H THNG

IU KHN PHN TN

Lecture Notes
(Cha cp nht t 8/2003)



TS. Hong Minh Sn
B MN IU KHIN T NG, KHOA IN
I HC BCH KHOA H NI




MC LC
1 NHP MN 5
1.1 Phm vi cp 5
1.2 Ni dung chng trnh 5
1.3 Yu cu kin thc c s 5
1.4 Tng quan cc gii php iu khin 6
1.4.1 c trng cc lnh vc ng dng iu khin 6
1.4.2 Cc h thng iu khin cng nghip 6
2 CU TRC CC H THNG IU KHIN V GIM ST 8
2.1 Cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn 8
2.2 M hnh phn cp 9
2.2.1 Cp chp hnh 10
2.2.2 Cp iu khin 10
2.2.3 Cp iu khin gim st 10
2.3 Cu trc iu khin 11
2.3.1 iu khin tp trung 11
2.3.2 iu khin tp trung vi vo/ra phn tn 12
2.3.3 iu khin phn tn 12
2.3.4 iu khin phn tn vi vo/ra phn tn 13
3 CC THNH PHN CA MT H IU KHIN PHN TN 15
3.1 Cu hnh c bn 15
3.1.1 Trm iu khin cc b 15
3.1.2 Bus trng v cc trm vo/ra t xa 17
3.1.3 Trm vn hnh 18
3.1.4 Trm k thut v cc cng c pht trin 19
3.1.5 Bus h thng 20
3.2 Phn loi cc h DCS 21
3.2.1 Cc h DCS truyn thng 21
3.2.2 Cc h DCS trn nn PLC 22
3.2.3 Cc h DCS trn nn PC 25
3.3 Cc vn k thut 26
4 X L THI GIAN THC V X L PHN TN 27
4.1 Mt s khi nim c bn 27
4.1.1 H thng thi gian thc 27
4.1.2 X l thi gian thc 27
4.1.3 H iu hnh thi gian thc 28
4.1.4 X l phn tn 29
4.2 Cc kin trc x l phn tn 30
4.3 C ch giao tip 31
4.4 ng b ha trong x l phn tn 32

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4.4.1 ng b ha cc tn hiu vo/ra 32
4.4.2 ng b ha thi gian 32
5 CNG NGH I TNG TRONG IU KHIN PHN TN 33
5.1 Lp trnh hng i tng 33
5.2 Phn tch v thit k hng i tng 33
5.2.1 Ngn ng m hnh ha thng nht UML 34
5.2.2 Mu thit k 35
5.2.3 Phn mm khung 35
5.3 Phn mm thnh phn 36
5.4 i tng phn tn 37
6 KIN TRC I TNG PHN TN 38
6.1 Yu cu chung 38
6.2 Cc mu thit k 38
6.3 Gii thiu chun CORBA 39
6.4 Gii thiu chun COM/DCOM 40
6.4.1 Giao din 41
6.4.2 i tng COM 41
6.4.3 Giao tip gia client v object 44
6.4.4 Ngn ng m t giao din 46
6.4.5 M hnh i tng thnh phn phn tn DCOM 46
7 CC M HNH NG DNG IU KHIN PHN TN 48
7.1 IEC-61131 48
7.1.1 M hnh phn mm 48
7.1.2 M hnh giao tip 49
7.2 IEC-61499 51
7.2.1 M hnh h thng 51
7.2.2 M hnh thit b 52
7.2.3 M hnh ti nguyn 52
7.2.4 M hnh ng dng 53
7.2.5 M hnh khi chc nng 54
7.2.6 M hnh phn tn 56
7.2.7 M hnh qun l 56
7.2.8 M hnh trng thi hot ng 56
8 MT S CHUN GIAO TIP CNG NGHIP 58
8.1 MMS 58
8.2 IEC-61131-5 60
8.2.1 M hnh giao tip mng 60
8.2.2 Dch v giao tip 61
8.2.3 Cc khi chc nng giao tip 62
8.3 OPC 63
8.3.1 Tng quan v kin trc OPC 63

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8.3.2 OPC Custom Interfaces 65
8.3.3 OPC Automation Interface 66
8.4 Ngn ng nh du kh m XML 67
8.4.1 Gii thiu chung 67
8.4.2 ng dng XML trong phn mm khung iPC 68
9 M T H THNG IU KHIN PHN TN 70
9.1 Cc phng php m t ha 70
9.2 Lu P&ID 71
9.2.1 Chun ISA S5.1 71
9.2.2 Chun ISA S5.3 75
9.3 M hnh ha hng i tng 77
10 LP TRNH IU KHIN PHN TN 78
10.1 Lp trnh theo chun IEC 61131-3 78
10.1.1 Kiu d liu 79
10.1.2 T chc chng trnh 81
10.1.3 Ngn ng FBD 83
10.1.4 Ngn ng ST 84
10.1.5 Ngn ng SFC 85
10.2 Lp trnh vi ngn ng bc cao 85
11 CHC NNG IU KHIN GIM ST 87
11.1 Gii thiu chung v cc h iu khin gim st 87
11.1.1 Cc thnh phn chc nng c bn 88
11.1.2 Cng c phn mm SCADA/HMI 89
11.2 Xy dng cu trc h thng 91
11.3 Thit k giao din ngi-my 92
11.3.1 Yu cu chung 92
11.3.2 Cc phng php giao tip ngi-my 92
11.3.3 Thit k cu trc mn hnh 92
11.3.4 Cc nguyn tc thit k 93
12 TNH SN SNG V TIN CY CA CC H KPT 94
12.1 t vn 94
12.2 C ch d phng 94
12.3 C ch an ton 95
12.4 C ch khi ng li sau s c 95
12.5 Bo mt 95
12.6 Bo tr 95
13 NH GI V LA CHN GII PHP IU KHIN PHN TN 97
13.1 nh gi v la chn cc sn phm DCS tch hp trn vn 97
13.1.1 Phm vi chc nng 97
13.1.2 Cu trc h thng v cc thit b thnh phn 97
13.1.3 Tnh nng m 97

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13.1.4 Pht trin h thng 97
13.1.5 tin cy v tnh sn sng 98
13.1.6 Gi thnh, chi ph 98
13.2 So snh gii php DCS tch hp trn vn vi cc gii php khc 98
14 GII THIU MT S H IU KHIN PHN TN TIU BIU 100
14.1 PCS7 ca Siemens 100
14.2 PlantScape ca Honeywell 100
14.3 DeltaV ca Fisher Rosermount 100
14.4 Centum CS1000/CS3000 ca Yokogawa 100
14.5 AdvantOCS ca ABB 100
15 MT S HNG NGHIN CU V NG DNG 101
15.1 Tr tu nhn to phn tn 101
15.2 iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng 102
15.2.1 t vn 102
15.2.2 M hnh h thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng bng cng
ngh Agent 102
15.3 iu khin v gim st cc h thng sn xut v cung cp in 104
TI LIU THAM KHO 105

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1 NHP MN
1.1 Phm vi cp
Phm vi cp ca mn H thng iu khin phn tn l cc h thng t
ng ho hin i c cu trc phn tn trong cng nghip cng nh trong
nhiu lnh vc khc. Mn hc c xy dng trn c s ng dng cc tin b
mi nht ca k thut iu khin, k thut truyn thng cng nghip, cng
ngh phn mm vo trong cc h thng iu khin v gim st.
Mc ch ca mn hc cho sinh vin lm quen vi cu trc v cc thit b
phn cng cng nh cc thnh phn phn mm ca cc h thng iu khin
v gim st hin i, nm c cc nguyn tc v phng php c bn cho
hng gii quyt nhng bi ton thng c t ra trong thc t nh thit
k cu trc h thng, tch hp h thng, a vo vn hnh v chn on h
thng. Bn cnh , mn hc a ra cc hng nghin cu l thuyt v ng
dng mi, to c s cho cc sinh vin mun tip tc hc v nghin cu cc
bc sau i hc.
1.2 Ni dung chng trnh
Ni dung bi ging bao gm cc ch chnh sau:
Cu trc cc h thng iu khin v gim st: M hnh phn cp, cc
thnh phn chc nng c bn, m t h thng
C s tin hc: X l phn tn, cng ngh hng i tng, phn mm
thnh phn
Cc h thng iu khin phn tn truyn thng (DCS): Cu trc h
thng, cc thnh phn h thng, phng php pht trin h thng, gii
thiu mt s h DCS tiu biu.
Cc h thng iu khin phn tn trn nn PLC (PLC-based DCS)
Cc h thng iu khin phn tn trn nn PC (PC-based DCS)
H thng iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (SCADA): Cu trc h
thng, cng c phn mm, thit k giao din ngi-my
Cc chun giao tip cng nghip: MMS, OPC, XML
Cc hng nghin cu v ng dng.
1.3 Yu cu kin thc c s
Phn ln ni dung cc bi ging mang tnh cht tng hp, lin mn, ginh
cho sinh vin nm cui. Bn cnh cc mn c s chuyn ngnh, yu cu hc
vin phi nm vng kin thc c bn trong cc mn hc sau:
iu khin s
Mng truyn thng cng nghip
K thut lp trnh C++ (hng i tng)

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1.4 Tng quan cc gii php iu khin
1.4.1 c trng cc lnh vc ng dng iu khin
Khi xy dng mt gii php iu khin, ta phi quan tm ti qui m v c
th ca lnh vc ng dng. Mt vi lnh vc ng dng tiu biu v cc gii
php iu khin c th tng ng c tm tt di y.
iu khin cc thit b v my mc n l (cng nghip v gia dng): Cc
my mc, thit b c sn xut hng lot, v vy yu cu u t cho gii
php iu khin phi tht tit kim (chng trnh nh, tn t b nh).
Cc bi ton iu khin c th rt khc nhau, t iu khin logic ti iu
khin phn hi, iu khin chuyn ng, iu khin m, Cc gii php
iu khin tiu biu l iu khin nhng (P, C), CNC, PLC,...
T ng ha cng nghip, c chia ra hai lnh vc:
Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc: Cc bi ton iu khin tiu biu l
iu khin qu trnh (process control), iu khin trnh t (sequence
control), bn cnh iu khin logic. Cc thit b c dng ph bin l
PLC, DCS, (I)PC, Compact Digital Controllers.
Cng nghip ch to, lp rp: Cc bi ton iu khin tiu biu l iu
khin logic, iu khin chuyn ng, iu khin s kin ri rc. Cc thit
b c dng ch yu l PLC, CNC, PC. Nay cc h DCS cng tm c
mt s ng dng trong lnh vc ny.
iu khin cc h thng giao thng, vn ti: c th l cc bi ton iu
khin logic, iu khin s kin ri rc. Cc thit b c dng l PLC,
DCS, PC, P, C,...
iu khin cc h thng phn phi nng lng (du kh, gas, in): Kt
hp gia cc bi ton iu khin qu trnh vi iu khin s kin ri rc,
iu khin logic, s dng PLC, DCS, IPC,...
T ng ha ta nh: Rle, PLC, p, C,...
iu khin v gim st cc h thng quc phng: IPC, P, C, DSP v
cc thit b c chng khc.
iu khin v gim st cc h thng thy li, mi trng: PLC, IPC, ...
...
1.4.2 Cc h thng iu khin cng nghip
Chng trnh hc t trng tm vo cc gii php iu khin cng nghip,
chia lm hai lnh vc ng dng c bn:
Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc (Process Industry): Du kh, ha du,
ha m phm, dc phm, xi mng, giy, ...
Cng nghip ch to, lp rp (Manufactoring Industry): Cng nghip t,
my cng c, cng nghip in t, vi in t, thit b dn dng,...

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Hnh 1-1: Lch s pht trin cc gii php iu khin

T NG HA QU TRNH
(Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc)
T NG HA X NGHIP
(Cng nghip ch to, lp rp)
Cc b iu chnh c
Thit b iu chnh PID kh
nn (1920-1930)
Thit b iu chnh PID
in t (1940-1950)
iu khin s trc tip
(DDC, 1965-1975)
B iu chnh s gn
(CDC, 1980)
Cc thit b c kh
Thit b iu khin
kh trnh (PLC, 1970)
Cc mch logic lp trnh cng
(PLD, 1960)
PC cng nghip (IPC)
PC-104, CompactPCI, SBC
(PC-based Control)
Rle in c,
(1920)
H KPT tch hp
(DCS, 1975)
PLC mm
(Soft-PLC, 1996)
H iu khin lai
H iu khin trng (FCS, 2000)
PC-based DCS
PLC-based DCS

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2 CU TRC CC H THNG IU KHIN V
GIM ST
2.1 Cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn
Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng iu khin v gim st qu trnh
c minh ha trn Hnh 2-1. Cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh ng vai tr
l giao din gia cc thit b iu khin vi qu trnh k thut. Trong khi ,
h thng iu khin gim st ng vai tr giao din gia ngi vn hnh v
my. Cc thit b c th c ghp ni trc tip im-im, hoc thng qua
mng truyn thng.
Hnh 2-1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng iu khin v
gim st
Ty theo loi cm bin, tn hiu ca chng a ra c th l tn hiu nh
phn, tn hiu s hay tn hiu tng t theo cc chun in hc thng dng
khc nhau (1..10V, 0..5V, 4..20mA, 0..20mA, v.v...). Trc khi c th x l
trong my tnh s, cc tn hiu o cn c chuyn i, thch ng vi chun
giao din vo/ra ca my tnh. Bn cnh , ta cng cn cc bin php cch
ly in hc trnh s nh hng xu ln nhau gia cc thit b. chnh l
cc chc nng ca cc module vo/ra (I/O).
Tm li, mt h thng iu khin v gim st bao gm cc thnh phn chc
nng chnh sau y:
Giao din qu trnh: Cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, ghp ni
vo/ra, chuyn i tn hiu.
NI network interface
(giao din mng)
I/O input/output
(vo/ra)
ni trc tip

ni qua mng
H thng iu khin gim st
Thit b iu khin t ng
Cm bin v chp hnh
I/O
I/O NI
NI
NI
NI
Qu trnh k thut
NI
NI

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Thit b iu khin t ng: Cc thit b iu khin nh cc b iu
khin chuyn dng, b iu khin kh trnh PLC (programmable logic
controller), thit b iu chnh s n l (compact digital controller) v my
tnh c nhn cng vi cc phn mm iu khin tng ng.
H thng iu khin gim st: Cc thit b v phn mm giao din ngi
my, cc trm k thut, cc trm vn hnh, gim st v iu khin cao
cp.
H thng truyn thng: Ghp ni im-im, bus cm bin/chp hnh,
bus trng, bus h thng.
H thng bo v, c ch thc hin chc nng an ton.
2.2 M hnh phn cp
Cng nhng cp di th cc chc nng cng mang tnh cht c bn hn
v i hi yu cu cao hn v nhanh nhy, thi gian phn ng. Mt chc
nng cp trn c thc hin da trn cc chc nng cp di, tuy khng
i hi thi gian phn ng nhanh nh cp di, nhng ngc li lng
thng tin cn trao i v x l li ln hn nhiu. Thng thng, ngi ta ch
coi ba cp di thuc phm vi ca mt h thng iu khin v gim st. Tuy
nhin, biu th hai cp trn cng (qun l cng ty v iu hnh sn xut) trn
gip ta hiu thm mt m hnh l tng cho cu trc chc nng tng th cho
cc cng ty sn xut cng nghip.
Hnh 2-2: M hnh phn cp chc nng ca mt h thng iu khin
v gim st
QL
cng ty
iu hnh
sn xut
iu khin
iu khin gim st
Chp hnh
Qu trnh k thut
Gim st, vn hnh,
iu khin cao cp,
Lp bo co
iu khin, iu chnh,
bo v, an ton
ghi chp tng trnh
o lng, truyn ng,
chuyn i tn hiu
nh gi kt qu, lp k hoch sn
xut, bo dng my mc,
tnh ton ti u ho sn xut
Tnh ton gi thnh, li sut
thng k s liu sn xut, kinh doanh,
x l n t hng, k hoch ti nguyn
Cp trng
Cp iu
khin qu
trnh

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2.2.1 Cp chp hnh
Cc chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng, truyn ng v
chuyn i tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit. Thc t, a s cc thit b cm
bin (sensor) hay c cu chp hnh (actuator) cng c phn iu khin ring
cho vic thc hin o lng/truyn ng c chnh xc v nhanh nhy. Cc
thit b thng minh
1
cng c th m nhn vic x l th thng tin, trc khi
a ln cp iu khin.
2.2.2 Cp iu khin
Nhim v chnh ca cp iu khin l nhn thng tin t cc cm bin, x l
cc thng tin theo mt thut ton nht nh v truyn t li kt qu
xung cc c cu chp hnh. Khi cn iu khin th cng, nhim v c
ngi ng my trc tip m nhim qua vic theo di cc cng c o lng,
s dng kin thc v kinh nghim thc hin nhng thao tc cn thit nh
n nt ng/m van, iu chnh cn gt, nm xoay v.v... Trong mt h thng
iu khin t ng hin i, vic thc hin th cng nhng nhim v c
thay th bng my tnh.
2.2.3 Cp iu khin gim st
Cp iu khin gim st c chc nng gim st v vn hnh mt qu trnh
k thut. Khi a s cc chc nng nh o lng, iu khin, iu chnh, bo
ton h thng c cc cp c s thc hin, th nhim v ca cp iu khin
gim st l h tr ngi s dng trong vic ci t ng dng, thao tc, theo
di, gim st vn hnh v x l nhng tnh hung bt thng. Ngoi ra, trong
mt s trng hp, cp ny cn thc hin cc bi ton iu khin cao cp
nh iu khin phi hp, iu khin trnh t v iu khin theo cng thc (v
d trong ch bin dc phm, ho cht). Khc vi cc cp di, vic thc hin
cc chc nng cp iu khin gim st thng khng i hi phng tin,
thit b phn cng c bit ngoi cc my tnh thng thng (my tnh c
nhn, my trm, my ch, termimal,...).
Nh ta s thy, phn cp chc nng nh trn s tin li cho vic thit k h
thng v la chn thit b. Trong thc t ng dng, s phn cp chc nng c
th khc mt cht so vi trnh by y, ty thuc vo mc t ng ho
v cu trc h thng c th. Trong nhng trng hp ng dng n gin nh
iu khin trang thit b dn dng (my git, my lnh, iu ha m,...), s
phn chia nhiu cp c th hon ton khng cn thit. Ngc li, trong t
ng ha mt nh my ln hin i nh in nguyn t, sn xut xi mng, lc
du, ta c th chia nh hn na cc cp chc nng tin theo di.

1
Mt thit b c gi l thng minh, khi n c kh nng x l thng tin. Thc t, mi thit b
thng minh phi c t nht mt b vi x l ring.

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2.3 Cu trc iu khin
Bin th ca cu trc c bn trn Hnh 2-1 tm thy trong cc gii php
thc t khc nhau s phn b chc nng iu khin cng nh s phn b
v tr cc my tnh qu trnh v ph kin c la chn. Cn c vo , ta c
th phn bit gia cu trc iu khin tp trung v cu trc iu khin phn
tn, cu trc vo/ra tp trung v cu trc vo/ra phn tn.
2.3.1 iu khin tp trung
Cu trc tiu biu ca mt h iu khin tp trung (centralized control
system) c minh ha trn Hnh 2-3. Mt my tnh duy nht c dng
iu khin ton b qu trnh k thut. My tnh iu khin y (MTK) c
th l cc b iu khin s trc tip (DDC), my tnh ln, my tnh c nhn
hoc cc thit b iu khin kh trnh. Trong iu khin cng nghip, my
tnh iu khin tp trung thng thng c t ti phng iu khin trung
tm, cch xa hin trng. Cc thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh c ni
trc tip, im-im vi my tnh iu khin trung tm qua cc cng vo/ra
ca n. Cch b tr vo/ra ti my tnh iu khin nh vy cng c gi l
vo/ra tp trung (central I/O).
Hnh 2-3: Cu trc iu khin tp trung vi vo/ra tp trung
y l cu trc iu khin tiu biu trong nhng nm 1965-1975. Ngy
nay, cu trc tp trung trn y thng thch hp cho cc ng dng t ng
ha qui m va v nh, iu khin cc loi my mc v thit b bi s n
gin, d thc hin v gi thnh mt ln cho my tnh iu khin. im ng
ch y l s tp trung ton b tr tu, tc chc nng x l thng tin
trong mt thit b iu khin duy nht. Tuy nhin, cu trc ny bc l nhng
hn ch sau:
Cng vic ni dy phc tp, gi thnh cao
Vic m rng h thng gp kh khn
tin cy km.
A
Phn on 1
S
A S
A S
Phn on 2 Phn on n
MTK
I/O
I/O: input/output A: actuator S: sensor
Phng iu khin trung tm
Hin trng

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2.3.2 iu khin tp trung vi vo/ra phn tn
Cu trc vo/ra tp trung vi cch ghp ni im-im th hin mt nhc
im c bn l s lng ln cc cp ni, dn n gi thnh cao cho dy dn
v cng thit k, lp t. Mt hn ch khc na l phng php truyn dn
tn hiu thng thng gia cc thit b trng v thit b iu khin d chu
nh hng ca nhiu, gy ra sai s ln. Vn ny c khc phc bng
phng php dng bus trng nh nu trong phn trc. Hnh 2-4 minh
ha mt cu hnh mng n gin. y cc module vo/ra c y xung
cp trng gn k vi cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, v vy c gi l
cc vo/ra phn tn (Distributed I/O) hoc vo/ra t xa (Remote I/O). Mt
cch ghp ni khc l s dng cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh thng minh
(mu xm trn hnh v), c kh nng ni mng trc tip khng cn thng qua
cc module vo/ra. Bn cnh kh nng x l giao thc truyn thng, cc thit
b ny cn m nhim mt s chc nng x l ti ch nh lc nhiu, chnh
nh thang o, t t ch , im lm vic, chn on trng thi,v.v... Trong
nhiu trng hp, cc thit b c th m nhim c nhim v iu khin n
gin.
Hnh 2-4: Cu trc iu khin tp trung vi vo/ra phn tn
S dng bus trng v cu trc vo/ra phn tn mang li cc u im
sau:
Tit kim dy dn v cng i dy, ni dy
Gim kch thc hp iu khin
Tng linh hot h thng nh s dng cc thit b c giao din chun
v kh nng ghp ni n gin
Thit k v bo tr d dng nh cu trc n gin
Kh nng chn on tt hn (cc thit b hng c pht hin d dng)
Tng tin cy ca ton h thng.
2.3.3 iu khin phn tn
Trong a s cc ng dng c qui m va v ln, phn tn l tnh cht c
ha ca h thng. Mt dy chuyn sn xut thng c phn chia thnh
nhiu phn on, c th c phn b ti nhiu v tr cch xa nhau. khc
MTK
I/O
S A
I/O
S A
I/O
S A
S A S A
bus trng
Phng K trung tm
Hin trng

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phc s ph thuc vo mt my tnh trung tm trong cu trc tp trung v
tng tnh linh hot ca h thng, ta c th iu khin mi phn on bng
mt hoc mt s my tnh cc b, nh Hnh 2-5 minh ha.

Hnh 2-5: Cu trc iu khin phn tn vi vo/ra tp trung
Cc my tnh iu khin cc b thng c t ri rc ti cc phng iu
khin/phng in ca tng phn on, phn xng, v tr khng xa vi qu
trnh k thut. Cc phn on c lin h tng tc vi nhau, v vy iu
khin qu trnh tng hp cn c s iu khin phi hp gia cc my tnh
iu khin. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cc my tnh iu khin c ni
mng vi nhau v vi mt hoc nhiu my tnh gim st (MTGS) trung tm
qua bus h thng. Gii php ny dn n cc h thng c cu trc iu khin
phn tn, hay c gi l cc h iu khin phn tn (HKPT).
u th ca cu trc iu khin phn tn khng ch dng li linh hot
cao hn so vi cu trc tp trung. Hiu nng cng nh tin cy tng th
ca h thng c nng cao nh s phn tn chc nng xung cc cp di.
Vic phn tn chc nng x l thng tin v phi hp iu khin c s gim
st t cc trm vn hnh trung tm m ra cc kh nng ng dng mi, tch
hp trn vn trong h thng nh lp trnh cao cp, iu khin trnh t, iu
khin theo cng thc v ghp ni vi cp iu hnh sn xut.
2.3.4 iu khin phn tn vi vo/ra phn tn
Lu rng Hnh 2-5 ch minh ha cch ghp ni im-im gia mt my
tnh iu khin vi cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, s dng vo/ra tp
trung. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th s dng bus trng thc hin cu trc
vo/ra phn tn nh trn Hnh 2-6. Khi , my tnh iu khin c th t ti
bus h
thng
A
Phn on 1
S
A S
A S
Phn on 2 Phn on n
MTK
1

MTK
2
MTK
n

MTGS MTGS
PHNG IU
KHIN TRUNG TM
HIN
TRNG
PHNG IU
KHIN CC B

2005, Hong Minh Sn
14
phng iu khin trung tm hoc ti cc phng iu khin cc b, ty theo
qui m ca h thng v kh nng ko di ca bus trng.
Gii php s dng cc h iu khin phn tn vi cu trc vo/ra phn
tn v cc thit b trng thng minh chnh l xu hng trong xy dng cc
h thng iu khin v gim st hin i. Bn cnh tin cy cao, tnh nng
m v linh hot cao th yu t kinh t cng ng vai tr quan trng. Vic
phn tn chc nng x l thng tin, chc nng iu khin theo b rng cng
nh theo chiu su l tin cho kin trc tr tu phn tn (distributed
intelligence) trong tng lai.
Hnh 2-6: Cu trc iu khin phn tn vi vo/ra phn tn

Phn on 1
MTK 1
MTGS MTGS
PHNG IU KHIN
TRUNG TM
HIN
TRNG
bus h
thng
PHNG IU
KHIN CC B
I/O
S A
bus trng
Phn on 2
MTK 2
I/O
S A
Phn on n
MTK n
I/O
S A
bus trng bus trng

2005, Hong Minh Sn
15
3 CC THNH PHN CA MT H IU KHIN
PHN TN
3.1 Cu hnh c bn
Cu hnh c bn mt h iu khin phn tn c minh ha trn Hnh 3-1,
bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Cc trm iu khin cc b (local control station, LCS), i khi cn c
gi l cc khi iu khin cc b (local control unit, LCU) hoc cc trm
qu trnh (process station, PS).
Cc trm vn hnh (operator station, OS)
Trm k thut (engineering station, ES) v cc cng c pht trin
H thng truyn thng (field bus, system bus).

Hnh 3-1: Cu hnh c bn mt h iu khin phn tn
y l cu hnh ti thiu, cc cu hnh c th c th cha cc thnh phn
khc nh trm vo/ra t xa (remote I/O station), cc b iu khin chuyn
dng,...
3.1.1 Trm iu khin cc b
Thng thng, cc trm iu khin cc b c xy dng theo cu trc
module. Cc thnh phn chnh bao gm:
B cung cp ngun, thng thng c d phng
Khi x l trung tm (CPU), c th la chn loi c d phng
My tnh
phng th
Local Control
Station
Local Control
Station
Operator
Station
Engineering
Station
Operator
Station
PC
PROCESS
Factory LAN
System bus
Remote
I/O Station

2005, Hong Minh Sn
16
Giao din vi bus h thng, thng thng cng c d phng
Giao din vi bus trng nu s dng cu trc vo/ra phn tn
Cc module vo/ra s cng nh tng t, c bit l cc module vo/ra
an ton chy n
Trong cu trc vo/ra tp trung, cc module vo/ra c ni vi CPU
thng qua bus ni b ng sau gi (backplane-bus). Chnh v vy, cc
module ny cng phi do nh sn xut cung cp km theo CPU.
Trong cc h thng iu khin qu trnh, mt trm iu khin cc b cng
thng c ci t giao din HART v cc module ghp ni ph kin khc.
Cc thit b ny c lp t trong t iu khin cng vi cc linh kin h tr
khc nh hng kp u dy, cc b chuyn i tn hiu (transducers), cc
khi u cui (terminal blocka),... Cc t iu khin thng c t trong
phng iu khin/phng in bn cnh phng iu khin trung tm hoc
ri rc gn khu vc hin trng.
Cc chc nng do trm iu khin cc b m nhim bao gm:
iu khin qu trnh (process control): iu khin cc mch vng kn
(nhit , p sut, lu lng, pH, m c,...). Hu ht cc mch
vng n c iu khin trn c s lut PID, gii quyt bi ton iu
khin iu chnh, iu khin t l, iu khin tng. Cc h thng hin i
cho php iu khin m, iu khin da m hnh (model-based control),
iu khin thch nghi, ...
iu khin trnh t (sequential control, sequence control)
iu khin logic
Thc hin cc cng thc (recipe control).
t cc tn hiu u ra v trng thi an ton trong trng hp c s c
h thng
Lu tr tm thi cc tn hiu qu trnh trong trng hp mt lin lc vi
trm vn hnh
Nhn bit cc trng hp vt ngng gi tr v to cc thng bo bo
ng.
Chnh v y l thnh phn quan trng nht trong h thng, i a s cc
trm iu khin cc b c tnh nng kim tra v sa li (error checking and
correcting, ECC), cng nh cho php la chn cu hnh d phng. Mt iu
quan trng l mt trm iu khin cc b phi c kh nng m bo tip tc
thc hin cc chc nng ni trn trong trng hp trm vn hnh hoc ng
truyn bus h thng c s c.
Cc my tnh iu khin c th l my tnh c chng ca nh cung cp
(vendor-specific controller), PLC hoc my tnh c nhn cng nghip. Da trn
c s ny c th phn loi cc h thng iu khin phn tn c mt hin nay
trn th trng thnh cc h cc h truyn thng (sau y gi l DCS truyn
thng), cc h trn nn PLC (PLC-based DCS) v cc h trn nn PC (PC-based
DCS).

2005, Hong Minh Sn
17
Bt k chng loi thit b no c s dng, cc yu cu quan trng
nht v mt k thut c t ra cho mt trm iu khin cc b l:
Tnh nng thi thc
tin cy v tnh sn sng
Lp trnh thun tin, cho php s dng/ci t cc thut ton cao cp
Kh nng iu khin lai (lin tc, trnh t v logic).
3.1.2 Bus trng v cc trm vo/ra t xa
Khi s dng cu trc vo/ra phn tn, cc trm iu khin cc b s c
b sung cc module giao din bus ni vi cc trm vo/ra t xa (remote I/O
station) v mt s thit b trng thng minh. Cc yu cu chung t ra vi
bus trng l tnh nng thi gian thc, mc n gin v gi thnh thp.
Bn cnh , i vi mi trng d chy n cn cc yu cu k thut c bit
khc v chun truyn dn, tnh nng in hc ca cc linh kin mng, cp
truyn,... Cc loi bus trng c h tr mnh nht l Profibus-DP,
Foundation Fieldbus, DeviceNet v AS-I. Trong mi trng i hi an ton
chy n th Profibus-PA v Foundation Fieldbus H1 l hai h c s dng
ph bin nht.
Mt trm vo/ra t xa thc cht c cu trc khng khc lm so vi mt
trm iu khin cc b, duy ch thiu khi x l trung tm cho chc nng
iu khin. Thng thng, cc trm vo/ra t xa c t rt gn vi qu
trnh k thut, v th tit kim nhiu cp truyn v n gin ha cu trc h
thng. Trm vo/ra t xa cng c th t cng v tr vi trm iu khin cc
b, tuy nhin nh vy khng li dng c u im ca cu trc ny.
Khc vi cu trc vo/ra tp trung, cu trc vo/ra phn tn cho php s
dng cc trm vo/ra t xa ca cc nh cung cp khc vi iu kin c h tr
loi bus trng qui nh. Tuy nhin, c th khai thc ti a kh nng cc
cng c phn mm tch hp v m bo tng thch hon ton gia cc thnh
phn trong mt h DCS, vic dng trn sn phm ca mt hng vn l gii
php an ton nht.
Bn cnh phng php ghp ni thit b iu khin vi qu trnh k thut
thng qua cc module vo/ra, ta c th s dng cc cm bin hoc c cu
chp hnh c giao din bus trng. Qua c th n gin ha cu trc h
thng hn na, tit kim tit kim ch trong t iu khin v nng cao tnh
nng thi gian thc ca h thng do tn dng c kh nng x l thng tin
ca cc thit b trng.
Trn Hnh 3-4 l hnh nh mt s t iu khin DCS. Hnh bn tri l mt
trm PCS7 (Siemens) vi b iu khin lp t cng cc module vo/ra phn
tn. Hnh gia minh ha mt trm vo/ra t xa lp c lp. T iu khin bn
phi minh ha trm iu khin cc b DeltaV (Fisher-Rosermount) s dng
gii php Foundation Fieldbus (khng cn cc module cc vo/ra).

2005, Hong Minh Sn
18
Hnh 3-2: M s hnh nh t iu khin DCS
3.1.3 Trm vn hnh
Trm vn hnh v trm k thut c t ti phng iu khin trung tm.
Cc trm vn hnh c th hot ng song song, c lp vi nhau. tin cho
vic vn hnh h thng, ngi ta thng sp xp mi trm vn hnh tng
ng vi mt phn on hoc mt phn xng. Tuy nhin, cc phn mm chy
trn tt c cc trm hon ton ging nhau, v th trong trng hp cn thit
mi trm u c th thay th chc nng ca cc trm khc.
Cc chc nng tiu biu ca mt trm vn hnh gm c:
Hin th cc hnh nh chun (hnh nh tng quan, hnh nh nhm, hnh
nh tng mch vng, hnh nh iu khin trnh t, cc th thi gian
thc v th qu kh)
Hin th cc hnh nh ha t do (lu cng ngh, cc phm iu
khin)
H tr vn hnh h thng qua cc cng c thao tc tiu biu, cc h
thng hng dn ch o v hng dn tr gip
To v qun l cc cng thc iu khin (cho iu khin m)
X l cc s kin, s c
X l, lu tr v qun l d liu
Chn on h thng, h tr ngi vn hnh v bo tr h thng
H tr lp bo co t ng
Khc vi cc trm iu khin, hu ht cc h DCS hin i u s dng
cc sn phm thng mi thng dng nh my tnh c nhn (cng nghip)
chy trn nn WindowsNT/2000, hoc cc my tnh trm chy trn nn UNIX.
Cng vi cc mn hnh mu ln (thng l 19inch) vi phn gii cao
theo di qu trnh sn xut, mt trm vn hnh hin i bao gi cng c cc

2005, Hong Minh Sn
19
thit b thao tc chun nh bn phm v chut. Mt trm vn hnh c th
b tr theo kiu mt ngi s dng (mt hoc nhiu mn hnh), hoc nhiu
ngi s dng vi vi nhiu Terminals (Hnh 3-3).
Cc phn mm trn trm vn hnh bao gi cng i km ng b vi h
thng, song thng h tr cc chun phn mm v chun giao tip cng
nghip nh TCP/IP, DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange), OLE (Object Linking and
Embedding), ODBC (Open Data Base Connection), OPC (OLE for Process
Control).
Hnh 3-3: Cc phng php b tr trm vn hnh
c im tiu biu ca cc trm vn hnh hin i l s dng k thut
giao din ngi-my kiu a ca s vi cc phn t giao din chun. Tuy
nhin, vic thit k cc mn hnh giao din cng nghip khc vi cc giao din
ng dng vn phng, i hi kin thc tng hp v qu trnh cng ngh, m
thut cng nghip, tm l hc cng nghip v cng ngh phn mm. Vn
ny s c cp chi tit sau.
3.1.4 Trm k thut v cc cng c pht trin
Trm k thut l ni ci t cc cng c pht trin, cho php t cu hnh
cho h thng, to v theo di cc chng trnh ng dng iu khin v giao
din ngi my, t cu hnh v tham s ha cc thit b trng. Vic to ng
dng iu khin hu ht c thc hin theo phng php khai bo, t
tham s v ghp ni cc khi chc nng c sn trong th vin. Cng nh cc
trm vn hnh, thit b s dng thng thng l cc my tnh c nhn (cng
nghip) chy trn nn Windows95/98/NT/2000 hoc UNIX.
Mt s c tnh tiu biu ca cc cng c pht trin trn trm k thut l:
Cc cng c pht trin c tch hp sn trong h thng
Cng vic pht trin (Engineering) khng yu cu c phn cng DCS ti
ch
Operator Terminals
Terminals bus
System bus
Operator
Station
Engineering
Station
Controller

2005, Hong Minh Sn
20
Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng dng l s khi hm (FBD-Function
Block Diagram, hoc CFC-Continuous Function Chart) v biu tin
trnh (SFC-Sequential Function Chart), tng t IEC61131-3 FBD () v
SFC
Mt d n c th do nhiu ngi cng phi hp pht trin song song
Giao din vi cc h thng cp trn (CAD/CAM, MES, PPS, ERP,...)
vic pht trin h thng phn mm c thun li, cc nh sn xut
cung cp cc th vin khi hm chuyn dng. Bn cnh , nhiu nh sn
xut cng cung cp phn mm m phng ngi pht trin h thng c th
to cc u vo/ra m phng, gip cho vic pht trin phn mm c chc
chn, an ton hn.
Trong mt s h thng, ngi ta khng phn bit gia trm vn hnh v
trm k thut, m s dng mt bn phm c kha chuyn qua li gia hai ch
vn hnh v pht trin.
3.1.5 Bus h thng
Bus h thng c chc nng ni mng cc trm iu khin cc b vi nhau
v vi cc trm vn hnh v trm k thut. Trong a s cc h thng ng
dng, ngi ta la chn cu hnh c d phng cho bus h thng. Thm na,
ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc, nhiu khi mt mng ring bit (c th c
c d phng) c s dng ghp ni cc trm iu khin cc b (bus iu
khin, control bus). Gii php mng c th c chng ca ring cng ty, hoc
da trn mt mng chun quc t. Cc h thng mng c s dng nhiu
nht l Ethernet, Profibus-FMS v ControlNet.
c im ca vic trao i thng tin qua bus h thng l lu lng thng
tin ln, v vy tc ng truyn phi tng i cao. Tnh nng thi gian
thc cng l mt yu cu c t ra (nht l i vi bus iu khin), tuy
nhin khng nghim ngt nh vi bus trng. Thi gian phn ng thng ch
yu cu nm trong phm vi 0,1s tr ln. S lng trm tham gia thng
khng ln v nhu cu trao i d liu khng c t bin ln. V vy i vi
mng Ethernet, tnh bt nh ca phng php truy nhp bus CSMA/CD
thng khng phi l vn gy lo ngh.
Hnh 3-4 minh ha cu hnh tiu biu ca mt h iu khin phn tn hin
i. Bn cnh cc thnh phn m t, mt cu hnh tiu biu thng c
thm mt s trm server, my tnh phn tch, my in, mt s b iu khin
cc b chuyn dng,...


2005, Hong Minh Sn
21
Hnh 3-4: Cu hnh tiu biu mt h iu khin phn tn hin i
3.2 Phn loi cc h DCS
3.2.1 Cc h DCS truyn thng
Cc h ny s dng cc b iu khin qu trnh c chng theo kin trc
ring ca nh sn xut. Cc h c thng ng kn, t tun theo cc chun
giao tip cng nghip, cc b iu khin c s dng cng thng ch lm
nhim v iu khin qu trnh, v vy phi s dng kt hp PLC cho cc bi
ton iu khin logic v iu khin trnh t. Cc h mi c tnh nng m tt
hn, mt s b iu khin lai m nhim c cc chc nng iu khin qu
trnh, iu khin trnh t v iu khin logic (hybrid controller).
Phn on 1 Phn on 2 Phn on n
Control
Station 1
OS ES
I/O
S A
Controller
S A
Controller
S A
S
A
FIELDBUS
I/O
S A
I/O
S A
Controller
S A
Motor
Control
Center
I/O
S A
LAB
Factory
Server
OS SS
SYSTEM BUS
Control
Station 2
Control
Station n

2005, Hong Minh Sn
22
h tr cc bi ton iu khin qu trnh din ra ng thi, khi x l
trung tm c ci t mt h iu hnh thi gian thc, a nhim - hoc ca
ring nh sn xut pht trin hoc mt sn phm thng dng nh pSOS,
TSOS, VRTX,... Chu k thi gian nh nht thc hin cc mch vng iu
khin thng nm trong khong 10-100ms, trong trng hp c bit (v d
cho nh my in) c th ti 1ms.
Mt s sn phm tiu biu cng vi tn trm iu khin cc b c lit k
di y:
AdvantOCS (ABB): Advant Controller, h iu hnh ring
Freelance 2000 (ABB): D-PS hc D-FC, h iu hnh pSOS
Symphonie (ABB): Melody, h iu hnh pSOS
DeltaV (Fisher-Rosermount): Visual Controller, h iu hnh TSOS
I/A Series (Foxboro): CP60, h iu hnh VRTX
PlantScape (Honeywell): PlantScape Controller, h iu hnh ring
Centum CS1000/CS3000 (Yokogawa): PFCx-E, AFS10x/AFS20x, h iu
hnh ORKID
3.2.2 Cc h DCS trn nn PLC
Thit b iu khin kh trnh (PLC, programmable logic controller) l mt loi
my tnh iu khin chuyn dng, do nh pht minh ngi M Richard
Morley ln u tin a ra tng vo nm 1968. Da trn yu cu k thut
ca General Motors l xy dng mt thit b c kh nng lp trnh mm do
thay th cho mch iu khin logic cng, hai cng ty c lp l Allen Bradley
v Bedford Associates (sau ny l Modicon) a ra trnh by cc sn phm
u tin. Cc thit b ny ch x l c mt tp lnh logic c bn, 128 im
vo/ra (1 bit) v 1kByte b nh. Lc u, ci tn programmable controller, vit
tt l PC, c s dng rng ri. Trong khi , programmable logic controller
hay PLC l thng hiu ng k ca cng ty Allen Bradley. Sau ny, khi my
tnh c nhn tr nn ph bin th t vit tt PLC hay c dng hn trnh
nhm ln. V vy t y v sau ta s dng khi nim thit b iu khin kh
trnh nhng vi t vit tt l PLC.
Vi cu trc ghp ni vo/ra linh hot, nguyn tc lm vic n gin theo
chu k, kh nng lp trnh v lu tr chng trnh trong b nh khng cn
can thip trc tip ti phn cng, PLC nhanh chng thu ht s ch trong
gii chuyn ngnh. Vo thi im cc my tnh iu khin chuyn dng v
khng chuyn dng u c kch c rt ln v gi thnh rt cao, th vic s
dng PLC l gii php l tng thay th cc mch logic t hp v tun t
trong iu khin cc qu trnh gin on.
Cho n nay, danh mc cc chng loi PLC c mt trn th trng tht
phong ph n mc kh c th bao qut. Chng khng nhng khc nhau
cng sut lm vic ca b x l trung tm, dung lng b nh v s lng
cc cng vo/ra, m cn cc c tnh chc nng nh cu trc linh hot,

2005, Hong Minh Sn
23
phng php lp trnh v kh nng ni mng. Tr mt s loi nh dng
trong cc ng dng n gin, hu ht cc PLC hin i u khng dng li
vic thc hin cc php tnh logic n gin, m cn c kh nng lm vic vi
cc tn hiu tng t v thc hin cc php ton s hc, thm ch c cc
thut ton iu khin phn hi nh iu khin nhiu im, PID v iu khin
m. Cc b m, b nh thi v mt s hm ton hc thng dng thuc
phm vi chc nng chun ca mt PLC. Vic s dng PLC v vy khng ch
dng li cc qu trnh gin on, m nay rt ph bin i vi iu khin
cc qu trnh lin tc nh trong cng nghip ch bin, khai thc, cng ngh
mi trng v.v...
Mt s h DCS trn nn PLC tiu biu l SattLine (ABB), Process Logix
(Rockwell), Modicon TSX (Schneider Electric), PCS7 (Siemens), Thc cht,
ngy nay a s cc PLC va c th s dng cho bi ton iu khin logic v
iu khin qu trnh. Tuy nhin, cc PLC c s dng trong cc h iu
khin phn tn thng c cu hnh mnh, h tr iu khin trnh t cng vi
cc phng php lp trnh hin i (v d SFC).
Cu trc phn cng
Hnh 3-5 minh ha cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca mt h thng
thit b iu khin kh trnh v quan h tng tc gia chng. V c bn, mt
PLC cng c cc thnh phn ging nh mt my vi tnh thng thng, l vi
x l, cc b nh lm vic v b nh chng trnh, giao din vo/ra v cung
cp ngun. Tuy nhin, mt im khc c bn l cc thnh phn giao din
ngi-my nh mn hnh, bn phm v chut khng c trang b y. Vic
lp trnh v vy phi c thc hin gin tip bng mt my tnh ring bit,
ghp ni vi CPU thng qua giao din thit b lp trnh (thng l mt cng
ni tip theo chun RS-232 hoc RS-485).
B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit, CPU) bao gm mt hoc nhiu
vi x l, b nh chng trnh, b nh lm vic, ng h nhp v giao din vi
thit b lp trnh, c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt h bus ni b. Nhim
v chnh ca CPU l qun l cc cng vo/ra, x l thng tin, thc hin cc
thut ton iu khin. B nh chng trnh thng c dng EPROM (Erasable
and Programmable Read Only Memory) hoc EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
and Programmable Read Only Memory), cha h iu hnh v m chng
trnh ng dng. D liu vo/ra cng nh cc d liu tnh ton khc c lu
trong b nh lm vic RAM (Random Access Memory). ng h nhp c vai tr
to ngt cng iu khin chng trnh theo chu k, thng thng trong
khong t 0,01giy ti 1000 pht.
Cc thnh phn vo/ra (input/ouput, I/O) ng vai tr l giao din gia
CPU v qu trnh k thut. Nhim v ca chng l chuyn i, thch ng tn
hiu v cch ly galvanic gia cc thit b ngoi vi (cm bin, c cu chp
hnh) v CPU. Cc thnh phn vo/ra c lin kt vi CPU thng qua mt
h bus ni b hoc qua mt h bus trng (xem chng 3).

2005, Hong Minh Sn
24
B cung cp ngun (power supply, PS) c vai tr bin i v n nh
ngun nui (thng thng 5V) cho CPU v cc thnh phn chc nng khc t
mt ngun xoay chiu (110V, 220V,...) hoc mt chiu (12V, 24V,...).
Bn cnh cc thnh phn chnh nu trn, mt h thng PLC c th c cc
thnh phn chc nng khc nh ghp ni m rng, iu khin chuyn dng
v x l truyn thng.
Hnh 3-5: Cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca mt PLC
Thit k module v thit k gn
Ty theo s phn chia chc nng trn cc thnh phn thit b, ta c th
phn bit gia cc PLC c thit k module v cc PLC c thit k gn. Trong
mt PLC c thit k gn, tt c cc chc nng c tch hp gn trong mt
thit b. Thng thng, loi PLC ny c sn mt s cng vo/ra c nh. Mt
s cng c tch hp giao din truyn thng cho mt loi bus trng. Tuy
nhin, mt s t loi c cu trc gn vn cho php tng s lng cng vo/ra
hoc b sung giao din mng bng cc module m rng c bit. PLC c cu
trc gn thch hp vi cc bi ton n gin.
i vi cc ng dng c qui m va v ln, ta cn s dng cc PLC c thit
k module bi linh hot cao. y, hu ht mi thnh phn chc nng
c thc hin bi mt module phn cng ring bit, c lp t trn mt
hoc nhiu gi . Bn cnh cc thnh phn c bn l CPU, ngun v cc
module vo/ra, mt PLC cn c th cha cc module chc nng, cc module
ghp ni v module truyn thng. H bus ni b c s dng ghp ni cc
module m rng vi CPU thng c gi l bus mt sau (backplane bus).
Cc module chc nng (function module, FM) c s dng thc hin
mt s nhim v iu khin ring, v d module iu khin PID, module iu
khin ng c bc, module cn,... Cc module ny hot ng tng i c
lp vi CPU, tuy nhin c th trao i d liu qu trnh v d liu tham s
thng qua bus ni b v cc hm hoc khi hm giao tip h thng.
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2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Cc module ghp ni (interface module, IM) c s dng trong vic m
rng h thng khi s lng cc module ln, khng ch trn mt gi .
Thng thng, mi gi cn c mt module ngun ring bn cnh module
ghp ni. Thng qua cc module ghp ni, mt CPU c th qun l tt c cc
module trn cc gi . S lng v chng loi cc module cho php trn mt
gi cng nh s lng tng cng ph thuc vo kh nng qun l ca loi
CPU c th.
Cc module truyn thng (communication module, CM) c vai tr l giao
din mng, c s dng ghp ni nhiu PLC vi nhau, vi cc thit b
trng v vi my tnh gim st. Cc module truyn thng m nhim x l
giao thc mt cch c lp vi CPU. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, b x
l trung tm cng c tch hp sn giao din mng cho mt h bus trng
thng dng.
3.2.3 Cc h DCS trn nn PC
Gii php s dng my tnh c nhn (PC) trc tip lm thit b iu khin
khng nhng c bn ti rng ri, m tr thnh thc t ph bin trong
nhng nm gn y. Nu so snh vi cc b iu khin kh trnh (PLC) v cc
b iu khin DCS c chng th th mnh ca PC khng nhng nm tnh
nng m, kh nng lp trnh t do, hiu nng tnh ton cao v a chc nng,
m cn kha cnh kinh t. Cc bc tin ln trong k thut my tnh, cng
nghip phn mm v cng ngh bus trng chnh l cc yu t thc y kh
nng cnh tranh ca PC trong iu khin cng nghip.
DCS trn nn PC l mt hng gii php tng i mi, mi c mt s sn
phm trn th trng nh PCS7 (Siemens, gii php Slot-PLC), 4Control
(Softing), Stardom (Yokogawa), Ovation (Westinghouse-Emerson Process
Management) Hng gii php ny th hin nhiu u im v mt gi
thnh, hiu nng tnh ton v tnh nng m. Mt trm iu khin cc b
chnh l mt my tnh c nhn cng nghip c ci t mt h iu hnh
thi gian thc v cc card giao din bus trng v card giao din bus h
thng.
Trong gii php iu khin dng my tnh c nhn th mt vn thng
rt c quan tm l tin cy ca my tnh. Mt phn ta c th yn tm bi
vi cu trc vo/ra phn tn, my tnh iu khin c t trong phng iu
khin trung tm vi iu kin mi trng lm vic tt. Mt khc, trn th
trng cng c rt nhiu loi my tnh c nhn cng nghip, m bo
tin cy cao khng km mt PLC. Mt khi my tnh ch c ci t h iu
hnh v phn mm iu khin th kh nng gy li do phn mm cng s
c gim thiu.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tnh sn sng, tin cy
ca h thng, ta cn c mt gii php d phng thch hp. Gii php n gin
v tit kim nht l d phng lnh, c ngha l trong trng hp c s c ti

2005, Hong Minh Sn
26
my tnh iu khin xy ra ta ch cn thay th mt my mi vi cu hnh v
cc phn mm c ci t ging ht my chnh. Song gii php tt hn l
s dng mt cu hnh d phng nng.
3.3 Cc vn k thut
Cc vn k thut di y ng vai tr c bit quan trng khi nghin
cu v cc h iu khin phn tn, s c cp chi tit trong cc phn
sau.
Kin trc x l phn tn (distributed processing): Cu trc phn tn v
mt vt l (a l) dn n phn tn v mt x l thng tin. X l phn
tn l mt khi nim vay mn t lnh vc tin hc. X l phn tn khc
vi x l cc b v khc vi x l ni mng tnh thng nht, xuyn sut
trong vic xy dng ng dng v trao i d liu gia cc trm.
Tnh nng thi gian thc (real-time): Tnh nng ca mt h thng lun
sn sng phn ng vi cc s kin bn ngoi v a ra p ng mt
cch ng n v kp thi. Vi kin trc x l phn tn, vic p ng
tnh nng thi gian thc c ci thin bi kh nng x l thng tin ti
ch. Song cng nhiu vn c t ra trong vic giao tip gia cc
thnh phn (real-time interprocess communication), trong vn giao
thc mng ng mt vai tr quan trng.
Tnh sn sng (availability) v tin cy (reliability): Mt c im ni
bt so vi cc hng gii php khc l tnh sn sng cao thng qua kh
nng d phng tch hp, c th la chn d phng cho tng thnh phn.
Tnh sn sng, phng php giao tip s, kin trc x l phn tn, phn
mm ng gi, phn cng chun ha cng nghip, tch hp cao gia
cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm l cc yu t gip cho cc h
thng iu khin phn tn c tin cy cao.
H tr chun (standard support): Thc ra, y khng phi l c im
tiu biu ca cc h DCS truyn thng. Nhng y l mt yu cu khng
th thiu c trong cc h DCS mi. c bit, s tng thch vi cc
chun cng nghip l tin cho tnh nng m, cho kh nng tng tc
vi cc thit b ca cc hng th ba.
Cng c phn mm (software tools): Vic xy dng cc ng dng iu
khin c h tr bi cc cng c lp trnh hoc cu hnh rt mnh
v cc th vin phn mm ng gi chun, da theo cc chun quc t.
Cc cng c phn mm iu khin gim st cng c tch hp v s
dng chung mt c s d liu trong h thng. Khc vi cc gii php
iu khin n l nh PLC hoc PC, ta khng phi s dng mt cng c
ring, xy dng ring giao din ngi-my (HMI) v cc chc nng
SCADA khc. Qu trnh to giao din ngi- my, to h thng cnh
bo, to cng thc iu khin, nm trong vic pht trin ng dng, i
i vi vic xy dng chng trnh iu khin cp thp.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
27
4 X L THI GIAN THC V X L PHN TN
4.1 Mt s khi nim c bn
4.1.1 H thng thi gian thc
Mt h thng thi gian thc l mt h thng m s hot ng tin cy ca
n khng ch ph thuc vo s chnh xc ca kt qu, m cn ph thuc vo
thi im a ra kt qu phn ng vi s kin bn ngoi. H thng c li
khi thi gian yu cu khng c tho mn.
Mt h thng thi gian thc c cc c im tiu biu sau:
Tnh b ng: H thng phi phn ng vi cc s kin xut hin vo cc
thi im khng bit trc.
Tnh nhanh nhy: H thng phi x l thng tin mt cch nhanh chng
c th a ra kt qu phn ng mt cch kp thi.
Tnh tin nh: D on trc c thi gian phn ng tiu biu, thi
gian phn ng chm nht cng nh trnh t a ra cc phn ng.
Tuy tnh nhanh nhy l mt c im tiu biu, nhng mt h thng c
tnh nng thi gian thc khng nht thit phi c p ng tht nhanh m
quan trng hn l phi c phn ng kp thi i vi cc yu cu, tc ng bn
ngoi. C th ni, tt cc cc h thng iu khin l cc h thng thi gian
thc. Ngc li, mt s ln cc h thng thi gian thc l cc h thng iu
khin. Mt b iu khin phi a ra c tn hiu iu khin kp thi sau
mt thi gian nhn c tn hiu o a qu trnh k thut v trng thi
mong mun. Mt h thng truyn thng c tnh nng thi gian thc phi c
kh nng truyn tin mt cch tin cy v kp thi i vi cc yu cu ca cc
i tc truyn thng. Tnh nng thi gian thc ca mt h thng iu khin
phn tn khng ch ph thuc vo tnh nng thi gian thc ca tng thnh
phn trong h thng, m cn ph thuc vo s phi hp hot ng gia cc
thnh phn .
4.1.2 X l thi gian thc
X l thi gian thc l hnh thc x l thng tin trong mt h thng m
bo tnh nng thi gian thc ca n. Nh vy, x l thi gian thc cng c
cc c im tiu biu nu trn nh tnh b ng, tnh nhanh nhy v tnh
tin nh. c th phn ng vi nhiu s kin din ra cng mt lc, mt h
thng x l thi gian thc s dng cc qu trnh tnh ton ng thi.
Qu trnh tnh ton l mt tin trnh thc hin mt hoc mt phn chng
trnh tun t do h iu hnh qun l trn mt my tnh, c th tn ti ng
thi vi cc qu trnh khc k c trong thi gian thc hin lnh v thi gian
xp hng ch i thc hin.
Qu trnh tnh ton c chia thnh hai loi:

2005, Hong Minh Sn
28
Qu trnh nng cn (process): l qu trnh tnh ton c khng gian a
ch ring.
Qu trnh nh cn (thread): l qu trnh khng c khng gian a ch
ring.
Cc hnh thc t chc cc qu trnh tnh ton ng thi:
X l cnh tranh: Nhiu qu trnh tnh ton chia s thi gian x l thng
tin ca mt b x l.
X l song song: Cc qu trnh tnh ton c phn chia thc hin song
song trn nhiu b x l ca mt my tnh.
X l phn tn: Mi qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin ring trn mt
my tnh.
Trong cc h thng iu khin, khi nim task cng hay c s dng bn
cnh qu trnh tnh ton. C th ni, task l mt nhim v x l thng tin
trong h thng, c th thc hin theo c ch tun hon (periodic task) hoc
theo s kin (event task). V d, mt task thc hin nhim v iu khin cho
mt hoc nhiu mch vng kn c chu k trch mu ging nhau. Hoc, mt
task c th thc hin nhim v iu khin logic, iu khin trnh t theo cc
s kin xy ra. Task c th thc hin di dng mt qu trnh tnh ton duy
nht, hoc mt dy cc qu trnh tnh ton khc nhau.
4.1.3 H iu hnh thi gian thc
Cc trm iu khin trong mt h iu khin phn tn bao gi cng hot
ng da trn nn mt h iu hnh thi gian thc. H iu hnh thi gian
thc l mt h iu hnh h tr cc chng trnh ng dng x l thi gian
thc. Bn thn h iu hnh thi gian thc cng l mt h thi gian thc
theo ng ngha ca n, v vy cng c cc c im tiu biu cp. Mt
h iu hnh thi gian thc bao gi cng l mt h a nhim (multi-tasking),
h tr x l cnh trnh hoc/v x l song song. Lp lch, ng b ha qu
trnh v giao tip lin qu trnh l cc khi nim quan trng trong mt h iu
hnh thi gian thc.
Phng php lp lch (Scheduling)
Vic lp lch thc hin cho cc task c th c thc hin theo hai cch:
Lp lnh tnh: th t thc hin cc qu trnh tnh ton khng thay i
m c xc nh trc.
Lp lnh ng: h iu hnh xc nh lnh trc hoc sau khi qu trnh
tnh ton bt u.
Tuy nhin, ta cn c mt sch lc lp lnh (strategy) p dng i vi
tng tnh hung c th. C th chn mt trong nhng cch sau:
FIFO (First In First Out): mt tin trnh n trc s c thc hin trc.
Mc u tin c nh/ng: ti cng mt thi im, cc tin trnh c t
cc mc u tin c nh hoc c th thay i nu cn.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Preemptive: cn gi l chen hng, tc l chn mt tin trnh thc
hin trc cc tin trnh khc.
Non - Preemptive: khng chen hng. Cc tin trnh c thc hin bnh
thng da trn mc u tin ca chng.
Vic tnh mc u tin ca mi tin trnh c thc hin theo mt trong s
cc thut ton lp lch sau:
Rate monotonic: cng thng xuyn cng c u tin.
Deadline monotonic: cng gp cng c u tin.
Least laxity: t l thi gian tnh ton/thi hn cui cng(deadline) cng
ln cng c u tin.
ng b ho qu trnh
Khi cc qu trnh tnh ton cng s dng mt ti nguyn loi tr ln nhau
nh mt vng nh, cng vo/ra, hoc chng ph thuc ln vo nhau v d
qu trnh 1 ch kt qu ca qu trnh 2... s rt d dn n tnh trng tc
nghn (Deadlock), hay to ra mt tnh hung chy ua (Race Condition). Do
vy vic ng b ho cc qu trnh l iu cn thit.
C th thc hin vic ny theo cc phng php sau:
Mutex (Mutual exclusion)
Critical Section
Semaphone
Monitor
Giao tip lin qu trnh
Giao tip lin qu trnh l giao tip gia cc qu trnh tnh ton thuc cng
mt h iu hnh trn mt my. C hai loi:
Gia cc Thread thuc cng mt Process: s dng cc bin ton cc.
Gia cc Process khc nhau hoc gia cc Thread thuc cc Process
khc nhau: s dng cc phng php nh shared memory, slot, pipes,
mailbox, files...
4.1.4 X l phn tn
X l phn tn gip nng cao nng lc x l thng tin ca mt h thng,
gp phn ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc, nng cao tin cy v tnh linh
hot ca h thng.
Phn bit cc khi nim:
X l cc b - ng dng n c
X l cnh tranh - ng dng a nhim
X l tp trung - ng dng tp trung
X l ni mng - ng dng mng
X l phn tn - ng dng phn tn

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Cn phn bit r gia ng dng mng v ng dng phn tn. Trong mt
ng dng mng, cc chng trnh trn mi trm tn ti hon ton c lp vi
nhau v vic giao tip gia chng c thc hin qua c ch hin (explicit
communication). Web l mt ng dng mng tiu biu. Trong mt ng dng
phn tn, cc chng trnh trn cc trm hp tc cht ch vi nhau thng
qua c ch giao tip ngm (implicit communication) cng thc hin mt
nhim v tng th ca h thng. Chc nng iu khin trong mt h iu
khin phn tn c thc hin di dng mt ng dng phn tn.
Cc vn ca x l phn tn
Phn chia v phi hp nhim v
Giao tip gia cc trm
ng b ha cc qu trnh x l phn tn
D phng, khc phc li
4.2 Cc kin trc x l phn tn
Kin trc Master/Slave
Cc chc nng x l thng tin c phn chia trn nhiu trm t
Mt trm ch phi hp hot ng ca nhiu trm t
Cc trm t c vai tr, nhim v tng t nh nhau (tuy vi cc i
tng khc nhau)
Cc trm t c th giao tip trc tip, hoc khng
V d tiu biu: ng dng iu khin s dng bus trng, trm iu
khin l trm ch, cc vo/ra t xa hoc thit b trng l cc trm t.
Kin trc Client/Server
Chc nng x l thng tin c phn chia thnh hai phn khc nhau,
phn s dng chung cho nhiu bi ton c thc hin trn cc server,
phn ring thc hin trn tng client.
Gia cc client khng cn thit c giao tip trc tip
Vai tr ch ng trong giao tip thuc v client
V d tiu biu: Trong cp iu khin gim st, c th s dng mt trm
ch cho vic thu thp v qun l, lu tr d liu v cnh gii bo ng,
cc trm vn hnh l thc hin giao din ngi-my vi vai tr l client.
Kin trc bnh ng
Cc trm c vai tr bnh ng, phi hp hot ng trc tip vi nhau
khng qua trung gian
V d tiu biu: Trong cp iu khin, cc trm iu khin cc b phn
chia thc hin chc nng iu khin cho c dy chuyn sn xut.
Kin trc t tr
Cc trm c vai tr bnh ng, c th hot ng tng i c lp nhng
s phi hp hot ng to hiu qu cao nht.
V d tiu biu: Kin trc iu khin thng minh cc h thng n tn
hiu giao thng.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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4.3 C ch giao tip
D liu ton cc (Global Data)
Ging nh mt vng nh chung
Mi trm u cha mt nh ca bng d liu ton cc, trong c ton
b d liu cn trao i ca tt c cc trm khc
Mi trm gi phn d liu ca n ti tt c cc trm, mi trm t cp
nht nh ca bng d liu ton cc
n gin, tin nh nhng km hiu qu
p dng cho lng d liu nh, tun hon, thch hp trong kin trc
bnh ng (v d gia cc trm iu khin).
Hi tun t (Polling, Scanning)
Mt trm ng vai tr Master
C ch hi/p tun t
n gin, tin nh, hiu qu cao
p dng cho trao i d liu tun hon, thch hp trong kin trc
Master/Slave
Tay i (Peer-To-Peer)
Hnh thc c lin kt hoc khng lin kt, cu hnh trc hoc khng
cu hnh trc, c xc nhn hoc khng xc nhn, c yu cu hoc
khng c yu cu
Linh hot nhng th tc c th phc tp
p dng cho trao i d liu tun hon hoc khng tun hon, thch
hp cho tt c cc kin trc khc nhau.
Cho/t hng (Subscriber/Publisher)
Ni dung thng bo c mt trm ch cho v cc trm client t theo
c ch tun hon hoc theo s kin
Thng bo ch c gi ti cc trm t (c th gi ring hoc gi ng
lot)
Linh hot, tin nh, hiu sut cao
p dng cho trao i d liu tun hon hoc khng tun hon, thch
hp cho kin trc Client/Server hoc kin trc bnh ng.
Hp th (Mailbox)
Cc trm s dng mt mi trng trung gian nh files, mt c s d
liu hoc mt chng trnh server khc ghi v c d liu
Mi bc th mang d liu v m cn cc (ni dung th hoc/v ngi
nhn)
Gi v nhn th c th din ra ti bt c thi im no
Linh hot nhng km hiu qu, kh m bo tnh nng thi gian thc
p dng cho trao i d liu c tnh cht t quan trng, thch hp cho
kin trc Client/Server hoc kin trc t tr.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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4.4 ng b ha trong x l phn tn
4.4.1 ng b ha cc tn hiu vo/ra
Cu trc vo/ra phn tn s dng bus trng lm ny sinh mt vn
cha c xt ti trong l thuyt iu khin s. l s khng ng b ca
cc tn hiu vo/ra do thi gian tr tng knh khc nhau, kh xc nh.
C hai cch gii quyt sau:
t cu hnh bus v chn chu k iu khin sao cho chu k bus nh
hn nhiu so vi chu k iu khin c th b qua thi gian tr tng
knh khc nhau.
S dng loi bus trng c h tr ng b ha cc u vo/ra, v d
Profibus-DP.
V d, cc lnh di y c s dng trong Profibus-DP ng b ha
cc u vo/ra:
FREEZE: hi nhn c lnh ny, cc DP-Slave s nhn d liu u ra
gi t DP-Master v sau s khng nhn d liu u ra gi t DP-
Master na cho n khi kt thc lnh FREEZE.
UNFREEZE: Lnh ny lm kt thc lnh FREEZE . Cc DP-Slave s tip
tc nhn d liu u ra gi t DP-Master.
SYNC: Khi nhn c lnh ny,tt c hoc mt vi DP-Slave s gi d liu
ti DP-Master v sau DP-Master s khng nhn d liu u vo gi t
DP-Slave na cho n khi kt thc lnh SYNC.
UNSYNC: Lnh ny lm ngng lnh SYNC. DP-Master s tip tc nhn
d liu u vo gi t cc DP-Slave.
4.4.2 ng b ha thi gian
Gia cc trm iu khin cc b v cc trm vn hnh cn c mt s ng
b ha thi gian mt cch cht ch, v y l vn lin quan h trng ti
tnh chnh xc v tin cy ca cc thng tin iu khin, vn hnh, thng
bo bo ng.
ng b ho thi gian trong mt h iu khin phn tn, mt trm vn
hnh c th c chn lm qui chiu, tt c cc trm khc ni vi bus h
thng c ng b ho thi gian theo trm ny thng qua cc thng bo gi
ng lat. Trong mt s h thng mng c h tr trc tip vic ng b ha
thi gian, ngi ta c th chn mt thit b c chng (time master) phc v
mc ch ny. Ta c th nh ngha 2 trm vn hnh lm qui chiu nhng ti
mt thi im ch c mt trm mang tn hiu ng b ho, nu trm b li
th trm cn li t ng hot ng.
Trong cng nghip ch bin, khong thi gian chnh lch cho php gia cc
trm thng trong phm vi +/-5ms. Cc thng bo thi gian cn gi ng
lot theo chu k ti a 1 pht.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
33
5 CNG NGH I TNG TRONG IU KHIN
PHN TN
5.1 Lp trnh hng i tng
Lp trnh hng i tng c coi l phng php lp trnh chun hin
nay bi n c nhiu u im ln so vi cc phng php c in. Mc tiu m
lp trnh hng i tng t ra l:
n gin ho vic xy dng v s dng cc th vin
Cho php dng li m. Nu hm th vin khng ph hp vi yu cu
ca ngi lp trnh th ngi lp trnh c kh nng sa i d dng m
khng cn tm hin ngn ngun, khng cn phi c m ngun ca hm
trong tay. M sinh ra t thc nghim d dng c dng li trong m
chnh thc. Ni khc i, ngi lp trnh c iu kin thoi mi sng
to.
Ci thin kh nng bo tr ca m, m phi d hiu, d sa i. Trn
thc t, vic bin son ti liu bao gi cng i sau kh xa so vi m c
vit ra.
Cho php to ra chng trnh d m rng. C th thm chc nng cho
chng trnh m khng nh hng dy chuyn n m vit. M ang
c l m hi, l tin bc, khng th tr gi t cho mi chc nng thm
vo.
Lp trnh hng i tng phi c thc hin thng qua mt ngn ng
lp trnh hng i tng. t c cc mc tiu trn, mi ngn ng lp
trnh hng i tng u th hin ba khi nim: ng gi (encapsulation,
packaging), a hnh (polymorphism) v tha k (inheritance). Cc ngn ng lp
trnh hng i tng thng dng l C++, Java, Ada...
5.2 Phn tch v thit k hng i tng
Theo dng pht trin ca cng ngh cng tin, phng php lp trnh tin
ho t lp trnh khng c cu trc ln lp trnh c cu trc v ti nay l lp
trnh hng i tng. Phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm cng i
theo cc bc tin ho ny. Trc y, ngi ta phn tch, thit k phn mm
theo kiu hng th tc (procedure-oriented) hoc hng d liu (data-
oriented). Theo phng php ny, phn mm cn xy dng c chia thnh
gii thut v cu trc d liu. Trong qu trnh phn tch, gii thut c phn
chia thnh cc gii thut con n gin hn, cu trc d liu ln c chia
thnh nhng cu trc nh hn. Qu trnh tng t cng c tin hnh
trong qu trnh thit k.
Phng php phn tch, thit k hng th tc hoc hng d liu c u
im n gin, nhanh chng to ra kt qu (do tin hnh theo kiu t trn
xung) nhng kt qu to ra khng phn nh bn cht ca th gii thc dn

2005, Hong Minh Sn
34
n cng nhc, kh thay i khi yu cu t ra thay i, kh m rng khi
h thng pht trin.
Phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm tin tin hin nay l hng i
tng (object-oriented), trong khi c bn xy dng nn phn mm l i
tng hay lp. Ni mt cch n gin, i tng l s phn nh th gii t
nhin xung quanh. V d nu trong h thng iu khin c cc thit b vo/ra
s/tng t nh AI, AO, DI, DO th trong phn mm cng c cc lp AI, AO,
DI, DO ; trong h thng iu khin c khu iu khin PID th trong phn
mm cng c lp PID,...
Trong cc h thng iu khin, cc i tng c th i din cc thnh
phn h thng nh:
Cc thut ton iu khin
X l s kin v bo ng
X l mnh lnh
Quan st v chn on
Cu hnh vo/ra
M phng
Thng tin thit k
Vic tru tng ho th gii t nhin thnh cc lp i tng nh vy c
gi l m hnh ho hng i tng. Da trn m hnh i tng thu c,
phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng s b sung thm
cc lin kt v lp i tng mi, tinh chnh li,... to ra mt m hnh i
tng chi tit ca phn mm. Cui cng, ngi lp trnh s dng mt ngn
ng lp trnh no (khng nht thit phi l ngn ng hng i tng) th
hin m hnh i tng chi tit thnh m ngun. u im ln nht ca phn
tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng khng phi nm ch to ra chng
trnh nhanh tn t cng sc, m nm ch n gn vi thc t v do thc
y vic ti s dng li nhng thnh qu xy dng c nh m lnh hay
bn thit k.
5.2.1 Ngn ng m hnh ha thng nht UML
phc v cho cng vic m hnh ho vn l ct li ca phn tch, thit k
phn mm hng i tng, ngn ng UML (unified modeling language) c
s dng rng ri. UML - mt chun quc t c qun l bi t chc OMG
(object management group) - l mt ngn ng ha dng trc quan ha,
c t, xy dng v t liu ha h thng thin v phn mm. UML em li cho
ngi s dng phng php chun vit bn thit k h thng bao trm t
nhng th c th nh cc lp vit bng mt ngn ng lp trnh no , cc
thnh phn phn mm c th ti s dng,... cho n nhng yu t tru tng
nh chc nng ca ton b h thng. V l do ny, ngn ng UML khng ch
c s dng m t, xy dng kin trc v thit k ca cc h thng phn
mm, m cn l mt cng c m hnh ha thch hp cho cc h thng k

2005, Hong Minh Sn
35
thut ni chung v cc h thng iu khin ni ring. Trn Hnh 5-1 l mt
biu lp UML, minh ha n gin cc lp i tng v quan h ca chng
trong mt h thng iu khin.
Hnh 5-1: M hnh ha mt h thng iu khin s dng UML
C th ni, UML l mt ngn ng m hnh ha rt mnh, a nng. Ti liu
v UML c rt nhiu, v d [1][2].
5.2.2 Mu thit k
Mu thit k l s hnh thc ho ca cch tip cn ti mt vn thng
gp trong ng cnh c th. Mi mu thit k m t mt gii php cho mt vn
thit k c th trong mt ng cnh xc nh. Gii php ny c chng
minh l hp l, s dng nhiu ln em li kt qu tt v do c tru
tng ho thnh mt mu. Ni mt cch ngn gn, mu thit k l kinh
nghim thit k c kt li. Bng cch dng cc mu thit k, ngi thit k
khng khi thit k h thng ca mnh t u m s dng li kinh nghim
c t trc, dn n cht lng thit k tt hn, tng tnh ti s dng ca
bn thit k. Mt s mu thit k tiu biu l Abstract factory, Iterator,
Prototype, Singleton v Template method. xy dng cc h thng phn tn
hin i, ngi ta s dng cc mu thit k nh Proxy, Broker,
Marshaling/Unmarshaling, Adapter v Interface Mapping. Mt tc phm c
coi l kinh in vit v ti ny l [3].
5.2.3 Phn mm khung
Phn mm khung l mt dng phn mm bao gm th vin v cc mu
thit k gip ngi s dng d dng to cc chng trnh ng dng bng cch
b sung cc phn m ng dng c th vo cc khung c sn. im khc nhau
gia mt phn mm khung vi mt th vin lp hay mt th vin hm n
thun l:

Actuator Sensor
Controller
<<active>>
sensor actuator
ControlSystem
1 controller
Thermometer
*
sensors
Valve
1..*
valves
Plant
1 plant
1
1..*
*
PT2
1
<<friend>> <<friend>>

2005, Hong Minh Sn
36
Mt th vin ch l mt tp hp ca cc lp hay hm hon chnh phc
v mt mc ch ng dng no . M ca mt th vin lp hay hm
c chng trnh ng dng ch ng gi.
Mt phn mm khung cha mt s lp cha hon chnh, tc cha s
dng to th nghim c ngay (lp tru tng), m bt buc phi dn
xut v b sung m ng dng c th. Vic xy dng mt chng trnh
ng dng phi tun theo cc mu thit k c sn. Khng nhng chng
trnh ng dng gi m trong phn mm khung, m m trong phn mm
khung cng ch ng gi m ng dng.
C th so snh mt phn mm khung nh mt khung nh b tng c
c sn theo mt thit k, ngi thi cng cn b sung cc phn tng bao,
tng ngn, ca s... theo thit k , s dng cc th vin l cc vin gch,
cnh ca, tm vch ngn lm sn.
Mt s v d phn mm khung tiu biu l MFC (Microsoft Foundation
Class), Microsofts COM (Component Object Model), Borlands VCL (Vitual
Component Library).
5.3 Phn mm thnh phn
Phn mm thnh phn (component software) l mt hng i mi, pht
trin trn c s phng php lp trnh hng i tng. Lp trnh hng i
tng cho php s dng li phn mm (di dng cc class) vo giai on
bin dch (compile-time), trong khi phn mm thnh phn cho php s dng
li phn mm (di dng cc component) vo c giai on bin dch v giai
on chy (run-time). Do vy, theo t tng phn mm thnh phn, ngn ng
lp trnh cng nh lp l th yu, giao din mi l quan trng. Ni nh vy
tc l mt thnh phn phn mm (component) l cc phn mm c th c
vit cc ngn ng khc nhau, c hon chnh, bin dch v ng gi, c
cc giao din chun c th s dng thun tin, linh hot trong nhiu ng
dng khc nhau m khng cn bin dch li. Thm ch trong mt s trng
hp, vic s dng cc thnh phn phn mm c sn khng i hi lp trnh.
V d ngi son tho mt vn bn c th s dng kt hp cc thnh phn
phn mm c sn nh trnh son tho cng thc, v th, ... m cm tng
nh tt c u nm trong chng trnh son tho vn bn.
Mt s v d m hnh phn mm thnh phn tiu biu l:
Delphi VC
JavaBeans
Visual Basic VBX
ActiveX-Controls
C th ni, hu ht cc h thng pht trin ng dng trong cc h iu
khin phn tn hin nay thc hin trit t tng hng i tng v phn

2005, Hong Minh Sn
37
mm thnh phn. T tng s dng khi hm, cc khi ha, cc khi
chng trnh trong nhiu h thng l nhng v d tiu biu.
5.4 i tng phn tn
i tng phn tn cng l mt hng pht trin t nhin t phng php
lun hng i tng, bn cnh phn mm thnh phn. Trong khi phn mm
thnh phn quan tm ti vic ng gi cc i tng c th s dng li
mt cch thun tin, th i tng phn tn tp trung vo vn kin trc
cc i tng c kh nng giao tip mt cch trong sut trn cc nn v h
thng mng khc nhau (giao tip ngm). Cng ging nh phn mm thnh
phn, mt i tng phn tn c th thc hin mt ngn ng bt k,
nhng n phi c cc giao din theo mt chun no c th hp tc vi
nhau lin qu trnh v xuyn mng mt cch n gin nh hai i tng
trong mt chng trnh. Ni nh vy, mt i tng phn tn cng c s
dng khi bin dch, ng gi hon chnh di dng mt server. Tuy nhin,
vic s dng chng c th vn i hi phi lp trnh pha client (mt i tng
phn tn hoc mt chng trnh ng dng thng thng). Ngy nay, i
tng phn tn v phn mm thnh phn gp nhau nhiu im, v d
trong cng ngh COM/DCOM/ActiveX.
Ni tm li, mt i tng phn tn l mt i tng phn mm trong mt
h thng phn tn, c th c s dng bi cc chng trnh ng dng hoc
cc i tng khc thuc cng mt qu trnh tnh ton, thuc mt qu trnh
tnh ton khc hoc thuc mt trm khc trong mng theo mt phng thc
thng nht thng qua giao tip ngm (khng ti giao thc truyn thng
c th, trong sut vi h iu hnh, kin trc phn cng v h thng mng).
Mt i tng phn tn c cc thuc tnh c th truy cp c t xa, c cc
php ton c th gi c t xa.
Mi i tng phn tn (distributed object) - bt k dng thc hin, nn
trin khai v v tr ci t - u c cn cc phn bit v c th c s dng
nh cc i tng ni trnh (in-process object). Li th quyt nh y l vic
to dng mt ng dng phn tn c thc hin mc tru tng cao hn
so vi kiu lp trnh mng c in, nh vy trn nguyn tc khng khc bit
so vi to dng mt ng dng n c (stand-alone application).
t c iu , ta cn s h tr hu hiu ca mt phn mm khung
(framework). Hin nay c hai m hnh chun cho nhng cng trnh khung
l DCOM v CORBA. CORBA cho php s dng mt cch rng ri v linh hot
hn, trong khi DCOM hin nay hu nh ch s dng c trn cc h
Microsoft Windows (95, 98, NT, 2000).

2005, Hong Minh Sn
38
6 KIN TRC I TNG PHN TN
Mt kin trc i tng phn tn nh ngha m hnh cc i tng phn
tn, m hnh giao tip v chun giao tip gia cc i tng phn tn.
6.1 Yu cu chung
Mt kin trc i tng phn tn to iu kin cho vic lp trnh mt
mc tru tng cao hn so vi phng php hng i tng c in. C th,
im khc bit so vi lp trnh hng i tng c in nm tnh trong sut
phn tn (distribution transparency), th hin qua cc c tnh sau:
Trong sut v tr: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm
trong cng mt qu trnh tnh ton, thuc mt qu trnh tnh ton khc
trn cng mt trm hoc trn mt trm khc, cch s dng i tng
server l thng nht. Ngc li cng vy.
Trong sut th hin: Client khng cn quan tm ti vic i tng server
c th hin bng ngn ng lp trnh no v bng phng php no,
m ch cn quan tm ti giao din c th s dng.
Trong sut nn: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm
trn h iu hnh no, trn nn my tnh kin trc ra sao.
Trong sut truyn thng: M thc hin client v cc i tng server
khng lin quan ti mng truyn thng v giao thc truyn thng c th

6.2 Cc mu thit k
p ng cc yu cu trn, ngi ta thng p dng cc mu thit k
sau y:
Proxy: Mt i tng i din cho server bn pha client, client c th
s dng i tng server n gin nh vi mt i tng ni trnh (v d
thng qua con tr).
Broker: B phn che du chi tit v c ch truyn thng c th, to iu
kin cho client/proxy v server giao tip vi nhau m khng ph thuc
vo nn v h thng truyn thng bn di. Broker c mt c bn client
v server.
Adapter: i tng trung gian, c vai tr thch ng giao din gia broker
v server, to iu kin cho vic pht trin server mt cch c lp, cng
nh s dng cc server c sn (cha tun theo kin trc i tng phn
tn).
Marshaling/Unmarshaling: C ch thc hin m ha v ng gi cc li
gi hm bn client thnh cc bc in tng ng vi c ch truyn thng
cp thp, cng m gi v gii m cc bc in thnh li gi hm chi tit
bn i tng server. Cc phng thc tng t cng c thc hin

2005, Hong Minh Sn
39
chuyn kt qu t server tr li client. Cc nhim v ny do proxy,
server hoc/v adapter m nhim.
Interface Mapping: Gii quyt vn trong sut th hin bng cch m
t cc giao din bng mt ngn ng c lp IDL (Interface Description
Language) v cho php nh x sang thc hin bng mt ngn ng c
th.
Hnh 6-1: Cc mu thit k giao tip gia client v i tng server
6.3 Gii thiu chun CORBA
Chun CORBA [4] do t chc OMG (Object Management Group) qun l v
pht trin. y l hip hi ln nht ca cc nh pht trin, sn xut v ng
dng phn mm trn th gii, hin nay c gn 1.000 thnh vin. Chun
CORBA a ra mt kin trc i tng phn tn cng vi cc c t ng dng
cho nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, nhiu nn khc nhau v nhiu ngn ng lp
trnh khc nhau. V tnh trung lp ca n, CORBA c h tr rt rng ri,
c bit trong cc h thng thng tin thng mi, phn mm giao dch kinh
doanh v dch v vin thng. Tuy nhin, cng do tnh c lp ca n dn n
nhiu l do m CORBA khng thc s mnh cc h thng ng qui m va
v nh.
Hnh 6-2 minh ha cu trc m hnh CORBA, trong b phn tru tng
trung gian mang tn Object Request Broker (ORB) gi vai tr quan trng nht
(broker). ORB cho php khch hng (client) s dng dch v ca i tng
phc v (server) m khng cn bit c th dng thc hin, nn trin khai v
v tr ci t ca i tng phc v. Kin trc y c thc hin theo cc
mu thit k trnh by trong phn trc.


Process B Process A
client proxy adapter
1: op ( )
broker_A broker_B
2: marshal ( ) 3: dispatch( )
IPC
server
4: upcall( )
5: op( )

2005, Hong Minh Sn
40

Hnh 6-2: Cu trc m hnh CORBA
6.4 Gii thiu chun COM/DCOM
COM (Component Object Model) l mt m hnh i tng thnh phn, mt
m hnh c s cho nhiu cng ngh phn mm quan trng ca hng
Microsoft. COM nh ngha chun nh phn v c t kt ni cho vic tng
tc gia cc thnh phn ca mt phn mm vi mt thnh phn khc trn
cng mt qu trnh tnh ton, trn nhiu qu trnh khc nhau hay trn cc
my tnh ring bit. Hng Microsoft cng hy vng mt ngy khng xa COM
cng c s dng ph bin trn cc nn phn cng v h iu hnh khc
nhau.
COM l mt m hnh lp trnh c s i tng thit k nng cao s tng
tc gia cc thnh phn phn mm, ngha l, cho php hai hoc nhiu ng
dng hay cc thnh phn d dng giao tip vi nhau cho d chng c vit
bi nhiu ngi khc nhau trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau, bng
nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau thm ch chy trn cc my tnh khc
nhau, khng hay ci t cng mt h iu hnh. thc hin iu ny, COM
nh ngha v thc thi cc k thut cho php cc ng dng kt ni vi nhau
nh cc i tng phn mm.
Ni cch khc, COM a ra mt m hnh tng tc m qua mt khch
hng (client) c th kt ni vi cc nh cung cp dch v (object) mt cch
thun tin. Vi COM, cc ng dng kt ni vi nhau v vi h thng qua cc
tp hp ca cc li gi hm - xem nh l cc phng thc hay nhng hm
thnh vin, cn gi l giao din.
Theo cch t duy COM, mt giao din l mt quy c kiu mnh gia cc
thnh phn phn mm nhm cung cp nhng lin quan d nh nhng hu
dng tp cc thao tc lin quan danh ngha. Mt i tng c nh ngha
ph hp vi COM l mt s th hin c bit ca i tng. Mt i tng
COM ging nh mt i tng C++ nhng khc ch mt client khng truy
nhp trc tip vo i tng COM m s qua cc giao din m i tng cung
cp.

Object Request Broker Core
Dynamic
Invocation
IDL
Stubs
ORB
Interface
Static IDL
Skeleton
Dynamic
Skeleton
Object
Adapter

Client

Object Implementation

2005, Hong Minh Sn
41
6.4.1 Giao din
Cch duy nht truy cp d liu hoc tc ng ln mt i tng COM l
thng qua giao din ca n. Mt giao din thc cht l mt nhm cc hm c
sn lin quan vi nhau. C th so snh mt giao din vi mt lp c s tru
tng ch gm cc hm thun o trong ngn ng C++. Giao din nh ngha
c php cc hm thnh vin, gi l cc phng thc (methods), kiu tr v, s
lng v cc kiu tham s. Mt giao din khng qui nh c th cc phng
thc c thc hin nh th no. Thc cht vic th hin giao din l s
dng con tr truy nhp vo mt mng cc con tr khc v cc con tr ny tr
ti cc hm ca giao din.
Thng thng, tn ca giao din c bt u bng ch ci I, v d nh
IUnknown, IData... nh danh tht ca giao din th hin ch danh GUID
ca n, cn tn ch thun tin cho vic lp trnh v h thng COM s s
dng cc ch danh ny khi thao tc trn giao din.
Thm vo , khi giao din c tn hoc kiu c th v tn ca cc hm
thnh vin, n ch nh ngha lm th no mt client c th s dng giao din
v nhng p ng mong i t i tng qua giao din . V d, giao din
IStack vi hai hm thnh vin PUSH v POP ch nh ngha nhng thng s v
kiu tr v ca hai hm ny v nhng g chng c mong i thc hin t
client.
C th ni, giao din l phng tin i tng a ra nhng dch v ca
n. C bn im quan trng v giao din m ta cn bit:
Mt giao din khng phi l mt lp theo nh ngha lp thng thng bi
mt lp c th c th hin qua mt i tng cn mt giao din th
khng bi n khng km theo s thc thi.
Mt giao din khng phi l mt i tng bi mt giao din ch n thun
l mt nhm cc hm lin quan v l chun nh phn m qua client
v object c th giao tip vi nhau. Cn i tng th c th thc thi trn
nhiu ngn ng vi nhiu th hin ca trng thi bn trong, v do n
c th cung cp con tr n cc hm thnh vin ca giao din.
Giao din c kiu mnh: Mi mt giao din u c mt nh danh ring
nn ngn chn c kh nng xung t c th xy ra i vi cc tn ta
t cho giao din. iu ny tng thm tnh bn vng cho chng trnh.
Cc giao din c phn bit r rng: Mi s thay i nh thm hoc xo
hm thnh vin, thay i ng ngha u dn ti hnh thnh mt giao
din mi v c gn mt nh danh mi. Do giao din mi v c
khng th xung t vi nhau cho d mi s thay i ch n thun l v
ng ngha.
6.4.2 i tng COM
Mt i tng COM c th c lp trnh bng mt ngn ng thng dng
nh C, C++ hoc VB. Mt i tng c th cung cp nhiu giao din. Tt c

2005, Hong Minh Sn
42
cc i tng COM u c mt giao din c bn l IUnknown. y l giao
din c s cho tt c cc giao din khc trong COM m mi i tng phi h
tr. Bn cnh , i tng cng c kh nng thc thi nhiu giao din khc.
Cc i tng vi nhiu giao din c th cung cp cc con tr truy nhp vo
nhiu bng cha cc hm. Cc con tr ny c th gi c con tr giao din.
Trong COM, giao din l mt bng cc con tr ( ging nh vtable trong C++)
vo cc hm c thc hin bi i tng.

Hnh 6-3: M hnh mt i tng COM
Trong thc t, mt con tr tr n mt giao din l mt con tr ti mt con
tr tr ti bng cc con tr vo cc hm thnh vin. Tuy nhin, trnh cch
din t quanh co ny khi ni v giao din ngi ta thng s dng thut ng
con tr giao din thay th. Khi s thc thi giao din n gin l dng
con tr tr ti mng cc con tr ti cc hm. Hnh 6-4 sau minh ha cho iu
ny.
Giao din IUnknown
Nh trnh by trn, mi i tng COM, khng c s loi tr, u h
tr giao din IUnknown. Giao din ny c ba phng thc AddRef(), Release()
v QueryInterface(). Tt c cc giao din khc u dn xut t giao din
IUnknown v u c cc con tr n cc phng thc ny.
Hai phng thc u tnh ton s m tham chiu iu khin thi gian
sng ca i tng. Khi i tng c to ln u, ta cn gi phng thc
AddRef() ca i tng tng s m. Khi khng cn cn ti i tng, ta gi
phng thc Release() gim s m tham chiu. Khi ngi dng cui cng
gi phng thc Release(), s m gim v 0 th i tng s t hu.

i tng
IUnknown
Cc giao din
khc
B
A

2005, Hong Minh Sn
43

Hnh 6-4: S thc thi con tr giao din
Ta c th thy r vn hn qua s thc thi n gin hai phng thc
IUnknown::AddRef() v IUnknown::Release() di y:

//tng bin thnh vin cha s m tham chiu
ULONG IUnknown::AddRef() {
return ++m_RefCount;
}
//gim bin cha s m tham chiu, nu bng 0 th hu i tng
ULONG IUnknown::Release() {
--m_RefCout;
if (m_RefCount == 0) {
delete this;
return 0;
}
return m_RefCount;
}
Khi ta c mt con tr n i tng th thc cht, nhng g ta c ch l mt
con tr n mt trong s cc giao din ca n, cn l giao din no th li
ph thuc vo cch m ta c con tr . T con tr vo mt giao din, ta c
th truy cp c con tr vo cc giao din khc m i tng h tr. i
tng c th hoc khng h tr giao din m ta quan tm, nhng mi i
tng u c m bo h tr giao din Iunknown nn ta c th yu cu cc
giao din khc qua phng thc IUnknow::QueryInterface().
Cc giao din c nh danh bi cc IIDs (Interface IDs) v d nh
IID_IUnknown ca giao din IUnknown. Khi ta gi phng thc
QueryInterface(), ta gi IID ca giao din m ta cn cho n v mt con tr n
tham s u ra. Nu i tng h tr giao din yu cu, n s tr li on m
bo thnh cng S_OK (nh ngha l 0) v t vo tham s u ra m ta cung
cp con tr n giao din yu cu. Nu i tng khng h tr giao din ny
n bo li v t tham s u ra l NULL. Ta xt mt s thc thi n gin
sau:

HRESULT IUnknown::QueryInterface (REFIID riid , LPVOID * ppv) {
//kim tra IID xem i tng c h tr giao din yu cu khng,
pointer
Interface Function Table
Interface Pointer
Pointer to Function1
Function1(...)
{
...
}
Pointer to Function2
Pointer to Function3
...
Function2(...)
{
...
}
Function3(...)
{
...
}
...

2005, Hong Minh Sn
44
//nu h tr ta tng s m tham chiu, a vo bin u ra cung cp
// mt con tr n giao din, v bo rng thnh cng
if (riid == IDD_IUnknow) {
AddRef();
*ppv = (LPVOID) this;
return S_OK;
}
//nu khng h tr giao din ta t bin u ra cung cp l NULL v
// tr v mt m thng bo li
else {
*ppv = NULL;
return E_NOINTERFACE;
}
}
Quan h gia i tng v cc giao din
Cc client ch kt ni qua con tr ti cc giao din. Khi mt client truy
nhp vo mt i tng, client ch n thun thng qua con tr giao
din. Con tr giu i ni dung ca thao tc bn trong, ta khng th thy
chi tit v i tng m ch c th thy thng tin v trng thi ca
chng.
i tng c th thc thi nhiu giao din. Mt lp thc thi i tng c th
thc thi nhiu giao din, v d qua phng php a tha k.
6.4.3 Giao tip gia client v object
Cch thc ca s giao tip
Trc khi s dng mt i tng COM trong mt ng dng, ta cn khi to
c ch COM trong ng dng bng li gi CoInitialize(...) v sau to i
tng COM mong mun. Client kt ni vi object thng qua con tr giao din
v khng bao gi truy nhp trc tip vo object. Khi cn s dng dch v no
ca i tng, client hiu rng n cn c con tr n mt hay nhiu giao
din ca i tng. to mt i tng COM v nhn mt con tr vo giao
din, ta c th gi mt trong hai hm CoCreateInstance() hoc
CoCreateInstanceEx() vi cc tham s xc nh i tng.
Hnh 6-5: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng
Trong mt s trng hp, bn thn client s ng vai tr mt object v cung
cp cho cc i tng khc nhng chc nng gi cc s kin hoc a ra cc
dch v ca n. Lc ny client l mt i tng thc thi cn object l mt
khch hng.

Client
Application
Object
Interface
Pointer

2005, Hong Minh Sn
45

Hnh 6-6: Giao tip gia hai i tng
Giao tip trn cng mt qu trnh tnh ton
Khi client v i tng COM cng nm trn mt qu trnh tnh ton th
client s kt ni trc tip vi object qua con tr giao din.

Hnh 6-7: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn cng qu trnh
Giao tip lin qu trnh
Nu client v object khng cng nm trn mt khng gian a ch hay nm
trn cc my tnh khc nhau th COM s thit lp mt i tng i din
(proxy) bn pha client v mt i tng gc (stub) bn pha object. Proxy v
stub s kt ni vi nhau qua knh giao tip (channel). Khi , client s thc
hin li gi dch v trong khng gian a ch ca n tc l giao tip trc tip
vi proxy. Proxy s thu thp (marshal) cc thng s, gi chng n stub qua
knh giao tip. Stub thc hin li gi n i tng dch v, ng gi kt qu
v a v cho proxy.


Hnh 6-8: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai qu trnh
khc nhau
Qu trnh client
client
object
server
Qu trnh client
client
proxy
Proxy server
COM
Engine
object
Qu trnh dch v cc b hay t xa
Stub
server
Object
Application
Object
Application

2005, Hong Minh Sn
46
6.4.4 Ngn ng m t giao din
IDL (Interface Description Language) l mt ngn ng kiu mnh dng
m t giao din ca i tng COM, c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh. C php
ca ngn ng ny khng phc tp so vi mt ngn ng lp trnh. Khi xy
dng mt i tng COM, ta cn m t cc phng thc ca giao din bng
cch s dng ngn ng ny. Sau khi tp xong file m t giao din ny, ta cn
lu n dng *.idl chng trnh dch c th hiu c. Chng trnh dch
(IDL-Compiler) s dch sang mt ngn ng lp trnh, v d C++. Khi mt
giao din s c chuyn sang thc hin bng mt cu trc thch hp trong
ngn ng lp trnh, v d mt lp thun o trong C++.
6.4.5 M hnh i tng thnh phn phn tn DCOM
DCOM (Distributed COM) m rng COM cho vic giao tip gia cc i
tng phn tn, thuc cc chng trnh chy trn nhiu my tnh khc nhau
trn mng LAN, WAN hay Internet. Vi DCOM, cc ng dng c th phn tn
trn nhiu v tr em li s thun li cho chnh ng dng. Ngy nay khi ngi
ta ni ti COM l cng thng bao hm DCOM trong .
DCOM l mt cng ngh l tng cho nhng ng dng nhiu tng lp bi v
n cho php nhng thnh phn ActiveX lm vic ngang qua mng. Nhiu
ngi c th pht trin thm cng mt thnh phn m khng cn phi lo lng
v lp trnh mng, tnh tng thch h thng hoc s hp nht ca nhng
thnh phn xy dng t nhng ngn ng khc nhau. N dn ti h thp gi
thnh v lm gim s phc tp ca vic phn tn cc ng dng thnh phn.

Hnh 6-9: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai my khc
nhau vi DCOM

Client Component Proxy
DCE RPC
Protocol Stack
Stub
DCOM network-
protocol
Security
Provider
DCE RPC
Protocol Stack
Security
Provider
SCM SCM
COM
Runtime
CoCreateInstance()
(Remote)
Activation
CoCreateInstance()

2005, Hong Minh Sn
47
Khi cc i tng trn cc my tnh khc nhau, DCOM n gin thc
hin s thay th truyn thng lin qu trnh cc b bi giao thc mng. Hnh
di y minh ha r nt cch thc giao tip gia cc i tng nm trn hai
my tnh khc nhau.
Th vin COM Run-Time cung cp nhng dch v hng i tng ti
khch hng v thnh phn mun giao tip vi nhau ng thi s dng RPC v
nh cung cp an ton to chun ni mng ng gi tun theo giao thc
truyn thng cho DCOM.
Mt ng dng client c th to mt i tng trn mt my tnh khc qua
hm API CoCreateInstance(). Ta xt mt v d n gin sau:

HRESUL hr = CoCreateInstance(
CLSID_CData, // nh danh lp ca i tng yu cu
NULL,
CLSCTX_REMOTE_SERVER, // dch v t xa c yu cu
&si); // tham s u ra cha con tr giao din



2005, Hong Minh Sn
48
7 CC M HNH NG DNG IU KHIN PHN
TN
7.1 IEC-61131
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) l mt t chc ton cu bao
gm cc hi ng cc quc gia. Mc tiu ca t chc ny l thc y cng
vic chun ho trong lnh vc in v in t.
IEC 61131 l tiu chun v b iu khin kh trnh PLC v cc thit b
ngoi vi i km vi n. Chun IEC 61131 bao gm 9 phn, trong cc phn
1 n 5 l quan trng nht:
Phn 1 (General Information): a ra cc nh ngha chung v cc c
tnh chc nng tiu biu cho mi h thng iu khin s dng PLC, v
d c ch thc hin tun hon, nh qu trnh, thit b lp trnh v giao
din ngi-my.
Phn 2 (Equipment requirements): t ra cc yu cu in hc, c hc v
chc nng cho cc thit b; nh ngha phng php kim tra v th
nghim cc kiu thit b tng ng. Cc yu cu c nh ngha l
nhit , m, cung cp ngun, khng nhiu, phm vi tn hiu logic
v sc bn c hc ca cc thit b.
Phn 3 (Programming languages): nh ngha cc ngn ng lp trnh cho
cc thit b iu khin kh trnh. Ngoi ba ngn ng kinh in l biu
hnh thang (Ladder Diagram, LD), biu khi chc nng (Function Block
Diagram, FBD) v lit k lnh (Instruction List, IL), v mt ngn ng bc
cao kiu vn bn c cu trc (Structured Text, ST) th mt phng php
lp trnh ha phc v biu din cc thut ton iu khin trnh t l
SFC (Sequential Function Chart) cng c chun ha.
Phn 4 (Guidelines for users): a ra cc nguyn tc ch o cho ngi
s dng trong cc qu trnh ca mt d n, t phn tch h thng cho
ti la chn thit b, vn hnh v bo tr h thng.
Phn 5 (Communication): cp ti phng php truyn thng gia cc
PLC cng nh gia PLC v mt thit b khc trn c s cc khi hm
chun. Cc dch v truyn thng ny m rng chun ISO/IEC 9506-1/2,
thc cht l mt tp con trong cc dch v c qui nh trong MMS.
7.1.1 M hnh phn mm
Mi PLC ti mt thi im bt k ch c mt cu hnh (configuration) no
. Mt cu hnh bao gm mt hay nhiu ti nguyn (resource) bn trong c
trng cho kh nng x l tn hiu ca PLC. Mi ti nguyn bao gm t nht
mt chng trnh (program) hot ng di s iu khin ca tc v (task).
Chng trnh c xy dng nn t cc khi chc nng (function block) hoc
cc yu t ngn ng khc (c c thy 5 ngn ng lp trnh c nh ngha

2005, Hong Minh Sn
49
trong phn ny). Cc bin ton cc (global variable) v li truy cp (access
path) l nhng c ch giao tip trong chng trnh v gia cc ti nguyn vi
nhau.

Hnh 7-1: M hnh phn mm theo IEC 61131-3
7.1.2 M hnh giao tip
Nh biu din trong Hnh 7-2, gi tr ca bin c th c truyn trc tip
trong ni b chng trnh bng cch kt ni u ra ca n v ngn ng ny
ti u vo ca n v ngn ng khc. Mi lin kt ny c biu din mt
cch trc quan trong cc ngn ng ha hoc n trong cc ngn ng vn
bn.
Hnh 7-2: Giao tip bn trong chng trnh
Gi tr ca bin cng c th c truyn gia cc chng trnh trong cng
mt cu hnh thng qua bin ton cc kiu nh bin x biu din trong Hnh
7-3. Bin ny c khai bo l EXTERNAL i vi tt c cc chng trnh s
dng n.

CONFIGURATION
RESOURCE
TASK TASK
PROGRAM PROGRAM
FB FB
RESOURCE
TASK TASK
PROGRAM PROGRAM
FB FB
GLOBAL and DIRECTLY REPRESENTED VARIABLES
and INSTANCE-SPECIFIC INITIALIZATIONS
ACCESS PATHS
Execution control path
Variable access paths
FB
Function block
Variable
or
Communication function (See IEC 1131-5)
FB1 FB2
a b

2005, Hong Minh Sn
50
PROGRAM A
FB_X
a
FB1
PROGRAM B
FB_Y
b
FB2
x x
VAR_GLOBAL
x: BOOL;
END_VAR
VAR_EXTERNAL
x: BOOL;
END_VAR
VAR_EXTERNAL
x: BOOL;
END_VAR
CONFIGURATION C

Hnh 7-3: Giao tip gia cc chng trnh trong cng mt cu hnh
bng bin ton cc
Hnh 7-4 biu din cch giao tip a nng nht thng qua khi chc nng
giao tip. Chi tit v loi khi chc nng ny c m t trong IEC 61131-5,
y ch lu rng, s dng khi chc nng truyn thng, gi tr ca bin c
th c truyn gia cc b phn ca chng trnh, gia cc chng trnh
trong cng mt cu hnh hay trong cc cu hnh khc nhau, thm ch gia
chng trnh chy trong PLC vi cc h thng khc khng phi PLC.


Hnh 7-4: Giao tip qua khi chc nng
Sau cng, b iu khin kh trnh v h thng khng phi PLC c th
truyn d liu qua li thng qua li truy cp nh biu din trong Hnh 7-5, s
dng cc c ch nh ngha trong IEC 61131-5.


PROGRAM
FB_
FB1
CONFIGURATION C
SEND
send
a
SD1
FB_
b
FB2
CONFIGURATION D
RCV
rcv1
RD1
PROGRAM

2005, Hong Minh Sn
51
Hnh 7-5: Giao tip qua ng dn truy cp
7.2 IEC-61499
IEC 61499 l tiu chun lin quan n vic s dng cc khi chc nng vi
t cch l cc module phn mm trong h thng o lng - iu khin phn
tn. ng t quan im hng i tng, mi khi chc nng c coi l
mt i tng phn tn vi mt chc nng trong h thng. Chun IEC 61499
bao gm 3 phn trong phn 1 l quan trng nht. IEC 61499-1 nh ngha
kin trc chung ca h thng o lng - iu khin, khi chc nng
ng vai tr ct li, di dng cc m hnh tham kho. C tt c 8 m hnh
c nh ngha nh trnh by di y.
7.2.1 M hnh h thng
Chun IEC m t h thng o lng - iu khin qu trnh cng nghip
dng mt tp hp cc thit b kt ni li v lin lc vi nhau thng qua mt
hay nhiu mng truyn thng nh trong Hnh 7-6 di y. Cc mng ny c
th c t chc theo th bc.
Hnh 7-6: M hnh h thng theo IEC 61499
PROGRAM A
FB_X
FB1
a Z
VAR_ACCESS
CSX: P1.Z : REAL READ_ONLY;
PROGRAM B
FB_Y
b
FB2
CONFIGURATION C CONFIGURATION D
READ
TO_FB2
RD1
'CSX' VAR_1
P1
H thng mng truyn thng
Qu trnh k thut
Thit b 2 Thit b 3 Thit b 4 Thit b 1
ng dng A
ng dng C
ng dng B

2005, Hong Minh Sn
52
Mi chc nng c thc hin bi h thng o lng - iu khin c
m hnh ha bng mt ng dng nh trong hnh v trn. Mt ng dng c th
nm trong mt thit b duy nht, nh ng dng C trong hnh v, hoc phn
tn trn mt s thit b, nh cc ng dng A v B. V d, mt ng dng c th
cha mt hay nhiu vng iu khin trong vic ly mu u vo c thc
hin bi mt thit b, tnh ton iu khin c thc hin bi thit b khc
cn vic chuyn i u ra li c tin hnh bi thit b th ba.
7.2.2 M hnh thit b
Nh biu din trong Hnh 7-7, mi thit b cha trong n t nht mt giao
din, ngoi ra c th c hoc khng cha cc ti nguyn v mng khi chc
nng.
Hnh 7-7: M hnh thit b theo IEC 61499 (v d thit b 2 trong Hnh
7-6.
Giao din qu trnh l mt thnh phn ca thit b c nhim v nh x gia
cp iu khin bn di (thit b o tng t, thit b vo/ra phn tn, ...) v
cc ti nguyn bn trong thit b. Thng tin trao i gia cp iu khin bn
di v cc ti nguyn th hin di dng lung d liu v s kin.
Giao din truyn thng cng l mt thnh phn ca thit b c nhim v
nh x gia mng truyn thng pha trn v cc ti nguyn bn trong thit b.
Cc dch v cung cp bi giao din ny bao gm :
Biu din cc thng tin truyn ti ti nguyn thnh dng d liu v s
kin
Cung cp cc dch v khc h tr vic lp trnh, t cu hnh, d li,
...
7.2.3 M hnh ti nguyn
Chun IEC coi ti nguyn l mt n v chc nng, cha trong mt thit b
vn c quyn c lp iu khin hnh vi ca mnh. Ti nguyn c th c

Lin kt truyn thng
Ti nguyn X
Qu trnh k thut
Ti nguyn Z Ti nguyn Y
ng dng C
ng dng C
ng dng A
Ranh gii thit b
Giao din truyn thng
Giao din qu trnh
Lung d liu v s kin

2005, Hong Minh Sn
53
to ra, t cu hnh, th hin bng tham s, khi ng, xa, ... m khng
nh hng n cc ti nguyn khc bn trong thit b.
Chc nng ca ti nguyn l nhn d liu v/hoc s kin t giao din
truyn thng hoc giao din qu trnh, x l d liu/s kin ri gi tr li
d liu/s kin ti giao din truyn thng/qu trnh theo yu cu ca ng
dng s dng ti nguyn.

Hnh 7-8: M hnh ti nguyn
Nh trong , ti nguyn c m hnh ha bao gm cc thnh phn sau :
Mt hoc nhiu ng dng cc b (hay thnh phn cc b ca mt ng
dng phn tn). Cc bin v s kin c qun l trong phn ny cc
bin u vo, bin u ra, s kin u vo, s kin u ra ca cc khi
chc nng thc hin php ton cn cho ng dng.
Thnh phn nh x qu trnh c nhim v nh x d liu v s kin gia
ng dng v giao din qu trnh. Nh biu din trong hnh, iu ny
c thc hin bi cc khi chc nng phc v giao tip. Khi chc
nng phc v giao tip cng l khi chc nng thng thng nhng
c chuyn bit ha cho nhim v ny.
Thnh phn nh x truyn thng c nhim v nh x d liu v s kin
gia ng dng v giao din truyn thng. Nh biu din trong hnh, iu
ny cng c thc hin bi cc khi chc nng phc v giao tip.
B phn lp lch c nhim v iu khin s thc thi ca cc khi hm
bn trong ng dng cng nh dng d liu truyn gia chng tun theo
nhng yu cu v thi gian v trnh t quyt nh bi s xut hin ca
cc s kin, lin kt gia cc khi hm v thng tin khc nh chu k v
mc u tin.
7.2.4 M hnh ng dng
Mi ng dng c m hnh ha dng mt mng cc khi chc nng
(function block network). Mng ny c cu thnh t cc nt mng l cc

ng dng cc b
(hoc phn cc b ca ng dng phn tn
nh x truyn thng
Giao din truyn thng
Giao din qu trnh
nh x qu trnh
D liu
S kin
Thut
ton
Cc hm dch v
Khi chc
nng giao
din dch v
Khi chc
nng giao
din dch v

2005, Hong Minh Sn
54
khi chc nng v lin kt gia cc nt mng l lin kt d liu (data
connections) v lin kt s kin (event connections).
Mt ng dng c th c phn tn trn nhiu ti nguyn thuc mt hay
nhiu thit b. Mi ti nguyn s dng cc mi lin h nhn qu ch ra bi
ng dng quyt nh phn ng thch hp i vi cc s kin pht sinh t
giao din truyn thng, giao din qu trnh, t trong bn thn chnh ti
nguyn hoc t ti nguyn khc. Cc phn ng ny bao gm :
S lp lch v thc thi thut ton (bn trong ti nguyn)
Vic thay i cc bin
Sn sinh cc tn hiu
Tng tc vi giao din truyn thng v giao din qu trnh
ng dng c nh ngha bng cch ch ra mi lin h gia cc khi chc
nng cha bn trong n nh minh ha trong hnh v, c th l ch ra lung s
kin (event flow) v lung d liu (data flow). Chnh lung s kin l ci quyt
nh vic lp lch v thc thi ca mi ti nguyn bn trong ng dng.
Hnh 7-9: M hnh ng dng
7.2.5 M hnh khi chc nng
Mi khi chc nng thc ra l mt bin th hin (function block instance)
ca mt kiu khi chc nng no (function block type) cng tng t nh
mi i tng l mt bin th hin ca mt lp no .
Cc c tnh ca khi chc nng:
Tn bin (l tn ca chnh khi chc nng ) v tn kiu (l tn ca
kiu khi chc nng m n thuc)
Mt tp cc u vo s kin, dng nhn cc s kin n t cc lin
kt s kin vi bn ngoi. Chnh cc s kin u vo s nh hng ti
vic thc thi thut ton bn trong khi chc nng.
Mt tp cc u ra s kin, dng y cc s kin ra cc lin kt s
kin vi bn ngoi ty thuc v s thc thi ca thut ton v mt s yu
t khc
Mt tp cc u vo d liu, chng c nh x ti cc bin u vo
tng ng

Lung s kin
Lung d liu


2005, Hong Minh Sn
55
Mt tp cc u ra d liu, chng c nh x ti cc bin u ra
tng ng
D liu ni b, chng c nh x ti tp cc bin ni b
Cc c trng v chc nng, c xc nh bng cch kt hp gia d
liu ni b vi thut ton ca khi chc

Hnh 7-10: M hnh khi chc nng
Thut ton bn trong khi hm, v nguyn tc, khng nhn thy c t
bn ngoi, tr phi c ngi cung cp khi hm m t theo mt cch no .
Thm na, khi hm c th cha bn trong n cc bin ni b hay cc thng
tin v trng thi tn ti khng i gia nhng ln gi thut ton ca khi
hm nhng chng cng khng truy cp c t bn ngoi.
Mi kiu khi chc nng l mt yu t phn mm ch r c tnh ca tt c
cc bin th hin thuc kiu , bao gm :
Tn kiu
S lng, tn, tn kiu v trt t ca cc u vo s kin v u ra s
kin
S lng, tn, kiu d liu v trt t ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra
v bin ni b
c t kiu khi chc nng ngoi phn chung k trn cn c thm phn
nh ngha chc nng c trng ca khi ph thuc vo loi khi c th. C
c thy 3 loi khi chc nng :
Khi chc nng c bn l n v chc nng nh nht, khng th phn
chia hn c na
Khi chc nng kt hp (Siu khi) l loi khi chc nng hp thnh t
nhiu khi chc nng khc nh hn
Khi chc nng dch v giao tip l loi khi chc nng cung cp cc
dch v giao din gia cc khi chc nng khc vi nhau hoc gia ti

(Lp lch, nh x truyn thng, nh x qu trnh)
Thut ton
(che giu)
Tn kiu
D liu ni b
(che giu)
Nng lc ti nguyn
u ra d liu u vo d liu
u ra s kin u vo s kin
Tn khi
iu khin
thc hin
(che giu)
Lung s kin
Lung s kin
Lung d liu
Lung d liu

2005, Hong Minh Sn
56
nguyn v mng truyn thng v gia ti nguyn v qu trnh cng
ngh c iu khin.
i vi kiu khi chc nng c bn, chc nng c trng ca n c din
t bng cch m t thut ton bn trong khi hot ng da trn gi tr
ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra, bin ni b to ra gi tr mi cho cc
bin u ra v bin ni b nh th no, cng nh mi lin h gia s khi
ng, thc thi v kt thc ca thut ton vi s xut hin ca cc s kin ti
u vo v s kin u ra ca khi.
i vi kiu khi chc nng kt hp, c t kiu cn bao gm cc lin kt
d liu v lin kt s kin gia nhng khi chc nng thnh phn bn trong
khi chc nng kt hp.
i vi kiu khi chc nng phc v giao tip, chc nng c trng c
m t bng cch nh x cc dch v c bn m n cung cp thnh cc u
vo s kin, u ra s kin, u vo d liu, u ra d liu ca n.
7.2.6 M hnh phn tn
Mt ng dng c th c phn tn bng cch phn b cc khi chc nng
ca n vo cc ti nguyn khc nhau nm trn mt hay nhiu thit b. Bi v
chi tit bn trong khi chc nng l khng nhn thy c i vi ng dng
s dng n cho nn khi chc nng phi l n v nh nht khng phn chia
c i vi s phn tn ny. Ngha l, khng th chia nh khi chc nng
hn na phn tn trn nhiu ti nguyn; cc thnh phn cha bn trong
khi chc nng phi nm trn cng mt ti nguyn.
Cc mi lin h v chc nng gia cc khi chc nng khng c php b
nh hng bi s phn tn. Tuy nhin, so vi ng dng tp trung, cc yu t
v thi gian v tin cy ca chc nng truyn thng c nh hng ng k
ti cc yu t v thi gian v tin cy ca ton ng dng phn tn.
7.2.7 M hnh qun l
Vic qun l cc ti nguyn bn trong mt thit b c m hnh theo mt
trong hai cch
Trong thit b, c mt ti nguyn c to ring qun l tt c nhng ci
cn li. N cung cp mt tp cc dch v qun l cho cc ti nguyn khc
dng chung.
Mi ti nguyn c mt b phn qun l ca ring mnh. Ni cch khc,
cc dch v qun l c phn tn ra khp tt c cc ti nguyn bn trong
thit b.
7.2.8 M hnh trng thi hot ng
Bt k h thng no cng c thit k, bn giao cng vic, a vo vn
hnh, duy tr bo dng v cui cng sau khi hon thnh nhim v - c
hy b. iu ny c m hnh ha bng ci gi l vng i ca h thng.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
57
n lt mnh, cc n v chc nng cu thnh nn h thng nh thit b,
ti nguyn, ng dng mi ci cng c vng i ring ca mnh.
h tr cho n v chc nng ti mi thi im trong vng i ca n, cc
hnh ng khc nhau phi c thc hin. phn bit xem hnh ng no
c th thc hin v duy tr tnh ton vn ca n v chc nng, cc trng
thi hot ng phi c nh ngha, v d ang hot ng, C th cu
hnh, np, dng, ...
Mi trng thi hot ng ca mt n v chc nng ch r hnh ng no
c chp nhn v hnh vi mong mun tng ng.
H thng c th c t chc theo cch mt khi chc nng no c th
s hu hoc nhn c quyn thay i trng thi ca khi chc nng khc.
Mt c im ni bt ca IEC 61499 l n yu cu cc cng c phn mm
tun theo chun phi c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau. C th l IEC
61499-2 yu cu nh sn xut thit b phn cng hay th vin phn mm
phi cung cp thng tin cn thit cho vic s dng sn phm ca h mt
cch hiu qu trong khi vn m bo quyn s hu tr tu. iu ny c
thc hin bng cch s dng ngn ng XML. IEC 61499-2 nh ngha mt tp
cc th (tag) v cu trc ti liu XML chun, da vo nh sn xut m t
sn phm ca mnh. Tun theo mt tp th chung, cc sn phm c th lm
vic trc tip vi nhau (interoperability).


2005, Hong Minh Sn
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8 MT S CHUN GIAO TIP CNG NGHIP
8.1 MMS
MMS (Manufactoring Message Specification) l mt chun quc t cho vic
xy dng lp ng dng theo m hnh qui chiu OSI. Chun ny c ngha c
bit trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip. V c bn, MMS qui nh
mt tp hp cc dch v chun cho vic trao i d liu thi gian thc cng
nh thng tin iu khin gim st. Cc dch v ny cng nh cc giao thc
tng ng c chun ha trong ISO/IEC 9506.
MMS c xut x t MAP (Manufactoring Automation Protocol), mt giao thc
do hng General Motors khi xng pht trin vo u nhng nm 80. Mc
d MAP khng tr thnh giao thc truyn thng thng nht cho cng nghip
t ng ha, n tc ng c tnh cht nh hng ti cc pht trin sau
ny. Trn c s ca MAP, cc dch v truyn thng c nh ngha trong
MMS to c s quan trng trong vic xy dng lp ng dng trong nhiu h
thng bus trng. Mt s v d nh FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) ca
PROFIBUS, PMS (Peripheral Message Specification) ca Interbus, MPS
(Manufactoring Periodic/aperiodic Services) ca WorldFIP v RAC (Remote
Access Control) ca Bitbus u l cc tp con cc dch v MMS.
Cc dch v c nh ngha trong MMS c tnh cht thng dng v a
dng, c th thch hp vi rt nhiu loi thit b, nhiu ng dng v ngnh
cng nghip khc nhau. V d, dch v Read cho php mt chng trnh ng
dng hoc mt thit b c mt hoc nhiu bin mt lc t mt chng trnh
ng dng hoc mt thit b khc. Bt k mt thit b l PLC hay robot, mt
chng trnh iu khin t ng hay chng trnh iu khin gim st, cc
dch v v thng bo MMS u nh nhau.
V c bn, MMS nh ngha:
Hn 80 dch v truyn thng thng dng cho cc h thng bus, trong
c kim sot ng ni, truy nhp bin, iu khin s kin, ci t v
can thip chng trnh
Mt giao thc qui nh cu trc d liu cho vic chuyn giao tham s
ca cc dch v
M hnh mt s i tng o, i din cho cc i tng vt l (my
mc, robot,..)
Mt c ch Client/Server trong quan h gia cc i tc truyn thng.
Chun ISO/IEC 9506 bao gm hai phn ct li sau:
Phn 1: c t dch v, nh ngha m hnh thit b sn xut o VMD
(Virtual Manufactoring Device), cc dch v trao i gia cc nt mng,
cc thuc tnh cng nh tham s tng ng vi VMD v cc dch v.
Phn 2: c t giao thc, nh ngha trnh t cc thng bo c gi i

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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trong mng, cu trc v kiu m ha cc thng bo, tng tc gia
MMS vi cc lp khc trong m hnh OSI. MMS s dng chun lp biu
din d liu ASN.1 (Abstract Notation Number One - ISO 8824) c t
cu trc cc thng bo.
Ngoi ra, bn phn ph tip theo - c gi l cc chun i km
(Companion Standard) - m rng phn ct li nhm thch ng cho cc lnh vc
ng dng iu khin khc nhau nh Robot Control (phn 3), Numeric Control
(phn 4), Programmable Controller (phn 5) v Process Control (phn 6).
Mt trong nhng im c trng ca MMS l m hnh i tng VMD. Trn
quan im hng i tng, m hnh VMD cho php cc thit b ng vai tr
mt server, cung cp cc dch v cho cc client thng qua cc i tng o.
Cc i tng o ny i din cho nhng i tng khc nhau trong mt h
thng k thut, trong c c cc bin, chng trnh, s kin, v.v... Mi
chng trnh ng dng c th ng thi ng vai tr server v client. M hnh
VMD nh ngha cc i tng sau:
VMD: Bn thn VMD c coi l mt i tng hp thnh t cc i
tng khc, i din cho ton b mt thit b.
Domain: i din mt phn nh c lin kt trong mt VMD, v d phn
nh cho mt chng trnh c th np xung (download) v np ln
(upload) c.
Program Invocation: Mt chng trnh chy trong b nh chnh c hp
thnh bi mt hoc nhiu domain.
Variable: Mt bin d liu c kiu (v d s nguyn, s thc du phy
ng, mng).
Kiu: M t cu trc v ngha ca d liu cha trong mt bin.
Named Variable List: Mt danh sch nhiu bin c tn.
Semaphore: Mt i tng dng kim sot vic truy nhp cnh tranh
mt ti nguyn chung (v d b nh, CPU, cng vo/ra)
Operator Station: Mt trm c mn hnh v bn phm dng cho thao tc
vin vn hnh qu trnh.
Event Condition: Mt i tng i din cho trng thi ca mt s kin
Event Action: Mt i tng i din hnh ng c thc hin khi
trng thi ca mt s kin thay i
Event Enrollment: Mt i tng i din cho mt chng trnh ng
dng mng c thng bo khi khi trng thi ca mt s kin thay i.
Journal: Mt i tng ghi li din bin ca cc s kin v bin theo
thi gian.
File: Mt file trong mt trm server.
Transaction: i din mt yu cu dch v MMS ring bit.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Cc loi dch v tng ng vi cc i tng c bn c gii thiu tm
tt trong bng 8.1.
Bng 8.1: Tng quan cc dch v MMS c bn
Nhm dch v M t tm tt cc dch v V d
Environment and
General Management
Services
Khi to/Kt thc cc quan h
truyn thng
- Initiate
- Abort
VMD Support Services Thng tin v trng thi ca mt thit
b o, v cc c tnh, thng s v
i tng ca n
- Status
- UnsolicitedStatus
- Identity
Domain Management
Services
To lp, np ln/np xung v xa
Domain
- InitiateDownloadSequence
- DownloadSegment
- InitiateUploadSequence
- UploadSegment
- RequestDomainDownload
- RequestDomainUpload
Program Invocation
Management Services
To lp, xa v kim sot Program
Invocation
- CreateProgramInvocation
- Start
- Stop
- Resume
- Reset
Variable Access
Services
Truy nhp cc bin ca mt VMD - Read
- Write
Semaphore
Management Services
ng b ha vic truy nhp cnh
tranh ti nguyn ca VMD
- DefineSemaphore
- DelelteSemaphore
- ReportSemaphoreStatus
Operator
Communication
Services
H tr vic giao tip vi mt trm
thao tc
- Input
- Output
Event Management
Services
X l s kin, s c - AlterEventCondition
Monitoring
- EventNofification
- AcknowledgeEvent
Notification
Journal Management
Services
Ghi bin bn cc s kin v thng
tin
- InitiateJournal
- ReportJournalStatus

8.2 IEC-61131-5
8.2.1 M hnh giao tip mng
i tng ca chun IEC 61131-5 l cc dch v do cc thit b iu khin
kh trnh (PLC) thc hin, hoc cc dch v cc PLC c th yu cu t cc
thit b khc, th hin qua cc hm v khi chc nng s dng khi lp trnh
vi IEC 61131-5. Phm vi ca chun ny v vy b hp vic giao tip gia
cc PLC hoc gia PLC v mt thit b khc, theo kin trc Client/Server.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Hnh 8.1: M hnh giao tip mng theo IEC 61131-5
8.2.2 Dch v giao tip
Cc dch v giao tip cung cp thng tin trng thi v ch th s c ca cc
thnh phn:
Thit b iu khin kh trnh (tng th)
Vo/ra
B x l trung tm
Cung cp ngun
B nh
H thng truyn thng
Lu rng, status cung cp thng tin v trng thi ca thit b iu khin
v cc thnh phn phn cng, phn rn ca n, khng quan tm ti thng tin
cu hnh. D liu trng thi cng khng cung cp thng tin v qu trnh c
iu khin cng nh chng trnh ng dng trn PLC.
Cc dch v giao tip c lit k trong bng di y. Tuy nhin, mt PLC
khng bt buc phi cung cp tt c cc dch v ny.
Bng 8.2: Cc dch v giao tip
STT Cc dch v giao tip PLC
yu cu
PLC p
ng
Khi hm
c sn
1 Kim tra thit b X X X
2 Thu thp d liu X X X
3 iu khin X X X
4 ng b ha gia cc chng trnh ng dng X X X
5 Bo ng X 0 X
6 Thc hin chng trnh v iu khin vo/ra 0 X 0
7 Truyn np chng trnh ng dng 0 X 0
8 Qun l ni X X X
H thng mng truyn thng
My tnh
KGS
Client
Cc thit b khc c
giao tip vi PLC
PLC1 PLC2
Client Server Client
My mc hoc qu trnh k thut

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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8.2.3 Cc khi chc nng giao tip
Cc dch v giao tip c thc hin qua cc khi chc nng giao tip
(communication function block, CFB), nh c lit k trong bng di y.
Bng 8.3: Cc khi chc nng giao tip (CFB)
STT Chc nng Tn khi chc nng
1 nh a ch cc bin t xa REMOTE_VAR
2
3
Kim tra thit b STATUS,
USTATUS
4 Thu thp d liu kiu hi tun t READ,
5
6
Thu thp d liu kiu lp trnh USEND,
URCV
7 iu khin tham s WRITE,
8
9
iu khin lin ng SEND,
RCV
10
11
Bo ng c lp trnh NOTIFY,
ALARM
12 Qun l ni CONNECT
Lu : Cc khi hm UXXX th hin cc hm dch v khng cn yu cu (unsolicited services).
Kim tra thit b
Cc khi hm STATUS v USTATUS h tr vic PLC kim tra trng thi ca
cc thit b t ng ha khc.
Thu thp d liu
D liu trong cc thit b khc c th c biu din qua cc bin. C hai
phng php PLC truy nhp cc d liu ny s dng cc CFB:
Hi tun t (polled): PLC s dng khi hm READ c gi tr ca mt
hoc nhiu bin ti thi im c chng trnh ng dng trong PLC
xc nh. Vic truy nhp cc bin ny c th do cc thit b kim sot.
Lp trnh: Thi im d liu cung cp cho PLC c quyt nh bi cc
thit b khc. Cc khi URCV/USEND c s dng trong cc chng
trnh ng dng PLC nhn d liu t v gi d liu n cc thit b
khc.
iu khin
Hai phng php iu khin cn c PLC h tr: iu khin tham s
(parametric) v iu khin kha lin ng (interlocked)
iu khin tham s: Hot ng ca cc thit b c iu khin bng
cch thay i cc tham s ca chng. PLC s dng khi WRITE thc
hin hat ng ny t mt chng trnh ng dng.
iu khin kha lin ng: Mt client yu cu server thc hin mt
php ton ng dng v thng bo kt qu cho client. PLC s dng cc
khi SEND v RCV thc hin vai tr client and server.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Bo ng
Mt PLC c th gi cc bo ng ti cc client khi mt s kin xy ra.
Client c th thng bo li xc nhn ti b iu khin. PLC s dng cc
khi ALARM v NOTIFY trong cc chng trnh ng dng gi cc thng bo
cn xc nhn v khng cn xc nhn.
Qun l cc mi lin kt
Cc chng trnh ng dng trong PLC s dng khi CONNECT qun l
cc mi lin kt.
8.3 OPC
Tin b ca cc h thng bus trng cng vi s ph bin ca cc thit b
cn trng thng minh l hai yu t quyt nh ti s chuyn hng sang cu
trc phn tn trong cc gii php t ng ha. S phn tn ha ny mt mt
mang li nhiu u th so vi cu trc x l thng tin tp trung c in, nh
tin cy v tnh linh hot ca h thng, nhng mt khc cng to ra hng
lot thch thc mi cho gii sn xut cng nh cho ngi s dng. Mt trong
nhng vn thng gp phi l vic tch hp h thng. Tch hp theo chiu
ngang i hi kh nng tng tc gia cc thit b t ng ha ca nhiu nh
sn xut khc nhau. Bn cnh , tch hp theo chiu dc i hi kh nng
kt ni gia cc ng dng c s nh o lng, iu khin vi cc ng dng
cao cp hn nh iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (supervisory control
and data acquisition, SCADA), giao din ngi-my (human-machine interface,
HMI) v h thng iu hnh sn xut (manufactoring execution system, MES).
Vic s dng mt chun giao din v vy tr thnh mt iu kin tin quyt.
Tiu biu cho hng i ny l chun OPC, c chp nhn rng ri trong cc
ng dng t ng ha qu trnh cng nghip.
8.3.1 Tng quan v kin trc OPC
OPC (OLE for Process Control) l mt chun giao din c hip hi OPC
Foundation xy dng v pht trin. Da trn m hnh i tng thnh phn
(D)COM ca hng Microsoft, OPC nh ngha thm mt s giao din cho khai
thc d liu t cc qu trnh k thut, to c s cho vic xy dng cc ng
dng iu khin phn tn m khng b ph thuc vo mng cng nghip c
th. Trong thi im hin nay, OPC cng nh COM tuy mi c thc hin
trn nn Windows, song c nhiu c gng ph bin sang cc h iu
hnh thng dng khc.
Vi mc ch ban u l thay th cho cc dng phn mm kt ni nh I/O-
Drivers v DDE, OPC qui nh mt s giao din chun cho cc chc nng
nh:
Khai thc, truy nhp d liu qu trnh (Data Access) t nhiu ngun
khc nhau (PLC, cc thit b trng, bus trng, c s d liu,..)
X l s kin v s c (Event and Alarm)

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Truy nhp d liu qu kh (Historical Access)
Trong tng lai OPC s h tr cc chc nng khc nh an hon h thng
(Security) v iu khin m (Batch). OPC s dng c ch COM/COM cung
cp cc dch v truyn thng cho tt c cc ng dng h tr COM. C th k
ra hng lot cc u im ca vic s dng OPC nh:
Cho php cc ng dng khai thc, truy nhp d liu theo mt cch n
gin, thng nht
H tr truy nhp d liu theo c ch hi tun t (polling) hoc theo s
kin (event-driven)
c ti u cho vic s dng trong mng cng nghip
Kin trc khng ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b
Linh hot v hiu sut cao
S dng c t hu ht cc cng c phn mm SCADA thng dng,
hoc bng mt ngn ng bc cao (C++, Visual Basic, Delphi,..).
Ct li ca OPC l mt chng trnh phn mm phc v gi l OPC-Server,
trong cha cc mc d liu (OPC-Item) c t chc thnh cc nhm (OPC-
Group). Thng thng, mt OPC-Server i din mt thit b thu thp d liu
nh PLC, RTU, I/O hoc mt cu hnh mng truyn thng. Cc OPC-Items s
i din cho cc bin qu trnh, cc tham s iu khin, v.v...
OPC c xy dng da trn tng ng dng cng ngh COM nhm n
gin ha, chun ha vic khai thc d liu t cc thit b cn trng v thit
b iu khin, tng t nh vic khai thc mt h thng c s d liu thng
thng. Ging nh COM, OPC khng qui nh vic thc hin khai thc c th,
m ch nh ngha mt s giao din chun. Thay cho vic dng C/C++ dng
nh ngha mt giao din lp trnh nh thng thng, ngn ng dng y
(gi l interface definition language hay IDL) khng ph thuc vo nn ci t
hay ngn ng lp trnh.

OPC Server
Visual Basic,
VB Scripts,...
C++, Java,
Delphi,...
Automation
Interface
Custom
Interfaces
Giao thc ring
C

c

t
h
i

t

b

n
g

h

a

OPC Group
-Item
-Item

Hnh 8.2: Kin trc s lc ca OPC
Nh c minh ha trn Hnh 8.2, hai kiu i tng thnh phn quan
trng nht trong kin trc OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group. Trong khi OPC-
Server c nhim v qun l ton b vic s dng v khai thc cc d liu, th
cc i tng OPC-Group c chc nng t chc cc phn t d liu (items)
thnh tng nhm tin cho vic truy nhp. Thng thng, mi item ng vi
mt bin trong mt qu trnh k thut hay trong mt thit b iu khin.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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OPC Server
OPC Server l mt i tng phn tn, cung cp giao din OPC chun cho
cc ng dng. Vic giao tip qua cc mng cng nghip c thc hin bng
cc li gi n gin, thng nht khng ph thuc vo mng truyn thng v
giao thc c s dng.
OPC Server h tr hai phng php truy cp d liu :
Polling: Client ch ng yu cu Server cung cp d liu mi khi cn
Publisher/Subscriber: Client ch cn mt ln yu cu Server, sau ty
theo cch t (Theo chu k, theo s thay i ca gi liu hoc theo mt
s kin no ). Phng php ny cn c gi l truy cp khng ng
b.


Hnh 8.3: Kin trc Client/Server trong OPC
Chun OPC hin nay qui nh hai kiu giao din l Custom Interfaces (OPC
Taskforce, 1998b) v Automation Interface (OPC Taskforce, 1998c)
2
. Kiu th
nht bao gm mt s giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, cn kiu th hai
da trn cng ngh m rng OLE-Automation. S khc nhau gia hai kiu giao
din ny khng nhng nm m hnh i tng, cc ngn ng lp trnh h
tr m cng cn tnh nng, hiu sut s dng. Custom Interface dng cc
ngn ng nh C/C++phc tp hn nhng hiu sut cao, da trc tip trn
cc i tng COM. Automation Interface dng cc ngn ng n gin, phong
php lp trnh n gin, hiu qu thp, da trn cng ngh COM automation.
8.3.2 OPC Custom Interfaces
Ging nh cc i tng COM khc, hai loi i tng thnh phn quan
trng nht ca OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group cung cp cc dch v qua
cc giao din ca chng, c gi l OPC Custom Interfaces, nh c minh
ha trn Hnh 3. Tham kho (OPC Taskforce, 1988b) tm hiu ngha c
th ca tng giao din. Chnh v nhng giao din ny ch l cc giao din theo
m hnh COM thun ty, vic lp trnh vi chng i hi mt ngn ng bin

2
Lu khi nim Automation c dng y hon ton khng c lin quan ti k thut t ng ha
OPC-Client


OPC-Interface
OPC-Server
OPC-Client


OPC-Interface
OPC-Server OPC-Server

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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dch. Trong thc t, C++ l ngn ng chim u th tuyt i phc v mc
ch ny. Bn cnh , cc cng c khc nhau cng cung cp mt s phn
mm khung (frameworks) thch hp h tr ngi lp trnh.
Hnh 8.4: OPC Custom Interfaces
truy nhp d liu dng OPC Custom Interfaces, ta cn thc hin hang
lot cc bc sau:
To mt (bn sao) i tng OPC-Server
Tm v lu tr con tr (a ch) ca cc giao din cn dng, trong c
IOPCServer
Dng cc phng php thch hp ca giao din IOPCServer to mt
s i tng OPC-Group nh cn thit
Tm v lu tr con tr (a ch) ca cc giao din cn dng ca cc i
tng OPC-Group
S dng cc giao din thch hp ca OPC-Group t chc v cu hnh
cho cc i tng ny, k c vic xy dng mi lin h vi cc phn t
d liu thc
S dng IOPCSyncIO v IOPCAsyncIO2 ca cc i tng OPC-Group
c hoc vit d liu theo c ch ng b hoc khng ng b (ty
hoc nh k)
Gii phng cc giao din khng s dng na
X l cc li trong tng bc nu trn.
8.3.3 OPC Automation Interface
Ging nh i vi cc i tng OLE-Automation khc, vic s dng cc
i tng ca OPC Automation Interface c n gin ha nhiu. C th,
nhiu th tc phc tp trong lp trnh vi COM c loi b. Ngi lp trnh
khng cn hiu bit su sc v COM cng nh C++, m ch cn s dng
thnh tho mt cng c to dng ng dng RAD (rapid application
development) nh Visual Basic.
Mt tri ca vn li l, s n gin ha ca phng php ny phi tr
gi bng s hn ch trong phm vi chc nng, hiu sut s dng v tc
IOPCCommon
IOPCServer
[IOPCServerPublicGroups]
[IOPCBrowseServerAddressSpace]
[IPersistFile]
IConnectionPointContainer
IUnknown
OPC Server
IOPCItemProperties
IUnknown
IOPCItemMgt
IOPCGroupStateMgt
[IOPCPublicGroupStateMgt]
IOPCSyncIO
IOPCAsyncIO2
IConnectionPointContainer
OPC Group

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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trao i d liu. Nht l trong mt gii php t ng ha phn tn, c s
tham gia ca cc mng truyn thng cng nghip, th hai im yu ni sau tr
nn rt ng quan tm. L do nm chnh trong m hnh giao tip ca OLE-
Automation v cc cng c h tr, l:
Dng kiu d liu a nng (VARIANT) mt mt s lng ph khi trao i
d liu nh, mt mt hn ch kiu d liu s dng c
C ch tp trung ha vic n nhn v chuyn giao thng tin dng giao
din IDispatch lm gim thi gian phn ng ca mt ng dng i vi
mt s kin mt cch ng k.
OPC nhm cc giao din v cc methods ca chng theo th t 3 lp:
OPC Server class
OPC Group class
OPC Item class
8.4 Ngn ng nh du kh m XML
8.4.1 Gii thiu chung
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) l mt tp con ca ngn ng SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup Language). SGML l mt chun quc t (ISO
8879) v mt loi "siu ngn ng" c kh nng to ra cc loi ngn ng nh
du khc v XML ch n gin l mt phin bn n gin ho ca SGML,
c xy dng v qun l bi t chc W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Tuy
nhin, ng sau n l c mt trit l v cch lu tr v trao i thng tin.
Trong tin hc, cch lu tr thng tin l mt yu t quan trng. Thng tin
c lu tr di mt trong hai dng: dng nh phn (binary) v dng vn
bn (text). Dng lu tr nh phn thun tin hn cho cc chng trnh x l,
trong khi con ngi khng th c c dng ny cn dng vn bn thun li
i vi con ngi nhng li khng hiu qu trong lu tr, x l. Mt khc, khi
la chn khun dng lu tr thng tin, ngi ta cng phi cn nhc xem nn
s dng khun dng chun c sn hay t xy dng mt khun dng cho
ring mnh. Cc loi ngn ng nh du chnh l cch lu tr thng tin dng
vn bn, ngha ca vn bn c th hin bi cc th nh du
(markup tag).
HTML l mt ngn ng nh du in hnh, l nn tng ca cng ngh
Web. Mt trang web v c bn l mt tp tin vn bn c b sung cc th
HTML, nhng th ny m t cch trnh duyt s hin th vn bn nh th
no. V d, khi on vn bn no cn in nghing trong trnh duyt th n
s c t gia cp th <I> ... </I>, on vn bn cn in m c t gia
cp th <B> ... </B> ... ngha ca cc th HTML c quy nh sn, trnh
dut da vo hin th trang Web.
Ti liu XML cng c cu trc tng t, tuy nhin s d XML c gi l
ngn ng kh m (extensible) l bi ngi vit ti liu c th t to ra cc th

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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cho ring mnh vi ngha xc nh. V vy ta c th s dng XML vo
nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh:
Ngn ng m t mt h thng iu khin hoc mt ng dng iu khin
Ngn ng m t tnh nng cc thit b (Device Description Language)
Xy dng cc trang Web nhng trong cc thit b
Lu tr thng tin di dng XML cho php ti liu va d c vi con
ngi, va d dng x l bi chng trnh my tnh v cho php cc phn
mm khc nhau c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau min l chng cng
thng nht mt b th nh du. S linh hot, a nng v kh chuyn ca
XML c ngha c bit i vi cc h thng phn tn.
8.4.2 ng dng XML trong phn mm khung iPC
iPC [9] l mt phn mm khung cho cc gii php iu khin trn nn my
tnh c nhn, c pht trin trn c s cc chun quc t IEC 61131, IEC
61499, XML v OPC. Vi cc th vin khi chc nng trong phn mm khung,
ngi s dng c th xy dng mt ng dng iu khin bng phng php
m t hay cu hnh thay v lp trnh. Th vin vo/ra cho php ng dng iu
khin giao tip vi thit b cp trng mt cch trong sut, c lp vi mng
truyn thng vt l. Bc chuyn mt ng dng t ch m phng sang
iu khin thi gian thc c th thc hin hon ton n gin, t nhin. Hn
na, ngi s dng c th d dng m rng th vin khi hm theo nhu cu,
cng nh ghp ni chng trnh iu khin vi cc phn mm iu khin
gim st cp trn.
Hnh 8.5: M hnh pht trin iPC
Trong kin trc phn mm khung iPC, mt ng dng iu khin c m
t bi mt tp tin XML. Ton b on vn bn m t ng dng iu khin
c t trong cp th <controller> ... </controller>. Ngi pht trin ng
dng to tp tin ny bng mt cng c son tho ng dng (application editor)
di dng mt chng trnh son tho XML thng thng hoc mt chng
trnh son tho ha khi. Mt chng trnh chy ng dng (application
framework
iPC
HMI/SCADA
APPLICATION
C++ CONTROL
APPLICATION
VISUAL APPLICATION
EDITOR
XML EDITOR
APPLICATION
ENGINE
OPC
*.xml

2005, Hong Minh Sn
69
engine) s c tp tin XML vn hnh h thng. V d, vic khai bo mt
b iu khin m dng Mamdani vi cc s liu thit k trong tp tin
LC103.mam c th hin nh sau:

<dll filename="FuzzyFB.dll">
<FB_list>
<FB type="MAMDANI" id="LC103"> <init> filename=LC103.mam; </init> </FB>
</FB_list>
</dll>
Tng t nh vy, cc khi chc nng vo/ra tng t qua mng Profibus-
DP (a ch slave=3, module 3) s dng trong mch vng iu khin c khai
bo nh sau:
<dll filename="DPIO.dll">
<FB_list>
<FB type="AI" id="AI103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB>
<FB type="AO" id="AO103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB>
</FB_list>
</dll>
Bc thit lp mt TASK vi chu k 100ms thc hin mch vng iu
khin gm ba khi hm AI103, LC103 v AO103 c m t nh sau:
<Task id="ta1" intval="100" res="5" initmode="auto">
<FB_list> AI103; LC103; AO103; </FB_list>
<Aconnect> AI103.out -> LC103.in; LC103.out ->AO103.in; </Aconnect>
</Task>
S kt hp gia phng php s dng cc khi hm nh cc i tng
phn mm c lp v ngn ng m t XML mang li nhiu u im quan
trng. Th nht, vic lu tr cu hnh h thng di dng XML va d c i
vi con ngi, va d dng x l bi my tnh. Th hai, vi mt th vin khi
hm c sn, ngi pht trin ng dng khng cn phi bit lp trnh. Mi khi
thay i hoc b sung phn no trong ng dng, hay thay i mt khi hm
ta ch cn sa cc dng XML tng ng. Hn na, vic s dng cc khi hm
vo/ra m phng cho php chuyn mt ng dng gia ch m phng thi
gian thc v ch iu khin thi gian thc mt cch n gin nh thay tn
th vin khi hm tng ng trong tp tin XML. Trong v d trn y,
chuyn gia hai ch iu khin v ch m phng ta ch cn thay i tn
th vin khi hm vo/ra Profibus-DP DPIO.DLL bng DPSimIO.DLL.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
70
9 M T H THNG IU KHIN PHN TN
M t h thng l mt cng vic khng th thiu c trong thit k, xy
dng v pht trin mt h thng iu khin. M t h thng yu cu xy dng
cc m hnh v ti liu k thut i km. Cc m hnh c th di dng ton
hc hoc ha. Ni dung trong phn ny ch cp ti vic m t h thng
mc v m bng cc phng php ha, khng i vo m t ton hc chi tit
tng mch vng iu khin. Qua cc ti liu m t h thng, cc k s iu
khin v cc nh cng ngh c mt ngn ng chung bn bc, trao i trc
khi tin hnh trin khai mt d n. Cng qua vic m t h thng, bn thn
cc k s iu khin cng xy dng c cc m hnh chi tit cho vic
thit k cu hnh phn cng, pht trin ng dng iu khin v giao din
ngi my.
9.1 Cc phng php m t ha
Cc phng php m t ha sau y c xem nh chun trong cng
nghip:
Lu cng ngh (process flow diagram) miu t qu trnh cng ngh
khng c cc thit b o lng v iu khin. Hin nay c nhiu cng c
phn mm khc nhau h tr xy dng lu cng ngh, v d
Microsofts Visio.
Lu ng dn v thit b (piping and instrumentation diagram, P&ID)
miu t chi tit qu trnh cng ngh km theo cc thit b o lng v
iu khin cng cc ng lin h gia cc thnh phn. Ti liu hnh
thnh phc v thc hin chc nng iu khin qu trnh. Hai chun
quan trng lin quan ti cc biu tng lu P&ID l ANSI/ISA S5.1
v ANSI/ISA S5.3. Microsofts Visio cng l mt cng c thch hp
xy dng cc lu P&ID.
Biu trnh t chc nng (sequential function chart, SFC) biu din cc
bc thc hin chc nng ca qui trnh cng ngh. Ti liu hnh thnh
phc v bi ton iu khin trnh t v iu khin logic. Chnh v s
gn gi vi vic m t thut ton iu khin, SFC cng c coi l mt
ngn ng lp trnh. SFC c gii thiu chi tit trong bi 10.
Gn y, phng php m hnh ha hng i tng cng c s dng
m t ton b h thng, s tng tc gia cc thnh phn phn cng v
phn mm trong h thng. Cc m hnh hng i tng cng gip ch cho
vic pht trin cc phn mm ng dng. Ngn ng m hnh ha c s dng
thng nht hin nay l UML.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
71
9.2 Lu P&ID
Cc biu tng lu P&ID c s dng tng i thng nht trn ton
th gii. Hai chun do ISA (Instrument Society of America) pht hnh c
chp nhn rng ri trn ton th gii l:
ANSI/ISA S5.1: Instrumentation Symbols and Identification.
ANSI/ISA S5.3: Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control/Shared Display
Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems.
9.2.1 Chun ISA S5.1
Biu tng thit b
Bng 9.1 lit k cc biu tng thit b trn lu P&ID. Cn lu mt
biu tng c th biu din mt thit b hoc mt chc nng trong mt thit b
chia s (v d mt b iu khin hoc mt mn hnh chia s). ngha ca khi
nim chia s y l nhm phn bit vi cc thit b n l (discrete
instrument), chuyn dng cho mt mc ch duy nht, v d mt b iu
chnh s n l, mt n hin th n l. Ty theo mc ch m t m lu
c th cha chi tit biu tng cho tng thit b/chc nng, hoc b qua mt
s trong trng hp tng i hin nhin.
Cc biu tng trn bng 9.1 m t cc thit b cng nh chc nng m
ngi vn hnh c th trc tip thao tc, s dng (accessible). Trong trng
hp cc thit b/chc nng c t sau bng, hoc ngi vn hnh khng
c php can thip, ng gch gia cc biu tng cn c v bng nt
t.
Biu tng cc ng tn hiu v ng ni
phn bit r rng vi cc ng ng dn, tt c cc ng tn hiu v
ng ni khc cn c v nt thanh. Cc ng ni c th hin bng cc
biu tng trong bng 9.2.
Bng 9.1: Biu din cc thit b trn lu P&ID

Phng iu khin
trung tm
(Remote)
V tr m rng
(Auxilary
Location)
Hin trng
(Local)
Thit b phn cng n l
Phn cng chia s
- Hin th chia s
- iu khin chia s

Phn mm
Chc nng my tnh

Logic chia s
iu khin logic kh trnh


2005, Hong Minh Sn
72
Thit b cho hai bin hoc
mt bin vi hai hoc
nhiu chc nng


Bng 9.2: Biu din cc thit b trn lu P&ID
Tn hiu khng nh ngha
ng ni ti qu trnh k thut, hoc ng cp nng lng
cho thit b

Tn hiu kh nn
Tn hiu in
Tn hiu thy lc
Tn hiu in t hoc m thanh (c dn nh) *
Tn hiu in t hoc m thanh (khng dn nh)*
ng ni ni b h thng (lin kt phn mm hoc d liu)
ng ni c hc
ng mao dn
* Cc hin tng in t gm c nhit, sng v tuyn, phng x nguyn t v nh sng.
Thng thng, mt ng tnh hiu biu din lin kt gia cc thit
b trn lu P&ID ngay c khi tn ti nhiu ng vt l trong thc t. Cc
mi tn c th s dng b sung lm r chiu ca lung thng tin.
Cc ch vit tt sau y c dng k hiu cc ng cp nng lng:
AS (Air supply): cp khng kh
ES (Electric supply): cp in
GS (Gas supply): cp gas
HS (Hydraulic supply): cp thy lc
NS (Nitrogen supply): cp nit
SS (Steam supply): cp hi nc
WS (Water supply): cp nc
Mc tn hiu c th ghi km theo k hiu cc ng cp, v d ES 24DC k
hiu ng cp ngun 24V mt chiu.
Nhn thit b v k hiu chc nng
Mi thit b hoc chc nng biu din trn lu cn c phn bit bi
mt nhn (tag). Mt nhn bao gm phn ch biu din chc nng v phn s
phn bit vng kn (loop), trong phn s c th mang thng tin v khu vc
sn xut hoc s th t bn lu . V d nhn FIC-1103 biu din chc
nng iu khin (C) v hin th (I) lu tc (F), c th cho vng iu khin s 03
trong lu s 11.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
73
Bng 9.3 lit k ngha ca cc ch ci phn bit chc nng. Phn biu
din chc nng bt u bng mt ch ci k hiu bin o c hoc mt bin
khi to, sau n cc ch ci k hiu chc nng ch th hoc chc nng b
ng. Tip na l cc ch ci th hin chc nng u ra theo mt th t ty
, tr trng hp ch C (control) phi ng trc V (valve). Cc ch ci ph
nu c th s dng ngay ng sau mt ch ci chnh thay i ngha chc
nng, v d PD biu din chnh lch (D) p sut (P).
Lu rng, cc k hiu s dng tun theo chc nng ch khng theo
nguyn tc kt cu hay nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b. V d, mt thit b o
lu lng theo nguyn tc chnh lch p sut c k hiu l FT ch khng
phi PDT. Ch ci u tin k hiu bin c o (u ra ca qu trnh) hoc
bin khi to ch khng phi bin iu khin (u ra iu khin). V d, mt
van iu chnh lu lng c iu khin bi mt b iu khin p sut c
k hiu l PV ch khng phi FV.


2005, Hong Minh Sn
74
Bng 9.3: Cc ch ci k hiu nhn thit b
Ch ci u Cc ch ci ng sau

Bin o c hoc bin
khi to
Thay i
Chc nng hin th hoc
b ng
Chc nng u ra Thay i
A Phn tch (Analysis) Bo ng (Alarm)
B
t nng (Burner,
combustion)
Ty s dng Ty s dng Ty s dng
C Ty s dng iu khin (Control)
D Ty s dng
Chnh lch
(Differential)

E in p Phn t sensor
F Lu tc (Flow rate) T l (Fraction)
G Ty s dng
Knh (Glass), thit b
nhn

H Bng tay (Hand) Cao (High)
I Dng in Hin th (Indication)
J Cng sut Qut
K Thi gian, lch trnh Tn sut thay i Trm iu khin
L Mc (Level) nh sng (Light) Thp (Low)
M Ty s dng
Nht thi
(Momentary)
Trung bnh (Middle)
N Ty s dng Ty s dng Ty s dng Ty s dng
O Ty s dng Hn ch (Orifice)
P p sut (Pressure) im th (Point)
Q S lng(Quantity) Tch phn, tng s
R
Bc x, phng x
(Radiation)
Ghi chp (Record)
S Tc , tn s (Speed) An ton (Safety)
Chuyn mch
(Switch)

T Nhit (Temperature)
Truyn, pht
(Transmit)

U Nhiu bin a chc nng a chc nng a chc nng
V
rung (Vibration), phn
tch c hc

Van (Valve), gim
chn

W Trng lng (Weight), lc Ging (Well), phun
X Khng xp loi Trc X Khng xp loi Khng xp loi Khng xp loi
Y
S kin, trng thi hoc s
c mt
Trc Y
Rle, tnh ton, bin
i

Z V tr, kch thc Trc Z
Truyn ng, chp
hnh


2005, Hong Minh Sn
75
V d minh ha
Hnh 9.1 minh ha mt v d mch vng iu khin p sut. Lu chi tit
bn tri l c s cho thit k h thng v pht trin phn mm, trong khi lu
n gin ha bn phi c th xut hin trn cc lu cng ngh.
Mch vng iu khin p sut c iu khin bi trm iu khin DCS.
Gi tr t c a t mt my tnh thng qua ng truyn d liu. Mch
vng iu khin c s nhn 211, k hiu vng iu khin s 11 trn lu s
2. Thit b o p sut PT-211 c ni vi ng dn qua mt van kha v phm
vi lm vic 0-300 PSIG. Tn hiu ra l dng in 4-20mA, c k hiu u
vo AI-17 trong h DCS. B iu khin PIC-211 c thc hin thut ton PI
trn trm s 2 (C-2). u ra ca b iu khin c k hiu AO-21 c a
vo mt b chuyn i dng-p sut (PY-211) gn trn van iu chnh PCV-
211. Van iu chnh l loi tuyn tnh, ng an ton, c trang b b nh v
(P). C b nh v v b bin i c cp kh nn.
Hnh 9.1: Lu chi tit mt vng iu khin p sut (bn tri) v
lu n gin ha (bn phi)
9.2.2 Chun ISA S5.3
Chun m rng ISA S5.1 cho cc chc nng trong mt h iu khin phn
tn. Thc ra, S5.1 vn gi nguyn tp hp cc biu tng, nhng m rng v
chi tit ha ngha ca mt s biu tng.
Cc biu tng cho hin th/iu khin chia s
Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:
1) Hin th chia s
2) Hin th chia s v iu khin chia s
3) Truy nhp ch qua ng truyn thng
4) Giao din vn hnh trn ng truyn thng
Thit b lp ti v tr m rng:
PCV
211
LIN. FC
PIC
211
AI-17
S.P.
AO-21
P
AS
0-300#
PAH
dP/dt
C-#2
(PI)
PIC
211
PT
211
PY
211
AS
Chi tit n gin

2005, Hong Minh Sn
76
1) Lp trn panel ti v tr m rng, thng thng c giao din s
dng tng t, khng lp ti trm vn hnh trung tm
2) C th l mt b iu khin d phng hoc mt trm thao
tc bng tay
3) Truy nhp c th ch qua ng truyn thng
4) Giao din vn hnh qua ng truyn thng.
Thng thng ngi vn hnh khng th can thip:
1) B iu khin chia s cm (khng c giao din)
2) Hin th chia s lp ti hin trng
3) Tnh ton, iu ha tn hiu trong b iu khin chia s
4) C th c ni mng truyn thng
5) Thng thng vn hnh khng cn giao din
6) C th thay i khi cu hnh
Cc biu tng my tnh
Cc biu tng di y c s dng ch cc my tnh v chc nng
my tnh tch bit vi cc thnh phn c bn tch hp trong h DCS. Cc my
tnh ny c th c ni mng vi cc thnh phn cn li, hoc ng c lp.
Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:
1) Mn hnh ch th
2) My tnh iu khin
3) My tnh ghi chp
Bnh thng ngi vn hnh khng th can thip:
1) Giao din vo/ra
2) Tnh ton, iu ha tn hiu trong my tnh
3) C th s dng nh mt b iu khin cm hoc mt
module phn mm tnh ton.
Cc biu tng iu khin trnh t v logic
Biu tng cho iu khin logic hoc iu khin trnh t phc tp khng nh
ngha:
B iu khin logic trong h KPT vi chc nng iu khin logic hoc iu
khin trnh t:
1) B iu khin logic kh trnh, hoc iu khin logic s tch
hp trong cc thit b iu khin phn tn
2) Bnh thng ngi vn hnh khng can thip c.
ngha nh trn, nhng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:








2005, Hong Minh Sn
77
Tnh ton v iu ha tn hiu
Ngoi cc biu tng nh ngha trong S5.1, chun S5.3 cn b sung
biu tng ring cho tnh ton v iu ha tn hiu:

9.3 M hnh ha hng i tng
S dng ngn ng UML m hnh ha h thng:
T biu lp, biu trin khai c th xy dng cu hnh h thng
T biu trng thi c th chuyn sang SFC
T biu tng tc c th chuyn sang FBD (CFC)

(Chi tit v s dng UML xem [2])

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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10 LP TRNH IU KHIN PHN TN
10.1 Lp trnh theo chun IEC 61131-3
IEC 61131-3 l chun quc t duy nht v ngn ng lp trnh cho cc thit
b iu khin, c chp nhn rng ri trong cng nghip. Cc tin b so vi
cc phng php lp trnh PLC c in l:
Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng nht
Mt m hnh Task v Resource thch hp cho nhiu h thng khc nhau
Cc kiu d liu a dng, kh m
Mt th vin cc hm v khi chc nng chun
Bc u c tng hng i tng
Mt m hnh giao tip thng nht.
Nm ngn ng c chun ha l lit k lnh( IL, Instruction List), s tip
im (LD, Ladder Diagram), s khi chc nng (FBD, Function Block
Diagram), vn bn c cu trc (ST, Structured Text) v biu hot ng tun
t (SFC, Sequential Function Chart). Thc ra, trng tm ca IEC 61131-3 lc
u hng ti cc b iu khin kh trnh (PLC) n l, song mt s ngn ng
chun ha y cng phn nh cc ngn ng lp trnh tiu biu c dng
trong cc h iu khin phn tn. Nhng ngn ng l FBD, ST v SFC,
mc d trong thc t chng c nhng bin th khc nhau v c gi vi
nhng ci tn khc nhau. Hai ngn ng cn li l IL v LD thng ch c
s dng cho lp trnh cc PLC n l, nn khng c cp y.
Hnh 10-1: Minh ha mt s ngn ng lp trnh PLC
Mi ngn ng lp trnh nh FBD, ST v SFC thch hp cho vic th hin cc
kha cnh khc nhau trong mt chng trnh iu khin. C th l, FBD thch
hp cho bi ton iu khin qu trnh v iu khin logic trn c s cc khi
chc nng c sn, ST thch hp cho vic thc hin cc khi chc nng, SFC
ph hp cho bi ton iu khin trnh t v cho biu din trnh t hot ng
trong mt chng trnh mc cao hn FBD.
Instruction List (IL) StructuredText (ST)
FunctionBlock Diagram (FBD) Ladder Diagram(LD)
LD A
ANDN B
ST C
C:=A AND NOTB
A B C
-| |--|/|----------------( )
AND
A C
B

2005, Hong Minh Sn
79
10.1.1 Kiu d liu
Cc kiu d liu c s
Cc kiu d liu c s chun ha trong IEC 61131-3 c lit k trong
bng 10.1, km theo qui nh v chiu di nh v gi tr khi to mc nh.
Phm vi biu din ca cc s c th suy ra t chiu di nh. Cch biu din
cc s thc tun theo chun IEC 559.
Bng 10-1: Cc kiu d liu c s trong IEC 61131-3
STT T kha Kiu d liu Chiu di
(bit)
Gi tr khi to
mc nh
1 BOOL Kiu Bool 1 0/FALSE
2 SINT Kiu nguyn ngn 8 0
3 INT Kiu nguyn 16 0
4 DINT Kiu nguyn p 32 0
5 LINT Kiu nguyn di 64 0
6 USINT Kiu nguyn dng ngn 8 0
7 UINT Kiu nguyn dng 16 0
8 UDINT Kiu nguyn dng p 32 0
9 ULINT Kiu nguyn dng di 64 0
10 REAL S thc 32 0.0
11 LREAL S thc di 64 0.0
12 TIME Khong thi gian -- T#0S
13 DATE Ngy thng -- D#0001-01-01
14 TIME_OF_DAY
TOD
Thi gian trong ngy -- TOD#00:00:00
15 DATE_AND_TIME
DT
Ngy thng v thi gian -- DT#0001-01-01-
00:00:00
16 STRING Chui k t 8bit 8 x N ''
17 BYTE Chui 8 bit 8 0
18 WORD Chui 16 bit 16 0
19 DWORD Chui 32 bit 32 0
20 LWORD Chui 64 bit 64 0
21 WSTRING Chui k t 16bit 16 x N ""

Cc kiu d liu tng qut
Bn cnh cc kiu d liu c s, chun cn a ra khi nim kiu d liu
tng qut. Thc cht y l cc t kha i din cho mt nhm kiu c th
s dng trong mt s hm v khi chc nng tng qut. Vic s dng cc t
kha ny nhm n gin ha vic m t cc hm v khi chc nng c th p
dng cho nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cc kiu d liu tng qut

2005, Hong Minh Sn
80
khng c ngha no khc trong mt chng trnh, do ngi s dng
khng th khai bo mt bin thuc kiu tng qut. Qui nh v cc kiu d
liu tng qut c minh ha trong bng 10-2.
Bng 10-2: Cc kiu d liu tng qut trong IEC 61131-3
ANY
ANY_DERIVED
ANY_ELEMENTARY
ANY_MAGNITUDE
ANY_NUM
ANY_REAL
LREAL
REAL
ANY_INT
LINT, DINT, INT, SINT
ULINT, UDINT, UINT, USINT
TIME
ANY_BIT
LWORD, DWORD, WORD, BYTE, BOOL
ANY_STRING
STRING
WSTRING
ANY_DATE
DATE_AND_TIME
DATE, TIME_OF_DAY

Cc kiu d liu dn xut
Cc kiu dn xut c tm tt trong bng 10.3, gm c:
Cc kiu dn xut trc tip
Cc kiu lit k
Cc kiu dy con
Cc kiu mng
Cc kiu cu trc
Bng 10-3: Cc kiu d liu dn xut trong IEC 61131-3
STT M t/v d
1
Dn xut trc tip t kiu c s, v d
TYPE RU_REAL : REAL ; END_TYPE
2
Cc kiu lit k, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE: (SINGLE_ENDED, DIFFERENTIAL);
END_TYPE
3
Cc kiu dy con, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_DATA: INT (-4095..4095); END_TYPE
4
Cc kiu mng, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_16_INPUT_DATA: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_DATA;
END_TYPE

2005, Hong Minh Sn
81
STT M t/v d
5
Cc kiu cu trc, v d:
TYPE
ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION:
STRUCT
RANGE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_RANGE ;
MIN_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
MAX_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
END_STRUCT ;
ANALOG_16_INPUT_CONFIGURATION :
STRUCT
SIGNAL_TYPE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE ;
FILTER_PARAMETER : SINT (0..99) ;
CHANNEL: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION;
END_STRUCT ;
END_TYPE
10.1.2 T chc chng trnh
Chng trnh (PROGRAM), khi chc nng (FUNCTION_BLOCK) v hm
(FUNCTION) l cc n v t chc chng trnh (Program Organization Unit),
POU).
FUNCTION
Ging nh trong PASCAL, mt hm c mt hoc nhiu u vo v chnh
xc mt u ra. Mt hm khng c trng thi, c ngha l gi hm vi cc gi
tr u vo nh nhau s cho kt qu nh nhau.
V d v hm l cc hm ton hc SIN, COS, ADD,... hoc cc hm logic
AND, OR,... Mt hm c biu din ha nh trn Hnh 10-2.
Hnh 10-2: Khai bo v s dng mt hm
M khai bo/nh ngha v gi hm di dng ST c minh ha di y:

(* Khai bo v nh ngha hm *)
FUNCTION fct1 : REAL
VAR_INPUT
a, b: REAL;
c : REAL:= 1.0;
END_VAR
fct1 := a*b/c;
Name

P1
P2
P3


Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
Cc tham s hnh thc
KHAI BO HM
Name

P1
P2
P3
X
0.25
Cc tham s thc ti
S DNG HM

2005, Hong Minh Sn
82
END_FUNCTION

(* Gi hm *)
...
y := fct1(a:= x, b:= 2.0);
...
Cn lu :
Khai bo VAR_INPUT .. END_VAR cho cc bin u vo
Khai bo VAR .. EBD_VAR cho cc bin cc b
Kt qu tr v c gn cho tn hm
Cc hm cng c th c np chng c th p dng vi nhiu kiu
d liu khc nhau (Hnh 10-3).


Hnh 10-3: Khai bo hm np chng v hm thng thng
FUNCTION_BLOCK
Hm v khi chc nng l cc khi t chc chng trnh c gi tr s dng
li. Mt khi chc nng ging nh mt i tng, c trng thi v c th c
nhiu u ra, v d cc b iu khin ng, cc khu Flip-Flop, Timer,
Counter. Nu so snh vi mt i tng th mt khi chc nng ch c mt
hm thnh vin duy nht, v th cch gi mt khi chc nng tng t nh
cch gi mt hm. Mi khi chc nng c mt trng thi ring nn ta phi
phn bit gia kiu khi chc nng (ging nh lp) v th nghim khi chc
nng (ging nh i tng). Ty theo ng cnh m khi nim khi chc nng
c th hiu theo mt trong hai ngha trn. Vic gi mt khi chc nng cng
c thng qua tn ca bin th nghim, ch khng thng qua tn kiu khi
chc nng, nh minh ha trn Hnh 10-4.
Hnh 10-4: Khai bo v s dng mt khi chc nng
ADD




ANY_NUM
ANY_NUM
ANY_NUM
ANY_NUM
HM NP CHNG
ADD_REAL




REAK
REAL
REAL
REAL
HM THNG THNG
FB_NAME

P1 O1
P2 O2
P3


Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
Cc tham bin hnh thc
KHAI BO KHI CHC NMG
X
0.25
Cc tham s thc ti
S DNG KHI CHC NNG
fb1
Data Type
FB_NAME

P1 O1
P2 O2
P3
Y
Tn bin th nghim

2005, Hong Minh Sn
83
Di y l v d m mt khi chc nng, vit bng ST.

FUNCTION_BLOCK Example
VAR_INPUT
X : BOOL;
Y : BOOL;
END_VAR
VAR_OUTPUT
Z : BOOL;
END_VAR
VAR
INTERNAL_STATE: BOOL;
END_VAR
(* statements of functionblock body *)
END_FUNCTION_BLOCK
Cn lu :
Khai bo bin u vo vi VAR_INPUT .. END_VAR
Khai bo bin u ra vi VAR_OUTPUT .. END_VAR
Khai bo bin vo/ra vi VAR_IN_OUT .. END_VAR
Khai bo cc bin ni b (trng thi) vi VAR .. END_VAR
PROGRAM
Mt chng trnh c th coi nh mt mng cc hm v khi chc nng ni
vi nhau. Khc vi hm v khi chc nng, mt chng trnh c th s dng
cc bin ton cc, cc bin vo/ra qu trnh hoc cc bin nh a ch trc
tip. Mt bin c th thuc cc kiu d liu c bn hoc dn xut nu,
nhng cng c th l mt khi chc nng. Nh vy, cc khi chc nng c gi
tr s dng li, trong khi chng trnh th khng. Mt chng trnh hoc mt
khi chc nng c th c thc hin tun hon, theo s kin hay lin tc
nh cc tc v (TASK) tng ng. Nhiu chng trnh v khi chc nng c
th chia s cng mt tc v.
10.1.3 Ngn ng FBD
FBD l mt trong nm ngn ng c nh ngha trong IEC 61131-3.
tng ca ngn ng ny l xy dng chng trnh t cc khi chc nng
(function block) kt ni vi nhau bng tn hiu. Mi khi chc nng thc hin
mt nhim v x l no . Chng trnh xy dng bng ngn ng FBD c
hnh thc rt ging s khi ca h thng iu khin. Thc cht, FBD l s
kt hp ca s logic c in (binary logic diagram) v biu hot ng lin
tc (continuos function chart, CFC). Mi khi trong FBD c th l mt khi
logic nh AND, OR,... nhng cng c th l mt khi c cc u vo/ra tng
t nh ADD, PID, AI, AO,...
FBD thng c s dng thc hin mt phn tng i c lp ca
chng trnh iu khin trn c s cc khi chc nng c sn, v d lp trnh
cc mch vng iu khin qu trnh hoc cc mch logic iu khin kha lin
ng.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
84
10.1.4 Ngn ng ST
ST (Structured Text) l mt ngn ng bc cao mi c xy dng trn c s
c php PASCAL, nh vy rt thun tin cho vic th hin cc thut ton
phc tp trong iu khin qu trnh.
Bng 10-4: Lnh trong ST
No. Kiu lnh V d
1 Gn
A := B; CV := CV+1; C := SIN(X);
2

S dng hm
CMD_TMR(IN:=%IX5, PT:=T#300ms) ;
A := CMD_TMR.Q ;
3 Quay v RETURN
RETURN ;
4

iu kin r nhnh if

D := B*B - 4*A*C ;
IF D < 0.0 THEN NROOTS := 0 ;
ELSIF D = 0.0 THEN
NROOTS := 1 ;
X1 := - B/(2.0*A) ;
ELSE
NROOTS := 2 ;
X1 := (- B + SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ;
X2 := (- B - SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ;
END_IF ;
5 Phn nhnh CASE
TW := BCD_TO_INT(THUMBWHEEL);
TW_ERROR := 0;
CASE TW OF
1,5: DISPLAY := OVEN_TEMP;
2: DISPLAY := MOTOR_SPEED;
3: DISPLAY := GROSS - TARE;
4,6..10: DISPLAY := STATUS(TW - 4);
ELSE DISPLAY := 0 ;
TW_ERROR := 1;
END_CASE;
QW100 := INT_TO_BCD(DISPLAY);
6 Vng lp FOR
J := 101 ;
FOR I := 1 TO 100 BY 2 DO
IF WORDS[I] = 'KEY' THEN
J := I ;
EXIT ;
END_IF ;
END_FOR ;
7 Vng lp WHILE (3.3.2.4)
J := 1;
WHILE J <= 100 & WORDS[J] <> 'KEY' DO
J := J+2 ;
END_WHILE ;
8 Vng lp REPEAT (3.3.2.4)
J := -1 ;
REPEAT
J := J+2 ;
UNTIL J = 101 OR WORDS[J] = 'KEY'
END_REPEAT ;
9 Kt thc EXIT (3.3.2.4)
a

EXIT ;
10 Lnh rng
;


2005, Hong Minh Sn
85
10.1.5 Ngn ng SFC
SFC m t tin trnh hot ng tun t ca mt chng trnh iu khin.
SFC c xy dng trn c s mng Petri v chun IEC 848 Grafcet, vi cc
thay i cn thit c th thc hin chc nng iu khin thay v ch l mt
chun ti liu m t.
SFC bao gm cc bc (Step) v cc chuyn tip (Transition). Mi bc i
din cho mt trng thi c th ca h thng c iu khin. Mt chuyn tip
c gn mt iu kin logic, khi tr thnh ng s kt thc bc v kch
hot bc sau. Mt bc c lin kt vi mt khi hnh ng (Action Block)
thc hin cc thao tc iu khin. Cc khi hnh ng trong SFC u c
th c lp trnh bi mt ngn ng IEC bt k, k c chnh SFC, trong khi
cc iu kin chuyn tip c th c lp trnh bng bn ngn ng IL, LD,
FBD hoc ST. SFC cng cho php m t cc qu trnh phn nhnh cnh
tranh hoc cc qu trnh phn nhnh song song.
SFC cho php s dng cc bc ln (macro step), trong mi bc ln li
c th c biu din bng mt SFC khc. Nh vy ta c th m hnh ha ng
dng, lp trnh ng dng nhiu mc tru tng, to iu kin thun li cho
gii quyt cc bi ton phc tp.

Hnh 10-5: Mt v d SFC n gin

10.2 Lp trnh vi ngn ng bc cao
Bn cnh s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng, vic lp trnh vi
ngn ng bc cao phc v cc mc ch sau y:
M rng th vin khi chc nng
Th hin mt s chc nng m rng
Lp trnh cho h DCS trn nn PC
Ngn ng thng c s dng nht l C/C++. Vi cc cng c mnh trong
tay, vic lp trnh cc thut ton iu khin tr nn d dng. Bn cnh cc
lut iu khin logic hoc cc b iu khin phn hi PID, th kh nng thc
Step 1 N FILL
Step 3
Step 2 S Empty
Transition 1
Transition 2

2005, Hong Minh Sn
86
hin cc thut ton iu khin cao cp cng hon ton khng b gii hn
bi ngn ng lp trnh. Cc lut iu khin ny c th c s dng li nhiu
ln, v vy c th xy dng thnh mt th vin lp. Bn cnh cc yu t nh
tham s b iu khin v chu k ly mu, cn lu gii quyt hp l cc vn
thc t nh gii hn u vo, chuyn i ch iu khin bng tay/t
ng, hiu ng reset windup ( b iu khin PID).
a cc m vit bng C/C++ b sung vo th vin khi chc nng trong
mt h DCS, ngi lp trnh cn tun th theo mt qui nh nht nh. Thng
thng, vic ny khng d dng v i hi tnh nng m ca h thng.

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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11 CHC NNG IU KHIN GIM ST
11.1 Gii thiu chung v cc h iu khin gim st
iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (SCADA) l mt phn khng th
thiu c trong mt h thng t ng ha hin i. T nhng nm gn y,
tin b trong cc lnh vc truyn thng cng nghip v cng ngh phn mm
thc s em li nhiu kh nng mi, gii php mi.
Ging nh nhiu t vit tt c tnh cht truyn thng khc, khi nim
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) cng c hiu vi nhng
ngha hi khc nhau, tu theo lnh vc ng dng v theo thi gian. C th,
khi ni ti SCADA ngi ta ch lin tng ti mt h thng mng v thit b c
nhim v thun ty l thu thp d liu t cc trm xa v truyn ti v mt
khu trung tm x l. Cc h thng ng dng trong cng nghip khai thc
du kh v phn phi nng lng l nhng v d tiu biu. Theo cch hiu
ny, vn truyn thng c t ln hng u. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc
khi nim SCADA v "None-SCADA" li c dng phn bit cc gii php
iu khin gim st dng cng c phn mm chuyn dng (v d FIX,
InTouch, WinCC, Lookout, ...) hay phn mm ph thng (Access, Excel, Visual
Basic, Delphi, JBuilder, ...). y, cng ngh phn mm l vn c quan
tm ch yu.
Ni mt cch khi qut, mt h SCADA khng c g khc l mt h thng
iu khin gim st, tc l mt h thng h tr con ngi trong vic quan st
v iu khin t xa, cp cao hn h iu khin t ng thng thng.
ng nhin, c th quan st v iu khin t xa cn phi c h thng
truy nhp (khng ch thu thp!) v truyn ti d liu, cng nh cn phi c
giao din ngi-my (Human-Machine Interface, HMI). Ty theo trng tm ca
nhim v m ngi ta c th c nhng cch nhn khc nhau.
Nh ta thy, HMI l mt thnh phn trong mt h SCADA, tuy nhin khng
phi ch cp iu khin gim st, m ngay cc cp thp hn ngi ta cng
cn giao din ngi-my phc v vic quan st v thao tc vn hnh cc b.
V l do gi thnh, c tnh k thut cng nh phm vi chc nng, cc cp
gn vi qu trnh k thut ny cc OP chuyn dng chim vai tr quan trng
hn.
S tin b trong cng ngh phn mm v k thut my tnh PC, c bit l
s chim lnh th trng ca h iu hnh Windows NT cng vi cc cng
ngh ca Microsoft thc y s pht trin ca cc cng c to dng phn
mm SCADA theo mt hng mi, s dng PC v Windows NT lm nn pht
trin v ci t. T phm vi chc nng thun tu l thu thp d liu cho vic
quan st, theo di qu trnh, mt h SCADA ngy nay c th m nhim vai
tr iu khin cao cp, iu khin phi hp. Phng php iu khin theo m,
iu khin theo cng thc (batch control, recipe control) l nhng v d tiu

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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biu. Hn na, kh nng tch hp h iu khin gim st vi cc ng dng
khc nh cc phn mm qun l, ti u ha h thng,... ca ton cng ty
cng tr nn d dng hn.
Trong gii php iu khin phn tn, h thng truyn thng cc cp di
(bus trng, bus chp hnh-cm bin) c sn. Nu nh mng my tnh
ca mt cng ty cng c trang b (ch yu dng Ethernet), th c s h
tng cho vic truyn thng khng cn l vn ln phi gii quyt. Chnh v
vy, trng tm ca vic xy dng cc gii php SCADA trong thi im hin
nay l vn la chn cng c phn mm thit k giao din v tch hp h
thng.
Trong mt h iu khin phn tn, chc nng SCADA l mt thnh phn
khng th thiu c. Nh vy c th ni, mt h DCS bao gi cng c chc
nng SCADA, trong khi mt h SCADA theo ng ngha ca n khng th l
mt h DCS.
11.1.1 Cc thnh phn chc nng c bn
Xt mt cch tng qut, mt h SCADA bao gm cc thnh phn chc nng
lit k di y.
Phn cng
Thit b thu thp d liu: PLC, RTU, PC, I/O, cc u o thng minh
H thng truyn thng: Mng truyn thng, cc b dn knh/phn knh,
Modem, cc b thu pht.
Trm qun l d liu: My ch (PC, Workstation), cc b tp trung d
liu (Data concentrator, PLC, PC)
Trm vn hnh (Operator Station)




Hnh 11-1: Cc thnh phn phn mm trong mt h SCADA
Phn mm:
Giao din vo/ra (phn mm giao din qu trnh), di dng cc I/O-
Drivers, I/O-Servers (DDE,OPC,...).
Giao din ngi-my

2005, Hong Minh Sn
89
C s d liu qu trnh
H thng cnh bo, bo ng
Lp bo co t ng
iu khin cao cp: iu khin m, iu khin trnh t, iu khin cng
thc, iu khin chuyn gia...
Cc thnh phn ni trn c tch hp trong mt h iu khin phn
tn. V vy, vic xy dng cc chc nng SCADA y n gin hn nhiu so
vi trong cc h khc.
11.1.2 Cng c phn mm SCADA/HMI
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng:
Cng c lp trnh ph thng
Cng c tch hp trong mt h DCS
Cng c c lp, c th s dng cho nhiu h thng khc nhau: WinCC
(Siemens), InTouch (Wonderware), iFIX (Intellution), Genesis (Iconics),
LookOut (NI)
Phn loi theo kin trc phn mm:
Kin trc truyn thng
Kin trc hng i tng
Kin trc Web
Kin trc hng i tng
Hin nay, c l khng mt phn mm SCADA no t nhn l tin tin m
khng a t kha hng i tng vo danh sch cc c tnh u vit
qung co. Mc d trong i a s cc trng hp, cch s dng thut ng
nh vy mang tnh cht lm dng, nhng qua ta cng thy t hay nhiu
tm quan trng ca cng ngh i tng. Thc cht, cc th vin thnh phn
sn c trong nhng sn phm thuc th h mi thng c xy dng trn c
s mt m hnh i tng, c bit phi ni ti m hnh COM ca Microsoft.
Vic s dng mt m hnh i tng thnh phn chun cng nghip nh
COM mang li nhiu u th nh:
Nng cao hiu sut cng vic thit k, xy dng giao din ngi-my
bng cch s dng ActiveX-Controls
GIAO
DIN
NGI
H
THNG
CNH
LP BO
CO T
NG
IU KHIN
CAO CP
I/O-
DRIVE
I/
I/O-
DRIVE
I/O-
SERVER
C S D
LIU QU

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Nng cao kh nng tng tc v kh nng m rng, hay ni cch khc
l tnh nng m ca h thng
Thun li trong vic s dng mt chun giao din qu trnh nh OPC
kt ni vi cc thit b cung cp d liu.
Qu tht, hu ht (nu khng ni l tt c) cc phn mm SCADA tin tin
nht hin nay u h tr COM, c th l u c ba c im nu trn. Nu
trc y to c mt mn hnh giao din ha, mt k s c kinh
nghim cn trung bnh mt vi ngy, th nay thi gian c th gim xung ti
mt vi gi. S dng mt cng c thch hp, ta c th hon ton tp trung vo
cng vic chnh m khng cn kin thc chuyn su v lp trnh. Cng ngh
i tng thnh phn v cc phng php khng lp trnh m ra kh nng
ny.
Kin trc Web
Ch trong vng my nm gn y, Web pht trin thnh mt trong
nhng cng ngh tin hc quan trng bc nht. Khng ch l mt phng tin
truyn b v truy nhp thng tin i chng nh trong thi gian u mi hnh
thnh, bn thn Web hin tr thnh mt mi trng a nng cho cc ng
dng phn tn.
Mt ng dng Web cu thnh bi s tng tc gia Web server, Web
browser, trang HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) vi cc ng dng v ph
kin khc. Nhng ng dng cng hay c gi l cc ng dng nhiu lp
(multi-tier applications).
S dng Web lm nn cho cc ng dng SCADA khng ch mang li hiu
qu v thi gian ci t phn mm, m trc tin l m ra kh nng mi cho
vic tch hp h thng t ng ha trong mt h thng thng tin thng nht
ca cng ty. iu khin gim st khng cn l chc nng c quyn ca cc
chuyn vin k thut. Mt gim c iu hnh sn xut, hay mt tng gim
c cng ty u c th quan st v tham gia iu hnh qu trnh sn xut t
phng lm vic ring, ch qua mn hnh, bn phm v chut. Tng t, cc
bo co v tnh hnh sn xut cng nh cc ch th khng nht thit phi i
theo con ng giy t hay truyn ming, m trc tip din ra "on-line".
a SCADA ln Web cng to iu kin thun li cho cc dch v bo tr h
thng t xa. Cc nh cung cp gii php t ng ha khng cn phi n trc
tip c s sn xut, m c th theo di ton b din bin qu trnh k thut
qua mt trnh duyt nh Internet Explorer hay Netscape Navigator, trn c s
c th chn on, xc nh li v a ra phng hng gii quyt thch
hp.
C th ni, mt trong nhng yu t mang li thnh cng cho cng ngh
Web l m hnh n gin, khng ph thuc vo nn trin khai v s dng.
Hu ht cc loi my tnh, hu ht cc h iu hnh thng dng u cho

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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php ci t Web server v Web browser. Tuy nhin, m hnh Web nguyn
s th hin r nhng yu im sau:
Giao thc HTTP c tnh nng km, khng thch hp cho cc ng dng
mang tnh tng tc v thi gian thc.
S ngho nn ca HTML.
Cu trc x l nhiu lp mc d linh hot nhng hiu sut km.
an ton v tin cy ca Web cn rt thp.
khc phc nhng yu im trn, ngi ta a ra nhiu gii php
khc nhau. Trong phm vi hp ca bo co tc gi khng th a ra y ,
cng nh khng th i su vo chi tit tng gii php, nht l khi cc tin b
cng ngh Web hin nay c cp nht khng ngng. Nhn mt cch tng
qut, ta c th tm tt li nhng k thut chnh c p dng hin nay nh
sau:
Dng ActiveX-Controls hoc JavaApplets kt hp vi cc bin ng
(scripting language) nh VBScript, JavaScript,... hoc dng Dynamic-
HTML nng cao tnh tng tc v kh nng lp trnh cho trang Web.
S dng giao thc ring bit kt hp vi ActiveX-Controls hoc
JavaApplets v b qua HTTP nhm tng hiu sut ca ng dng. K
thut ny thng c cc nh sn xut ActiveX-Controls hoc
JavaApplets p dng trong cc sn phm ca mnh.
Dng plug-ins trong Web server v Web browser m rng, ci tin
chc nng cho cc ng dng. K thut ny c dng chng hn trong
cc sn phm ca cng ty Netscape Communications.
Hu ht cc Web server v Web browser u dnh sn cc giao din lp
trnh (APIs) to iu kin cho ngi dng m rng, ci tin chc nng
cho cc ng dng.
Dng sn phm Web server v Web browser ring ti u tnh nng
vn hnh ca ng dng. K thut ny c dng chng hn trong Scout
- mt b chng trnh quan st tin trnh da Web ca cng ty
Wonderware.
11.2 Xy dng cu trc h thng
t vn
Yu cu thc t ca ng dng: qui m h thng, gi thnh
Hiu nng ca h thng: Kh nng cp nht d liu, cp nht mn hnh,
hiu sut s dng ng truyn
tin cy ca h thng
Kh nng h tr bi cc cng c phn mm
Cu trc mt ngi s dng (single-user)
Ghp ni im-im
Ghp ni nhiu im: vai tr ca mng truyn thng

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Cu trc nhiu ngi s dng (multi-user)
Mt mn hnh/mt trm
Nhiu mn hnh/mt trm
Kin trc Client/Server: Cu trc mng phng v cu trc mng phn
cp
Cu trc h thng qui m ln:
S lng ln cc thit b thu thp d liu: Vai tr ca cc b tp trung
d liu
H thng din rng: Vai tr cc b dn knh/phn kn, cc b thu/pht,
modem, mng vin thng, Internet.
11.3 Thit k giao din ngi-my
Giao din ngi-my l h thng phn mm h tr con ngi theo di qu
trnh cc din bin ca k thut, trng thi v cc thng s lm vic ca cc
thit b trong h thng, qua c th thc hin cc thao tc vn hnh v can
thip t xa ti h thng iu khin pha di. Ngy nay, cc phn mm giao
din ngi-my ch yu c xy dng trn nn my tnh c nhn, da trn
cc k thut ha hin i. Giao din ngi-my l mt trong cc thnh
phn chnh ca mt h thng iu khin gim st.
11.3.1 Yu cu chung
n gin, d s dng (easy-to-use)
Bn vng, kh gy li (robustness)
Tnh thng tin cao (informativeness)
Nht qun (consistency)
p, nh nhn (good-looking, elegant)
11.3.2 Cc phng php giao tip ngi-my
a lnh trc tip
La chn lnh t menu
Giao tip qua hp thoi
11.3.3 Thit k cu trc mn hnh
Yu cu cu trc cc mn hnh
Gn vi cc my mc, thit b, cng ngh thc
Khoa hc, kt hp hp l phng php s dng chuyn cp hoc la
chn nhanh

Phn cp mn hnh
Tng quan h thng (system overview), h thng con (subsystem
overview)
Tng quan nhm (group overview)
Hin th nhm (group display)

2005, Hong Minh Sn
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Hin th chi tit (details display)
Hnh nh h thng, hnh nh phm vi/cng on/my mc di dng
lu cng ngh (process diagram) hoc hnh nh dy chuyn sn xut
th (trends): th thi gian thc, th qu kh
Ca s bo ng (alarm windows)
11.3.4 Cc nguyn tc thit k
Mu sc
Ch dng mu sc khi tht cn thit
Nn: mu ti, v d xm sm hoc xanh lam m
My mc, thit b: S dng hnh phng, mu v sng khc t so vi
nn, c gng trnh 3D, trnh cc mu hoa vn
Hnh tnh (ng ng, my mc): trnh cc mu ti, chi
Tn hiu trng thi, hnh ng: Chn cc mu ti, chi
Ch vit
Hn ch s font ch, kiu ch, chnh lch ln
Chn phng, trnh cc hiu ng c bit (3D, ln sng, ng vin,...)
Cc hnh nh ng
H tr phn bit trng thi, v d nhp nhy
Nht qun trong tt c cc mn hnh
Cc s nn chnh cn phi, cc bin lin quan trc tip gn nhau v
cng cch biu din
Biu din cc n v vt l vi gi tr s v n v, khng dng %

2005, Hong Minh Sn
94
12 TNH SN SNG V TIN CY CA CC H
KPT
12.1 t vn
Tnh sn sng v tin cy ca h thng ph thuc vo:
tin cy ca tng thit b
Cu trc h thng
Tnh nng h thng truyn thng
C ch d phng
C ch an ton
C ch khi ng li sau s c ngun
C ch bo mt
Kh nng bo tr
...
12.2 C ch d phng
Yu cu:
Cc thnh phn quan trng cn c d phng hon ton trng hp
li mt thnh phn n (phn cng & phn mm) khng lm mt i tnh
nng do n cung cp
Li mi module hoc card c php khng gy ra t lit hn mt trm
vn hnh hoc mt vng iu khin.
Phn bit
D phng lnh
D phng nng: D phng cnh tranh v d phng d tr
Cc bin php d phng nng
D phng CPU: Mi trm iu khin cn c CPU d phng cnh tranh,
thc hin song song v ng b vi CPU chnh v so snh kt qu
D phng trm iu khin: D phng d tr 1:1, chuyn mch kp thi,
trn tru
D phng d tr h thng mng: D phng cp truyn, d phng
module truyn thng v cc thit b mng khc, chuyn mch kp thi,
trn tru, thi gian chuyn mch < 1ms
D phng vo/ra
D phng trm vn hnh 1:n
D phng trm server 1:1
D phng lnh:
Cho php thay th trc tuyn cc module vo/ra v cc card khc
Cho php thay th cc trm iu khin trong mt thi gian nhanh nht

2005, Hong Minh Sn
95
12.3 C ch an ton
C c ch dng an ton, dng khn cp (mch cng hoc qua bus an
ton) khi h thng c cc c cu chuyn ng
Tn hiu ra tng t h tr ch an ton khi mt lin lc vi trm iu
khin hoc khi pht hin trm iu khin c li (gi gi tr cui hoc a
v gi tr mc nh)
12.4 C ch khi ng li sau s c
Cc trm iu khin cn c kh nng t pht hin li mt ngun, thc
hin x l v t cc tn hiu ra v trng thi an ton, sau khi c ngun
tr li phi c kh nng hi phc trng thi c
Cc trm vn hnh phi c kh nng t hi phc trng thi lm vic
trc khi xy ra s c
Tt c cc nt mng phi c kh nng t khi ng mt cch c lp vi
cc nt khc
12.5 Bo mt
t ch bo mt theo trm hoc theo ngi s dng hn ch, kim
sot quyn truy nhp d liu v iu khin
t ch bo mt da trn tng tag ring r hoc tng ca s ring r
Ngi vn hnh cn s dng m ID v mt khu
Cho php thc hin bo mt theo nhm
12.6 Bo tr
Ch bo tr: H thng cn cho php ngi vn hnh a trc tip gi
tr bin qu trnh trong trng hp thit b trng hng, cn sa cha
hoc ang c hiu chnh
Ch th li: mi module, mi card hoc b ngun cn c trang b n
LED hoc n khc ch th trng thi vn hnh
Chn on: H thng phi h tr chn on trc tuyn vi cc yu cu
ti thiu nh:
- CPU ca trm iu khin cn c bin php pht hin v sa li trong b
nh
- Mng truyn thng thi gian thc cn s dng bin php bo ton d
liu pht hin li
- Thng bo li v cc thng tin chn on vi ngi vn hnh v cp
ngun, qut thng gi/lm mt, cc card DCS, my in, ROM ca trm
iu khin, li thc hin thut ton iu khin, li np chng trnh
ln/xung,...
System back-up: Ton b h thng phn mm cn c lu tr backup
trn cc phng tin ph thng, tt c cc phn mm pht trin, chng

2005, Hong Minh Sn
96
trnh ng dng v cc gi phn mm chun cng nh tu chn phi
c cung cp cng a cng hoc a CD.
Cc cng c c bit do nh sn xut cung cp, phc v chn on v
thay th thit b


2005, Hong Minh Sn
97
13 NH GI V LA CHN GII PHP IU
KHIN PHN TN
13.1 nh gi v la chn cc sn phm DCS tch hp trn
vn
13.1.1 Phm vi chc nng
Chc nng iu khin c s
Phng php iu khin vng kn (PID, MPC, Fuzzy) vi cc yu cu cng
nghip nh chuyn ch Manual/Automatic trn tru, Anti-Reset-
Windup.
iu khin logic, kha lin ng
Chc nng iu khin cao cp
iu khin m, iu khin cng thc
iu khin thch nghi, bn vng, ti u
iu khin chuyn gia
Chc nng iu khin gim st
Cht lng giao din ha
Kh nng lp bo co t ng
C ch qun l v x l s kin, s c
H tr ActiveX-Control v OPC
H tr giao din c s d liu ODBC
Chc nng Web
13.1.2 Cu trc h thng v cc thit b thnh phn
Cu trc vo/ra phn tn hay vo/ra tp trung
Cu trc cp iu khin
Cu trc cp iu khin gim st
Cc chng loi thit b h tr
Cc h thng mng truyn thng c h tr (c bit bus trng lin
quan ti cc chng loi thit b trng c th h tr).
13.1.3 Tnh nng m
Kh nng t m rng h thng
La chn cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc
H tr cc chun cng nghip (COM, OPC, ActiveX-Control, MMS, IEC,...)
13.1.4 Pht trin h thng
Cu hnh h thng
n gin, hng i tng
Kh nng pht trin h thng mt cch xuyn sut

2005, Hong Minh Sn
98
Cu hnh v tham s ha cc thit b v mng truyn thng d dng
qua phn mm t trm k thut
Lp trnh iu khin
n gin, hng i tng
Cc ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng (FBD, SFC, ST,...)
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao (C/C++, BASIC)
Lp trnh giao tip ngm hay hin
Kh nng t m rng th vin chc nng (thng qua mt ngn ng lp
trnh bc cao)
13.1.5 tin cy v tnh sn sng
C ch d phng
Kh nng bo mt
...
13.1.6 Gi thnh, chi ph
Chi ph ban u
Chi ph thit k h thng
Chi ph phn cng
Chi ph phn mm cng c
Chi ph pht trin phn mm ng dng
Chi ph trin khai, a vo vn hnh
Chi ph o to, chuyn giao cng ngh
...
Chi ph vn hnh
Chi ph bo tr, bo dng thit b v phn mm
Chi ph thit b thay th
Chi ph dch v h tr k thut
Chi ph dng h thng khi xy ra s c
...
13.2 So snh gii php DCS tch hp trn vn vi cc gii
php khc
So snh trn c s cc tiu ch:
Phm vi chc nng
tin cy v tnh sn sng
Tnh nng m
Pht trin h thng
Gi thnh, chi ph
So snh vi gii php PLC+SCADA/HMI
Tham kho [11]

2005, Hong Minh Sn
99
So snh vi gii php PC + SCADA/HMI
Tham kho [10]







2005, Hong Minh Sn
100
14 GII THIU MT S H IU KHIN PHN
TN TIU BIU
14.1 PCS7 ca Siemens
14.2 PlantScape ca Honeywell
14.3 DeltaV ca Fisher Rosermount
14.4 Centum CS1000/CS3000 ca Yokogawa
14.5 AdvantOCS ca ABB

Tham kho cc ti liu i km a CD.



2005, Hong Minh Sn
101
15 MT S HNG NGHIN CU V NG DNG
15.1 Tr tu nhn to phn tn
i vi cc h thng mang c th tnh phn tn, vic ng dng tr tu
nhn to phn tn l mt trong nhng hng nghin cu mi, ha hn nhiu
kt qu kh quan. Gn y, agent (tc t) v multi-agent (a tc t) c coi
l cc cng ngh trng tm ca tr tu nhn to phn tn, thu ht c s
quan tm ca ng o gii nghin cu trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin.
Agent l mt thc th phn mm thng minh, c kh nng t hot ng vi
nhim v xc nh t c cc mc tiu ra. ng lu l trong
thc t khng c nh ngha no cho khi nim agent c chp nhn mt
cch thng nht. Hu nh ngi ta ch c th nht tr rng t hot ng
(autonomy) l trng tm trong khi nim agent. C th ni, chnh v ng trn
cc quan im ng dng khc nhau nn mi nh nghin cu tm cch a ra
mt nh ngha thch hp nht vi lnh vc ng dng c th. Do , vic phn
loi agent trc nh ngha c l hp l hn qu trnh ngc li.
Trong thc t cng c nhiu quan im phn loi agent khc nhau. V d,
mt s tc gi phn bit agent thng minh, agent di ng vi agent thng
thng. Trn Hnh 15-1 l m hnh phn loi theo Nwana, c chp nhn
tng i rng ri.
Hnh 15-1: Phn loi agent theo Nwana
Cc agent c th thit k theo m hnh single-agent hoc multi-agent. Cc
single-agent khng nhn bit cc agent khc cng tng tc, m n ch coi
cc agent l mt phn ca mi trng xung quanh. Mt h thng multi-
agent c th phn chia mt nhim v nhiu agent cng phi hp gii quyt.
iu ny rt c ngha trong mt h thng iu khin phn tn.
Theo nhiu quan im, agent c nhng c im chnh nh sau:
Thng minh v c kh nng hot ng c lp (Autonomy and
Intelligence): cc agent t kim sot v chu trch nhim v nhng quyt

Hp tc

Hc

T hot
ng
1
2
3
4
Agent thng minh
Agent hp tc-hc
Agent giao din Agent hp tc


2005, Hong Minh Sn
102
nh v hnh vi ca mnh, t hot ng m khng cn i nhng tc
ng t ngoi vo.
C kh nng hc (Learning): tn ti trong mt mi trng ng, cc agent
phi c kh nng hc c th thch nghi v gii quyt nhng vn
ny sinh.
C kh nng giao tip (Communication): giao tip gia cc agent, v gia
agent vi con ngi.
C kh nng phi hp hot ng (Co-operation): vi cc agent khc v vi
con ngi nhm gii quyt nhng vn phc tp m mt agent khng
th thc hin.
C kh nng di chuyn (Mobility): mt agent c th di chuyn qua h
thng, t khu vc ny n khu vc khc nhm thu thp d liu.
Tuy nhin, trong cc c tnh trn, ch c tnh th nht v th hai c
coi l ct li, cn cc c tnh khc ch l tiu biu trong cc ng dng thc
t. V d, kh nng giao tip v phi hp hot ng l hai c tnh trong mt
h multi-agent. Hay kh nng di chuyn l mt c tnh tiu biu trong cc
ng dng Internet, tuy khng thc s cn thit trong nhiu h thng ng
dng khc.
15.2 iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng
15.2.1 t vn
H thng giao thng ni chung v h thng iu khin tn hiu giao thng
th ni ring l nhng h phn tn tiu biu, vic p dng phng php
iu khin cc b hay tp trung u khng thch hp. phc tp ca cu
trc phn tn y khng nhng th hin qua phn b a l trn phm vi
rng, m cn qua s phn tn chc nng v tnh bt nh, d thay i ca m
hnh. Da trn tng tr tu phn tn, ngi ta c th xy dng mt m
hnh kin trc tng th cho iu khin thng minh h thng n tn hiu giao
thng.
15.2.2 M hnh h thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng bng
cng ngh Agent
H thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng th a ra y c cu trc
phn tn hon ton, c thc hin di dng mt h multi-agent, trong
vic iu khin ti mi nt giao thng do mt agent m nhim. Thc cht,
mi agent y l mt b iu khin thch nghi, c kh nng nhn bit tnh
hnh giao thng thc t a ra quyt nh iu khin mt cch thng
minh. V d, mt agent c th da vo lng giao thng thc t ti cc ln
ng m a ra quyt nh v thi gian m n xanh, s dng l thuyt logic
m .

2005, Hong Minh Sn
103
Hnh 15-2: M hnh h thng iu khin tn hiu giao thng
M hnh h thng c minh ha n gin ha trn Hnh 15-2. Cc ng
ng-Ty c nh s l v cc ng Bc-Nam c nh s chn. Cc
agent iu khin nt (Ax.y) thuc mt tuyn ng c ni mng vi nhau
thnh mt nhm. Nh vy, mt agent iu khin nt thng thng thuc hai
nhm khc nhau ng vi hai tuyn ng. Trong iu kin thng thng,
gia cc agent ln cn c s giao tip v phi hp hot ng t c mc
tiu ra l ti u kh nng lu thng trn mt tuyn ng. V d, A3.4 c
th hp tc vi A3.2, A3.6, A1.4 v A.5.4.
Trng hp c s c trong giao tip xy ra (v d do s c mng), mi agent
phi c kh nng chuyn t ch hp tc sang ch hot ng hon ton
c lp. Khi , mi agent khng c thng tin h tr t cc agent khc, m
phi t nhn bit tnh hung phn on v khai thc thng tin. iu khin
ln sng xanh l mt v d tiu biu. Trong trng hp bnh thng, cc agent
trn cng mt tuyn ng mt chiu c th trao i thng tin v thi im
m n xanh to ra kh nng lu thng tt nht. Tuy nhin, khi c s c
xy ra v mt giao tip, mi agent s phi t nhn bit mu lu lng giao
thng thng qua cc thit b o ra quyt nh phi hp m n xanh.
C th thy rng, vic ti u ha ton cc cho h thng bng phng php
tnh cng nh phng php ng nhng tp trung l mt bi ton khng th
gii c i vi mt h phn tn c cu trc v tham s thay i. Ngc li,
vic ti u ha cc b cho tng nt giao thng khng th mang li hiu qu
cao nht cho ton h thng. Ging nh trong mt nn kinh t th trng, vn
trng tm y l kh nng t hc, t thch nghi v hp tc gia cc agent
iu khin nt c th cng nhau t c mc tiu chung mt cch tt
nht cho c h thng.
iu khin thng minh mang n kh nng linh hot rt ln cho h thng
n tn hiu v em li s thun tin ti u cho h thng giao thng. ng
dng tr tu phn tn v cng ngh agent, multi-agent vo trong cc h thng
A1.0
A3.0
A5.1
A1.2
A3.2
A5.2
A1.4 A1.6 A1.8
A5.4 A5.6
A3.4 A3.6
A3.8
A5.8

0 2
4
6 8
1
3
5

2005, Hong Minh Sn
104
iu khin phn tn ni chung v cc h thng giao thng ni ring l mt
hng nghin cu c nhiu trin vng.
15.3 iu khin v gim st cc h thng sn xut v cung
cp in
H thng sn xut v cung cp in cng l mt v d in hnh mt h
thng phn tn qui m ln, do vic p dng cc phng php iu khin
phn tn s mang li hiu qu tt.
Mt s vn ln c t ra:
iu khin cc b tng nh my in, tng khu vc v iu khin phi
hp trong mt h thng in li quc gia
Ti u ha cc b v ti u ha ton cc (cht lng v hiu qu kinh
t)
Truyn thng ng di
Tnh ngu nhin, tnh bt nh, tnh hn hp ca h thng.
Mt s hng gii php l:
S dng cng ngh tc t v a tc t cho iu khin cc b v phi hp
hot ng trong ton h thng
Cng ngh truyn thng qua ng dy ti in
Cng ngh Web cho chc nng iu khin gim st.
...



TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Martin Fowler, Kendall Scott: UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard
Object Modeling Language (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley, 1999.
[2] James Rumbaugh, Iva Jacobson, Grady Booch: The unified modeling
language reference manual. Addison Wesley 1999. (*)
[3] Erich Gamma et. al.: Design Patterns Elements of Reuseable Object-
Oriented Software. Addision- Wesley, 1995.
[4] OMG: CORBA Specification. www.omg.org (*)
[5] Microsoft Corp.: DCOM- Technical Overview. White Paper. MSDN-
Library. (*)
[6] Microsoft Corp.: Dr. GUI on Components, COM, and ATL. MSDN
Selected Online Column. (*)
[7] OPC Foundation: OPC Data Access Custom Interfaces Specification 2.0.
www.opcfoundation.org. (*)
[8] OPC Foundation: OPC Data Access Automation Interfaces Specification
2.0. www.opcfoundation.org (*)
[9] ng Anh Vit, Bi Quang Vit: Xy dng phn mm khung cho gii php
iu khin trn nn PC. n tt nghip, BM iu khin T ng, i
hc Bch khoa H Ni, 5/2002.
[10] Tp ch T ng ha ngy nay.
[11] Chun IEC-61131-3 v IEC-61499: www.holobloc.com (*)
[12] Trang Web v IEC-61131-3: www.plcopen.org
[13] Cc ti liu sn phm DCS ca mt s hng (*)


(*): C trong a CD ti liu km theo bi ging.