22TCN 262-2000-Quy Trinh Khao Sat Thiet Ke Nen Duong o To Dap Tren Dat Yeu

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MC LC
Trang
I. Cc quy nh chung (nh ngha, ngun gc, phn loi t yu) ......................... 2

II. Cc yu cu v tiu chun thit k ........................................................................... 4
II.1 Cc yu cu v n nh ...................................................................................... 4
II.2 Cc yu cu v tiu chun tnh ton ln ............................................................ 5
II.3 Cc yu cu v thit k v b tr h thng quan trc trong qu trnh thi cng nn
p trn t yu . ................................................................................................. 7
II.4 Xc nh cc ti trng tnh ton ........................................................................... 9

III. Cc yu cu v kho st phc v vic thit k nn ng qua vng t yu ... 11
III.1 Cc yu cu chung ............................................................................................ 11
III.2 Cc quy nh v kho st a hnh .................................................................... 12
III.3 Cc quy nh v kho st v th nghim a k thut ........................................ 12

IV. Cc gii php thit k nn p trn t yu ......................................................... 15
IV.1 Cc yu cu chung v cu to nn p trn t yu ........................................ 15
IV.2 p trc tip trn t yu ................................................................................ 16
IV.3 o mt phn hoc hoc o ton b t yu ................................................ 18
IV.4 Gii php p b phn p ................................................................................ 20
IV.5 Tng ct m..................................................................................................... 20
IV.6 Cc bin php thot nc c kt theo phng thng ng (s dng ging ct
hoc bc thm) ................................................................................................ 21
IV.7 S dng vi a k thut tng cng n nh
nn p trn t yu .......................................................................................... 23
IV.8 Cc nguyn tc la chn gii php thit k .................................................... 26

V. Tnh ton n nh nn p trn t yu ................................................................ 27
V.1 Phng php tnh ton .................................................................................... 27
V.2 Nhng ch khi vn dng phng php tnh ton phn
mnh c in v Bishop .................................................................................. 29
V.3 Cc trng hp tnh ton n nh v thng s tnh ton tng ng ................ 31

VI. Tnh ton ln nn p trn t yu ........................................................................ 33
VI.1 Tnh ln c kt S
c
........................................................................................ 33
VI.2 D tnh ln tng cng S v ln tc thi S
i
.............................................. 35
VI.3 D tnh ln c kt theo thi gian trong trng hp thot nc mt chiu
theo phng thng ng ................................................................................ 36
VI.4 D tnh ln c kt theo thi gian trong trng hp thot nc 2 chiu
(c s dng ging ct hoc bc thm) ...... 38
VI.5 Nhng ch khi d tnh ln ............................................................................ 41

Ph lc 1 : Xc nh tr s p lc tin c kt v cc ch s nn ln ca t yu ............. 43

Ph lc 2 : Tnh ton ng sut nn (p lc) thng ng
zi
do ti trng nn p hoc
ti trng phn p gy ra trong t theo ton Ostezberg .......................... 48
www.vncold.vn www.vncold.vn www.vncold.vn
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(Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 1398 /Q - BGTVT ngy 1 / 6 / 2000 ca B trng
B GTVT)

I. CC QUY NH CHUNG

I.1 Quy trnh ny c p dng khi tin hnh kho st thit k nn ng t p
trn t yu, bao gm c nn p ng cao tc v nn p ng t cc cp.
Ngoi ra cng c th c tham kho p dng i vi nn p ca sn bay trn
vng t yu.
Trong quy trnh ny quy nh r cc yu cu cn phi thc hin i vi vic
kho st a hnh, iu tra v th nghim a k thut trn vng t yu c
tuyn ng i qua; ng thi cng quy nh r cc yu cu v tiu chun thit
k cn phi m bo t c khi thit k nn p trn t yu cng vi cc
yu cu cu to v cc phng php tnh ton tng ng, cng nh vic la
chn gii php v phm vi p dng ca mi gii php thng dng xy dng
nn p trn t yu (khng cp n cc gii php c bit nh x l t yu
bng in thm, bng cc vi, cc xi mng, cc b tng, cc ct )

I.2 Khi tin hnh kho st thit k nn ng qua vng t yu, ngoi vic phi
tun theo cc quy nh quy trnh ny cn cn phi tun theo cc tiu chun v
quy nh chung v thit k nn ng trong cc TCVN 4054-1998 ng t
- Yu cu thit k, TCVN 5729-1997 ng t cao tc - Yu cu thit k.
Cc quy nh trong tiu chun ny v gii php s dng bc thm v vi a k
thut v c bn l khng khc vi cc quy nh Quy trnh thit k x l t
yu bng bc thm trong xy dng nn ng - 22TCN 244-98 v Tiu
chun thit k thi cng v nghim thu vi a k thut trong xy dng nn p
trn t yu - 22TCN 248-98. Trong trng hp c nhng yu cu khc nhau
v kho st thit k nn p trn t yu th nn thng nht p dng cc quy
nh tiu chun ny.

I.3 Trong quy trnh ny, t yu c xc nh iu I.4 l ch cc loi t c sc
chng ct nh v tnh bin dng (p ln) ln, do vy nn p trn t yu, nu
khng c cc bin php x l thch hp thng d b mt n nh ton khi
CNG HA X HI
CH NGHA VIT NAM
B GIAO THNG VN TI
QUY TRNH KHO ST
THIT K NN NG T
P TRN T YU
TIU CHUN THIT K
22TCN 262- 2000
C hiu lc t 15/ 6 / 2000
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hoc ln nhiu, ln ko di nh hng n mt ng, cng trnh trn ng v
c m cu ln cn. Chnh v th m mc tiu ca cc quy nh trong quy trnh
ny l nhm m bo cho kch thc v cc yu t hnh hc ca nn ng trn
vng t yu (k c cao nn) lun duy tr c ng thit k trong qu trnh
thi cng nn p cng nh trong qu trnh khai thc ng sau .

I.4 Ty theo nguyn nhn hnh thnh, t yu c th c ngun gc khong vt hoc
ngun gc hu c.

I.4.1 Loi c ngun gc khong vt thng l st hoc st trm tch trong nc
ven bin, vng vnh, m h, ng bng tam gic chu; loi ny c th ln hu
c trong qu trnh trm tch (hm lng hu c c th ti 10 - 12 %) nn c th
c mu nu en, xm en, c mi. i vi loi ny, c xc nh l t yu
nu trng thi t nhin, m ca chng gn bng hoc cao hn gii hn
chy, h s rng ln (st e 1,5 , st e 1), lc dnh C theo kt qu ct nhanh
khng thot nc t 0,15 daN/cm
2
tr xung, gc ni ma st t 0 - 10

hoc
lc dnh t kt qu th nghim ct cnh hin trng C
u
0,35 daN/cm2.
Ngoi ra cc vng thung lng cn c th hnh thnh t yu di dng bn
ct, bn ct mn (h s rng e > 1,0, bo ha G > 0,8).

I.4.2 Loi c ngun gc hu c thng hnh thnh t m ly, ni nc tch ng
thng xuyn, mc nc ngm cao, ti y cc loi thc vt pht trin, thi ra
v phn hy, to ra cc vt lng hu c ln vi cc trm tch khong vt. Loi
ny thng gi l t m ly than bn, hm lng hu c chim ti 20 - 80%,
thng c mu en hay nu sm, cu trc khng mn (v ln cc tn d thc
vt). i vi loi ny c xc nh l t yu nu h s rng v cc c trng
sc chng ct ca chng cng t cc tr s nh ni I.4.1.

t yu m ly than bn cn c phn theo t l lng hu c c trong
chng:

Lng hu c c t 20 - 30% : t nhim than bn
Lng hu c c t 30 - 60% : t than bn
Lng hu c trn 60% : Than bn

I.5 Phn loi trng thi t nhin ca t yu

nh gi s b v tnh cht cng trnh ca t yu, t bc u xem xt
cc gii php thit k nn ng tng ng, t yu c phn loi theo trng
thi t nhin ca chng nh di y:

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I.5.1 t yu loi st hoc st c phn loi theo st B:

B
W W
W W
d
nh d
=

(I.1)

Trong : W, W
d
, W
nh
l m trng thi t nhin, gii hn do v gii hn
nho ca t yu.
Nu B > 1 th c gi l bn st (t yu trng thi chy)
Nu 0,75 < B 1 l t yu do chy.

I.5.2 V trng thi t nhin, t m ly than bn c phn thnh 3 loi I, II, III:

Loi I: Loi c st n nh; thuc loi ny nu vch t o thng ng
su 1m trong chng vn duy tr c n nh trong 1-2 ngy;
Loi II: Loi c st khng n nh; loi ny khng t tiu chun loi I
nhng t than bn cha trng thi chy;
Loi III: t than bn trng thi chy.

I.6 Khi tuyn ng i qua vng t yu do chy, bn st ni iu I.4.1, I.5.1 ;
vng c bn ct, bn ct mn ni iu I.4.1; vng m ly than bn ni iu
I.5.2 th cn phi c bin php kho st thit k tng ng (c cp cc
phn sau ca quy trnh ny) m bo nn ng n nh v cng v
bin dng, k c trng hp pha trn cc lp t yu c tn ti mt lp t
khng yu.
Ring vi cc cng trnh ng cao tc v cc cng trnh c ngha c bit
khc, nu chiu cao nn p cao t 8 - 10 m tr ln th cc loi t st v st
do mm (c st B trong phm vi t 0,5 - 0,75) cng nn p dng cc bin
php kho st thit k nh vi t yu.

II. CC YU CU V TIU CHUN THIT K NN P
TRN T YU

II.1 Cc yu cu v n nh

Nn p trn t yu phi m bo n nh, khng b ph hoi do trt tri
trong qu trnh thi cng p (p phn nn theo thit k hoc p cao hn cao
thit k gia ti trc) v trong sut qu trnh a vo khai thc s dng
sau . m bo yu cu ny phi m bo c ng thi cc tiu chun
c th di y:
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II.1.1 Mc n nh d bo theo kt qu tnh ton i vi mi t p (p nn v
p gia ti trc) v i vi nn p theo thit k (c xt n ti trng xe c
dng xe ti a trn nn) phi bng hoc ln hn mc n nh ti thiu quy
nh di y :
Khi p dng phng php nghim ton n nh theo cch phn mnh c
in vi mt trt trn khot xung vng t yu v cc thng s tnh ton
c xc nh theo mc V.3 th h s n nh nh nht K
min
= 1,20 (ring
trng hp dng kt qa th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc trong
phng th nghim nghim ton th K
min
= 1,10 ;
Khi p dng phng php Bishhop nghim ton n nh th h s n
nh nh nht K
min
= 1,40 ;

II.1.2 S liu quan trc ln theo chiu thng ng v quan trc di ng ngang ca
vng t yu hai bn nn p trong qu trnh p nn v p gia ti trc phi
khng c vt qu tr s quy nh di y:

Tc ln y nn p ti trc tim ca nn ng khng c vt qu
10mm/ngy m.
Tc di ng ngang ca cc cc quan trc ng hai bn nn p khng
c vt qu 5mm/ngy m.
Cch b tr quan trc ln v quan trc di ng ngang c nu r iu
II.3.1 v II.3.3.

II.2 Cc yu cu v tiu chun tnh ton ln

II.2.1 Phi tnh ton d bo c ln tng cng S k t khi bt u p nn cho
n khi ln ht hon ton p phng ln (p rng thm b rng nn ng
so vi b rng thit k). B rng phi p thm mi bn ca nn ng (b
m
)
c xc nh theo cng thc:

b
m
= S . m (II.1)

Trong : 1/m l dc ta luy nn p thit k

S c tnh theo phng php quy nh VI.2 v VI.3 vi 2 thnh phn S
i
(ln
tc thi do bin dng ngang khng thot nc, xt n kh nng n hng ca
t yu di nn p) v ln c kt S
c
(do nc l rng thot ra v t yu b
nn cht di ti trng p).

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II.2.2 Khi tnh ton ln tng cng ni trn th ti trng gy ln phi xt n ch
gm ti trng nn p thit k bao gm c phn p phn p (nu c), khng
bao gm phn p gia ti trc (nu c) v khng xt n ti trng xe c.

II.2.3 Sau khi hon thnh cng trnh nn mt ng xy dng trn vng t yu, phn
ln c kt cn li S ti trc tim ca nn ng c cho php nh bng
II.1 di y:
Bng II.1- Phn ln c kt cho php cn li S ti trc tim ca nn ng sau khi
hon thnh cng trnh

V tr on nn p trn t yu
Loi cp ng

Gn m cu
Ch c cng
hoc ng dn
sinh chui di
Cc on
nn p thng
thng
1. ng cao tc v
ng cp 80

2. ng cp 60 tr
xung c tng mt
cp cao A1

10cm

20cm

20cm

30cm

30cm

40cm

Ghi ch bng II.1:
Phn ln c kt cn li S l phn ln c kt cha ht sau khi lm xong
o ng ca on nn p trn t yu. Tr s S c xc nh theo cng
thc (VI.9) ty thuc c kt U t c vo thi im lm xong o
ng;
Chiu di on nn ng gn m cu c xc nh bng 3 ln chiu di
mng m cu lin k. Chiu di on nn p c cng hoc c li chui qua
ng di c xc nh bng 3-5 ln b rng mng cng hoc b rng
li i qua ng;
Nu phn ln c kt cn li S vt qu cc tr s cho php bng II.1
th mi cn phi c cc bin php x l gim S cp cc mc IV.3,
IV.5, IV.6. Nu tha mn cc tr s cho php bng II.1 th khng cn p
dng cc bin php tng nhanh c kt;

II.2.4 i vi cc ng cp 20; 40 v ng ch s dng kt cu o ng mm cp
cao A2 tr xung th khng cn cp n vn ln c kt cn li khi thit
k.
II.2.5 Yu cu v quan trc d bo ln

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Ngoi vic tnh ton d bo cc thnh phn ln ni iu II.2.1 lm
c s cho vic xut cc gii php x l v cu to nn p trn t yu, cn
phi da vo kt qu quan trc ln theo cc quy nh iu II.3.1 v II.3.2
so snh, i chiu v hiu chnh li kt qu d bo theo tnh ton kim tra
ln v tc ln cho php quy nh cc iu II.2.3 v II.1.2, cng nh xc
nh khi lng t hoc ct b ln thc t s c thanh ton sau khi cng
trnh hon thnh.

Yu cu c th ca vic quan trc ln l:
Xc nh c khi lng t hoc ct p ln chm vo trong t yu (so
vi mt t t nhin trc khi p).
V c biu quan h gia ln tng cng S vi thi gian (c ghi r
thi gian tng t p nn v p gia ti). Da vo biu ny x l
tch ring cc phn ln tc thi (l cc phn ln tng t ngt trong thi
gian cc t p) v lp ra biu ln c kt S
t
theo thi gian t k t khi kt
thc qu trnh p nn v p gia ti trc;
Miu t quan h S
t
= f (t) thc t quan trc c mt cch gn ng nht
bng mt hm s ton hc dng S
t
= S
c
(1 e
-t
) vi v l cc h s
hi quy t s liu quan trc ln, lm c s d bo phn ln c kt cn
li ni iu II.2.3.

II.3 Cc yu cu v thit k v b tr h thng quan trc trong qu trnh thi
cng nn p trn t yu

II.3.1 i vi cng trnh xy dng nn p trn t yu, trong mi trng hp, d p
dng gii php x l no, d kho st, tnh ton k vn phi thit k h
thng quan trc ln, ch tr trng hp p dng gii php o vt ht t yu,
h y nn p n tn lp t khng yu. H thng ny phi c b tr theo
cc quy nh sau:
Mi phn on nn p trn t yu c thit k tnh ton khc nhau, hoc
mi phn on thi cng ring r phi c b tr quan trc ln ring (khc
nhau v chiu cao p, v loi t yu vi cc ch tiu khc nhau r rt v
vi chiu dy lp t yu khc nhau r rt);
Mi on ni trn, nu di 100 m th cn b tr 3 bn o ln trn cng mt
mt ct ngang chnh gia phn on (1 bn ti tim nn ng v 2 bn v
tr mp vai nn ng) nu di > 100 m th ti thiu phi b tr 2 mt ct
quan trc ln nh trn v c thm 100 m li b tr thm 1 mt ct (b tr ti
nhng ni c kh nng ln nhiu);
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H thng mc cao dng cho quan trc ln phi c b tr ni khng
ln v phi c c nh chc chn;
Bn o ln c kch thc ti thiu l 50 50 cm c b dy cng ( 3 cm)
gn vi cn o tht chc chn, cn o phi bng thp c ng knh nh hn
ng knh ng vch chn t p (khng cho t p tip xc vi cn o):
ng vch khng c gn vi bn o ln. Nn dng cn o c ng knh
4 cm. Cn o v ng vch nn lm tng on 50 ~ 100 cm tin ni theo
chiu cao p.

Bn o ln c t cao bt u p nn ng: vt, o t yu n
u t bn o ln ; nu c tng m ct th t trn mt tng m ct,
nu c lp v cng trn t yu th t trn mt t v cng t nhin, nu
c ri vi a k thut th t trn mt vi a k thut. Trng hp phi t
bn o trn mt nn t yu th phi o t yu su 30 cm trong phm vi
din tch bn o ln thay bng ct ri mi t bn o ln ln.
Bn o ln phi c bo v chc chn, lu di t nht cho dn khi bn giao
cng trnh.

II.3.2 Phi quy nh ch quan trc ln ngay trong n thit k :
o cao lc t bn ln v o ln mi ngy mt ln trong qu trnh p
nn v p gia ti trc, nu p lm nhiu t th mi t u phi quan
trc hng ngy;
Khi ngng p v trong 2 thng sau khi p phi quan trc hng tun; tip
quan trc hng thng cho n ht thi gian bo hnh v bn giao cho pha
qun l khai thc ng c h thng quan trc ( h tip tc quan trc nu
thy cn thit);
Mc chnh xc yu cu phi n mm.

II.3.3 Khi p dng cc gii php x l nn p trn t yu c i hi phi khng ch
tc p th cn phi thit k h thng quan trc di ng ngang theo di
mc n nh trong qu trnh p nh ni iu II.1.2, h thng ny c
b tr nh sau:
Trn mi mt ct b tr quan trc ln, pha ngoi cch chn ta luy 1 m b
tr mt dy cc quan trc di ng ngang thng gc vi tim ng t 3 - 4
cc vi c ly t 5 - 10 m, dng cc hoc cc b tng tit din 10 10 cm
ng ngp vi t yu t nht l 1,2 m v cao trn mt t yu t nht l 0,5
m (nu ln nhiu v nu c ngp nc th cng phi cao); trn nh cc c
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cm cht nh du im quan trc. Yu cu cc phi cm hoc chn chc
trong t yu.
Trong qu trnh p nn v p gia ti trc (nu c) hng ngy phi o
c s di chuyn theo hng ngang (hng thng gc vi tim nn ng)
ca cht nh du trn nh tt c cc cc ni trn bng my kinh v chnh
xc theo phng php tam gic c vi hai nh tam gic nh v c nh
nm ngoi phm vi nh hng ca ti trng p. ng thi phi o cao
nh cc theo di b mt t yu c b y tri ln khng. Sau khi p
xong, hng tun phi tip tc quan trc cho n khi thy r nn ng n
nh. chnh xc ca my kinh v phi bo m sai s v o c ly l 5
mm, v o gc l 2,5 .

II.3.4 i vi cc on nn p trn t yu c quy m ln v quan trng hoc c
iu kin a cht phc tp nh on c chiu cao p ln, hoc phn b cc
lp a cht khng ng nht (c lp v cng...) khin cho thc t c nhng
iu kin khc nhiu vi cc iu kin dng trong tnh ton n nh v ln th
nn b tr thm h thng quan trc p lc l rng (cng vi cc im quan trc
mc nc ngm) v cc thit b o ln su khc nhau (thit b kiu gung
xon...). Nh c h thng cc thit b quan trc ny, cng d dng thc hin
c cc yu cu ni iu II.2.5 v nh to iu kin thun li cho vic rt
ngn thi gian thi cng cng trnh. Trong trng hp ny, vic thit k b tr
lp t cc h thng thit b quan trc ni trn c xem l mt ni dung thit
k c bit do cc k s chuyn ngnh thc hin v phi c ch qun u t
xt duyt ring.
II.4 Xc nh cc ti trng tnh ton

II.4.1 Cc ti trng tnh ton dng khi kim tra n nh v d bo ln ca nn p
trn t yu gm ti trng p nn v p gia ti trc, ti trng xe c, ti trng
ng t nh ni iu II.1.1 v II.2.2. V vic tnh ton u a v bi ton
phng, do vy cc ti trng tnh ton u c xc nh tng ng vi phm vi
phn b trn 1 m di nn ng.

II.4.2 Ti trng p nn v p gia ti trc c xc nh ng theo hnh dng p
trn thc t (hnh thang vi mi dc c dc thit k, c th c thm phn p
hoc trong trng hp o bt t yu trc khi p th c thm hai di ti
trng phn p v hn hai bn).

II.4.3 Ti trng xe c c xem l ti trng ca s xe nng ti a cng mt lc c th
kn khp b rng nn ng (hnh II.1) phn b trn 1 m chiu di ng;
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ti trng ny c quy i tng ng thnh mt lp t p c chiu cao l
h
x
xc nh theo cng thc sau:

h
n G
B
x
=
.
. . l
; (II.1)

Trong :
G l trng lng mt xe (chn xe nng nht), Tn
n l s xe ti a c th xp c trn phm vi b rng nn ng
(nh s xp xe hnh II.1)
l dung trng ca t p nn ng, T/m3
l l phm vi phn b ti trng xe theo hng dc, m (nh hnh II.1)

C th ly l = 4,2 m vi xe G =13 tn, ly l = 6,6 m khi xe c G =30 tn, ly l =
4,5 m vi xe xch c G = 80 tn.

Hnh II.1- S xp xe xc nh ti trng xe c tc dng ln t yu

B l b rng phn b ngang ca cc xe (mt) c xc nh nh s hnh
II.1 theo cng thc sau:

B = n.b + (n 1)d + 2 ; (II.2)
Trong thng ly b = 1,8 m vi cc loi t, b = 2,7 m vi xe xch; d l
khong cch ngang ti thiu gia cc xe (thng ly d = 1,3 m); e l b rng
lp i hoc vt bnh xch (thng ly e = 0,5 - 0,8m); cn n c chn ti a
nhng phi bo m B tnh c theo (II.2) vn nh hn b rng nn ng.
Nh vy khi tnh ton c xt n ti trng xe c th ti trng p xem nh c
cao thm mt tr s h
x
.
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11
II.4.4 Ti trng ng t c k n khi tnh ton kim tra mc n nh ca nn
p trn t yu chnh l lc qun tnh do ng t ca bn thn khi trt, lc
ny xem nh t l thun vi trng lng bn thn khi trt:

W
i
= K
c
. Q
i
(II.3)
Trong :
W
i
l lc ng t tc dng trn mt mnh trt i (hoc khi trt i) (Tn),
W
i
c im t l trng tm mnh (hoc khi trt) v c phng nm
ngang t pha trong nn ng ra pha ngoi mi ta luy nn p;
Q
i
l trng lng ca mnh trt i (hoc khi trt i), Tn;
K
c
l h s t l c ly ty thuc cp ng t nh bng II.2.
Bng II.2 - H s t l K
c

Cp ng t 7 8 9 10 11 12
H s K
c
0,025 0,05 0,1 0,25 0,5 0,5

Phn vng ng t ca nc ta c th tham kho Quy chun Xy dng Vit
Nam v ch nhng vng c th c ng t t cp 7 tr ln th khi tnh ton mi
phi xt n lc ng t. Ngoi ra cn c th tham kho cch tnh lc ng t
Tiu chun ngnh 22TCN 221-95.

III. CC YU CU V KHO ST PHC V VIC THIT K NN
NG QUA VNG T YU

III.1 Cc yu cu chung

III.1.1 Phi iu tra xc nh c phm vi phn b ca vng t yu c v din phn
b, chiu su phn b v dc ngang y lp t yu di cng xem xt
cc phng n cho tuyn vng trnh hoc cho tuyn ct qua t yu ch t bt
li nht. Cng cn iu tra xc nh ngun gy m, kh nng thot nc, cng
nh v tr v kh nng khai thc cc m t dng p nn ng.

III.1.2 Phi ly mu v tin hnh cc th nghim trong phng v thc hin cc th
nghim hin trng cn thit v a k thut xc nh c:
Loi t v cc ch tiu ni iu I.5.1, I.4.1 v I.5.2 khng nh vng
tuyn i qua l vng t yu v xc nh loi t yu phi x l;
_______________________________________________________________

12
Cc ch tiu phc v cho vic tnh ton kim tra mc n nh ca nn p
trn t yu, c th l: Sc chng ct khng thot nc c xc nh bng
phng php ct cnh ti hin trng (hoc c xc nh bng phng
php ct nhanh trong phng th nghim, nu khng c thit b ct cnh ti
hin trng), dung trng t nhin v mc nc ngm ( xc nh vng
t yu chu tc dng ca lc y ni). Cc ch tiu ny phi c xc nh
ring cho mi lp t yu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cng phi xc nh cc ch
tiu lc dnh C, gc ni ma st v dung trng i vi t dng p nn
ng (ng vi trng thi cht v m ca t p);
Cc ch tiu phc v cho vic tnh ton d bo ln tng cng v ln
c kt theo thi gian thng qua th nghim xc nh nn ln trong iu kin
khng n hng, h s rng ban u e
o
, ch s nn ln C
r
v C
c
, h s c kt
theo phng thng ng C
v
(cm
2
/giy) v p lc tin c kt
p
. Cc ch tiu
ny cng phi c xc nh ring cho mi lp t yu khc nhau ( ngha
k hiu cc ch tiu ni trn xem mc VI).

III.2 Cc quy nh v kho st a hnh

III.2.1 Khi tin hnh lp d n kh thi, i vi vng t yu phi o c lp c bnh
t l 1:500 1:1000 vi chnh lch cc ng ng mc 0,50 m dc theo
cc phng n tuyn qua vng t yu. Trng hp vng t yu phn b rng
ln (nh vng m ly...) th cng c th s dng phng php o c hng
khng kho st a hnh, a mo ca c khu vc. Trong giai on ny, cc
mt ct dc v mt ct ngang phc v cho vic thit k tnh ton nn p trn
t yu c th c xc nh thng qua bnh a hnh lp.

III.2.2 Trong giai on thit k k thut v thit k lp bn v thi cng phi o c
mt ct dc v mt ct ngang theo tuyn ng thit k vi cc cc chi tit c
c ly tng ng vi quy nh mi giai on, ngoi ra c b sung cc cc ti
v tr khoan thm d, ly mu th nghim t yu v ti v tr d kin b tr cc
h thng quan trc ni mc II.3.

III.3 Cc quy nh v kho st v th nghim a k thut

III.3.1 t c cc yu cu ni iu III.1.1 v III.1.2 phi kt hp thm d
khng ly mu (bng cc thit b khoan xon, xuyn tnh hoc ct cnh ti hin
trng) v thm d c ly mu (bng thit b khoan ly mu nguyn dng em
v th nghim trong phng) sao cho tit kim nht. Vi din thm d rng trong
giai on lp d n kh thi nn tn dng ti a cc bin php thm d khng ly
mu kt hp vi khoan ly mu th nghim mc ti thiu. Trong giai on
_______________________________________________________________

13
thit k k thut v thit k chi tit lp bn v thi cng phi b sung bng bin
php khoan ly mu, ch b sung thm d khng ly mu khi tht cn thit (khi
cn m rng din thm d hoc khi vic thm d khng ly mu giai on lp
d n kh thi cha nh ni iu III.3.2). V tr v s lng cc im thm
d phi do Ch nhim d n quyt nh sau khi c d kin cc phng n thit
k.
Khi thm d bng khoan, xuyn, ct cnh nn tham kho cc quy trnh hu
quan di y :
Quy trnh khoan thm d a cht 22 TCN 259-1999
Ct cnh : ASTM D2573 v TCXD 205-1998 ca B Xy Dng
Xuyn : ASTM D1586

III.3.2 * Bc lp d n kh thi. Sau khi tin hnh khoan thng thng m pht
hin t yu th tin hnh khoanh vng v b tr l khoan trn tim tuyn vi
khong cch t 250 n 500 mt (nu cn thit c th b xung cc im thm d
nh : ct cnh, xuyn v.v.. pht hin phm vi t yu, nhng vic b xung
thm d ny khng ly mu th nghim). Ch khoan trn mt ct ngang khi thit
k ngh v c Ch u t chp thun.

* Bc thit k k thut. Cng tc thm d a cht cng trnh bng nhng l
khoan c b tr cch nhau thng thng t 50 n 100 mt trn tim tuyn
(trong k c khi lng tin hnh bc lp d n kh thi).
- Trong trng hp c bit c ly ny c th rt ngn hn.
- C cch 100-150 mt tin hnh 1 mt ct a cht cng trnh theo chiu ngang
vung gc vi tim tuyn, trn c 3 l khoan. Mi khu vc t yu phi c ti
thiu hai mt ct ngang a cht i din.
- su khoan thm d phi n di y lp t yu, vo lp t khng yu
thm 2 m hoc nu t yu c chiu dy ln th khoan n ht phm vi chu nh
hng ca ti trng p. Phm vi ny c xc nh tng ng vi su ti
c ng sut do ti trng p (do nn p v phn p gia ti trc nu c)
gy ra bng 0,15 ng sut (p lc) do trng lng bn thn t yu gy ra (c
xt n lc y ni nu tn ti nc ngm).
- Trong mi trng hp phi tin hnh th nghim ct cnh hin trng. Th
nghim ny c th c tin hnh c lp hoc trong l khoan.

* Bc kho st lp bn v thi cng l s dng kt qu cc l khoan hoc cc
th nghim hin trng tin hnh bc thit k k thut. Khi lng kho
st ch b sung cho bc thit k k thut cha thc hin ht theo quy nh.
Trong trng hp c bit khi pht hin thm v tr t yu th c th tng kh
lng kho st a cht, s lng tng thm do Ch chim nghip v xut v
c Ch u t chp thun nhng khng vt qu 20% khi lng thc
hin bc thit k k thut.
_______________________________________________________________

14

III.3.3 Mt ct thm d ct cnh v c khoan ly mu phi c b tr ch p
tng i cao nht v c s phn b cc lp t yu tng i c trng nht.

III.3.4 Trong mi l khoan ni iu III.3.2 tu thuc vo chiu di on t yu
ly mu:
*Chiu di on t yu n 200m th c 1-2 m su li phi ly mt mu t
yu nguyn dng.
*Chiu di on t yu trn 200m th khi lng ly mu do Ch chim
nghip v xut v c Ch u t chp thun nhng ti thiu gia mi
lp t phi ly mt mu t nguyn dng.
Phng php ly mu, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu nguyn dng
phi c thc hin ng nh cc quy nh Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN
2683-91.

III.3.5 Vic th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t yu ni iu III.1.2 phi
c thc hin vi tt c cc mu nguyn dng ly theo cc quy nh sau:
Th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu sc chng ct (lc dnh C v gc ma st )
phi tun theo phng php v cc quy nh Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN
4199-95, trong phi xc nh c theo phng php ct nhanh v ct
nhanh c kt (ch tiu ct nhanh kim ton mc n nh ca nn p
trong qu trnh p v ch tiu ct nhanh c kt c dng kim ton n
nh ca nn p khi a chng vo s dng);

Th nghim xc nh tnh nn ln trong iu kin khng n hng c thc
hin theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 4200-86. Ring vic xc nh tr s
p lc tin c kt
pz
c thc hin theo hng dn Ph lc I ca bn
quy trnh ny;
Cc ch tiu khc c xc nh theo cc Tiu chun Vit Nam tng ng.

III.3.6 Vic th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t hoc ct p nn ng
cng c thc hin theo cc tiu chun tng ng ni iu III.3.5 vi cc
mu ch b bng vt liu p ly t m t hoc ct c cht v m tng
ng nh thc t. Ring vi ch tiu sc chng ct th ch p dng phng php
ct nhanh.

III.3.7 i vi mi ch tiu dng trong tnh ton nn c t nht 6 s liu th nghim v
tr s tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc:

t
=
tb
; (III.1)
_______________________________________________________________

15

Trong :

t
l tr s tnh ton ca ch tiu

tb
l tr s trung bnh s hc ca cc s liu th nghim
l lch bnh phng trung bnh

( )
=

A A
n
i tb
2
1
n
; (III.2)

Vi: A
i
l tr s ca ch tiu mi ln th nghim xc nh c;
n l s ln th nghim i vi mi ch tiu.

Khi quyt nh chn tr s tnh ton ca mt ch tiu cn phn tch k cc iu
kin thc t nh hng n cht lng mu t yu trc khi em th nghim
cng nh nh hng bt li ca mi ch tiu n kt qa tnh ton.
Ngoi ra, khi quyt nh nn kt hp vi kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia a k
thut.

III.3.8 Cc s liu th nghim hin trng bng thit b xuyn tnh hoc ct cnh cng
c x l a v tr s tnh ton nh ni iu III.3.7 (tham kho thm cc
quy trnh v tiu chun ni iu III.3.1, kt hp vi kinh nghim ca cc
chuyn gia a k thut).

IV. CC GII PHP THNG P DNG
THIT K NN P TRN T YU

IV.1 Yu cu chung i vi cu to nn p trn t yu

IV.1.1 Cu to ca nn p trn t yu phi bo m hn ch c cc tc dng bt
li ca nc ngp v nc ngm:
t p phi dng loi n nh nc tt, tuyt i khng dng cc loi t
bi (theo phn loi TCVN 5747-1993);
cht, chiu cao p ti thiu trn mc nc ngp v mc nc ngm
cng cc yu cu cu to khc ca nn ng (nh p bao ta luy khi thn
nn ng l ct...) u phi tun theo cc quy nh TCVN 4054 -1998 v
TCVN 5729 -1997.

IV.1.2 Trong phm vi 20 m t chn ta luy nn p ra mi bn phi san lp cc ch
trng (ao, chum...) v tuyt i khng o ly t trong phm vi .
_______________________________________________________________

16

IV.1.3 C gng gim chiu cao nn p to iu kin d bo m n nh v gim
ln; tuy nhin, tr trng hp ng tm, chiu cao nn p ti thiu phi t
1,2 ~ 1,5 m k t ch tip xc vi t yu, hoc phi l 0,8 ~ 1 m k t b mt
tng m ct (nu c) m bo phm vi khu vc tc dng ca nn mt ng
khng bao gm vng t yu. Tr s cao ca chiu cao p ti thiu ni trn
c p dng cho nn p ng cao tc v cc ng c nhiu xe ti nng, tr
s thp p dng cho nn p cc ng khc.

IV.2 p trc tip trn t yu

IV.2.1 C th p dng gii php p trc tip (khng dng mt bin php x l no
khc) khi tnh ton n nh v ln ca nn p trc tip trn nn thin nhin
(bao gm c t yu di) hoc trc tip trn nn t yu u tha mn c
cc yu cu v tiu chun ni mc II.1 v II.2. Phng php tnh ton n nh
c quy nh mc V v phng php tnh ton ln c quy nh mc VI
ca bn Quy trnh ny.
Trong mi trng hp p trc tip trn t yu u nn c tng m ct dy
ti thiu 50 cm v rng thm so vi chn ta luy nn p mi bn 0,5 ~ 1,0 m.

IV.2.2 Cc trng hp sau y c th xt ti vic p dng gii php p trc tip.
Trn vng t yu c lp t khng thuc cc loi t yu ni mc I.4 v
I.5 (thc t thng gi l lp v trn b mt t yu). Nu lp v dy 1~2 m
th chiu cao nn p trc tip c th ti 2 ~ 3 m, nu lp v dy trn 2 m th
chiu cao p trc tip c th ti 3 4 m ;
Trn vng than bn loi I hoc t yu do mm c b dy than bn di 1
~ 2 m;
Trn vng bn ct, bn ct mn (loi ny c h s c kt thng ln nn ln
nhanh).
Ngoi ra, i vi cc trng hp cc trng hp nn p c d bo ln t v
ln nhanh nhng nu p ngay n cao thit k s khng bo m n
nh theo tiu chun ni iu II.1.1 th vn c th p dng gii php p trc
tip km vi bin php khng ch tc p (p tng t ; gia cc t p
c thi gian ch c kt) bo m yu cu n nh (xem iu II.1.2) ch tr
khi vic khng ch tc p dn ti qu ko di thi gian, khng bo m
c yu cu v tin thi cng i vi ton b cng trnh ng th mi cn
ngh n cc gii php x l khc.

_______________________________________________________________

17
IV.2.3 Cng ngh p t vng nn thin nhin l t khng yu ra vng t yu thi
cng nn p trc tip trn t yu.
Khi thc hin cng ngh p cn bo m c cc iu kin sau :
p b, ht kh nc trn b mt t yu;
vt liu p phi l loi n nh nc tt nh ct cc loi, cp phi si cui,
hoc cc ph liu cng nghip
phn c p ch l phn nm di mt t yu t nhin v vic lu ln vn
phi thc hin t nh (my i ) n nng (lu nng) cho n khi vt liu
p khng tip tc ln vo t yu na, tc l n khi to c mt bng thi
cng vng chc trn t yu.
phn nn p k t mt t t nhin tr ln phi c p tng lp v bo
m t c yu cu m nn quy nh).

IV.2.4 to iu kin thi cng p trc tip trn t yu c thun li (to iu
kin cho xe my i li trn vng t yu v to iu kin m cht cc lp
t p u tin) c th s dng vi a k thut ri trn mt t yu trc khi
p nh ch dn bng IV.1 di y:

Bng IV.1: Chn vi v kt cu ng tm phc v cho xe c i li trn vng t yu

Cc ch tiu yu cu i vi vi a k thut
Loi vt
liu p
ng tm
Kt cu ng
tm
Cng
chu
ko t
(kN/m)
dn
di khi
t
(%)
Cng
chu
x rch
(kN)
H s
thm

m s
m
/

ng
knh l
lc 95
(m)
1- Mt lp vi
trn p 50 cm
12 25 0,8 0,1 125
I. Ct, hn
hp ct si
thin nhin
2- Hai lp vi
trn mi lp
p 25 cm

8

15-80

0,3

0,1

125
3- Hai lp vi
trn mi lp
p 15 cm

16

15-80

0,5

0,1

80-200
1- Mt lp vi
trn p 30 cm
25 25 1,2 0,1 200
II. Cp
phi tt
2- Mt lp vi
trn p 50 cm
12 25 0,8 5.10
-2
200
3- Hai lp vi
trn mi lp
p 15 cm

20

15-80

1,2

5.10
-2

200
Ghi ch Bng IV.1:
H s thm c th nguyn l s
-1
v l m/s trn mt n v b dy mu vi a
k thut em th;
_______________________________________________________________

18
ng knh l lc ca vi l tng ng vi ng knh ca ht vt liu ln
nht c th theo nc thm qua vi; c ht ln nht ny c ly bng D95
(l ng knh ht m lng cha cc c nh hn n chim 95%);
Vi phi ri ngang (thng gc vi hng tuyn) v ph chng ln nhau t
nht l 0,5 m hoc khu chng nhau 10 cm;
m nn t hiu qu cao ngay lp p u tin th phi chn vi c
cng chu ko t ti thiu t 25 kN/m tr ln.
IV.3 o mt phn hoc o ton b t yu

IV.3.1 Gii php ny thng rt c li v mt tng n nh, gim ln v thi gian
ln; do vy tr trng hp trn t yu c tn ti lp v khng yu ra, trong
mi trng hp khc ngi thit k u nu u tin xem xt p dng hoc kt
hp vic o mt phn t yu vi cc gii php khc. c bit thch hp l
trng hp lp t yu c b dy nh hn vng nh hng ca ti trng p.
Dng s cng ngh o t yu bng my xc gu dy, o n u p ln
n th chiu su o c th thc hin c l 2 - 3 m. iu ch yu l phi
thit k b tr mt bng thi cng hp l, thun li cho vic y t p ln
nhanh chng sau khi lung o hnh thnh; t yu o ra c th v pha 2
bn on p ln xong to nn b phn p. Chiu su o t yu cn
thit c th xc nh c thng qua tnh ton hng dn V.2.6 trn c s
tha mn c cc yu cu ni mc II.1 v II.2.

IV.3.2 Mt ct ngang phn t yu phi o ch cn thit k dng hnh thang vi y
nh pha di su c b rng bng ng phm vi b rng mt nn ng, cn
y ln trn va bng phm vi tip xc ca nn p vi mt t yu khi cha
o (phm vi gia hai bn chn ta luy nn p). iu ny c ngha l, chiu su
o t yu ch cn bo m t c trong phm vi b rng nn ng, cn
hai bn ta luy chiu su o c th gim dn.

IV.3.3 Cc trng hp di y c bit thch hp i vi gii php o mt phn
hoc o ton b t yu :
B dy lp t yu t 2m tr xung (trng hp ny thng o ton b t
yu y nn ng tip xc hn vi tng t khng yu);
t yu l than bn loi I hoc loi st, st do mm, do chy; trng hp
ny, nu chiu dy t yu vt qu 4-5m th c th o mt phn sao cho
t yu cn li c b dy nhiu nht ch bng 1/2 1/3 chiu cao p (k c
phn p chm trong t yu).

IV.3.4 Trng hp t yu c b dy di 3 m v c cng qu thp o ra khng
kp p nh than bn loi II, loi III, bn st ( st B >1) hoc bn ct mn th
c th p dng gii php b chm n y lp t yu hoc b kt hp vi
_______________________________________________________________

19
p qu ti nn t ln n y lp t yu. Gii php ny c bit thch hp
i vi trng hp thit k m rng nn p c khi ci to, nng cp ng
trn vng t yu.
phi dng loi kch c 0,3 m tr ln v c t pha trong y t yu
ra pha ngoi, sau khi nh ln khi mt t yu th ri ct, nh hoc cp
phi ln v lu ln t nh n nng dn. Nu nh th c th dng lng, r an
thp hay lng bng cht do tng hp trong ng p.

IV.3.5 Dng cc tre ng 25 cc/m
2
cng l mt gii php cho php thay th vic o
bt t yu trong phm vi bng chiu su cc ng (thng c th ng su 2 -
2,5 m). Cc tre nn dng loi c ng knh u ln trn 7 cm , ng knh
u nh trn 4 cm bng loi tre khi ng khng b dp, gy. Khi tnh ton c
php xem vng ng cc tre nh trn l nn ng p. Trn nh cc tre
sau khi p mt lp 30 cm nn ri vi a k thut (hoc cc loi geogrids c
chc nng tng t) nh ni iu IV.2.4 to iu kin phn b u ti
trng nn p trn cc cc tre.
Tng t, c th dng cc cc trm loi c ng knh u ln trn 12 cm, u
nh trn 5 cm, ng su 3 - 5 cm vi mt 16 cc /m
2
.
IV.4 p b phn p

IV.4.1 Gii php ny ch dng khi p nn ng trc tip trn t yu vi tc dng
tng mc n nh chng trt tri cho nn ng t cc yu cu ni
II.1.1, c trong qu trnh p v qu trnh a vo khai thc lu di. Nu p
nn v p b phn p hai bn ng thi th khng cn khng ch tc p, v
vy c th thi cng nhanh. Tuy nhin gii php ny khng gim c thi gian
ln c kt v khng nhng khng gim c ln m cn tng thm ln
(do thm ti trng ca b phn p hai bn). Ngoi ra, n cn c nhc im l
khi lng p ln v din tch chim rung t ln. Gii php ny cng khng
thch hp vi cc loi t yu l than bn loi III v bn st.

IV.4.2 Cu to ca b phn p
Vt liu p b phn p l cc loi t hoc ct thng thng; trng hp
kh khn c th dng c t ln hu c.
B rng ca b phn p mi bn nn vt qu phm vi cung trt nguy
him t nht t 1-3 m (xc nh cung trt nguy him nht theo phng
php ni iu V.1 v V.2). Mt trn b phn p phi to dc ngang 2% ra
pha ngoi.
Chiu cao b phn p khng qu ln c th gy trt tri (mt n nh)
i vi chnh phn p phn p; khi thit k thng gi thit chiu cao b
_______________________________________________________________

20
phn p bng 1/3 - 1/2 chiu cao nn p ri nghim ton n nh theo
phng php mt trt trn ni mc V i vi bn thn b phn p v i
vi nn p c b phn p, nu kt qu nghim ton t cc yu cu ni
iu II.1.1 l c.
cht t p b phn p nn t K 0,9 (m nn tiu chun).
IV.5 Tng ct m
IV.5.1 Tng ct m c b tr gia t yu v nn p tng nhanh kh nng thot
nc c kt t pha di t yu ln mt t t nhin di tc dng ca ti
trng nn p.
Tng ct m nn c s dng trong cc trng hp p trc tip trn t yu
(IV.2.1 v IV.2.2) v bt buc phi c khi p dng cc gii php thot nc c
kt theo phng thng ng (mc IV.6).

IV.5.2 Ct dng lm tng ct m cn phi bo m c cc yu cu sau:
Ct phi l loi ct c t l hu c 5% c ht ln hn 0,25 mm chim trn
50%, c ht nh hn 0,08 mm chim t hn 5% v phi tha mn mt trong hai
iu kin sau:

D
D
60
10
6 > (IV.2)

( ) D
D D
30
2
10 60
.
> 1 v < 3 (IV.3)
Trong :

D
30
l kch c ht m lng cha cc c nh hn n chim 30%
D
10
l kch thc ng knh ht m lng cha cc c nh hn n
chim 10%.

IV.5.3 Chiu dy tng ct m t nht phi bng ln tng cng S ni iu II.2.1
nhng khng c nh hn 50 cm. cht m nn ca tng ct m ch yu
cu t 0,9 cht m nn tiu chun (phc v xe my thi cng cc lp trn).

IV.5.4 B rng mt tng ct m phi rng hn y nn p mi bn ti thiu l 0,5
1 m; mi dc v phn m rng hai bn ca tng ct m phi cu to tng lc
ngc nc c kt thot ra khng li theo ct, nht l khi ln chm vo t
yu nc c kt vn c th thot ra v khi cn thit dng bm ht bt nc s
khng gy ph hoi tng ct m.
_______________________________________________________________

21
Tng lc ngc c th c cu to theo cch thng thng (xp dy
khong 20-25 cm) hoc bng vi a k thut c yu cu nh ni iu IV.5.5.
Trng hp s dng vi a k thut th nn ri vi trn t yu, sau p
tng ct m, ri lt vi bc c mi dc v phn m rng ca n lm chc
nng lc ngc. Lp vi lm chc nng lc ngc ny phi chm vo phm vi
y nn t nht l 2 m. Lc ny, cng nn li dng vi a k thut ri trc tip
trn t yu kim thm cc chc nng khc nh tng cng thm mc n
nh trong qu trnh p (xem mc IV.7) hoc cc chc nng ni iu IV.2.4.

IV.5.5 Trong trng hp s dng vi a k thut lm tng lc ngc nh ni iu
IV.5.4 th ng knh l lc ca vi phi m bo iu kin sau:

O
f
C.D
85
(IV.4)
Trong :
O
f
l ng knh l lc ca vi cn chn (m)
D
85
l kch c ng knh ht ca vt liu tng ct m m lng
cha cc c nh hn n chim 85% (m)
C l h s ly bng 0,64
Vi a k thut kim thm chc nng no th ch tiu k thut ca vi cng
ng thi phi tha mn cc yu cu tng ng.
IV.5.6 Nc c kt t tng ct m qua tng lc ngc thot ra cn phi c thot
nhanh khi phm vi ln cn nn ng. Cn thit k sn cc ng thot nc
v khi cn thit c th b tr bm ht tho nc (c bit l khi tng ct m
ln ht vo trong t yu).

IV.6 Thot nc c kt theo phng thng ng (s dng ging ct hoc bc
thm)

IV.6.1 Nh c b tr cc phng tin thot nc theo phng thng ng (ging ct
hoc bc thm) nn nc c kt cc lp su trong t yu di tc dng ca
ti trng p s c iu kin thot nhanh (thot theo phng nm ngang ra
ging ct hoc bc thm ri theo chng thot ln mt t t nhin). Tuy nhin,
m bo pht huy c hiu qu thot nc ny th chiu cao nn p ti
thiu nn l 4 m v khi thit k cn tha mn cc iu kin (IV.5a), (IV.5b)
di y:

vz
+
z
(1,2 1,5)
pz
(IV.5a)

_______________________________________________________________

22

( )
( )
+
+
=

>
log log
log log
vz z pz
vz z vz
0 6 ,
(IV.5b)
Trong :
vz
l ng sut (p lc) thng ng do trng lng bn thn cc lp
t yu gy ra su z (MPa)

vz
=
i
. h
i
(IV.6)

i
v h
i
l trng lng th tch v b dy lp t i nm trong phm vi
t mt tip xc ca t yu vi y nn p (z=0) n su z
trong t yu; ch rng i vi cc lp t yu nm di mc
nc ngm th tr s
i
phi dng trng lng th tch y ni
(tr i 1).
z
l ng sut (p lc) thng ng do ti trng p (phn nn p
v phn p gia ti trc nu c, nhng khng k phn chiu cao
p h
x
quy i t ti trng xe c) gy ra su z trong t yu
k t y nn p (MPa);
z
c tnh theo ton Osterberg
Ph lc II.
pz
l p lc tin c kt su z trong t yu (MPa);
pz
c
xc nh t th nghim c kt theo hng dn v quy nh Ph
lc I.
iu kin (IV.5a) v (IV.5b) phi c tha mn i vi mi su z trong
phm vi t y nn p n ht chiu su ng ging ct hoc cm bc thm.
Nu khng tho mn cc iu kin ni trn th c th kt hp vi bin php gia
ti trc nh ni iu IV.6.8 tng
z
.

IV.6.2 Cc gii php dng phng tin thot nc c kt thng ng thng ch p
dng khi tng t yu dy (b dy tng t yu vt qu b rng y nn p)
v nn p cao. V gi thnh xy dng cao nn thng ch p dng khi dng
cc gii php khc khng th bo m c tiu chun v phn ln c kt
cn li S ni iu II.2.3 trong thi hn thi cng quy nh.

IV.6.3 Khi s dng cc gii php thot nc c kt thng ng nht thit phi b tr
tng ct m vi cc yu cu quy nh cc iu IV.5.2, IV.5.3, IV.5.4, IV.5.5
v IV.5.6. Nu dng ging ct th nh ging ct phi tip xc trc tip vi tng
ct m. Nu dng bc thm th bc thm phi cm xuyn qua tng ct m v
ct d thm ti thiu l 20 cm cao hn mt trn ca tng ct m.

_______________________________________________________________

23
IV.6.4 Ct dng cho ging ct cng phi c yu cu nh ni iu IV.5.2 nhng
ng thi phi tha mn c 2 iu kin IV.2 v IV.3.

IV.6.5 Bc thm dng lm phng tin thot nc c kt thng ng phi t c
cc yu cu sau:

Kch thc l v lc ca bc
(xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D4571) : 0
95
75 m
H s thm ca v lc (ASTM D4491) : 1.10
-4
m/sec
Kh nng thot nc ca bc thm vi
p lc 350 KN/m
2
(ASTM D4716) : q
w
60.10
-6
m
3
/sec
Cng chu ko ng vi dn di di 10%
(ASTM D4595) nhm chng t khi thi cng : 1 KN/bc
B rng ca bc thm ( ph hp vi
thit b cm bc tiu chun ho) : 100 mm 0,05 mm

IV.6.6 Ging ct ch nn dng loi c ng knh t 35 45 cm, b tr kiu hoa mai
vi khong cch gia cc ging bng 8-10 ln ng knh ging. Nu dng bc
thm th cng nn b tr so le kiu hoa mai vi c ly khng nn di 1,3 m v
khng qu 2,2 m.

IV.6.7 Vic quyt nh chiu su ging ct hoc bc thm l mt vn kinh t - k
thut i hi ngi thit k cn phi cn nhc da vo s phn b ln ca
cc lp t yu theo chiu su di tc dng ca ti trng p i vi mi
trng hp thit k c th. Khng nht thit phi b tr n ht phm vi chu
nh hng ca ti trng p (phm vi chu ln) nh ni iu III.3.2 m ch
cn b tr n mt su c tr s ln c kt ca cc lp t yu, t tr
ln chim mt t l ln so vi tr s ln c kt S
c
d bo c sao cho nu
tng nhanh tc c kt trong phm vi c b tr ging hoc bc ny l t
c tiu chun v ln c kt cho php cn li ni iu II.2.3 trong thi
hn thi cng quy nh.
Do vy ngi thit k phi a ra cc phng n b tr ging hoc bc thm
khc nhau (v su v v khong cch). Trong mi phng n b tr v chiu
su u phi m bo tha mn iu kin (IV.5a) v (IV.5b).

IV.6.8 Khi s dng cc gii php thot nc c kt thng ng nn kt hp vi bin
php gia ti trc v trong mi trng hp thi gian duy tr ti trng p khng
nn di 6 thng. C th dng bt k loi t no (k c t ln hu c) p
gia ti trc. Ta luy p gia ti trc c php p dc ti 1:0,75 v cht
m nn ch cn t K = 0,9 (m nn tiu chun)
_______________________________________________________________

24

IV.7 S dng vi a k thut tng cng mc n nh ca nn p trn
t yu

IV.7.1 Khi b tr vi a k thut gia t yu v nn p nh hnh IV.1, ma st
gia t p v mt trn ca vi a k thut s to c mt lc gi khi trt
F (b qua ma st gia t yu v mt di ca vi) v nh mc n nh
ca nn p trn t yu s tng ln.

Hnh IV.1

I l vng hot ng (khi trt)
II l vng b ng (vng vi a k thut ng vai tr neo gi)
F l lc ko m vi phi chu (T/m)
Y l cnh tay n ca lc F i vi tm trt nguy him nht
S dng gii php ny, khi tnh ton thit k phi bo m iu kin sau:

F F
cp
; (IV.7)
Trong :
F l lc ko m vi phi chu (T/m)
F
cp
l lc ko cho php ca vi rng 1 m (T/m)

IV.7.2 Lc ko cho php ca vi F
cp
c xc nh theo cc iu kin sau:

iu kin bn ca vi:

F
F
k
cp
max
= ; (IV.8)
Trong :
_______________________________________________________________

25
F
max
l cng chu t ca vi kh 1 m (T/m)
k l h s an ton; ly k = 2 khi vi lm bng plieste v k = 5 nu vi
lm bng pliprpilen hoc plithilen

iu kin v lc ma st cho php i vi lp vi ri trc tip trn t yu :

F h f
cp d i
0
1
=
l
(IV.9)

F h f
cp d i
=
0
2
l
(IV.10)

Trong :
l
1
v l
2
l chiu di vi trong phm vi vng hot ng v vng b ng (xem
hnh IV.1)

d
l dung trng ca t p ;
f ' l h s ma st gia t p v vi cho php dng tnh ton
h
i
l chiu cao p trn vi (thay i trong phm vi l
1
v l
2
, t h
i
= h n h
i
=0,
(xem hnh IV.1); biu thc IV.9 v IV.10 l tng lc ma st trn vi trong phm
vi vng hot ng v vng b ng:
= f k
2
3
tg
; (IV.11)
Trong :
l gc ma st trong ca t p xc nh tng ng vi cht thc t ca
nn p hoc ca tng m ct nu c ( ) ;
k' l h s d tr v ma st, ly bng 0,66.

Vic xc nh tr s l
1
v l
2
c tin hnh ng thi vi vic kim ton mc
n nh ni iu V.1: gi thit lc F m bo h s n nh nh nht t
c yu cu ni II.1.1 ri nghim li iu kin (IV.7) sao cho tha mn ng
thi c (IV.8), (IV.9) v (IV.10); nu tha mn th cn c vo tr s F
cp
nh nht
theo cc quan h ni trn chn vi c F
max
tng ng.

IV.7.3 Vi a k thut dng tng cng n nh cho nn p trn t yu c th
c b tr mt hoc nhiu lp (1 - 4 lp), mi lp vi xen k ct p dy 15 -
30 cm ty theo kh nng lu ln. Tng cng chu ko t ca cc lp vi
phi chn bng tr s F
max
c xc nh nh ni iu IV.7.2.

_______________________________________________________________

26
Ch : Cc lp vi pha trn nm trong ct p (mt trn v mt di u tip
xc vi ct) th tr s F
cp
tnh theo (IV.9) v (IV.10) c nhn 2, t tnh ra
tng lc ma st cho php ca cc lp vi.

IV.7.4 Trong trng hp s dng gii php ny nn chn vi a k thut bng loi si
dt (woven) v c cng chu ko t ti thiu l 25 kN/m nh ni iu
IV.2.4 m bo hiu qu m nn t trn vi nhm to h s ma st cao
gia t v vi. i vi cc ch tiu khc ca vi cng nn tham kho s dng
theo bng IV.1.
Nu kt hp s dng vi lm tng lc th cng phi m bo c v ng knh
l lc nh ni iu IV.5.5.

IV.8 Cc nguyn tc v trnh t la chn gii php thit k

IV.8.1 Trnh t tin hnh:
lm c s xut cc gii php thit k, trc tin pha t vn thit k cn
phi tnh ton nh gi mc n nh v din bin ln i vi trng hp
nn p trc tip trn t yu (khng p dng mt bin php x l no khc)
theo cc phng php hng dn mc V v mc VI. Vic tnh ton nh gi
phi c tin hnh ring i vi tng on c kch thc nn p v c cc
iu kin cu to tng lp t yu cng nh c trng k thut cc t yu khc
nhau. Nu kt qu tnh ton cho thy khng m bo c cc yu cu v tiu
chun thit k ni mc II v iu IV.1 th mi xut cc phng php x l
cho mi on , trc ht l cc phng n n gin nht (k c phng n
thay i kch c nn p v chiu cao v dc mi ta luy), hoc cng c th
a ra cc phng n kt hp ng thi mt s gii php trong cc gii php
ni mc IV v c cc gii php khc cha cp n trong quy trnh ny (v
d gii php ko di cu dn qua vng t yu ). i vi mi phng n
xut li phi tnh ton nh gi v n nh v ln ri thng qua tnh ton, phn
tch so snh v kinh t - k thut mt cch ton din la chn gii php p
dng. Khi phn tch nn xt n c nh hng gy ln ca nn p i vi cc
cng trnh nhn to hin c.

IV.8.2 Trong mi trng hp cn phi tn dng ht thi gian thi cng cho php: p
trn t yu phi khi cng sm nht v nu cn thit c th cho php ko di
ti a ti k hn cui cng trong tin chung hoc chia lm nhiu t p,
va p va ch c kt. Tn dng thi gian ti a nh vy l mt bin php
em li hiu qu kinh t - k thut ng k, do nn kt hp p dng cng vi
mi gii php x l khc.

_______________________________________________________________

27
IV.8.3 Trong qu trnh thi cng trn thc t, phi lun xem xt kt qu theo di h
thng quan trc (mc II.3), so snh n vi cc yu cu khng ch v n nh v
bin dng ni II.1.2 v II.2 kp thi iu chnh li tc p nu cn thit,
ng thi c th iu chnh c cc gii php thit k theo hng c li hn v
kinh t - k thut so vi thit k ban u. c bit l phi da vo quan trc ln
thc nh ni iu II.2.5 d bo ln c kt cn li khi quyt nh thi im
c th thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh c lin quan n yu cu khng ch
ln ca nn p trn t yu (cc d bo ln theo tnh ton ch dng a ra
cc gii php thit k).

IV.8.4 i vi trng hp chiu di tuyn ng qua vng t yu c cc c trng
a k thut tng i ng nht t 500 m tr ln th nn t chc thi cng lm
th trn thc a mt on nn p di 30 - 50 m (khng nn ngn hn 2 ln b
rng y nn p) c b tr cc thit b quan trc nh ni mc II.3 t
chnh xc ho cc gii php thit k trc khi thi cng ng lot. Vic lm th
ny phi c thc hin trong giai on thit k k thut v vic iu chnh sau
lm th s c thc hin trong giai on thit k lp bn v thi cng chi tit.
i vi trng hp chiu cao nn p thp cng nn lm th. Thi gian theo
di quan trc on th nghim lm th nn t 6 - 12 thng.

V. TNH TON N NH NN P TRN T YU

V.1 Phng php tnh ton

V.1.1 Trong quy trnh ny s dng phng php phn mnh c in hoc phng
php Bishop vi mt trt trn khot xung vng t yu lm phng php c
bn tnh ton nh gi mc n nh ca nn p trn t yu.
V.1.2 Phng php phn mnh c in c tnh theo s hnh V.1 v h s n
nh K
j
ng vi mt mt trt trn c tm O
j
c xc nh theo cng thc V.1:

_______________________________________________________________

28

Hnh V.1: S tnh n nh theo phng php phn mnh vi mt trt trn;
(h
x
l chiu cao quy i ti trng xe c xc nh theo cng thc II.1)

( )
( )
( )
[ ]
K
c Q cos tg F Y / R
Q sin W Y /R
j
i i i j
1
n
i i i i j
1
n
=
+ +
+
l
i i

(V.1)

Trong hnh (V.1) mnh trt i rng d
i
chu tc dng ca trng lng bn thn
Q
i
, lc ng t W
i
(nu cn xt n); ngoi ra, nu c ri vi a k thut
tng cng n nh th ton khi trt cn chu tc dng ca lc gi F (xem
hnh IV.1 v iu IV.7.1). W
i
c xc nh iu II.4.4, cn F c xc nh
nh ni iu IV.7.1 v IV.7.2. Cc lc tc dng ny c cnh tay n so vi
tm trt O
j
l Y
i
(lc W
i
) v Y (lc F). i vi mt mt trt trn c tm O
j

th Y
i
s thay i theo v tr trng tm ca mnh trt, cn Y s l khng i.
l
i
l chiu di cung trt trong phm vi mnh i
n l tng s mnh trt c phn mnh trong phm vi khi trt

i
l gc gia php tuyn ca cung l
i
vi phng ca lc Q
i
(hnh V.1)
R
j
l bn knh ng cong ca cung trt
c
i
v
i
l lc dnh n v v gc ma st trong ca lp t cha cung trt l
i
ca
mnh trt i (nu cung l
i
nm trong vng nn p th dng tr s lc dnh v
gc ma st trong ca t p). i vi vng t yu, khi dng kt qu th
nghim ct cnh hin trng th p dng
i
= 0, cn c
i
c ly bng sc chng
ct tnh ton C
u
i
(xem V.3.2).
V.1.3 Khi tnh ton theo phng php Bishop th h s n nh K
j
ng vi mt mt
trt trn c tm O
j
(hnh V.1) c xc nh theo cng thc sau :

( )
( )
[ ]
K
Q tg
c m F Y R
Q W Y R
j
i i
i
i i i j
i i i i j
n
n
=
+
+
+
cos
/
sin /
l
1
1
; (V.2)

vi : m
K
tg tg
i
j
i i
= +
1
1
1
. ; (V.3)
Cc k hiu trong (V.2) v (V.3) u c ngha nh trong (V.1) trn hnh
V.1 . Cch xc nh chng cng hon ton ging nh khi tnh ton theo phng
_______________________________________________________________

29
php phn mnh c in. Ch khc l qu trnh tnh ton theo (V.2) v (V.3) l
qa trnh tnh lp m dn v m
i
(V.3) li ph thuc vo K
j
; do vy, nu s
dng phng php Bishop th buc phi s dng cc chng trnh tnh trn
my vi tnh.
V.2 Nhng ch khi vn dng phng php tnh ton phn mnh c in v
Bishop

V.2.1 B rng mnh trt d
i
khng c qu 2 m v phi phn mnh sao cho chiu
di cung trt trong phm vi mi mnh l
i
phi nm trong cng mt lp t. Mi
mnh trt bao gm tt c cc lp t k t mt trt tr ln (c th gm c
tng ct m, phn p chm trong t yu, phn lp t khng yu, phn p
phn p, phn p gia ti trc v phn chiu cao p tng ng vi ti trng
xe c quy i).

V.2.2 Xc nh trng lng bn thn mi mnh trt Q
i
nh sau:

Q d . h
i i k k
1
N
=

(V.4)
Trong : h
k
l chiu cao ca mnh i trong phm vi mi lp t khc nhau c
dung trng th tch kh
k
khc nhau (N l s cc lp t khc nhau trong phm
vi mnh i). i vi cc lp t yu nm di mc nc ngm th tr s
k
phi
dng trng lng th tch y ni (tr i 1).
Ch rng, i vi cc mnh trt nm trong phm vi b rng ca nn ng
th khi tnh Q
i
phi k n thm chiu cao quy i ti trng xe c h
x
xc nh
theo cng thc (II.1) nh hnh V.1 v chiu cao p gia ti trc (nu c).
V.2.3 Phi tnh ton vi nhiu mt trt trn (O
j
, R
j
) khc nhau xc nh c mt
trt nguy him nht v h s n nh nh nht K
j min
(vit tt l K
min
). Tr s
K
min
ny c dng nh gi i vi cc yu cu v n nh trt tri ni
II.1. Ch rng phi v c (xc nh c) v tr mt trt nguy him nht
d bo theo tnh ton lm c s cho vic thit k b tr cc gii php x l
nh b rng b phn p (iu IV.2.4), chiu su b tr phng tin thot nc
thng ng (iu IV.6.7) hoc xc nh vng hot ng khi tng cng n
nh bng vi a k thut (hnh IV.1). Trong trng hp lp t yu mng,
mt trt c th gm cc on cung trn kt hp vi mt on thng y lp
t yu (c bit l khi y c dc trn 10).

V.2.4 Nu khng s dng my tnh th c th m tm mt trt nguy him nht bng
cch cho v tr tm O
j
ca chng thay i trong vng "tm trt nguy him
nht" nh th hin trn hnh V.2 :

_______________________________________________________________

30

Hnh V.2: S xc nh vng tm trt nguy him
(I l im gia mi ta luy nn p, C l chn ta luy nn p)

Nu nn p bng ct (lc dnh c = 0) th giao im gia mt trt nguy him
nht vi b rng nn ng c th thay i trn c phm vi AB, cn nu p
t c lc dnh ln th giao im ny thng qua im A hoc ln cn A (t A
n gia tim nn p).

V.2.5 Cc chng trnh tnh trn my vi tnh xc nh h s n nh K
j
v m tm
h s n nh nh nht K
min
phi c kh nng bo m c cc yu cu tnh
ton ni cc iu V.1, V.2.1, V.2.3.

V.2.6 Khi nh gi mc n nh ca nn p trn t yu c dng cc gii php x
l khc nhau ni IV.2, IV.3, IV.4, IV.6, IV.7 th vn p dng cc phng
php ni V.1 v nhng yu cu vn dng ni V.2 (c bit l iu V.2.1 v
V.2.2) iu ny i hi trc khi gi thit cc mt trt v tin hnh tnh ton
phi v mt ct ngang nn p vi y cc lp nn thin nhin pha di v
cc cu to theo yu cu ca gii php x l tng ng (chiu su o t yu,
tng m ct, b phn p, hnh dng khi t p gia ti trc, b tr cc lp vi
a k thut...) trong chiu cao nn p phi k thm chiu cao quy i ti
trng xe c.

V.2.7 Nu p dng cc gii php p thnh nhiu t th vic xc nh chiu cao p
cho php i vi mi on c lm nh sau:
Gi thit mt chiu cao p nn
Tnh ton mc n nh ca nn chiu cao p ny theo phng php
ni V.1 v V.2 tng ng vi sc chng ct ca t yu c xc nh
khc nhau cho mi t p (xem phn V.3). Nu kt qu nghim ton tha
mn iu kin ni II.1.1 v tr s K
min
khng qu ln (nn tn dng K
min
= 1,2) th chp nhn chiu cao gi thit ni trn l chiu cao thit k cho mi
t p, nu khng th gi thit li cho n khi kt qu nghim ton cho
K
min
= 1,2.
_______________________________________________________________

31
Cho php s dng cc loi ton tra sn chiu cao p gii hn H
gh
hoc cc
cng thc tnh ti trng gii hn P
gh
ty thuc cc c trng sc chng ct ca
t yu a ra tr s chiu cao p nn gi thit ni trn mt cch nhanh
chng nhng sau vn phi nghim ton li theo phng php mt trt trn
ni V.1 v V.2 (ch rng P
gh
=
d
. H
gh
vi
d
l dung trng ca t p nn
ng hoc p gia ti trc).
Nu s dng cc chng trnh tnh ton trn my vi tnh c sn th c th gi
thit 3 - 4 tr s chiu cao p ri cho chy my xc nh tr s K
min
tng
ng vi mi chiu cao v thng qua quan h K
min
= f (H
p
) xc nh
chiu cao p cho php tng ng K
min
= 1,2.

V.3 Cc trng hp tnh ton n nh v thng s tnh ton tng ng

V.3.1 C 3 trng tnh ton n nh i hi phi s dng sc chng ct tnh ton
trng thi khc nhau nh di y:

1. Trng hp I: Nn p c xy dng trong iu kin t yu pha di cha
kp c kt hoc c c kt nhng mc khng ng k nh cc trng hp
c th di y:
Trng hp tnh ton nh gi mc n nh phc v xut cc gii
php thit k ni iu IV.8.1;
Trng hp p dng cc gii php p trc tip, p c ri vi a k thut
(IV.2 v IV.7), o mt phn t yu (IV.3), dng b phn p (IV.4);
Trng hp p nn t u tin khi p dng gii php p thnh nhiu t
(IV.8.2 v V.2.7), khi p dng gii php tng m ct (IV.5) v thot nc
thng ng (IV.6).

2. Trng hp II: Nn p trn t yu sau khi hon thnh a vo khai thc s
dng, t yu pha di t mc c kt 90% tr ln.

3. Trng hp III: Nn p trong qu trnh xy dng vi gii php p lm nhiu
t, va p va ch c kt (IV.8.2), mc c kt ca t yu tng dn trong
nhng t p th hai, th ba.
Nu kt qu tnh ton n nh theo trng hp I vi chiu cao p mt ln bng
chiu cao nn p thit k cho thy m bo c cc yu cu ni II.1.1
th d p dng gii php x l no cng khng cn cp n vic tnh ton
theo cc trng hp II v III.
V.3.2 i vi trng hp I, cc c trng v sc chng ct a vo tnh ton phi
c xc nh nh sau:

_______________________________________________________________

32
i vi t nn p v lp ct m: Tr s lc dnh c v gc ma st c
xc nh bng mu ch b cht v m ng nh thc t thng qua
th nghim ct nhanh khng thot nc trong phng th nghim. Nu nn
p b ngp nc hai bn th mu ct cn ch b m bt li nht tng
ng.

i vi cc lp t t nhin yu hoc khng yu nm di nn p: S
dng kt qu th nghim ct cnh hin trng v tr s lc dnh tnh ton C
u

c xc nh theo cng thc sau (xem nh gc ma st = 0):

C
u
i
= . S
s
(MPa) (V.5)

Trong :
S
s
l sc chng ct nguyn dng (MPa) khng thot nc t th nghim
ct cnh hin trng
l h s hiu chnh (theo Bjerum) xt n nh hng bt ng hng
ca t, tc ct v tnh ph hoi lin tip ca nn t yu ty thuc
vo ch s do ca t nh bng V.1

Bng V.1: Tr s ty thuc vo ch s do I
p

Ip 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1,09 1,0 0,925 0,86 0,80 0,75 0,70
(Ni suy bc nht gia cc khong trong bng)
Ch khi khng c cch no c c thit b th nghim ct cnh hin trng
th mi c dng c trng sc chng ct theo kt qa th nghim ct
nhanh khng thot nc trong phng th nghim (c
i
,
i
).

V.3.3 i vi trng hp II: c trng sc chng ct ca cc lp t yu v khng
yu nm di nn p (C v ) c xc nh vi mu nguyn dng thng qua
th nghim ct nhanh c kt trong phng th nghim; i vi cc lp t p (k
c tng ct m, nu c) vn c xc nh nh trng hp I.

V.3.4 i vi trng hp III: Cc c trng sc chng ct ca cc lp t v nn p
u c xc nh nh i vi trng hp I nhng tr s S
s
trong cng thc V.5
nay c thay bng tr s S
u
xc nh nh sau:

S
u
= U [0,22.
z
+ S
s
(
pz
/
vz
)
0,2
] (V.6)
Trong :
_______________________________________________________________

33
U l mc c kt d bo c th t c k t lc bt u p nn t
u tin cho n khi bt u p nn t II tip theo: U tnh bng phn
s thp phn ca 1 (v d t c kt 50% th U = 0,5) v c d tnh
theo cch ni iu VI.3.1.
S
s
c ngha nh cng thc (V.5) vi th nghim ct nhanh hin
trng t lc cha p (t trng thi t nhin):
z
,
pz
,
vz
c ngha
v c xc nh nh cng thc (IV.5 v IV.6) vi ti trng p t
u. Vi S
u
tnh c theo (V.6) s tnh c lc dnh tnh ton (tc l
sc chng ct tnh ton) C
u
i
theo cng thc (V.5) ty thuc mc c
kt ca t yu sau khi p t u. Tr s sc chng ct tnh ton ny
khi U = 1 phi nh hn tr s sc chng ct ca trng hp II

S
u
(
z
+
vz
) . tg
i
+ c
i
(V.7)

Trong : c
i
v
i
c xc nh thng qua th nghim ct nhanh c kt
nh ni V.3.3. Nu C
u
tnh theo cng thc (V.5 v V.6) ln hn tr s
v phi ca cng thc (V.7) th ch c dng tr s v phi ca (V.7)
tnh ton.
Trng hp s dng kt qa ct nhanh khng thot nc trong phng
th nghim tnh ton th tng ng vi mc c kt t c U , sc
chng ct ca t yu lp i c xem l c tng thm mt tr s c
i
.

c
i
=
z
. U . tg
i
(V.8)
v tr s lc dnh a vo tnh ton theo cc cng thc (V.1) hoc (V.3)
s l c
U
i
= c
i
+ c
i
. Tr s sc chng ct tnh ton vi
i
v c
U
i
ny
cng phi tha mn iu kin (V.7).

V.3.5 Vic tnh ton n nh vi cc cch xc nh sc chng ct tnh ton ni trn
ch phc v cho nhng d kin thit k. Trong trng hp I v II m bo
nn lun n nh trong qu trnh p phi thc hin y cc yu cu v quan
trc ln v di ng ngang ni mc II.3.

VI. TNH TON LN NN P TRN T YU

VI.1 Tnh ln c kt S
c

VI.1.1 ln c kt S
c
c d tnh theo phng php phn tng ly tng vi cng
thc sau:
_______________________________________________________________

34

( )
S
H
1 e
C log / C log
c
i
o
i
i 1
n
r
i
pz
i
vz
i
c
i z
i
vz
i
pz
i
=
+
+
+
(VI.1)

Trong :
H
i
l b dy lp t tnh ln th i (phn thnh n lp c cc c trng bin
dng khc nhau), i t 1 n n lp; H
i
2,0 m ;
e
o
i
l h s rng ca lp t i trng thi t nhin ban u (cha p nn
bn trn).
C
c
i
ch s nn ln hay dc ca on ng cong nn ln (biu din di
dng e log ) trong phm vi
i
>
pz
i
ca lp t i.
C
r
i
l ch s nn ln hay dc ca on ng cong nn ln ni trn trong
phm vi
i
<
pz
i
(cn gi l ch s nn ln hi phc ng vi qu trnh r
ti nh hnh 1 Ph lc 1).
vz
i
,
pz
i
,
z
i
l p lc (ng sut nn thng ng) do trng lng bn
thn cc lp t t nhin nm trn lp i , p lc tin c kt lp i v p lc
do ti trng p gy ra lp i (xc nh cc tr s p lc ny tng ng vi
su z chnh gia lp t yu i).

Ch :
a) Khi
vz
i
>
pz
i
(t trng thi cha c kt xong di tc dng ca trng
lng bn thn) v khi
vz
i
>
pz
i
(t trng thi c kt bnh thng) th
cng thc (V.8) ch cn mt s hng sau (khng tn ti s hng c mt
C
r
i
).
b) Khi
vz
i
<
pz
i
(t trng thi qu c kt) th tnh ln c kt S
c
theo
VI-1 s c 2 trng hp :
Nu
z
i
>
pz
i

vz
i
th p dng ng cng thc (VI.1) vi c hai
s hng ;
Nu
z
i
>
pz
i

vz
i
th p dng cng thc sau :

S
H
1 e
C log
c
i
o
i
i 1
n
r
i z
i
vz
i
pz
i
=
+
+
(VI.1)
VI.1.2 Xc nh cc thng s v tr s tnh ton trong cng thc d tnh ln (VI.1)
_______________________________________________________________

35
Cc thng s C
r
i
C
c
i
v
pz
i
c xc nh thng qua th nghim nn ln
khng n hng i vi cc mu nguyn dng i din cho lp t yu i theo
hng dn TCVN 4200-86 v cc hng dn b sung Ph lc I ca bn
Quy trnh ny v iu III.3.5 v III.3.7.
Tr s ng sut (p lc)
vz
i
c xc nh nh hng dn iu IV.6.1
(cng thc IV.6).
Cc tr s p lc
z
i
c tnh theo ton Osterberg Ph lc II nh
ni IV.6.1) nhng ch ng vi ti trng nn p thit k (iu II.2.2) v c
xt n d phng ln nh ni VI.3.

VI.1.3 Chiu su vng t yu b ln di tc dng ca ti trng p hay phm vi
chu nh hng ca ti trng p z
a
c xc nh theo iu kin:

za
= 0,15.
vza
(VI.2)

Trong :
za
l ng sut do ti trng p gy ra su Z
a
(nu phc v cho vic tnh
ln tng cng S th ti trng p cng ch gm ti trng p thit k)
vza
l ng sut do trng lng bn thn cc lp pha trn gy ra su Z
a

(c xt n p lc y ni nu cc lp ny nm di mc nc ngm)

Nh vy vic phn tng ly tng tnh ln tng cng theo (VI.1) ch thc
hin n su z
a
ni trn v cng l su cn thm d khi tin hnh kho
st a k thut vng t yu nh ni III.3.2.

VI.2 D tnh ln tng cng S v ln tc thi S
i

VI.2.1 ln tng cng S c d on theo quan h kinh nghim sau:

S = m . S
c
(VI.3)

Vi m = 1,1 1,4; nu c cc bin php hn ch t yu b y tri ngang di
ti trng p (nh c p phn p hoc ri vi a k thut...) th s dng tr s
m = 1,1; ngoi ra chiu cao p cng ln v t cng yu th s dng tr s m
cng ln.

VI.2.2 ln tc thi S
i
ni iu II.2.1 cng c d tnh theo quan h sau:

_______________________________________________________________

36
S
i
= (m 1). S
c
(VI.4)

vi m c ngha v xc nh nh iu VI.2.1.

VI.2.3 Trnh t tnh ton ln ca nn p trn t yu

tnh ln tng cng S theo cng thc (VI.3) th phi tnh c ln c
kt S
c
theo (VI.1) hoc (VI.1'), tc l phi xc nh c cc thng s v tr s
tnh ton ni VI.1.2, trong tr s
z
i
ph thuc vo ti trng p, ti trng
ny bao gm c phn p ln vo trong t yu S. V lc u cha bit S, do
vy qu trnh tnh ln l qu trnh lp th dn theo trnh t sau:
Gi thit ln tng cng S
gt
(thng gi thit S
gt
= 5-10% b dy t yu
hoc chiu su vng t yu chu ln z
a
; nu l than bn ln nhiu th c th
gi thit S
gt
= 20 - 30% b dy ni trn);
Tnh ton phn b ng sut
z
i
theo ton Osterberg vi chiu cao nn
p thit k c d phng ln H'
tk
= H
tk
+ S
gt
(H
tk
l chiu cao nn p thit
k : nu p trc tip th k t mt t thin nhin khi cha p n mp vai
ng; nu c o bt t yu th k t cao mt t yu sau khi o);

Vi ti trng p H'
tk
tnh ton ln c kt S
c
theo (VI.1) hoc (VI .1') ty
trng hp;

Nu S
c
tnh c tha mn iu kin (VI.4) tc l S
S
m
c
gt
= th chp nhn
kt qu v nh vy ng thi xc nh c S
c
v S = S
gt
; nu khng tha
mn iu kin ni trn th phi gi thit li S v lp li qu trnh tnh ton...

VI.2.4 Chiu cao nn p thit k c d phng ln H'
tk
c xc nh l:

H'
tk
= H
tk
+ S (VI.5)

Nh vy, cao nn p trn t yu phi thit k cao thm mt tr s S d
phng ln. B rng nn p ti cao ng vi chiu cao H'
tk
phi bng b rng
nn p thit k.
VI.3 D tnh ln c kt theo thi gian trong trng hp thot nc mt
chiu theo phng thng ng

_______________________________________________________________

37
VI.3.1 Trong trng hp ny c kt U ca t yu t c sau thi gian t k t
lc p xong nn ng thit k v p xong phn p gia ti trc (nu c)
c xc nh ty thuc vo nhn t thi gian T
v
nh bng VI.1.

T
C
H
t
v
v
tb
2
= (VI.6)
Trong :
C
v
tb
l h s c kt trung bnh theo phng thng ng ca cc lp
t yu trong phm vi chiu su chu ln z
a
(xem ngha iu
VI.1.3)

C
z
h
C
v
tb a
2
i
vi
2
=
(VI.7)

Vi h
i
l b dy cc lp t yu nm trong phm vi z
a
(z
a
= h
i
) c
h s c kt khc nhau C
vi

C
vi
xc nh thng qua th nghim nn ln khng n hng i vi
cc mu nguyn dng i din cho lp t yu i theo TCVN 4200-86
tng ng vi p lc trung bnh

vz
i
z
i
2
+
m lp t yu i phi
chu trong qu trnh c kt
H l chiu su thot nc c kt theo phng thng ng, nu ch
c mt mt thot nc pha trn th H = z
a
cn nu hai mt thot
nc c trn v di (di lp c t ct hoc thu knh ct) th H =
1/2 z
a

Bng VI.1: c kt t c ty thuc vo nhn t T
v ;
U
v
= f (T)

T
v
0,004 0,008 0,012 0,020 0,028 0,036 0,048
U
v
0,080 0,104 0,125 0,160 0,189 0,214 0,247
T
v
0,060 0,072 0,100 0,125 0,167 0,200 0,250
U
v
0,276 0,303 0,357 0,399 0,461 0,504 0,562
T
v
0,300 0,350 0,400 0,500 0,600 0,800 1,000
U
v
0,631 0,650 0,698 0,764 0,816 0,887 0,931
Tv 2,000
Uv 0,994
_______________________________________________________________

38
Ch l nu C
v
tnh bng cm
2
/sec th h
i
v H phi tnh bng cm v t phi tnh
bng sec (giy).
VI.3.2 ln c kt ca nn p trn t yu sau thi gian t ni trn c xc nh
nh sau:
S
t
= S
c
. U
v
(VI.8)
Trong S
c
xc nh nh iu VI.2.3 cn U
v
xc nh nh VI.3.1.
Phn ln c kt cn li sau thi gian t, S s l:
S = (1-U) . S
c
(VI.9)
VI.3.3 Da vo cc quan h (VI.6, VI.7) v bng VI.1 ngi thit k c th xc nh
c thi gian cn thit phi ch sau khi p nn (bao gm c thi gian thi
cng kt cu o ng) phn ln c kt cn li sau khi lm xong mt
ng nm trong phm vi cho php ni iu II.2.3; t xem c cn p dng
cc gii php tng nhanh ln hay khng.

VI.4 D tnh ln c kt theo thi gian trong trng hp thot nc 2 chiu (c
s dng ging ct hoc bc thm)

IV.4.1 Trong trng hp ny c kt U t c sau thi gian t k t lc p xong
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

U = 1 (1U
v
) (1U
h
) (VI.10)
Trong :
U
v
l c kt theo phng thng ng vn c xc nh nh ni
iu VI.3.1,
U
h
l c kt theo phng ngang do tc dng ca ging ct hoc bc
thm (xc nh nh iu VI.4.2).

VI.4.2 c kt theo phng ngang U
h
c xc nh nh sau:

( )
U 1 exp
8T
F n F F
h
h
s r
=

+ +
(VI.11)
Trong :
T
h
l nhn t thi gian theo phng ngang:

_______________________________________________________________

39
T
C
t
h
h
2
=
l
(VI.12)

Vi l l khong cch tnh ton gia cc ging ct hoc bc thm:

- Nu b tr ging hoc bc thm theo kiu vung
l = 1,13 D (VI.13)

- Nu b tr theo kiu tam gic
l = 1,05 D (VI.14)
D l khong cch gia cc tim ging hoc bc.

H s c kt theo phng ngang C
h
(cm
2
/sec) cng c th c xc nh
thng qua th nghim nn ln khng n hng i vi cc mu nguyn dng
ly theo phng nm ngang theo TCVN 4200-86. Nu vng t yu c kt
gm nhiu lp t c C
h
khc nhau th tr s dng tnh ton l tr s C
h

trung bnh gia quyn theo b dy cc lp khc nhau .
giai on lp d n kh thi, cho php tm dng quan h sau xc nh
tr s C
h
a vo tnh ton:
C
h
= (25)C
v
tb
(VI.15)
Vi C
v
tb
c xc nh nh ni iu VI.3.1.

F (n) l nhn t xt n nh hng ca khong cch b tr ging ct hoc
bc thm, c xc nh ty thuc vo n = l/d (vi d l ng knh ca
ging ct hoc ng knh tng ng ca mt bc thm) theo cng thc:

F(n)
n
n 1
ln(n)
3n 1
4n
2
2
2
2
=

; (VI.16)
F
s
l nhn t xt n nh hng ca vng t b xo ng xung quanh bc
thm (lm h s thm trong vng b gim i).
F
r
l nhn t xt n nh hng v sc cn ca bc thm.
Khi dng ging ct th khng xt n 2 nhn t ny (tc l xem F
s
= 0 v F
r
=0)
cn khi p dng bc thm th chng c xc nh nh ni iu VI.4.3.

VI.4.3 Trng hp s dng bc thm lm phng tin thot nc thng ng th cc
nhn t F(n), F
s
v F
r
trong (VI.11) c xc nh nh sau:
_______________________________________________________________

40
Nhn t F (n) vn theo cng thc (VI.16) vi ng knh tng ng ca mt
bc thm d tnh nh sau:

d
a b
2
=
+
; (VI.17)
Trong :
a l chiu rng, b l b dy ca tit din bc thm
V d nh nn t s n thng ln v n
2
>> 1, do vy c th tnh F (n)
theo cng thc n gin sau:

F (n) = ln (n) 3/4 ; (VI.18)

Nhn t xt n nh hng xo ng:

F
s
= (k
h
/k
s
- 1) . ln (d
s
/d) ; (VI.19)

Trong k
h
v k
s
l h s thm theo phng nm ngang ca t yu khi
cha ng bc thm (t yu khng b xo ng) v sau khi ng bc thm;
k
s
< k
h
v thng cho php ly k
s
= k
v
vi k
v
l h s thm ca t theo
phng thng ng. Trn thc t tnh ton thng cho php p dng:

k
k
k
k
C
C
h
s
h
v
h
v
= = = 2 5 ; (VI.20)
- C
h
v C
v
l h s c kt ca t yu theo phng nm ngang v phng
thng ng .
- d
s
/d l t s gia ng knh tng ng ca vng t b xo ng
xung quanh bc thm v ng knh tng ng ca chnh bc thm.
Thc t tnh ton cho php p dng:

d
d
s
= 2 3 ; (VI.21)
Nhn t xt n sc cn ca bc thm:

F 2/ 3 L
k
q
r
2 h
w
= ; (VI.22)
Trong :
L l chiu di tnh ton ca bc thm (m) nu ch c mt mt thot nc
pha trn th L bng chiu su ng bc thm, nu c 2 mt thot nc (c
trn v di) th ly L bng 1/2 chiu su ng bc thm;
_______________________________________________________________

41
k
h
l h s thm ngang (theo phng nm ngang) ca t yu, cho php xc
nh gn ng theo (VI.20) t h s thm theo phng thng ng k
v
hoc
th nghim thm trc tip vi cc mu thm theo phng ngang (m/s).
q
w
(m
3
/sec) l kh nng thot nc ca bc thm tng ng vi gradien
thy lc bng 1; ly theo chng ch xut xng ca bc thm. Thc t tnh
ton cho php ly t s k
h
/q
w
= 0,00001 0,001m
-2
i vi t yu loi st
hoc st; k
h
/q
w
= 0,001 0,01 i vi than bn v 0,01 0,1 i vi bn
ct;

VI.4.4 Trong trng hp s dng ging ct th khi thit k c th trc tip dng ton
hnh VI.1 biu th mi quan h (VI.11) vi F (n) theo (VI.16) v F
s
=F
r
= 0.
Hnh VI.1: Ton xc nh c kt theo phng nm ngang U
h
theo T
h
v n

VI.4.5 ln c kt t c S
t
v phn ln cn li S sau thi gian t trong
trng hp thot nc c kt 2 chiu cng vn c xc nh nh cng thc
(VI.8) v (VI.9) nhng thay U
v
bng U tnh c theo (VI.10).
VI.5 Nhng ch khi d tnh ln

VI.5.1 xt n nh hng ca thi gian thi cng p (ko di trong mt thi hn
nht nh ch khng phi p t ngt xong ngay) i vi din bin ln ca
nn p trn t yu c th dng cch suy din n gin nh hnh VI.2 vi gi
thit ti trng p tng tuyn tnh.
_______________________________________________________________

42
Trc ht v ng cong ln c kt theo thi gian S
t
= S
c
U vi trng hp
ti trng p tc dng ngay mt lc (ng cong chm gch, ng 2 hnh
VI.2)

Hnh VI.2: Din bin ln theo thi gian c xt n thi gian thi cng p nn

ln cui thi k thi cng ( thi im t
c
lc p xong) c xc nh
bng ln ca ng 2 thi im p c mt na t
c
/2, trn hnh v t
im 1/2t
c
dng xung gp ng cong 2 H, t H dng ngang gp ng
dng thng ng t t
c
E.
Tng t, ln thi im t c xc nh xut pht t im K (ln
thi im t/2 ca ng cong 2) dng ngang c N, ni ON ct ng
dng thng ng t t M. Kt qu l v c ng cong d bo ln c xt
n thi gian thi cng p nn (ng cong 1 qua OME trn hnh VI.1).

VI.5.2 Do mang nhiu gi thit gn ng v l thuyt v v thng s a vo tnh
ton nn kt qu d bo ln v c kt ch c s dng nh ni im
II.2.5. Trong qu trnh thi cng lm th (IV.8.4) hoc thi cng thc t, phi
thng qua kt qu quan trc ln thc t nh gi, iu chnh cc gii php v
cc bc x l nh ni II.2.5 v IV.8.3.

_______________________________________________________________

43

PH LC I

XC NH TR S P LC TIN C KT
pz
V CC CH S NN LN CA T YU

TRNH T THC HIN :

1. Thc hin th nghim xc nh tnh nn ln khng n hng ca cc mu t yu
nguyn dng ly su z theo ng TCVN 4200-86, bao gm c vic th nghim d
ti sau cp ti cui cng nh ni iu 4.9 ca TCVN ni trn. Khng c dng
phng php nn nhanh.

2. Da vo kt qu th nghim v ng cong nn ln e lg p (hnh 1) trong e l
h s rng tng ng vi cc cp p lc p. Cng c th v ng cong nn ln ny
di dng lg e lg p .

3. Xc nh tr s p lc tin c kt
p
:

a) Trn ng cong e lg p xc nh im A ch ti c cong ln nht
(bn knh cong nh nht). T A k ng nm ngang v ng tip tuyn
vi ng cong nn ln. K ng phn gic ca gc to bi ng nm
ngang v ng tip tuyn qua A ni trn. Giao im ca ng phn gic
ny vi ng tip tuyn k t cui ng cong nn ln (on tip tuyn
ko di) s xc nh im tng ng vi p lc tin c kt P (xem hnh 1).

_______________________________________________________________

44
b) Trn ng cong lg e lg p nu hnh thnh mt im gy (giao im ca
hai nhnh thng c dc khc nhau) th chnh l im tng ng vi
tr s p lc tin c kt (xem hnh 2).

c) Chn tr s no ln hn trong hai cch xc nh ni trn lm tr s s dng.

4. Xc nh cc tr s nn ln

Tr s p lc tin c kt chia ng cong nn ln e log p thnh hai phn
tng ng vi on <
p
(bn tri) v on >
p
(bn phi). T xc nh c
cc ch s nn ln nh sau :

a) Ch s nn ln C
r
on <
p
:

1 p
p 1
r
lg lg
e e
C

=

trong : e
p
l h s rng tng ng vi p lc tin c kt
p
;

e
1
l h s rng tng ng vi p lc nn
1
. Vic chn tr s
1
ty
thuc vo thc t chu ti ca lp t i cn tnh ln. Thng c th
ly
1
= 0,1 kG/cm
2
tng ng vi cp p lc th nghim u tin
theo TCVN 4200-86 i vi t yu; Cng c th tnh C
r
theo
nhnh d ti trn hnh 1.

b) Ch s nn ln C
c
on >
p
:

p 2
2 p
lg lg
e e

=
c
C

e
p
,
p
c ngha nh trn, cn e
2
l h s rng ng vi p lc
2
. Vic chn
tr s
2
ty thuc vo thc t chu ti ca lp t i cn tnh ln v nn chn sao
cho tr s
i
vz
+
i
z
trong cng thc (VI.1) nm gia khong
p
v

2
.
_______________________________________________________________

45
Nu khi th nghim nn chn cp p lc ln nht ng nh ni iu 1.7 ca
TCVN 4200-86 th c th ly
2
bng tr s cp p lc ln nht .

5. T kt qu th nghim xc nh p lc tin c kt cc lp t i khc nhau c th
v biu
p
z ( su) nh hnh 3. Trn c th v ng
v.z
z (p lc do
trng lng bn thn cc lp t yu) ng
z
z (p lc do ti trng p) v
ng
v.z
+
o
= f(z) kim tra iu kin (IV.5a) v (IV.5b) nh trn hnh 3.
iu kin (IV.5a) v (IV.5b) nu khng c tho mn th khng nn p dng cc
gii php dng phng tin thot nc c kt theo phng thng ng (ging ct
hoc bc thm).
TH NGHIM NN

Cng trnh : ....................................................................................
K hiu l khoan ................................ su ly mu : ............ (m)
S hiu mu : ...................... No S th nghim : ......................

p lc tin c kt :
p
= 0,620 (kG/cm
2
)
_______________________________________________________________

46
H s rng ban u : e
o
= 1.188

Ph lc I - Hnh 1

p lc tin c kt :
p
= 0,68 (kG/cm
2
)
H s rng ban u : e
o
= 1.188

Ph lc I. Hnh 2 - Xc nh p lc tin c kt trn th loge - log p
_______________________________________________________________

47
(s liu th nghim nh vi hnh 1)

_______________________________________________________________

48
ng sut do trng lng bn thn
ng sut do ti trng p
---------- ng sut qu kh ti a
(p lc tin c kt)

Ph lc I . Hnh 3 - Kim tra iu kin (IV.5a)

PH LC II

TNH TON NG SUT NN (P LC) THEO PHNG THNG NG
ZI

DO TI TRNG NN P HOC TI TRNG PHN P GY RA TRONG T
THEO TON OSTERBERG
_______________________________________________________________

49

a- Ton xc nh ng sut nn thng ng do nn p gy ra trong t
b- S ti trng v v d s dng ton Osterberg (trng hp ti trng ch nht s c
xem l hnh thang c t s a/z =0 0,01);
Cc s trn hnh v l kch thc tnh bng m
V d: b = a = 2 m b = b + a + b
1
+ b
2
= 8 m

V d s dng Osterberg

1. Xc nh ng sut
zi
ca im M
1
:

a- Vi cc ti trng tc ng bn tri :
_______________________________________________________________

50

a
z

2
2
1 = = v
b
z

1
2
0,5
1
= =

Theo ton c I
t
= 0,397

b- Vi ti trng tc ng bn phi:

a
z

2
2
1 = = v
b
z

3
2
1,5
2
= = I
f
= 0,478

Vy
zi
= (0,397 + 0.478)q = 0,875q

2. Xc nh ng sut ti im M
3
(ti trng ch nht) :

Z3
= ( I
t
+ I
f
)q

Xc nh I
t
khi a/z = 0 v b/z = 0,5 v I
f
khi a/z = 0 v b/z = 1

c :
Z3
= ( 0,278 + 0,410 )q = 0,688q

3. Xc nh ng sut ti im M
2
(ng dng tnh ng sut do khi phn p gy ra ti
im tim nn p su z ) :

Z2
= ( I
lmnk
I
lrsk
)q

I
lmnk
l ti trng hnh thang bn phi im M
2
I
lrsk
l ti trng hnh ch nht bn phi im M
2

a- Tnh I
lmnk

a
z
= =
2
2
1 v
b
z
= =
8
2
4

Tra ton c I
lmnk
= 0,5

b- Tnh I
lrsk

a
z
= 0 (tit din hnh ch nht)
b
z

b" a / 2
z

2 1
2
1,5 =
+
=
+
=

Tra ton c I
lrsk
= 0,46

Vy
Z2
= (0,5 0,46) q = 0,04q
Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y
_______________________________________________________________

51

Y Y Y Y

l
i
l
i
l
i
l
i

l
i
l
i
l
i
l
i

n=40 n=100 n=40 n=100 n=40 n=100

n=40 n=100 n=40 n=100 n=40 n=100

c kt ngang U
h
% Nhn t thi gian T
h

c kt ngang U
h
% Nhn t thi gian T
h

c kt ngang U
h
% Nhn t thi gian T
h

c kt ngang U
h
% Nhn t thi gian T
h

_______________________________________________________________

22TCN 262-2000-Quy Trinh Khao Sat Thiet Ke Nen Duong o To Dap Tren Dat Yeu

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