Axial Load

Chapter Objectives
To determine the deformation of axially loaded

members.
To determine the support reactions when these
reactions cannot be determined solely from the
equations of equilibrium.
To analyze the effects of thermal stresses.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Elastic deformation in axially loaded member
4. Principle of superposition
5. Compatibility conditions
6. Force method of analysis
7. Thermal Stress
8. Stress Concentration
9. Concept Quiz
In-class Activities
READING QUIZ
1) The stress distributions at different cross
sections are different. However, at locations
far enough away from the support and the
applied load, the stress distribution becomes
uniform. This is due to

a) Principle of superposition

b) Inelastic property

c) Poissons effect

d) Saint Venants Principle
READING QUIZ (cont.)
READING QUIZ (cont)
2) The principle of superposition is valid
provided that

1. The loading is linearly related to the stress or displacement
2. The loading does not significantly change the original
geometry of the member
3. The Poissons ratio v 0.45
4. Youngs Modulus is small

a) a, b and c
b) a, b and d
c) a and b only
d) All
READING QUIZ (cont)
3) The units of linear coefficient of thermal
expansion are

a) per C

b) per F

c) per K (Kelvin)

d) all of them
READING QUIZ (cont)
4) Stress concentrations become important in
design if

a) the material is brittle

b) the material is ductile but subjected to fatigue loading

c) the material is subjected to fatigue loadings to dynamic
loading

d) All of them
READING QUIZ (cont)
5) The principle of superposition is applicable to

a) inelastic axial deformation

b) residual stress evaluation

c) large deformation

d) None of the above
APPLICATIONS
Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and
these two materials work together in supporting the applied
load. Are both subjected to axial stress?
APPLICATIONS (cont)
Thermal Stress
Stress
Concentration
Inelastic Axial
Deformation
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER

Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional
limit, we can relate them using Hookes Law, i.e. = E
( )
( ) dx
d
x A
x P
= = and o
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
}
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
E x A
dx x P
E x A
dx x P
d
dx
d
E
x A
x P
0
o
o
o
EXAMPLE 1
The assembly shown in Fig. 47a consists of an aluminum
tube AB having a cross-sectional area of 400 mm
2
. A steel
rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar
and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is
applied to the rod, determine the displacement of the end C
of the rod. Take E
st
= 200 GPa, E
al
= 70 GPa.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

Since both displacements are to the right,

Solution
( ) | |( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
= =
= =

m 001143 . 0 001143 . 0
10 70 10 400
4 . 0 10 80
9 6
3
AE
PL
B
o
( ) | |( )
( ) ( ) | |
+ =
+
= = m 003056 . 0
10 200 005 . 0
6 . 0 10 80
9
3
/
t
o
AE
PL
B C
= = + = mm 20 . 4 m 0042 . 0
/ B C C C
o o o
EXAMPLE 2
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight
and modulus of elasticity E. If it is in the form of a cone
having the dimensions shown in Fig. 49a, determine how
far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is suspended in
the vertical position.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion,

The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is

Solution
y
L
r
x
L
r
y
x
o o
= = ;
3
2
2
2
3 3
y
L
r
yx V
o
t t
= =
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Since , the internal force at the section becomes

The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,

Between the limits of y =0 and L yields

Solution
( )
2
2
2
2
y
L
r
x y A
o
t
t = =
( )
( )
( ) | |
( ) | |
(Ans)
6
3
2
0
2 2
2 2
0
E
L
E L r
dy L r
E y A
dy y P
L
o
o
L
t
t
o = = =
} }
( )
3
2
2
3
; 0 y
L
r
y P F
o
y
t
= = | +

V W =
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
It can be used for simple problems having complicated
loadings. This is done by dividing the loading into
components, then algebraically adding the results.

It is applicable provided the material obeys Hookes
Law and the deformation is small.

If P = P1 + P2 and d d1 d2, then the deflection at
location x is sum of two cases,
x
=
x1
+
x2

COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS
When the force equilibrium condition alone cannot
determine the solution, the structural member is called
statically indeterminate.

In this case, compatibility conditions at the constraint
locations shall be used to obtain the solution. For
example, the stresses and elongations in the 3 steel
wires are different, but their displacement at the
common joint A must be the same.
EXAMPLE 3
The bolt is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is tightened
so it compresses a cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61
magnesium alloy. The tube has an outer radius of 10 mm,
and both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt
are 5 mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are
considered to be rigid and have a negligible thickness. Initially
the nut is hand-tightened slightly; then, using a wrench, the
nut is further tightened one-half turn. If the bolt has 20
threads per inch, determine the stress in the bolt.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Equilibrium requires

When the nut is tightened on the bolt, the tube will shorten.

Solution
(1) 0 ; 0 = = | +
t b y
F F F
( )
b t
o o = | + 5 . 0
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,

Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

Solution
( )
| | ( ) | |
( )
| | ( ) | |
( ) (2) 9 1125 125 5
10 75 5
60
5 . 0
10 45 5 10
60
3 2 3 2 2
b t
b t
F F
F F
=
=
t
t t
kN 56 . 31 31556 = = =
t b
F F
( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 9 . 133 N/mm 9 . 133
5 10
31556
(Ans) MPa 8 . 401 N/mm 8 . 401
5
31556
2
2 2
2
= =
= =
= = = =
t
o
t
o
t
t
s
b
b
b
A
F
A
F
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
It is also possible to solve statically indeterminate problem
by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram.
EXAMPLE 4
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 417a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between the wall at B and the rod of 0.2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200 GPa.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Using the principle of superposition,

From Eq. 4-2,

Substituting into Eq. 1, we get
Solution
( ) | |( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
B
B AB B
B
AC
P
F
F
AE
L F
AE
PL
9
9
2
3
9
2
3
10 3944 . 76
10 200 005 . 0
2 . 1
10 5093 . 0
10 200 005 . 0
4 . 0 10 20
= = =
= = =
t
o
t
o
( ) ( ) 1 0002 . 0
B P
o o =
+
( ) ( )
( ) (Ans) kN 05 . 4 10 05 . 4
10 3944 . 76 10 5093 . 0 0002 . 0
3
9 3
= =
=

B
B
F
F
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
From the free-body diagram,
Solution
( )
(Ans) kN 0 . 16
0 05 . 4 20
0
=
= +
= +

A
A
x
F
F
F
THERMAL STRESS
Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction
T
is linearly
related to the temperature increase or decrease T that
occurs.

If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of
the member, i.e. T = T (x), or if varies along the length,
then

TL
T
A = o o
= linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
= algebraic change in temperature of the member
= original length of the member
= algebraic change in length of the member
o
T A
L
T
o
dx T
T
}
A = o o
EXAMPLE 5
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-
36 steel and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a
length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the bar, and the
temperature is T1 = 20C. Determine the force supported
by each post if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is raised to T2 =
20C.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
From the free-body diagram we have

The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,

Final position of the top of each post is equal to its displacement caused
by the temperature increase and internal axial compressive force.

Solution
( ) (2)
al st
o o = + +
( ) (1) 0 10 90 2 ; 0
3
= + = | +
al st y
F F F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
F al T al al
F st T st st
o o o
o o o
+ = + +
+ = + +

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Applying Eq. 2 gives

With reference from the material properties, we have

Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields

Solution
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
F al T st F st T st
o o o o + = +
( ) | |( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) | |( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) (3) 10 9 . 165 216 . 1
10 1 . 73 03 . 0
25 . 0
25 . 0 20 80 10 23
10 200 02 . 0
25 . 0
25 . 0 20 80 10 12
3
9 2
6
9 2
6
=
+ = +

al st
al st
F F
F F
t t
(Ans) kN 123 and kN 4 . 16 = =
al st
F F
STRESS CONCENTRATION
The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the
maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
avg
K
o
o
max
=
STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont)
K is independent of the material properties
K depends only on the specimens geometry and the type
of discontinuity
INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION
When a material is stressed beyond the elastic range, it
starts to yield and thereby causes permanent deformation.
Among various inelastic behavior, the common cases
exhibit elastoplastic or elastic-perfectly-plastic behavior.
EXAMPLE 6
The bar in Fig. 429a is made of steel that is assumed to be
elastic perfectly plastic, with
Y
= 250 MPa. Determine (a) the
maximum value of the applied load P that can be applied
without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value
of P that the bar can support. Sketch the stress distribution at
the critical section for each case.
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
(a) Finding the stress concentration factor,

Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have
Solution
( ) ( )
25 . 1
8 40
40
125 . 0
8 40
4
=
= =
=
h
w
h
r
( )
( )( )
(Ans) kN 14 . 9
032 . 0 002 . 0
75 . 1 10 250

;
6
max
=
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
Y
Y
Y
Y
avg
P
P
A
P
K
K
o
o o
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually changes the stress
distribution from the elastic state to the plastic state.
Solution
( )
( )( )
(Ans) kN 0 . 16
032 . 0 002 . 0
10 250
6
=
=
=
p
p
p
Y
P
P
A
P
o
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The assembly consists of two posts made
from material 1 having modulus of elasticity
of E1 and a cross-sectional area A
1
and a
material 2 having modulus of elasticity E
2
and
cross-sectional area A
2
. If a central load P is
applied to the rigid cap, determine the force
in each post. The support is also rigid.
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
( )
( )
( )P r P P
r
r
P
P r r P P
r
P
P r P P
r
P
rP P P
r
r
P
A E
A E
r
1
1 2

1 d)
1 2
1
b)
1 2
1 2
1

c)
1 2
a)
Let
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
2) The value of stress concentration factor
depends on the geometry. Which one of the
following is true?

a) Ka > Kb > Kc

b) Ka > Kb > Kd

c) A and B

d) None of the above

CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
3) The greatest load that the bar can sustain is

a)
1
.A
full

b)
Y
.A
full

c)
Y
.A
full

d)
Y
.A
a-a

Axial Load

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Chapter Objectives

To determine the deformation of axially loaded

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