KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Ghazabad


CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS


DEPARTMENT
New Deh
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Constructon st! o" POLICE STATION
AT
CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
#CPWD$
#TRAINING PERIOD% &' JUNE (
)&JULY$


SUBMITTED BY%(

ALOK MISHRA

*+*,+***&'

#CE()
RD
YEAR$
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KRISHNA INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY- GHA.IABAD

GUIDED BY%(
Er/ P R CHARAN BABU
E0ECUTI1E ENGINEER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on tr
aining at CPWD.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement ofcer for issuing
a Training letter, which made my training possile at CPWD,Delhi.
I would li!e to express my gratitude to Er P R
CHARAN BABU for his invaluale suggestions,
motivation,guidance and support through out the training."is
methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made
me to ring out this pro#ect report without anxiety.
Than!s to all other CPWD ofcials, operators and
all other memers of CPWD, yet uncounted for their help in
completing the pro#ect and see the light of success.
I am very than!ful to friends, colleagues and all other persons
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who rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete
this pro#ect wor! successfully.

I extended my due than!s to Er. VINOD who gave mevaluale time an
d suggestions andguide me a lot at various stages of my
$ummer Training.
D2t!3( Ju45 ,*&,
ALOK MISHRA
INDEX

S/NO


DESCRIPTION
&/ INTRODUCTION
,/ PROJECT O1ER1IEW
)/ SITE LOCATION
6/ FORMWORK
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'/ PLANNING
7/ SE8UENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
9/ PROJECT MONITORING
:/ 8UALITY
+/ CONCLUSION
&/ INTRODUCTION
ABOUT
The Central Public Works Department of India is a Central
Government owned authority that is in charge of pulic sector wor!s in the
country. Central Pulic Wor!s Department %CPWD& under Ministry of Urban
Development is entrusted with construction and maintenance of uildings for
most of the Central 'overnment Departments, Pulic underta!ings and
autonomous odies.
In the Indian "istory oth pre and post independence ( CPWD has a
glorious era of more than !" #ear with dedicated, energetic and committed corps
of )ngineers and *rchitects. +efore eing re(structured to its present form in $%"
,Central Pulic Wor!s Department- ori&inate' in (ul# )!* when the 'overnor
'eneral of India decided to set up a Central *gency.
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,to e+ercise uni,ersal control o,er public -orks in In'ia -it. best o/
scienti0c kno-le'&e -it. aut.orit# 1 s#stem-.
Central Pulic Wor!s Department, Delhi is the
premier agency of 'ovt. of India engaged in planning, designing,
construction and maintenance of 'overnment assets in the /eld of uilt
environment and infrastructure development. *ssets in uilt environment
include Hospitals2 3c.ools2 Colle&es2 4ec.nical Institutes2 Police
Buil'in&s2 Prisons2 Courts etc0 assets in infrastructure development
include 1oads, +ridges, 2lyovers, 2ootpaths, $uways etc.
CPWD Delhi also sustains and preserves these assets
through a well developed system of maintenance which includes amongst
others speciali3ed services li!e rehailitation wor!s, roads signage and
aesthetic treatments li!e interiors, monument lighting, landscaping.
MISSION
&/ Soun3 P42nnn; 2n3 D!s;n
,/ En;n!!r!3 Constructon
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)/ E<!ct=! M2nt!n2nc!
6/ B!nc>?2r@n; t>! St2n32r3s
'/ C2A2ct5 Bu43n;
7/ PuB4c Pr=2t! P2rtn!rs>A
9/ M2nAoC!r P42nnn;
:/ Tr2nsA2r!nc5 n M2n2;!?!nt
&/Soun3 P42nnn; 2n3 D!s;n
1. A budng norms and speccatons to be standardzed.
2. Archtectura and structura desgn to be undertaken n-house as far as
possbe.
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3. Detaed pannng of a servces to make the budngs operatona n a
respects.
4. Archtectura and structura desgns to be coordnated to evove an
emcent budng system compant wth atest Indan Standards.
,/En;n!!r!3 Constructon
1. Standardzaton of dherent budng eements ncudng ther
pre-fabrcaton, mechanzaton n constructon, use of
nnovatve materas and technooges adoptng cean deveopment
mechansm resutng n conservaton of energy and natura resources.
)/E<!ct=! M2nt!n2nc!
1. To preserve and mantan budngs and servces n good operatng
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condton.
2. To mprove the speccatons dependng upon the deveopment that s
takng pace n the but envronment.
6/B!nc>?2r@n; t>! St2n32r3s
1.Updaton of Speccatons and standards for pubc works ncudng
Deh Schedue of Rates, Anayss of Rates, Works and Mantenance
Manua on reguar bass.
'/C2A2ct5 Bu43n;
1. Updatng technca knowedge of engneers, archtects by ehectve
tranng and partcpaton n semnars, workshops etc.
2. Ehectve tranng to deveop managera sks and handng pubc
grevances so that engneers, archtects and hortcutursts become
deveopment managers for tomorrow.
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3. Target orented tranng to workers on contemporary sks and
behavoura
scence to mprove servce devery mechansm/
7/PuB4c Pr=2t! P2rtn!rs>A
1. To undertake contract or concesson agreement wth prvate sector
company for deverng Genera Poo Resdenta Accommodaton
and Genera Poo Omce Accommodaton on payment of user charges
to:-
(1) Increase the stock of dweng unts thereby provdng housng
to government empoyees.
(2) Increase the omce space thereby provdng comfortabe workng
envronment to government empoyees
9/M2nAoC!r P42nnn;
1. To provde the manpower of CPWD wth professona envronment,
exceent workng opportuntes and state of art technoogy.
2. To provde performance and abty based approach to career
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deveopment as per pocy of the Government.
:/Tr2nsA2r!nc5 n M2n2;!?!nt o" Wor@s
1. e- tenderng sha be ntroduced.
2. Ehectve use of webstes n dscharge of reguatory, enforcement and the
functons sha be ntroduced through ntegrated computerzaton.
3. Web based work progress montorng system sha be ntroduced.
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CENTRAL DESIGN ORGANISATION #CDO$
CDO was created n the year 1969 wth a vew to provde hgher eve of
desgn nputs n mut-storeyed pro|ects whch coud not be handed by the
desgn unts under Chef Engneers. As pressures on avaabty of and
ncreased, CPWD coud utze the servces of CDO for hgh rse but habtats
and compex pro|ects such as |ettes and brdges. CDO has provded ts
servces to over 350 pro|ects n CPWD and 35 pro|ects n ast four years
aone. Important pro|ects desgned by CDO are Parament Lbrary Compex,
Parament Annexe Budng, Natona Gaery of Modern Art, Natona
Museum, Supreme Court Extenson, Natona Stadum, and Afghan
Parament n Kabu, La Bahadur Shastr Natona Academy of Admnstraton
Mussoore, and Ha of States ITPO etc.
At present, Centra Desgns Organsaton has the responsbty of structura
desgn of compex structures (Ct> structur24 cost o=!r Rs/ ,' Cror!s)
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ncorporatng state of art engneerng practces and technoogy. It s aso
responsbe for contrbutng to the consutaton process of BIS for framng
new Codes and handbooks and thus settng standards for the Constructon
Industry as a whoe. CDO aso ohers ts servces n preparng severa
technca documents/reports such as Handbook on Sesmc Retrottng,
Desgn Manuas, Fy ash utzaton gudenes, and sesmc assessment
reports of crtca government budngs. CDO aso deveops computer aded
desgn and pannng software such as Integrated Anayss & Desgn of
Budngs (IADB). Important pro|ects beng
desgned n CDO at present are EDt!nson to P2r42?!nt Ann!D!
Bu43n;- In3r2 P2r52=2r2n B>2C2n- N!C C2?Aus "or SuAr!?!
Court- NWAI J!tt5 2t Ko4@2t2 2n3 GuC2>2t- Un3!r;roun3 P2r@n;
"or Nr?2n B>2C2n- 2n3 AG OEc! Bu43n; Luc@noC/
CDO s headed by the Chef Engneer (Desgns) who s responsbe for the
overa admnstratve and technca contro of the unt. Four Superntendng
Engneers drecty report to the C.E (Desgns). S.Es are the drecton omcers
for contro, coordnaton and executon of a tasks reated to modeng
anayss, desgn, detang and draftng of structura drawngs. Out of four
Superntendng Engneers, one s n-charge of Computer Ce CPWD
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responsbe for e-Governance n the department. Each SE has three
Executve Engneer (Desgns) reportng to hm, who s responsbe for a
modeng, desgn and draftng tasks and preparng desgn proposas. Each
EE s asssted by a sma team of Asst Executve Engneers/ Asst Engneers,
|unor Engneers and Draughtsmen. CDO s manned by cv engneers
havng experence n structura desgn.
A desgn and draftng work n CDO s fuy computersed. Desgn and
anayss s done by usng softwares such as STAAD, eTABS, STRUDS, SAP,
STAADFoundaton etc. Draftng work s done through AUTOCAD usng heavy
duty fu sze HP drafter potters. Computng s done through hgh end Inte
Core 7 - 2600 Processors.
Co?Aut!r C!44- CDO
The CPWD s determned to use IT to usher n era of e-Gov to smpfy
processes, brngng n transparency, accountabty, emcency; ehectveness
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and need based tmey and quaty nformaton to a ts stakehoders, and to
use the avaabe resources more ehectvey.
The CDO unt of CPWD has been entrusted ths |ob. Many steps
towards e-Gov ntatves have aready been taken e.g. PIMS for HR
management, ncudng tranng modue and montorng of PG and VIP
references; web based pro|ect montorng system for montorng physca
and nanca progress of the pro|ects, access to cent to vew the progress
of the pro|ects and aso to furnsh the remarks;
CPWDSEWA n Deh & NCR and
beng extended for PAN Inda for mantenance reated compants
management; enstment for cass one contractors; and CPWD webste for
pubshng a crcuars and OMs and other nformaton.
2. PROJECT O1ER1IEW
NAME o" WORK : Constructon o" Po4c! St2ton K>2Fur
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K>2s- N!2r Son2 1>2r- D!4> #SH% CGo Po4c! St2ton
Bu43n;- E4!ctrc suB St2ton & EDt!rn24 D!=!4oA?!nt
Wor@ /!/ Int!rn24 E4!ctrc24 Inst2442tons$
AGREEMENT NO/ % *)GEEGCD(IIIG,*&&(&,

NAME OF CONTRACTOR: M/S ROSHAN REAL ESTATES
PVT LTD.

PLOT SI.E% '+:6 Sqm. Area
ESTIMATED COST: Cv Work- Rs 6, 01,
47,287/-
Eec. Work- Rs
24, 75,332/-
Rs 7-
,7- ,,-7*+G(
TENDERED COST: Cv Work- Rs 6, 57,
88,182/-
Eec. Work- Rs
28, 69,490/-
Rs 7-
:7- '9-79,G(
DATE OF START% 04-08-2011
STIPULATED DATE OF
COMPLETION: 02-08-2012
ACTUAL DATE OF Work s Under Progress
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COMPLETION% (:*H Wor@ s Competed)

TIME ALLOWED : 365 Days

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)/SITE LOCATION%(
,Police $tation 4 $ta5 6uarters at 7ha#uri 7has near $onia 8ihar,
9ew Delhi-
A3=2nt2;!s o" t>s st!%(
1. L2n3
2. Stor!
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3. H!24t> unt
4. C2r A2r@n; st2n3
5. C2nt!!n
6. Conn!ct=t5 o" t>! 52r3
7. E2s! o" tr2nsAort2ton F2c4t!s

6/ FORMWORK
Formwork s a moud or de used to support and shape the
concrete unt t attans sumcent to carry ts own weght. The formwork hods
the concrete unt t hardens to requred shape and sze.
SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK
1) Formwork consttutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the tme n concrete
constructon.
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2) Ouaty of concrete nsh and soundness of concrete depends very much
on the formwork system
3) Desred shape of concrete s not possbe f formwork not done propery.
4) Formwork shoud be propery desgned, fabrcated and erected to receve
concrete.
5) Accdents happen because of the fauty formwork and scahodng or
stagng.
SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK%(
1) Components are ght n weght for manua handng.
2) Loose or hangng components are mnma.
3) Approprate use of toos.
4) Mnmum operatons are nvoved n each reuse.
TYPES OF FORMWORK
1) Fex system
2) Ouck deck system
3) Auform system
4) Fex tabe formwork
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Curn; Cor@ 2n3 r!I44n; o" !2rt> 2roun3 "ootn;/
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Workers on a constructon st! Bu43n;.
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CURING 1GS COMRESSI1E STRENGTH
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COLUMN CONSTRUCTION WORK
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7/PLANNING
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Pannng of a CPWD Pro|ect many ncudes:-
Pre-requstes for executon of work.
Depost works
Preparaton of estmates.
Executon of orgna work.
Expendture on survey, exhbton.
Regster of budngs.
Green budng norms.
Preparaton and accountng of Standard Measurement book.
Preparaton and passng bs for payment.
Documentaton of accounts.
Genera departmenta charges.
Contracts and forms.
Preparaton of tender documents.
Pubcty of tenders
Sae of documents
Earnest money.
Issue of matera to contractors.
Issue of too and pant.
Payment to contractors
Insurance
Losses or damages.
Budgetng
Ouaty assurance and technca audt wng.
Inspecton and Audt by Chef Controer.
Pubc accounts commttee.
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7/ SE8UENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
Ste cearance
Demarcaton of ste
Postonng of centra coordnate .e. (0,0,0) as per grd pan
Surveyng and ayout
Excavaton
Bar bndng and pacement of foundaton stee
Shutterng and scahodng
Concretng
Eectrca and pumbng
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIAL USED%(
SITE CLEARANCE(
A number of condtons determne the knd of budng that may be erected
on a pot of ground. These condtons may determne where on the ot t may
be ocated. There are aso covenants that are egay bndng reguatons.
These may, for exampe, set the mnmum sze of a house, prohbt utty
budngs, or ban rooftop teevson antennas.
Zonng aws reguate the setback and other factors that pay nto the
equaton of house ocaton on a ot. Septc tanks aso requre speca
consderaton.
A Certcate of Occupancy s an mportant pece of paper. It
s the na pece of paper, the sgn-oh, that says the constructon
of the budng s compete and t s ready to be occuped. Any town that has
adopted the BOCA or UBC budng codes requres a CO. In most nstances,
the bank makng the mortgage oan requres a certcate of occupaton as
we.
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CONCRETE%(
There are eght types of Portand cement. They are desgnated by Roman
numeras and wth an A sumx on three of them
Norma concrete s made of ne aggregates (sand) and reguar aggregates
(crushed stone or grave), pus water. Concrete w set up hard enough n
norma weather n about 3 hours. However, t takes 28 days for t to reach ts
fuest strength. Concrete may have admxtures. The Romans added ard,
bood, mk, and other materas to make the concrete more workabe. T>!r!
2r! 2t 4!2st 7 @noCn 23?Dtur!s/

Norma concrete contans a
sma amount of ar by addng anar-entranment admxture, the amount of
ar n the concrete can be ncreased by 10 percent or more by voume. By
usng an acceerator, t s possbe to have concrete reach ts 28-day fu
strength n ony 7 days. Cacum chorde s the most common acceerator.
Pozzoonas are natura vocanc ash or artca materas that react wth me
n the wet concrete to form cementng compounds. Fy ash s a by-product of
coa-burnng power generatng statons.
Romans obtaned y ash from Mount Vesuvus eruptons. Fuy oaded
concrete mxer trucks may wegh as much as 80,000 bs, or 40 tons. If the
mxer cant get cose enough to unoad the concrete where needed, t s
necessary to use chutes, mxer-mounted conveyors, motorzed bugges, or
wheebarrows.
Another term for rebar s deformed stee bar. Ths s the stee
renforcement used n concrete to ncrease ts tense strength. Three types
of bar support matera are avaabe: wre, precast concrete, and mouded
pastc. Rebar s supported by chars made of pastc or weded wre. Weded-
wre fabrc (WWF) ooks ke fencng and s manufactured wth pan or
deformed cod-drawn wre.
Sump s a measure of how consstent, ud, and workabe a batch of freshy
mxed concrete s. Any change n the sump may mean that the amount of
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water, the temperature, hydraton, or settng has changed. Sump s a
measure of the amount of water n the mx.
Foun32tons
Though the foundaton supports a budng, the earth s the utmate support.
The foundaton s a system comprsng foundaton wa, footng, and so. The
prme purpose of an emcent structura foundaton system s to transmt the
budng oads drecty to the so wthout exceeding the bearng capacty of
the so. A propery
Desgned and constructed foundaton system transfers the oads unformy,
mnmzes settement, and anchors the structure aganst rackng forces and
upft. Because so type and bearng capacty are the cruca factors n the
foundaton system, the foundaton must be desgned and but as a system.
Too many resdenta foundatons are desgned and but without any concern
for the so.
T5A!s o" Foun32tons
The many types of foundatons can be separated nto two broad groups:
shaow foundatons and deep foundatons. Shaow foundatons consst of
four types: deep basements (8-foot was), craw spaces, sabs-on-grade, and
frost-protected shaow foundatons. They ncude spread footngs, mat or raft
footngs, ong footngs, and strap footngs.
Deep foundatons extend consderaby deeper nto the earth.
They ncude dred cassons or pers, groups of pes drven and cast-n-pace
concrete pes, and oatng foundatons.
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A number of dherent constructon systems can be used. Castng- pace
concrete s the most wdey used matera for resdenta foundatons,
foowed by concrete bock. Other methods ncude precast foundaton was,
cast-n-pace concrete sandwch panes, and masonry or concrete pers, a
weather wood foundatons (AWWF), whch are now caed permanent wood
foundatons (PWF), or preserved.
Wood foundatons n Canada. Expanded poystyrene
(EPS)Bocks, poyurethane bocks, and other smar systems usng EPS bocks
ed wth concrete are aso used.
FOOTINGS
2ootings (whch may be square, rectanguar, or crcuar) are strps of
concrete or ed concrete bocks paced under the foundaton wa. Grave or
crushed stone footngs are used wth PWFs. The purpose of the footngs s to
transfer the oads from was, pers, or coumns to the so. The spread footng
s the most common type used to support was, pers, or coumns. The
Natona Concrete Masonry Assocaton (NCMA) has deveoped a system of
sod.
Pile foundation systems
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a Pile cap (a large concrete
block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger than one
pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation
elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while heavier elements bear
directly on the pile cap.
Monopile foundation
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A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to
support all the loads weight, wind, etc.! of a large above-surface structure.
Dried Piles
Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)or Cast-in-
Situ piles. "otary boring techni#ues offer larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit
pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. $onstruction methods depend on the geology
of the site. %n particular, whether boring is to be underta&en in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-
logged but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'
'(et' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used when the pile bore
cannot be sealed against water ingress. )oring is then underta&en using a digging buc&et to drill through
the underlying soils to design depth. *he reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed
by tremie pipe, following which, e+traction of the temporary casing ta&es place.
,nder reamed piles
,nderreamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much as - m in
diameter. *he form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils. *he larger base
diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.
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Augercast pile
An augercast pile, often &nown as a $FA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed
continuous flight auger to the re#uired depth or degree of resistance. .o casing is re#uired.
Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and environmentally sensitive
sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, due to e+pensive waste
disposal costs. %n cases such as these however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an
augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. %n ground containing obstructions or cobbles and
boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip elevation may be
encountered. %n certain cases drill motors that produce more tor#ue and horsepower may be able to
mitigate these events.
Specialt! Piles"
1. Micro piles
2. *ripod piles
3. /heet piles
4. /oldier piles
5. /uction Piles
6. Ad freeze Piles
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T5A!s o" s>244oC "oun32tons%
Interockng concrete bocks caed IDR footer-bocks
. The mnmum wdth of the footng s
based on the foundaton wa thckness. An 8-nch thck foundaton wa
woud have an 8-nch wde footng. However, footngs are made wder than
the foundaton wa, and the extra wdth pro|ects (or cantevers) equay
beyond each sde of the wa.
Contrary to wdespread beef, the purpose of footngs s not for spreadng
out and dstrbutng the oads to the so. The extra wdth s used to support
the wa forms whe the concrete s poured, or as a base for concrete
masonry bocks or brck.
Fns>n; 2n3 Curn; Concr!t!
When workng wth concrete, certan methods and technques must be
empoyed to ensure the best nshed product. Ths chapter dscusses the
foowng:
1) Scr!!3n;
2) T2?An; 2n3 Ftt!rBu;;n;
3) Fns>n; #nc4u3n; F4o2tn;- TroC!4n;- Broo?n;-
Groo=n;- 2n3 E3;n;$
4) Curn; #nc4u3n; curn; t?! 2n3 curn; ?!t>o3s$
&$Scr!!3n;
To screed s to strke-oh or eve sab concrete after pourng. Generay, a
the dry materas used n makng quaty concrete are heaver than water.
Thus, shorty after pacement, these materas w have a tendency to sette
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to the bottom and force any excess water to the surface. Ths reacton s
commony caed beedng. Ths beedng usuay occurs wth non-ar-
entraned concrete. It s of utmost mportance
that the rst operatons of pacng, screedng, and darbyng
be performed before any beedng takes pace.
The concrete shoud not be aowed to reman n wheebarrows, bugges, or
buckets any onger than s necessary. It shoud be dumped and spread as
soon as possbe and struck-oh to the proper grade, then mmedatey struck-
oh, foowed at once by darbyng. These ast two operatons shoud be
performed before any free water s bed to the surface. The concrete shoud
not be spread over a arge area
before screedng-nor shoud a arge area be screeded and aowed to reman
before darbyng. If any operaton s performed on the surface whe the beed
water s present, serous scang, dustng, or crazng can resut. Ths pont
cannot be overemphaszed and s the basc rue for successfu nshng of
concrete surfaces.
The surface s struck oh or rodded by movng a straghtedge
back and forth wth a sawke moton across the top of the forms or screeds.
A sma amount of concrete shoud aways be kept ahead of the straghtedge
to n a the ow spots and mantan a pane surface. For most sab work,
screedng s usuay a two-person |ob because of the sze of the sab.
,$T2?An; or Jtt!rBu;;n;
The hand tamper or #itterug s used to force the arge partces of coarse
aggregate slightly beow the surface to enabe the cement mason to pass a
darby over the surface wthout dsodgng any arge aggregate. After the
concrete has been struck-oh or rodded (and, n some cases, tamped), t s
smoothed wth a darby to eve any rased spots and depressons. Long-
handed oats of ether wood ormeta (caed ull :oats) are sometmes used
nstead of darbes to smooth and eve the surface.
The hand tamper shoud be used sparngy and, n most cases,
not at a. If used, t shoud be used ony on concrete havng a ow sump (1
nch or ess) to compact the concrete nto a dense mass. |tterbugs are
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sometmes used on ndustra oor constructon because the concrete for ths
type of work usuay has a very ow sump, wth the mx beng qute sth and
perhaps dmcut to work.
)$Fns>n;
When the beed water and water sheen have eft the surface of the concrete,
nshng may begn. Fnshng may take one or more of severa forms,
dependng on the type of surface desred.
Fnshng operatons must not be overdone, or water under the
surface w be brought to the top. When ths happens, a thn ayer of cement
s aso brought up and ater, after curng, the thn ayer becomes a scae that
w powder oh wth usage. Fnshng can be done by hand or by rotatng
power-drven trowes or oats. The sze of the |ob determnes the choce,
based on economy.
The type of too used for nshng ahects the smoothness of the concrete. A
wood oat puts a sghty rough surface on the concrete.
A stee (or other meta) trowe or oat produces a smooth nsh.
Extra rough surfaces are gven to the concrete by runnng a sthbrsted
broom across the top.
6$F4o2tn;
Most sdewaks and drveways are gven a sghty roughened surface by
nshng wth a oat. Foats may be sma, hand-hed toos , wth the work
done whe kneeng on a board, or
they may be on ong handes for workng from the edge.
shows a worker usng a ong-handed oat, and shows
the constructon detas for makng a oat.
When workng from a kneeng board, the concrete must be sth enough to
support the board and the workers weght wthout deformng.
Ths w be wthn two to ve hours from the tme the surface
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water has eft the concrete, dependng on the type of roof.
A roof ncudes the roof cover (the upper ayer, whch protects
aganst ran, snow, and wnd) or roong, the sheathng to whch t s
fastened, and the framng (rafters) that support the other components.
Because of ts exposure, roong usuay has a mted fe. It s made to be
ready repaceabe. Roong may be made of many wdey dversed
materas, among whch are the foowng:
&$ Woo'
These are usuay n the form of shnges (unform
machne-cut) or shakes that are hand-cut. They are seen n
Many areas of the country.
,$ 5etal or aluminium
Smuates other knds of roong.
)$ 3late
ths may be the natura product or rgd manufactured sabs, often cement
asbestos, though these are on the decne snce the controversy over
asbestos.
6$ Built6up co,ers o/ asp.alt or tar6impre&nate' /elts2
-it. a moppin& o/ .ot tar or asp.alt
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these are paced between the pes and a moppng of tar or asphat overa.
Tar-fet roofs usuay have the top covered wth embedded grave or crushed
sag.
'$ Roll roo0n&
Whch, as the name mpes, s marketed n?
Ros contanng approxmatey 108 ft2. Each ro s usuay
36 nches wde and may be pan or have a coatng of coored
Mnera granues. The base s a heavy asphat-mpregnated fet.
7$ Asp.alt s.in&les
These are usuay n the form
Of strps wth two, three, or four tabs per unt. These shnges
Is asphat wth the surface exposed to the weather heavy?
Coated wth mnera granues. Because of ther re resstance,
Cost, and durabty, asphat shnges are the most popuar roong matera
for homes. Asphat shnges are avaabe n a wde range of coours,
ncudng back and whte.
_ 'lass /re shingles-These are made party of a gass bre mat (whch s
waterproof) and party of asphat. Lke asphat shnges, gass bre shnges
come wth sef-seang tabs and carry a Cass-A re-resstance warranty. For
the do-t-yoursef, they may be of speca nterest because they are
ghtweght, about 220 pounds per square (100 ft2 of roong).
Roo"s
The slope of the roof s frequenty a factor n the choce of roong materas
and method used to put them n pace. The ower the ptch of the roof, the
greater the chance of wnd gettng under the shnges and tearng them out.
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Interockng cedar shnges resst ths wnd pryng better than standard
asphat shnges. For roofs wth ess than a 4-nch sope per foot, do not use
standard asphat. Down to 2 nches, use sef-seang asphat. Ro roong can
be used wth ptches down to 2 nches when apped 2 nches. For very ow-
ptched
Sopes, the manufacturers of asphat shnges recommend that the roof be
panned for some other type of coverng.
Aumnum strp roong vrtuay emnates the probem of wnd pryng, but
these strps are nosy. Most homeowners ob|ect to the nose durng a
ranstorm. Even on porches, the nose s often annoyng to those nsde the
house.
Spaced roong boards are sometmes used wth cedar shnges.
Ths s usuay done as an economy measure and because the cedar shnges
add consderaby to the strength of the roof. The spaced roong boards
reduce the nsuatng quates.
Ro44 RooIn;
Ro roong s an economca cover especay suted
For roofs wth ow ptches. It s aso sometmes used for vaey ashng
nstead of meta. It has a base of heavy asphat-mpregnated fet wth
addtona coatngs of asphat that are dusted to prevent adheson n the ro.
The weather surface may be pan or covered wth ne mnera granues.
Many dherent coours are avaabe. One edge of the sheet s eft pan (no
granues) where the ap cement
Is apped. For best resuts, the sheathng must be tght, preferaby 1 6
tongue-and-groove, or pywood. If the sheathng s smooth.
These asphat shnges have a three-dmensona ook.
Asphat shnges are the most popuar.
CEMENT
SECOND SHEET
FIRST SHEET
Method of cementng and appng the rst and second
Strps of ro roong.
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Roong #wth no cupped boards or other protuberance), the sate-surfaced
ro roong w wthstand a surprsng amount of abrason from foot tramc,
athough t s not generay recommended for that purpose.
Wndstorms are the most reentess enemy of ro roong. If the wnd gets
under a oose edge, amost certany a secton w be bown oh.
Bu4t(UA Roo" #BUR$
A but-up roof s constructed of sheathng paper, a bonded base sheet,
perforated fet, asphat, and surface aggregates.
The sheathng paper comes n 36-nch-wde ros and has approxmatey 432
ft2 per ro. It s a rosn-sze paper and s used to prevent asphat eakage to
the wood deck. The base sheet s a heavy asphat-saturated fet that s
paced over the sheathng paper.
It s avaabe n 1, 11/2, and 2 squares per ro. The perforated fet s one of
the prmary parts of a but-up roof. It s saturated wth asphat and has tny
perforatons throughout the sheet. The perforatons prevent ar entrapment
between the ayers of fet.

The perforated fet s 36 nches wde and
weghs approxmatey 15 bs per square. Asphat s aso one of the basc
ngredents of a but-up roof. There are many dherent grades of asphat, but
the most commonare ow-met, medum-met, hgh-met, and extra-hgh-met
SHEATHING PAPER
BASE SHEET
PERFORATED FELT
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ASPHALT AGGREGATE
Sectona pan of a but-up roof
Pror to the appcaton of the but-up roof, the deck shoud beInspected for
soundness. Wood board decks shoud be constructed of 3/4-nch seasoned
umber or pywood. Any knothoes arger than one nch shoud be covered
wth sheet meta. If pywood s used as a roof deck t shoud be paced wth
the ength at rght anges to the rafters and be at east 1/2 nch n thckness.
The rst step n the appcaton of a but-up roof s the pacng of sheathng
paper and base sheet. The sheathng paper shoud be apped n 2 nches and
secured wth |ust enough nas to hod t n pace. The base sheet s then
paced wth 2-nch sde aps and 6-nch end aps. The base sheet shoud be
secured wth 1/2-nch dameter head gavanzed roong nas paced 12
nches on center on the exposed ap. Nas shoud aso be paced down the
center of the base sheet. The nas shoud be paced n two parae rows, 12
nches apart.
The base sheet s then coated wth a unform ayer of hot asphat.
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Whe the asphat s st hot, a ayer of roong fet s paced and mopped wth
the hot asphat. Each succeedng ayer of roong fet s paced and mopped
n a smar manner wth asphat. Each sheet shoud be apped 19 nches,
eavng 17 nches exposed.
Once the roong fet s paced, a grave stop s nstaed around
the deck permeter. Two coated ayers of fet shoud extend 6 nches past the
roof deckng where the grave stop s to be nstaed. When the other pes
are paced, the rst two ayers are foded over the other ayers and mopped
n pace. The grave stop s then paced n an 1/8-nch-thck bed of ashng
cement and securey naed every 6 nches. The ends of the grave stop
shoud be apped 6 nches and packed n ashng cement.
AGGREGATE
GRA1EL STOP
ASPHALT
ROOF CEMENT
NAILSJ)K O/C/
The grave stop.
After the grave stop s paced, the roof s ooded wth hot asphat and the
surface aggregate s embedded n the ood coat. The aggregates shoud be
hard, dry, opaque, and free of any dust or foregn matter. The sze of the
aggregates shoud range from 1/4 nch Roong to 5/8 nch. When the
aggregate s ped on the roof, t shoud be paced on a spot that has been
mopped wth asphat. Ths technque ensures proper adheson n a areas of
the roof.
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9/PROJECT MONITORING %(
PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM
Ths s done to contnuousy track the performance of the pro|ect progress,
cost sand condton contrbuton. Correctve actons can be taken when
requred and provdes data.
The foowng three reports are made for the trackng-
Monthy progress report
|ob cost report
Pro|ect performance report.
8. 8UALITY%(
The technca audt of works done by CPWD used to be done n-house
rght from ts ncepton. The functons of Ouaty Assurance and
Technca Audt of works were shfted to CVC n the year 1964. On the
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recommendaton of Ranganathan Commttee, the Ouaty Assurance
functons were agan shfted to CPWD n the year 1979.
The mpementaton of Ouaty Assurance n the ed w requre cose
co-operaton among the three agences, namey (a) ed engneers (b)
the constructon agency, and (c) the Ouaty Assurance team at Crce
eve for strct compance of Ouaty Assurance Procedure formng part
of agreement.
8u24t5 Contro4 S5st!? O" T>! D!A2rt?!nt
Mut eve Ouaty checks have been created n CPWD as detaed
beow:
F!43 4!=!4
The drect responsbty for ensurng proper quaty of work as per
approved speccatons for achevng the ntended performance and
structura, functona and aesthetca parameters, and the desred fe
of the budng/nstaaton/structure rests wth the constructon team of
Executve Engneer, Assstant Engneer and |unor Engneer.
8u24t5 Contro4 t!2? 2t Crc4! L!=!4
To keep a watch on the ehectveness/adequacy of Ouaty Assurance
measures at ste, a Ouaty Assurance team wth SE of the crce as ts
head and comprsng of one AE.
The functons of the Ouaty Assurance team at Crce eve are to check
the compance of Ouaty Assurance system by the ed unts, to
ocate the apse/decency n the mpementaton of the Ouaty
Assurance Pan, and to gude the ed engneers n quaty reated
aspects of the work.
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Cor! Wn; 2t Dr!ctor2t! L!=!4
Ths Core Wng carres out the foowng man functons to ensure
systematc and comprehensve Assurance of quaty n the works: -
Ouaty Assurance of works under the SA!c24 DG#S&P$- #TD$- ADG
#Bor3!r$ 2n3 En;n!!r( n( C>!" #CPWD$- D!4>/
Carry out comprehensve examnaton & technca audt of works.
To carry out nvestgatons and enqures wth regard to quaty reated
aspects.
8u24t5 Assur2nc! unts n t>! R!;ons
Ouaty Assurance works n varous Regons are beng ooked after by
the Regona OA unts headed by the SuA!rnt!n3n; En;n!!r
#TL8A$ or Drector Works of the Regon.
CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS AND 8UALITY ASSURANCE #CS8$
The CSO unt of CPWD s responsbe for Contract reated matters and
quaty assurance functons.
The unt headed by a Chef Engneer s ocated n Nrman Bhawan and
has 5 separate ces headed by superntendng engneers to ook after
specc areas. The specc areas are
Centra Pubc Works Department, I P Bhawan,New Deh Page 46


1. Contr2ct & M2nu24
2. St2n32r3s 2n3 SA!cIc2tons
3. 8u24t5 Assur2nc!
4. T!c>no(L!;24 ?2tt!rs
5. T!c>no4o;5 AAA4c2ton & St2n32r3s Unt/

The unt s aso responsbe for enstment of cass-1
contractors n CPWD besdes formuatng rues and reguatons for
enstment of contractors by dherent authortes.
A contract reated ssues, techno ega ssues
referred to DGW by ed unts or by other organsatons are deat by
ths unt. The responsbty of brngng out schedues and speccatons
aso rests wth the CSO unt.
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&*/CONCLUSION%(
It was a wonderfu earnng experence at CPWD oEc!- IP B>2C2n-
N!C D!4> &&***, "or SD W!!@s. I ganed a ot of nsght regardng
amost every aspect of ste. I was gven exposure n amost a the
departments at the ste, but I had ked to hghght the areas of safety,
quaty management, matera management and executon.
I hope ths experence w surey hep me n my future and aso n
shapng my career.
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