CAC DANG TOAN KHAO SAT HAM SO

I. Cac dang bai tp thuong gp

Phuong phap:
- Tim cuc tri cua ham s: y I(x) trn doan |a ; b|.
- Tim cuc tri cua ham s y I(x) trn khoang (a ; b).
Qui tc 1: Lp BBT (Tng quat)
Qui tc 2: Su dung DH cp 2.(Di voi ham da thuc)


Phuong phap:
- Ham bc 3:
3 2
y = ax + bx + cx + d.
TXD:
Ta co:
2
y' = 3ax + 2bx + c.
Di voi ham s bc 3, cuc tri cua ham s co th xay ra 2 truong hop sau:

2
3ax + 2bx + c = 0 (1)
TH1: Pt (1) v nghim hoc co nghim kep A s 0 thi ham s khng co cuc tri.
TH2: Pt (1) co 2 nghim phn bit A > 0 thi ham s co CD, CT.
- Ham trung phuong:
4 2
y = ax + bx + c
TXD:
Ta co:
3
y' = 4ax + 2bx
Di voi ham t. phuong, d co cuc tri ta xet cac truong hop sau

( )
( )
3 2
4ax + 2bx =0 2x 2ax b
x
b
x
a
+ =
=

2
0
0
1
2

TH1: Pt (1) co mt nghim thi ham s co mt cuc tri.
TH2: Pt (1) co 3 nghim thi ham s co 3 cuc tri.
- Ham phn thuc:
ax + b c
y = x
cx + d d
| |
=
|
\ .

TXD:
c
\
d

`
)


( )
ad bc
y'
cx d

=
+
2
(cng thuc tinh dao ham nhanh cua ham phn thuc)
Ham s lun DB hoc NB nn ham s khng co cuc tri.


- - Ham bc 3:
3 2
y = ax + bx + cx + d.


TXD:
Ta co:
2
y' = 3ax + 2bx + c.
Xet p.t y' 0, ta c/m:
( ) ... ... A= > A= < 0 0 voi moi m. Vy hs lun co cuc tri voi moi
m.


x
0
.
Phuong phap:
TXD: D
Ta co: y' I'(x).
D ham s dat cuc dai tai x
0
thi
f ( x )
f ''( x )
=

<

0
0
0
0



D ham s dat cuc tiu tai x
0
thi
f ( x )
f ''( x )
=

>

0
0
0
0



0
.
Phuong phap:
TXD: D
Ta co: y' I'(x).
D ham s dat cuc dai tai x
0
thi
f ( x )
f '( x ) h
=

0
0
0



Phuong phap:
Diu kin d ham s co C D, CT:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
M x ; y , M x ; y . (x
1
, x
2
la cac
nghim cua pt y' 0).
+Duong thng (d) co th xay ra 3 truong hop:
1) Nu (d) la truc 0y thi ycbt x
1
< 0 < x
2
(2 nghim trai du khi va chi khi a.c
0).
2) Nu (d) la duong thng x m thi: x
1
< m < x
2

3) Nu (d): ax by c 0 thi ycbt

( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
ax + by + c . ax + by + c < 0


Phuong phap:
Diu kin d ham s co CD, CT:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
M x ; y , M x ; y . (x
1
, x
2
la cac nghim
cua pt y' 0).
Duong thng (d) co th xay ra 3 truong hop:
1) Nu (d) la truc 0y thi ycbt x
1
< x
2
< 0 v 0 < x
1
< x
2
(2 nghim cung du)


DK 2 nghim cung du: ( )
1 2
1 2
> 0
S = x + x > 0 v S < 0
P = x . x > 0

2) Nu (d) la duong thng x m thi: x
1
< x
2
< m v m < x
1
< x
2

3) Nu (d): ax by c 0 thi ycbt

( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
ax + by + c . ax + by + c > 0


m
).
Phuong phap:
TH1: Ham bc 3 tim duoc 2 cuc tri:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
M x ; y , M x ; y .
Ta co ptdt:
1 1
2 1 2 1
x - x y - y
=
x - x y - y

TH2: Khi khng tim duoc 2 cuc tri
+ Chia:
y cx + d
= ax + b +
y' y'
( cx d: la phn du cua phep chia)
Suy ra: y = (ax + b).y' + cx +d hay y = (ax + b).f'(x) + cx +d
Goi
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
M x ; y , M x ; y la 2 dim cuc tri cua ham s suy ra:
f'(x
1
) = f'(x
2
) = 0
+ M
1
va M
2
e(C
m
) nn:
y
1
= (ax
1
+ b).f'(x
1
) + cx
1
+d y
1
= cx
1
+d (1)
y
2
= (ax
2
+ b).f'(x
2
) + cx
2
+d y
2
= cx
2
+d (2)
Tu (1) va (2) ta suy ra dt di qua 2 dim c.tri la: y cx d


( ) a 0 = .
Phuong phap:
Diu kin d ham s co CD, CT (1)
Lp phuong trinh duong thng (d) di qua 2 dim cuc tri.
Goi I la trung dim hai dim C.Tr
ycbt
( )
( )
DK
y ax b d KQ
I y ax b

= +

e = +

1


Phuong phap:
DK d hs co CD va CT.
Gia su ham s dat CD, CT a tai x
1
, x
2
(x
1
, x
2
la nghim cua pt y 0)
Theo d.li vi-et:



1 2
1 2
b
x + x = -
a
c
x .x =
a

Bin di diu kin 1 cach thich hop ri ap dung vi-et.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Bai tp
Bai 1: Tim cuc tri cua cac ham s sau:
4 2 4 3
2
3 2
a. y = x - 5x + 4 b. y = x - 8x + 2
2x + x + 1
c. y = - x + 6x + 15x + 10 d. y =
x + 1

Bai 2: Tim cuc tri cua cac ham s sau:
a. y = sin2x b. y = cosx - sinx c. y = sin
2
x
Bai 3: CMR ham s lun co cuc tri voi moi gia tri cua m, n.
a.
( ) ( )
3 2 2
y = x + mx - 1 + n x - 5 m + n
b.
( )
3 2
y = x - m - 4 x - 4x + m
Bai 4: Xac dinh m d ham s sau co cuc tri tai x 1.

3 2
2
y = x - mx + m - x + 5
3
| |
|
\ .
. Khi do ham s dat CD hay CT? Tinh cuc tri
tuong ung.
Bai 5: Tim m d ham s dat CTr tai x 2

3 2
y = mx + 3x + 5x + 2. -17/12.
Bai 6: Xac dinh m d hs:
2 2
y = - m x + 2mx - 3m + 2 co gia tri CD bng - 3.
Bai 7: Xac dinh m d ham s sau khng co cuc tri
a.
2
x + 2mx - 3
y =
x - m

b. y = (m - 3)x
3
- 2mx + 1. m s < 0 3.
Bai 8: Xac dinh a va b d hs:
2
y = alnx + bx + x dat CT tai x 1, CD tai x 2
HD: ( )
1
lnx ' =
x
-2/3, b = -1/6
Bai 9: Cho ham s
y = x
3
- 3(m - 1)x
2
+ (2m
2
- 3m + 2)x - m(m - 1).
a. Tim m d hs co CD va CT.
b. Vit pt dt di qua dim CD, CT.
c. Tim m d dt di qua dim C D, CT song song voi dt y x

= +
2
5
3
.



( ) ( )
2
3 - 5 3 + 5
a. m < v m >
2 2
2
b. y = - m - 3m + 1 x - m - 1
3
c. m = 0 v m = 3
(


Bai 10: Cho hs: y x
3
+ mx
2
- 3. Vit phuong trinh duong thng di qua 2 dim c.tri
cua ham s.
Bai 11: Cho hs:
a.
3 2 3
2 1
y = x - mx + m
3 2
. Xac dinh m d ham s co cac dim CD, CT di xung nhau
qua duong thng y x.
b.
3 2 2
y = x - 3x + m x + m. Xac dinh m d hs co CD, CT di xung nhau qua duong
thng
1 5
y = x -
2 2
.
Bai 12: Cho ham s: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
m
y = x - 2m + 1 x + m - 3m + 2 x + 4 C . Xac dinh cac
g.tri cua m d (C
m
) co dim CD va CT di xung nhau qua truc 0y.
Bai 13: Cho hs: y = x
4
- 4x
3
+ 8x.
a. Vit phuong trinh duong thng di qua dim CD, CT cua hs.
b. CMR dt ni 2 dim CD va CT song song voi truc hoanh.
Bai 14: Xac dinh m d hs: y x
4
+ mx
2
- m - 5 lun co 3 dim c.tri.
Bai 14: Cho hs:
3 2
y = x + mx + 7x + 3. Xac dinh m d dt di qua dim CD, CT vung
goc voi dt y 3x - 7.
Bai 15: Cho hs:
( )
3 2 2 2
y = - x + 3x + 3 m - 1 x - 3m -1. Xac dinh m d hs co CD, CT
cach du goc toa d O.
Bai 16: Cho hs:
3 2
1
y = x - mx + mx - 1
3
. Tim m d hs co cuc tri tai x
1
; x
2
thoa mn:
1 2
x - x 8 > .
Bai 17. Cho hs:
( ) ( )
3 2
y = 2x + 3 m - 1 x + 6 m - 2 x - 1. Tim m d hs co cuc tri tai x
1
;
x
2
thoa mn:
1 2
x + x = 2.
Bai 18. Cho hs:
3 2
1
y = x - mx - x + m +1
3
. Tim m d hs co CD va CT va khoang
cach giua chung la nho nht.
Bai 19. Cho hs:
( )
3 2
y = x - 3x + 3 1-m x + 3m +1. Tim m d hs co CD, CT dng thoi
cac dim c.tri cung voi gc toa d tao thanh t.giac co S 4.
Bai 20. Cho hs:
4 2
y = x + 2mx - m - 1. Tim m d hs co 3 dim C.tri, dng thoi cac
dim c.tri cua d thi tao thanh t.giac co S = 4 2 .
Bai 21. Cho hs:
( )
4 2 2
y = x + 2 m - 2 x + m - 5m + 5. Tim m d hs co cac dim CD,
CT tao thanh mt tam giac vung cn.


Bai 22. Cho hs:
3 2
1
y = x - 2x + 3x
3
. Goi A, B la cac dim CD va CT cua d thi hs.
Tim dim M thuc truc hoanh sao cho t.giac ABM co din tich bng 2.
Bai 23. Cho hs:
( )
3 2 2 2
y = - x + 3x + 3 m -1 x - 3m - 1. Tim m d hs co cuc dai va cuc
tiu, dng thoi cac dim c.tri tao voi gc O 1 t.giac vung tai O.
Bai 24. Cho hs :
3 2 2
y = 2x + 9mx +12m x +1. Tim m d hs co cuc dai tai x
CD
va cuc
tiu tai x
CT
thoa mn: x
CD
2

= x
CT
.
Bai 25. Cho hs:
( )
3 2
y = m + 2 x + 3x +mx - 5. Tim m d cac dim CD, CT cua d thi
hs co cac hoanh d la cac s duong.










I. Cac dang toan thuong gp
(C):
ax + b
y =
cx + d
d
x
c
| |
=
|
\ .


Phuong phap:
Xet dim M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) thuc (C)
( )
0 0
x ; y ta co: y thuong du/mu.
Dung BDT Csi. Suy ra KQ.

ax + b
y =
cx + d
d
x
c
| |
=
|
\ .


Phuong phap:
Goi I la giao dim cua 2 t.c I(-d/c; a/c)
Goi
( )
0 0
x ; y M la toa d tip dim cua tt voi d thi (C)
pttt: y = f'(x
0
).(x- x
0
) + y
0

tcd:
d
x = -
c
; tcn:
a
y =
c

+ Tim toa d giao dim A, B cua 2 t.c voi pttt cua d thi
Ta thy t.giac ABI vung tai I nn:
( )
1
S = AI.BI = h = const
2
(Ap dung c.thuc k.c giua 2 dim)

II. Bai tp


Bai 1. Cho hs:
- x + 2m
y =
x + m
( C ) . Goi I la giao cua hai t.c. Tim M trn d thi sao cho
t.giac AIB vung cn tai A
Bai 2. Cho hs:
2mx + 3
y =
x - 2
( Cm) . Tim m d t.tuyn b ky cua hs ct 2 duong t.c tao
thanh mt t.giac co din tich bng 8.
Bai 3. Tim dim M thuc d thi (C):
3x - 5
y =
x - 2
d tng k.c tu M toi 2 t.c la nho nht.
Bai 4. Tim dim M thuc d thi (C):
x - 1
y =
x + 1
d tng k.c tu M toi 2 t.c la nho nht.
Bai 5. Tim dim M thuc d thi (C):
x + 1
y =
x - 2
d tng k.c tu M toi 2 t.c la nho nht.
Bai 6. Cho hs:
2x + 1
y =
x - 1
. Tim cac dim M trn d thi co tng k.c toi 2 t.c cua d thi
bng 4.






I. Cac dang toan v tip tuyn

0
; y
0


Phuong phap:
Ta co: y' I'(x)
0
f'(x )
Phuong trinh tt tai dim M(x
0
; y
0
) la:

0 0 0
y - y = f'(x )(x - x )

1. Jit pttt voi do thi (C) tai dim co hoanh do x
0
.
PP: Ta tim v
0
= f(x
0
). Tu do suv ra pttt.
2. Jit pttt voi do thi (C) tai dim thoa mn pt f(x
0
) = 0.
PP. Tinh. f(x), f(x).
Giai pt. f(x
0
) = 0 suy ra x
0
.
Tim v
0
. Tu do vit pttt.

a. S
b.
Phuong phap:
a. Vi tt (d) song song voi dt y ax b nn (d) co h s goc bng a.
Ta co pt: I'(x
0
) = a (x
0
la hoanh d tip dim).
Suy ra x
0
, y
0.
PTTT (d):
0 0
y - y = a.(x - x )
b. Vi tt (d) vung goc voi dt y ax b nn (d) co h s goc bng -1/a.


Ta co pt: I'(x
0
) = -1/a (x
0
la hoanh d tip dim).
Suy ra x
0
, y
0.
PTTT (d):
0 0
y - y = -1/a.(x - x )

Phuong phap:
Hai duong cong tip xuc nhau khi va chi khi:
f(x) = g(x)
f'(x) = g'(x)

co nghim va nghim do la
hoanh d tip dim cua 2 d.c.
Cho hs (x
1
; y
1
) ko
.
Phuong phap:
Ta co : y' I'(x)
+ Ptdt (d) di qua A(x
1
; y
1
) co h s goc k co dang:
y = k(x - x
1
) + y
1

Gia su toa d tip dim cua (d) va (C) la M
0
(x
0
; y
0
)
Ta co hpt:
0 0 1 1
0
f(x ) = k(x - x ) + y
f'(x ) = k
x k

0

+ Pttt (d): y = k(x - x
1
) + y
1


: (C) y = f(x).
Phuong phap:
Gia su A(x
0
; y
0
)
Pt dt di qua A(x
0
; y
0
) co h s goc k co dang: y k(x - x
0
) + y
0

Duong thng (d) tx voi d thi (C) khi h sau co nghim

0 0
f(x) = k(x - x ) + y
f'(x) = k

Thay pt (2) vao (1) ta dc pt (3)
Khi do s nghim cua pt (3) la s tip tuyn ke tu A toi d thi.

II. Bai tp
Bai. Cho hs
3 2
y = x - 3x + 5.
a. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim M(1 ; 3).
b. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim co hoanh d x
0
= 2.
c. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim co hoanh d x
0
thoa mn diu kin I''(x
0
) = 12.
d. Vit pttt cua dths song song voi duong thng y 9x - 2012.
e. Vit pttt cua dths vung goc voi dt
1
y = x + 2013
3
.
Bai. Cho hs
4 2
y = x - 2x - 1.
a. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim M(1 ; - 2).
b. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim co hoanh d x
0
= - 1.
c. Vit pttt cua dths tai dim co hoanh d x
0
thoa mn diu kin I''(x
0
) = 2.
d. Vit pttt cua dths song song voi duong thng y 24x 2012.


e. Vit pttt cua dths vung goc voi dt
1
y = - x + 2013
24
.
Bai 1. Vit pttt ke tu dim
19
A ; 4
12
| |
|
\ .
dn d thi ham s
3 2
y = 2x - 3x + 5
Bai 2. Tim dim M thuc d thi ham s (C)
3 2
y = - x + 3x - 2ma qua do ke duoc mt
tip tuyn toi d thi.
Bai 3. Tim nhung dim thuc duong thng y 2 ma tu do ke duoc 3 tip tuyn dn d
thi hs
3
y = x - 3x
Bai 4. Tim nhung dim thuc truc tung ma tu do ke duoc 3 tip tuyn dn d thi hs
4 2
y = x - 2x + 1
Bai 5. Tim nhung dim thuc duong thng x 2 ma tu do ke duoc 3 tip tuyn dn d
thi hs
3
y = x - 3x
Bai 6. Tim nhung dim thuc truc tung ma tu do ke duoc 1 tip tuyn dn d thi hs
x + 1
y =
x - 1

Bai 7. Cho hs
( )
3
m
y = x + mx - m + 1 C . Tim m d tt tai giao dim cua (C
m
) voi truc
Oy chn trn hai truc toa d mt t.giac co S 8.
Bai 8. Cho hs
x + m
y =
x - 2
. Tim dim m d tu A(1 ; 2) ke dc 2 tt AB, AC dn dths sao
cho t.giac ABC du.
Bai 9. Cho hs ( )
m
2mx + 3
y = C
x - m
. Tim dim m d tt b.ky cua dths ct 2 duong t.cn
tao thanh t.giac co S 8.
Bai 10. Cho hs ( )
2x
y = C
x + 1
. Tim M thuc (C) sao cho tt tai M ct 2 truc Ox, Oy
tai A, B sao cho
OAB
1
S =
4
.
Bai 11. Cho hs ( )
2x
y = C
x + 1
. Vit pttt cua (C) bit tt tao voi 2 truc toa d 1 tam
giac co S 8.
Bai 12. Tim 2 dim A, B thuc dths
3 2
y = x - 3x + 2 sao cho t.tuyn tai A, B song
song voi nhau va AB = 4 2 .



I. Cac dang toan v su tuong giao cua 2 d thi

Phuong phap:
TXD:
Phuong trinh h.d giao dim cua 2 d thi la: I(x) g(x) f(x) - g(x) = 0 (1)
S nghim cua pt (1) la s hoanh d g.dim
Kt lun v toa d giao dim.


(C
1
) (C
2
) y = g(x).

Phuong phap 1: (B.lun bng PT)
+ TXD:
Phuong trinh h.d giao dim cua 2 d thi la: f(x) = g(x) f(x) - g(x) = 0 (1)
S nghim cua pt (1) la s giao dim cua hai d thi.

(C): t:
f(x) + g(m) = 0
Phuong phap:
Ta co: I(x) g(m) = 0 f(x) = g(m) (1)
S nghim cua pt (1) chinh la s giao dim cua d thi (C) voi duong thng g(m).
Dua vao d thi (C) ta co kt qua ...vv


1 2 3
y = f( x ) (C ) ; y = f(x) (C ) ; y = f( x ) (C )
Phuong phap:
V d thi ham s y I(x) (C)
1. D v d thi y = f( x ) ta thuc hin nhu sau:
Bo phn dt bn trai truc Oy, ly di xung phn dt bn phai cua (C) qua truc Oy.
2. D v d thi y = f(x) ta thuc hin nhu sau:
Giu nguyn phn dt bn trn truc Oy, Ly di xung phn dt nm duoi truc Ox qua truc
Ox. Bo phn dt nm phia duoi truc Ox.
3. D v d thi y = f( x ) ta thuc hin nhu sau:
Thuc hin (C
1
), ri thuc hin (C
2
) ta duoc d thi (C
3
)

II. Cac dang toan thuong gp
Bai 1. Cho hs
x + 1
y =
x - 1
(C) va duong thng (d): y 2x - 1. Xac dinh toa d giao
dim cua hai d thi ham s (C) va (d).
Bai 2. Cho hs ( )
m
2mx + 3
y = C
x - m
va duong thng (d): y 2x - 1. Xac dinh m sao
cho (C
m
) va (d) ct nhau tai dim co hoanh d bng 1. Xac dinh toa d giao dim do?
Bai 3. Cho hs
3 2
y = x - 3x + 2 (C).
a. Khao sat su bin thin va v dths
b. Dua vao d thi (C) bin lun s nghim cua phuong trinh
3 2
x - 3x + 2m = 0
c. Dua vao dths (C) bin lun s nghim cua pt
3 2
1
- x + x + 2m - 1= 0
3

Bai 4. Cho hs
4
2
x 5
y = - 3x +
2 2

a. Khao sat sbt va v dths
b. Tim m d pt sau co tam nghim phn bit
4 2 2
x - 6x + 5 = m - 2m



Bai 5. Cho hs
3 2
y = x - 3mx - 6mx
a. KS sbt va v dths khi m =1/4
b. Bin lun theo m s nghim cua pt
3
2
x - 3x - 6 x - 4m = 0
Bai 6. Cho hs
( )
3
y = 4x - 3x C
a. KS va v (C)
b.Tim m d pt
3
3
4 x - 3 x = 4m - 4m co 4 nghim phn bit.
Bai 7. Tim m d hs
( )
3 2
y = x - 3 m + 3 x + 18mx - 8 co dt tip xuc voi Ox.