi chuyn i h trc t alpha-beta sang h trc abc theo cng thc (2.51) v (2.53)
trong chng 2. Cc dng quy chiu ny c so snh vi cc dng nghch lu thc
t a ra ifa, ifb, ifc , sai lch dng i c a vo b iu khin ri qua khu iu
khin dng HB s xut ra tn hiu ng m cc van IGBT tng ng cho mi pha ,
kt qu l cc dng b t nghch lu a ra t theo ng yu cu tnh ton b cc
dng khng mong mun trn li. V thng s ca ti thay i lin tc v vy cc tn
hiu o lng phi c thc hin mt cch lin tc v nhy t h thng v yu cu
tc x l ca khi tnh ton phi nhanh v nhy a ra dng cn b vo ng
thi im tnh.
y, ta cng cn nhn mnh rng, dng in t ngun dao ng mo v khng sin
l do s yu cu cung cp thnh phn cng sut dao ng

~
~
p v q

t ngun ti ti. S

khng cng pha gia Ungun v ingun l do s yu cu cung cp thnh phn cng sut

113

o trung bnh

t ngun ti ti. Nu b lc tch cc khc phc c nhng c im

ny th dng in t ngun ti ti s hon ton sin v cng pha vi in p ngun.

4.5.1. B lc tch cc cho iu khin dng sin
Mun h thng ngun cung cp dng hon ton sin ti ti th b lc tch cc phi
cung cp ton b cc thnh phn gy ra mo dng in ngun, l : phn cng sut
thc v o dao ng

~
~
p v q

v cho ti. Chc nng ny c thc hin trong khi la

chn cng sut b. tn hiu

~
~
p v q

thu c bng cch ly hiu ca ton b

cng sut thc v o tr i phn cng sut trung bnh

thu c

qua b lc thng thp vi tn s t l 1Hz. Tn hiu i vo khi tnh ton dng quy
chiu trn h trc alpha beta chnh l

~
p

~
q

nh hnh 4.25.

Hnh 4.25: S khi la chn cng sut b

~
p

~
q

Cc khi khc trong s d c gi nguyn thng s. Vi thut ton trn ta tin hnh
m phng v thu c kt qu nh sau :

114

10

x 10

8
6
4
2
0
-2

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.26: th cng sut thc t ngun

4

x 10

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.27: th cng sut o t ngun

50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

Hnh 4.28: th dng ti

115

0.03

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.29 : th dng ngun

50

-50

-100

-150

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.30: th dng b t b lc v dng tnh ton

Nhn xt : T cc dng th thu c ta thy, vi thut ton iu khin dng sin th
b lc tch cc phi b phn cng sut thc v o dao ng, khi dng in t
ngun ti s tr nn hnh sin nhng khng cng pha vi in p bi v thnh phn
cng sut o trung bnh

khng c b. ng thi cng sut thc v o t ngun

cung cp cng tr nn l hng s v thnh phn dao ng ca chng c b. Kt

qu b tng i chnh xc so vi l thuyt, iu ny chng t b lc tch cc hot
ng tt.
116

4.5.2. B lc tch cc cho b cng sut phn khng

Mun h thng ngun ch cung cp cng sut thc ti ti th b lc tch cc phi cung
cp cc thnh phn cng sut cn li ca ti l : ton b cng sut o q. Chc nng
ny c thc hin trong khi la chn cng sut b. Tn hiu i vo khi tnh
ton dng quy chiu trn h trc alpha beta chnh l q nh hnh 4.31.

Hnh 4.31: S khi la chn cng sut b q

Cc khi khc trong s d c gi nguyn thng s, thay i vi ti l cu chnh lu
Thyristor gc m 300 .Vi thut ton trn ta tin hnh m phng v thu c kt qu
nh sau :

117

x 10

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.32: th cng sut thc t ngun

4

x 10

1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

118

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.33: th cng sut o t ngun

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.34: th dng t ngun

150
100
50
0
-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.35: th dng b t b lc v dng tnh ton

50

-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

119

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.36: th dng ti

Nhn xt : T kt qu m phng ta thy, vi thut ton iu khin b cng sut phn
khng th i tng c la chn b trong h thng chnh l cng sut o q,
th cho thy cng sut phn khng t ngun cung cp ti li v 0, b lc tch cc
b cng sut phn khng tt nht, ngoi ra v thnh phn

cng c b nn

dng in cng pha vi in p ngun, thnh phn cng sut thc dao ng khng
c b nn cng sut thc vn dao ng v dng in khng sin.
4.5.3. B lc tch cc cho iu khin hng s cng sut tc thi
Mun h thng ngun ch cung cp hng s cng sut thc ti ti th b lc tch cc
phi cung cp cc thnh phn cng sut cn li ca ti l : ton b cng sut o q
v phn cng sut thc dao ng

~
p

chn cng sut b. tn hiu

. Chc nng ny c thc hin trong khi la

~
p

thu c bng cch ly hiu ca ton b cng

sut thc tr i phn cng sut trung bnh

thu c qua b lc thng thp vi

tn s t l 1Hz. Tn hiu i vo khi tnh ton dng quy chiu trn h trc alpha
beta chnh l

~
p

nh hnh 4.37.

Hnh 4.37: S khi la chn cng sut b

~
p

Cc khi khc trong s d c gi nguyn thng s. Vi thut ton trn ta tin hnh
m phng v thu c kt qu nh sau :
120

10

x 10

8
6
4
2
0
-2

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.38: th cng sut thc t ngun

4

x 10

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.39: th cng sut o t ngun

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.40: th dng t ngun

20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.41: th dng b t b lc v dng tnh ton

121

50

-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.42 : th dng ti

Nhn xt : Vi thut ton b cng sut thc dao ng th phn c la chn b
chnh l

~
p

. Cng sut phn khng khng c b nn q rt t ngun vn dao ng,

dng khng sin m ch c cng sut thc t ngun ti ti l hng s m thi.

4.5.4. B lc tch cc cho b cng sut phn khngv b dng sin
Nh vy, vi cc thut ton khc nhau th kt qu b s dng l thuyt cng sut tc
thi l khc nhau, y m bo thut ton b ti u nht th ta phi b c phn
cng sut dao ng v cng sut phn khng t ngun. Phn cng sut c la chn
b chnh l
v

~
p

v q. Tng t nh phn trc, cng sut

~
p

. Tn hiu a vo khi tnh ton dng quy chiu chnh l

thu c t hiu ca p
~
p

v q. Cc thng s

khc ca h thng cu chnh lu diode vn c gi nguyn nh trc.

Hnh 4.43: S khi la chn cng sut b

122

~
p

v q

10

x 10

8
6
4
2
0
-2

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.44: th cng sut thc t ngun

4

x 10

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.45: th cng sut o t ngun

100

50

-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.46: th dng t ngun

123

50
0
-50
-100
-150

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.47: th dng b t b lc v dng tnh ton

50

-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.48 : Dng ti

Nh vy, vi thut ton ti u trn th m bo dng in rt t ngun ti ti l hnh
sin v cng pha vi in p pha tng ng. Cng sut phn khng th c b v
ngun ch cung cp hng s cng sut ti ti. y l b lc c dng ph bin trong
thc t.
4.5.5. B lc tch cc cho b cng sut phn khng s dng l thuyt abc
Nh cp trong chng 2, l thuyt cng sut tc thi ngoi cch chuyn h trc
nh php bin i Clarke cn c l thuyt abc bin i v tnh ton trc tip cc
cng sut trn h trc abc m khng cn php chuyn h trc. y ta cng tin hnh
m phng h thng li in vi thng s ngun tng t nh phn trn, s dng cho
b cu chnh lu Thyristor gc m 300, b lc tch cc vi phn cng sut vn l cu
nghch lu IGBT nh trn tuy nhin khc bit thut ton tnh ton ra dng quy chiu
so vi cc l thuyt p-q trn.
C th :
124

S khi ton b h thng th tng t nh hnh 4.15.

Ti l b cu chnh lu Thyristor gc m 300 nh hnh 4.49:

Hnh 4.49: S cu chnh lu Thyristor gc m 300

y, khi tnh ton c tnh c th nh sau :

Hnh 4.50: S khi tnh ton trong l thuyt abc

Tn hiu vo cng c o lng trc tip t cc in p pha v cc dng in dy
nh trc. Tuy nhin thut ton tnh ton th khc hon ton :

125

Hnh 4.51: S khi tnh ton dng tc dng

Hnh 4.52: S khi tnh ton dng khng tc dng

Thuyt minh nguyn l hot ng :
Ban u cc in p pha v dng dy c o lng trc tip t li in ri tin
hnh a vo khi tnh ton ra cc dng in tc dng i wa , iwb , iwc theo cng thc
(2.80) v (2.81) trong chng 2. Sau tnh ton ra cc dng khng tc dng i qa , iqb ,
iqc theo cng thc (2.79). ng thi y cng chnh l cc dng quy chiu s dng

126

cho b iu khin. B iu khin s s dng tn hiu ny so snh vi cc dng thc

t ca nghch lu, ly sai lch ri a i iu khin.
Di y l kt qu m phng :
4

x 10

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.53: th cng sut thc t ngun

5000
0
-5000
-10000
-15000

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

Hnh 4.54: th cng sut phn khng t ngun

127

0.04

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.55: th dng t ngun

40
20
0
-20
-40

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Hnh 4.56: th dng b t b lc v dng tnh ton

128

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Hnh 4.57: th dng ti

Nh vy, vi l thuyt abc th ch c s dng b cng sut phn khng ca
ngun, cn dng in th khng sin, cng sut tc dng th vn dao ng.
4.1.5. Nhn xt
Vi nhng kt qu m phng v phn tch trn ta thy: L thuyt abc th n gin
hn trong thao tc tnh ton nhng nhc im chnh ca n l ch b c cng sut
phn khng cho ngun cn cc thnh phn khc th khng b c.
L thuyt cng sut tc thi c u im l la chn c phn cng sut cn b mt
cch rt linh ng v vi nhiu thut ton khc nhau th kt qu b cng khc nhau.
Thut ton b da trn l thuyt cng sut tc thi ti u nht l b c phn cng sut
thc dao ng v cng sut phn khng ca ngun. Khi ngung ch cung cp hng
s cng sut tc thi ti ti, dng ngun th hon ton hnh sin nh m t nh trn.

129