-15-

Chng 2
L thuyt v h lc
Trong tnh hc c hai bi ton c bn: thu gn h lc v xc nh iu
kin cn bng ca h lc. Chng ny gii thiu ni dung ca hai bi ton c
bn ni trn.
2.1 c trng hnh hc c bn ca h lc
H lc c hai c trng hnh hc c bn l vc t chnh v m men chnh.
2.1.1. Vc t chnh
Xt h lc (
1
F
r
,
2
F
r
,..
n
F
r
) tc dng ln vt rn (hnh 2.1a).
Vc t chnh ca h lc l vc t tng hnh hc cc vc t biu din cc
lc trong h (hnh 2.1b)





a/ b/
F
r
F
r
1

2
F
r
F
r
3

n

R
r

Hnh 2.1
n
F
r
F
r
1

a
c
F
r
3

2

b
F
r
O
R
r

m
n


R
r
= + + ... =
1
F
r
2
F
r
n
F
r

=
n
1 i
F
r
i
(2-1)
Hnh chiu vc t ln cc trc to oxyz c xc nh qua hnh chiu
cc lc trong h:
R
r
R
r
x
= x
1
+ x
2
+...+ x
n
=

=
n
1 i
X
i
;
-16-
R
r
y
= y
1
+ y
2
+...+ y
n
=

=
n
1 i
Y
i
;
R
r
z
= z
1
+ z
2
+... +z
n
=

=
n
1 i
Z
i
.
T c th xc nh ln, phng, chiu vc t chnh theo cc biu
thc sau:
R
r
= z
2
y
2
x
2
R R R + + ;
cos(R,X) =
R
R
x
; cos(R,Y) =
R
R
y
; cos(R,Z) =
R
R
z
.
Vc t chnh l mt vc t t do.
2.1.2. M men chnh ca h lc
Vc t m men chnh ca h lc i vi tm O l vc t tng ca cc vc
t m men cc lc trong h ly i vi tm O (hnh 2.2). Nu k hiu m men
chnh l M
r
o
ta c
M
r
o
=

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
) (2 -2)
30
m
r
A
3

A
2

F
r
3

2
F
r
A
1

F
r
1

3
z
r


2
z
r
M
r
0

m
r
20

10
m
r
O
m
2
1
z
r









Hnh 2.2
Hnh chiu ca vc t m men chnh M
r
o
trn cc trc to oxyz c
xc nh qua m men cc lc trong h ly i vi cc trc :
-17-
M
x
= m
x
(
1
F
r
) + m
x
( ) +...+ m
2
F
r
x
(
n
F
r
) =

=
n
1 i
m
x
( F
r
i
);
M
y
= m
y
(
1
F
r
) + m
y
( ) +...+ m
2
F
r
y
(
n
F
r
) =

=
n
1 i
m
y
( F
r
i
);
M
z
= m
z
( ) + m
1
F
r
z
( ) +... +m
2
F
r
z
(
n
F
r
) =

=
n
1 i
m
z
( F
r
i
).
Gi tr v phng chiu vc t m men chnh c xc nh theo cc biu
thc sau:
M
o
= z
2
y
2
x
2
M M M + +
cos(M
o
,x) =
o
x
M
M
; cos(M
o
,y) =
o
y
M
M
; cos(M
o
,z) =
o
z
M
M
.
Khc vi vc t chnh R
r
vc t m men chnh M
r
o
l vc t buc n ph
thuc vo tm O. Ni cch khc vc t chnh l mt i lng bt bin cn vc
t m men chnh l i lng bin i theo tm thu gn O.
2.2. Thu gn h lc
Thu gn h lc l a h lc v dng n gin hn. thc hin thu gn
h lc trc ht da vo nh l ri lc song song trnh by di y.
2.2.1. nh l 2.1 : Tc dng ca lc ln vt rn s khng thay i nu ta
ri song song n ti mt im t khc trn vt v thm vo mt ngu lc ph
F
r
'
F
r

F
r
d
A
B
''
Hnh 2.3
-18-
c m men bng m men ca lc cho ly i vi im cn ri n.
Chng minh: Xt vt rn chu tc dng lc F
r
t ti A. Ti im B trn vt
t thm mt cp lc cn bng ( F
r
', F
r
'') trong F
r
' = F
r
cn F'' = -
r
F
r
. (xem
hnh 2.3).
Theo tin 2 c: F (
r
F
r
, F
r
', F
r
'').
H ba lc ( F
r
, ', '') c hai lc ( F F
r
F
r r
, F
r
'') to thnh mt ngu lc c m
men m
r
= m
r
B
(F) (theo nh ngha m men ca ngu lc).
Ta chng minh c F
r
F
r
' + ngu lc ( F
r
, F
r
'')
2.2.2 Thu gn h lc bt k v mt tm
a. nh l 2.2: H lc bt k lun lun tng ng vi mt lc bng vc
t chnh t ti im O chn tu v mt ngu lc c m men bng m men
chnh ca h lc i vi tm O .
Chng minh: Cho h lc bt k (
1
F
r
,
2
F
r
,...,
n
F
r
) tc dng ln vt rn. Chn
im O tu trn vt, p dng nh l ri lc song song a cc lc ca h v
t ti O. Kt qu cho ta h lc (
1
F
r
,
2
F
r
,...,
n
F
r
)
o
t ti O v mt h cc ngu lc
ph c m men l m
r
1
= m
r
o
( ) ,
1
F
r
m
r
2
= m
r
o
(
2
F
r
), ... m
r
n
=
o
(
n
F
r
) (hnh 2.4). m
r
Hp tng i lc nh tin 3 c th a h lc (
1
F
r
, ,... F )
2
F
r
n
r
o
v tng
ng vi mt lc . R
r
C th c:
A
3

F
r
F
r
F
r
1

A
1

O
m
r
20

m
r
30

M = M
o
F
r
1
R
r
F
r
2
F
r
3

3

2

A
2

( , )
1
F
r
2
F
r
R
r
1
trong R
r
1
=
1
F
r
+
2
F
r

( R
r
1
, F
r
3
) R
r
2
trong R
r
R
r
F
r
2
=
1
+
3
=
+ + F
1
F
r
2
F
r r
3
m
r
10

....
( R
r
(n-1)
, F )
n
r
R
r
Hnh 2.4
-19-
trong = R
r
R
r
(n-2)
+
n
F
r
=

=
n
1 i
F
r
i
Hp lc R ca cc lc t ti O l vc t chnh
r
R
r
0
ca h lc.
Cc ngu lc ph cng c th thay th bng mt ngu lc tng hp theo
cch ln lt hp tng i ngu lc nh trnh by chng 1. Ngu lc tng
hp ca h ngu lc ph c m men M
r
o
=

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
). y l m men chnh ca
h lc cho i vi tm O
Theo nh l 2.2, trong trng hp tng qut khi thu gn h lc v tm O
bt k ta c mt vc t chnh v mt m men chnh. Vc t chnh bng tng
hnh hc cc lc trong h v l mt i lng khng i cn m men chnh bng
tng m men cc lc trong h ly i vi tm thu gn v l i lng bin i
theo tm thu gn.
xc nh quy lut bin i ca m men chnh i vi cc tm thu gn
khc nhau ta thc hin thu gn h lc v hai tm O v O
1
bt k (hnh 2.4a).
Thc hin thu gn h v tm O ta
c R
r r
0
v M
o
.
R
r
0
M
r
M
r
01

O
1
O
R
r
R
r
0

01

Trn vt ta ly mt tm O
1
khc O
sau ri lc R
r
o
v O
1
ta c
R
r
o
R
r
o1
+ ngu lc ( R
r
o
, R
r
'
o1
).
'
01

Suy ra ( R
r
o
, M
r
o
) R
r
o1
+ ngu lc
( R
r r r
o
, ' R
o1
) + M
o

Hnh 2.4a
Nu thu gn h v O
1
ta c M
r
o1
v R
r
o1
.
iu tt nhin phi c l :
( R
r
o
, M
r
o
) ( R
r
o1
, M
r
o1
).
Thay kt qu chng minh trn ta c:
-20-
( R
r
o
, M
r
o
) R
o1
+( R
r
o
, R
r
'
o1
) + M
o
( R
r
o
+M
o1
)
hay M
r
01
M
r
o
+ ( R
r
o
, R
r
'
01
) (2.3)
Ngu lc ( R
r
o
, R
r
01
) c m men M
r
' =m
o1.
(R
o
)
Kt lun: Khi thay i tm thu gn vc t m men chnh thay i mt i
lng M' bng m men ca vc t chnh t tm trc ly i vi tm sau.
2.2.3. Cc dng chun ca h lc
Kt qu thu gn h lc v mt tm c th xy ra 6 trng hp sau
2.2.3.1. Vc t chnh v m men chnh u bng khng
R
r
= 0 ; M
r
o
= 0
H lc kho st cn bng.
2.2.3.2. Vc t chnh bng khng cn m men chnh khc khng
R
r
= 0; M
r
o
0
H lc tng ng vi mt ngu lc c m men bng m men chnh.
2.2.3.3. Vc t chnh khc khng cn m men chnh bng khng
0; R
r
M
r
o
= 0
H c mt hp lc bng vc t chnh.
2.2.3.4. Vc t chnh v m men chnh u khc khng nhng vung gc vi
nhau (hnh 2.5)
R
r
0; M
r
o
0 v M R
r r
o
Trong trng hp ny thay th m men chnh M
r
o
bng ngu lc ( R
r
', R
r
'')
vi iu kin:
R
r
' = ; R
r
R
r
'' = - v R
r
M
r
o
= m
r
o
( R
r
')


P
R
r

O'
O
P'
n
o
R
r
d
O
R
r
R
r
o

M
r
o

o

O'
O
M
r
R
r

a) '
b) O'
-21-




Ta c ( , M R
r r
o
) ( , R R
r r
', R
r
'' ).
Theo tin 1 R
r
o
v '' cn bng do c th bt i v cui cng h cn
li mt lc bng vc t chnh nhng t ti O
R
r
1
. Ni khc i h c mt hp lc t
ti O
1
.
2.2.3.5. Hai vc t chnh v m men chnh khc khng nhng song song vi
nhau (hnh 2.6).
R
r
o
0; M
r
o
0 v R
r
o
// M
r
o
Trong trng hp ny nu thay M
r
o
bng mt ngu lc ( ') mt phng
ca ngu ny vung gc vi vc t chnh
P
r
P
r
R
r
.
H c gi l h vt ng lc. Nu vc t R
r
song song cng chiu vi
vc t M
r
o
h gi l h vt ng lc thun (phi) v ngc li gi l h vt ng
lc nghch (tri). Hnh 2.6 biu din vt ng lc thun
2.2.3.6. Hai vc t chnh v m men chnh khc khng v hp lc vi nhau
mt gc bt k (hnh 2.7)
Trng hp ny nu thay th
vc t M
r
o
bng mt ngu lc ( P
r
P
r
')
trong clc P
r
t ti O cn lc
' t ti O P
r
1
sao cho m
o
(P) = M
r
o
.
R rng mt phng tc dng ca
ngu lc ( P ') khng vung gc vi
r
P
r
R
r
o
. Mt khc ti O c th hp hai
lc v P
r r
R
o
thnh mt lc R
r
'. Nh
R
r
'
R
r
0
O
1


P
r

P
r
'
M
r
0

Hnh 2.7
-22-
vy a h v tng ng vi hai lc P
r
', R
r
' hai lc ny cho nhau.
2.2.4. nh l Va ri nhng
nh l: Khi h lc c hp lc R
r
th m men ca R
r
i vi mt tm hay
mt trc no bng tng m men ca cc lc trong h ly i vi tm hay trc
.
m
r
o
( ) = R
r

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
)
m
r
z
( R ) =
r

=
n
1 i
m
r
z
( F
r
i
) (2.4)
F
r
n

O
R
r
'
R
r

F
r
2

F
r
1

x
y
z
Chng minh: Cho h lc (
1
F
r
,
2
F
r
,...,
n
F
r
)
tc dng ln vt rn. Gi l hp lc ca h
(hnh 2.8).
R
r
Ti im C trn ng tc dng ca
hp lc t thm lc ' = - R
r
R
r
R
r
.H lc
cho cng vi ' to thnh mt h lc cn
bng:
R
r
Hnh 2.8
( , ,...
1
F
r
2
F
r
n
F
r
, + ') 0 R
r
Khi thu gn h lc ny v mt tm O bt k ta c mt vc t chnh v
mt m men chnh. Cc vc t ny bng khng v h cn bng, ta c:
M
r
o
=

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
) + m
r
o
( R
r
') = 0
Thay ' = - ta c: R
r
R
r

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
) - m
r
o
( ) = 0 R
r
Hay m
o
( ) = R
r

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
i
)
Chiu phng trnh trn ln trc oz s c:
-23-
m
z
( ) = R
r

=
n
1 i
m
z
( F
r
i
)
nh l c chng minh
2.2.5. Kt qu thu gn cc h lc c bit
2.2.5.1. H lc ng quy
H lc ng quy l h lc c ng tc dng ca cc lc giao nhau ti mt
im. Trong trng hp h lc ng quy nu chn tm thu gn l im ng quy
kt qu thu gn s cho vc t chnh ng bng hp lc cn m men chnh s
bng khng.
R
0
0, M
o
= 0 vi O l im ng quy.
2.2.5.2. H ngu lc
Nu h ch bao gm cc ngu lc, khi thu gn h s c mt ngu lc
tng hp c m men ng bng m men chnh ca h.
M = ; m

=
n
1 i
i
m
i
l m men ca ngu lc th i v n l s ngu lc ca h.
2.2.5.3. H lc phng
H lc phng l h c cc lc cng nm trong mt mt phng.
Nu chn tm thu gn nm trong mt phng ca h th kt qu thu gn
vn cho ta mt m men chnh M
r
o
v vc t chnh R
r
o
. Vc t chnh nm trong
mt phng ca h cn m men chnh M
R
r
r
o
vung gc vi mt phng ca h. Theo
kt qu thu gn dng chun ta thy: h lc phng khi c vc t chnh R
r
v m
men chnh M
r
o
khc khng bao gi cng c mt hp lc nm trong mt phng
ca h.
2.2.5.4. H lc song song
H lc song song l h lc c ng tc dng song song vi nhau.
Kt qu thu gn v mt tm bt k cho ta mt vc t chnh v mt m
men chnh
R
r
M
r
o
. Vc t chnh c c im song song vi cc lc ca h.
-24-
2.3. iu kin cn bng v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc
2.3.1. iu kin cn bng v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc bt k trong
khng gian
2.3.1.1. iu kin cn bng
iu kin cn bng ca h lc bt k trong khng gian l vc t chnh v
m men chnh ca n khi thu gn v mt tm bt k u bng khng.
R
r
=

=
n
1 i
F
r
1
= 0
M
r
o
=

=
n
1 i
m
r
o
( F
r
1
) = 0 (2-5)
2.3.1.2. Phng trnh cn bng
Nu gi R
x
, R
y
, R
z
v M
x
, M
y
, M
z
l hnh chiu ca cc vc t chnh v m
men chnh ln cc trc to oxyz th iu kin (2-5) c th biu din bng cc
phng trnh i s gi l phng trnh cn bng ca h lc bt k trong khng
gian. Ta c:
R
x
=

=
n
1 i
X
i
= 0, R
y
=

=
n
1 i
Y
i
=0, R
z
=

=
n
1 i
Z
i
= 0
M
x
=

=
n
1 i
m
x
( F
r
i
) = 0, M
y
=

=
n
1 i
m
y
( F
r
i
) = 0, M
z
=

=
n
1 i
m
z
( F
r
i
) = 0. (2-6)
Trong cc phng trnh trn X
i
, Y
i
, Z
i
l thnh phn hnh chiu ca lc F
i
;
m
x
( F
r
i
), m
y
( F
r
i
), m
z
( F
r
i
) l m men ca cc lc F
r
i
i vi cc trc ca h ta
oxyz. Ba phng trnh u gi l ba phng trnh hnh chiu cn 3 phng trnh
sau gi l 3 phng trnh m men.
2.3.2. Phng trnh cn bng ca cc h lc c bit
2.3.2.1 H lc ng quy
Nu chn tm thu gn l im ng quy O th m men chnh M
r
o
s bng
khng do 3 phng trnh m men lun lun t nghim. Vy phng trnh cn
bng ca h lc ng quy ch cn:
-25-
R
x
=

=
n
1 i
X
i
= 0
R
y
=

=
n
1 i
Y
i
=0 (2-7)
R
z
=

=
n
1 i
Z
i
= 0
2.3.2.2. H ngu lc
Khi thu gn h ngu lc v mt tm ta thy ngay vc t chnh R
r
0
= 0 iu
c ngha cc phng trnh hnh chiu lun lun t nghim. Phng trnh cn
bng ca h ngu lc ch cn li ba phng trnh m men sau:
M
x
=

=
n
1 i
m
x
( F
r
i
) =

=
n
1 i
m
ix
= 0,
M
y
=

=
n
1 i
m
y
( F
r
i
) =

=
n
1 i
m
iy
= 0, (2-8)
M
z
=

=
n
1 i
m
z
( F
r
i
) =

=
n
1 i
m
iz
= 0.
y m
x
, m
iy
, m
iz
l hnh chiu ln cc trc h ta oxyz ca vc t m
men m
r
i
ca ngu lc th i.
2.3.2.3. H lc song song
Chn h to oxyz sao cho oz song song vi cc lc. Khi cc hnh
chiu R
x
, R
y
ca vc t chnh v M
z
ca m men chnh lun lun bng khng.
V vy phng trnh cn bng ca h lc song song ch cn li ba phng
trnh sau:
R
z
=

=
n
1 i
Z
i
= 0;
M
x
=

=
n
1 i
m
x
( F
r
i
) = 0; (2-9)
-26-
M
y
=

=
n
1 i
m
y
( F
r
i
) = 0
Trong phng trnh u l phng trnh hnh chiu cn hai phng
trnh cui l phng trnh m men.
2.3.2.4. H lc phng
Cn lu rng trong h lc phng vc t chnh R
r
v m men chnh M
r

lun lun vung gc vi nhau, ngha l h lc phng lun lun c hp lc R
r

nm trong mt phng ca h cho. m bo iu kin hp lc ca h bng
khng tc l iu kin cn bng ca h ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng di
3 dng khc nhau.
1. Dng hai phng trnh hnh chiu mt phng trnh m men:
h lc cn bng cng nh cc trng hp khc phi c R = 0 v M
o
=
0. Nu chn h to oxy l mt phng cha cc lc ca h ta thy ngay cc
phng trnh R
z
=

=
n
1 i
z
i
= 0; M
x
=

=
n
1 i
m
x
(F
i
) = 0 v M
y
=

=
n
1 i
m
y
(F
i
) = 0 l lun lun
t nghim v vy phng trnh cn bng ch cn :
R
x
=

=
n
1 i
X
i
= 0;
R
y
=

=
n
1 i
Y
i
= 0; (2-10)
M
z
=

=
n
1 i
m
z
(F
i
).
Hai phng trnh u l phng trnh hnh chiu cn phng trnh th ba
l phng trnh m men. Cn ch v cc lc cng nm trong mt phng oxy do
M
z =

=
n
1 i
m
z
(F
i
) chnh l tng m men i s ca cc lc i vi tm O.
M
z
=

=
n
1 i
m
z
(F
i
)

-27-
2. Dng mt phng trnh hnh chiu v hai phng trnh m men
iu kin hp lc ca h bng khng c th biu din bng ba phng
trnh sau y:
R
r
R
z
=

=
n
1 i
X
i
= 0;
M
A
=

=
n
1 i
m
A
(F
i
) = 0; (2-11)
M
B
=

=
n
1 i
m
B
(F
i
) = 0
Vi iu kin trc x khng vung gc vi AB.
Tht vy t phng trnh (1) cho thy hp lc R
r
ca h lc bng khng
hoc vung gc vi trc x.
Theo nh l Va ri nhng ,t phng trnh (2) ta thy hp lc R
r
hoc
bng khng hoc qua A.
T phng trnh (3) ta cng thy hp lc R
r
ca h bng khng hoc i
qua B.
Kt hp c ba phng trnh ta thy hp lc ca h hoc bng khng hoc
phi i qua hai im A,B v vung gc vi trc x (khng vung gc vi AB).
iu kin hp lc va qua A, B v va vung gc vi trc x l khng thc hin
c v tri vi gi thit.
Nh vy nu h tho mn phng trnh (2-11) th hp lc ca n s bng
khng ngha l h lc cn bng.
3. Dng ba phng trnh m men i vi 3 im
Ngoi hai dng phng trnh cn bng trn h lc phng cn c phng
trnh cn bng theo dng sau:
M
A
=

=
n
1 i
m
A
( F
r
i
) = 0
-28-
M
B
=

=
n
1 i
m
B
( F
r
i
) = 0 (2-12)
M
C
=

=
n
1 i
m
o
( F
r
i
) =0
Vi iu kin A, B, C khng thng hng.
Tht vy, nu h lc phng tho mn phng trnh M
A
= m
A
( ) = 0 th
theo nh l Va ri nhng hp lc ca h s bng khng hoc i qua A. Cng l
lun tng t ta thy tho mn M
F
r
B
= 0 v M
c
= 0 th hp lc phi bng khng
hoc phi i qua B, i qua C.
V chn 3 im A, B, C khng thng hng nn iu kin hp lc qua 3
im l khng thc hin c. Ch c th hp lc bng khng, c ngha l nu
tho mn h ba phng trnh (2-12) h lc phng cho s cn bng.
2.4. Bi ton cn bng ca vt rn
Vt rn cn bng khi h lc tc dng ln n bao gm cc lc cho v
phn lc lin kt cn bng.
Khi gii bi ton cn bng ca vt rn c th p dng phng php gii
tch hoc phng php hnh hc nhng ph bin v c hiu qu nht l phng
php gii tch.
Gii bi ton cn bng ca vt thng tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. Chn vt kho st: vt kho st phi l vt rn m s cn bng ca n
cn thit cho yu cu xc nh ca bi ton. Nu nh bi ton tm phn lc lin
kt th vt kho st phi l vt chu tc dng ca phn lc lin kt cn tm, nu l
bi ton tm iu kin cn bng ca vt th vt kho st phi chnh l vt .
2. Gii phng vt kho st khi lin kt v xem l vt t do di tc
dng ca cc lc cho v phn lc lin kt.
3. Thit lp iu kin cn bng cu vt bi cc phng trnh cn bng ca
h lc tc dng ln vt kho st bao gm cc lc cho v phn lc lin kt.
-29-
4. Gii h phng trnh cn bng xc nh tr s v phng chiu ca
cc phn lc lin kt hoc thit lp mi quan h gia cc lc m bo iu
kin cn bng cho vt kho st .
5. Nhn xt cc kt qu thu c.
Cn ch rng chiu ca cc phn lc thng cha c xc nh v th
lc u phi t chn chiu. Da vo kt qu gii h phng trnh cn bng ta c
th xc nh chiu ca cc phn lc chn ng hay sai. Nu cc phn lc lin
kt cho tr s dng th chiu chn l ng v nu tr s m th chiu phi o li
. Mt khc cng cn lu rng bi ton c trng hp gii c (bi ton tnh
nh) khi s n s cn xc nh nh hn hoc bng s phng trnh cn bng. C
trng hp khng gii c (bi ton siu tnh) khi n s cn tm ln hn s
phng trnh cn bng.
Th d 2.1. Ct in OA chn thng ng trn mt t v c gi bi hai
si dy AB v AD hp vi ct in mt gc = 30
0
(xem hnh 2-8a) Gc gia
mt phng AOD v mt phng AOB l = 60
0
. Ti u A ca ct in c hai
nhnh dy in mc song song vi trc ox v oy. Cc nhnh dy ny c lc ko
l P
1
v P
2
nh hnh v. Cho bit P
1
= P
2
= P = 100kN.
Xc nh lc tc dng dc trong ct in v trong cc dy cng AD, AB.
Bi gii:
z
3
R
r
P
r
1

P
r
2

O B
D
y
x



R
r
1

R
r
2

Chn vt kho st l u A ca ct in.
Lin kt t ln u A l hai si dy
AB, AD v phn ct in cn li.
Gi phn lc lin kt trong dy AB l
R
1
, trong dy AD l R
r
2
v lc dc ct l R
r
3

vi chiu chn nh hnh v 2-8. Khi gii
phng im A khi lin kt im A s chu tc
dng ca cc lc P
1
, P
2
v cc phn lc R
1
R
2

Hnh 2.8a
-30-
R
r
3
. iu kin u A cn bng l h 5 lc tc dng ln n cn bng. Ta c:
( P
r
1
, P
r
2
, R
r
1
, R
r
2
, R
r
3
) 0. H lc ny ng quy ti A do phng trnh
cn bng thit lp theo phng trnh (2.7)
trnh nhm ln ta lp bng (2-1) hnh chiu cc lc ln 3 trc ca h
ta oxyz nh sau:
Bng 2-1
F
1
P
1
P
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
x
1
y
1
z
1
0
-P
0
-P
0
0
0
R
1
sin
-R
1
cos
R
2
sinsin
R
2
sincos
-R
2
cos
0
0
R
3

Phng trnh cn bng vit c:
Xi =- P + R
2
sinsin = 0; (a)
Yi = - P + R
1
sin + R
2
sincos = 0 ( b)
Zi = -R
1
cos - R
2
cos + R
3
= 0 (c)
H 3 phng trnh trn cha 3 n s R
1
, R
2
, R
3
nn bi ton l tnh nh.
Gii h phng trnh trn c:
R
1
= P

sin
g cot 1
; R
2
=
sin sin
P
; R
3
= P cotg(1-cotg +
sin
1
);
Thay cc tr s ca , v P ta nhn c:
R
1
= 85kN; R
2
= 231 kN; R
3
= 273kN.
Kt qu u dng nn chiu cc phn lc chn l ng.
Th d 2.2: Mt xe 3 bnh ABC t trn mt mt ng nhn nm ngang.
Tam gic ABC cn c y AB = 1m, ng cao OC = 1,5m, trng lng ca xe
l P KN t ti trng tm G trn on OC cch O l 0,5m. Tm phn lc ca mt
ng ln cc bnh xe (xem hnh 2-9)
-31-
Bi gii:
Kho st s cn bng ca xe.
Gii phng xe khi mt ng v
thay bng cc phn lc ca mt t
ln cc bnh xe l N
r
A
, N
r
B
, N
r
C
.
P
r

N
r
C

N
r
B

N
r
A

z
G
B
O
A
x
y C
Hnh 2.9
V xe t trn mt nhn nn
cc phn lc ny c phng vung
gc vi mt ng.
Xe trng thi cn bng di
tc dng ca 4 lc , P
r
N
r
N
r
N
r
A
,
B
,
C
.
H 4 lc ny l h lc song song.
Nu chn h to oxyz nh hnh v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc
trn theo (2-9) c dng:
Z
i
= N
A
+ N
B
+ N
C
- P = 0 (a)
m
x
(F
i
) = -P.0,5 + N
C
.1,5 = 0 (b)
m
y
(F
i
) = - N
A
.0,5 + N
B
.0,5 = 0 (c)
H ba phng trnh trn cha 3 n s N
A
, N
B
, N
C
nn bi ton l tnh
nh.
Gii phng trnh trn xc nh c:
N
A
= N
B
= N
C
= P/3 kN
Kt qu cho cc gi tr dng nn chiu phn lc hng ln l ng.
P
D
G
A
q
E
C
B

M
2 1 1 2
Th d 2.3: X AB c gi
nm ngang nh lin kt nh hnh v
(2.10). Ti A c khp bn l c
nh. Ti C c treo bi dy CD
t xin mt gc so vi x. Ti B
c dy ko thng ng nh trng
Hnh 2.10
-32-
vt P buc u dy vt qua rng rc.
X c trng lng G t ti gia, chu mt ngu lc nm trong mt phng
hnh v v c m men M. on dm AE chu lc phn b u c cng q.
Xc nh phn lc ti A, trong si dy CD cho bit G = 10kN, P = 5kN, M
= 8 kNm; q = 0,5 kN/m; = 30
0
. Cc kch thc cho trn hnh v.
Bi gii:
Chn vt kho st l x AB. Gii phng lin kt t ln x ta c:
Lin kt ti A c thay th bng phn lc R
r
A
nm trong mt phng hnh
v. Lin kt ti C c thay th bng lc cng T
r
hng dc theo dy. Lin kt ti
B thay bng lc cng ng bng P
r
nhng c chiu hng ln trn. Chiu ca R
r
A

v chn nh hnh v. Nh vy x AB trng thi cn bng di tc dng ca
cc lc (
T
r
G
r
, , M
r
R
r
A
, , ), cc lc ny nm trong mt phng thng ng tc l
mt phng hnh v (h lc phng ). Chn h to Axy nh hnh v v lp
phng trnh cn bng dng (2-10) c:
T
r
P
r
X
i
= X
A
- Tcos30
0
; (a)
Y
i
= Y
A
- Q - G +T cos60
0
+ P = 0; (b)
m
A
( F
r
i
) = - Q.1 - G.3 + T.4sin30
0
- M + 6P = 0. (c)
Trong cc phng trnh trn
Q = 2q l tng hp lc phn b u
t ti im gia AE.
B
P
r
2 2 1
1
A
Q
r
C
G
r


90
0
T
r

Y
A
X
A
M
y
Ba phng trnh trn cha 3
n s X
A
, Y
A
, v T do bi ton l
tnh nh.
x
Hnh 2.11
Gii h phng trnh trn ta
c:
T = 5 , 4
5 , 0 . 4
6 . 5 8 3 . 10 1 . 1
30 sin . 4
6 . p M 3 . G 1 . Q
0
=
+ +
=
+ +
kN;
-33-
X
A
= Tcos30
0
= 4,5.0,866 = 3,90kN;
Y
A
= Q + G -T cos60
0
- P = 1 + 10 - 4,5.0,5 - 5 = 3,75, kN
Kt qu cho cc tr s ca T, X
A
, Y
A
u dng do chiu chn ban u
l ng.
Th d 2.4: Trc truyn nm ngang t trn hai gi bn l c nh A v
B (xem hnh v 2-12). Trc nhn
chuyn ng quay t dy ai dn
n bnh ai C c bn knh r
1
= 20
cm v nng trng vt P buc vo
u dy cp vt qua rng rc K v
cun trn trng ti c bn knh r
2
=
15cm. Cho bit hai nhnh dy ai
c phng song song vi trc oy v
c lc cng T
1
v T
2
vi T
1
= 2T
2
;
Trng vt P= 180kN; a = 40cm; b =
60cm v = 30
0
. Xc nh phn lc
ti hai gi A v B.
P
Y
B
Z
B
B
Y
A
Z
A
z
y
A
C
T
2
T
1
a
b
a

x
Hnh 2.12
Bi gii:
Chn vt kho st l trc BC.
Lin kt ln trc l cc A, B. Cc lc tc dng cho l T
r
1
, T
r
2
v F
r
.
Lc tc dng dc theo dy cp c tr s bng P F
r r
. V cc l khp bn l c
nh nn phn lc lin kt ti A v B c hai thnh phn theo trc oy v oz. Gii
phng lin kt t ln trc v thay bng cc phn lc lin kt khi trc AC chu
tc ng ca cc lc: T
r
1
, T
r
2
, F
r
, R
r
A
, R
r
B
. Cc lc ny phn b bt k trong
khng gian. Phng trnh cn bng ca h lc thit lp theo (2- 6). trnh
nhm ln ta lp bng hnh chiu v m men ca h lc i vi cc trc to
(bng 2-2) .

-34-
Bng 2-2
F
r
1
F
r
T
r
1
T
r
2
R
r
A
R
r
B
X
1
Y
1
Z
1
m
x
(F)
m
y
(F)
m
z
(F)
0
Fcos
-Fsin
-F.r
2
Fsin.b
Fcos.b
0
Thp
45
0
T
1
r
1
0
-T
1
.a
0
T
2
0
-T
2
r
1
0
-T
2
a
0
Y
A
Z
A
0
0
0
0
Y
B
Z
B
0
-Z
B
(a+b)
Y
A
(a+b)
Cc phng trnh cn bng thit lp c:
Yi = Pcos + T
1
+T
2
+ Y
A
+ Y
B
= 0;
Zi = Fsin + Z
A
+ Z
B
= 0;
Mx = F.r
2
+ T
1
r
1
- T
2
r
1
= 0;
My = Fsin.b - Z
B
(a+b) = 0;
Mz = Fcos.b - T
1
a- T
2
a + Y
B
(a+b) = 0;
H 5 phng trnh trn cha 5 n s l Y
A
, Z
A
, Y
B
, Z
B
v T
1
nn bi ton l
tnh nh.
Gii h phng trnh trn tm c:
T
2
=
r
r . P
2
=
20
15 . 180
= 135kN ; T
1
= 2T
2
= 270 kN;
Z
B
=
b a
sin P . b
+

=
60 40
5 , 0 . 180 . 60
+
= 54 kN;
Y
B
=
b a
cos Pb T 3 . a
2
+

=
60 40
2
3
. 60 . 180 135 . 3 . 40
+

= 69 kN
Y
A
=- Pcos-3T
2
- Y
B
= -180.
2
3
-3.135- 69 -630KN
Z
A
= Psin - Z
B
= 180. 0,5 - 54 = 36kN.
-35-
Trong cc kt qu tm c ch c gi tr Y
A
mang du m do chiu ca
n ngc vi chiu chn.
Th d 2.5: Cho h hai dm
AB v BE ni bng khp bn l
ti B (xem hnh v 2-13). Trng
lng ca dm AB l Q t gia
AB. Trng lng ca dm BE l P
t gia BE. Ti u A c khp
bn l c nh, cn ti cc im
C, D l cc im ta nhn.

D
A

B
C
P
r
E
Q
r

Xc nh phn lc ti cc
gi A v cc im ta C,D.
Cho P = 40kN, Q = 20kN; CB =
3
1
AB; DE =
3
1
BE; = 45
0
.
Hnh 2.13
Bi gii: Cn lu rng y l bi ton cn bng ca h vt. V nguyn
tc khi gii bi ton thuc loi ny phi tch ring tng vt xt. Trn h vt
cn phn bit hai loi vt chnh v vt ph. Vt chnh l vt khi tch ra c th
ng vng c. Vt ph l vt khi tch ra khng th ng vng c. Ta xt vt
ph trc sau xt vt chnh sau. Cng cn ch thm khi tch vt ti cc
khp ni s c thay th bng cc lc tc dng tng h, cc lc ny cng
phng cng tr s nhng ngc chiu.
i vi bi ton trn, h gm hai dm trong AB l dm chnh cn BE
l dm ph. Tch BE xt. Ti khp ni c phn lc lin kt R
B
(lc tc dng
tng h ca dm chnh ln dm BE). Phn lc R
B
nm trong mt phng thng
ng ( mt phng hnh v) v c hai thnh phn X
B
v Y
B
( xem hnh 2-14). Gii
phng lin kt ti D thay vo bng phn lc N
r
D
( N
r
D
vung gc BE. Dm BE
chu tc dng ca cc lc , P
r
N
r
D
, R
r
B
. H lc ny cng nm trong mt phng oxy
do phng trnh cn bng vit c:
X
1
= X
B
- N
D
sin = 0;
-36-
P
r

X
B

N
r
D

D
E
Y
10
= Y
B
- P + N
D
cos = 0;
Y
B
m
B
(F
1
) = N
D
3
2
.a - P.
2
a
cos = 0.
B
Gi h phng trnh trn tm c:
N
D
=
4
3
Pcos =
4
3
.40.
2
2
21,2 kN;
Hnh 2.14
Y
B
A
C
Q
r

Y
A
X
B
X
A

X
B
=
8
3
P sin2 =
8
3
.40.1= 15kN;
Y
B
= P(1-
4
3
cos
2
)= 40(1-
4
3
4
2
)= 25kN.
Hnh 2.15
Gi tr cc phn lc u dng iu ny
chng t chiu ca chng nh chn l ng.
Tip theo xt n dm chnh AB. Gii phng cc lin kt dm s trng
thi cn bng di tc dng ca h lc: Q
r
, - R
r
B
, R
r
A
, N
r
C
. Cc lc ny cng nm
trong mt phng oxy. ( xem hnh 2.15 )
Phng trnh cn bng ca h lc vit c:
X
1
= X
A
- X'
B
= 0;
m
A
(F) = - Y'
B
.b + N
C

3
2
b - Q.
2
b
= 0;
m
C
(F) = - Y
A
.
3
b 2
+ Q
6
b
- Y'
B
.
3
b
= 0;
Trong X'
B
= X
B
, Y'
B
= Y
B
nhng c chiu ngc li.
Gii h 3 phng trnh trn tm c:
X
A
= X
B
= 15kN;
Y
A
=
4
1
Q -
2
1
Y
B
= -7,5kN;
Y
C
=
4
3
Q +
2
3
Y
B
= 52,5kN.
Kt qu cho gi tr ca Y
A
mang du m c ngha chiu Y
A
chn l sai
phi o li.