CHNG 1

H THNG MNG DI NG WCDMA

Gii thiu chung
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh khng dy l ch c nhiu chuyn
gia quan m rong l!nh "#c m$y %nh " ruyn hng& Trong h'i gian ny cng
ngh ny c r( nhiu ng'i )* d+ng " , r-i qua r( nhiu hay .i& /u$ r0nh
hay .i h1 hin qua c$c h2 h3
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4ng d+ng )o "Bi c$c h2 h rBc F, " cF kh- nng cung c(7 c$c dGch "+ a 7h5ng
in gFi&
1.1 H thng thng tin i !"ng th# h 1
H h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h J chK h. r c$c dGch "+ hoLi 5ng # " )*
d+ng kA hu6 iu ch2 5ng # 1 mang d liu hoLi ca mMi ng'i, " )* d+ng
7h5ng 7h$7 a ruy c67 7hn chia h8o n )9 :;<=>?& NBi ;<=>, kh$ch hng
c c(7 7h$ mI knh rong 67 h7 cF r6 # c$c knh rong l!nh "#c n )9& O5
P Q$o hiu ca h h9ng ;<=> kh$ 7h4c L7, khi =O Q6 nguPn 1 hoL Ing h0
nF dR )Fng 0m 2n knh iu khi1n dnh ring cho nF& Sh' knh ny, =O nh6n
c d liu Q$o hiu gPm c$c lnh " knh n )9 dnh ring cho lu lng ng'i
dTng & Trong r'ng h7 )9 hu Qao nhiu h5n )9 lng knh n )9 cF h1, h0 mI
)9 ng'i QG chUn lLi khng c ruy c67&
Vh. n )9 quy Gnh cho lin lLc di Ing c chia hnh @S d-i n )9 k2 i27, "
c c$ch nhau QWi mI d-i n )9 7hRng " & =Mi d-i n )9 c g$n cho mI
knh lin lLc& S d-i k2 i27 dnh ring cho lin lLc hBng ln, )au mI d-i n 7hn
c$ch l S d-i k2 i27 dnh ring cho lin lLc hBng Xu9ng&
YUc i1m 3
Z =Mi =O c c(7 7h$ mI i knh lin lLc rong )u9 h'i gian hng
uy2n&
Z Shi[u giao hoa do c$c knh ln c6n l $ng k1&
Z \TO 7h-i cF QI hu 7h$ ring lm "ic "Bi mMi =O&
J
H h9ng ;<=> i1n h0nh l h h9ng in hoLi di Ing >=VO :>d"anc8d =oQil8
Vhon8 Oy)8m?& H h9ng di Ing ny )* d+ng 7h5ng 7h$7 a ruy c67 5n gi-n&
Tuy nhin, h h9ng khng ho- m,n nhu cu ngy cng ng ca ng'i dTng " c-
dung lng " 9c I& N0 h2, h h9ng di Ing h4 @ ra 'i c c-i hin " c-
dung lng " 9c I&
1.$ H thng thng tin i !"ng th# h $
NBi )# 7h$ ri1n nhanh chFng ca hu Qao, h h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h @
c a ra 1 $7 4ng kG7 h'i )9 lng lBn c$c hu Qao di Ing d#a rn cng
ngh )9&
T( c- h h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h @ )* d+ng 7h5ng 7h$7 iu ch2 )9 " )*
d+ng @ 7h5ng 7h$7 a ruy c67 3
Z Ya ruy c67 7hn chia h8o h'i gian T<=>&
Z Ya ruy c67 7hn chia h8o m, C<=>&
% t&u' c() )h*n chi% th+, th-i gi%n TDMA.
Vh. quy Gnh cho lin lLc di Ing c chia hnh c$c d-i n lin lLc, mMi d-i n
lin lLc ny c dTng cho S knh lin lLc, mMi knh lin lLc l mI kh8 h'i gian
rong chu k0 mI khung& C$c hu Qao kh$c nhau dTng chung knh nh' ci X8n kh8
h'i gian, mMi hu Qao c c(7 7h$ cho mI kh8 h'i gian rong c(u r]c khung&
/c !i01.
Z T%n hiu ca hu Qao c ruyn d^n )9 &
Z _in lLc )ong cng mMi hBng huIc c$c d-i n lin lLc kh$c nhau, rong
F mI Qng n c )* d+ng 1 ruyn %n hiu ` rLm g9c 2n c$c m$y di Ing
" mI Qng n c )* d+ng 1 ruyn %n hiu ` m$y di Ing 2n rLm g9c& Nic
7hn chia n )9 nh "6y cho 7ha7 c$c m$y hu " m$y 7h$ cF h1 hoL Ing cTng
mI l]c m khng cF )# can nhi[u lbn nhau&
Z ci-m )9 m$y hu W \TO&
Z ci-m nhi1u giao hoa&
H h9ng T<=> i1n h0nh l h h9ng di Ing on cu cO=& =$y di Ing kA
hu6 )9 T<=> 7h4c L7 h5n ;<=>& H h9ng X* ld )9 9i "Bi %n hiu rong =O
5ng # cF kh- nng X* ld khng qu$ Je
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T<=> 7h-i cF kh- nng X* ld ge&Je
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lnh rong J giy&
% t&u' c() )h*n chi% th+, 12 CDMA.
Trong hng in di Ing C<=> )* d+ng kA hu6 r-i 7h. cho nn nhiu ng'i )*
d+ng cF h1 chi2m cTng knh " uy2n Png h'i i2n hnh c$c cuIc gEi m khng
) gy nhi[u l^n nhau& Shng ng'i )* d+ng nFi rn c 7hn Qi "Bi nhau nh'
m, r-i 7h. gi- ng^u nhin VS, c c(7 7h$ kh$c nhau cho mMi ng'i )* d+ng&
@
/c !i01
Z <-i n %n hiu rIng &
Z O* d+ng kA hu6 r-i 7h. 7h4c L7&
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r( nhi " ch9ng jading hiu qu- h5n T<=> " ;<=>&
Z Nic c$c hu Qao rong cTng c8ll dTng chung n )9 khi2n cho hi2 QG
ruyn d^n 5n gi-n " "ic hay .i , chuy1n giao, iu khi1n dung lng c8ll h#c
hin r( linh hoL &
1.3 H thng thng tin i !"ng th# h 3.
Y1 $7 4ng kG7 h'i c$c dGch "+ ngy cng 7hong 7h] " a dLng ca ng'i )*
d+ng, ` u h67 nin ke ng'i a a ra h h9ng hng in di Ing . ong h2 h
h4 D& H h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h D "Bi n gEi lT=Z@eee a ra c$c muc
iu ch%nh )au3
Z T9c I ruy nh67 cao 1 -m Q-o c$c dGch "+ Qng rIng nh ruy c67
ln8rn8 nhanh hoUc c$c dGch "+ a 7h5ng in&
Z _inh hoL 1 -m Q-o c$c dGch "+ mBi nh $nh )9 c$ nhn " in hoLi
" inh& C$c %nh nng ny )m cho 7ha7 mW rIng $ng k1 m 7h )Fng ca c$c h
h9ng hng in di Ing&
Z T5ng h%ch "Bi c$c h h9ng hng in di Ing hin cF 1 -m Q-o )# 7h$
ri1n lin +c ca hng in di Ing&
Dc h4a hnn 9c I ruyn d^n ln Bi @&eg =Q7) cho ng'i dTng !nh , Dop hQ7)
cho ng'i dTng di chuy1n ch6m " J@o hQ7) cho ng'i dTng rn moo& Cng ngh
Dc dTng )Fng mang g=Hq ch4 khng 7h-i l )Fng mang @eehHq nh ca C<=>
nn Dc nhanh h5n r( nhiu )o "Bi cng ngh @c " @,gc& Shiu iu chubn cho h
h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h D lT=Z@eee , c Xu(, rong F @ h h9ng
rC<=> " cdmaZ@eee , c lTs ch(7 hu6n " ang c $7 d+ng rong
nhng nm gn y& C$c h h9ng ny u )* d+ng cng ngh C<=>, iu ny cho
7ha7 h#c hin iu chubn on h2 giBi cho giao din hng in " uy2n&
1.4 5" t&6nh )h7t t&i0n t8 h thng thng tin i !"ng th# h $ 9G:M; <=n
WCDMA
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Hnh 1.1. Cc gii php nng cp h thng 2G ln
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Y1 -m Q-o 4ng d+ng c c$c dGch "+ mBi " ruyn hng m$y %nh " h0nh
-nh Png h'i -m Q-o %nh kinh 2 , h h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h @ )m c
chuy1n .i )ang h2 h D& /u$ r0nh F c .ng qu$ rn h0nh J&J&
_I r0nh 7h$ ri1n ` cO= ln rC<=> nh )au3
K hiu:
cO=3 cloQal Oy)8m jor =oQil8 Communicaion3 H h9ng hng in di
Ing on cu&
HOCO<3 High O788d Circui Otich8d <aa3 O9 liu chuy1n mLch knh
9c I cao&
cVuO3 c8n8ral Vack8 uadio O8r"ic8)3 <Gch "+ gFi " uy2n chung&
rC<=>3 rid8Qand Cod8 <i"i)ion =uli7l8 >cc8))3 Ya ruy c67 7hn
chia h8o m, Qng rIng&
1.> T?ng @u%n AB 1Cng WCDMA
WCDMA :rid8Qand Cod8 <i"i)ion =uli7l8 >cc8))3 Ya ruy c67 7hn chia
h8o m, Qng rIng? l mI rong nhng h h9ng hng in di Ing h2 h D, )* d+ng
cng ngh C<=>& Cng ngh C<=> : Cod8 <i"i)ion =uli7l8 >cc8))3 Ya ruy
c67 7hn chia h8o m,?, l mI cng ngh khng dy, )9 )* d+ng kA hu6 r-i 7h.
1 7hn n %n hiu " uy2n rong mI d,i n )9 rIng& Trong cng ngh C<=>,
nhiu ng'i )* d+ng chung mI h'i gian " n )9& =, VS :gi- ng^u nhin? "Bi )#
5ng quan chao h(7, c (n Gnh cho mMi ng'i )* d+ng& Sg'i )* d+ng ruyn
%n hiu nh' r-i 7h. %n hiu ruyn cF )* d+ng m, VS , (n Gnh& Yu hu Lo ra
mI d,y VS nh u 7h$ " khi 7h+c lLi %n hiu d# Gnh nh' "ic r-i 7h. ngc
c$c %n hiu Png QI hu c& Cvng gi9ng nh T<=>, rC<=> l mI rong
nhiu cng ngh ch Lo 1 mLng hng in di Ing hoL Ing& SF cvng c Qi2
nh l mI giao din " uy2n hay cng ngh a ruy Xu(& rC<=> l mI giao
din " uy2n 7h4c L7 " in i2n rong l!nh "#c hng in di Ing& rC<=> cF @
ch2 I kh$c nhau l ;<< " T<<& hh- nng lm "ic c W c- hai ch2 I ;<< "
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;<< :;r8qu8ncy <i"i)ion <u7l8X?3 l 7h5ng 7h$7 gha7 )ong cng rong F
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kh8 h'i gian lun 7hin& w T<< c$c kh8 h'i gian rong c$c knh "6 ld c chia
hnh hai 7hn 3 7hn 7h$ " 7hn hu& Thng in 'ng Xu9ng " 'ng ln c
ruyn d^n lun 7hin&
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1.>.1 C7c thng D chEnh cF% WGCDMA
rC<=> l mI 7h5ng 7h$7 a ruy Xu( " uy2n 7hn chia h8o m, r-i
7h. r#c i27 d-i rIng, ngh!a l c$c Qi hng in ca c$c u)8r c r-i u ra rn
mI d-i hng rIng Qxng "ic nhn d liu ca u)8r "Bi c$c m, ng^u nhin :gEi l
chi7? nh6n c r-i 7h. rong rC<=>&
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Bi g=Hq& <-i hng )Fng mang ca rC<=> rIng nh h2 g}n lin "Bi 9c I d
liu ca u8)r cao " cRn cF hiu qu- nng cao kh- nng 7hn 67 n )9& C$c nh
qu-n ld mLng cF h1 ng dung lng nh' d-i hng ca )Fng mang l g=Hq&
hho-ng c$ch c$c )Fng mang cF h1 chEn rn nhng kho-ng @eehHq gia kho-ng
p&p 2n g=Hq u~ huIc "o nhi[u gia c$c )Fng mang&
rC<=> cung c(7 9c I kh- Qi2n cho c$c u)8r r( cao, hi1u h8o c$ch kh$c
ch%nh l d-i hng h8o yu cu cvng c cung c(7& =Mi u)8r c cung c(7 mI
khung giy cF chu k~ Jem) rong khi 9c I d liu "^n gi nguyn khng .i& Tuy
nhin dung lng d liu cF h1 hay .i ` khung ny 2n khung kh$c&
rC<=> cung c(7 hai ch2 I hoL Ing c5 Q-n l ;<< " T<<& Trong
;<< c$c kho-ng n )9 )Fng mang g=Hq c )* d+ng cho )Fng mang hBng ln
" hBng Xu9ng ring rm, rong khi F T<< chK cF mI kho-ng g=Hq c dTng
cho c- hBng ln " hBng Xu9ng&
rC<=> cung c(7 hoL Ing Q( Png QI cho c$c rLm g9c " do F khng
gi9ng nh h h9ng Png QI lOZkg C<=>, nF khng cn h'i gian chubn rn on
cu cVO&
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1.>.$ NhHng !/c !i01 th+n cht cF% WCDMA
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ciao din " uy2n rn c5 )W C<=> Qng rIng Lo c5 hIi hi2 k2 h h9ng cF
nhng Uc %nh $7 4ng nhu cu ca h2 h h4 D& Shng Uc i1m ch y2u rong h
h9ng rC<=> l 3
C-i hin nhng h h9ng h2 h h4 @ Qao gPm3 c-i hin dung lng, c-i
hin "Tng 7h )Fng, Qao gPm c- kh- nng di chuy1n nhng dGch "+ h2 h h4 @
)ang h2 h h4 D&
T%nh linh hoL cao ca dGch "+ Qao gPm3 CF c$c dGch "+ 9c I Qi c#c Li
rn @ =Q{) " c$c dGch "+ gha7 )ong )ong rn mI k2 n9i&
Th#c hin ruy nh67 gFi hiu qu- " in c6y&
T%nh linh hoL cao ca "6n hnh Qao gPm3 HM r hoL Ing khng Png QI
gia c$c rLm g9c nn ri1n khai hu6n li rong nhiu mi r'ng& HM r mI c$ch
cF hiu qu- dLng hoL Ing kh$c chng hLn c(u r]c cF Q6c& O* d+ng k hu6 i2n
QI nh 7h9i h7 an8n dn " $ch ng'i dTng& = h0nh T<< c hi2 k2 1 hoL
Ing hiu qu- rong mi r'ng khng k2 h7&
C-i hin dung lng3 YI rIng Qng n lBn ca rC<=> lm ng hiu )u(
"9n cF rn c$c h h9ng 2 Qo rBc F do nF lm gi-m jading ca %n hiu "
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nng khng h1 h#c hin c W rong c$c h h9ng C<=> 2 Qo& Yiu khi1n
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rong nh " mi r'ng ngoi r'i cF 9c I h(7&
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1.>.3 Inh hJKng cF% nhiLu <=n h thng WCDMA
Trong knh hng in " uy2n ld Wng, %n hiu hu c chK Qao gPm mI %n
hiu 2n r#c i27& Oong, rong h#c 2 iu F l khng h1 X-y ra, %n hiu )m QG
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rC<=> l h h9ng di Ing " uy2n nn )m QG -nh hWng QWi iu F& Oau y l
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1.>.4 TEnh !% Cng )h*n t() t&,ng WCDMA
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h9ng hng in di Ing . ong u in h0 %nh a 'ng Lo nn jading nghim
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c& Vhn 67 l mI h0nh h4c 9 1 lm gi-m jading,cF D loLi 7hn 67 l h8o
n )9 ,h8o h'i gian " h8o kho-ng c$ch &Vhn 67 h8o h'i gian L c nh' )*
d+ng "ic chn " m, )a )ai &Vhn 67 h8o h'i gian cF h1 c $7 d+ng cho (
c- c$c h h9ng cF 9c I m, ruyn d^n cao m h +c )*a )ai yu cu& H h9ng
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C<=> Qng rIng 4ngdu+ng"ic 7hn 67 h8o n )9 nh' "ic mW rIng kh- nng
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L c h8o D 7h5ng 7h$7 )au3
ZThi2 l67 nhiu 'ng Q$o hiu:chuy1n "Tng mm? 1 k2 n9i m$y di Ing "Bi
@ hoUc nhiu rLm g9c \TO&
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h9ng )9 cF 9c I m, ruyn dbn cao m h +c )a )ai yu cu& Vhn 67 h8o n
)9 cF h1 d1 dng c $7 d+ng cho h h9ng C<=>&
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@
@
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( )
( )
( ) J
J
J
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+
+
+
+ +
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W L
W L
W L W W : W L W L
H


( ) ( ) ( )& W - W - W V
H
--

N8cor rEng )9 c67 nh6 rW hnh nh )au 3

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) W - W K W L W W L

& & J J + +
:p&Jg?
w y ( )
5
5c + +
W

@
:p&Jf?
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) W - W L W K W - W K c W K + 5
H
+ + , @ , J ,
@ @ @

:p&Jy?
\an u, chEn
( )
( )
( ) e
e
e
-
-
L
)au F gi$ rG ca "8cor rEng )9 )m c %nh lLi
)au mMi ln lU7&
Oau y l lu P hu6 o$n ca 7h5ng 7h$7 QIi )9 lagrang8 , c c-i i2n &
Df
ci$ rG u
N8cor %n hiu mBi
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
( )
5
5c + +
W
W - W K c
W K +
5
W - W L W K
H

+
+

@
@ @
@
@
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( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
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J
J
& & J J
+
+
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W L
W L
W L
W - W K W L W W L
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Ta nh6n h(y I 7h4c L7 rong %nh o$n ca 7h5ng 7h$7 ny )au khi c c-i
i2n l cC2AB &N6y I 7h4c L7 %nh o$n , c gi-m Xu9ng " l uy2n %nh
"Bi S&
4.$.3 QhJPng )h7) <i=n hc) G&%i+nt
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7h5ng r0nh ma r6n dLng
K < & &
, "Bi ma r6n
&
"
K
, Qi2 rBc &Trong
7h5ng 7h$7 ny 7h5ng r0nh c67 nh6 ca "8cor rEng )9 ca m-ng cF dLng nh
)au 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )& J i / i p i L i L + +
:p&Jo?
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c X$c Gnh )ao cho nF lm c#c Li hm )9 )au, "Bi m^u %n hiu
in:>< kJ, @,&
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) i L i L
i L W V i L
i L _
H
--
H
:p&Jk?
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H
& w y i l ham )9 lU7 rong mI m^u c cho&
Hm
( ) ( ) i L _
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/u$ r0nh lU7 c i27 +c cho mMi mbu %n hiu " "8cor rEng )9 )m c c67
nh6 )au mMi ln lU7 Qxng Qi1u h4c :p&Jo?&
YI li
( ) i p
lm c#c Li
( ) ( ) i L
7h-i ho- m,n iu kin )au 3

( )
( ) ( ) [ ] e J +

i L _
i p
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, :p&@J?
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:p&@@?
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"
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i L W V i L i
--
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--
H
--
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,
:p&@D?
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H H
,
w y u8 l 7hn h#c ca c$c )9 lin h7 7h4c &
T` rn a h(y cn 7h-i X$c Gnh "8cor chi 7h5ng
( ) i /
cho ham )9 lU7 i .
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Dy
" $7 4ng "Bi ma r6n hi7 7h5ng )ai
( ) W V
--
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"8cor chK 7h5ng l 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i / i i r i / + + + J J
:p&@p?
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l "8cor Qi1u hG gi$ rG lMi 4c h'i " 7h5ng r0nh c67 nh6 ca nF cF
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--

:p&@g?
ci$ rG ring lBn nh( c c67 nh6 QWi 3

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--
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( ) i
c cho nh )au 3

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i / W V i r
i
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--
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--

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m-ng& Ta cF h1 h(y I 7h4c L7 %nh o$n rong r'ng h7 ny l
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2
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H
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( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
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+ + +
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%nh o$n ca 7h5ng 7h$7 ny W mI c(7 I no F& Oau y l Qi1u P hu6 o$n
ca 7h5ng 7h$7 lin h7 gradi8n , c 5n gi-n ho$& Ta nh6n h(y I 7h4c L7
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pe
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kA hu6 =OSu c $7 d+ng cho 'ng %n hiu ln rong h h9ng rC<=>&
Trong 'ng ln ca h h9ng rC=<>, c$c knh %n hiu c Gnh dLng hnh
khung " c nh6n Qi2 QWi chK hG k2 h7 khun dLng ruyn -i :T;Cl? mang W
knh iu khi1n "6 ld ring :<VCCH?& N0 h2, "8cor rEng )9 ca knh iu khi1n
" knh d liu 7h-i c %nh ring lm& Yu in, knh iu khi1n c . h7 "
gi,i m,& =, r,i 7h. ca knh %n hiu c nh6n Qi2, m$y hu )m i2n hnh nan 7h.
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h2 )m khng cF )# lin quan " 7ha ca %n hiu rong ig8nZQ8amjorming& Oau y
l m h0nh ca QI hu 3
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CF kh$ nhiu kA hu6 =OlSu \8amjorming kh$c nhau c dTng rong h
h9ng di Ing C<=>& Trong F, qu$ r0nh X* ld I li rong c$c QI 5ng quan
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nhi[u, Png h'i dTng ch]ng 1 gi-i Qi o$n c&
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mu9n " %n hiu nhi[u giao hoa a cvng %nh c u #"\A
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& Ta chK cn Gnh dLng
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o$n gi$ G ring ca 7h5ng r0nh :p&Df?& Oau y l m h0nh ca QI hu C;>
=OlSu \8amjorm8rZuak8&
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4.3.$.3 GiVi thu(t 12 h,7 c?ng 9CGA;
ci-i hu6 m, ho$ c.ng Cc> cvng l mI gi-i hu6 dung 1 lm c#c Li )9
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Qng n rIng& T%n hiu ny )m c lEc 1 $nh gi$ ma r6n hi7 7h5ng )ai ca %n
hiu cn hu " %n hiu nhi[u& H0nh dBi m - qu$ r0nh F&
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$C%#&B
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o$n Qi o$n c&
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ring 7h4c L7 hnh "(n gi$ rG ring 5n gi-n h5n& Vh5ng 7h$7 ny cvng $7
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nhi[u cF h1 lm m( h8o c$ch )au3

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7hn rBc& T` F )uy ra gi$ rG
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uu --
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L V L
uu
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