B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC CN TH
VIN NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN CNG NGH SINH HC
PHC TR!NH" TT SINH
H#$
%SHP"CS&&'
CN B HNG DN SINH VIN THC HIN
T()*V+ V,N SONG TON NGU-.N THNH /NG 0&&1233
NGU-.N VI 4HNH 0&&1250
%$I CH6 /INH 0&&1257
8U %INH 4H$ 0&&1293
H: 4I;U O$NH 0&&1'&9
C<= T(>? T(@=A &&B1C&1
$*GIDI THIU

- Sinh Ha hc l nn tn! c"a c#c $%n &inh hc th'c n!hi($ )h#c nh'* +,-t.in / .n0i$
hc1 Sinh l2 th3c /4t1 Sinh l2 56n! /4t1 Vi &inh hc1 Di t,78n hc1 Sinh hc 9h:n t;1 C%n!
n!h( &inh hc1 C%n! n!h( .n08$.<=
- N6i >7n! ch'?n! t,@nh*
A= +ha ha chBt
C= Ca,D-nh8,at.* E#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! H? th%
I= Ji9i>* Kh- H#c h$ l'Gn! li9i>Lh( thMn! &-Hl.hN
O= Nit? tPn!* QFnh l'Gn! 5R$ tPn!LKS.l>ahlN
T= U$$-niac* QFnh l'Gn! h$ l'Gn! NH
I
V= Gl7ci>.* Kh- &#t h$ l'Gn! 5'Wn! )h; t,-n! hRt lXaLn!78Yn t,Rn!1 n8 $Z$N
L99 N.l&-n1A[OON
B* TENG FU$N
A= HRt 547 5.n
Q47 5.n l l-i c:8 9h:n h Q47 $c h\n! n]$1 t-n th:n )h%n! l%n!= J# )^9 !_$ I l#
ch^t $c &- l.1 l# ch^t !i`a t- / >i h?n l# ch^t hai DYn= H-a $7 ta$ nhRt=
HGH IJK IL=*=c chba h$ l'Gn! >inh >'cn! ,Bt ca- nh'* 9,-t.in CO=O d1 li9it Ae=ed1
!l7ci> TI=I d1 h$ l'Gn! aci> a$in / c#c aci> D^- ch'a n- cZn thift ch- c? thg chn! ,Bt
ca-= BYn cRnh 51 t,-n! 547 5.n cin chba ,Bt nhi7 l-Ri /ita$in nh' U1 BA1 BC1 ++1 C<
cjn! nhi7 )h-#n! chBt nh' Ca1 +1 k. tMt ch- &3 9h#t t,ign nl- D6 c"a thai nhi / !iX9 t]n!
c'Wn! n]n! l'Gn!=
C= HRt lXa
JXa* l $6t t,-n! n]$ l-Ri c:8 l'?n! th3c chanh c"a thf !imi1 cjn! /mi n!%1 lXa
$@ 1&nn / )h-ai t:8
Thnh 9hZn ha hc c"a hRt lXa
Thnh 9hZn hRt lXa ni ch7n! Da- !_$ !l7ci>1 9,-t.in1 c.ll7l-&.1 li9i>1 /ita$in1 )h-#n! /% c?1c#c
.n08$. / n'mc= S3 9h:n DM c#c chBt >inh >'cn! t,-n! thnh 9hZn c"a hRt )h%n! !iMn! nha7=
Tinh D6t*
J thnh 9hZn ch" 8f7 c"a hRt lXa1 chif$ [od l'Gn! chBt )h% c"a hRt!R- Ha8 H#t= Tinh D6t t_n tRi
>'mi C >Rn! l U$8l-&. / U$8l-9.ctin c tp l( tha8 5Pi tj8 th76c /-!iMn! lXa= Tinh D6t q78ft
5Fnh !i# t,F c$ q7an c"a !R-= H$ l'Gn! a$8l-&. t,-n! !R- q78ft 5Fnh56 >r- c"a c?$= Nf7 thnh
9hZn tinh D6t t,-n! !R- c Ao-Asd a$8l-&. th@ c?$ 5'Gc H.$ l $$1>r-1 tt CT-Iod th@ c?$
5'Gc H.$ l cbn!= C#c l-Ri !R- Vi(t Na$ c h$ l'Gn! a$8l-&. tha8 5Pi ttAs-OTd a$8l-&.= GR-
nf9 c thnh 9hZn tinh D6t ch" 8f7 l a$8l-&.9.ctinL HB9 Hu AoodN1 c?$ ,Bt>r- / at nv=
Q'Wn!*
T_n tRi v >Rn! ch" 8f7 l &accha,-&.1 n!-i ,a cin c $6t at 5'Wn!!l7c-&.1 w,7ct-&.1 ,awin-&.=
T,-n! hRt lXa n8 $Z$ t_n tRi 5'Wn! $alt-&.=T,-n! $Z$ lXa c .n08$. a$8la&.=
SM li(7 tha$ )h- ch- c#c )ft q7 tha n!hi($ tt Bi C 5fn Bi V
Thnh 9hZn Q47 5.n N'mc $n$ N'mc
t'?n!
+,-t.inLdN CO1Od

Ji9itLdN Ae1ed
S? Th%LdN
Gl7ci>.LdN TI1Id
QR$ a$-ni L$!Nx$lN Ao - Io Ao - CC
N!7_n*
htt9*xxyyy=>7-cli.7=-,!xCoAAxACxa7-.n-hat-/i!na-c8lin>,ica=ht$l
htt9*xxyyy=>inh>7-n!DaDa7=/nx>inh->7-n!-Da-Da7x>inh->7-n!-Da-Da7-/-i-ch.->a7-
>.n=ht$l
htt9*xx&!tt=/nx-l>y.Dxcac&-Da-t,7-cxIsCzIex9CIzn7-ct7-n!=ht${ htt9*xxyyy=)hawa=-,!=/nx|
c$>}n.y&97D~c$>i>}n.y&97D->.tail~i>n.y}AITA=
C*NI DUNG THMC HNH
BI &" CHUNN BO H#$ CHPT
I. Mc tiu
- V4n >n! c#c )h#i ni($ n_n! 56 5g ch7n DF c#c >7n! >Fch ha chBt >jn! ch- c#c
Di th3c t49 tt Di C 5fn Di V
II. Mt s khi nim nng
1. Nng phn
a. Nng phn trm trng l!ng " trng l!ng #$%$&
- SM !a$ c"a $6t chBt hia tan h-n t-n t,-n! Aoo !a$ >7n! >Fch=
QMi /mi chBt ,nn )h%n! n!4$ n'mc ta tanh th.- c%n! thbc &a7*
QMi /mi chBt tan n!4$ n'mc
n!'Wi ta 9hi tanh l7%n n'mc n!4$ t,-n! 9h:n t; c"a chBt tan &a7 5 tanh t,n! l'Gn!
tPn! c6n! Lt,n! l'Gn! chBt tan / t,n! l'Gn! n'mc n!4$N th.- c%n! thbc &a7*
QMi /mi chBt ln! c n_n! 56
hia tan tMi 5a 5'Gc tanh th.- 9hZn t,]$1 tha > H
C
S
O
hia tan tMi 5a [Vd /@ /48 )hi c:n
chBt ln! n8 cZn tanh &M !a$ chBt 5 t,-n! >7n! >Fch th.- c%n! thbc*
C$
>>
} $
ct
C

QMi /mi chBt ln! ta c thg ch78gn thnh thg tach 5g th74n ti(n ch- 9ha chf / 5'Gc tanh
th.- c%n! thbc &a7*
Vmi*
C* nMn! 56 9hZn t,]$ >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha LdN
C$
>>
* n_n! 56 9hZn t,]$ >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha LdN
V* thg tach cZn lB8 L$lN
C

* n_n! 56 chBt tan hi(n c LdN

LdN Aoo x
m
m
C
dd
ct
=
LdN Aoo

x
M m
M m
C
dd
ct
=
d
m
V
ct
=
>* tp t,n! chBt tan L!x$lN
$
ct
* &M !a$ chBt tan cZn &; >n! L!N
$
>>
* )hMi l'Gn! >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha L!N
* +h:n t; !a$ )h%n! n!4$ n'mc L!x$-lN

* 9h:n t; !a$ c n!4$ n'mc L!x$-lN

'. Nng phn trm trng l!ng " th( t)ch #$%*&
- SM !a$ c"a $6t chBt hia tan t,-n! Aoo $l >7n! >Fch=
- Va >* Qg 9ha Ioo $l >7n! >Fch NaCl ATd Lyx/N ta c:n OT! NaCl &a7 5 ch- >7n!
$%i tt tt /- Lttn! at $6t 5g hia tanN ,_i 5i7 chunh ch- 5" Ioo $l=
c. Nng phn trm th( t)ch " th( t)ch #*%*&
- SM $l c"a $6t chBt hia tan t,-n! Aoo $l >7n! >Fch=
- N_n! 56 c"a $6t >7n! >Fch 5'Gc #9 >n! th.- c%n! thbc &a7*
V
A
C
A
} V
C
C
A
Vmi*
V
A
* thg tach >7n! >Fch cZn lB8 5g 9ha L$lN
V
C
* thg tach >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha L$lN
C
A
* n_n! 56 >7n! >Fch cZn lB8 5g 9ha LdN
C
C
* n_n! 56 >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha LdN
+. Nng m,l
- N_n! 56 $-l LN l &M $-l chBt tan c t,-n! A lat >7n! >Fch=
QMi /mi chBt tan l chBt ,nn )h%n! n!4$ n'mc1 ta #9 >n! c%n! thbc*
$
ct
} yV
QMi /mi chBt tan l chBt ,nn n!4$ n'mc1 9h:n t; !a$ chBt tan 9hi Da- !_$ t,n! l'Gn!
9h:n t; !a$ c"a c#c 9h:n t; n'mc n!4$ / #9 >n! c%n! thbc t,Yn
QMi /mi chBt tan l chBt ln! tinh )hift ta tifn hnh c:n / 9ha nh' chBt ,nn )h%n! n!4$
n'mc=
ChBt tan l chBt ln! c 9hZn t,]$ thB9 ta &; >n! c%n! thbc &a7 5:8*
Vmi*
$
ct
* )hMi l'Gn! chBt tan cZn lB8 L!N
y* 9h:n t; !a$ L!N
V* thg tach >7n! >Fch cZn 9ha LlN
* n_n! 56 $-l cZn 9ha LN
C

* n_n! 56 th3c c"a >7n! >Fch LdN

-. Nng .ng l!ng gam
N_n! 56 5'?n! l'Gn! !a$ LNN l &M 5'?n! l'Gn! !a$1 c"a $6t chBt c t,-n! A lat >7n!
>Fch ha8 &M $ili 5'?n! l'Gn! !a$ c"a $6t chBt c t,-n! $6t $l >7n! >Fch=
III. /ng c 0 h1a ch2t
1. /ng c
- C:n 5i(n t;
- n! 5-n! c#c l-Ri
- ic,-9i9.t

Aoo
C
V Mw M
m
ct
=
- B@nh ta$ !i#c
- CMc nh3a
+. 31a ch2t
- Djn! / 9ha ha chBt th.- Dn! &a7*
BQ
R
Ha chBt1 /4t
>n! tha n!hi($
N_n! 56
TPn! thg
tach cZn
9ha L$lN
TS=A
TUV=A
(WX
Y(ZH
[AX\B\
TBH]^
DR_= AR`R [ng4n gn& a(U>=A
a(@a Y(Kb= cd
&
5hu6n '7
chung
HRt hXt $ o1V)!
SB8 To Vo
-
C t,-n! T !iW Lt,i
$n! t,Yn )h:8 in-HN
B@nh hXt $ A D@nh
B@nh )h%1 &Rch
Nn9 D@nh th-a /a&.lin.
1
5ar',nh89rat:
H
C
S
O
TdL/x/N Aoo$l T $l
Ch- [o$l n'mc cBt /- cMc
th"8 tinh1 >jn! 9i9.t th"8 tinh
hXt T$l H
C
S
O
/- cMc )h7B8
571 ch- >7n! >Fch /- Mn!
5-n!1 thY$ n'mc 5fn /Rch
Aoo$l=
NaH TdL/x/N Aoo$l T !a$
Ch- [o$l n'mc cBt /- cMc
th"8 tinh1 ch- T! NaH /-
cMc )h7B8 571 ch- >7n! >Fch
/- Mn! 5-n!1 thY$ n'mc 5fn
/Rch Aoo$l=
CMc L56 $N
GiB8 lc $7
0
/RaRe
Di.th8l .th., Cooo $l
GiB8 lc AT H
AT c$
C
D:8 chu
2 NRH> HS=A
S.*K
C
S
O
*C7S

O
A*Aoo*Ao AA1A!a$
H
C
S
O
ch7n
o1AN
o1AN A lat A lat
NaH Ood Lyx/N Too $l Coo
!a$
JB8 Ioo $l n'mc cBt ch- /-
cMc Too$l1 5t /- $6t ch47
n'mc 5g !i$ nhi(t 56= C:n
Coo !a$ NaH ch- tt tt /-
cMc n'mc1 )h7B8 ch- tan hft
,_i= Ch- >7n! >Fch /- Mn!

5-n! thY$ n'mc cBt ch- 5" Too
$l=
Th7Mc th; Uci>
D-,ic
Aooo $l
Uci> D-,ic Aoo!xAolat Ao! Q-n! Ao$l .than-l /- cMc
A ch- tif9 V1V$! .th8l
.> /- cMc1 )h7B8 57=
Q-n! Ao$l .than-l ch- /-
cMc C ch- tif9 [1[$!
B,-$-,.&-l c,..n1 )h7B8 57=
ch- [oo$l /- cMc Alat ch-
Ao! aci> D-,ic /- cMc1 )h7B8
57= Ch- tif9 lZn l'Gt >7n!
>Fch cMc A1C /- cMc1 )h7B8
57= Ch- hn hG9 >7n! >Fch
/- Mn! 5-n!= ThY$ n'mc ch-
5" Alat
.than-l Coo$lxAolat Co$l
B,-$-,.&-l
c,..n
[[$!xAolat [1[$!
.th8l .> VV$!xAolat V1V$!
'
$\\f=RXY
H
C
S
O
ch7n
o1AN
o1oT N Aooo $l Too $l
JB8 Ooo $l n'mc cBt /- cMc
Aooo$l1 5-n! Too$l H
C
S
O
o1AN1 )h7B8 571 &a7 5 ch-
>7n! >Fch /- Mn! 5-n! /
thY$ n'mc cBt ch- 5" Aooo$l
Th7Mc th; Uci>
D-,ic
Uci> D-,ic
.th8l .>
B,-$-,.&-l
c,..n
than-l
9 GTKYRe
Tinh D6t tan Ad Lyx/N
UA Aoo $l
- K-Na-
ta,t,at.=OH
C

AT !a$xlat A1T !a$

Q-n! Co$l n'mc cBt= C:n A1T
!a$ K-Na-ta,t,at.=OH
C
ch-
/- n'mc cBt ,_i )h7B8 ch- tan
hft
- Na
C
C
I
L)hanN Io !a$xlat I !a$
Q-n! AT$l n'mc cBt= C:n I
!a$ Na
C
C
I
L)hanN ch- /-
n'mc cBt )h7B8 ch- tan hft
- NaHC
I
Co !a$xlat C !a$
Q-n! Io $l n'mc cBt ch- /-
cMc th"8 tinh1 c:n C !a$
NaHC
I
ch- /- n'mc cBt ,_i
5.$ 57n! / )h7B8 5i7 ch-
tan hft
- Na
C
S
O
L)hanN Aso !a$xlat As !a$ Q-n! Io $l n'mc cBt ch- /-

cMc th"8 tinh1 c:n As !a$
Na
C
S
O
L)hanN ch- /- n'mc
cBt ,_i 5.$ 57n! / )h7B8 ch-
tan hft=
JB8 O 9hZn t,6n lRi / 5i7 chunh ch- 5" Aoo $l
UC To $l
- C7S
O
=TH
C
T !xCTo $l A !a$
Q-n! Co $l n'mc cBt1 c:n A
!a$ C7S
O
=TH
C
,_i )h7B8
ch- tan hft
- Na
C
S
O
)han
OT !xCTo
$l
[ !a$
Q-n! CT $l n'mc cBt1 c:n [
!a$ Na
C
S
O
)han &a7 5 57n!
/ )h7B8 ch- tan hft
T,6n ch7n! C 9hZn lRi / 5i7 chunh ch- 5" To $l
BA To $l
-
LNH
O
N
V
-
e

CO
=O
H
C

CV1T !xOTo
$l
C1[O
!a$
Q-n! Co $l n'mc cBt1 c:n C1[O
!a$ LNH
O
N
V
-
e

CO
=OH
C
ch-
/- n'mc cBt / )h7B8 ch- tan
5i7=
- H
C
S
O
54$
5c
CA $l C1I $l
Q-n! CT $l n'mc cBt1 5-n! C1I
$l H
C
S
O
54$ 5c= Ch- aHit
/- n'mc ,_i )h7B8 ch- 57=
T,6n ch7n! C 9hZn lRi / 5i7 chunh ch- 5" To $l=
BC*
-
Na
C
HU&
O
=eH
C

I !xCT $l T $l o1V !a$

Q-n! O $l n'mc cBt1 c:n o1V
!a$ Na
C
HU&
O
=eH
C
ch- /-
n'mc cBt / )h7B8 ch- tan=
Qi7 chunh ch- 5" T $l
BO*
- H
C
S
O
LCONN
A1T N Aoo $l eT $l
Q-n! Co $l n'mc cBt1 5-n! eT
$l H
C
S
O
LCONN1 t,6n lRi )h7B8
ch- 57 ,_i 5i7 chunh ch- 5"
Aoo $l
Gl7c-&. Aoo $ Co$l o1IV!
JB8 AT$l n'mc cBt ch- /-
cMc1 c:n o1IV! ch- /- cMc /
)h7B8 57= ch- >7n! >Fch /-
Mn! 5-n! thY$ n'mc ch- 5"
Co$l=
BQR 1" C$RBONH-DR$Tg [ONH /hNG i TENG^
I. Mc ;iu
Kh- &#t h$ l'Gn! H? th% t,-n! n!78Yn li(7 547 5.n=
II. Ngu8n t4c

+h'?n! 9h#9 5Fnh l'Gn! H? th% Lc.ll7l-&.N >3a /- )h n]n! hia tan nh`n! hG9 chBt
)h%n! 9hi c.ll7l-&. Ln-n c.ll7l-&.N D\n! >7n! >Fch aci> &7l9h7,ic / &->i7$ h8>,-Hi>.=
III. <h.ng <hp
1. 5hu6n '7 h=t h>t 6m? gi28 lc @
SB8 hRt hXt $ v Vo-eo
o
C t,-n! )h-n! O-T !iW { 5g /- D@nh hXt $ L&B8 t,'mc A n!8N=
- SB8 !iB8 lc LAT H ATc$
C
N v AoT
o
C 5fn )hMi l'Gn! )h%n! 5Pi
+. Ac 7nh 6m @

SB8 cMc v AoT
-
C
C:n A!, D6t 547 5.n
SB8 $7 v AoT
-
C LO-ThN
Qg /- D@nh hXt $ LAT-Co 9hXtN
C:n $
LcMc $7N
Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`"
H$ l'Gn! 56 $ } LA - CN H AooxA
A* )hMi l'Gn! D6t $7
C* )hMi l'Gn! D6t $7 &a7 )hi &B8
-. Ac 7nh hBm l!ng tr,@
CMc
C:n A!, D6t 547 5.n
T,- ha v Voo
-
C LAhN
Qg /- D@nh hXt $ LAT-Co 9hXtN
C:n $
LcMc t,-N

Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`"
H$ l'Gn! t,-} $
t,-
HAoox$
$7
C. Ac 7nh hBm l!ng D.@
C:n A !,a$ $7 L>jn! !iB8 >Z7N D\n! c:n 9h:n tach1 ch78gn $7 /- cMc 9h:n tach H?
LtRi $#8N=
ThY$ /- $7 9h:n tach ATo $l H
C
S
O
A1CTN / I- T !it n--ctan-l= LchMn! tR-
DtN=
Q7n &%i $7 t,-n! Io 9hXt
;a $7 /mi n'mc nn! O lZn=
ThY$ /- $7 ATo $l NaH A=CTN I-T !it n--ctan-l LchMn! tR- DtN=
Q7n &%i $7 t,-n! Io 9hXt
- ;a /mi n'mc nn! O lZn=
Tifn hnh lc q7a !iB8 lc L5l &B8 5fn )hMi l'Gn! )h%n! 5Pi / c:n )hMi l'Gn!N=
Q.$ $7 &B8 v Vo
o
C t,-n! n!81 &a7 5 c:n )hMi l'Gn! $7 9h:n tach / t,@nh D8 )ft
q7=
Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`"
H$ l'Gn! H? } $
H? th%
H Aoox$
$7
IE. FGt HuI ;h) Nghim EB ;hI, JuKn
&*N\ Ip"
q T,'mc )hi &B8*
A } $
547 5.n
}A1ooAe !,a$
- Sa7 )hi &B8 *
$
CMc
}A[1eAOI !,a$
$
CMc 547 5.n
} Co1VAAe !,a$
C } $
5:7 5.n
},,-,* .w.,.nc. &-7,c. n-t w-7n> !,a$
- H$ l'Gn! $
56 }
Kft q7 tha n!hi($ ch- thB8 h$ l'Gn! 56 $ t,-n! 547 5.n Ao1OACILdN
1*Trf (WX"
q T,'mc )hi t,- ha*

LdN OACI 1 Ao Aoo
ooAe = A
N s[eO 1 o ooAe 1 A L
Aoo
A
N C A L
=

x x
M
M M
$
547 5.n
} A1ooTC !,a$
q Sa7 )hi t,- ha*
$
cMc
}Co1o[Vs
$
LCMc t,-N
}Co1ATCV !,a$
$
T,-
} $
LCMc t,-N
$
CMc
}Co1ATCV Co1o[Vs}o1oTTs !,a$
- H$ l'Gn! t,-}
Kft q7 ch- thB8 h$
l'Gn! t,- chif$ tu l(
)h-n! T1TTAALdN
0*HQ\ TUV=A s> H(j"
T,'mc )hi &B8
$
547 5.n
} A1oIV[ !,a$
Sa7 )hi &B8*
$
GiB8 lc
} A1eOI !,a$ $
S? th%
} LA1sOV A1eOIN } o1AoI !,a$
$
GiB8 547 5.n
} A1sOV !,a$
- H$ l'Gn! H? th%}
Kft q7 ch- thB8 h$
l'Gn! H? th% chif$ tp l(
)h-n! CV1sTd ca- h?n
&- /mi &M li(7 tha$ )h- l A[d1 &ai l(ch e1sTd= Kft q7 tha n!hi($ &ai l(ch &- /mi &M li(7
tha$ )h- >- tha- t#c tifn hnh tha n!hi($ c"a nh$ ch'a 5'Gc 5Xn! ln$1 h-c >- thift DF
tha n!hi($ )h%n! chanh H#c1 h-c >- $7 c nhi7 tR9 chBt= Ta thB8 h$ l'Gn! H? th% t,-n!
C#$ CV1sTdLth.- tha n!hi($N ca- h?n t,-n! Dn9 [1TdLth.- ti li(7 tha- )h-N=
BQR 0" /IPID
I. Mc tiu@ Kh- &#t h$ l'Gn! li9i> t,-n! $7 547 5.n=
II. Ngu8n t4c
Ji9> c nhi7 t,-n! thFt1 c#1 t,bn!1 &`a1 c#c l-Ri n!h cMc<Ji9i> )h%n! tan t,-n! n'mc1
tan tMt t,-n! c#c >7n! $%i h`7 c? nh' >i.th8l .th., =D3a /- tanh chBt n8 5g l8 t,ach li9it
5g )h- &#t h$ l'Gn!=
H$ l'Gn! li9it c thg 5'Gc tanh D\n! c#ch c:n t,3c tif9 l'Gn! >Z7 &a7 )hi ch'n! cBt
l-Ri &Rch >7n! $%i h-c tanh !i#n tif9 tt )hMi l'Gn! D cin lRi= tha n!hi($ n8 chXn! ta
tanh th.- c#ch !i#n tif9=
III. ;hit '7? 9ng c? h1a ch2t? m6u@
- Thift DF1 >n! c* Df9 57n1 h( thMn! &-Hhl.t >jn! 5r t,ach l8 chBt D^-1 !iB8 lc1 chu
c76n=
- Ha chBc* >i$.th8l.th.,=
- 7 /4t* 547 5.n

LdN TTAA 1 T Aoo
ooTC 1 A
oTTs 1 o
Aoo = = x x
m
m
en
u
tro
LdN [I = [ Aoo
oIV[ 1 A
AoI 1 o
Aoo = = x x
m
m
en
u
th X
IE. <h.ng php tiGn hBnh
- E#c 5Fnh )hMi l'Gn! )h%n! 5Pi c"a tW !iB8 lcLATH ATc$N
- C:n A!,a$ $7LD\n! c:n 9h:n tachN /- !iB8 lc=
- GB9 !iB8 5r !Mi $7 D\n! t'Wn! !i )h-n! IHT c$
C
/ >jn! chu c6t cht hai 5Z7 tXi
!iB8=
- JZn l'Gc ch7gn ttn! tXi /- Mn! h@nh t, c"a h( thMn! &-Hhl.t=
- Tifn hnh hia tan chBt D^- D\n! $6t lat >i$.th8l .th., t,-n! thWi !ian AC !iW D\n! h(
thMn! &-Hhl.t=
- Th7 $7 5r /- )ha8 in-H1 / 5]t )ha8 /- t" hXtLIo 9hXtN=
- SB8 tXi chba $7 v AoT
-
c 5fn t,n! l'Gn! )h%n! >PiLT !iWN
Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`* H$ l'Gn! chBt D^- }
C
=Aoox
A
LdN

A
* )hMi l'Gn! $7 Dan 5Z7L!,a$N

C
* )hMi l'Gn! li9i>
E. FGt LuI *B thMa luKn
1. Ac 7nh khi l!ng khNng Oi cPa tQ gi28 lc
T,'mc )hi &B8*
- $
!iB8
} A1sOVs !,a$
Sa7 )hi &B8*
- $
!iB8
}A1eVI !,a$
+. Ac 7nh hBm l!ng lipi9 c1 tr,ng mRu
T,'mc )hi H#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! li9i>*
- $
!iB8 L&a7 )hi &B8N
}A1eVI !,a$
-
A
} $
547 5.n
}A1ooVe !,a$
Sa7 hia tan li9i>*
- $
!iB8$7
}C1VsCI !,a$
- $
$7
} $
!iB8$7
- $
!iB8 L&a7 )hi &B8N
}C1VsCI - A1eVI }o1[A[I !a$
KhMi l'Gn! li9i>*
-
C
}
A
-

$
$7
} A1ooVe o1[A[I } o1oseO !,a$
H$ l'Gn! chBt D^-*
- Q47 5.n }
H$ l'Gn! li9it t,-n!
547 5.n th.- )ft q7 tha n!hi($ l s1VsCd l )h%n! 9hj hG9 nh' &M li(7 tha$ )h- )h-n!
Ae1ed= T,-n! tha n!hi($ c &ai >- thWi !ian ,;a $7 t,-n! h( thMn! S-Hhl.t l )h-n! COh=
BQR 2" ONH /hNG PROTgIN TENG [4tLTeX(T^

LdN VsC 1 s
ooVe 1 A
Aoo oseO 1 o
A
Aoo C
= =
x
M
x M
I. Mc tiu@ E#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! 9,-t.in D\n! c#ch H#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! Nit? t,-n!
$7 547 5.n D\n! 9h'?n! 9h#9 KS.l>ahl=
II. Fhi Lut0ngu8n t4c
&*4(@R oK@H
+,-t.in 5'Gc cB7 tR- tt nhi7 n!78Yn tM C1H11N1S1+<t,-n! &M c#c n!78Yn tM n81
Nit? chif$ tp l( t'?n! 5Mi ca- L)h-n! AT AedN / t'?n! 5Mi Pn 5Fnh t,-n! thnh
9hZn c"a 9,-t.in= V@ /48 / n!78Yn tnc1 9,-t.in t,-n! th3c 9h$ 5'Gc 5Fnh l'Gn!
D\n! c#ch &#t 5Fnh nit? tPn! &M / )ft q7 nh:n /mi V1CT LH.$ nit? tPn! &M chif$
AVdN=
+h'?n! 9h#9 n8 5'Gc KS.l>ahl 9h#t t,ign n]$ AssI / t,v thnh 9h'?n! 9h#9 9h:n
tach hi(7 q7 hi(n na8 /@ c nh`n! '7 5ig$ l hZ7 nh' c thg 9h:n tach 5Mi /mi tBt c
c#c l-Ri $71 chi 9ha )h%n! ca-<
1* Ngu8n t4c
Khi 57n $7 /4t c chba nit? L5R$N t,-n! H
C
S
O
54$ 5c /mi &3 hi(n >i(n c"a chBt
HXc t#c thach hG9 th@ chBt h`7 c? DF -H8 ha{Nit? 5'Gc 9hn! thach >'mi >Rn! NH
I
1 &a7 5
LNH
O
N
C
S
O
5'Gc tR- thnh t,-n! 5iY7 )i(n c H
C
S
O
=
D'mi t#c >n! c"a H
C
S
O
54$ 5c / c chBt HXc t#c thach hG9 v nhi(t 56 ca-1 c#c
hG9 chBt c chba nit? DF 9h:n h"8 / DF -H8 ha 5fn C
C
/ H
C
1 cin !Mc a$in ch78n
thnh U-niac / tif9 tc )ft hG9 /mi H
C
S
O
tR- thnh $7Mi a$-ni &7lwat tan t,-n! >7n!
>Fch= Q:8 l !iai 5-Rn c%n! 9h# 5R$ t,-n! $B7
C NH
I
H
C
S
O
LNH
O
N
C
S
O
T,-n! q7# t,@nh ch'n! cBt1 LNH
O
N
C
S
O
t#c >n! /mi NaH >' thta / !i 9hn! NH
I
*
LNH
O
N
C
S
O
C NaH Na
C
S
O
H
C
C NH
I
U$-niac &inh ,a & 5'Gc hB9 th7 D\n! >7n! >Fch aci> B-,ic c chba chBt chu thF tR-
thnh t.t,aD-,at a$-n= Sa7 5 ch7n 56 >7n! >Fch n8 D\n! >7n! >Fch ch7n H
C
S
O
o1AN1
NH
I
5'Gc !ii 9hn! / H#c 5Fnh 5'Gc l'Gn! nit?1 th.- c#c 9hn bn! &a7*
NH
O
H O H
I
+
I
LNH
O
N
C
B
O

e
e H
C

LNH
O
N
C
B
O

e
H
C
S
O
T H
C

LNH
O
N
C
S
O
O H
I
+
I
III. EKt liu
- Tift DF1>n! c* t" &B8 AoT
-
C1 li /% c? ha $71 $#8 9h:n tach 5R$ D#n t3 56n!1
Mn! 9h:n tach 5R$ tPn!1 @nh hXt $1 cMc 53n! $7 5g H#c 5Fnh t,n! l'Gn! )h%n! 5Pi=
-Ha chBt* S.*K
C
S
O
*C7S
O
} A*Aoo*Ao1 H
C
S
O
551 H
C
S
O
o1AN1NaH Ood1Uci>
D-,ic1 $.th8l ,.>1 D,-$-,.&-l !,..n1 .than-l1 !
- 7 /4t*547 5.n =
IE. <h.ng php tiGn hBnh
1.EN c. h1a
o1T! D6t 547 5.n

T$l H
C
S
O55

$7n! HXc t#c

OCo
o
CxAhIo
Qg n!76i L&n 9h$ /% c? haN
C=5hu6n nit. tOng@
T3 56n!* &; >n! $#8 ch7n 56 nit?=
B\n! ta8*
Sn 9h$ /% c? ha
H
C
LAN
To$l >7n! >Fch NaH Ood
H
C
LCN
S%i LAo 9hXtN

Th7 Nit? D\n! H

I
B
I
LIo$lN

Ch7n 56 D\n! H
C
S
O
o1AN
E. FGt LuI *B thMa luKn #tS ng&@
HQ\ TUV=A NRH> HS=A"
N } I1sOd
PrfHLR= HS=A Hrf=A IJK IL= } N H V1CT } I1sOd H V1CT } CO d
H$ l'Gn! 9,-t.in tPn! t,-n! 547 5.n th.- )ft q7 tha n!hi($ l COd l(ch )h-n! o=Od
&- /mi ti li(7 tha$ )h- l CO1Od= S3 t,Yn l(ch n8 c thg >- &ai Ht t,-n! tha- t#c tha
n!hi($=
BQR '" ONH /hNG $%%ONI$C
I. Mc tiu@ E#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! Nit? t,-n! $7 n'mc $B$
II. Ngu8n t4c
Khi 57n $7 /4t c chba nit? L5R$N t,-n! H
C
S
O
54$ 5c /mi &3 hi(n

>i(n c"a chBt HXc t#c thach hG9 th@ chBt h`7 c? DF -H8 ha{Nit? 5'Gc 9hn! thach >'mi >Rn!
NH
I
1 &a7 5 LNH
O
N
C
S
O
5'Gc tR- thnh t,-n! 5iY7 )i(n c H
C
S
O
=
D'mi t#c >n! c"a H
C
S
O
54$ 5c / c chBt HXc t#c thach hG9 v nhi(t 56 ca-1 c#c hG9 chBt
c chba nit? DF 9h:n h"8 / DF -H8 ha 5fn C
C
/ H
C
1 cin !Mc a$in ch78n thnh U-niac
/ tif9 tc )ft hG9 /mi H
C
S
O
tR- thnh $7Mi a$-ni &7lwat tan t,-n! >7n! >Fch= Q:8 l !iai
5-Rn c%n! 9h# 5R$ t,-n! $B7
C NH
I
H
C
S
O
LNH
O
N
C
S
O
T,-n! q7# t,@nh ch'n! cBt1 LNH
O
N
C
S
O
t#c >n! /mi NaH >' thta / !i 9hn! NH
I
*
LNH
O
N
C
S
O
C NaH Na
C
S
O
H
C
C NH
I
U$-niac &inh ,a & 5'Gc hB9 th7 D\n! >7n! >Fch aci> B-,ic c chba chBt chu thF tR-
thnh t.t,aD-,at a$-n= Sa7 5 ch7n 56 >7n! >Fch n8 D\n! >7n! >Fch ch7n H
C
S
O
o1AN1
NH
I
5'Gc !ii 9hn! / H#c 5Fnh 5'Gc l'Gn! nit?1 th.- c#c 9hn bn! &a7*
NH
O
H O H
I
+
I
LNH
O
N
C
B
O

e
e H
C

LNH
O
N
C
B
O

e
H
C
S
O
T H
C

LNH
O
N
C
S
O
O H
I
+
I
III. <h.ng php tiGn hBnh
o1T$l n'mc $n$

Vo$l H
C
cBt

I! !
&%i Ao 9hXt
Th7 D\n! H
I
B
I

QFnh l'Gn! D\n! H

C
S
O
o1oTN
Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`"
N}o1oooe LV
HCSO
-V
HCSO 5Mi chbn!
N Aooox
V

N* H$ l'Gn! Nit? tPn! L$!Nx$lN=
V* thg tach n!78Yn li(7 5.$ 9h:n tach L$lN
V
HCSO
* thg tach H
C
S
O
o1oTN ch7n ch- $7 L$lN
V
HCSO 5Mi chbn!
* thg tach H
C
S
O
o=oTN ch7n ch- $7 5Mi chbn! L$lN
o1oooe* &M !,a$ N t'?n! 5'?n! /mi A$l H
C
S
O
o1oTN
IE. FGt LuI *B thI, luKn.

V
H2SO4
=2,5 ml
V
H2SO4 i chn!
=","5 ml
N}Lo=oooe H LV
HCSO
- V
HCSO 5Mi chbn!
N H AoooxV
} Lo1oooe H LC1T -o1oTN H AoooNxo1T}I1OIL$!Nx$lN
H$ l'Gn! 5R$ t,-n! n'mc $n$ th.- )Yt q7 tha n!hi($ l I1OIL$!Nx$lN= Tt 5 &78 ,a
l-Ri n'mc $n$ n8 c h$ l'Gn! 5R$ thB91 &- &#nh th.- &M li(7 tha$ )h-=
BQR 9" D/UCIDg [PP Ng/SON^
I. Mc tiu* )h- &#t h$ l'Gn! 5'Wn! )h; hign >i(n t,-n! $7 lXa Ln!78Yn t,Rn!1
n8 $Z$N=
II. Ngu8n t4c
D3a /- tanh )h; c"a c#c n-n-&accha,i>.1 5Fnh l'Gn! !l7c-&. th.- 9hn bn! -Hi ha
)h;= Gl7c-&. l chBt )h;1 C7
C
t,-n! th7Mc th; 5_n! l chBt -Hi ha=T,-n! $%i t,'Wn!
)i$ 57n nn! !l7c-&. )h; C7
C
thnh C7
C
1 &a7 5 C7
C
tR- ,a & )h; 9hbc chBt
a,&.n-$-l8D>at. 5g tR- thnh &n 9h$ c $7 Hanh= J'Gn! 5'Wn! )h; c t,-n! >7n!
>Fch & 5'Gc H#c 5Fnh !i#n tif9 q7a l'Gn! 9hbc tR- thnh D\n! c#ch 5- q7an! 9hP hB9
th=
C
I
C-
H
C
HC
I
-
H
-
HC
I
-
H
C
H
C
C
I
H
-
CH CC7
C
CH
-
CH C7
C
H
C

C7
C
H
C
S
O
C7
C
S
O
H
C

C7

-
O
C-
C7
C
-l8D>.n7$ Dl7.
III. <h.ng php@
1. /Sng Qng chu6n Tluc,s:@
a= +ha >7n! >Fch 5'Wn! ch7n* ch7n DF V Mn! n!hi($1 ch- /- $i Mn! thnh 9hZn
c#c chBt th.- Dn! &a7*
Ung 1 + - C V W
uGTKYf)Lv[\%^ C C*1 C*2 C*9 C*3 &
V
ATKYf)L
[\T^ o o=C o=O o=V o=s A
V
=UwY
[\T^ A o=s o=V o=O o=C o
D= D3n! 5'Wn! ch7n* ch7n DF >l8 V Mn! n!hi($ L n!hi($ thbc l49 lRi I lZnN
Ung 1X +X -X CX VX WX
uGTKYf)Lv[\%^ C C*1 C*2 C*9 C*3 &
V
ATKYf)L
[xT^ ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo
V
H(KyY H(z I{=A
[xT^ ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo
/Z| ARZ| cGY cdH \R}=A y=A =A(R}\? IK= Y@Y( H(~|&C a(H? I_ =AKpR =(R}H Ip a(=A
V
H(KyY H(z $r)L=fq
\fT|ceXHL
[xT^
ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo ATo

V
=UwY YZH
[\T^ A A A A A A
1C Hrf=A HyR* /| H\ =nK YW Y=? If oKX=A a(S cUwY )W=A '1C=\
+. Ac 7nh hBm l!ng Qng khY tr,ng mRu l>a #ngu8n tr=ng *B nI8 mm&@
- Hia tan T !a$ $7 /- To $l n'mc cBt1 )h7B8 57 t,-n! Io 9hXt1 /nt lB8 >Fch ,_i lc
D\n! !iB8 lc lB8 >Fch t,-n! 5g tifn hnh tha n!hi($=
- Q-n! thg tach >7n! >Fch t,ach &a7 )hi lc=
- Ch7n DF >l8 I Mn! n!hi($1 5g 9ha l-ln! >Fch t,ach th.- Dn! &a7*
=A A C I
p a(X Tf=A Ao lZn Aoo lZn Aooo lZn
V
edY( HrlY(
[xT^ Coo CooLC"a Mn! A 5l
9ha l-ln!N
CooLC"a Mn! C 5l
9ha l-ln!N
V
=UwY YZH
[xT^ Asoo Asoo Asoo
- Tifn hnh H#c 5Fnh h$ l'Gn! 5'Wn! )h; t,-n! $i $7 lXa* ch7n DF >l8 I Mn!
n!hi($ Ln!hi($ thbc l49 lRi I lZnN ch- /- $i Mn! thnh 9hZn $i chBt th.- Dn!*
=A A C I
V
edY( HrlY(
[xT^ ATo ATo ATo
V
H(KyY H(z I{=A
[xT^ ATo ATo ATo
/Z| ARZ| cGY cdH \R}=A y=A =A(R}\? IK= Y@Y( H(~| &C a(H? I_ =AKpR =(R}H Ip a(=A
V
H(KyY H(z $r)L=fq \fT|ceXHL
[xT^ ATo ATo ATo
V
=UwY YZH
[\T^ A A A
1C a(H Hrf=A HyR* /| H\ =nK YW Y=? If oKX=A a(S cUwY )W=A '1C=\
Cj=A H(kY Hl=( mnH oK`*
H$ l'Gn! 5'Wn! t,-n! n!78Yn li(7 L$!x!N} E n Vx $
o T,-n! 5*
o VL$lN* thg tach >Fch chift !Mc
o $ L!N* )hMi l'Gn! $7 c:n
o n* h( &M 9ha l-ln! &a- ch- D n\$ t,-n! 5'Wn! ch7n
o E L$!x$lN* n_n! 56 !l7c-&. tanh 5'Gc tt 9h'?n! t,@nh 5_ thF 5'Wn! ch7n=
IE. FGt LuI th) nghim *B thI, luKn@
1. /Sng Qng chu6n@ )ft q7 &a7 )hi 5- q7an! 9hP v D'mc &n! TCon$*
=A & 1 0 2 ' 9
uGTKYf)Lv[\%^ C C*1 C*2 C*9 C*3 &
/<= & o=ACO o=COA o=CCs o=ICI o=Os[ o=VCo
/<= 1 o=AAV o=A[I o=CCV o=IIs o=OCo o=TsT
/<= 0 o=ACs o=CAO o=CC[ o=IIT o=OeA o=VOC
TrK=A B=( o=ACI o=CAV o=CCe o=IIC o=OVo o=VAV

+. Ac 7nh hBm l!ng Qng khY tr,ng mRu J>a@ Kft q7 &a7 )hi 5- q7an! 9hP
v D'mc &n! TCon$
%K TX =AK|= HrG=A
=A & 1 0
p a(X Tf=A &C T<= &CC T<= &CCC T<=
/<= & o=CT[ o=CIA o=AIO
/<= 1 o=CIO o=CCe o=AAI
/<= 0 o=COT o=CAC o=AIT
TrK=A c=( o=COV o=CCI o=ACe
%K TX \<\
=A & 1 0

p a(X Tf=A &C T<= &CC T<= &CCC T<=
/<= & A=oIV o=IIA o=AOe
/<= 1 A=oAV o=CCe o=ACA
/<= 0 o=s[T o=IC[ o=ACs
TrK=A c=( o=[s o=C[V o=AIC
- Tt 9h'?n! t,@nh 5'Wn! ch7n 8}o=OeAeHo=o[IA ta t@$ 5'Gc n_n! 56 5'Wn! )h; c
t,-n! $7 lXa tRi c#c n_n! 56 9ha l-ln! t,-n! Dn! &a7*
%K TX =AK|= HrG=A
=A & 1 0
p a(X Tf=A Ao lZn Aoo lZn Aooo lZn
OD HrK=A c=( o=COV o=CCI o=ACe
N{=A Ip IU]=A
m(z [\%^
o=ICC o=CeT o=oeC
N_n! 56 5'Wn! )h; t,-n! $i Mn! )h%n! tu l( /mi n_n! 56 9ha l-ln! chbn! t tha
n!hi($ c &ai Ht=
Qg tanh h$ l'Gn! 5'Wn! t,-n! $7 lXa ta chn h( &M 9ha l-ln! n }Ao=
E } o=ICC L$N } o=ICC o=AsL$!x$lN }o=oTe[V L$!x$lN
V}Ie L$lN
$} T!
HQ\ TUV=A IU]=A Hrf=A TX } E n Vx $ } o=oTe[V AoIexT
}O=Cs[ L$!x!N
%K TX =`| \<\"
=A & 1 0
p a(X Tf=A Ao lZn Aoo lZn Aooo lZn
OD HrK=A c=( o=[s o=C[V o=AIC
N{=A Ip IU]=A
m(z [\%^
A=ss o=OI o=osC
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