Giao Trinh Bao Tri May Tinh

Giao trlnh Bao trl may tinh va cai dat phn mm & 1
PHN I
GIOI THIU KHAI QUAT V MAY TINH VA CAC
THIT BI NGOAI VI

.1. TNG QUAN V CU TRUC MAY VI TINH
I. Cu truc chung cua may vi tinh
May vi tinh la mt h thng duoc ghep nhiu thanh phn tao nn. Do do,
d may tinh co th hoat dng duoc ta phai lap ghep cac thanh phn cua no mt
cach hop ly va khai bao voi cac thanh phn khac. Ngay nay nganh tin hoc dua
trn cac may tinh hin dang phat trin trn co so hai phn:
Phn cung: Gm nhung di tuong vt ly huu hlnh nhu vi mach , ban mach
in, dy cap ni mach din, b nho, man hlnh, may in, thit bi du cui, ngun
nui,... Phn cung thuc hin cac chuc nang xu ly thng tin co ban o muc thp
nht tuc la cac tin hiu nhi phn.
Phn mm: La cac chuong trlnh (Program) diu va phi tac cac hoat dng
phn cung cua may vi tinh va chi dao vic xu ly s liu. Phn mm cua may tinh
co th chia thanh hai loai: Phn mm h thng (System SoItware) va phn mm
ung dung (Applications soItware). Phn mm h thng khi duoc dua vao b nho
chinh, no chi dao may tinh thuc hin cac cng vic. Phn mm ung dung la cac
chuong trlnh duoc thit k d giai quyt mt bai toan hay hay mt vn d cu th
d dap ung mt nhu cu ring trong mt s lnh vuc.
May tinh cac nhn PC (Personal Computer): Thep dung tn goi cua no la
may tinh co th duoc su dung boi ring mt nguoi.

Hlnh 1
Man hlnh
Ban phim
PC
May in
Chut
Hlnh 1 la mt h thng may vi tinh thuong duoc su dung. Phn trung tm la may
PC, no gm co: B xu ly du liu, da cung (HDD), da mm (IDD), CDROM,
cac mach ghep ni... Bn ngoai co ban phim (Key board), man hlnh (Monitor),
chut (Mouse), may in (Printer).
II. Cac thanh phn co ban cua may vi tinh

So d tng quan v cu truc may tinh
1. Vo may: La noi d gan cac thanh phn cua may tinh thanh khi nhu
ngun, Mainboard, card v.v... co tac dung bao v may tinh.
2. Ngun din: Cung cp hu ht h thng din cho cac thit bi bn trong
may tinh.
3. Mainboard: Co chuc nang lin kt cac thanh phn tao nn may tinh va
la bang mach lon nht trn may vi tinh.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit): B vi xu ly chinh cua may tinh.
5. B nho trong (ROM, RAM): La noi luu tru du liu va chuong trlnh
phuc vu truc tip cho vic xu ly cua CPU, no giao tip voi CPU khng qua mt
thit bi trung gian.
6. B nho ngoai: La noi luu tru du liu va chuong trlnh gian tip phuc vu
cho CPU, bao gm cac loai: da mm, da cung, CDROM, v.v... Khi giao tip voi
CPU no phai qua mt thit bi trung gian (thuong la RAM) hay goi la ngat.
7. Man hlnh: La thit bi dua thng tin ra giao din truc tip voi nguoi
dung. y la thit bi xut chun cua may vi tinh hay con goi la b truc (Monitor).
8. Ban phim (Keyboard): Thit bi nhp tin vao giao din truc tip voi
nguoi dung. y la thit bi nhp chun cua may vi tinh.
Mainboard
Vo may CPU
B nho trong B nho ngoai
Cac thit bi khac
Modem, Iax, Card
mang v.v...
Man hlnh Ban phim Chut May in
Ngun din
9. Chut (Mouse): Thit bi diu khin trong mi truong d hoa giao din
truc tip voi nguoi su dung.
10. May in (Printer): Thit bi xut thng tin ra giy thng dung nht.
11. Cac thit bi nhu Card mang, Modem, may Iax,... phuc vu cho vic lap
dat mang may tinh va cac chuc nang khac.

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.2. NGUN IN CHO MAY TINH

Ngun din may tinh co chuc nang chuyn di ngun din 110V/220V
thanh ngun din mt chiu 3, 3V, 5V va 12V cung cp cho toan b h thng
may tinh. Cng sut trung blnh cua b ngun hin nay khoang 200W. Cng sut
tiu thu mt s thanh phn nhu sau:
Mainboard : 20W 35W.
CDROM : 20W 25W
da mm : 5W 15W.
da cung : 5W 15W.
Ram : 5W /MB.
Card : 5W 15W.
CPU : Tuy theo muc d lam vic nhiu hay it.
Cac s liu trn dy chi mang tinh cht tham khao, boi vl hin nay xu th
cac hang san xut dua ra cac thit bi tiu thu din nang nho. Bn canh do, tuy
thuc vao s luong thit bi ma may tinh su dung nhu hay it din nang.
Hin nay, may vi tinh ca nhn thuong su dung hai loai b ngun din la
AT va ATX. Sau dy, ta xet cho thanh phn cua ngun AT con ATX tuong tu.
Co th chia du ra ngun din may tinh thanh hai loai nhu sau:
1. Phich dung cho main board: Gm 12 dy chia thanh 2 phich cam co cu
truc nhu sau:

Dy Mau Tin hiu
1
2
Gach
o
iu chinh
5V
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Vang
Xanh
en
en
en
en
Trang
o
o
o
12V
12V
Ni dt
Ni dt
Ni dt
Ni dt
5V
5V
5V
5V

* Quy tac cam vao mainboard: Mt s mainboard co ghi ro tu chn 1 dn chn
12, cu th ta cam cho dung vao khe cam trn mainboard.
2. Phich dung cho cac thanh phn khac: La loai phich 4 dy thuong dung
cho da cung, da mm, CDROM v.v..., cu truc cua loai nay nhu sau:

Chn Mau Tin hiu
1
2
3
4
o
en
en
Vang
5V
Ni dt
Ni dt
12V

Thng thuong, ta cam phich din vao dung ogI cua phich cam din cua
thit bi. Nu phich hoac thit bi khng co ogI thl ta phai cam dung s hiu chn
co ghi trn thit bi.
Khi co nghi ngo v b ngun cua may tinh nhu din khng n dinh ta d
dang kim tra b ngun bang cach dung dng h do din.
Thuc t, hin nay co loai ngun ATX co nhiu chuc nang nhu co th tu
ngat din khi may tinh thoat khoi Windows 95 tro v sau. Song v cu truc, cach
cam cua chung co ban la ging loai ngun AT o trn, chi khac o phich cam vao
mainboard co 20 dy va co dy 3,3V va 3,3V. Sau dy la so d chn cua phich
cam cua ngun ATX:

Dy Mau Tin hiu Dy Mau Tin hiu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Gach
Gach
en
o
en
o
en
Xam
Tim
Vang
3,3V
3,3V
Ni dt
5V
Ni dt
5V
Ni dt
PWRGOOD
5VS
12V
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Gach
Xanh sm
en
Xanh la
en
en
en
Trang
o
o
3,3
12V
Ni dt
PW_ON
Ni dt
Ni dt
Ni dt
5V
5V
5V

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.3. BANG MACH CHINH (MAINBOARD)
I. Gioi thiu v bang mach chinh
y la bang mach lon nht trong may vi tinh. Mainboard co chuc nang
lin kt va diu khin cac thanh phn duoc cam vao no. y la cu ni trung gian
cho qua trlnh giao tip cua cac thit bi duoc cam vao mainboard.
Khi co mt thit bi yu cu duoc xu ly thl no gui tin hiu qua mainboard,
nguoc lai, khi CPU cn dap ung lai cho thit bi no cung phai thng qua
mainboard. H thng lam cng vic vn chuyn trong mainboard goi la bus, duoc
thit k theo nhiu chun khac nhau.
Mt mainboard cho phep nhiu loai thit bi khac nhau voi nhiu th h
khac nhau cam trn no. Vi du: mt mainboard cho phep nhiu th h cua CPU
cam vao no (Xem Catalogue di cung mainboard d bit chi tit no tuong thich voi
cac loai CPU nao).
Mainboard co rt nhiu loai do nhiu hang san xut khac nhau nhu Intel,
Compact v.v..., mi hang san xut co nhung dac dim ring cho loai mainboard
cua mlnh. Nhung nhln chung chung co cac thanh phn va dac dim ging nhau,
ta se khao sat cac thanh phn trn mainboard trong muc sau.
II. Cac thanh phn co ban trn Mainboard
1. Khe cam CPU: Co hai loai co ban la Slot va Socket.
Slot: La khe cam dai nhu mt thanh dung d cam cac loai CPU doi moi
nhu Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium Pro, loai nay chi co trn cac mainboard
moi. Khi n CPU vao Slot con co thm cac vit d giu chat CPU.
Socket: la khe cam hlnh chu nht co xam l d cam CPU vao. Loai nay
dung cho tt ca cac loai CPU con lai khng cam theo Slot. Hin nay, da s CPU
dung Socket 7, Socket 370 (co vat 1 chn). Mt s it CPU doi cu dung Socket 4,
Socket 3 (du chn).
2. Khe cam RAM: Thuong co hai loai chinh DIMM va SIMM. Ngoai ra,
con co cac loai DIMM RAM, SIMM RAM thuong duoc gan san di cung voi
mainboard.
DIMM: Loai khe RAM co 168 chn dung cho loai 16 MB tro ln.
SIMM: Loai khe cam 72 chn dung cho cac loai con lai.
Hin nay co rt nhiu loai mainboard co ca hai loai khe SIMM va DIMM
trn nn rt tin cho vic nng cp va su dung lai RAM cu.
3. Bus: La duong dn thng tin trong bang mach chinh, ni tu vi xu ly dn
b nho va cac the mach, khe cam mo rng. Bus duoc thit k theo nhiu chun
khac nhau nhu PCI, ISA, ISA, VSA v.v...
4. Khe cam b diu hop: Dung d cam cac b diu hop nhu Card man
hlnh, Card mang, Card m thanh v.v... Chung cung gm nhiu loai duoc thit k
theo cac chun nhu ISA, ISA, PCI v.v...
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): La khe cam card dai dung cho cac
card lam vic o ch d 16 bit.
ISA (xtended Industry Standard Architecture): La chun cai tin cua
ISA d tang kha nang giao tip voi Bus mo rng va khng qua su diu khin cua
CPU.
PCI (Peripheral Component InterIace): la khe cam ngan dung cho loai
Card 32 bit.
5. Khe cam ID (Integrated Drive lectronics): Co hai khe cam dung d
cam cap da cung va CDROM.
6. Khe cam Iloppy: Dung d cam cap da mm.
7. Cng ni ban phim.
8. Cac khe cam ni tip (thuong la COM1 va COM2): su dung cho cac
thit bi ni tip nhu: chut, modem v.v... Cac b phn nay duoc su h tro cua cac
chip truyn nhn khng dng b van nang UART (Univeral Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter) duoc cam truc tip trn mainboard d diu khin trao di
thng tin ni tip giua CPU voi cac thit bi ngoai. Cac chip nay thuong co tn
Intel 8251, 8250 hay motorola 6821, 6530 v.v...
9. Cac khe cam song song (thuong la LPT1 va LPT2): Dung d cam cac
thit bi giao tip song song nhu may in.
10. Khe cam din cho mainboard thuong co hai khe, mt dung cho loai
ngun AT va mt dung cho loai ATX.
11. Cac ROM chua cac chuong trlnh h tro khoi dng va kim tra thit bi.
Tiu biu la ROM BIOS chua cac trlnh diu khin, kim tra thit bi va trlnh khoi
dng may.
12. Cac chip DMA (Direct Memory Access): y la chip truy cp b nho
truc tip, giup cho thit bi truy cp b nho khng qua su diu khin cua CPU.
13. Pin va CMOS luu tru cac thng s thit lp cu hlnh may tinh gm ca
RTC (Real Time Clock dng h thoi gian thuc).
14. Cac thanh phn khac nhu thoi dao dng thach anh, chip diu khin
ngat, chip diu khin thit bi, b nho Cache v.v... cung duoc gan san trn
mainboard.
15. Cac Jump thit lp cac ch d din, ch d truy cp, den bao v.v...
Trong mt s mainboard moi, cac Jump nay duoc thit lp tu dng bang phn
mm.
Mac du duoc thit k tich hop nhiu phn nhung duoc san xut voi cng
ngh cao, nn khi bi hong mt b phn thuong phai bo nguyn ca mainboard.
III. Cac loai Mainboard thuong duoc su dung hin nay

Loai Mainboard CPU duoc h tro Khe cam RAM Cac chip phu tro
SQ594(Co jump)
Socket7: Intel
P54C(100200MHz),
P55C(166233MHz).
AMDK5(100200MHz),
AMDK6 (PR 166,
PR200, PR233). Cyrix
6x86, 6x86 L/M2
4 SIMM,
2 DIMM
Intel 82371SB,82437VX,
82438 VX, Cache, BIOS
6x86, 6x86 L/M2
C (Co jump)
Socket7: Intel(P75
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
Cyrix(M1PR 120, 6x86
L/M2
4SIMM,
1DIMM
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
Intel i430 VX2
(Co jump)
Socket7: Intel(P75
P200). AMDK5
(K5PR90 K5PR 166),
Cyrix(M1PR 150,166)

4SIMM,
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
TXPRO II (Co
jump)
Socket7: Intel(P54
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
L/M2).
4SIMM,
2DIMM
Intel SB 82371,
82437VX, 82438 VX,
Cache, BIOS
ACORP5TX29
(Co jump)
Socket7: Intel(P90
P200, P166MMX,
P200MMX). AMDK5
(K5PR75 K5PR 166),
AMDK6(K6PR 166,
K6PR200, K6PR233)
L/M2)
4SIMM,
2DIMM
Intel 82371AB,
82439TX, Cache, BIOS
SPPIII
LXB/XB (Co
jump)
Slot: Intel Pentium II(
166, 333).

3DIMM
Intel IW82443LX,
IX82371AB, Cache,
IlashBIOS
X98 (Auto
jump)
Slot: Intel Pentium II(
166, 333).
2DIMM
Intel 440X, 82371X,
Cache, IlashBIOS
LX98 (Auto
jump)
Socket370: Celeron.
2DIMM
Intel440LX, 82371LX,
Cache, IlashBIOS
Nhu vy, mt mainboard co th h tro nhiu CPU khac nhau co tc d
khac nhau nn ta co th nng cp chung bang cach tra loai CPU tuong thich voi
loai mainboard do.

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.4. CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

I. Gioi thiu v CPU
y la b nao cua may tinh, no diu khin moi hoat dng cua may tinh.
CPU lin h voi cac thit bi khac qua mainboard va h thng cap cua thit bi.
CPU giao tip truc tip voi b nho RAM va ROM, con cac thit bi khac duo c lin
h thng qua mt vung nho (dia chi vao ra) va mt ngat thuong goi chung la
cng.
Khi mt thit bi cn giao tip voi CPU no se gui yu cu ngat (Interrupt
Request IRQ) va CPU se goi chuong trlnh xu ly ngat tuong ung va giao tip voi
thit bi thng qua vung dia chi quy dinh truoc. Chinh diu nay dn dn khi ta
khai bao hai thit bi co cung dia chi vao ra va cung ngat giao tip se dn dn li
h thng (xung dt ngat IRQ ConIlict) co th lam treo may.
Ngay nay voi cac th h CPU moi co kha nang lam vic voi tc d cao va
bus du liu rng giup cho vic xy dung chuong trlnh da nang ngay cang d
dang hon.
danh gia cac CPU, nguoi ta thuong can cu vao cac thng s cua CPU
nhu tc d, d rng cua bus, d lon cua Cache va tp lnh duoc CPU h tro. Tuy
nhin rt kho co th danh gia chinh xac cac thng s nay, do do nguoi ta vn
thuong dung cac chuong trlnh thu trn cung mt h thng co cac CPU khac nhau
d danh gia cac CPU.
II. Phn loai CPU
Hin nay, trn thi truong co rt nhiu loai CPU do nhiu hang san xut
khac nhau voi cac tc d va kha nang khac nhau dn dn gia ca cua chung cung
khac nhau. Ta co th phn loai CPU theo 2 cach nhu sau:
1. Phn loai theo doi
1. Cac CPU doi cu nhu 8080, 8086, 8088 la cac b vi xu ly co so cho cac
vi xu ly sau nay. Do gioi han v kha nang quan ly b nho, s bit du liu cung nhu
tc d nn loai nay hin nay khng duoc dung nua ma nhuong cho cac th h sau.
2. Cac CPU 80286, 80386, 80486: Co nhiu dt pha so voi th h truoc
trong vic quan ly b nho nhu su dung b nho mo rng, dap ung cac chuong trlnh
da nhim, h tro b dng xu ly giup cho vic xu ly cac phep toan dng co hiu
qua.
3. Cac CPU Pentium nhu Pentium I, Pentim II, Celeron, AMDK5 v.v...
y la cac CPU duoc su dung rng rai hin nay. Chung co nhiu uu dim v tc
d, bus du liu va dap ung duoc nhiu chuong trlnh d hoa co tinh da nhim cao.
4. Cac CPU doi moi: Gn dy, Intel da cho ra doi Pentium III, IV voi tc
d ln dn 2.6 GHz, hoac AMDK6 v.v... Co nhiu uu dim v cng ngh cao, tc
d xu ly cao, song gia thanh cua chung giam di rt nhiu do co nhiu hang san
xut canh tranh voi nhau.
2. Phn loai theo hang san xut:
Co rt nhiu hang san xut CPU, song ta co th phn loai theo cac hang
san xut chinh ma CPU cua ho duoc dung rng rai hin nay nhu sau:

Nha san xut Cac CPU tuong ung
Intel
oi truoc: 8080,8086,8088,80286,80386,80484SX,80486DX v.v...
PentiumI:(PR 75 PR 166, PR 166MMX PR 233 MMX)
PentiumII:(266 450), Celeron v.v...
Pentium III, IV.
AMD
K5 (PR75 PR166)
K6 (PR166 PR 233)
Cyrix/IBM
M1: PR120, PR133, PR150, PR166, PR200, PR200L
M2: PR166, PR200, PR233
III. Cach cam CPU vao Mainboard va thit lp cac thng s
Nhu da gioi thiu o phn trn, hin nay co hai tiu chun chinh d gan
CPU vao Mainboard la Socket va Slot. Song ring mi loai mainboard cung chi
cho phep voi mt s loai CPU nht dinh nao do (iu nay phai tham khao trong
Catalogue di kem voi mainboard).
Khi CPU lam vic, no toa luong nhit tuong di lon, do do bi nong ln.
Chinh vl vy no thuong duoc lap kem voi b giai nhit hoac quat d lam giam
nhit trong qua trlnh hoat dng xu ly.
Sau khi tham khao cac tham s cua CPU cho phep cam ln mainboard dat
yu cu, ta tin hanh di vao thit lp cac thng s lam vic cho no. y la buoc
quan trong vl nu thit lp khng dung cac thng s cho CPU se la giam kha
nang lam vic, giam tui tho cung nhu co th lam chay CPU. Mt CPU thuong
co hai thng s chinh phai thit lp la muc din ap tiu thu va h s ratio.
Muc din ap tiu thu: la muc din ap cn thit cho CPU lam vic, no
thuong duoc ghi truc tip trn mat CPU. Nu thit lp muc din ap duoi muc nay
CPU khng lam vic, nu trn se lam chay CPU. Hin nay muc nay cho cac CPU
thuong la 2,8V 3,3V.
H s Ratio: La h s dng b giua tc d CPU (tinh bang giao dng
dng h tinh th) va tc d mainboard (tinh bang giao dng thach anh) d diu
khin dng h go nhip dng b (Vi du: CPU co tc d 200 MHz, Mainboard 66
MHz thl h s nay la 3 vl 66x3 200). H s nay thuong cung duoc ghi truc tip
trn CPU.
thit lp 2 h s trn ta phai tra trn Catalogue cua mainboard d tlm ra
cac CPU duoc h tro cung voi cach cam cua cac Jump trn mainboard. Sau do,
truy tlm cac Jump trn mainboard d cam cho dung. Mt s mainboard moi hin
nay co chuc nang Autojump se tu dng xac dinh cac thng s din ap ta chi chon
thng s Ratio cho phu hop theo hlnh thuc Tc d CPU/Tc d mainboard trong
CMOS.
IV. Ngat (Interrupt Request)
Nhu ta da bit CPU lam vic voi nhiu thit bi khac nhau. Song tai mt
thoi dim thl CPU chi phuc vu duoc mt cng vic nht dinh nao do. Do do, d
CPU co th kim soat va phuc vu tt tt ca cac thit bi thl khi mt thit bi co yu
cu xu ly no se goi CPU ngung cac cng vic khac d phuc vu cho mlnh, qua
trlnh trn goi la ngat. Khi lam vic, mi thit bi duoc dat trung boi mt chi s
ngat nao do ma thi. Nhu vy, ngat lam vic nhu th nao va co bao nhiu loai
ngat ?
Khi co yu cu ngat thl CPU se luu giu cac thng s cua chuong trlnh
dang thuc hin, sau do goi chuong trlnh xu ly ngat d thuc hin dap ung. ia chi
cua chuong trlnh xu ly ngat duoc chua trong bang Vector ngat. Khi thuc hin
xong ngat, CPU khi phuc lai lnh cua chuong trlnh dang thuc hin do d tip
tuc. B xu ly ngat phn cung co th duoc thuc hin boi mt chip duoc gan truc
tip trn mainboard hay trn thit bi goi la chip xu ly ngat.
Ngat co nhiu cach phn loai nhu ngat cung va ngat mm, ngat che duoc
va khng che duoc, ngat trong va ngat ngoai v.v... Do khi dinh ngha nguoi ta
nhln theo cac goc d khac nhau. O dy ta chi dinh ngha theo cach ngat cung va
ngat mm.
Ngat cung la ngat duoc tao ra boi cac phn cung nhu ngat ban phim,
chut v.v... Ngat cung thuong do mt chip xu ly ngat cua thit bi tao ra mi khi
co yu cu phuc vu.
Ngat mm la do chuong trlnh tao ra nhu cac ngat d yu cu du liu,
ngat chia cho 0 v.v...
Ngoai ra, khi giao tip voi cac thit bi ngoai, CPU con quy dinh vung trao
di du liu cho thit bi goi la vung nho vao ra (I/O Input/Output). Do do, mi
h thng co mt so d b nho co ban vao ra (I/O Map). So d nay co th do
nguoi su dung khai bao hoac may tinh tu dng cp nht. Su kt hop giua ngat va
dia chi b nho vao ra cho mt thit bi goi la cng cua thit bi do.

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.5. B NHO TRONG (RAM & ROM)

I. Gioi thiu v b nho trong
Xet trong gioi han b nho gan trn mainboard thl dy la b nho truc tip
lam vic voi CPU. No la noi CPU ly du liu va chuong trlnh d thuc hin, dng
thoi cung la noi chua du liu d xut ra ngoai.
quan ly b nho nay nguoi ta t chuc gp chung lai thanh nhom 8 bits
ri cho no mt dia chi d CPU truy cp dn. Chinh diu nay khi noi dn dung
luong b nho, nguoi ta chi d cp dn don vi byte chu khng phai bit nhu ta da
bit. B nho trong gm 2 loai la ROM va RAM.
1. ROM (Read Only Memory): y la b nho ma CPU chi co quyn doc
va thuc hin chu khng co quyn thay di ni dung vung nho. Loai nay chi duoc
ghi mt ln voi thit bi ghi dac bit. ROM thuong duoc su dung d ghi cac
chuong trlnh quan trong nhu chuong trlnh khoi dng, chuong trlnh kim tra thit
bi v.v... Tiu biu trn mainboard la ROM BIOS.
Hin nay, trn hu ht cac thit bi du co gan ROM d phuc vu cac
chuong trlnh cn thit. ROM co nhiu loai voi cng ngh khac nhau nhu
PROM, IROM, v.v...
2. RAM (Random Access Memory): y la b nho chinh ma CPU giao
tip trong qua trlnh xu ly du liu cua mlnh, boi loai nay cho phep ghi va xoa du
liu nhiu ln giup cho vic trao di du liu trong qua trlnh xu ly cua CPU thun
loi hon.
RAM duoc t chuc thanh cac byte xp sat nhau va duoc danh dia chi cho
tung byte. Khi CPU ghi du liu vao b nho, no se giu gia tri nho du va d dai
ghi duoc d khi truy cp CPU tlm dn dia chi du cua muc cn tlm va tu do doc
tip cac thng tin con lai.
Khi thuc hin chuong trlnh, CPU doc chuong trlnh va ghi ln b nho sau
do moi tin hanh thuc hin cac lnh. Ngay nay, cac chuong trlnh co kich thuoc rt
lon va yu cu du liu cang lon. Do do, d may tinh thuc hin nhanh chong yu
cu phai co b nho RAM lon va tc d truy cp RAM cao. Chinh vl th ma cac
hang san xut mainboard va b nho khng ngung dua ra cac dang RAM co tc d
cao va co kich thuoc lon.
II. Phn loai RAM
* Co nhiu cach d phn loai RAM. Nu phn loai theo khe cam trn
mainboard thl RAM co cac loai nhu sau:
SIMM (Single Inline Module Memory): dy la loai RAM giao tip 72 chn
duoc su dung nhiu o cac mainboard cu, dung luong mi thanh co th la: 4MB,
8MB, 16MB, 32MB v.v...
DIMM (Dual Inline Module Memory): La chun thanh RAM 168 chn co
mat o cac mainboard moi, cac thanh nay co kich thuoc 8 MB tro ln va duoc cam
vao khe DIMM trn mainboard.
SIPRAM (Single Inline Pin Random Access Memory) va DIPRAM (Dual
Inline Pin Random Access Memory): y la 2 loai RAM thuong duoc cam san
trn mainboard va thuong co dung luong nho tinh theo Kb. Cac mainboard moi
hin nay khng con thy cac loai nay.
Cache: (B nho khay) la b nho co tc d cuc nhanh, lam vic trung gian
giua b nho va CPU nham d tang tc d truy cp du liu cua CPU trong qua
trlnh xu ly. Cache thuong duoc phn bit theo 2 loai la Cache ni (Internal
Cache) duoc tich hop trn CPU va Cache ngoai (xternal Cache) duoc gan trn
mainboard hay trn cac thit bi.
Trn cac mainboard moi hin nay hu ht h tro ca DIMM ln SIMM rt
thun tin cho qua trlnh nng cp RAM.
* Nu phn loai theo cng ngh thl RAM co cac loai nhu sau:
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): Con duoc goi la RAM tnh,
loai nay co tc d cao nhung d linh hoat kem, ngay nay it duoc dung ring re.
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): Con goi la RAM dng,
loai nay lam vic linh dng hon nhung d n dinh khng cao.
SDRAM (Static Dynamic Random Access Memory): La loai kt hop
cng ngh cua hai loai trn va duoc su dung rng rai hin nay d ch tao cac
thanh DIMM, SIMM .
DORAM (xtended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory):
Biu thi cho vic su dung bang thng mo rng du liu, do vy loai nay co tc d
nhanh hon 25 so voi cac loai tuong duong cung chun.
Ngoai ra, con co cac loai RAM khac nhu Cache (B nho khay) co tc d rt
cao, lam nhim vu trung gian cua b nho va CPU d tang tc d xu ly.
Khi cam RAM nn cn thn, boi vl nguyn nhn may khng khoi dng do
RAM rt hay gap trong thuc t. Ngoai ra, tuy theo muc d su dung cac chuong
trlnh co kich thuoc lon cua chung ta ma chon cu hlnh RAM cho phu hop.
Ngay nay, duoc su h tro cua cac chip DMA va cung d tang tc d cua cac
thit bi ngoai vi, hu ht cac Card thit bi diu co gan ROM va RAM ring trn
no d tang cac tinh nang lam vic, tc d giao tip.
III. Chip truy cp b nho truc tip (DMA Direct Memory Access)
Ngay nay, kich thuoc cua chuong trlnh ngay cang lon, s luong xu ly cua
CPU cang nhiu. Do do, nu chi d CPU don phuong thuc hin tt ca cac cng
vic tu du dn cui thl se lam chm h thng di rt nhiu do phai cho d truy
cp cho cac thanh phn tu bn ngoai vao b nho trong. khac phuc diu nay
nguoi ta dua ra chip truy cp b nho truc tip, cho phep trao di du liu giua b
nho trong voi thit bi ngoai ma khng qua su diu khin cua CPU. Cac chip do
goi la chip DMA.
Cac chip DMA duoc gan trn mainboard hay trn cac thit bi. No thuong
la cac chip mang tn 8237, 82C37 v.v...

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.6. B NHO NGOAI (ILOPPY, HARD DISK, CDROM)

Trong phn truoc ta da khao sat xong b nho trong cua may tinh va thy
duoc chung co uu di m v tc d rt lon va lam vic truc tip voi CPU. Tuy
nhin, chung co gioi han v dung luong cung nhu gia ca cua no cung kha dat.
Hon nua, b nho RAM bi mt du liu khi bi ngat din, con ROM thl chi ghi duoc
mt ln. co th luu giu du liu va di chuyn chung mt cach dc lp, ro rang,
ta phai cn mt b nho khac co kha nang luu du liu khi khng co din va di
chuyn duoc d dang hon. B nho do la b nho ngoai bao gm da mm, da
cung, CDROM va mt s da khac.
I. a mm va da mm
a mm duoc lam bang nhua, bn trong co lop nhim tu bang cht deo
dung d luu tru du liu. a mm co nhiu loai, co kich thuoc va dung luong khac
nhau.
Vi du: Thuong co hai loai: 5.1/4 inch: 360 KB, 720 KB, 1.2 MB v.v...
3.1/2 inch: 360KB, 720KB, 1.2MB, 1.44 MB v.v...
Hin nay da s dung loai 3.1/2 inch 1.44MB.
Khi da mm lam vic, no duoc dat trong mt da, da nay co tac dung
lam quay da va co mt du tu se lam nhim tu trn b mat da ung voi cac bit
duoc ghi vao. da nay giao tip voi mainboard qua mt soi cap duoc cam vao
khe cam Iloppy trn mainboard.
1. T chuc vt ly cua da mm
da mm co th ghi du liu duoc va co th doc duoc du liu ra tu da
mm, nguoi ta phai dinh dang va danh dia chi vao tung don vi cua da mm. Phn
nay do h diu hanh dam nhim. co th danh dia chi cho da nguoi ta chia cu
truc vt ly cua da mm nhu sau:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
Sector
(cung)
Track
(vong)

Hlnh 6.1. M ta cu truc da mm loai 3.1/2 inch (1.44MB)
M ta da mm loai 3.1/2 inch (1.44MB):
Track: Track la cac duong tron dng tm, duoc chia lam 80 duong duoc
danh s tu ngoai vao trong, track ngoai cung mang s 0.
Sector: La don vi quan ly nho nht trn da 1 Sector 512 bytes cho moi
loai da. Mt track duoc chia lam nhiu Sector.
Cluster: on vi nay duoc tinh theo Sector, 1 Cluster 1,2,4,8,16,... Sector.
y la don vi truy xut thng tin trn da, thuong thl da mm 1Cluster 1sector.
Head: Vl da mm co kha nang lam vic trn 2 mat nn no co 2 du ung
voi 2 mat do. phn bit hai du tu trn nguoi ta dua ra cac gia tri 0 va 1 ung
voi 2 du tu.
Nhu vy, ta da thy tt ca cac dim trn da mm du co th chi dinh bang
t hop cac gia tri (Head, Track, Sector) hay (Head, Track, Cluster). Tuy vy, trn
dy chi la cach t chuc vt ly, rt kho cho qua trlnh lam vic cua may tinh. Do
do, nguoi ta dua ra cach danh dia chi cho cac don vi luu tru trn da theo logic
chinh xac va don gian hon.
2. T chuc logic cua da mm
quan ly cac thng tin trn da mm nguoi ta t chuc cu truc logic cua
no nhu sau:
Boot Sector Hidden IAT1 IAT2 Root Directory 004 005
Boot Sector: La Sector du tin cua da m m chua cac thng tin v da
mm do va cac doan chuong trlnh diu khin khoi dng (Bootrap) nu do la da
khoi dng. Khi truy xut may tinh doc cac thng s nay d xac dinh cu truc cua
da, tu do xac dinh vi tri thng tin truy xut. Nu la da khoi dng thl chuong
trlnh khoi dng se duoc thuc hin d tlm ra cac Iile khoi dng trn da.
Bang IAT (Iile Allocation Table)
Bang IAT la cng cu luu giu cac thng tin lin quan dn Cluster trn da.
Mi dim vao cua bang IAT la ung voi mt gia tri cua t hop (Head, Track,
Cluster). Toan b bang IAT la anh xa cua toan b cac don vi trn da. Cac dim
vao nay duoc danh dia chi tun tu. Cac dim vao trn IAT cua cac Cluster trng
trn da thl mang gia tri 000, cac Cluster da ghi du liu se duoc danh du bang gia
tri cua Cluster tip theo trong chui, nu la Cluster cui cung se mang gia tri III.
Khi ghi mt Iile, HH se ln trn bang IAT tlm Cluster trng va ghi du
liu vao Cluster do trn da, dng thoi gan gia tri cho Cluster do chi dn dia chi
cua cac Cluster tip theo hoac mang gia tri kt thuc III. Trong giai doan nay,
HH cung ghi dia chi cua Cluster du tin cua chui vao bang thu muc.
Khi doc du liu tu mt Iile, HH se tlm dn Cluster du tin d doc du
liu. Sau do, doc dn dn cac Cluster tip theo cho dn Cluster mang gia tri III.
Sau dy la doan trich cua mt doan IAT:
003 004 005 006 007 008 009
004 005 009 5I7 000 000 III
Cac Cluster 003, 004, 005, 009: cung mt Iile va Cluster 009 la Cluster
kt thuc. Cluster 006 thuc mt Iile khac, Cluster 007, 008 la cac Cluster con
trng.
Nhu vy, bang IAT rt quan trong di voi da, no quyt dinh vic truy
xut thng tin trn da va duoc su dung thuong xuyn nn rt d bi li. Do do,
trn da nguoi ta phai luu tru du phong bang IAT thanh 2 ba ng la IAT1 va
IAT2. Trong do IAT1 duoc su dung va IAT2 du tru, khi IAT1 bi li ta co th
thay IAT1 bang IAT2 d tip tuc lam vic.
Root Directory: La bang chua thng tin v thu muc, mi dim vao cua
bang la nhung thng tin v cac Iile hay Thu muc chua trong thu muc gc cua da.
Nhung thng tin nay giup cho vic doc du liu trn da. Cu truc cua bang co th
duoc m ta nhu sau:

Tn Iile hay
thu muc
Cluster du Ngay thanh
lp
Ngay cp nht
gn nht
lon tp
tin, thu muc
. . .
.
.
Tn Iile hay
thu muc
Cluster du Ngay thanh
lp
Ngay cp nht
gn nht
lon tp
tin, thu muc
. . .
Nu la Iile thl muc Cluster du se luu giu Cluster du tin cua Iile, duoc
ghi vao khi Iile duoc ghi va duoc su dung khi truy cp Iile. Nu la thu muc con
thl tro dn dia chi du cua bang thu muc con co cu truc nhu bang thu muc gc
trn.
Khi truy cp thu muc thl thng tin xut hin trn man hlnh chinh la
thng tin chua trong bang thu muc, do do ta thy duong nhu nhung thng tin nay
xut hin tuc thoi.
da mm co th su dung duoc ta phai dinh dang no. Trong DOS, lnh
nay la Iormat a: . Nu mun da nay thanh da khoi dng ta thm thng s /s vao
lnh Iormat nhu sau Iormat a: /s d HH copy cac Iile h thng vao da giup no
tro thanh da khoi dng.
3. da mm
Co th xem da mm gm mt motor quay d quay tron da, motor buoc
va cac du tu duoc dich chuyn qua lai nham xac dinh vi tri cn truy cp trn da.
Mt bang mach diu khin d diu khin hoat dng cua cac motor, cac thanh
phn dn du liu va mt s thanh phn phu tro khac.
Ngoai ra, d da mm lam vic duoc voi nhiu loai da co kich thuoc
khac nhau cn phai duoc diu khin boi phn mm goi la trlnh diu khin da
mm, phn nay thuong duoc chua trong chuong trlnh BIOS. Do do, khi co da
mm moi ma BIOS cu (phn mm diu khin khng phu hop voi da) thl co th
gy ra li hoac khng su dung duoc nn phai nng cp BIOS cho phu hop.
Hin nay, da s cac BIOS du h tro 2 da mm co tn la A va B. Khi
cai dat, ta phai khai bao trong CMOS thl moi su dung duoc.
II. da cung
a cung cung la mt loai da tu co cu truc va cach lam vic ging nhu
da mm, nhung no gm nhiu la dng truc xp lai va duoc dat trong mt vo kim
loai kt hop voi b diu khin thanh da cung. Do mi la da co dung luong lon
hon da mm va gm nhiu la nn cung co dung luong rt lon va co tc d truy
cp rt cao. Hin nay co rt nhiu loai da cung co tc d cao va dung luong hang
GB nhu Seagate, Quantum v.v...
1 Cach t chuc vt ly cua da cung
Nhu da gioi thiu, da cung rt ging da mm. Do do, v cu tao va t
chuc cua no cung ging nhau gm Head, Track, Sector, Cluster, IAT. Tuy nhin,
chung cunng co thm mt s khac bit nhu sau:


Do co cu truc nhiu la nn s du tu cua da cung cung nhiu hon so
voi da mm va duoc danh s tu 0 cho lop trn cung va cu th tang dn xung
duoi. Cung vl ly do nhu trn ma trong da cung con co khai nim Cylinder la
hlnh tru, tp hop cac Track co cung chi s.
2. Cach t chuc logic da cung
Do dung luong da cung lon nn d nguyn da nhu vy se gy kho khan
cho vic t chuc cung nhu tlm kim thng tin trn da. khac phuc tlnh trang
trn, nguoi ta cho phep chia da cung thanh nhiu phn co kich thuoc nho hon.
Mi phn nay hoat dng tuong tu nhu mt da cung ring bit goi la Partition.
quan ly cac Partition nay, nguoi ta dung bang Master Boot Record d luu giu
cac thng tin nay, toan b cu truc logic cua da cung nhu sau:

Master Boot Record
Boot Sector Hidden IAT1 IAT2 Root Directory
.
.
Boot Sector Hidden IAT1 IAT2 Root
Directory

a. Master Boot Record
Master Boot Record la Sector du tin cua da cung, no chua cac thng
tin v cac Partition nhu s thu tu, tn da logic, trang thai, kich thuoc cua
Partition v.v... goi la cac dim vao. Mi Master Boot Record co th quan ly 4
dim vao, mi dim vao co kich thuoc 16 bytes, nhu vy cn 64 bytes d luu giu
cac dim vao nay goi la bang Partition. Khng gian con lai cua Sector nay duoc
luu tru chuong trlnh Bootrap cua da khoi dng.
Nhu trn, ta thy mi Master Boot Record chi chua 4 dim vao, nhu vy
mi da cung chi phn ti da thanh 4 phn. khac phuc diu nay, nguoi ta ly
Sector du tin cua Partition thu 4 d quan ly cac phn chia tip theo nhu la mt
Master Boot Record thuc thu goi la Master Boot Record phu, cu nhu th ma ta
co th chia da cung thanh nhiu phn khac nhau.
Master Boot Record duoc tao ra boi chuong trlnh Idisk cua DOS, do do,
ta co th khi phuc lai no bang lnh nay khi no bi hong voi tham s mbr, tuc la
lnh Idisk /mbr.
b. Partition (Phn khu):
La phn duoc chia boi da cung, no lam vic nhu mt da bit lp va co
cu truc ging ht nhu da mm. Thng tin v Partition duoc luu giu trong bang
Partition trn Master Boot Record.
i voi cac h diu hanh DOS va Windows chi cho phep khoi dng o
Partition du tin. Ngoai ra, con co mt s h diu hanh cho phep khoi dng tu
cac Partition khac.
phn da cung thanh cac Partition, ta dung lnh Idisk cua DOS, theo
doi cac trlnh don cua tin ich nay d chia da cung va tao Partition khoi dng.
c. Bang IAT:
V co ban, bang IAT cu ng ging ht nhu vic t chuc trn da mm,
song chung chi khac nhau v kich thuoc.
i voi da mm, do kich thuoc da han ch nn chi cn dung 12 bits d
danh dia chi la du, thuong duoc goi la IAT 12. (12 bits danh duoc 2
12
dia chi
dim vao cua IAT, nu dung 1 Cluster 1 Sector ta se danh dia chi cho da co
dung luong: 2
12
.512 2
21
2 MB lon hon cac loai da mm hin nay).
Song di voi da cung co dung luong lon, nu dung IAT 12 d quan ly
toan b da cung ta phai tang chi s Cluster ln rt nhiu gy lang phi da. (Vi du
500MB dung IAT 12 thl luc do 1Cluster 250 Sector (1.024.000/4096) 125
KB. Song mi ln ghi dung mt Cluster nn nu ghi mt Iile co kich thuoc 100
byte cung phai su dung 125 KB tht la lang phi).
khac phuc tlnh trang trn nguoi ta da dua ra cac bang IAT16 (2
16
dim
vao) va IAT32 (2
32
dim vao) d quan ly cho da cung. Voi tc d tang dung
luong cua da cung nhu hin nay trong tuong lai chac chan se co IAT 64 va hon
nua. Tuy nhin, voi mt da nho ma ta dung bang IAT lon se gy lang phi
khng gian chua bang IAT va anh huong dn tc d truy tlm.
d. Lap rap va khai bao su dung da cung:
Hin nay, da s da cung duoc thit k theo 2 chun ID (Intergrated
Drive lectronics) va SCSI (Small Computer System InterIace). Song ID duoc
su dung rng rai hon.
Cac loai da ID giao tip voi h thng thng qua Bus cam vao hai khe
cam ID1 va ID2 trn Mainboard. Mi khe cam cho dung chung hai thit bi
lam vic theo ch d khach chu. Nhu vy, trn toan b may tinh su dung da
ID co th su dung 4 da nhu sau:
1: Primary Master.
2: Primary Slave
3: Secondary Master.
4: Secondary Slave.
thit lp ch d Master, Slave cho da cung ta cam lai Jump thit lp,
thuong duoc chi dn truc tip trn da cung hoac Catalogue di cung. Tuy nhin,
mt s loai da cung tu dng nh n Master khi cam cung voi cac da khac.
Sau khi thit lp xong phn cung, ta phai khai bao su dung da cung trong
muc Standard cua CMOS va kim tra bang muc Auto Detect Hard Disk d xem
da cung co duoc nhn din hay khng.
i voi loai da giao din SCSI thl cn phai co Card giao din SCSI d
diu khin da nay. Card nay duoc cam vao bus PCI hay ISA cua Mainboard. Cac
loai da nay cho phep su dung ti da 7 thit bi va khng qua kim tra cua CMOS.
3. inh dang da cung:
da cung co th lam vic duoc ta cn phai dinh dang no d tao ra cu
truc logic. Toan b qua trlnh dinh dang co th chia thanh cac buoc nhu sau:
* inh dang cp thp: y la phuong an dinh dang v cac mat vt ly cho
da cung nhu Track, Cluster, Cylinder, h s dan xen. Chuong trlnh nay kim tra
dn tung Sector cua da cung va danh du bo qua cac Sector hong va dua cac gia
tri thng tin v cung mt dang 0,1. Do do, dy cung la chuong trlnh cn d loai
tn gc du liu trn da cung cung nhu sua cac li Bad Sector cua da cung. Cac
Mainboard hin nay da s co h tro chuong trlnh nay trong BIOS qua muc Hard
disk Level Low Iormat.
* Phn chia da: Phn chia da cung thanh nhiu thanh phn (Partition) d
tao cac da logic nhu da trlnh bay o trn. Chuc nang nay do chuong trlnh Idisk
cua h diu hanh dam nhim, chuong trlnh tao ra cac Partition, xac dinh Partition
cho phep khoi dng va tao ra Master Boot Record chua bang cac thng s v
Partition. Ngoai ra, chuong trlnh cung cho phep xem, sua va xoa cac Partition da
co.
* inh dang cp cao: y la phn xac dinh cac thng s logic, cu hlnh
cac Partition da duoc chia d no lam vic nhu mt da thuc thu. Phn nay do
chuong trlnh Iormat cua h diu hanh dam nhim, nham tao ra Boot Sector,
IAT, Root Directory v.v...
Khi mun tao ra da khoi dng ta dung lnh sau di voi cac Partition da
duoc thit k khoi dng trong phn phn da o trn:
Iormat Tn da logic : / s.
i voi cac Partition khng cn khoi dng ta dung lnh sau d tao mt
da luu du liu blnh thuong:
Iormat Tn da logic.
Kt thuc cac qua trlnh nay ta da kt thuc qua trlnh dinh dang da cung va
co th su dung blnh thuong.
III. Qua trlnh khoi dng may tinh trong DOS
y la qua trlnh din bin tu khi bt may cho dn khi xut hin du nhac
cua h diu hanh. Qua trlnh nay rt quan trong trong vic xac dinh su c cua may
vi tinh. Toan b qua trlnh duoc ta nhu sau:
- Khi bt may nu ngun din hoat dng tt thl chuong trlnh POST
(Power On SeIt Test) trong ROM BIOS se chay tu dng d kim tra
cac thit bi co ban nhu CPU, RAM, Mainboard, Card man hlnh. Nu
cac thit bi trn hoat dng tt thl se nhn duoc mt tin Bip cua RAM
va h thng tip tuc lam vic. Nu co thit bi li se co mt dong ting
Bip thoat ra hoac h thng khng thuc hin gl ca.
- Chuong trlnh POST tip tuc kim tra cac thit bi duoc cam vao may
tinh va khai bao su dung trong CMOS, nu co thit bi nao do bi li thl
xut hin thng bao li, con khng thl chuyn qua buoc sau.
- Kim tra cac thng s cu hlnh trong CMOS d h tro cac thng s
Plug and Play cua BIOS cho thit bi, dng thoi cung dua lun bang
Vector ngat ln vung nho co ban va xac dinh thit bi khoi dng d
chuyn diu khin dn.
- Thuc hin chuong trlnh Bootrap trn Boot Sector cua da khoi dng d
tlm ra hai Iile khoi dng chinh la IO.SYS va MSDOS.SYS d chuyn
diu khin dn do. Hai tp IO.SYS va MSDOS.SYS duoc dinh vi tai
hai vi tri da xac dinh truoc nn ta khng co quyn thay di no. Nu no
bi thay di hoac bi li thl da do khng khoi dng duoc nua va thng
bao li Non System Disk.
- Kim tra Command.com d thuc hin, nu Iile nay bi li se thng bao
Command.com not Interpret. Nu blnh thuong thl h thng se doc
Command.com ln RAM ri thuc hin cac lnh trong ConIig.sys va
Autoexec.bat, cui cung la du nhac cua h diu hanh.
Dua vao cac thng bao li va cac din bin xay ra d xac dinh cac thanh
phn gy li va tlm cach khac phuc.
IV. CDROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
Khac voi 2 loai da truoc hoat dng bang phuong thuc nhim tu, CDROM
hoat dng bang phuong phap quang hoc. No duoc ch tao bang vt liu cung co
trang cht phan quang trn b mat.
Khi ghi da CD, nguoi ta su dung tia lazer d chiu ln b mat cua da tao
ra vung du liu ung voi cac gia tri cua bit 0 va 1. Do do, da CDROM chi ghi
duoc 1 ln. Khi doc da CDROM chiu tia sang xung b mat phan quang va
thu tia phan xa, can cu vao cuong d tia phan xa nguoi ta suy ra do la bit 0 hay
bit 1.
Cach t chuc v cu truc vt ly va logic cua da CDROM tuong tu nhu trn
da mm nn o dy ta khng nhac lai.
CDROM co dung luong rt lon (khoang 650MB), co th di chuyn d
dang va gia tuong di re, rt thun tin cho vic luu giu cac chuong trlnh ngun
co kich thuoc lon, phim a nh, v.v... nn hin nay no duoc dung rt rng rai.
co th doc duoc CDROM cn co mt da CDROM duoc cai dat
dung vao may tinh. da CDROM hin nay co rt nhiu loai co tc d khac
nhau nhu 4x, 8x, 16x, 24x, 32x, 64x v.v...(1x150 kbyte/s). CDROM hin nay
duoc thit k theo tiu chun SCSI nhung no co bang mach chuyn theo chun
ID nn thuong duoc cam vao khe cam ID trn Mainboard hoac gan di kem voi
da cung.
* Cai dat trlnh diu khin cho da CDROM
Trong Windows 95 v sau, ch d Plus and Play tu dng nhn va thit
lp trlnh diu khin cho CDROM do do chung ta khng cn cai dat. Song chung
ta cung co th cai dat lai chung.
Trong DOS, ta nht thit phai cai trlnh diu khin cho CDROM thl no
moi lam vic duoc. Cho chay Iile Setup.exe trong da cai dat da CDROM d
cai dat trlnh diu khin cho no. Khi chay chuong trlnh nay se tao ra thu muc
CDPRO chua cac Iile cu hlnh va cac Iile thng tin v da, chep Iile
mscdex.exe vao da khoi dng d h tro trlnh diu khin mo rng dng thoi sua
lai hai Iile ConIlg.sys va Autoexec.bat. Khoi dng lai may tinh d cp nht trlnh
diu khin da, nu khng co li thl ta da cai thanh cng da CDROM va co
th dung no nhu mt da blnh thuong chi doc.
ghi CDROM, nguoi ta dung mt ghi ring va gia ca da nay tuong
di cao nn it duoc dung rng rai. Mt s CDROM hin nay duoc ghi thm cac
Iile h thng cho phep khoi dng tu da CDROM rt thun tin cho vic bao
quan h thng "sach".
Mt chuc nang thuong duoc su dung nua cua CDROM la nghe nhac. Nu
kt hop voi Card m thanh va loa thl co th nghe nhac, xem hlnh tu da Compact
Disk thng qua mt s chuong trlnh diu khin nhu CD Player trong
Windowsv.v.....
1 co th su dung duoc cac phn mm co m thanh, ta cn phai co Sound
Card (Card m thanh). Sound Card co tac dung chuyn tin hiu s (digital signal)
thanh tin hiu tuong tu (analog) phat ra loa. Card m thanh lam vic duoc, ta
cn phai cai dat trlnh diu khin cho no.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.7. CAC THIT BI NGOAI VI THNG DUNG

I. Man hlnh (Monitor)
Man hlnh la thit bi dua thng tin cua may tinh ra ngoai d giao tip voi
nguoi su dung. No la b xut chun cho may tinh hay con goi la b truc. Hin
nay, co nhiu hang san xut man hlnh nhu Acer, IBM, Iunal, Samsung, LG,
Hitashi v.v... Nu phn loai theo tinh nang, man hlnh bao gm: Mono, GA,
VGA, SVGA v.v... Man hlnh giao tip voi Mainboard qua mt b diu hop goi
la card man hlnh duoc cam qua khe PCI, ISA hoac ISA trn.
Ba vn d cn quan tm trn man hlnh la con tro man hlnh, d phn giai
va mau sac. Con tro man hlnh chi dinh vi tri du liu se xut ra trn man hlnh, d
phn giai dac trung cho d min man hlnh.
Con tro: La noi d may tinh dua thng tin tip theo ra tu do, no duoc dat
trung boi cap toa d (x, y: Chi xet cho d phn giai chu khng xet theo ch d
van ban hay ch d d hoa) trn man hlnh.
phn giai: Man hlnh duoc chia thanh nhiu dim anh, s dim anh
duoc tinh bang tich s dong doc va dong ngang chia trn man hlnh. Cap gia tri
ngang, doc goi la d phn giai cua man hlnh nhu (480 x 640), (600 x 800), (1024
x 768) v.v...
Mau sac: mau cua cac di tuong trn man hlnh do mau cac dim anh tao
nn.
Card man hlnh diu khin dn tung dim anh trn man hlnh. Ni dung cua
cac dim anh (vi tri va mau sac) trn man hlnh duoc luu giu trn mt chip nho
(RAM Card) va cu sau mt khoang thoi gian nho hon 1/24 giy no se quet toan
b man hlnh mt ln lam cho chung ta thy hlnh anh hin thi lin tuc trn man
hlnh. Khi chip nay co dung luong lon, no co kha nang luu giu s dim anh nhiu
hon va mau cho mi dim anh cung da dang hon tao cho man hlnh co d min va
d net cao. Tuy nhin, nu man hlnh hoat dng chm ma d phn giai cao va ch
d mau lon se khng dam bao muc d chu ky 1/24 giy dn dn man hlnh nhap
nhay.
H diu hanh DOS va Windows du h tro tinh nang Plus and Play (cam
su dung) cho man hlnh. Tuy nhin, trong cac ch d d hoa cao cp yu cu phai
co trlnh diu khin dung cho man hlnh thl moi dat duoc hiu qua cao. Card man
hlnh co loai duoc Windows tu dng cai trlnh diu khin, co loai ta phai tu cai ly.
cai lai trlnh diu khin cho Card man hlnh ta thuc hin nhu sau:
1. Khoi dng Windows, vao Control Panel/ System/ Device manager
2. Remove diu khin card man hlnh co san.
3. Chon Add New Hardware ri chi duong dn dn trlnh diu khin card man
hlnh.
4. Chon Apply d ap dung trlnh diu khin moi va khoi dng lai may tinh.

II. Ban phim (Keyboard)
Ban phim la mt thit bi dua thng tin vao truc tip giao din voi nguoi su
dung. No duoc ni kt voi Mainboard thng qua cng ban phim (dac trung boi
vung nho I/O va ngat ban phim).
Ban phim duoc t chuc nhu mt mang mach dan xen nhau ma mi nut
mang la mt phim. Khi n mt phim se lam chp mach din tao ra xung din
tuong ung voi phim duoc n goi la ma quet (Scan Code). Ma nay duoc dua vao
b xu ly ban phim (8048,8042) din dich ra ky tu theo mt chun nao do, thng
thuong la chun ASCII (American Standard Code Ior InIormation Interchange).
Sau do, b xu ly ngat ban phim yu cu ngat va gui vao CPU xu ly. Vl thoi gian
thuc hin rt nhanh nn ta thy cac phim duoc xu ly tuc thoi.

Hin nay, trn thi truong co nhiu loai ban phim do nhiu hang san xut
khac nhau nhu Acer, IBM, Turbo Plus, Mitsumi v.v... Tuy nhin, chung co chung
mt s cac phim co ban tu 101 dn 105 phim duoc chia lam 2 nhom:
Nhom ky tu: La nhom cac phim khi go ln co ky tu xut hin trn man
hlnh.
Nhom diu khin: khi go khng thy xut hin ky tu trn man hlnh ma
thuong dung d thuc hin mt tac vu nao do.
Tt ca cac phim du duoc dac trung boi mt ma, mt s t hop phim cung
co ma ring cua no. iu nay giup cho vic diu khin ban phim rt thun loi,
nht la trong cng vic lp trlnh.

III. Chut (Mouse)
Chut la la thit bi diu khin tro truc tip ph bin nht, dac bit la trong
lnh vuc d hoa. Hin nay, co rt nhiu loai chut do nhiu hang san xut khac
nhau nhu IBM, Acer, Mitsumi, Genius, Logitech v.v... da s duoc thit k theo
hai chun cng cam tron va dep. Tuy nhin, chung co cu tao va chuc nang nhu
nhau.
V cu truc thl chut co cac loai nhu chut co hoc, chut quang hoc, chut
co quang v.v... Song chi co loai chut co hoc la ph bin con cac loa i khac duoc
dung trong cac lnh vuc dac bit. Chut co hoc hoc co hai b phn la bi di chuyn
va cac nut nhap.
Bi di chuyn: Gm mt vin bi va hai thanh quay ngang, doc.
Khi di chuyn chut tuong ung theo cac chiu se lam cac thanh quay
tuong ung tao ra xung din di chuyn vi tri chut tuong ung trn man hlnh.
Nut nhap: Tao ra xung chi thi su thuc hin cac lnh diu khin tai vi tri
chut trn man hlnh. Nhap chut (Click) la dng tac n phim trai cua chut, song
lai tha nhanh ra ngay (thuong dung d chon mt cai gl do trn man hlnh). Nhap
kep (Double Click) co tac dung cho chay mt chuong trlnh. Nhap phai (Right
Click) thuong su dung trong mi truong Windows 9x, 2000, NT... nham mo trlnh
don phu (pop up) cua mt di tuong.
i voi Windows 95 tro ln chut duoc Plus and Play, con di voi DOS
chung ta phai cai dat trlnh diu khin cho chut (thuong la Iile mouse.com,
gmouse.com) thl no moi co th hoat dng duoc.
IV. May in (Printer)
May in la thit bi chu dao d xut du liu may tinh ln giy. Khi mun in
mt Iile du liu ra giy thl CPU se gui toan b du liu ra hang doi (queue) may in
va may in se ln luot in tu du cho dn ht Iile.
May in hin nay co rt nhiu loai voi nhiu cach thuc lam vic khac nhau
nhu may in kim, may in phun, may in lazer v.v... danh gia v cht luong cua
may in nguoi ta can cu vao hai yu t cua may in la tc d (speed) va d min.
Tc d cua may in thuong do bang trang/ giy (chi tuong di). Tc d
nay nhiu khi con phu thuc vao tc d cua may tinh va mt d cua trang in chu
khng chi cua may in. i voi may in kim thl tc d rt han ch song dn may in
Laze thl tc d da duoc cai thin di rt nhiu.
min (dots per inch): min phu thuc vao nhiu yu t song yu t
co ban phu thuc thng s dpi duoc ghi truc tip trn ma y in.
May in giao tip voi CPU thng qua cac cng song song LPT1, LPT2,
LPT3, LPT4 duoc gan qua khe cam trn Mainboard.
Hu ht cac h diu hanh du h tro may in. i voi DOS thl ta phai cai
dat Driver cua may in cho h diu hanh thl no moi lam vic duoc. Song di voi
cac h diu hanh tu Windows 95 tro ln ch d Plus and Play h tro hu ht cac
loai may in hin nay, do do ta chi chon cho dung trlnh diu khin ma thi.
thit lp may in va in duoc mt Iile ta lam nhu sau:
1. Cam may in vao may tinh va cam din cho may in.
2. Bt may tinh va cai dat may in cho h diu hanh dang su dung.
3. Bt din may in va cho giy vao d chun bi san sang.
4. Chon Iile cn in va g lnh in. Trong DOS la lnh PRN tn
Iile. Trong Windows mo Iile cn in. sau do chon Iile/Print.
V. Mt s thit bi khac
Ngoai ra, con rt nhiu thit bi duoc cam vao may tinh d phuc vu cho
nhiu muc dich khac nhau nhu Card mang, Modem, Scaner, v.v... Sau dy, xin
gioi thiu so luoc v mt s thit bi:
1. Card mang (Network Adapter): la vi mach duoc ni vao may thng qua
Bus PCI hoac ISA, du ra su dung cac du ni d ni dy mang. Card mang dung
d thit lp mang cho muc dich giao tip giua cac may tinh voi nhau. Card
mang hoat dng duoc, ta phai thit lp dung trlnh diu khin cua no, dia chi cua
cac may tinh trn mang, va cai dung giao thuc (Protocol) d giao tip.
2. Modem: La tu vit tat cua Modulator Demodulator la thit bi diu ch
giai diu ch. Modem la thit bi truyn du liu duoc dung d ni cac may tinh
voi nhau bang duong dy vin thng voi cu ly bt ky trn th gioi nhu mang
Internet.
Tin hiu xu ly trong may tinh hoac tin hiu bat tay giua hai may tinh la tin
hiu s (Digital Signal), trong khi duong truyn vin thng chu yu phuc vu tin
hiu dang tuong tu (Analog). Tin hiu truyn trn duong dy din thoai la tin
hiu da duoc diu ch bin d AM (Amplitude Modulation), vl vy Modem co
nhim vu chuyn di tin hiu s tu may tinh thanh tin hiu AM va goi di. Tai du
nhn, Modem lai giai diu ch (Demodulation) tin hiu AM ly lai tin hiu s
cung cp cho may tinh. Nho co Modem ma hai may tinh o khoang cach xa co th
"noi chuyn" duoc voi nhau.
Modem co hai loai: Loai lap thang vao trong may tinh bang mt card ring
duoc goi la Modem trong (Internal Modem), hoac Modem ngoai (External
Modem), Modem ngoai duoc ni thng qua cng ni tip cua may tinh nhu cng
COM1, COM2.
Khi noi dn Modem, nguoi ta thuong quan tm dn tc d truyn. on vi
la Baud bit/ giy (thuong duoc ky hiu la bps, KBps). Tc d thuong tu 9600
bps dn 33600 bps. Hin nay, da s Modem co tc d la 56K bps.
3. Scanner: la thit bi chuyn dung d quet cac hlnh anh va luu vao may
tinh duoi dang t p tin anh.
VI. Truyn song song (Parallel), ni tip (Serial):
Trn dy, ta da xet xong cac thit bi ngoai vi cua may tinh cung nhu qua
trlnh giao tip cua chung voi CPU. Nhung ta chua xet v cach truyn du liu cua
chung nhu th nao. Tt ca cac thit bi giao tip voi CPU du su dung cac dang
truyn song song hoac ni tip hoac vua ni tip vua song song.
Truyn ni tip: La hlnh thuc du liu duoc truyn va nhn theo dong tung bit
mt. Loai na y co nhuoc dim la tc d truyn du liu nho, song vic kim
soat du liu duoc truyn thl don gian. Hlnh thuc nay thuong duoc dung trong
cac giao tip cua ban phim, chut v.v...
Truyn song song: La hlnh thuc du liu duoc truyn theo nhiu duong cung
mt luc. Tai mt thoi dim, co th truyn duoc nhiu bit du liu, do do ma tc
d tang ln rt nhiu. Cung chinh diu nay lam cho vic kim soat du liu noi
nhn phuc tap hon nhiu. Kiu truyn nay thuong duoc su dung rng rai trong
giao tip may in.
Hin nay, hu ht cac thit bi may tinh kt hop ca hai kiu truyn song song
va ni tip d vua dam bao tc d nhanh vua dam bao kim soat d dang. Khi
du liu song song vao doan ni tip se bi ngen lai. giai quyt tlnnh trang
nay, nguoi ta dung b thu phat da nang khng dng b UART (Univesal
Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter) lam vic voi tt ca cac phn mm
truyn thng d giai quyt vn d trn.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PHN II
CAI T H THNG MAY TINH

.8. RAP MAY

I. Cac thanh phn cn thit
Sau dy la tt ca cac thanh phn cn thit d chun bi cho vic rap may:
- Hp may va b ngun.
- Mainboard (Mainboard).
- CPU va quat CPU.
- da cung.
- da mm.
- da CDROM.
- Man hlnh.
- B diu hop man hlnh.
- Card m thanh.
- Card MODM.
- Ban phim.
- Chut.
- Cap ID.
- Cap da mm.
- Cap audio da CDROM.
Phn mm: O dy ta se su dung cac h diu hanh thng dung cua
MicrosoIt tuc la cac phin ban cua Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows 2000 hoac Windows XP) va nhung phn phn mm cn thit
khac.
Mt da mm khoi dng.
II. Dung cu
Truoc khi bat du, ban nn tp hop tt ca cac chi tit may va chun bi mt
tut no vit va mt cai km mo dai. Km mo dai dung d dat cu hlnh cho cac
cu ni nho. Nu ban khng co km mo dai ban co th su dung nhip.

III. Cn thn voi dong din tnh
Truoc khi cham vao bt cu linh kin nao, ban phai phong tt ca cac dong
din tnh trong co th ban. Co th nguoi co th chua tu 300V dong din tnh tro
ln. Nu ban cham vao bt ky mt b phn nhay din nao, dong din tnh se duoc
xa qua no. Dong din tnh nay se pha huy hoac gy hu hong nang nhung thit bi
nho.
Khi ban cham vao tay nam cua bang kim loai, ban da co th tu phong
dong din tnh dang tich luy trong co th ban. Tt hon ht, ban nn cham vao
nhung vt gl no truc tip tip xuc voi dt nhu ng nuoc hay bang kim loai thun
cua may tinh ban. Hu ht cac board va cac thit bi du co dan loi canh bao v
dong din tnh trn cac bao hlnh.

IV. Cac buoc thuc hin
Truoc khi rap may ban nn tp hop chung lai va d trn mt cai ban hay
mt khu vuc nao danh ring cho no. Cng vic tip theo la bt cng tac ngun va
thu no truoc khi rap no vao hp may d phong khi co vn d gl xay ra cung d
phat hin hon khi no vn con trong trang thai mo. Phia sau mainboard va cac
board khac co phn nh ra rt nhon, vl vy ban nn dat cac board mach ln trn
nhiu lop bao d tranh gy try xuoc cho mat ban.
Cac buoc lap dat chi tit duoc lit k o phn sau, tom tat qua trlnh nhu sau:
Gan cap ngun din vao mainboard. Nu ban su dung ngun din kiu cu (ngun
AT) thl 4 dy cap mau den phai mam o giua, nu ban su dung mainboard va b
ngun loai ATX thl cac cam trn no duoc thit k chi cho phep ban gan b ni
cap theo mt cach duy nht. K dn, ban ni dy da mm, da cung, ban
phim, Card man hlnh va man hlnh. Xong ban bt ngun din, cho may khoi dng
thu xem no co hoat dng duoc khng.

1. Xac dinh so b mt s cu hlnh
Cac CPU: AMD K6, Cyrix 6x86MX, IDT Centaur C6 va Intel Pentium
MMX duoc thit d su dung trn mainboard Socket 7.
Tt ca cam CPU cho cac loai CPU Socket 7 la mt cam ZII (Zero
Insertion Iorce). Bn duoi cam la mt don by khi ban nng no ln, no se mo
tt ca cac ch tip xuc d ban d dang gan CPU vao. Khi ban ha no xung, cac
chn cua CPU duoc kep chat bn trong cam nay.
CPU Intel Pentium II va III duoc lap trn mt board nho, Intel goi board
nay la b ni canh don SC (Single dge Contact). board SC duoc cam vao
mainboard nho vao b ni Slot 1.

2. Cu hlnh cho mainboard
Nu mua chung mainboard va CPU, cac cu ni trn mainboard da duoc
cai va cu hlnh san CPU ri nhung ban cung nn doc tai liu huong dn d kim
tra lai cho chac chan. Nu ban mua mainboard va CPU roi ban phai su dung dn
tai liu huong dn di kem d cai cac cu ni (jump) CPU cho dung boi vl trn
mt mainboard cho phep ban su dung rt nhiu loai CPU khac nhau. Cu ni trn
mainboard rt nho, vl vy ban cn phai su dung dn km mo dai hoac nhip d cai
dat chung. Cu ni nho thuong duoc dung d cu hlnh cho din ap su dung trn
CPU, tn s, tc d Bus, loai b nho, va nhiu chuc nang khac nua. Ban cn cn
thn khi cai dat cac cu ni nay. Vi du, cac mainboard du cho phep su dung
nhiu loai CPU khac nhau nn nu ban cai dat muc din ap cho CPU khng dung
co th dn toi chay CPU.

3. Lap CPU vao mainboard Socket 7
ga n CPU vao mainboard Socket 7 ta chi vic nhc don by ZII ln va
dat CPU xung. Ban nn chu y la o mt goc cua CPU co du chm va goc nay bi
cat d cho bit do la chn s 1. Ban tlm chn s 1 va dat CPU khop vao socket, ta
phai rt cn thn boi cac chn cua CPU rt yu. Khi da dat CPU vao, keo don by
xung va gan quat ln trn CPU va ni ngun din cho quat. Ngun din cho
quat CPU tuy theo du ni din la loai cam thang ln mainboard hoac ni truc
tip vao ngun din ma ta cam tuong ung.
Nu CPU la loai Pentium III, truoc tin ban phai lap thm mt cai vong
kep ln mainboard d no giu CPU. CPU duoc gan vao b ni Slot 1, xung quanh
la 4 vit d giu cho cha t.

4. Lap b nho
Buoc k tip la lap cac chip b nho . Mt khi da gan mainboard vao ban se
rt kho dung toi cac khe cam b nho, vl vy tt hon ht ban nn gan cac chip b
nho vao mainboard truoc khi lap mainboard vao hp may.
Cac khe d cam chip b nho khng duoc dan nhan mt cach ro rang. Vl
vy, ban nn su dung tai liu huong dan di kem voi mainboard d xac dinh xem
cn gan vao khe nao truoc. Thng thuong ban phai gan vao dai duoc danh s nho
nht, s 0 (hoac 1) truoc. B nho rt d gan vl no duoc thit k sao cho ban chi co
mt cach duy nht d gan. i voi cac module nho mt hang chn (SIMM) ban
chi vic dat chung hoi nghing mt chut vao cac khe va keo chung v phia ban
cho toi khi vong kep bn ngoai kep chat chung .
i voi Module nho co 2 hang chn (DIMM), vic lap dat no hoi kho hon
SIMM mt chut. Thay vl dat nghing va keo tu tu nhu SIMM, voi DIMM ban n
thang tu trn xung cho toi khi chung duoc khoa chat lai

5. Lap dat da
i voi mt vai da cung, tht kho xac dinh mat nao la mat trn. Thng
thuong mat trn thuong duoc bit kin, mat duoi thuong co cac thit bi linh kin
din tu duoc boc trn. Truoc khi lap dia, ban phai cu hlnh cho chung. Nu ban
chi lap mt da ID, cac hang san xut da cai san cho ban no la da 1 hoac
da chinh (Master). Ban dung doan cap ruy bang 40 dy di kem, thuong co 3 du
ni, mt o du cui cung dung d gan vao cng trn mainboard duoc danh du la
Primary. Ban ni da cung voi mt trong hai b ni con lai.
Nu ban lap hai da cung ID, thl da C se la khoi dng (la da
chinh), da con lai se la da phu. Thng thuong, khi san xut, cac hang san
xut du cai san da cung nao cung la da chinh. Nu ta khng cu hlnh lai
cho dung la da phu, ta se khng truy xut vao cac da duoc.
Trn mainboard thuong co 2 hang chn d gan cac da ID, duoc danh
du la "Primary" (hoac ID 0, ID1) va "Secondary" (hoac ID 1, ID2). Nu ta
lap mt da cung thl gan chung trn hang chn co da nh du la Primary. Ban
phai xac dinh mat co mau cua cap d gan cho dung chn s 1. Nu ban lap nhiu
hon 2 da ID, ban phai lap chung trn hang chn phu thu hai (co du la
Secondary) . Thng thuong, trn hang chn duoc goi la Primary se cho phep ta
gan 2 da: 1 chinh, va mt phu ; trn hang chn duoc goi la Secondary cung
cho phep ban gan 2 da nhu trn hang chn Primary.
i voi cac da ban nn su dung mi bn hai con vit giu chung nhung
ban dung nn sit chat qua boi vl cac khung cua da duoc lam bang cht liu
nhm, mm, rt d bi troc. Ban cung khng nn su dung cac con vit qua dai, nu
qua dai chung se cham vao mach din trn da.

6. Lap cac board Plusin
Sau khi gan tt ca cac cap, buoc k tip la gan cac board plusin. Gia ban
co mt board diu hop man hlnh, mt board m thanh, mt board IAX/
MODM. Tt ca cac board nay du gan ln trn mainboard.
Tip theo la ban gan cac den LD o mat truoc hp may d bao hiu trang
thai va hoat dng cua may va cung. Trn do cung co cac hang chn d gan loa,
gan cng tac khoi dng lai.
Cui cung ban gan ban phim va chut.

7. Bt ngun va khoi dng may
Truoc khi gan nap hp may lai, ta nn kim tra lai xem tt ca cap da duoc
gan dung hay chua d khi gan vao ri ban khng phai mt thoi gian kim tra lai.
Sau khi kim tra lai da dung toan b, bt ngun va khoi dng may. Ta phai
chun bi mt da mm khoi dng 3
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/
2
inch, gm co ca cac chuong trlnh IDISK va
IORMAT d thuc hin vic dinh dang cho da cung.
Luu y: i voi cac may tinh chua duoc cai dat thng tin cu hlnh h thng
(BIOS Setup) ln nao thl phai duoc thuc hin truoc tin sau khi bt may ln du.
Buoc nay ta se nghin cuu ky o bai sau.

8. inh dang da cung
Sau khi rap xong, cn phai dinh dang va nap cac phn mm vao da
cung. Ban khng th su dung da cung cho toi khi chung duoc dinh dang hoan
chinh.
Cac phn mm Windows 95/ 98 thuong duoc ghi trn mt da CDROM
650MB, trn do bao gm hang tram chu d va tp tin giup do ban. Ban se khng
th tlm thy bt cu mt giup do nao v vic dinh dang da cung ma chi co tp tin
giup do ban ding dang da mm. Tht vy, cung co rt it sach noi chi tit v cach
thuc dinh dang mt da cung.

a. Muc dich cua vic dinh dang
Cng vic dinh dang se giup ban t chuc da d du liu co th duoc luu tru
va truy xut mt cach d dang va nhanh chong. Nu du liu khng duoc t chuc,
se rt kho tlm no trn mt da cung co kich thuoc lon. Thng thuong, cac tp tin
duoc ghi trn mt da cung du duoc luu trn cac ranh ghi va cung tu da duoc
danh s. Bang dinh vi tp tin IAT se thit lp tp tin v vi tri cua tung ranh ghi,
tung cung tu o trn da.
Cach thuc t chuc da cung ging nhu cach thuc t chuc mt manh dt.
Mt manh dt duoc chia thanh nhiu l, trn mi l se xy mt can nha mi nha
se co mt dia chi duy nht tuc la co tn duong va co s nha. Ranh ghi trn da
tuong duong voi tn duong va s cung tu tuong duong voi s nha.
Bang IAT tuong tu nhu mt bang chi dn duong hay mt trang muc luc o
bt ky mt quyn sach nao. Khi co mt yu cu duoc goi dn du ghi d doc hoac
ghi tp tin, no se di toi bang IAT, tlm vi tri dinh vi cua tp tin do va di chuyn
dn no. u ghi co th tlm bt cu tp tin nao hoac bt cu phn nao cua tp tin mt
cach nhanh chong va d dang.
Cng vic dinh dang khng phai la cng vic duoc thuc hin mi ngay, no
chi duoc thuc hin luc moi "boc hp", phat hin hong da, chia lai da v.v... So d
cac hang san xut khng thuc hin vic dinh dang truoc cho da cung vl no co
qua nhiu cach d chon lua. Vi du: nu ta co mt da cung 20 GB, ta co th chia
no thanh 2 hoac 3 da logic tuy y ban. Vl vy, ho khng thuc hin dinh dang
truoc ma phai do ban tu dinh dang.

b. Cac buoc thuc hin
Ban phai co mt da mm khoi dng chua cac tp tin Command.com,
IO.sys, MSDOS.sys, Idisk.com, Iormat.com, Sys.com, ConIig.sys, Autoexec.bat
va Mscdex.exe. Cho da khoi dng nay vao da mm va bt ngun. Tai duong
dn A: ban go Idisk nter. Chuong trlnh Idisk cho phep ban phn da thanh
mt hoac nhiu da logic. da du tin cua ban nn la da h thng DOS
chinh, tuc la da C. Trong h thng cua chi co th co mt da chinh hoat dng,
con lai tt ca cac da logic khac du la cac da DOS mo rng.

c. Cac tuy chon khi thuc hin chuong trlnh IDISK
IDisk co ngha la "Iixed Disk" hay "Iormat Disk". No la mt tp tin lnh
ngoai tru cua DOS trn da khoi dng. Ban se khng th su dung duoc da cung
cho toi khi no duoc phn chia bang lnh IDisk, sau do no duoc dinh dang o muc
cao (lnh Iormat).
DOS su dung tt ca cac ky tu trong bang chu cai d dat tn cho da. No
danh ky tu A cho da mm, C cho da kho i dng. Nu co mt da dung luong
lon, ta co th chia thanh 23 phn logic nho hon duoc dat tn la tu da D dn
da Z.
Khi ban go lnh IDisk, nu ban su dung MSDOS 6.22 hoac cac phin ban
v sau. Ban se nhn duoc thng bao du tin khi chay tp tin Idisk nhu sau:

Idisk Options:
Current Iixed Disk Drive: 1
Choose one oI the Iollowing:
1. Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active Partition
3. Delete Partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display Partition InIormation

Y ngha cac muc chon trn nhu sau:
1: Tao moi mt vung hoac tao da logic
2: Chon lua vung hoat dng ban du
3: Xoa vung da phn chia hoac xoa da logic
4: Hin thi thng tin cac vung da phn chia
Nu chon s 1 (Nu la ln du Idisk da), cac tuy chon tip nhu sau:

Enter choice: |1]
Press ESC to exit IDISK

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
Current Iixed Drive: 1
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create logical DOS drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: |1]
Press ESC to return to IDISK Options

Nu ban mun khoi dng tu da cung, phai chon s1 d tao mt phn
DOS chinh va lam cho no hoat dng. Nu chon 1, ta se nhn duoc mt cu
nhac nho nhu sau:
Do you wish to use the maximum size Ior a primary DOS Partition and
make the Partition active (Y/N) ? |Y]

Co ngha la: Ban co mun su dung ht dung luong da cho phn DOS
chinh va cho phep phn nay hoat dng khng ?
Nu ban go Y d tra loi dng y, toan b da cua se duoc tao thanh mt
da C: duy nht. Nu ban go N, no se xut hin xut hin dung luong da ti da
cua ban va hoi ban mun danh bao nhiu phn tram cho da chinh. Ban co th
chon 50 hoac tuy theo cach chia cua ban. Ban co th su dung mt da la mt
phn duy nht, nhung tt hon ht ban nn phn no thanh 2 phn nho tro ln.
Sau khi ban tao phn chinh xong, n phim SC, ta se nhn duoc man hlnh
voi cac tuy chon sau:

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
Current Iixed Drive: 1
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create logical DOS drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: |1]
Press ESC to return to IDISK Options

Phn chinh da duoc tao nn phn nay ta chon 2 d tao phn DOS mo rng.
No se cho bit da cua con lai bao nhiu sau khi ban da chi dinh cho phn
chinh. Nu ta co da 20 GB va da chi dinh 5 GB cho da chinh, IDisk se bao
cho bit con 15 GB cho cac phn con lai.
Tai dy, ban khng th thuc hin phn da cua ban duoc. Ban chi co th
chp nhn con s duoc dua ra. Nu ban c gang phn da tai dy thl con s ban
chi dinh la bao nhiu no se la tt ca nhung gl ban co th su dung duoc. Theo vi du
trn: voi tuy chon 2, nu da con lai 15 GB va ban go con s 7.5, chuong trlnh
hiu la toan b phn da mo rng chi la 7.5 GB. Nhu vy, ban se khng th su
dung 7.5 GB con lai. Tai dy ban phai bao la su dung 15 GB hin co.
K tip, n sc va tro v bang tuy chon, sau do chon s 3. Tuy chon nay
cho phep chia phn nay thanh bao nhiu da tuy y.
Tai dy, chuong trlnh se cho bit la con bao nhiu khng gian da cho phn
mo rng. Mac dinh no se hin thi tng s dung luong da con lai. Nu ban dng y
chi su dung mt da chinh va mt da mo rng, chi vic n phim nter. Nguoc
lai, go vao s Megabyte phu hop, cu nhu th, tao cac da logic cho dn ht toan
b da.
Sau do, n phim Esc va n s 4 d doc thng tin cac phn vua tao. Sau
cung, khoi dng lai may va tin hanh dinh dang muc cao.

d. inh dang muc cao
Sau khi hoan tt cng doan IDisk, khoi dng lai may, tro v da A va dinh
dang muc cao cho da C. Do vic se su dung da C thanh da khoi dng nn ta
phai chuyn cac tp tin h thng (Command.com, MSDOS.sys, IO.sys) tu da A
sang da C, thao tac dinh dang co chuyn cac tp tin h thng nay sang da C
bang lnh:
Iormat C:/S nter
DOS se hi thi thng bao:
Warning! All data on nonremovable disk drive C: will be lost !
Proceed with Iormat (Y/N)
Bang nay canh bao: Tt ca du liu trn da C: se bi mt. Tip tuc dinh dang
(Y/N)
Nu ban go Y, da se bat du duoc dinh dang. Tuy theo dung luong da
lon hay nho ma thoi gian dinh dang se nhanh hay chm, xong DOS hin thi:
Iormat complete
System transIerred
Volume label (11 characters, ENTER Ior none) ?
Co ngha: qua trlnh dinh dang da hoan tt Cac tp tin h thng da duoc
truyn tai Ban co th gan tn nhan cho da nu ban mun.
Qua trlnh trn chi moi dinh dang cho da C, nu ban co cac phn khac hay
mt cung thu hai ban cung tin hanh dinh dang tuong tu nhu vy nhung khng
chuyn cac tp tin khoi dng (/S trong cu lnh Iormat) sang cac phn khac hay
cac da khac.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.9. GIOI THIU V BIOS VA CMOS

Mt s nguoi thuong lm ln giua BIOS va CMOS trong h thng. Thuc ra
chung la hai phn hoan toan tach bit nhau.
BIOS trn mainboard duoc luu tru trn mt chip ROM c dinh, boi vy cac
thng tin cua no khng th thay di. co th hoat dng, BIOS cn phai duoc
cung cp cac tham s phu hop khac nhau. Cac thng s nay duoc luu tru thuong
truc trong mt loai chip nho co tn RTC/NVRAM. Chip nay dong vai tro la dng
h thoi gian thuc (Real Time Clock), giu xung nhip s. No co vai bytes b nho
phu. Chip du tin duoc su dung la chip Motorola MC 1468, co 64 bytes b nho
luu tru, trong do, 10 bytes danh cho chuc nang clock. Khi khng co ngun din
cung cp, du liu va cac cai dat time/ date trong phn b nho phu se bi xoa ht.
Chip nay duoc thit k theo cng ngh CMOS (Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor), no hoat dng duoc nho mt vin pin nho va cn rt it
nang luong, chi voi dong din 1 microampe. Khoang 5 nam, pin nay se ht va cac
du liu trn RTC/NVRAM bi xoa.
Khoan tu nam 1996 v sau, cac PC thuong su dung Ilash ROM d luu tru
BIOS. Ilash ROM la chip PROM (lectrically rasable Programmable Read
Only Memory). i voi Ilash ROM, co th xoa va ghi lai bang vic lp trlnh ma
khng cn phai thao ra.
Vic xac lp cac thng tin cho chip nay nay goi la BIOS Setup. Trn thi
truong hin nay, thng thuong, cng vic BIOS Setup do noi cung cp may tinh
thuc hin ngay sau khi rap b may tinh. Tuy nhin, ban cung phai bit cach BIOS
Setup d d phong may tu mt cac thng tin luu trong BIOS vl cac ly do nhu: ht
pin, nhiu din, virus pha hoai, v.v... Tuy mi loai mainboad theo tung hang ch
tao (Award, Ami, Pheonix...) ma cac muc trong BIOS Setup co th khac nhau,
tuy nhin, v can ban chung tuong tu nhau. Trong phn nay, chung ta ban v cac
tinh nang ph bin, con cac tinh nang ring, moi cua mi BIOS trn cac
mainboard khac nhau ban phai tu tlm hiu thm nho vao cac kin thuc can ban
nay.
Man hlnh BIOS Setup da s la man hlnh chay o ch d Text. Gn dy,
dang phat trin loai BIOS Win (Ami) co man hlnh Setup th hin nhu khi chay
trong Windows va su dung duoc Mouse trong khi Setup, duong nhin cac muc
vn khng thay di.
Luu y:
Thao tac d vao BIOS Setup tuy mi loai BIOS cua cac hang san xut
trn mainboard nn se khac nhau, ta se n cac phim quy dinh trong qua trlnh
POST d vao:
n Delete di voi AMI BIOS.
n I2 di voi Phoenix BIOS.
n Ctrl Alt Esc hoac Delete di voi Award BIOS.
n Esc di voi Microid Research BIOS.
Truong hop, may thuc dang chinh hang:
n I1 di voi IBM Aptiva/Valuepoint.
n Ctrl Alt Esc hoac Ctrl Alt S di voi Older Phoenix
BIOS.
n I10 di voi may Compaq.
Nhu vy, cai ma nguoi ta thuong goi la CMOS thuc ra la mt loai chip
nho, con CMOS chi la tn mt cng ngh ch tao ra chip nho do. Tn dung cua
chip nay la RTC/NVRAM con goi la CMOS RAM.
Chuong trlnh BIOS Setup thuong su dung cac phim mui tn d chon lua
cac muc. Thay di gia tri cua cac muc dang Set bang hai phim Page Up va Page
Down, hoac "" va "", n Esc d thoat khoi muc. n I10 d thoat khoi BIOS
Setup, nu mun luu cac thay di, khi hp thoai hin ra, bm Y d luu, N d tro
lai man hlnh BIOS Setup.

1. Setup cac thanh phn can ban (Standard CMOS Setup)
y la cac thanh phn can ban cua BIOS trn tt ca cac PC g m cac thng
s v ngay, gio, da cung, da mm v.v... Ngoai ra, muc nay con cho bit
thm cac thng tin v b nho hin co trn may.

Ngay, gio (Date/Day/Time):
Ban khai bao ngay, thang, nam vao muc nay. Khai ban nay se duoc may
tinh xem la thng tin gc va se bat du tinh tu dy tro di. Cac thng tin v ngay
gio duoc su dung khi thao tac cac tp tin, thu muc, v.v... Co nhiu loai chuong
trlnh khi chay cung cn thng tin nay. Thi du d bao cho ban cp nht khi qua
han, chm dut hoat dng khi dn ngay quy dinh v.v... Blnh thuong, phn nay bi
Set sai hay khng Set cung chang anh huong gl dn hoat dng cua may. Cac hoat
dng nay co th sua chua truc tip ngoai DOS bang hai lnh Date va Time, hay
bang Control Panel cua Windows ma khng cn vao BIOS Setup.
Luu y: ng h may tinh co khi chay chm khoang vai giy/ngay, thinh
thoang ban nn chinh lai gio cho dung. Nhung nu qua chm la co vn d cn
phai xem lai mainboard.

da mm (Drive A/B):
Khai bao loai da cho A va B, ban can cu vao vic ni dy cho da d
xac dinh da ni voi du ni ngoai cung cua dy ni la A, kia la B, co
kich thuoc lon la 1.2MB 5.25 inch, nho la 1.44MB 3.5 inch. Nu khng co
thl chon Not Install. Truong hop, co da nhung ta khai bao Not Install se lam
cho da mm khng hoat dng nhung khng anh huong gl, khi cn su dung ta
khai bao lai. Trong cac Mainboard su dung BIOS doi moi, khai bao sai loai da
1.2MB thanh 1.44MB va nguoc lai, da vn hoat dng blnh thuong nhung ku
rt lon luc moi du doc da, v lu dai co th mau chong lam hong da.
Cac BIOS va cac Card I/O doi moi co th cho phep ban trao di hai da
mm ma khng cn trao di dy (swap Iloppy drive), tuc la A thanh B va
nguoc lai khi su dung. Khi trao di bang cach Set Jumper trn Card I/O, ban nho
khai bao lai trong BIOS Setup (khi trao di bang lnh Swap trong BIOS thl
khng cn khai bao lai), nhung co ung dung khng chiu cai dat khi Swap da
mm, nht la cac ung dung co bao v chng sao chep.

da cung (Drive C/D) loai IDE:
Phn khai bao da cung rac ri hon, bat buc ban phai khai bao chi tit
cac thng s, ban khai bao sai khng nhung cung khng hoat dng ma di khi
con lam hu cung nu ban khai bao qua dung luong tht su cu a cung va cho
tin hanh IDISK. IORMAT theo dung luong sai nay. May man la cac BIOS sau
nay du co phn do tlm thng s cung ID tu dng (ID HDD auto detection)
nn cac ban khoi mt cng nho khi su dung cung loai ID. Chung ti se noi v
phn Auto Detect nay sau. Ngoai ra, cac cung sau nay d co ghi thng s ln
nha dan trn mat. Ban cho chay auto detect, BIOS se tu dng din cac tham s
nay dum ban. Vic khai bao cung C va D doi hoi phai dung voi vic Set cac
Jumper trn hai cung. Ban xac lp cung khng phai qua du ni dy ma bang
cac Jumper trn mach diu khin cung. Cac cung doi moi chi co mt Jumper
3 vi tri: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) va co ghi ro cach Set trn
nhan. Cac da cung doi cu nhiu Jumper hon nn nu khng co tai liu huong
dn la rac ri, phai mo mn rt lu.
da cung (Drive E/I) loai IDE:
Cac BIOS va cac Card I/O doi moi cho phep gan voi 4 da cung, vl hin
nay cac da CDROM cung su dung du ni cung d hoat dng, goi la
CDROM InterIaces ID (giao din da ID) d don gian vic lap dat.
Chu y: Khai bao la NON trong BIOS Setup cho da CDROM.
Man hlnh (Video) Primary Display:
GA/VGA: Danh cho man hlnh su dung Card mau GA hay VGA,
Supper VGA.
CGA 40/CGA 80:Danh cho laoi man hlnh su dung Card mau CGA 40
ct hay CGA 80 ct.
Treo may nu phat hin li khi khoi dng (Error Halt):
Tt ca cac li (All error):Treo may khi phat hin bt cu li nao trong qua
trlnh kim tra may, ban khng nn chon muc nay vl BIOS se treo may khi gap li
du tin nn ban khng bit cac li khac, n u co.
Bo qua li cua Keyboard (All, but Keyboard): Tt ca cac li ngoai tru
li cua ban phim.
Bo qua li da (All, but Diskette): Tt ca cac li ngoai tru li cua da
Bo qua li dia va ban phim (All, but Disk/Key): Tt ca cac li ngoai tru
li cua da va ban phim.
Khng treo may khi co li (No error): Tin hanh qua trlnh kim tra may
cho dn khi hoan tt du pgat hin bt cu li gl. Ban nn chon muc nay d bit
may bi truc trac o b phn nao ma co phuong huong giai quyt.
Keyboard:
Install: Cho kim tra ban phim trong qua trlnh khoi dng, thng bao trn
man hlnh nu ban phim co li.
Not Install: Khng kim tra ban phim khi khoi dng
Chu y: Chon muc nay khng co ngha la v hiu ban phim vl nu vy lam
sao diu khin may. No chi co tac dung cho BIOS khoi mt cng kim tra ban
phim nham rut ngan thoi gian khoi dng.

2. Setup cac thanh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup):
Cho phep thit lp cac thng s v chng Virus, chon Cache, thu tu khoi
dng may, cac tuy chon bao mt v.v... Song chung ta cn chu y cac thng s
chinh sau dy:

Virut Warning: Nu nabled, BIOS se bao dng va treo may khi co hanh dng
vit vao Boot Sector hay Partition cua cung. Nu ban cn chay chuong trlnh co
thao tac vao 2 noi do nhu Idisk, Iormat ...ban cn phai Disable.
Internal Cache: Cho hiu luc (nable) hay v hiu hoa (Disable) cache (L1) ni
trong CPU 586 tro v ln.
External cache: Cho hiu luc (nable) hay v hiu hoa (Disable) cache trn
mainboard, con goi la Cache muc 2 (L2).
Quyck Power On SeIt Test: Nu nable BIOS se rut ngan va bo qua vai muc
khng quan trong trong qua trlnh khoi dng, d giam thoi gian khoi dng ti da.
About 1 MB Memory Test: Nu nable BIOS se kim tra tt ca b nho. Nu
Disable chi kim tra 1 MB b nho du tin.
Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho phat m (nable) hay khng (Disable) trong
thoi gian Test b nho.
Etended BIOS Ram Area: Khai bao muc nay nu mun dung 1 Kb trn dinh
cua b nho quy uoc, tuc 1Kb bat du tu dia chi 639 K hay 0:300 cua vung BIOS
h thng trong b nho quy uoc d luu cac thng tin v da cung. Xac lp co th
1K hay 0:300.
Swap Iloppy Drive: Trao di tn hai da mm, khi chon muc nay ban khng
cn khai bao lai da nhu khi trao bang cach Set Jumper trn Card I/O.
Boot Sequence: Chon da khi BIOS tlm h diu hanh khi khoi dng. Co th C
ri dn A hay A ri dn C hay chi co C. Ban nn chon C, A hay chi co C, d d
phong truong hop v tlnh khoi dng bang da mm co virus.
Hin nay trn cac Mainboard Pentium. BIOS cho phep ban chi dinh khoi
dng tu mt trong hai mm hay trong 4 cung ID hay bang cung SCSI
thm chi bang CDRom cung duoc.
Boot Up Iloopy Seek: Nu nable BIOS se do tlm kiu cua da mm la 80
track hay 40 track. Nu disnable BIOS se bo qua. Chon nable lam chm thoi
gian khoi dng vl BIOS lun lun phai doc da mm truoc khi doc da cung, mat
du ban da chon chi khoi dng bang da C.
Boot Up Numlock Status: Nu ON la cho phim Numlock mo (den Numlock
sang) sau khi khoi dng, nhom phim bn tay phai ban phim dung d danh s.
Nu OII la phim Numlock tat (den Numlock ti) , nhom phim bn tay phai dung
d di chuyn con tro.
Boot Up System Speed: Quy dinh tc d CPU trong thoi gian kho i dng la
High (cao) hay Low (thp).
Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chan le b nho. Chon theo mainboard vl co
loai cho phep muc nay nable co loai bat ban chon Disable moi chiu chay. u
tin ban chon nable, nu may treo ban chon lai la Disable. Muc nay khng anh
huong dn h thng, chi co tac dung kim tra RAM.
IDE HDD Block Mode: Nu cung cua ban h tro kiu vn chuyn du liu
theo tung khi (cac da doi moi co dung luong cao). Ban cho nable d tang tc
cho da. Nu da doi cu ban cho Disable muc nay.
Pri.Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: Nu hai da cung
duoc ni vao du ni Primary cua card I/O co dung luong lon hon 528 MB, ban
cho nable muc nay.
Sec.IDE Ctrl Drive Install: Muc nay d khai bao may ban co da cung ni
vao du ni Secondary cua card I/O. cac chi dinh co th la Master, Mst/Slv va
Disable.
Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xac lp LBA cho du ni thu 2.
Chu y: Cac muc h tro cho da cung co dung luong lon va cac card I/O
doi moi giup ban su dung da co dung luong trn 528 MB. Trong truong hop
ban cho nable cac muc nay ri moi tin hanh Idisk va Iormat da, nu sau do
ban lai Disable cac muc nay hay dem gan qua may khac cung chon Disable, ban
se khng th su dung duoc da cung. Khi dung CDROM co du ni ID, ban
nn gan vao du ni Secondary d khoi anh huong dn da cung (gan vao du
ni Pri) khi cn chay 32 Bit DiskAccess trong Windows.
Typenatic Rate Setting: Nu nable la ban cho 2 muc duoi dy co hiu luc. Hai
muc nay thay th lnh Mode cua DOS, quy dinh tc d va thoi gian tr cua ban
phim.
Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): Ban lua chon s ky tu /giy tuy theo tc d danh
phim nhanh hay chm cua ban. Nu ban Set thp hon tc d danh thl may se phat
ting Bip khi no chay theo khng kip.
Typematic Delay (Msec): Chi dinh thoi gian lp lai ky tu khi ban n va giu lun
phim, tinh bang mili giy.
Security Option: Muc nay dung d gioi han vic su dung h thng va BIOS
Setup.
Setup: Gioi han vic thay di BIOS Setup, mi khi mun vao BIOS Setup
ban phai danh dung mt khu da quy dinh truoc.
System hay Always: gioi han vic su dung may. Mi khi mo may, BIOS
lun lun hoi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bioc se khng cho phep su
dung may.
Chu y:Trong truong hop ban chua chi dinh mt khu, d Disable (v hiu
hoa) muc nay, ban chon Password Setting, ban dung danh gl vao nhp mt
khu ma chi cn bm NTR.Trong truong hop ban da co chi dinh mt khu nay
lai mun bo di. Ban chon Password setting ban danh mt khu cu vao nhp mt
khu cu (Old Password) con trong nhp khu moi (New Password)ban dung
danh gl ca ma chi cn bm NTR. Con mainboard thit k thm mt jumper d
xoa ring mt khu ngoai jumper d xoa toan b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt hon
ht la ban dung su dung muc nay vl ban thn chung ti chung kin nhiu truong
hop do khoc do cuoi do muc nay gy ra. Loi it ma hai nhiu. Chi nhung may tinh
cng cng moi chi su dung muc nay thi.
System BIOS Shadow, Video BIOS Shadow: Nu nable la cho copy cac du
liu v System va video trong BIOS (co tc d chm) vao RAM (tc d nhanh)
d rut ngan thoi gian khi cn truy cp vao cac du liu nay
Wait Ior I1 iI Any Error: Cho hin thng bao cho n phim I1 khi co li.
Numerric Processor: Thng bao gan CPU dng xu ly (Present) trn may hay
khng (absent). Muc nay thuong co trong cac may dung CPU 286, 386, 486 SX.
Tu 486 DX tro v sau da co con dng xu ly bn trong CPU nn trn cac may moi
co th khng co muc nay.
Turbo Switch Iunction: Cho nut Turbo co hiu luc (nable) hay khng
(Disable). Muc nay thuong thy o cac BIOS doi cu, trn cac may doi moi lua
chon nay thuong bang cach Set Jumper cua Mainboard. Tu Mainboard Pentium
tro di khng co muc nay.

3. Setup cac thanh phn co lin quan dn vn hanh h thng (Chipset Setup):
Thit lp cac thng s cho cac chip phu tro nhu RAM, Cache dinh thoi
khoi dng tu xa, Cache cho VIDO BIOS v.v...

Auto ConIiguration: Nu nable, BIOS se tu dng xac lp cac thanh phn v
DRAM, Cache ... mi khi khoi dng tuy theo CPU type (kiu CPU) va System
clock (tc d h thng). Nu Disable la d cho ban tu chi dinh.
AT Clock Option: Nu Asyne (khng dng b) la ly dao dng chun cua b
dao dng thach anh chia di am tc d hoat dng cho AT Bus (bus816 Bit).
Thuong la 14.318Mhz/2 tuc 7159 MHz. Co BIOS con cho chon tc d cua muc
nay la 14,318 Mhz. Nu Syns (dng b) la dung System Clock (do ban chi dinh
bang cach Set Jumper trn Mainboard) lam tc d chun.
Synchronoun AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Chi dinh tc d hoat dng cho
AT Bus bang cach ly tc d chun (System Clock) chia nho d con lai khoang
8M cho phu hop voi Card 16 bit. Cac lua chon nhu sau:
CLKI/3 khi System clock la 2025 MHz.
Tc d nay cang lon (s chia cang nho), may chay cang nhanh do tang tc
d vn chuyn du liu. Tuy nhin lon dn du con phu thuc vao Mainboard va
card cam trn cac Slot (quan trong nht la cac I/O). Cac ban phai thi nghim
giam s chia tung nc va chu y may co khoi dng hay doc da blnh thuong
khng, nu phat sinh truc trac thl giam xung mt nc. Thuong thl ban co th
tang duoc hai nc. Thi du: System clock la 40 MHz, ban chon CLKI/3. Card ISA
8 va 16 bit co th chay tt trong khoang tu 8 MHz14 MHz. Nu nhanh qua,
thuong Card I/O gap truc trac truoc (khng doc duoc da cung).
AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS: nable hay Disable vic chen
thm mt thoi gian cho vao thoi gian chun cua AT Bus. Nu System clock duoi
33 MHz chon Disable. Nu trn 33 MHz chon nable.
Iast AT Cycle: Khi nable se rut ngan thoi gian chun cua AT Bus.
DRAM ReadWait States/DRAM Brust Cycle:
Duoi 33 MHz la: 3222 hay 2111.
Tu 33 dn 45 MHz la: 4333 hay 2222.
50 MHz la: 5444 hay 3222.
Chon muc nay anh huong lon dn tc d CPU.
DRAM?Memory Write Wait States:
Chon IWS kkhi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc d 40 MHz tro
ln). Chon OWS khi h thng va DRAM co th tuong thich (33 MHz tro xung).
Hidden ReIresh Option: Khi nable, CPU se lam vic nhanh hon do khng phai
cho mi khi DRAM duoc lam tuoi.
Slow ReIresh Enable: Muc nay nham bao dam an toan du liu trn DRAM, thoi
gian lam tuoi se keo dai hon blnh thuong. Ban chi duoc nable muc nay khi b
nho cua may h tro vic cho phep lam tuoi chm.
L1 Cache Mode: Lua chon giua WriteThrough va WriteBack cho Cache ni
trong CPU 486 tro ln. Xac lp WriteThrough may se chay chm hon Write
Back. Nhung vic lua chon con tuy thuc vao loai CPU.
L2 Cache Mode: Xac lp cho Cache trn Mainboard.
IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP:
Khi chon muc nay se xut hin mt cua s cho ban chi dinh da cn do
tlm thng s (2 hay 4 da tuy theo BIOS) sau do bm OK hay Yes d BIOS
din vao phn Standard dung cho ban. Trong BIOS doi moi, auto Detect co th
dua ra vai loai da. Tuy thei cach su dung da (Normal, LBA, ...) ma ban chon
loai thich hop.

4. Power Management Setup:
i voi CPU 486:
Phn nay la cac chi dinh cho chuong trlnh tit kim nang luong san chua
trong cac BIOS doi moi. Chuong trlnh nay dung duoc cho ca hai loai CPU: Loai
thuong va loai CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU co hai ky tu cui SL la mt loai
CPU duoc ch tao dac bit, co thm b phn qun ly nang luong trong CPU. Do
do trong phn co hai loai chi dinh danh cho hai loai CPU.
i voi Pentium:
Dung chung cho moi loai Pentium hay cac chip cua cac hang khac cung
doi voi Pentium.
Power Management/Power Saving Mode:
Disable: Khng su dung chuong trlnh nay.
nable/User DeIine: Cho chuong trlnh nay co hiu luc.
Min Saving: Dung cac gia tri thoi gian dai nht cho cac lua chon (tit kim
nang luong it nht).
Pmi/Smi: Nu chon Smi la may dang gan CPU kiu S cua hang Intel. Nu chon
auto la may gan CPU thuong.
Doze Timer: Muc nay chi dung cho CPU kiu S. Khi dung thoi gian may da
ranh (khng nhn duoc tin hiu tu cac ngat) theo quy dinh CPU tu dng ha tc d
xung con 8 MHz. Ban chon thoi gian theo y ban (co th tu 10 giy dn 4 gio)
hay Disable nu khng mun su dung muc nay.
Sleep timer/Standby Timer: Muc nay chi dung cho CPU kiu S. Chi dinh thoi
gian may ranh truoc khi vao ch d Sleep (ngung hoat dng). Thoi gian co th tu
10 giy dn 4 gio.
Sleep Clock: Muc nay chi dung cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU ha tc d xung
con 0 MHz (ngung han). Slow CPU ha tc d xung con 8 MHz.
HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down:
Chi dinh thoi gian ngung motor cua da cung.
CRT Sleep: Nu chon nable la man hlnh se tat khi may vao ch d Sleep.
Chi dinh: Cac chi dinh cho chuong trlnh quan ly ngun bit cn kim tra
b phn nao khi chay.
Chu y: Do BIOS duoc san xut d su dung cho nhiu loai may khac nn
cac ban lun gap phn nay trong cac BIOS. Thuc ra chung chi co gia tri trong cac
may xach tay (laptop) vl xai Pin nn vn d tit kim nang luong duoc dat ln
hang du. Chung ti khuyn cac ban dang su dung may d ban (desktop) nn v
hiu hoa tt ca cac muc trong phn nay, d tranh cac tlnh hung bt ngo nhu:
ang cai chuong trlnh tu nhin may ngung hoat dng, dang chay DaIrag tu nhin
may chm cuc ky...

5. Phn danh ring cho mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI co I/O va IDE
On Board (Peripheral Setup):

PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu luc (nabled) hay v hiu (Disabled) 2du ni
da cung ID trn mainboard. Khi su dung card PCI ID roi, ta cn chon
Disabled.
PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu luc (nable) hay v hiu (Disable) du
ni da cung ID thu hai trn mainboard. Muc nay b sung cho muc trn va chi
co tac dung voi du ni thu 2.
PCI On Board Speed Mode: Chi dinh kiu vn chuyn du liu (PIO Speed
Mode). Co th la Disable, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 3, auto. Trong do
mode 4 la nhanh nht.
PCI Card Present on: Khai bao su dung Card PCI ID roi hay khng va nu co
thl duoc cam vao Slot nao. Cac muc chon la: Disable, auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3,
Slot 4.
PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ:
Chi dinh cach xac lp ngat cho PCI ID roi.
Chu y: Trong muc nay co phn xac lp thu tu gan ngat cho cac Card b
sung. Thi du: 19, 210, 311, 412 co ngha la Card du tin cam vao bt ky
Slot nao se duoc gan ngat 9, nu co 2 Card thl Card cam vao Slot co s thu tu nho
se duoc gan ngat 9, Slot co s thu tu lon se duoc gan ngat 10 v.v...
IDE 32 Bit TransIers Mode:
Xac lp nham tang cuong tc d cho da cung trn 528 MB, nhung cung
co da khng khoi dng duoc khi nable muc nay du Idisk va Iormat vn blnh
thuong.
Host to PCI Post Write W/s, Host to Burst Write Host to DRAM Burst Write:
Cac xac lp nay cho CPU Bus, khng anh huong nhiu dn tc d cua
CPU, co th d nguyn xac lp mat nhin.
PCIBus Park, Post Write BuIIer:
Khi nable cac muc nay co th tang cuong thm tc d h th ng
IDC Control:
Cho hiu luc hay khng du ni cap va xac lp dia chi cho da mm.
Primary Serial Port:
Cho hiu luc hay khng cng COM 1 va xac lp dia chi cho cng nay.
Secondary Serial Port:
Cho hiu luc hay khng cng COM 2 va xac lp dia chi cho cng nay.
Chu y: Nu ban su dung Card b sung co xac lp dia chi la COM 1 va
COM 2, ban phai Disable cng tuong ung trong hai muc trn.
Parallel Port:
Cho hiu luc hay khng Cng LPT 1 va xac lp dia chi cho cng nay.

6. Huong dn BIOS Setup:
Trong cac tai liu di kem mainboard, diu co huong dn BIOS Setup. Khi
mua may hay mua Mainboard, cac ban nho doi cac tai liu nay vl no rt cn cho
vic su dung may.
Trong cac phn Setup trn, phn Standard. Advanced co anh huong dn
vic cu hlnh may. Phn Chipset anh huong dn tc d may. Phn PCI anh huong
dn cac gan ngat, dia chi cho cac Slot PCI, cng; cach vn chuyn du liu cho
ID On Board.
Nu gap cac thanh phn hoan toan moi, truoc tin ban hay Set cac thanh
phn da bit, kim tra vic thay di cua may, cui cung moi Set toi cac thanh
chua bit. Chung ti xin nhac lai, vic BIOS Setup sai khng bao gio lam hu may
va cac ban se d dang Setup lai nho vao chinh BIOS. Trn Mainboard lun lun
co mt Jumper dung d xoa cac thng tin chua trong CMOS d ban co th tao lai
cac thng tin nay trong truong hop khng th vao lai BIOS Setup khi khoi dng
may.
Khi tin hanh tlm hiu BIOS Setup, ban nn theo mt quy tat sau: Chi Set
tung muc mt ri khoi dng may lai, chay cac chuong trlnh kim tra d xem tc
d CPU, da co thay di gl khng? Cach lam nay giup ban phat hin anh huong
cua tung muc vao h thng va ban co th bit chac truc trac phat sinh do muc nao
d sua chua. Khi xay ra truc trac ma ban khng bit cach di pho, ban chi cn
vao lai BIOS Setup chon Load BIOS DeIault hay bm I6 trong phn Set ma ban
mun phuc hi sau do khoi dng may lai la xong.
PHN III
CAI T PHN MM MAY TINH

Trong phn truoc ta da xet v cu truc cung nhu cach lam vic cua cac
thanh phn cu tao nn ma y tinh va da cai dat h diu hanh don gian nht la
MSDOS. Song di voi cac h diu hanh, cac chuong trlnh lon doi hoi su tuong
thich v cu hlnh cung nhu qua trlnh cai dat cua no phai chinh xac thl moi co th
lam vic co hiu qua, nht la cac phn mm d hoa nhu Windows, MicrosoIt
OIIice v.v...
Cai dat phn mm la qua trlnh xac dinh ngun tai nguyn ma h diu
hanh, phn mm do duoc su dung trn h thng va cac thanh phn cua phn m m
duoc su dung. Tu do phn b cac thng tin nay vao cac Iile chuong trlnh khoi
dng hay cac Iile cu hlnh cho phu hop. Co th don cu qua trlnh cai dat chung
cua phn mm gm cac buoc sau:
Kim tra cac tai nguyn h thng co dam bao khng nhu CPU, RAM,
Man hlnh, Ban phim, Chut, khng gian da v.v...
Xac dinh cac thanh phn cua phn mm cai dat.
Chep cac Iile chuong trlnh, du liu ln da dich.
Kim tra tt ca cac thanh phn h thng va dua thng tin vao cac Iile
*.sys hay *.ini.
Cp nht cac thng tin di cung voi ch d khoi dng cung nhu cac diu
kin lam vic. Tiu biu la cac Iile ConIig.sys va Autoexec.bat .
Xac dinh cac thanh phn hin co cho phn mm va cp nht cac logo di
cung.
Xy dung cac trlnh diu khin thit bi h thng cho phu hop nu cn.
Trong phn nay ta xet hai qua trlnh cai dat tiu biu va thuong gap la
MicrosoIt Windows 95 va MicrosoIt OIIice 97. Sau do xet thm cac thanh phn
phu tro nhu Vietware va cac trlnh quan ly thit bi.

.10. GIOI THIU QUA TRNH CAI T WINDOWS

Windows la mt h diu hanh su dung giao din d hoa, do do no doi hoi
vic cu hlnh phn cung phai chinh xac. Ngoai ra Windows con quan ly tt ca
cac tai nguyn cua may tinh va cp nht cac trlnh diu khin cua cac thit bi d
lam vic cho thich hop. Do do d Windows lam vic tt yu cu phai cai dat
Windows. Vl qua trlnh cai dat cho cac phin ban Windows 9.x tro ln duoc su
dung hin nay, rt ging voi qua trlnh cai dat cua Windows 95 nn o dy ta chi
xet cho qua trlnh cai dat cua Windows 95.
1. Chun bi phn cung:
1. CPU va Mainboard 486 tro ln (386 vn duoc nhung rt chm va it
duoc dung hin nay).
2. 8MB RAM b nho trong, nhung cang nhiu cang tt. (i voi
Windows 98 ti thiu 16 MB RAM).
3. da cung trng tu 30MB tro ln da co cac Iile h thng d khoi dng
duoc may. (Tuy theo phin ban co th khac nhau).
4. Man hlnh va Card man hlnh mau.
5. Ban phim va Chut.
6. Cac thit bi khac co th co nhu CDROM, may in, modem v.v...
2. Chun bi phn mm
cai Window 98 ta phai co b chuong trlnh ngun co Iile Setup va s
x_ri (Serial Number) cua no. B chuong trlnh nay vao khoang vai tram MB tuy
theo phin ban va cac thanh phn di kem. B chuong trlnh ngun nay co trong
da cung, CDROM hoac mang may tinh co san.

* Cac thanh phn cua Window 9x
Windows duoc thit k theo cac module ghep lai voi nhau, do do ta co th
chon va cai dat cac thanh phn thich hop. Co th chia Windows 9x thanh cac
thanh phn chinh nhu sau:
1. Phn nhn (Kernel) thanh phn ct loi cua Windows, do do khi cai dat
khng th thiu phn nay.
2. Phn h tro cac trlnh diu khin thit bi nhu Chut, man hlnh, ban
phim, may in v.v... Phn nay su dung cho ch d Plus and Play.
3. Cac cng cu h thng nhu Scandisk, DeIragmenter, Speed disk v.v...
4. Cac tin ich di cung nhu Wordpad, Notepad, Painbrush v.v...
5. Cac thanh phn h tro mang nhu mang ngang hang, Windows NT,
Netware, Internet v.v... nhu Internet xplorer, mail, MicrosoIt Network v.v...
6. Cac module h tro lp trlnh va giao din phn mm nhu cac ham API,
dich vu chuyn Iile kt nhumg v.v...

* Cac thng s Setup:
/?-Help
/c-Khng chay SMARTDrive.
/id- Khng kim tra dung lng a.
/it- Khng kim tra cac chng trnh thng tru.
/is- Khng chay Scandisk.
/l- S dung Logitech mouse trong thi gian Setup.
/n- Khng dung mouse.

3. Tin trlnh cai dat Windows
1. Chay Iile Setup.exe cua chuong trlnh cai dat. Iile nay chua trong da
thu nht cua b chuong trlnh ngun. Khi chay Setup.exe, Windows 9x tu dng
chay trlnh kim tra da bang chuong trlnh Scandisk, nu khng mun chay trlnh
nay ta dung Setup /is.
2. Chuong trlnh Setup yu cu s x_ri (Serial number) d bao v ban
quyn. Nu cho dung s nay chuong trlnh tip tuc va yu cu nhp cac thng tin
cua ban nhu tn, co quan v.v... d su dung vao mt s muc dich sau nay.
3. Yu cu chi dinh noi cai dat d chuong trlnh Setup copy cac Iile cn
thit vao do.
4. Chon ch d Plug and play cho cactlnh diu khin thit bi.
5. Chon ch d cai dat, co 3 tuy chon cho ch d nay la:
Typical: Cai dat dy du tt ca cac thanh phn cua Windows .
Custom: Cho nguoi su dung chon cac thanh phn cai dat.
- Portable:Ch cai cac thanh phn ch s dung trn
may tnh xach tay.
Compact: Cai ti thiu, bo ht cac tin ich d do tn da.
Nu chon o ch d Custom ta phai chon cac thanh phn cai dat nhu da
trlnh bay o trn.
6. Cu hlnh cacthanh phn mang nhu Card mang, dia chi, giao thuc v.v...
7. Toa da cuu h dung khi Windows bi li.
8. Chuong trlnh Setup cp nht cu hlnh va cho khoi dng lai may tinh d
kt thuc qua trlnh cai dat.
Theo doi qua trlnh cai dat va ghi lai va xu ly cac li nu co. Nu khng co
li thl qua trlnh cai dat da thanh cng.
4. Hoan chinh windows sau khi cai dat
a. Thm bot cac module:
Trong qua trlnh cai dat nu co module nao do cai dat chua thanh cng
hoac mun thm bot chung ta lam nhu sau:
ua b ngun Windows vao thit bi trn may d chun bi san sang.
Chay Iile Setup va chi duong dn dn b ngun trn.
Chon thanh phn cn sua chua sau do chon Add d thm vao va chon
Remove d bo di.
b. Xem su xung dt v thit bi
Nhu ta da bit cac thit bi giao tip voi CPU qua mt dia chi vung nho goi
la vung nho vao ra va mt ngat, do do khi co su trung lap giua cac thng tin nay
hay sai trlnh diu khin thit bi se xay ra xung dt lam cho cac thanh phn hoat
dng khng blnh thuong.
kim tra vn d trn ta vao muc Setting\Control panel\System\ Device
d xem cac cu hlnh cho cac thit bi. Khi thit bi bi li co xut hin mt du bn
canh thit bi do, co th la d xu ly ta lam nhu sau:
Chon trlnh diu khin do ri chon Remove d go bo.
Chon Add d cu hlnh lai cho phu hop.
5. Qua trlnh khoi dng cua Windows 95
Windows 95 la mt h diu hanh nn no quan ly qua trlnh khoi dng cua
may tinh. Co ngha la no thay di doan chuong trlnh khoi dng Bootrap trong
Boot Sector cua da khoi dng. Thng qua qua trlnh nay ta co th chn doan duoc
cac li trn may tinh Co th m ta qua trlnh khoi dng cua Windows nhu sau:
Khi bt may qua trlnh khoi dng duoc thuc hin trong qua trlnh khoi
dng DOS.
Chuong trlnh khoi dng tlm cac Iile khoi dng nhu IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS va co th co WINBOOT.SYS. O dy Iile IO.SYS vai tro chu dao
trong qua trlnh khoi dng cua Windows 95.
Tip theo thuc hin cac lnh trong CONIIG.SYS va AUTOXC.BAT,
sau do la cac lnh xy dung cu hlnh cho Windows da duoc cu hlnh san trong h
thng.
Tai cac trlnh diu khin thit bi su dung trong giao din d hoa.
Tai cac trlnh diu khi n thit bi cho chuong trlnh, cac cu hlnh chuong
trlnh thng qua 2 Iile System.ini va Win.ini.
Cui cung thuc hin Iile tao mi truong lam vic cho nguoi su dung nhu
cac chuong trlnh, Shortcut, vao mang v.v...
Toan b qua trlnh khoi dng cua Windows 9.x tro ln duoc luu giu trong
Iile Bootlog.txt. Khao sat dy du qua trlnh khoi dng cua Windows co th cho ra
cac chun doan chinh xac v li trong Windows.

* Y ngha Iile Setuplog.txt
y ngha la Iile ASSCII, duoc Windows tao ra trong thoi gia Setup. No
chua tt ca cac thng tin v cac hoat dng cua chuong trlnh Setup. Iile nay co
muc dich giup nguoi dung tham khao d co huong khac phuc khi khng Setup
duoc.
Setup dung Iile na y khi chay Smart Recovery nham tranh vic lap lai li
da mac truoc do. Nu Setup xu, ban cn khoi dng lai may tinh Setup tlm doc
Iile STUPLOG.TXT, khi dn thu tuc bi li no se bo qua thu tuc nay va tip tuc
qua trlnh Setup.
* Y ngha Iile DETLOG.TXT
Iile nay chua cac thng tin v phn cung.
Nu may tinh bi treo trong thoi gian do tlm phn cung, ban co th phat
hin li nay bang cach xem dong cui cung cua DTLOG.TXT.
* Y ngha Iile BOOTLOG.TXT
BOOTLOG.TXT la mt Iile text ASCII chua dung nhung thng tin v
trang thai khoi dng cua Windows 95. uoc tao ra trong thoi gian Setup hay mi
ln Windows 95 khoi dng (n I8 khi khoi dng dong "Starting Windows 95",
chon muc tao BOOTLOG.TXT. BOOTLOG.TXTse duoc luu trong thu muc cua
da khoi dng).
Iile nay co th duoc dung d chua li khi Setup hay khi Windows bi truc
trac. Ban can cu vao cac dong nap co thng bao Iailed hay dong lnh cui cung
truoc khi treo may d bit li do driver thit bi nao.
10. Thay di dia chi ngun Setup sau khi cai
Co nhiu truong hop ban cn thay di dia chi ngun. Thi du nhu truic dy
ban Setup Windows 95 tu da cung, by gio ban co Windows trn CD ROM,
ban cn thay di dia chi ngun Setup d co th truy cp cac Iile trn CD ROM.
thay di ban lam theo cac buoc sau:
Bm nut Start, bm Run, danh regedit trong Open box, bm OK d khoi
dng Registry ditor.
Ban ln luoc mo cac muc theo thu tu sau:
HKY_LOCAL_MACHIN_SOITWAR\MicrosoIt\Windows\Current
Version\Setup.
Bm kep vao muc SourcePath va sua chua lai dia chi trong Value data.
Thoat Regedit.
Chu y: Truoc khi sua ban nho Backup ca c Iile Registry (SYSTM.DAT va
USR.DAT).

.11. CAI T MICROSOIT OIIICE

MicrosoIt OIIice la b cng cu van phong manh nht hin nay. No tich
hop hu ht cac cng cu h tro cho cng vic van phong nhu van ban, tinh toan,
quan ly, trlnh din v.v... Do vy yu cu su dung tai nguyn cua no cung rt lon
va qua trlnh cai dat no cung tuong di phuc tap.
V yu cu phn cung va phn mm no cung ging nhu Windows song
MicrosoIt OIIice yu cu khng gian da lon hon nhu 200MB cho cac thanh phn
cua MicrosoIt OIIice97. Tuy nhin MicrosoIt OIIice 97 gm nhiu thanh phn
nn ta co th chon cac thanh phn cai dat cho thich hop.
1. Cac thanh phn cua MicrosoIt OIIice 97
MicrosoIt OIIice 97 duoc thit k theo cac module ghep lai voi nhau. Do
do trong qua trlnh cai dat ta d dang loai bo hay cai dat cac thanh phn cua
chung. Toan b MicrosoIt OIIice 97 duoc chia thanh cac thanh phn nhu sau:
MicrosoIt Word: Trlnh xu ly van ban.
MicrosoIt xel: Trlnh xu ly bang tinh.
MicrosoIt Access: H quan tri co so du liu.
MicrosoIt Power Point: Phn trlnh din cac chu hlnh anh v.v...
Cac thanh phn khac nhu MicrosoIt Tool, Convert, Database v.v...
2. Tin trlnh cai dat
1. Cho chay Iile Setup.exe di kem voi b chuong trlnh ngun d thuc hin
tin trlnh cai dat.
2. Cho s x_ri (Serial number) va cac thng tin lin quan dn nguoi su
dung.
3. Chon noi d cai dat MicrosoIt OIIice. (Mac dinh la thu muc
PROGRAM IIL\MSOIIIC). Chuong trlnh cai dat se chep cac Iile cn thit
vao dy.
4. Chon ch d cai dat Typical, Custom, Minimum.
5. Chon Custom va chon cac thanh phn cai dat ln may tinh cua ban.
6. Chuong trlnh Setup se cp nht h thng d hoan thanh qua trlnh cai
dat.
7. Kim tra cac thanh phn cai dat da hoan thin chua. Bang cach vao tung
thanh phn mt va kim tra cac chuc nang.
3. Hoan thin cac thanh phn sau khi cai dat
Sau khi cai dat hoac sau mt thoi gian su dung ta thy phn nao con thiu
hoac thua ta co th sua lai nhu sau:
1. Cho b ngun OIIice vao thit bi d san sang.
2. Chay Iile setup cho dn muc Add, Remove.
3. Chon Add va chon cac thanh phn d thm vao.
4. Chon Remove va chon cac thanh phn cn bo di.
5. Xem lai cac thanh phn vua sua xong.

.12. CAI T CAC PHN MM KHAC
1. Cai cac Iont ting vit
Ban co th cai cac Iont ting vit khac nhau nhu Iont ABC, Vietware,
Vietkey,...nhung du co chung quy tac la ban chon thu muc co chua chuong
trlnh ngun, sau do ban chon tp tin setup.exe. Tip dn ban go ma s dang
ky, chon noi d cai dat,chon ch d cai dat (Typical, Custom, Minimum).
Chuong trlnh Setup se cp nht h thng d hoan thanh qua trlnh cai dat. Cui
cung ban chon Yes d chp nhn khoi dng lai may.

Vi du: Ban cai Iont Vietware, cac buoc tin ha nh nhu sau:
1. Ban chon tp tin Setup.exe trong chuong trlnh ngun, thl co mt cua s
xut hin nhu sau:
2. Ban go ma s dang ky vao hp Serial number va sau khi ban go xong
ban chon OK xut hin cua s
3. Tip theo ban chon ch d cai dat la:Iull, Custom, Minimum.Sau khi
ban chon lua xong click vao install d tip tuc. Va thu muc ngm dinh
duoc cai dat la C:\VW20 nu khng mun ban co th go lai duong
dn.Va ban chon Continue,ban cho khoang vai phut se xut hin hp
thoai
4. Nu ban mun khoi dng lai may thi click Restart Windows, con nu
ban khng mun khoi dng lai thl click vao Continue d hoan thanh
vic cai dat.

2. Cai cac phn mm khac
- Cai Turbo Pascal 7.0: Cach thuc cai dat cung kha don gian chi cn co
b ngun cua phn mm (co th chua trn CDROM hay da cung). Ban
chon tp tin install.exe . Sau do ban n phim NTR d tip tuc, ban
se thy xut hin man hlnh duoi dy:
Ban go tn da chua nhung tp tin ngun (la A nu cai tu da mm hay
C,D... nu tu da cung)

- Sau do la go tn thu muc chua ngun (Vi du: \SOIT\BP70).

- Dung phim mui tn ln xung d chon muc Borland Pascal directory
va sau do n phim nter d di lai duong dn cua thu muc nu nhu ban
mun (gia su la C:\TURBO).
- Sau cung la dung phim mui tn dua con tro dn muc Start installation
ri n nter d cai dat Turbo Pascal vao may.

Tom lai: Cac phn mm khac ban cung cai dat tuong tu nhu cach cai
cac phn mm o trn vy.
PHU LUC 1
CAC MA LI

Su c ban mach chinh (101 109)
- 101 System interrup Iailed: Su c nay co th la mt vn d tranzito(ho
mach) khng thuong xuyn xay ra hoac board b sung dang xm pham
toi chip diu khin tin hiu ngat. Nu ban khng th vuot qua duoc ma
101, se phai thay ban mach chinh.
- 102 System Timer Iailed: Chip b dinh thoi trn ban mach chinh bi hu,
phai thay ban mach chinh nu li thuong xuyn xut hin.
- 103 System Timer interrup Iailed: Chip b dinh thoi khng co chip diu
khin tin hiu ngat d truyn tin hiu ngat zero (tinh ngat dinh thoi).
- 104 Protecd Mode Operation Iailed: Ma li nay chi ap dung cho may tinh
AT.
- 105 8042 Command Not Accepted.Keyboard Communication Iailed: Bi
mt chip diu khin ban phim 8042 hoac ban phim kem cht luong.
- 106 Post logic test Problem Logic Test Iailed: Li nay co th gy ra do
board h thng bi hu hoac cac yu t khac nhu cac the mach khng chinh
xac cung co th gy ra li.
- 107 MNI Test Iailed: Kim tra "ngat khng che duoc " cua ban mach chinh
bi su c , mt NMI la tin hiu ngat khng th duoc v hiu hoa bang mt
tin hiu khac. Nu li nay vn con, phai thay b xu ly.
- 108 Iailed System Timer Test: Chip b dinh thoi trn ban mach chinh
khng lam vic.
- 109 Probem With Iirst 64K Ram, DMA Test Error: Ma nay chi mt vn d
trong RAM 64K du tin trong cac PC ban du hoan toan la kha nang
cua ban mach chinh. Co th tlm thay cac chip khng chinh xac hoac thay
ban mach chinh.

Cac ma li ps/2
- 110 PS/2 System Board Error, Parity chek: Li Board h thng, Kim tra
chan le.
- 111 PS/2 Memry Adapter Error: Li b phi hop b nho.
- 112 PS/2 Microchannel arbitration Error ,System Board: Li phn xu ly
knh, Board h thng.
- 113 PS/2 Microchannel arbitration Error ,System Board: Li phn xu ly
knh, Board h thng.
- 165 PS/2 System option not test:Cac tuy chon h thng khng duoc dat.
- 166 PS/2 Microchannel adapter timeout Error: Li thoi gian khng tinh b
phi hop vi knh.
- 199 PS/2 ConIiguration not correct. Check Setup: Cu hlnh khng chinh
xac. Kim tra cai dat.

Cac ma li IBM
Cac ma li nay duoc su dung trong mt s may IBM va mt s may nhai da
duoc dat tuong tu.
- 115 System Board ,CPU Error: Ban mach h thng, li CPU
- 118 System Board memry Error: Li b nho Board h thng.
- 119 2,88MB diskette drive installed but not supported: da mm 2,88MB
duoc cai dat , nhung khng h tro.
- 120 System Board processor, cache (b nho truy cp nhanh) Error: Li b
nho truy cp nhanh ,b vi xu ly h thng.
- 121 Unexpected hardware interupts occurred: Cac tin hiu ngat phn cung
bt ngo xay ra.
- 130 POSTno operation System ,check diskettes, conIiguration: H diu
hanh khng co POST, kim tra cac da mm, cu hlnh.
- 131 Cassette interIace test Iailed , PS/2 System Board: Giao din cassette
bi su c Board h thng PS/2.
- 132 DMA (direct memory access truy cp b nho truc tip) extended
registerss rror . Run diagnostics: Li cac thanh ghi b sung DMA. Chay
chuong trlnh chn doan.
- 133 DMA (direct memory access truy cp b nho truc tip) rror . Run
diagnostics:Li DMA. Chay chuong trlnh chn doan.

Cac ma li tng quat
- 162 sytem option not set, or Possible Bad Battery: Tuy chon h thng
khng duoc cai dat, hoac pin co th khng cht luong.
- 162 sytem option not set, or invalid Checksum, or Coniguration incorrect:
Tuy chon h thng khng duoc cai dat, hoac tng kim tra khng gia tri,
hay cu hlnh khng chinh xac.
- 163 Time and Date Not Set: Thoi gian va ngay thang khng duoc cai dat.
- 106 Memory Size Error: Co vn d lin quan dn b nho CMOS.
- 201 Memory Error: Li Ram.
- 202 Memory Address Error Lines 015,203 Memory Address Error1623:
Chi mt hoac nhiu chip b nho bi hu.
- 301 Keyboard Error: Li di voi ban phim.
- 302 System Unit Keylock Is Locked: B chuyn mach khoa phim bi li
hoac ban phim bi lit.
- 303 Keyboard o System Unit Error , 304 Keyboard o System Unit Error ,
Keyboard Clockline Error: Kim tra cac phim bi lit ,cap ni ban phim
hoac chinh ban phim bi hu.
- 601 Disk Error: Chi vn d da co th do may tinh do tlm mt da mm
khng co.
- 602 Disk boot Record Error: Co th do da mm bi hu hoac mt b diu
khin da mm bi hu.
- 1701 Hard Disk Iailure: Chi b diu khin da cung khng nhn duoc tra
loi cua da cung ma no dang cho.
- 1780 Disk 0 Iailure , 1790 Disk 0 Error , 1781 Disk 1 Iailure , 1791 Disk 1
Error: B diu khin da cung khng nhn duoc tra loi cua tu da cung 0
hoac 1.
- 1782 Disk Controller Iailure: B diu khin da co th bi hu.
PHU LUC 2
THNG BAO LI
- 128 NOT OK, Parity Disa(Industry Atandard Architectkin truc tiu chun
cng ngh) Bled: 128 khng duoc, chan le bi v hiu hoa.
- 8042 Gate A20 Error: (cua8042li A20) thuong do ban phim bi hu.
- Access Denied: truy cp bi tu chi.
- Address Line Short!: iu co th la vn d cua chip b nho va cung co th
do ban mach chinh va phai thay.
- Allocation Error ,Size Adjusted: Li phn phi, kich thuoc bi diu chinh.
- Attempted Write Protect Violation: thu dinh dang 1 da mm chng ghi.
- Bad DMA PORT: Cng truy cp b nho truc tip bi hu.
- Bad Or Missing command interpreter: B dich lnh bi hu hoac mt.
- Bad Patition Table, Error Reading/Writing the Patition Table: Bang phn
chia bi hu, li doc/vit bang phn chia.
- Nnnk Base Memory , Base Memory Sizennk: B nho co so Nnnk, kich
thuoc b nho co so nnK.
- Bus timeOut NMI At Slot X: NMI khng dinh thoi gian Bus tai khe X.
- C: Drive Error , Disk: Drive Error: Li da C, D. da C hoac D khng
duoc cai dat chinh xac trong CMOS.
- C: Drive Iailure ,D: Drive Iailure: Su c da C hoac D .
- Cache Memory bad , do Not Enable Cache: B nho truy cp nhanh trn ban
mach chinh bi li.
- Cannot Chdir to (phatname).Tree past this point not processed: Khng th
kim tra thu muc toi (tn duong dn). Cy qua dim nay khng xu ly
duoc.Mt trong cac tp tin cua thu muc da bi rac (li).
- Cannot chdir to Root: Khng th kim tra thu muc toi thu muc gc. (Thu
muc gc da bi rac).
- Cannot Recover (.) Entry Processing Continue: Khng th phuc hi(.) Xu ly
tip tuc.
- Cannot Recover (..) Entry Processing Continue: Khng th phuc hi(..) Xu
ly tip tuc.
- Cannot Recover (..) Entry, Entry Has a bad attribute (or link or size):
Khng th phuc hi(..) nhp, ni dung co thuc tinh (hoac lin kt hoac
kich thuoc) bi hu.
- CMOS barrety state low: tlnh trang pin cmos yu (thay pin dng h Cmos).
- CMOS checksum Iailure: Su c kim tra tng quat CMOS.
- CMOS display type mismatch: Khng thich hop loai man hlnh CMOS.
- CMOS Memory size mismatch: Khng thich hop kich thuoc b nho
CMOS.
- CMOS System Options not set: Cac tuy chon h thng CMOS khng duoc
cai dat.
- CMOS Time & Date not Set: Thoi gian va ngay thang CMOS khng duoc
cai dat.
- COM port does not Exit: Cng COM khng co.
- ConIiguration Error Ior Slot n: Li cu hlnh di voi khe n.
- Convert Directory to Iile?: Co chuyn di thu muc thanh tp khng.
- Convert Lost Chains to Iiles(Y/N)?: Chuyn di moc ni bi mt thanh tp
(C/K) ?.
- Error Iound, I Parameter Not SpeciIied:Phat hin li ,Tham s I khng ro
sua li se khng duoc ghi vao da.
- Disk Bad: a hu.
- Disk Boot Error , Replace and strike Key to retry: Li khoi dng da, thay
va go phim d thu lai.
- Disk conIiguration Error: Li cu hlnh da.
- Hard Disk conIiguration Error: Li cu hlnh da cung.
- Disk Boot Iailure: Su c khoi dng da.
- Disk Drive Iailure: su c da.
- Diskette Drive X Iailure: Su c da mm.
- Diskette Read Iailure: su c doc da mm.
- DMA (Direct Memory Access) Error: Li truy cp b nho truc tip.
- Drive not ready. Abort, Retry, Ignore, Iail ?: da khng san sang. Huy, thu
lai, bo qua, hu ?
- IDD controller Iailure: Su c b diu khin da mm.
- IDD A is not installed: da mm A khng duoc cai dat.
- Iile allocation table bad: Bang phn phi tp hu.
- Iixed disk conIiguration error: Li cu hlnh da c dinh.
- Iixed disk controller Iailure: Su c b diu khin da c dinh.
- Iixed disk Iailure: Chi b diu khin da cung khng nhn duoc tra loi cua
da cung ma no dang cho.
- Hard Disk Iailure: Su c da cung.
- Invalid boot diskette: a mm khoi dng khng hop l.
- Invalid conIiguration inIormation. Please run setup program: Thng tin cu
hlnh khng hop l. Chay chuong trlnh cai dat.
- Keyboard bad: ban phim hu
- Keyboard data line Iailure: Su c duong truyn du liu cua ban phim.
- Keyboard controller Iailure: Su c b diu khin ban phim
- Keyboard Error: Li ban phim
- Nonsystem disk or disk error. Replace and Strike and key When Ready:
Khng co da h thng hoac da bi li.Thay va go phim bt ky khi san
sang.
- Nonsystem disk or disk error.Press A key to continue: Khng co da h
thng hoac da bi li.n mt phim d tip tuc.
- No a boot diskstrike I1 to retry boot: Khng co da khoi dng, go phim I1
d thu khoi dng lai.
- Real time clock Iailure: ng h thuc hoac pin h tro bi su c.
- Track 0 bad disk unsuable: a hu khng su dung duoc track 0. Li nay co
th xay ra khi dinh dang da mm 1.44MB ,hoac da mm do bi hu track
0. Nu thng bao nay trn da cung thl phai thay da cung.
- Write protect error writing Drive X: Cht bao v da co th chua mo.
PHU LUC 2
CAC MA LI BIP

1. CAC MA AMI

- Mt 'bip':Su c lam tuoi cua DRAM. Nu may tinh hin thi thng tin tiu
chun trn man hlnh,ban khng gap vn d gl; nu co vn d tro ngai, may
tinh se thng bao li trn man hlnh.
- Hai 'bip': Su c h mach chan le / li chan le.
- Ba 'bip': Su c b nho 64K co so
- Bn 'bip': B hen thoi h thng khng hoat dng.
- Nam 'bip': Su c b vi xu ly
- Sau 'bip': Su c cua A20 / b diu khin ban phim 8042
- Bay 'bip': Li ngoai l ch do thuc/ li ngat ngoai l b vi xu ly
- Tam 'bip': Li vit doc b nho man hlnh
- Chin ' bip': Li kim tra tng quat ROM BIOS. Cho bit ROM BIOS bi hu.
- Muoi ' bip': Li vit / doc cua thanh ghi bi CMOS dong.
- Muoi mt 'bip': B nho cache bi hu khng huu hiu hoa duoc cache.
- Khng co cac 'bip': Nu khng nghe thy cac 'bip' va khng co hlnh anh
trn man hlnh, kim tra b ngun bang dng h von. K dn, kim tra ban
mach chinh nghi ngo co kt ni long ra khng. Chip CPU, BIOS, se gy ra
cho ban mach chinh co vn d.

2. CAC MA PHOENIX
May tinh duoc cai BIOS Phoenix su dung mt nhom ba b 'Bip' duoc tach
ra va o dy ghi nhung ma nay theo s ting 'Bip' lin tip, vi du:
113 ngha la 'Bip', ngung, 'Bip' , ngung, 'Bip' 'Bip' 'Bip'.
Hon nua, con co cac ma dac bit su dung ting 'Bip' ngan va 'Bip' keo dai.
- Mt 'bip': diu nay thuong khng co vn d gl, 'Bip' phat ra khi vic tu kim
tra hoan tt truoc khi DOS duoc tai.
- Hai 'Bip': Co th cu hlnh bi li.
- Mt 'Bip' dai, mt 'Bip': Chi su c video. Kim tra cac b cu nhy va cac
b chuyn mach DIP trn the mach video hoac ban mach chinh.
- Mt 'Bip' dai, mt 'bip' ngan, Mt 'Bip' dai, mt 'bip' ngan: Chi su c cua b
phi hop video don sac va mau. BIOS da thu khoi tao, nhung ca hai du li
va khng hin thi.
- 113 CMOS Write /read Iailure: May tinh khng doc duoc cu hlnh duoc
luu trong CMOS. Nu li vn tip tuc, thay ban mach chinh.
- 114 Rom BIOS checksum Error: Rom BIOS da bi hu va phai thay.
- 121 Programmable interval timer Iailure: Chip b dinh thoi trn ban
mach chinh bi hu va ban mac chinh se phai thay.
- 122 DMA initialization Iailure: Chip DMA co th bi hu.
- 131 Ram reIresh veriIication Iailure: Co th cac b nho chip bi hu, chip
DMA bi hu hoac cac chip dia chi b nho trn ban mach chinh bi hu.
- 142 parity Iailure Iirst 64K or Ram: Chip b nho bi hu, hoac mt trong
cac chip nhay cam voi voi vic kim tra li chan le.
- 324 Keyboard controller test Iailure: Chip diu khin ban phim khng
dap ung cac tin hiu luc khoi dng.

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Giao trlnh Bao trl may tinh va cai dat phn mm & 1

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