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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TPHCM


KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

ti:

CHUA
GVHD: Nguyn Th Tho Minh
SVTH: Th 4_Nhm 01_Tit 123
1. Nguyn Th Minh Nht
(2005100013)
2. Dng Th Huyn Trang
(2005100099)
3. Phan M Ngc Dung
(2005100147)

TPHCM,06-2013

TPHCM,5-2013

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

2
MC LC

1. Tng quan v c chua:..............................................................................3


1.1. Gii thiu chung....................................................................................3
1.2. Vng nguyn liu, sn lng................................................................4
1.3. Thu hoch v bo qun.........................................................................6
2. Cc sn phm t c chua ........................................................................9
2.1. Mt s sn phm.......................................................................................9
2.2. C chua c c........................................................................................11
2.2.1. Tiu chun cht lng sn phm,tiu chun an ton sn phm.......11
2.2.2 Yu cu ca nguyn liu...................................................................14
2.2.3. Ph gia..............................................................................................15
2.2.4. Quy trnh cng ngh v thit b........................................................21
2.2.4.1.Quy trnh cng ngh.....................................................................21
2.2.4.2. Thit b........................................................................................30
3. Tn dng ph liu trong sn xut c chua............................................37
3.1. Sn xut cht mu thc phm............................................................37
3.2. Sn xut du ht c chua....................................................................37
TI LIU THAM KHO..........................................................................39

1. Tng quan v c chua:

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

1.1 Gii thiu chung


C chua l loi rau lm thc phm, ph
bin nhiu nc ch sau cy khoai ty. Qu
c chua mng, ban u c mu xanh, chn
chuyn sang mu t vng n , c nhiu
hnh dng: trn, dt, c cnh, c mi
C chua c gi tr dnh dng cao, cha
nhiu nc, glucide, nhiu acide hu c (acide
malic, acide citric), nhiu loi vitamin (A,
B1, B2, C, PP), cc mui khong (Ca, P, Mg, K, S) v nhiu nguyn t vi
lng (Zn, Fe, Cu, I) cn thit cho c th. Hng ngy n khong 100g c
chua ti c th cung cp 13% vitamin A, 5% acide folic, 8% vitamin B 1,
33% vitamin C cn thit cho ngi trng thnh v cung cp cho c th
22kcal.
Mt s tc dng ca c chua: cung cp nng lng, khong, gii nhit,
chng hoi t, dung mi thi ure, tiu ha tinh bt d dng hn. Trong c
chua c lycopen l cht chng qu trnh lo ha v chng ung th.
* C nhiu ging c chua ang c trng Vit Nam. C th chia c
chua thnh 3 loi da vo hnh dng:
- C chua hng: qu c hnh dng qu
hng, khng chia mi. Tht qu c, nhiu
bt, lng ng trong qu cao. Nng sut
thng t 25 30 tn/ha. Cc ging
thng gp: Ba Lan, hng lan ca Vin cy
lng thc; ging 214; HP5; HP1 ca Hi Phng

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

- C chua mi: qu to, nhiu ngn to thnh mi, l ging cy sinh


trng v hn, thi gian sinh trng di, nng sut v kh nng chng chu
kh nhng cht lng khng bng c chua hng.

- C chua bi: qu nh, chua, gi tr thp, thng dng lm nguyn liu


to ging.

Qu c chua c nhiu kch c v mu sc khi chn khc nhau (vng, da


cam, hng, ) nhng c chua mu giu cht dinh dng v cc hp
cht c hot tnh sinh hc nht.
1.2. Vng nguyn liu, sn lng
a. Trn th gii:
C chua pht trin trn ton th gii do s tng trng ti trong nhiu
iu kin pht trin khc nhau. C chua c trng trt ph bin nht l loi
qu ng knh khong 5 6 cm, hu ht cho tri cy mu , mt s cho
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

qu vng, cam, hng, tm, xanh l cy, en hoc mu trng, c bit c loi
c chua nhiu mu v c sc.
Khong 150 triu tn c chua c sn xut ra trn th gii trong nm
2009. Trung Quc l nc sn xut c chua ln nht, chim khong mt
phn t sn lng ton cu, tip theo l Hoa K v n . Cc khu vc ch
bin ti California chim 90% lng sn xut M v 35% lng sn xut
th gii. Theo FAOSTAT, cc quc gia sn xut c chua nhiu nht th gii
nm 2009 l :
Sn lng c chua 2009
(s lng: tn)
Trung Quc
45.365.543
Hoa K
14.141.900
n
11.148.800
Th Nh K
10.745.600
Ai Cp
10.000.000
Tng ton cu
152.956.115
b. Vit Nam
Vit Nam, cy c chua c xp vo cc loi rau c gi tr kinh t cao,
din tch trng c chua ln n chc ngn ha, tp trung ch yu ng bng
v trung du pha Bc.
Hin nay c mt s ging chu nhit mi lai to chn lc c th trng ti
min Trung, Ty Nguyn v Nam B nn din tch ngy cng c m rng.
Nhiu ging c chua lai ghp cht lng tt c pht trin mnh Lt,
Lm ng. Mt s ging c chua cht lng c xut khu ra th trng
th gii.
Theo thng k, Lm ng hin l a phng c din tch, nng sut v
sn lng c chua ln nht c nc vi khong t 4000 n 5000 ha gieo
trng hng nm. n Dng l ni c din tch trng c chua ln nht tnh

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

(khong t 3.000 n 3.500 ha mi nm), nng sut trung bnh t khong


40-50 tn/ ha, mt s trng hp c th t nng sut t 80-90 tn/ ha.
1.3. Thu hoch v bo qun
a. Thu hoch:
Thi gian thu hoch tri ty ging v ma v. vng lnh, 70 90 ngy
sau khi trng. ng bng, 60 70 ngay sau khi trng.
Thu hoch c chua vo bui sng sm khi cha c nng gt ca mt tri
khi hm lng cc cht dinh dng l cao nht, cc gi tr khc nh
hng v, mu sc u t ti u. Trnh thu hoch c chua vo nhng lc
ma, nng gt hay chiu sng v nhit m cao s nh hng n cht lng
cng nh bo qun.
C chua n ti thng thu hoch chn vng tri chn dn trong qu
trnh chuyn ch hay d tr trc khi n tay ngi tiu dng. C chua
trc khi chn c hm lng cht kh ha tan, vitaminh v lng ng
thp hn trn cy.
C chua ty vo mc ch ch bin m thu hoch v nhng thi im
khc nhau. V d, c chua mui chua thu hoch khi tri cn non, c chua lm
sauce, juice thu hoch khi tri chn hon ton. Thng thng c chua c
thu hoch bng my mt ln khi 85% tri trn cy chn. Sau khi thu
hoch c chua c chuyn vo ni mt phn loi trc khi chuyn i
ch bin hay tiu th.
b. Bo qun:
* Qu trnh chn ca c chua
C th chia qu trnh chn ca c chua thnh 5 thi k:
+ Thi k qu xanh: qu v ht pht trin cha hon ton, qu c mu xanh
sng.

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

+ Thi k qu chn xanh: qu v ht ang pht trin dn, qu c mu xanh


sng, keo xung quanh ht c hnh thnh, qu cha c mu hng hoc
vng.
+ Thi k qu chn vng: phn nh ca qu dn dn xut hin mu hng,
xung quanh cung qu vn c mu xanh, tri cng.
+ Thi k qu chn: qu th hin mu sc vn c ca ging, mu sc th hin
hon ton, qu cn cng.
+ Thi k qu chn hon ton: mu sc cng thm, qu mm.
Thng thng c chua c bo qun giai on cha chn , khi ton
qu cn xanh, ch mi c chm hng y qu. Cng c th bo qun c
chua khi chn hon ton.
- Bo qun trong iu kin thng:
Sau khi thu hi c chua c la chn theo kch thc, chn, loi b
gip nt, thi hng. Trng hp qu bn cn phi ra bng nc sch ri
ro.
C chua c xp vo khay g hoc nha. Nu l c chua chn dng
xut khu hoc vn chuyn xa th ch nn xp mi khay khong 5-10kg vi
chiu cao t 1-2 lp qu. Cu to ca khay cn m bo sao cho khi xp ln
nhau khay trn khng ln qu khay di. Nu l c chua xanh th c th
ng trong mi st n 10-20kg qu. Khay hoc st c xp thnh tng l
cao n 2m. Thm ch c th c chua xanh thnh ng trong kho bo
qun. Thng xuyn kim tra trong thi gian bo qun gim thiu hin
tng hao ht khi lng v cht lng.
- Bo qun c chua chn thm:
Qu c chua khi bt u hnh thnh cho n khi chn chua trong qu
gim dn, lng ng tng ln. Nu thu hoch qu cha chn y trong

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

khi vn chuyn i xa hay trong khoan tu nu ni thong gi th t l


ng tng.
Mun ko di thi gian bo qun cng nh m bo cht lng qu cn
thu hoch c chua lc chn ti. qu cha hn, bo qun thm mt thi
gian th mu sc qu s u hn so vi qu chn trn cy, qu t b nt hn.
Sau khi thu hoch, c chua chn thm tt nht l bo qun nhit 22
-250C, m tng i ca khng kh l 80 85%. Trong iu kin m
qu cao, qu d b thi, cn m qu thp th thi gian chn ko di thm.
- Bo qun bng nhit :
+ i vi c chua xanh: nhit 8 100C, m 80 85%, thi gian bo
qun c th n 1,5 thng. Khng bo qun c chua di 5 0C v s ri lon
sinh l dn n khng chn hoc chn khng c trng, qu d mm mt kh
nng khng bnh.
+ i vi c chua chn t na qu tr ln th bo qun m 90%,
nhit 1 20C.
- Bo qun bng mn ca
m bo bo qun c lu cn ra qu, tt nht l ra bng clo. Cho
1 tha cafe cht clorin v 1 lt nc ra, hong ch mt cho kh qu. Dng
nc clo ny lm m mn ca.
Dng mn ca sch v khng ln tp cht. Nu dng li mn ca th phi
kh trng bng cch phi nng cho kh. Loi b nhng mu g vn ln
trong mn ca trnh lm xay xt qu.
C 1kg mn ca dng 1 lt nc lm m. 1 kg mn ca c th bo
qun 1 kg c chua. Ti nc vo mn ca v o u. mn ca v o
u. mn ca vo st hoc ln sn nh ni thong mt. Vi c chua
vo mn ca m, c 1kg lp qu n 1kg mn ca, lp mn ca ph ln

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

phi dy va phi v m. Khng c trn mn ca vi bt k sn phm


no hng trnh ly sang qu.
- S dng mng bn thm BOQ -15:
BOQ 15 l hn hp dung mi hu c v thuc chng nm c kt hp
vi nhau di dng mt dung dch lng. Sau khi thu hi, ch cn ra sch,
lau kh ri nhng hoc dng khn sch tm dung dch lau mt lp mng trn
b mt qu, kh 3-5 pht ri xp vo thng carton em bo qun ni kh
ro, thong mt. Lp mng mng bng Parafine hu c c tc dng va lm
bng mt qu, tng thm hp dn ca m qu, va c tc dng ngn s
bc hi nc gim s hao ht khi lng trong sut qu trnh bo qun.
Thuc chng nm c phi trn vi parafine c tc dng ngn nga s
xm nhim v gy hi ca nm bnh nhng hon ton khng c hi vi con
ngi khi s dng.
- S dng mng Chitosan:
Chitosan c chit xut t v tm thnh mt dng dung mi lng c tc
dng to thnh mng mng ph trn b mt v qu nhm ngn chn s mt
nc v xm nhp ca nm bnh.
Chitosan c tnh kim nh. C mu trng hay vng nht, khng mi v,
khng tan trong nc, dung dch kim v axt m c nhng tan trong axt
long (pH6), to dung dch keo trong, c kh nng to mng tt.
Chitosan c tnh cht c hc tt, khng c, d to mng, c th t phn
hu sinh hc, c tnh ho hp sinh hc cao vi c th.
2. Cc sn phm t c chua:
2.1.Mt s cc sn phm t c chua:
hp c chua nguyn qu
hp c chua t nhin c ch bin dng:
+ Dng nguyn v
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

10

+ Dng bc v
S dng nguyn liu c chua chn u, v khng cn m xanh. ng
knh qu 3-6cm. Qu ti tt khng b dp nt.S au khi c la chn c
phn loi, phn c ri tip tc ch bin.
C chua nguyn qu khng bc v
C chua sau khi ra em xp vo hp st hay l thu
tinh. Qu trong hp phi ng u v kch thc v mu
sc.Cn sp cht nhng khng nn cht qu. Sau rt
nc mui nng c nng 2-3% hay pure c chua
100% vo hp xp c chua ri ghp np trn my
ghp c ht chn khng bo v vitamin C ca hp. Sau thanh trng.
C chua nguyn qu bc v
Sau khi ra xong hp c chua trong 10-20 giy cho protopectin biu
b chuyn thnh pectin ho tan v v qu d dng tch khi tht qu trong
khi bc v. qu khi nhng nt, qu hp xong c lm ngui tc thi
bng nc l sch. Sau loi b nhng qu b v nt. Cn xp nhng qu
nguyn vn vo bao b, rt pure c chua nng 95-980C vo y hp. Ghp
np, thanh trng nh hp c chua khng bc v.
C chua c c
C chua c c c s dng nh mt bn ch phm.
Dng sn xut mt s dng hp rau qu, tht, c v
dng nu cc mn n trong gia nh. Sn xut c chua
c c bng cch c c tht qu. Sau khi loi b v, ht v
nghin nh. C chua c c thng c phn loi theo
kh thnh phm.
hp xt c chua
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

11

Xt c chua l sn phm ch bin t pure c chua hay t c chua c c hay


t c chua ti.C chua c nu vi ng, mui, dm v cc gia v.C
nhiu loi xt c chua khc nhau tu theo thnh phn phi ch
Bt c chua
Bt c chua l dng bt qu ph bin nht.Va dng ch bin nc
gii khc va dng lm thc n.Bt c chua c 4% nc, 12% cht kh ho
tan 46.7% ng kh, 6.8% acid, 11.8% pectin, 8.7% khong, 62 mg %
carotenoid
Nc c chua
Nc c chua l mt dng nc qu vi tht qu. C
th sn xut t qu ti hay dng bn ch phm. Nc
c chua cha tt c cc cht dinh dng c trong
nguyn liu nn gi tr dinh dng rt cao.
Trong ni dung bi, nhm xin trnh by chi tit v bn thnh phm t c
chua l c chua c c v thnh phm l nectar c chua.
2.2.

C chua c c:

2.2.1. Tiu chun cht lng sn phm v tiu chun an ton sn


phm
Tiu chun v hp:
Khi a ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu:
- V hnh thc bn ngoi
hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc
mc theo Ngh nh s 89/2006/N-CP ngy 30/8/2006 ca Th tng
chnh ph v nhn hng ho:
+ Tn hng ho;
+ Tn v a ch ca t chc, c nhn chu trch nhim v
hng ho;
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

12

+ Xut x hng ho;


+ nh lng;
+ Ngy sn xut;
+ Hn s dng;
+ Thnh phn hoc thnh phn nh lng;
+ Thng tin, cnh bo v sinh, an ton;
+ Hng dn s dng, hng dn bo qun.
Hp st hay cc hp kim loi khc khng b r, np hp khng b phng
di mi hnh thc.
.- V vi sinh vt
hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt
gy bnh, lng tp trng khng qu qui nh.
- V ha hc: Khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng:
Thic:100-200mg/kg sn phm
ng : 5-80 mg/kg sn phm
Km : vt
Ch: khng c
m bo cc ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng
ng, acid, mui...
- V cm quan:
Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c
trng ca sn phm.
C chua c c phi c mi, v ca c chua c c, c mu v phi
c kt cu ng nht (phn b u), c trng ca sn phm.
Yu t cht lng:
C chua c c phi c ch bin theo thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP) t
nhng nguyn liu tt v theo cc phng php thc hnh sao cho sn phm
khng c c thnh phn khc ca thc vt, k c nhng vt liu khng
mong mun v cc tp cht khong khc.
- Sn phm tha mn cc iu kin:
+ Sn phm hu nh khng c v qu c chua;
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

13

+ Sn phm hu nh khng c ht hoc mnh ht c chua;


+ Bt k phn khc ca thc vt khng phi l ht, v qu m c th
nhn thy mt thng ;
+ Sn phm hu nh khng c nhng vt en hoc cc ht ng thnh
cn.
- Tp cht khong
Hm lng tp cht khong khng c vt qu 0,1 % tng hm lng
cht rn ha tan t nhin.
- Axit lactic
Hm lng axit lactic (tng s) khng c vt qu 1 % tng hm
lng cht rn ha tan t nhin.
- S nm mc
S nm mc c trong c chua c c phi tun theo qui nh hin hnh.
- pH
pH phi di 4,6.
Tiu chun an ton v sinh thc phm:
Hm lng cc kim loi nng:
Theo quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT ca B Y t ngy 04/04/1998
v vic ban hnh Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc thc
phm.
Tn kim loi
Mc cho php: Khng ln hn
Asen(As)
1ppm
Ch(Pb)
2ppm
ng (Cu)
30ppm
Thic (Sn)
40ppm
Km(Zn)
40ppm
Thy ngn (Hg)
0,05ppm
Gii hn nhim patulin trong thc phm: ML = 50g/Kg.
Gii hn nhim arsen (As) trong thc phm:
- ng: ML=1,0mg/kg hoc mg/l
- Mui n: ML= 0,5mg/kg hoc mg/l.
2.2.2. Yu cu ca nguyn liu.
Qu c chua gm c v, tht qu, dch qu v ht. St v qu l thnh
ngoi, bn trong qu chia thnh nhiu bung ht (2 20 bung ht) c
ngn cch bi nhng thnh trong. Gia bung ht l khong trng cha y
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

14

dch qu v ht. Lng ht trong qu t bung ht nhiu hn qu c nhiu


bung ht. Thnh qu nht l thnh trong c hm lng cht kh cao.
Khi ch bin c chua c c, v v ht tr thnh ph liu, do cn chn
ging c t v v ht (chim 2 3% khi lng qu). Hm lng cht kh
trong c chua l ch tiu phm cht quan trng nht, v kh cao v kh
cao v t tn nguyn liu, nng cao nng sut ca thit b c c, hm lng
cht kh ca c chua Vit Nam l 5-7%.
C chua thu hi khi va chn ti, v u, khng quan trng kch
thc. Thi gian ch i ch bin khng qu 48 gi.
2.2.3. Ph gia
Ngoi nguyn liu chnh l c chua, trong qu trnh sn xut c chua c
c ta c th b sung thm mt s cht ph gia.
Yu cu ca cc cht ph gia:
Khng c hi i vi ngi s dng.
Cc cht ph gia phi nm trong danh mc cho php.
S dng ng liu lng v ph hp vi sn phm
*Danh mc ph gia c s dng Vit Nam:
S INS
330
331(i)
331(iii)
332(i)
332 (iii)
333
290
200
201
202
203
210

TN PH GIA THC
PHM
Acid citric
Natri dihydro xitrat
Trinatri xitrat
Kali dihydro xitrat
Trikali xitrat
Canxi xitrat
Cacbon dioxit
Acid sorbic
Natri sorbat
Kali sorbat
Calci sorbat
Acid benzoic
C chua

MC TI A
(mg/kg)

GMP

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu


211
212
213
220
221
222
223
224
225
227
228
539
296
350 (i)
350(ii)
351(i)
351(ii)
352(ii)
300
301
302
303
330
334
335(i)
335(ii)
336(i)
336(ii)
337
440
338
339(i)
339(ii)
339(iii)
340(i)
340(ii)
340(iii)
341(i)
341(ii)

15

Natri benzoat
Kali benzoat
Calci benzoat
Sulphua dioxid
Natri sulfit
Natri hydro sulfit
Natri metabisulfit
Kali metabisulfit
Kali sulfit
Calci hydro sulfit
Kali bisulfit
Natri thiosulphat
Acid malic
Natri hydro DL-malat
Natri DL-malat
Kali hydro malat
Kali malat
Calci malat
Axit L- Ascocbic
Natri ascorbat
Calci ascorbat
Kali ascorbat
Acid citric
Acid tartric
Mononatri tartrat
Dinatri tartrat
Monokali tartrat
Dikali tactrat
Kali natri tartrat
Pectin
Acid orthophosphoric
Mononatri orthophosphat
Dinatri orthophosphate
Trinatri orthophosphat
Monokali orthophosphat
Dikali orthophosphate
Trikali orthophosphat
Monocalci orthophosphat
Dicalci orthophosphat
C chua

1000

50

GMP

330
4000

4000
GMP

1000

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

16

341(iii)
342(i)

Tricalci orthophosphat
Amonium dihydrogen

342(ii)
343(i)

phosphat
Diamino hydro phosphat
Mono magnesi

343(ii)
343(iii)
450(i)
450(ii)
450(iii)
450(v)
450(vi)
450(vii)
451(i)
451(ii)
452(i)
452(ii)
452(iii)
452(iv)
452(v)
542
950
952(i)
952(ii)
952(iv)
954(i)
954(ii)
954(iii)
954(iv)
955

orthophosphat
Magesi hydro phosphat
Trimagnesi orthophosphat
Dinatri diphosphat
Trinatri diphosphat
Tetranatri diphosphat
Tetrakali diphosphat
Dicalci diphosphat
Calci dihydro diphosphat
Pentanatri triphosphat
Pentakali triphosphat
Natri polyphosphat
Kali polyphosphat
Natri calci polyphosphat
Calci polyphosphat
Amoni polyphosphat
Bone phosphat
Acesulfam kali
Acid cyclamic
Calci cyclamat
Natri cyclamat
Saccharin
Calci saccharin
Kali saccharin
Natri saccharin
sucralose

1000

350
400
80
300

*Danh mc ph gia c s dng ca Codex:


Tn ph gia
ACESULFAME POTASSIUM
ASCORBIC ACID
C chua

ML (mg/kg)
350
GMP

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

17

Aspartame
BENZOATES
Calcium ascorbate
Carbon dioxide
Citric acid
CYCLAMATES
Malic acid
Neotame
Pectins
PHOSPHATES
Potassium ascorbate
SACCHARINS
Sodium ascorbate
SORBATES
SUCRALOSE
SULFITES
TARTRATES

600
600
GMP
GMP
5000
400
GMP
65
GMP
1000
GMP
80
GMP
1000
300
50
4000

Mt s gia v:
a) ng:
ng l hn hp hydro, oxy v cacbon cc phn t
ng glucose v fructose kt hp vi nhau to thnh
ng 68% ng ly t ma cn li t c ci ng.
ng saccharose l mt loi dissaccaride cu to t
glucose v fructose lin kt vi nhau nh 2 nhm OH
glucozit ca chng, khng c tnh kh.
Mi v : ngt, khng c mi v l.
Mu sc: tinh th ng c mu ng nh, v khi pha trong nc ct cho
dung dch c mu trong sut.
V ng c v ngt nn lm du v mn ca mui tinh.
Yu cu ng trong ch bin theo TCVN- 6859:
- Ht c tinh th mu trng
- Kch thc tng i ng u
- Tinh th ng c v ngt, khng c v l
Cng dng:
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

18

- Tng kh nng kh mi ca mi trng, cung cp cht dinh dng


cho vi khn c kh nng kh nitrat thnh nitrit.
- Bo v cht kh chng vic gia tng hm lng nc ca sn phm.
- Ngoi ra ng cn c kh nng lm du v mn ca mui.
Tiu chun dng ng :
Cc ch tiu
Hnh dng

Mi v

Yu cu
Dng tinh th tng i u, khng
vn
Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng
trong nc ct c v ngt, khng c
mi v l
Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh.

Mu sc

Khi pha trong nc th thu c dch


trong sut

Nguyn liu

b) Mui: chn mui tinh ch, tinh


mu trng u, sch, khng c tp
Lath
chn
cht, khng c v l, m khng qu 12%, khi ha tan trong nc ct nhn
c dung dch trong v ng nht. Ra
Ngoi cng dng to v cho thc n,
mui n cn l cht c ch vi sinh vt
khi c nng cao bi v khi nng
X ti
mui trong sn phm tng ln th lng nc t do trong mi trng gim
un nng
i, vi sinh vt kh tn to v pht trin.
c) Tiu, ti, t: + Tiu: s dng tiu xay nhuyn.
2.2.4. Quy trnh cng ngh v thit
Ch b

2.2.4.1. Quy trnh cng ngh


C
c
C chua c c c sn xut theo s
dy chuyn cng ngh nh sau:

ng bao b ln

ng bao b nh

Ghp np - bao gi

Ghp np

C chua
Thnh phm

Thanh trng
Thnh phm

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

19

M t cc cng on trong quy trnh sn xut:


Nguyn liu
C chua sn xut l loi c ci dy, nhiu tht qu, t ht v thu hi
khi va chn ti, v u v trong qu trnh thu hi ngt b c cung
qu khi vn chuyn khng gy tn thng qu do nn.
C chua a vo sn xut phi t chn k thut. Khi ch bin c chua
c c, v v ht tr thnh ph liu, do cn chn ging c t v v ht (t
l v v ht chim t l 23% khi lng qu). i vi qu to (trn 100g),
hnh cu, mu u c t l ph liu thp. Hm lng cht kh trong c
chua l ch tiu phm cht quan trng nht, v kh cao th t tn nguyn
liu v nng cao nng sut ca thit b c c. Hm lng cht kh ca c
chua Vit Nam l 57%. Khng s dng nhng qu cn xanh hoc qu chn
v s gy nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
C chua sau khi thu hi c vn chuyn v nh my, s dng st tre
ng c chua. Khi bc xp c chua phi nh nhng, trnh lm xay xt, dp
nt, qu trnh vn chuyn phi nhanh chng.
Ch tiu cn kim sot: Nhng qu khng t tiu chun (% s lng
nguyn liu khng t tiu chun). Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng
cm quan.
La chn
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

20

Phn loi v tuyn chn s xc nh cht lng v gi thnh ca sn


phm hng ha khi a ra th trng.
Phn loi v tuyn chn s trnh c s h hng sm ca qu. Nu
ln cc loi qu khc nhau v cht lng, qu b bnh hoc b tn thng vi
cc qu lnh ln s lm tng t l thi hng, v qu cht lng km hoc qu
b tn thng rt nhy cm vi s pht sinh bnh, d dng b nhim bnh t
qu b bnh, v c th dn n h hng c nhng qu lnh ln khc.
Mc ch
- Loi b cc thnh phn nguyn liu khng quy cch ch bin
nh b su, bnh thi hng,
- Lai b nhng qu c chn (mu sc) khng thch hp.
- Ct b ch bm dp, vt rm, nm qu.
Cch tin hnh
- Nguyn liu c la chn bng tay ngay trn bng ti.
- Cng nhn ng hai bn bng ti loi ra nhng qu c chua khng
hp quy cch.
- Nguyn liu phi dn mng hai bn bng ti v vic la chn
khng b b st.
Ch tiu cn kim sot: Nhng qu khng t tiu chun (% s lng
nguyn liu khng t tiu chun). Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng cm
quan, thc o.
Ra
y l cng on khng th b qua vi tt c cc quy trnh sn xut ch
bin rau qu.Trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, nc c tm quan trng
hng u, l yu t quyt nh hiu qu ca qu trnh sch ca nguyn
liu.V th nc ra phi tiu chun nc sch. Sau nc l k thut ra.
Ra ng k thut cht lng sn phm s tt hn. Thng thng ty theo
nhim bn nguyn liu c th ra mt ln hay nhiu ln.Trc khi ch
bin qu phi c ra sch. Trn b mt qu thng c bi bn, bn t,

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

21

thuc tr su v bo t ca vi sinh vt, c bit l bo t nm, nhng th c


hi cho sc khe, v th cn loi b trc khi ch bin.
Mc ch:
- Loi tr cc tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh c chua.
- Lm gim mt lng ln vi sinh vt c chua.
- Ty sch mt s cht ha hc gy c hi c dng trong k thut
nng nghip nh thuc tr su, thuc bo v thc vt cn lu li.
Cch tin hnh:
- Qu trnh ra c th c thc hin bng th cng hay trong thit b
thch hp vi tng loi nguyn liu. Nguyn liu cng phi ra bng my
ra bn chi, loi mm hn, d ra hn c th ra bng my sc kh
- tng hiu qu ra c th dng cc cht ra tng hp, x phng
v c th ngm ra trong nc m. Khi ra lun lun gi nc sch tc l
phi thay nc lin tc hoc nc chy lun lu.
Yu cu:
- C chua ra xong phi sch, khng b dp nt nu khng s to iu
kin cho cc vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin sau ny.
- C chua t b tn tht cht dinh dng, hn ch mt mt vitamin C
do chng l thnh phn d ha tan trong nc s khuch tn vo trong nc
ra.
- Ngoi ra mun t cht lng ca cng on ra cao th nc ra
phi c phm cht tt, t tiu chun nc ung.
Ch tiu cn kim sot: Ra bng nc sch.
X ti
Mc ch
- Trong sn xut hp ngi ta
dng cc tc dng c hc lm thay i
kch thc, hnh dng nguyn liu thnh
dng nh v ng u. Qu trnh ny thc
hin bng tay s tn nhiu cng sc, mc
ng u km.
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

22

- Nguyn liu s c lm nh, x ti phn tht qu, h tr cho cng


on un nng.
Cch tin hnh
- C chua c x ti trn my x ti kiu li dao cong, kiu trc
inh hoc kiu a quay.
Cu to: Gm 1 ng c gn lin vi trc c cc cnh nghin. Cch
cnh nghin 1 khong l cc m nghin. Ngoi ra cn c cc b phn khc
nh: bng iu khin, cc ng nc v sinh thit b.
Nguyn l hot ng : nguyn liu sau khi ra sch, thi
ming thch hp c a n ca vo pha trn ca thit b nghin. Nh
ng c c cnh nghin, nguyn liu c bm v p vo m nghin. Qua
cc l nh trn m nghin, nguyn liu ra ngoi theo ca ra pha di vo
phu ca thit b un.
Ch tiu cn kim sot: ng u ca nguyn liu.
un nng
Mc ch:
- Gim t l ph liu t 12% xung cn 3-4%, v khi un nng,
protopectin chuyn thnh pectin ha tan, khi ch s c t ph liu.
- Hn ch hin tng phn lp trong sn phm, nht l vi c chua c
c c kh thp;
- Khi c c, c chua chng si v b kh chy;
- Gp phn bi kh cho sn phm tn tht cc vitamin v hn
ch hin tng to bt trong qu trnh c c. Nu c chua c un
nng ln nhit 80-1000C th lng carotin b tn tht s gim i
nhiu, so vi c chua ch c un nng n 60 0C v cha c ui
ht khng kh;
- Dit enzym v vi sinh vt. Nu c chua x ti, khng c un
nng trong 10ph, th cc enzym ph hy ti 70% lng pectin c
trong nguyn liu. C chua thng c un nng ti 85-900C, trong

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

23

cc thit b kiu ng chm, kiu ng lng ng hoc bng my hp


kiu trc xon.
Ch tiu cn kim sot: Nhit khi un nng. Ch tiu ny c kim
sot bng nhit k.
Ch
Mc ch:
Loi b phn nguyn liu c gi tr dinh dng thp hoc khng n
c: v, ht.
Lm cho nguyn liu c chua ng nht v trng thi v thnh phn
ch bin c thun li v nng cao cht lng thnh phm.

Mc mn ca c chua khi ch nh hng nhiu n qu trnh c

c: c chua cng mn, nht cng thp v thi gian c c cng ngn.
Cch tin hnh:
C chua sau khi c un nng s c chuyn vo my ch cnh p
c ch nh.
Li ch v cnh ch cn ch to bng thp khng g, nu ch to bng
ng th s tn tht nhiu vitamin C trong sn phm. Mc mn ca c
chua sau khi ch nh hng nhiu n qu trnh c c: c chua cng mn th
nht cng thp v thi gian c c cng ngn. tng mn, tng hiu
sut ch v tng nng sut my ch, c th dng b my ch, t lin tip
nhau.
.Ch tiu cn kim sot: Mc mn ca c chua.
C c
Mc ch:
- Tng nng cht kh trong sn phm ti nng yu cu (lm tng
st c trng cho sn phm), lm tng sinh nng lng ca thc phm.
- Ko di thi gian bo qun (v hn ch vi sinh vt pht trin do t nc,
p sut thm thu cao).
- Gim c khi lng vn chuyn.
Cch tin hnh:
- C chua sau khi c ch s chuyn qua thit b c c chn khng
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

24

- Qu trnh c c c thc hin trong iu kin chn khng khong


600 650 mmHg. Trong iu kin chn khng ny nhit si ca dung
dch rt thp khong 55 60 0C.
- C c t nng 7% n nng 55%
- Thi gian c c ph thuc vo phng php lm vic ca thit b,
v cng bc hi ca sn phm.
Qu trnh kt thc khi nng cht kh sn phm t yu cu 55%.
Yu cu trong qu trnh c c phi thng xuyn theo di p sut hi,
chn khng ca thit b, hm lng cht kh v mu sc ca sn phm.
Ch tiu cn kim sot:
- Hm lng cht kh ca sn phm. Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng
my chit quang k.
- Kim sot b mt truyn nhit m bo sch v hn ch to bt. Ch
tiu c kim sot bng dng c c ra v b phn kh bt.
ng bao b:
Pure c chua c th ng vo l thy tinh hay hp st dung tch 10 lt, vi
phng php rt nng nhit 95-970C v khng thanh trng sau khi
ng vo bao b. Sau khi cho sn phm vo bao b, cn ghp np ngay. C
chua c nng cao hn c ng vo hp st hay l thy tinh c dung
tch khc nhau v cng c th ng trong thng g hoc trong cc ti cht
do. Vi hp st v l thy tinh c dung tch di 3l, c chua khi vo hp
phi nng 85-900C. Sau khi ghp np, sn phm c thanh trng nhit
1000C, vi thi gian 20-50 pht, ty theo dng bao b. Cng c th dng
phng php rt nng nhit 900C, sau khng thanh trng i vi c
chua ng trong hp st c 5-10l v l thy tinh c 3l. C chua c c cn
c ng trong ng bng nhm c sn vecni, dung lng 175g, khng
thanh trng. Sn phm c chua c c cn c bo qun nhit 0-5 0C,
thi gian bo qun c th ti 5-6 thng.
Ch tiu cn kim sot:
- sch ca bao b. Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng cm quan.
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

25

- Khi lng sn phm cho vo bao b. Ch tiu ny c kim sot


bng cn.
Ghp np
Mc ch
- Cch ly thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi.
- C tc dng rt quan trng n thi gian bo qun v cht lng sn
phm
Yu cu
- Np hp cn phi ghp tht kn v chc chn khi thanh trng p
sut chnh lch gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp khng lm bung m ghp
hay bt np ra khi thn hp.
Cch tin hnh
- Ghp m l mt qu trnh quan trng nhm lm cho thc phm cch ly
hon ton vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi, c tc dng rt
quan trng n thi gian bo qun thc phm v cht lng ca n.
- Vic ghp m c tin hnh trn my ghp chn khng. My ny ngoi
ghp m hp cn c nhim v ht khng kh trong hp ra v to chn
khng trong hp n 400600 mmHg. Vi chn khng ny khng kh
c ht ht ra khi hp m khng lm sn phm tro ra. Yu cu np trc
khi ghp phi c ra sch v trng, khng c vt xt.
- Trong qu trnh ghp thng xuyn kim tra kn ca hp, m bo khi
thanh trng khi b bt np hay h mi ghp. Kp thi pht hin cc s c ca
my ghp m, thng xuyn kim tra kch thc mi ghp.
Thanh trng
Mc ch
Tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh, mc tiu chnh l tiu dit bo t ym
kh Clostridium botulinum v:
- C th sn sinh ra c t lm cht ngi d liu lng rt thp.
- C kh nng thnh lp bo t, rt bn nhit

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

26

- Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht


nguyn liu u nhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng quan h mt thit ti lnh
vc an ton thc phm.
- V hot ha enzyme m bo an ton thc phm.
Cch tin hnh
Mi mt dng hp thanh trng trong cc thit b thanh trng khc
nhau u c ch thanh trng ring. i vi sn phm c chua c c c
ng trong bao b st ty N 08 c ch thanh trng nh sau:
C ngha l: Thi gian nng nhit ca nc trong thit b thanh trng t
khi cho gi hp c chua vo n khi t nhit thanh trng 100 oC l 10
pht, sau gi nhit y trong 15 pht, ri l ngui nc trong thit b
xung 4050oC trong 10 pht.
i vi hp c ln, sau khi ghp kn m th ta khng cn thanh trng lm
lm ngui nhanh v:
-Thc phm ng trong hp bao gm cc thnh phn: cht rn, cht
lng, cht kh. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, cc p sut ring phn v s
dn n ca cc cu t tng ln, lm cho p sut chung trong bao b ng
sn phm tng ln. p sut ny (c th ti 2 atm) c th lm cho bao b st
ty b bin dng, bao b thy tinh b nt, v.
-V vy ta cn to ra p sut trong thit b thanh trng (cn c vo tnh
cht ca bao b, thnh phn ca sn phm ng trong hp v nht l nhit
thanh trng) bng hay gn bng p sut d tng ln trong hp, p sut ny
gi l p sut i khng, thng vo khong 0.4 1.4 atm.
- Nhng do i vi hp c ln khng tin hnh thanh trng nn ta cho
lm ngui sn phm ngay trong nc lnh cn bng p sut trong v
ngoi bao b.
- i vi hp c nh, sau khi ghp kn m th ta tin hnh thanh trng,
sn phm c lm ngui ngay trong b lm ngui sau khi thi gian thanh
trng t yu cu.
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

27

Ch tiu cn kim sot:


- Nhit thanh trng. Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng nhit k hoc
ci t nhit thanh trng trn thit b thanh trng.
- Thi gian thanh trng. Ch tiu ny c kim sot bng ng h
hoc ci t thi gian thanh trng trn thit b thanh trng.
2.2.4.2. Thit b
Bng chuyn bng ng
Cu to:
Gm rt nhiu ng trn ghp song song vi nhau.
Bng chuyn c tc dng tro tr nguyn liu cng nhn quan st

c k cng khi phn loi, la chn.


Chiu rng bng ti khng ln qu, nu b tr lm vic hai bn th
rng 60 80cm l va, cng nhn c th nht cc nguyn liu
gia bng ti.

Hnh

bng

chuyn

bng ng
Hot ng:
Bng ti c vn tc 0.12 0.15m/s, nu vn tc ln hn nht s st.
Cc ng trn quay quanh trc ca mnh khi chuyn ng to lc y
qun tnh cho c chua trn vn chuyn theo.
My ra thi kh
Cu to my ra thi kh:
Gm c bn b phn chnh: thng ngm, bng ti, qut gi, ng thi kh.
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

28

Ng
uy
n
tc
hot ng:
Nguyn liu vo my c ko i trn bng ti qua thng ngm ngm
cho b.
Sau c xi li nh h thng vi phun gn ngay pha trn bng

ti, trc khi ra khi my.


Khng kh c qut gi thi vo thng ngm lm o trn nguyn
liu trong nc, nh nguyn liu va chm vi nhau v vi nc,
gip cht bn ha tan nc ra d dng.

ng thi cc vt nh nh l, rc s ni ln trn mt nc.


My ra thi kh c th ra 500 700kg/gi.

Thit b c c chn khng ba ni


Cu to:
S dng hi ca tuabin, hi c p sut 7.8 12.7. 10^4N/m2 (0.8 -1.3
atm), c hai ni u c bung t ng chm.
C h thng bm vn chuyn nguyn liu, thit b ngng t.
Vt liu c s dng l
thp khng r, thp trng men,
trnh hin tng nhim kim loi
nng vo sn phm.
Nguyn l hot ng:
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu


-

29

Hi t i vo phng t ca ni 1 t nng dung dch ni 1, hi

th ca ni 1 i vo phng t ca ni 2, hi t ca ni 2 i vo phng t
ca ni 3, hi th ni 3 i vo thit b ngng t 4.
Dung dch i vo ni 3 v sn phm i ra khi ni 1. V p sut ni
trc ln hn ni sau, do dung dch khng t chy t ni n sang ni
kia m phi dng bm vn chuyn.
Dung dch c nng cao nht s i vo ni u, ti y nhit ln
hn do nht ko tng my, kt qu l h s truyn nhit hu nh trong
cc ni khng gim.
Ch :
B mt truyn nhit cng sch, khng c nguyn liu chy bm vo
cn tr s truyn nhit th h s truyn nhit cng cao. V vy trong qu trnh
c c c chua ny chng ta phi thng xuyn c ra cc cn chy bm
b mt truyn nhit.
Trong qu trnh c c chn khng, do c chua c hm lng pectin
nhiu nn s to ra sc cng b mt ln to lp bt trn b mt sn phm.
Hin tng to bt ny lm cn tr qu trnh bc hi v c th lm tn tht
sn phm i theo ng thot hi ( khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta dng
b phn kh bt t gn ng thot hi).
My ch cnh p
Cu to:

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

30

Hnh : Cu to ca my ch
1. Vt xon ti nguyn liu
5. Trc quay
2. Phu nhp liu
6. Mt ry
3. Bi cho chuyn nguyn liu
7. Ca tho b ch
4. Cnh ch
Ry c lm bng thp khng r c c l nh, vi kch thc: 0,5;
0,75; 1; 1,5 mm.
sn xut c chua c c, l ry c : 1,0-1,5mm.
Nguyn l hot ng:
1. Cp cho nguyn liu mt lc c hc lm cho n vng v p mnh vo
2.

thnh ry c l nh theo mun.


Phn nh mm chui qua l ra ngoi, cn phn cng nm li bn trong v

4.

sau ra ngoi theo mt ng khc ri i ra khi my.


Kch thc l ry c th thay i theo yu cu ch bin.
Khi ch cnh p quay nhanh (700 vng/pht) cun nhiu khng kh vo

5.

my, tc hi n sn phm, nn ngi ta phun hi nc vo my.


Lu : trong khi ch, cng nhn vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra b

3.

ch (khng qu t hay qu kh) iu chnh thng s lm vic ca


my cho thch hp.
Thanh trng
a. Thit b thanh trng h np
C cu to n gin nh ni nu, dng mi trng truyn nhit l nc
c un si bng hi hoc un trc tip bng nhn liu.
Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng khng qu
100OC.
b. Thit b thanh trng c p sut cao lm vic gin on
Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng t 100 oC tr
ln, c np y kn, cn gi l ni hp thanh trng. C 2 loi ni hp: loi
t thng ng v loi t nm ngang.
+ Thit b hp thanh trng loi thng ng

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

31

C thn hnh tr, y v np hnh chm cu, np c cc cht ghp cht


vi thn thit b, di y c lp ng phun hi nng thanh trng. Bn
trong thit b c gi t gi ng hp, c loi ch c 1 gi, loi 2
gi, loi 3 gi.
+ Thit b hp thanh trng loi t nm

ngang
Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng
ry cho xe ng cc gi hp y vo.
Loi ny c kh nng lm vic cao, nhng thao tc phc tp, chu k lm
vic ko di, tn hi v nc nhiu.

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

32

Thit b thanh trng hi dng nm ngang


Cu to: Gm khoang cha sn phm cn thanh trng, h thng ng
h o p sut, nhit ; h thng van hi, van x an ton. Thit b c lm
bng thp khng r, chu c nhit v p sut cao. Trong thn thit b c
cc gi trn v gi di sn phm. Ngoi ra cn c h thng vt ng,
m np thit b, h thng dy dn
Nguyn l hot ng: Sn phm cn thanh trng c xp vo cc gi
trong khoang cha ri y np li. Tin hnh cung cp hi mt cch t t
bng vic quan st cc thng s trn cc ng h o. Nhit v thi gian
thanh trng cn ph thuc tng loi sn phm i vi c chua thuc rau qu
thanh trng 90- 105C ; Thng thng th nhit cng cao, thi gian
thanh trng cng ngn v ngc li.
3. Tn dng ph liu trong sn xut c chua
Ph liu trong sn xut c chua c c v bt c chua l v qu, ht v
tht qu ln vo, c thi ra dng b ch.Trong b ch c chua c 70%
nc, 22-24% ht v 7% v c chua. T ph thi ny, c th thu hi cht
mu thc phm, du bo v sn xut thc n gia sc.
3.1.

Sn xut cht mu thc phm

Mu ca c chua l do licopen to ra. Licopen c cng thc C 40H56 l


ng phn ca - caroten, c cu trc hnh lng tr hay hnh kim, c trong
c chua vi hm lng 1,3-13,2mg%. Licopen tan trong cht bo nn trong
cng ngh ngi ta dng du thc vt lm dung mi.
B c chua sau khi tch ht c trn vi du thc vt v trch ly trong
thit b 95-980C trong 2h. Ngi ta lc ly dch trch ly gm c nc, du
v cht mu. B sau khi trch ly ln th nht c em trch ly ln hai, ln
ba chit rt trit licopen. Quy trnh sn xut cht mu c chua c
c kh ha v b tr theo s ngc chiu. Du sch a vo ni trch th
C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

33

ba i ngc chiu n ni trch th hai ri mi n ni trch th nht, dn


dn c bo ha licopin. Trn hn hp nc du ca ba ln trch ly ri
lm bc hi trong chn khng 550-560mm Hg.
Du bo ha licopen c ng vo bao b bng kim loi hay thy tinh.
Phm c mu da cam sm hp dn, dng ch yu trong sn xut magarin.
3.2.

Sn xut du ht c chua

Ht c chua rt nh, c v dy v kh cng chim 50% khi lng ht.


Nhn cha ch yu protein v cht bo, c dng sn xut du bo v
thc n gia sc.
Vic tch ht khi b da vo s chnh lch khi lng ht, v v tht c
chua. Trong thng nc, ht chm xung y, cn v v tht qu ni ln trn.
Ht c tch ra, em p bt nc ri sy kh.
Du bo trong ht c chua c khai thc ch yu bng cch p trn my
p kiu EP, hiu sut thu hi l 6-15%.
Kh c chua c thnh phn nh sau:
Nc
7,15%
Cht ha tan
29,1%
Tro
4,64%
Xenlluloza
22,1%
Protein
37%
Kh ny c gi tr dinh dng cao, c dng lm th n gia sc rt tt.

C chua

Cng ngh ch bin rau qu

34

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Bo qun v ch bin rau qu - Quch nh, NXB Khoa Hc v K
Thut
2. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm L Vn Vit Mn (ch bin), NXB
i Hc Quc Gia TP. HCM
3. http://luanvan.co/luan-van/nghien-cuu-chong-bien-mau-khi-san-xuat4.
5.
6.
7.

ca-chua-co-dac-2222/
http://diendancntp.com/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=885
http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/2096982
http://luanvan.co/luan-van/cong-nghe-san-xuat-ca-chua-co-dac-2153/
http://thuvienso.cntp.edu.vn/tailieuvn/download/document/NzMwOD

A0NTg4NzA1.NTg4NzA1.html
8. http://udkhcnbinhduong.vn/index.php?
mod=khcn&cpid=11&nid=768&view=detail
9. http://voer.edu.vn/bai-viet/khoa-hoc-va-cong-nghe/may-rua-nguyenlieu.html
10.

http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/tuyen-tap-tieu-chuan-rau-qua-part4.1085278.html

C chua

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