Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
DEVELOPED BY:
ISRAR AHMAD
(SESSION 2005-2009)
SUPERVISED BY:
IT)
UNIVERSITY OF MALAKAND
N-W.F.P, PAKISTAN
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
grace and mercy blessed me with good health and enthusiasm .It was sheer boon of
Allah that I got loving, inspiring and talented teacher who provided me the
intellectual guidance, moral support and all-round help for the fulfillment of my
assignments.
attitude, unfailing patience and strong commitment made it possible to conduct this
Computer Science & IT, for his sincere guidance, continuous co-operation and useful
suggestions.
Science & IT, University of Malakand. His skillful guidance, technical approach,
ii
I am also thankful to all the teachers of Computer Science & IT
Nawaz Khan, Muzzamil Khan, Atta Ur Rehman,Ali Shah, Abdul Samad Khan,
Abdul Ahad, Irfan ul Haq, Khalid Imran, Kushdil, Sajjid, Arshad khan, Kashif
Khan.
accompanied me all my career. It was in fact their moral and financial support that
Israr Ahmad
iii
PROJECT IN BRIEF
Software Used
PHP, My SQL Html, CSS
Java Script, ASP
Macromedia Dream weaver
Ms FrontPage, Macromedia Flash MX
Adobe Photoshop.
iv
DEDICATION
v
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
External Examiner:
Chairman:
Chairman,
Department Of Computer Science &IT,
University Of Malakand, Pakistan.
vi
Introduction to Organization
CHAPTER # 1
In This Chapter
Introduction
Objectives
Requirements of Organization
Project Definition
Chapter 1 Introduction to Organization
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
White Palace was built in 1941 By the 1st King of Swat valley (Mian Gul Abdul
Wadood) Later the palace was converted into a tourist resort hotel. The Hotel is located at
7000 feet above sea level on Marghazar Hill Swat valley offers beautiful views and good
service and good food.
Hotel White Palace has a rich historical background built in 1941 as the summer resort
for the King of Swat, Hotel White Palace is the place which was desired & admired
by Artisan, Scholar, King and Queens. The resort is located in SWAT Valley.
The Chinese pilgrims in the 5th & 6th century called it the Valley of Hanging
Chains. At one time, SWAT, represented the famous GANDHARA CIVILIZATION.
Hotel White Palace, built in 1941 by King Wadood as a summer house, was a proud host
to Queen Elizabeth as a guest. Enjoy a relaxing vacation - angling for Swat river trout
& local tours to Archaeological sites. For the more active, try golf, hunting or skiing.
During the season, savior apples, apricot, pears etc. within resort compound.
Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain stayed at White Palace for three days, as she
discovered the deep traditions & history which surround the Swat Valley. Even the
marble used in the palace have the significance, coming from the same quarry that
supplied the Taj Mahal. The longer you stay, the richer your experience will become as
you discover all that the Swat Valley has offer.
1.2 Objectives
To provide guests with a place to stay for a certain amount of time for a certain
amount of money and to direct his/her working staff in a positive and professional
manner. Making sure staff are getting paid and well cared for.
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace
Chapter 1 Introduction to Organization
Director
Manager
Administration officer
Administration Super-visor
Reservation Officers
Office Assistance
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Organization
Following are some of the requirements that the organization expecting from this
computerize system
Initial Requirements:
a) Maintain Reservations
1.1) Create a reservation: obtain a reservation no. and enter all reservation details
2.2) Update a reservation: change any reservation details except reservation number
3.3) continue a reservation: continue a complex reservation of more than one input screen
b) Confirm reservation
c) Reports
2.2) reservation report: Lists arrival date and reservation number for the reservation’s
billing name and address
Room data used relates to room type, price and description in English.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Organization
Any one can make reservation for room type. The system confirms a reservation in
English.
Overview:
The Online reservation system supports the following functions related to the letting
of hotel rooms:
1- maintain reservations
2- confirm reservation
Room data used related to room type, price and description and anyone can make a
online reservation for rooms. The system confirms a reservation in English, It also
possible to cancel reservation.
So the main function of reservation process is to request for rooms. Below is the
detailed process of reservation process.
.the system has been designed in a powerful RDBMS tool called mySQL Server and
PHP which manages the huge database very efficiently and provide high performance. The
system can be run stand alone and network environment without the hazard of making
changes to the code of the program.
The software is very user friendly and no need of expert person for its operation, but
everyone can easily run the software and can get the result.
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace
Present System
CHAPTER # 2
In This Chapter
Present System
Reservation Procedure
CHAPTER 2
At last, in the case of present manual system all the record is kept in document form. There is no system
for proper record storage and sorting the information provided by the customers. All this is done manually
and every now and then, there is a chance of getting erratic information. The manual system is thus no
guarantee.
While getting a reservation inquiry, the reservation agent obtain the following guest-related
information:
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace Swat
Chapter2 Present System
During the system study, many drawbacks have been observed as following:
Time factor
Chances of errors
Redundancy
Inconsistency
Wastage of stationery
Wastage of efforts
No backup facilities.
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace Swat
Proposed System
CHAPTER # 3
In This Chapter
Proposed System
System
System
Chapter 3 Proposed System
CHAPTER 3
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Chapter 3 Proposed System
The system should be sufficiently flexible, to cope with future requirements, i.e. system
should support large amount of data, which will be increasing in future with the passage
of time very efficiently.
The system should be user friendly and menu driven so that any data entry operator can
easily enter the data and the management can get the reports easily and the computer
screens should guide the user, where to find the required menu.
The proposed system should minimize the data redundancy, which frequently occurs in
non-computerize system.
The proposed system enables the management to get adhoc reports for making quick
decisions, which are not possible in manual system
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace Swat
Chapter 3 Proposed System
keys are allowed to be entered. In an attempt to enter a record thus eliminate the chance of
duplications. Similarly all coded fields are checked for valid range of values and error messages.
Generality
The good quality of the proposed system is that it can be used in almost every
organization, whether it is institutional, public or personal sector.
Simple to use
The program requires no special training for its operation, because it is user friendly and
communicates with user in simple English language. Thus any person who has some knowledge
of computer and English language can use it.
Updation of records
The system provides updating facility. The user can update any of the candidate record.
Deletion of records
The system also provides deletion facility. The user can delete any of the record etc, if
he/she is authorized.
Data handling
The present manual system requires stationary for the entry of data. There is therefore a
greater chance of mistakes leading to errors, which result in system inefficiency and inadequacy.
In proposed system data validity checks have been incorporated to minimize the chances
of entering incorrect data.
Backup facility
A backup facility is provided which helps in making the duplicate copy of the data year
wise. In case of any damage to data by virus (these are malicious programs which attach itself to
other programs) or power failure the whole record can be fed into the computer again
Search facilities
Search facilities are provided as Search by name, the system can display the total number
of records matching that name at the moment.
Bio Data of Members
By entering password, being an authorized user the complete bio data of Member can be
seen
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Chapter 3 Proposed System
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Chapter 3 Proposed System
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace Swat
Description of The Tools
CHAPTER # 4
In This Chapter
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
The system is developed to the user’s point of view using hardware and software
components that required supporting the system is designed.
Program functional specifications are to describe all functions performed by each
program. Database dictionary, single sources that define the names and contain all data
elements in the system are also included. For this purpose we use ASP as background for
the database connectivity and HTML as front end for the forms and JavaScript for the
programming.
The selection of the software for the designing the application is important and it
depends upon the requirement. After analysis various languages, and tools are selected
which are discussed as follows.
4.2 HTML
The explosive growth of the World Wide Web is relatively unprecedented,
although it resembles the desktop publishing revolution of the early and mid-1980s. As
personal computers became more common in homes and offices, people began to learn to
use them for document creation and page programmer. Although early word processing
programs were not terribly intuitive and often required memorizing bizarre codes, people
still picked them up fairly easily and managed to create their own in-house publications.
Suddenly, the same kind of growth is being seen as folks rush to create and
publish pages of a different sort. To do this, they need to learn to use something called
the Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML).
History of HTML
HTML developed a few years ago as a subset of SGML (Structure Generalized
Mark-up Language), which is a higher-level mark-up language that has long been a
favorite of the Department of Defense. Like HTML, it describes formatting and hypertext
links, and it defines different components of a document. HTML is definitely the simpler
of the two, and although they are related, there are few browsers that support both.
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
Because HTML was conceived for transmission over the Internet (in the form of
Web pages) it is much simpler than SGML, which is more of an application-oriented
document format. While it's true that many programs can load, edit, create, and save files
in the SGML format (just as many programs can create and save programs in the
Microsoft Word format), SGML is not exactly ideal for transmission across the Internet
to many different types of computers, users, and browser applications. HTML is more
suited to this task. Designed with these considerations in mind, HTML lets user, the
designer, create pages that user are reasonable, sure can be read by the entire population
on the Web. Even users who are unable to view user graphics, for instance, can
experience the bulk of what user are communicating, if user design, user HTML pages
properly.
At the same time, HTML has a simple enough format (at least currently) that
typical computer users can generate HTML documents without the benefit of a special
application. Creating a WordPerfect-format document would be rather difficult by hand
(including all of the required text size, font, page break, column, margin, and other
information), even if it weren't a "proprietary"—that is, nonpublic—document format.
HTML is a public standard, and simple enough that user can get through a book like this
one and have a very strong ability to create HTML documents from scratch. This
simplicity is part of a trade-off, as HTML-format documents don't offer nearly the
precision of control or depth of formatting options that a WordPerfect- or Adobe
PageMaker-formatted document would.
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and has been in continuous
development ever since. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP
Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification.
PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the
GNU General Public License (GPL) because of restrictions on the use of the term PHP.
PHP has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can also be used in
standalone graphical applications.
4.4 Scripts
A script is a series of sentences placed one below the other in the form of a
paragraph. each sentence tells the CPU what it should be doing at that moment in time,
the sentences will be written in the syntax (grammar) of the scripting language of choice
thus the paragraph created (which clubs together all the sentences) will be the script.
A script for example:
Assign a value to a variable: A variable is a named storage location that can
hold data
Instruct the Web Server to send something: Such as the value of a variable,
to a browser.
Combine commands into procedures: A procedure is named sequence of
commands and statements that acts as a unit.
Executing a script sends the series of commands to a script engine, which interprets and
relays them to the computer’s CPU. Scripts are written in languages that have specific
JavaScript
JavaScript is a new scripting language that is being developed by Netscape. With
JavaScript programmer can easily create interactive web pages. Many people believe that
JavaScript is Java because of the similar names. This is not true though.
What is needed in order to run scripts written in JavaScript? Programmers need a
JavaScript-enabled browser. Of course programmers’ need a basic understanding of
HTML before programming in java script.
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
4.5 Dreamweaver:
Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windows operating systems. Recent versions
have incorporated support for web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various
server-side scripting languages and frameworks including ASP, ColdFusion, and PHP.
4.6 MySQL
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that has more than 6
million installations. MySQL stands for "My Structured Query Language". The program
runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.
The project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General
Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL is owned
and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now a
subsidiary of Sun Microsystems. As of 2009 Oracle Corporation began the process of
acquiring Sun Microsystems.
MySQL is often used in free software projects that require a full-featured database
management system, such as WordPress, phpBB and other software built on the LAMP
software stack. It is also used in very high-scale World Wide Web products including
Wikipedia, Google and Facebook.
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Features
As of April 2009, MySQL offers MySQL 5.1 in two different variants: the
MySQL Community Server and Enterprise Server. They have a common code
base and include the following features:
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
CSS is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (that is, the look
and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common
application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be
applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.
CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one
rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights
are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
Use of CSS
Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were
contained within the HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element
alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the
HTML. CSS allows authors to move much of that information to a separate style sheet
resulting in considerably simpler HTML markup.
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
Headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc., are defined
structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font, size, color and
emphasis for these elements is presentational.
Prior to CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to,
say, all h2 headings had to use the HTML font and other presentational elements for
each occurrence of that heading type. The additional presentational markup in the HTML
made documents more complex, and generally more difficult to maintain. In CSS,
presentation is separated from structure. In print, CSS can define color, font, text
alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics. It
can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual
styles such as the speed and emphasis with which text is read out by aural text readers.
The W3C now considers the advantages of CSS for defining all aspects of the
presentation of HTML pages to be superior to other methods. It has therefore deprecated
the use of all the original presentational HTML markup.
Flash can manipulate vector and raster graphics, and supports bidirectional streaming of
audio and video. It contains a scripting language called ActionScript. Several software
products, systems, and devices are able to create or display Flash content, including
Adobe Flash Player, which is available free for most common web browsers, some
mobile phones and for other electronic devices (using Flash Lite). The Adobe Flash
Professional multimedia authoring program is used to create content for the Adobe
Engagement Platform, such as web applications, games and movies, and content for
mobile phones and other embedded devices.
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
Files in the SWF format, traditionally called "ShockWave Flash" movies, "Flash movies"
or "Flash games", usually have a .swf file extension and may be an object of a web page,
strictly "played" in a standalone Flash Player, or incorporated into a Projector, a self-
executing Flash movie (with the .exe extension in Microsoft Windows or .hqx for
Macintosh). Flash Video files[spec 1] have a .flv file extension and are either used from
within .swf files or played through a flv-aware player, such as VLC, or QuickTime and
Windows Media Player with external codecs added.
Adobe's 2005 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to
Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS4 is the 11th major release of Adobe
hotoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous software
packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is
included in most of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings.
Photoshop's popularity, combined with its high retail price, makes Photoshop's piracy rate
relatively high. Adobe countered by including SafeCast DRM starting with Adobe
Photoshop CS.
The Apache HTTP Server is a web server for Unix-like systems, Microsoft
Windows, Novell NetWare, Mac OS X and other operating systems. Apache is notable
for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.
When first released, Apache was the only viable open source alternative to the Netscape
Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web
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Chapter 4 Description of the tools
Server). It has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of
functionality and performance. Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular
HTTP server on the World Wide Web; as of February 2007 Apache served 58% of all
websites.
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace
System Design
CHAPTER # 5
In This Chapter
SDLC
CHAPTER 5
Recognition
of Feasibility
Problems Study
Analysis
Design
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Chapter 5 SDLC
Implementation
Maintenance
Time
a) Recognition of Problem:
To develop preliminary understanding of the problem that has caused a request for a
new or enhanced information system.
b) Feasibility Study:
Feasibility is the study of requirements that leads to pursue the selected approach or I
can say that feasibility study is the study of current system, which is to be changed
with new system.
c) Analysis:
Analysis is essentially about identifying and defining business problems, which are
worth solving within the sources likely to be available.
d) Design:
The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that
can be assessed for quality before coding begins.
e) Testing:
Testing is the process of checking the software for different types of errors, order to
remove errors.
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Chapter 5 SDLC
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace
System Design
CHAPTER # 6
In This Chapter
Introduction
System Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Input Design
Input Validation
Output Design
Chapter 6 System Design
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter we describe the design phase of software development. The design
phase may be defined as “the process of applying various techniques and principles for
the purpose of defining a device, a process or system in sufficient detail to permit its
physical realization.”
Design is the first step in the development phase for engineering system. It refers
to the technical specification that will be applied in implementing the candidate system.
5.2 System design
System design is the phase where proposed system is actually designed keeping in
mind the user requirements. Design is actually the process of analyzing the organization
and its environment, developing a database model that accurately reflects the
organization’s functionality in the real world, and implementation of that model by
creating a database requires an appropriate methodology. System design can be divided
into two phases.
Logical design
Physical design
5.3 Logical design
Logical design describes the detail specification for the proposed/new system. We
can say that it describes its own features. Input, output, file (table) and database in a
manner that meets the project needs.
Logical design is formulated when detailed specifications for the new system are
written. Therefore from the new system specification we can know how the inputs,
outputs, files, database and procedures should be designed so that it satisfies the
user requirements.
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Chapter 6 System Design
In logical design work with user is done to develop general system design, choose
best design, develop system flow charts, identify hardware, software and personal needs
and revise estimates etc.
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Chapter 6 System Design
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Chapter 6 System Design
made through these reports. Basically the reports in responses to queries and then reports
can be printed.
I took the following points into consideration while designing the output.
Outputs required
Required data elements
Length of data elements
Who will receive the output
How much detail is needed
Data type of the data element.
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Online Reservation System of Hotel White Palace
Analysis Modeling and Design
In This Chapter
CHAPTER # 7
Relationships
Entities
Functional Analysis
DFD Notations
CHAPTER 6
The basic and important step in the database development process is Database
Analysis, in which we determine user requirements for data and develop data models to
spycify those requirement. A conceptual data model is one that Represent data from the
viewpoint of the user independent of any technology that will be used to implement the
model.
Entities/Data objects
Attributes
Relationships
Entity: a person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the
organization wishes to maintain data. Examples in Reservation are:
Person: Customer.
Place: Room.
Object: item
Event: sale
Concept: Account
Entity Type: a collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics. For
example, Customer, Room..In ERD it is represented by rectangle. Each entity type in an
E-R model is given a name. Since the name spycify a class, it is singular; we use capital
letters in naming an entity type. In an E-R diagram, the name is replaced inside the box
representing the entity:
SYMBOL CUSTOMER
just once in a database, while many instances of that entity type may be represented by
data stored in the database.
For example, there is one CUSTOMER entity type, but there may be hundreds of
instances of this entity type that are store in that database.
Entity Instance:
For example, there is one CUSTOMER entity type, but there may be hundreds of
instances of this entity type that are store in that database.
An entity type that exists independently of other entity types, e.g. CUSTOMER.
SYMBOL
Strong Entity type
An entity type whose instances depend on some other entity type. A weak entity
type has no business meaning and is not needed in the E-R Diagram. In ERD weak entity
type is represented by double lined rectangle.
SYMBOL
Weak entity type
Identifying Owner:
The entity on which weak entity depends is called identifying owner or Owner.
Identifying Relationship:
The relationship between a weak entity type and its owner is called identifying
Relationship.
Data object
ATTRIBUTES
Attributes define the properties of a data object and take on one of three different
characteristics.
SYMBOL
Attribute
For Example, the entity type CUSTOMER has attributes i.e. name, nic, custid etc.
Composite Attribute:
An attribute that can be broken down into component parts, e.g. address, which can
be broken into street address, city, state, and postal code, village etc. The component
attributes may appear above or below the composite attribute on ERD as shown in figure.
ADDRESS
Street village
City
Multi-valued Attribute:
An attribute that may take on more than one value for a given entity instance, e.g.
discount may be retail discount, market discount. Multi-valued attribute is represented by
double line ellipse on ERD.
SYMBOL multi-valued
Skill
Derived attribute: An attribute whose values can be calculated from related attribute
values.
6.3 RELATIONSHIPS:
A relationship is a logical and meaningful connection or association among one or
more data objects. A relationship is association that holds together various components of
ERD. A relationship is an association among the instances of one or more entity types
that is of interest of organization.
SYMBOL Relationship
name
Degree of relationship
Modularity of Relationship
Cardinality of relationship
DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP:
The number of entity types that participate in a relationship is called degree of
relationship.
UNARY RELATIONSHIP:
A relationship between the instances of a single entity type is called unary
relationship .It is also called recursive relationship.
BINARY RELATIONSHIP:
A relationship between the instances of two different entity types is called binary
relationship.
TERNARY RELATIONSHIP:
A relationship between the instances of three entity types is called ternary
relationship.
MINIMUM CARDINALITY:
The minimum number of instances of one that may be associated with each instance
of another entity.
MAXIMUM CARDINALITY:
The maximum number of instances of one entity that may be associated with a
single occurrence of another entity. If the minimum cardinality is zero the participant is
optional and if the minimum cardinality is one the cardinality is mandatory.
Mandatory One
Mandatory many
Optional one
Optional many
ADMIN
CANCELLATION
RESERVATION:
This entity type contains all the attributes related to the reservation.
CANCELLATION: This entity type contains all the attributes related to the cancel
reservation.
ADMIN: This entity spycify the authorized user to perform different operation on
database.
The functional analysis and modeling focuses on the main functions of the system
and the detailed functionality. The main entity in the functional analysis modeling is flow
model.
Apply hardware, software and human element to transformed input into output,
and produces the output in a variety to the external world.
Infect DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information
flow and functional detail. Therefore DFD provides mechanism for functional modeling
as well as functional modeling.
A DFD is constructed as various degree of detail about the process of the function.
At zero level or the first level DFD, also called fundamental system model or a context
model, represent the entire software elements as a single bubble with an input and output
data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows respectively.
Level zero DFD expresses the overall system functions as a single transformation
.DFD also specifies the external entities that are either feeding data to the system or
consumed data by the system.
Symbol Meaning
We can specify the properties and domains of entities and relationships as below.
Reservation:
ADMIN:
Username: It spycify the username of the administrator.
Password: It spycify the password of the administrator.
CANCELLATION:
Name: It spycify the name of client which cancel reservation.
Email: It spycify the email of the client which cancel reservation.
Reasons: It spycify the reasons of cancellations.
6.7.1
6.7.2 Primary key:
Primary key is unique identifier which identifies each record in a specific table. following
are the primary keys which identifies each relation.
Reservation: “id of the reservation” is our primary key.
Admin: “id of the administrator” is our primary key.
Cancellation: “id of the cancellation” is our primary key.
ADMIN
In This Chapter
Data Dictionary
Chapter 8 Date Dictionary
CHAPTER 8
records in each file and the names and types of each field.
Most database management system keeps the data dictionary hidden from users to
In any database management system [DBMS], you have many objects tables, indexes,
etc and many other things going on. The database needs to keep track of all these
things. It does this with the help of something called the data dictionary.
The data dictionary is a structure that stores meta-data, or data about data. Data
dictionary is actually the memory of the database where he keeps all the activities
going on in the database and retrieves that information in the future for further
processing.
It is actually the data dictionary, which keeps the information about database
objects, its security and auditing. Data stored as fields and different database files
In This Chapter
Testing Strategies
System Evaluation
System Conversion
Developed System
Conversion
Chapter 9 system testing
CHAPTER 9
SYSTEM TESTING
8.1 Testing Strategies
Development of a software system involves a series of production activities
where opportunities for injection of human fallibilities are enormous. Errors may begin to
occur at the very inception of the process where the objectives may be erroneously of
imperfectly specified, as well as in the later design and development stages. Because of
human inability to perform and communicate with perfection, software development is
accompanied by a quality assurance activity, Software Testing. Software testing is a
critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review of
specification, design and coding. The basic testing strategies are as follow
Unit testing
In the unit testing different modules of the system are tested separately. The
purpose of this testing is to determine that each module is functioning properly and to
locate error in modules. In unit testing we can locate and remove error easily. We have
tested different modules of our system individually; note that each is working according
to the desired specification and requirements.
Integration testing
After the unit testing all the modules are combined and tested at the same time. The
purpose of this testing is to determine whether all the modules are interfacing with each
other correctly or not. We have tested our system in integrated form which was also
working correctly.
System testing
System testing is carried out whether the developed system is working according to
the desired specification and requirement or not. The system is checked using the actual
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Chapter 9 system testing
data values. Also the reports and queries generated by the system are checked against the
requirements.
All these testing strategies are adopted during the testing of the developed system
the working of the system is almost perfect.
All the independent paths within all the modules were exercised once or more
during the time of development and after the development was completed.
All logical decisions on their “true” and “false” sides were exercised.
All loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds were executed.
Exercising them one by one ensured the validity of all the internal data structures.
8.2.2 Black- Box Testing
Black-box testing strategy is used to know the specified function that a product
has been designed to perform. Tests are conducted to demonstrate that each function is
fully operational at the same time errors in each function are searched.
For the purpose of carrying out this testing strategy, we involved our end users to operate
the software and check its functionality especially in terms of following considerations:
Is searching of the patient should be carried out by ID or Name.
Do you find it comfortable to retrieve the date about any product?
Do you feel it easy to edit, add new, refresh or save the data using forms?
Don’t you feel it easy to generate reports on the basis of different criteria?
Are you confronted to any problem in searching the Records?
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System Access and Application
Integration
CHAPTER # 10
In This Chapter
Application Integration
Application
Effective Programming
Techniques
CHAPTER 10
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54
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In This Chapter
Links
LINKING DOCUMENTS
10.1 Links
HTML allows linking to other HTML documents as well as images. clicking on a section
of text or an image in one web page will open an entire web page or an image. The text or
an image that provide such linking is called hypertext, a hyperlink, or a hotspot.
The browser distinguishes hyperlinks from normal text.
Every hyperlink has the following properties
Appear blue in color. the default color setting in a browser for hyperlink text
or image.
The hyperlink text or image is underlined.
When the mouse cursor is placed over it the drop menu appears.
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Destination
Clicking on this link the page” Travel Guide” will open.
Confidence
Packages
Clicking on this page ”packages” will open.
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Interface Design
CHAPTER # 12
In This Chapter
Introduction
design
CHAPTER 12
11.1 Introduction:
It is particularly important first to design how the system will look and respond to
user before designing the software structure. The most critical and creative aspect of
development is to design the user interface. User interface design determines how the
system will look for the user from outside.
The basic design principles, considered during the user interface design, are the
following.
Consistency
Makes sense robustness
User friendly
Flexibility and simplicity
Efficiency
Consistency
“Consistency is the ability of user to predict that the software is going to do in a
given situation based on the past experience with the product.” It means to provide the
sets of behavior in the response to user actions and generalize knowledge about one
aspect of the system to other aspects.
Guiding user along the right path
Good user interface gives user clues about what to do next in a given situation. It
is meant to provide clear and obvious ways for the user too get something done.
User friendly
To make the system user friendly, right level and right kind of response should be
given to user against each user action with and input device. Lack of proper feedback can
be a big problem when nothing appears to have happened.
In design of my project proper and immediate feedback is provided at different stages to
make the system user friendly.
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My project is made simple by using consistent labeling. The system is also made simple
by reducing redundancy.
Efficiency
Efficiency is an important feature in designing user interface in efficient
application minimizes the number of steps required to perform in operation and provides
users with shortcuts. My system requires minimum options and choices to improve
efficiency.
User interface design.
In application used by the client to access any database engine or to present
information to the user is called from end. Many front end tools are available in marked. I
have selected macromedia dreamweawer as front end tools to access database, because
Dreamweaver is the fastest and easiest way to develop web application for windows.
Forms
Forms serves as a window used to customize the interface of application.
Controls, graphics, and pictures are added to a form to create a desired look. Forms are
the foundation for creating interface of an application. Forms can be used to add windows
and dialog boxes to application. Form is actually container for other controls and objects.
11.2 Objectives of Front end design
Following objective guides toward a smart font end design.
Avoiding errors in the data
Errors rate in system should be very low and also minimum data entry has to be
performed.
Keeping the process simple
The entry of the data should be simple and each label should be meaningful.
Input validation
Input validation is a proactive process it happens while data is being entered. It is
the process of checking the data entered by the user before that data is saved to the
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database. If an error occurs from the user then should simple display a meaningful error
message.
11.3 Some Website Pages:
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About Page
Packages Page
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Reservation Page
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Bibliography
CHAPTER # 13
In This Chapter
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Bibliography
CHAPTER 12
Bibliography
By Ivan Bayross
By Khristine Annwn
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