GT Mang Luoi Thoat Nuoc 302

CNG TY M I TRNG TM NHN XANH
GIO TRNH

H THNG THOT NC

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com
GREEN EYE ENVIRONMENT

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet
TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Copyright 2006 gree-vn.com, All rights reserved. Xin ghi r ngun khi bn pht hnh li thng tin t trang ny.
1-1

CHNG 1

NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN

1.1 NH NGHA

He thong thoat nc (HTTN) la mot tap hp gom nhng cong cu, ng ong va nhng cong
trnh thc hien 3 chc nang: thu, van chuyen va x ly nc thai trc khi xa ra nguon.

1.2 NC THAI

Tuy theo tnh chat va nguon goc, nc thai c phan lam ba loai chnh:

- Nc thai sinh hoat;
- Nc thai san xuat;
- Nc ma nhiem ban.

Nc thai ra sau khi s dung vao muc ch sinh hoat nh nau nng, tam giat, t nha x, co
cha nhieu chat ban hu c va vi trung c goi la nc thai sinh hoat.

Nc thai san xuat la nc thai ra t quy trnh cong nghe san xuat, co thanh phan va tnh chat
rat khac nhau tuy thuoc vao loai hnh cong nghiep, nguyen lieu s dung, cong nghe ap dung
cung nh quy trnh van hanh,

Nc ma sau khi ri xuong, chay tren be mat ng pho, quang trng, khu dan c va x
nghiep cong nghiep b nhiem ban, nhat la lng nc ma ban au cung c xem la nc
thai.

Neu trong mot o th, nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai san xuat c dan chung trong mang
li thoat nc, th hon hp nc thai nay c goi la nc thai o th.

1.3 CAC LOAI HE THONG THOAT NC

He thong thoat nc la to hp nhng cong trnh, thiet b va cac giai phap ky thuat e thoat
nc thai. Can c vao viec van chuyen nc thai sinh hoat chung hay rieng ta co the co cac
loai he thong thoat nc sau:

- He thong thoat nc chung;
- He thong thoat nc rieng;
- He thong thoat nc na rieng;
- He thong hon hp.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1.3.1 He Thong Thoat Nc Chung

He thong thoat nc chung la he thong ma tat ca cac loai nc thai (nc thai sinh hoat, nc
thai san xuat, va nc ma) c xa chung vao mot mang li va dan en cong trnh x ly
(Hnh 1.1).

e giam bt lng nc ma en tram bm va cong trnh x ly, cac mieng xa nc ma
(gieng tran) thng c xay dng au cac oan cong gop, cong chnh e dan phan ln
lng nc ma t nhng tran ma to keo dai va o ra nguon nc canh o.

2 3

1
4
5

1. Tram x ly 4. Cong gop chnh
2. Tram bm 5. Cong gop
3. Gieng tran xa nc ma

Hnh 1.1 S o he thong thoat nc chung

* u iem

+ am bao tot nhat ve mat ve sinh v toan bo nc thai eu c x ly trc khi xa ra
nguon;
+ Chieu dai mang li giam 30-40% so vi he thong rieng re hoan toan, chi ph quan ly
giam 15-20% oi vi nhng khu xay dng nha cao tang, nhng khu o th gan nguon
nc ln.

* Nhc iem
1-2

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1-3

+ Khong thch hp oi vi nhng khu nha thap tang va phan tan;
+ Do lng nc ma chay ti tram bm, tram x ly khong ieu hoa nen cong tac quan ly
ieu phoi tram bm va tram x ly tr nen phc tap, kho at hieu qua mong muon;
+ ng knh ong ln, mua kho lam viec lang ph, viec s dung von au t khong hieu qua;
+ Von xay dng bo ra cung mot luc qua ln.

He thong thoat nc chung thng s dung oi vi nhng o th xay dng nha nhieu tang:

+ Ben canh co nguon nc dong chay manh, cho phep xa nc ma va nc mat;
+ Vi so lng bm han che va ap lc bm thap;
+ Co cng o q
20
nho hn 80 l/s.ha.

1.3.2 He Thong Thoat Nc Rieng

He thong thoat nc rieng (Hnh 1.2) la he thong co nhieu hai hay nhieu mang li rieng biet
dung e:

+ Van chuyen nc ban nhieu (nh nc thai sinh hoat, nc thai san xuat) xa vao he thong
x ly;

+ Van chuyen nc t ban hn (nh nc ma, nc thai san xuat t nhiem ban) xa thang vao
nguon nhan.

* u iem

+ Ch phai bm va van chuyen mot lng nc thai be hn do o kch thc ng ong nho;
+ Hieu qua s dung cao;
+ Von xay dng co the chia thanh tng t (phu hp vi hoan canh cua nc ta).

* Nhc iem

+ Tong chieu dai ln (ln hn khoang 30-40%).

Neu nc thai san xuat co cha cac chat oc hai th nhat thiet phai dan qua mot he thong
rieng biet.

+ Moi loai nc thai c van chuyen trong he thong thoat nc rieng biet goi la he thong
thoat nc rieng hoan toan;

+ Khi ch co he thong cong ngam e thoat nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai san xuat quy c la
ban, con nc ma va nc thai san xuat quy c la sach chay theo mang lo thien, goi la he
thong rieng khong hoan toan.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1-4

1. Tram x ly 3. He thong thoat nc ma
2. Tram bm 4. He thong thoat nc thai sinh hoat

Hnh 1.2 S o he thong thoat nc rieng

* u iem

+ Co li hn so vi he thong thoat nc chung ve mat xay dng va quan ly;
+ Giam von au t xay dng ban au;
+ Che o lam viec cua he thong on nh.

* Nhc iem

+ Ton tai hai hay nhieu mang li thoat nc trong o th;
+ Kem ve sinh hn he thong thoat nc chung.

He thong thoat nc rieng hoan toan nen ap dung cho nhng o th ln va xay dng tien nghi
cung nh cho cac x nghiep cong nghiep:

+ Co kha nang xa toan bo lng nc ma vao nguon nc mat;
+ Theo ieu kien a hnh phai xay dng nhieu tram bm (> 3 tram bm) khu vc;
+ Cng o ma q
20
> 80 l/s/ha;
+ Can thiet phai x ly sinh hoa nc mat.
4 3
1 2

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1-5

He thong rieng khong hoan toan phu hp vi nhng o th va vung ngoai o co cung mc o
xay dng tien nghi hoac giai oan au xay dng he thong thoat nc.

1.3.3 He Thong Thoat Nc Rieng Mot Na

ay la he thong co nhieu u iem,khac phuc c nhc iem cua he thong thoat nc rieng
va chung. HTTN rieng mot na cung gom hai he thong: (1) thoat nc thai sinh hoat va nc
thai san xuat va (2) thoat nc ma.

He thong nay thu lng nc ma buoi au tien e x ly trc khi xa ra nguon va e thc
hien ngi ta dung cong trnh gieng thu nc ma trong he thong thoat nc rieng mot na.

He thong thoat nc na rieng phu hp:

+ oi vi nhng o th co dan so ln hn 50.000 ngi;
+ Khi nguon nc trong o th co lu lng t, khong co dong chay;
+ oi vi nhng ni co nguon nc du ng e tam, the thao bi loi;
+ Khi yeu cau tang cng bao ve nguon nc khoi s nhiem ban do nc thai mang vao.

1.3.4 He Thong Thoat Nc Hon Hp

He thong thoat nc hon hp la s ket hp cac loai he thong ke tren, thng gap nhng
thanh pho cai tao m rong. He thong thoat nc hon hp s dung hp ly khi xay dng va cai
tao he thong thoat nc trong nhng thanh pho ln (dan so tren 100.000 ngi) co nhieu vung
vi mc o tien nghi va a hnh khac nhau.

1.3.5 La Chon He Thong Thoat Nc

Viec la chon he thong va s o thoat nc phu thuoc vao:

- Tnh chat phuc vu lau dai va on nh cua cac cong trnh thiet b tren he thong;
- ieu kien a phng;
- Tnh kinh te, ky thuat va yeu cau ve sinh moi trng.

1.4 CAC BO PHAN CUA HE THONG THOAT NC

He thong thoat nc gom nhng bo phan chnh sau:

- Thiet b thu va dan ben trong nha;
- Mang li thoat nc ben ngoai nha;
- Tram bm va ong dan ap lc;
- Cong trnh x ly;
- Cong va mieng xa nc vao nguon.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Thiet b thu va dan ben trong nha

Thiet b thu va dan nc trong nha bao gom:
- Cac thiet b ve sinh: ho x, ho tieu, chau tam, chau ra,
- Mang li ng ong: ong nhanh, ong ng, ong dan nc thai ra mang li ngoai nha.
Nc thai t cac thiet b ve sinh Ong nhanh Ong ng Mang li cong ranh ngoai
nha.

Cac ong ng thng at da theo tng, goc cua buong ve sinh va co the op lat hoac che ay
kn ao trong cac hop bang gach, beton hoac go. Ong ng thng at cao hn mai nha
khoang 0,7 m, va phan tren goi la ong thong hi.

Gia mang li va cac thiet b ve sinh lap at cac khoa thuy lc e ngan nga hi kh oc
xam thc vao buong ve sinh. Kiem tra va tay ra ong qua cac ca kiem tra va cac ong tay ra.

V tr giao nhau gia mang li ben trong va ben ngoai nha can xay dng gieng tham e theo
doi che o lam viec cua mang li ben trong va tay ra khi can thiet.

Mang li thoat nc ben ngoai nha

Mang li thoat nc ben ngoai nha la he thong cong ngam va mng lo thien dung e dan
nc bang cach t chay ti tram bm, tram x ly hay ra song ho. Tuy theo v tr, quy mo va
nhiem vu ma mang li thoat nc ben ngoai nha co the la:

- Mang li thoat nc san nha (cho mot nha);
- Mang li thoat nc tieu khu nhan tat ca nc thai t cac ngoi nha trong tieu khu va van
chuyen ra mang li ngoai pho;
- Mang li thoat nc trong cac x nghiep cong nghiep;
- Mang li thoat nc ng pho (ngoai pho), xay dng doc theo cac ng pho va thu
nhan nc thai t cac mang li trong nha, tieu khu, thng dan nc bang t chay.

e kiem tra che o lam viec cua mang li trong san nha hay tieu khu, gieng tham c xay
dng cuoi mang li. oan nhanh noi lien t gieng kiem tra ti cong thoat ngoai pho ngoai
pho goi la nhanh noi.

Toan bo khu vc c chia thanh nhng lu vc thoat nc ma gii han la cac ng phan
thuy hay tu thuy. Nc thai tren toan bo khu vc tap trung ve cac cong gop: thoat nc lu
vc, thoat nc chnh (cho nhieu khu vc), thoat nc ngoai pham vi thanh pho (khong co
cong nhanh).

Tram bm va ong dan ap lc

- Dung van chuyen nc thai trong trng hp khong the t chay.
1-6

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1-7

- Tram bm c phan thanh:

+ Tram bm cuc bo phuc vu cho mot hay vai cong trnh;
+ Tram bm khu vc phuc vu cho tng vung rieng biet hay mot vai lu vc thoat nc;
+ Tram bm chnh dung e bm toan bo nc thai thanh pho len tram x ly hoac xa vao
nguon.

- oan ong dan nc thai t tram bm en cong tu chay hay en cong trnh x ly la ng
ong ap lc. Khi ong i ngang qua song hay gap chng ngai phai xuong thap, oan ong
nay cung lam viec vi che o co ap va na ap.

Cong trnh x ly

Bao gom tat ca cac cong trnh dung e x ly nc thai va x ly can lang.

Cong va mieng xa nc vao nguon

Dung e van chuyen nc thai t cong trnh x ly xa vao nguon. Mieng xa nc thng xay
dng co bo phan e xao tron nc thai vi nc nguon.

1.5 S O HE THONG THOAT NC

Viec thiet lap s o thoat nc cho mot thanh pho hay mot khu dan c rat phc tap va kho
khan v phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to:

- ieu kien a hnh;
- ieu kien a chat cong trnh va a chat thuy van;
- Mc o phat trien cua thanh pho hien tai va trong tng lai;
- V tr at cong trnh x ly va xa nc thai.

Tuy theo a hnh, s o tong quat thoat nc khu dan c co the c bieu dien di dang:

- S o thang goc s dung khi a hnh co o doc o ra song ho, chu yeu dung e thoat nc
ma va nc thai san xuat quy c la sach, nc xa thang vao song ho ma khong can x
ly.

- S o giao nhau khi ieu kien a hnh giong nh s o thang goc nhng nc thai can
phai c x ly trc khi xa vao nguon, nen co cong gop chnh chay song song vi dong
song e dan nc thai len cong trnh x ly.

- S o phan vung c s dung trong trng hp thanh pho chia lam nhieu khu vc rieng
biet hay trong trng hp thanh pho co a hnh doc ln. Nc thai vung thap th bm trc
tiep en cong trnh x ly hay bm vao cong gop cua vung cao.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1-8

- S o khong tap trung s dung oi vi thanh pho ln hoac thanh pho co chenh lech ln ve
o cao, a hnh phc tap hoac thanh pho phat trien theo kieu hnh tron. S o co nhieu
tram x ly oc lap nhau.

- Trai vi s o khong tap trung la s o tap trung, ngha la toan bo nc thai c tap trung
ve tram x ly chung.

Quy Hoach S o Thoat Nc

Quy hoach s o thoat nc cho he thong thoat nc a chon phai xem xet:

- Lu lng va nong o cua cac loai nc thai giai oan xay dng;
- Kha nang giam lu lng va nong o nhiem ban cua nc thai cong nghiep bang viec ap
dung cac qua trnh cong nghe hp ly vi viec s dung he thong cap thoat nc tuan hoan
hay noi tiep trong khu cong nghiep;
- Loai tr hay tan dung, thu hoi cac chat quy co cha trong nc thai;
- Li ch cua viec x ly chung nc thai sinh hoat va cong nghiep;
- Khai quat ve chat lng nc tai cac iem s dung va iem xa nc thai.
- Cac ieu kien a phng;
- Kha nang phat trien kinh te quoc dan.

S o va he thong la chon la s o va he thong on nh nhat theo cac ch tieu ve sinh, kinh te
nhat theo gia thanh xay dng va quan ly oi vi tat ca to hp cong trnh bao gom mang li,
tram bm, va cac cong trnh x ly.

ieu Kien Thu Nhan Nc Thai Vao Mang Li Thoat Nc

- Khong c xa nc thai sinh hoat va san xuat vao mang li thoat nc ma;
- Nc thai san xuat ch c phep xa vao mang li he thong thoat nc rieng hoac chung
khi am bao khong gay tac hai ti vat lieu lam cong va cong trnh x ly cung nh khong
pha hoai che o lam viec cua chung, chang han nh:

+ Khong cha nhng chat an mon;
+ Khong cha nhng chat de lam tac cong hoac nhng chat hi kh tao thanh nhng hon
hp de gay no va chay;
+ Nhiet o khong vt qua 40
0
C;
+ Khong cha nhng chat lam anh hng xau en qua trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai;
+ Hon hp nc thai sinh hoat va san xuat phai am bao gia tr pH = 6,5 8,5.

- Cac loai rac, thc an tha trong gia nh ch c xa vao mang li thoat nc khi a c
nghien nho vi kch thc 3 5 mm, va pha loang bang nc vi ty le 1 rac 8 nc.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-1

CHNG 2

NHNG VAN E C BAN VE THIET KE HE THONG THOAT NC

2.1 QUY HOACH MAT BANG VA TNH HNH XAY DNG

Nam c ban o quy hoach trong o the hien ro rang dan c va cong nghiep, ban o nay
c cac cap co tham quyen duyet. Tren ban o phai the hien ro bien gii, c s ro rang e
tnh dien tch, mat o dan, toc o phat trien trong tng lai ca ve dan c va cong nghiep, biet
c cac khu phuc vu cong cong, the hien ro ng xa giao thong.

Am hieu cac tai lieu ve kh tng, nhiet o, o am, lng ma trung bnh trong nam, nam
c cac tai lieu ve a chat thuy van, cao trnh (chu y song e xa nc trong pham vi thiet
ke, lu lng nc song mua kiet va mua ma, toc o va chieu sau cua dong song, chnh xac
en 95%, ham lng chat l lng, nong o oxy hoa tan, khoang cach t iem xa en ni dung
nc). Ty le cua ban o quy hoach 1:5000 - 1:10000, cac mc cach nhau 1 m, a hnh bang
phang, cach nhau 0,5-0,25 m. Ngoai ra con co ban o phat trien tng lai cua thanh pho vi ty
le 1:25000 e quyet nh v tr tram x ly nc thai.

Thc te xay dng cho thay a so thanh pho ln eu phat trien t thanh pho nho, do vay thanh
pho mi phai noi ro hien trang cua thanh pho cu, noi ro cac ng ong: cap ien ngam, ng
ong cap kh, cap nc, ac biet oi vi he thong ong nc cu phai co ban ve mat bang va mat
cat doc.

2.2 THI HAN TNH TOAN VA TRNH T XAY DNG HE THONG THOAT NC

2.2.1 Thi Han Tnh Toan

nh ngha: Thi han tnh toan la thi han dung e tnh toan he thong thoat nc cho ti khi
thanh pho hoac khu cong nghiep phat trien ti mc o m rong hoan toan ma HTTN khong
phai cai tao, thng lay t 20-30 nam.

He thong thoat nc la cong trnh ngam, von au t cay dng ln, viec cai tao gap nhieu kho
khan va ton kem ve kinh ph, khong nhng the con anh hng en cong trnh tren mat at nen
khong de dang cai tao trong 5-10 nam.

2.2.2 Trnh T Xay Dng

Trnh t xay dng he thong thoat nc thng qua 3 giai oan:

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-2

- Xay dng ng ong gop chnh, tram bm chnh va mot ohan mang li thoat nc thai
sinh hoat cho khu ong dan hoac khu cong cong, song song ngi ta cung xay dng tram
x ly cac cong trnh x ly c hoac, cac cong ranh xa nc ra nguon.

- Xay dng cac ong gop lu vc, xay dng mang li o ng pho, xay dng cac tram bm
khu vc neu co, at them may bm vao tram bm chnh, va xaydng cong trnh x ly sinh
hoc tram x ly nc thai.

- Xay dng not phan con lai va hoan chnh he thong thoat nc.

oi vi x nghiep cong nghiep viec xay dng ng ong thoat nc chia lam hai t:

- Xay dng c ban va a nha may vao san xuat;
- M rong en cong suat thiet ke.

2.3 DAN SO TNH TOAN

Dan so tnh toan la so dan s dung he thong thoat nc cho en cuoi thi gian d tnh quy
hoach (thng lay 15-25 nam) c xac nh trong khi lap o an quy hoach chung cua o th.
Thi ky hoat ong cua HTTN c ky hieu la N.

Ngoai ra, so ngi song ngoai thanh, khong co he thong thoat nc va vao lam viec trong
noi thanh se c tnh rieng va ch c hng tieu chuan 8 gi lam viec trong ngay c
quan.

2.3.1 Phng Phap 1

Dan so tnh toan la ham so cua mat o dan so (n): N = f(n). Mat o dan so n phu thuoc vao:

- ieu kien trang thiet b trong thanh pho;
- Tap quan sinh hoat;
- ieu kien s dung at .

Mat o dan so trong khu tap the thng rat cao, cao hn han cac khu khac rat nhieu, che o
thai nc khu nay rat phc tap: phu thuoc vao thi gian bieu, che o lam ca.

Dan so tnh toan: N = n
i
x F
i

Trong o:

- n
i
: mat o dan so cua khu vc th i cuoi thi han tnh toan.
- F
i
: dien tch khu vc tng ng.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Neu trong dien tch cua thanh pho co dien tch cong trnh cong cong (nha hat, cong vien,), ta
phai them he so hieu chnh .

N = n
i
x F
I

la ty so gia dien tch nha va dien tch khu pho ( = 0,8-0,9).

oi vi cac khu cong nghiep, nha may, c quan, trng hoc ta phai tnh c so ngay trong o
theo tng ca, hay che o hanh chnh, e co c s tnh toan chnh xac lng nc thai.

2.3.2 Phng Phap 2

Gia s toc o tang dan so la hang so k:

k
dy
dP
=

P : dan so (Population)
y : nam (Year)

=
0
0
0
t
t t P
kdy dP
t
P
t

P
t0
P
t
= kt

Ap dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu.

2.3.3 Phng Phap 3

Gia s toc o dan so ty le thuan vi dan so hien tai.

2-3

kP
dy
dP
=

=
0
0
0
t
t t
P
P
kdy
P
dP
t
t

lnP
t
= lnP
t0
kt


2.3.4 Phng Phap 4

Gia s toc o tang dan so ty le thuan vi ca dan so hien tai va o giam dan so.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

P
S
: Dan so bao hoa

) ( P P kP
dy
dP
S
=


2.4 TIEU CHUAN THAI NC

2.4.1 Tieu Chuan Thai Nc Thai Sinh Hoat

nh ngha: Tieu chuan thai nc thai sinh hoat la lng nc thai tnh trung bnh cho mot
ngay em, thng ky hieu la q
0
(l/ng.ng).

Tieu chuan thai nc thai q
0
bao gom:

- Lng nc thai sinh hoat cua moi ngi chnh gia nh mnh;
- Tieu chuan thai nc ni cong cong;
- Tieu chuan thai nc ni lam viec.

q
0
phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau ay:

- Mc song;
- ieu kien kh hau;
- Phong tuc tap quan;
- Mc o trang b ve sinh trong nha.

Khi thiet ke he thong thoat nc cho thanh pho th tieu chuan thai nc lay bang tieu chuan
cap nc (thc te la gan ung v ch 70% lng nc cap chay vao he thong thoat nc).

Bang 2.1 Tieu chuan thai nc trong khu dan c

Tieu chuan thai nc q
0
(l/ng.ng) Mc o trang b ve sinh
trong nha Trung bnh Trong nhng ngay co lng nc cc ai
1. Cac nha co he thong thoat
nc trong nha, co dung cu
ve sinh nhng khong co
thiet b tam.
80-100 90-120
2. Nh tren, nhng co thiet b
tam.

110-140 120-180
3. Nh tren, nhng co cap
nc nong cuc bo
140-180 180-200
2-4

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-5

Tieu chuan tren c ap dung cho dan song thanh pho co he thong thoat nc. ngoai
thanh ch co 25 l/ng.ng.

Cung vi tieu chuan nh tren nhng khi tnh cho 20-30 nam, ngi ta phai nhan vi he so
1,15-1,2.

2.4.2 Tieu Chuan Thau Nc Thai San Xuat

Tieu chuan thai nc cua cong nhan cac x nghiep cong nghiep

oi vi cong nhan trong cac x nghiep cong nghiep, ngoai hng tieu chuan thai nc chung
con hng tieu chuan thai nc tai ni lam viec nh nc tam giat,

Tuy thuoc vao tnh chat cua tng nganh san xuat ma tieu chuan thai nc c quy nh nh
sau:

- Nc thai sinh hoat

+ Trong phan xng nguoi : 25 L/ng.ca;
+ Trong phan xng nong : 45 L/ng.ca;
+ Trong nganh san xuat sinh ra bui, cac nganh yeu cau ve sinh trong moi ca, cong nhan con
co tieu chuan tam.

- Nc tam

+ Phan xng nguoi : 40 L/ng.lan;
+ Phan xng nong : 60 L/ng.lan.

So cong nhan c tam trong mot ca tuy thuoc vao tng nganh san xuat lay theo "tieu chuan
ve sinh cong nghiep".

V du:

- Cong nhan trong cong nghiep hoa chat: 40%;
- Cong nhan trong cong nghiep thc pham: 70%.

Tieu chuen nc thai san xuat

nh ngha: Tieu chuan nc thai san xuat la lng nc thai tnh trung bnh trong mot n v
san pham hoac trong mot co may hay mot ca lam viec. n v: m
3
/tan san pham, m
3
/co may.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Tieu chuan thai nc trong cac nganh cong nghiep rat khac nhau ngay ca trong mot nganh
nhng co day chuyen cong nghe san xuat khac nhau. Tieu chuan thai nc thai san xuat cua
mot so nganh cong nghiep nh sau:

- San xuat knh: 0,5 m
3
/tan san pham;
- San xuat gang: 25-50 m
3
/tan san pham;
- San xuat vai bong: 600 m
3
/tan san pham;
- San xuat t nuoi tam: 1200 m
3
/tan san pham.

Khi thiet ke cho nha may nao phai tham khao y kien cua cac chuyen gia cong nghe cua nha
may o hoac nganh cong nghiep o.

2.5 HE SO KHONG IEU HOA

Cung nh viec dung nc, viec thai nc trong cac gi khac nhau cua ngay rat that thng:
gi sang khac gi tra, gi lam viec khac gi ngh, hay viec thai nc gia cac ngay trong mot
thang, mua cung rat khac nhau. Tom lai, che o thai nc la mot che o khong ieu hoa.

2.5.1 He So Khong ieu Hoa Ngay

He so khong ieu hoa ngay la ty so gia ngay co lng nc thai nhieu nhat vi ngay co
lng nc thai trung bnh trong mot nam. Ky hieu la K
ng
.

ng
TB
ng
ng
Q
Q
2-6

K
max
=

K
ng
la he so phu thuoc vao thiet b ve sinh trong nha va ieu kien kh hau.

2.5.2 He So Khong ieu Hoa Gi

He so khong ieu hoa gi la ty so gia lu lng gi thai nc ln nhat vi lu lng gi thai
nc trung bnh trong ngay thai nc nhieu nhat cua nam. Ky hieu: K
h
.

h
TB
h
h
Q
Q

K
max
=

K
h
phu thuoc vao gi giac sinh hoat cua nhan dan vung o, phan anh mc o phat trien cong
nghiep cua nc o.

2.5.3 He So Khong ieu Hoa Chung

He so khong ieu hoa chung la tch so cua he so khong ieu hoa ngay va he so khong ieu
hoa gi. K
ch
= K
ng
. K
h
.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Theo thong ke, K
ch
phu thuoc vao lu lng trung bnh giay q
TB
s
.

Bang 2.2 Moi lien he gia q
TB
s
va K
ch

q
TB
s
(l/s) 5 15 30 50 100 200 300 500 800 1250
K
ch
3,00 2,50 2,00 1,80 1,60 1,40 1,35 1,25 1,20 1,15

Chu y

- Che o thai nc t cac nha cong cong nh trng hoc, benh vien, nha tam cong cong
thng lay K
ng
= 1. K
h
phu thuoc vao gi lam viec, trng hoc: K
h
= 1,8, benh vien: K
h
=
2,5.

- Nha may, x nghiep co che o thoat nc phu thuoc vao day chuyen cong nghe san xuat, do
o, neu san xuat on nh trong ca nam, K
ng
= 1. Neu khong on nh, lay K
ng
= 1,5 - 2,2.

- Khi xay dng mot thanh pho m i hoan toan th viec xac nh K
ch
cho thanh pho phai da
vao ket qua ieu tra t cac thanh pho a co san.

2.6 XAC NH LU LNG TNH TOAN

2.6.1 nh Ngha

Lu lng tnh toan (Q
tt
) la lu lng nc thai ma cac cong trnh cua he thong thoat nc
phai van chuyen va x ly trong thi han tnh toan.

T nh ngha ta thay, Q
tt
la lu lng ln nhat trong thi han tnh toan. Qtt c chia lam lu
lng trung bnh va lu lng ln nhat dung e tnh toan cho cac cong trnh khac nhau. V du:

- Khi thiet ke mang li thoat nc Q
max

- Khi thiet ke tram bm nc thai Q
max
va Q
min

- Khi thiet ke cac cong trnh lam sach c hoc Q
max

- Khi thiet ke cac cong trnh lam sach sinh hoc Q
tb

2.6.2 Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Nc Thai Sinh Hoat T Khu Dan C

Cach 1 Da tren N va q
0
(dan so tnh toan va tieu chuan thai nc)

(m
3
/ng)
1000
.
0
q N
=

q
ng
TB
2-7

24
ng
TB h
TB
q
q = (m
3
/h)

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


2-8

(l/s)

60 , 3
h
TB s
TB
q
q =
Sau khi co q
TB
s
tra Bang 2.2, ta co K
ch
, t o tnh c lu lng ln nhat:

Q
max
s
= q
TB
s
. K
ch
(l/s)

Cac cong thc tren c dung e tnh toan cac cong trnh cua mang li thoat nc phuc vu
cho mot thanh pho, v du: ng ong thoat nc, tram bm, tram x ly nc thai.

Khi xac nh lu lng cho tng oan ong phai da vao lu lng trung bnh c xa ra t
dien tch ma ong phuc vu.

Cach 2 Da vao lu lng thoat nc rieng, la lu lng trung bnh cua nc thai chay ra t
mot dien tch 1 ha trong thi gian 1 giay.

(l/s.ha)
86400

0
q n
q
r
=
Trong o, n la mat o dan so, q
0
la tieu chuan thai nc thai (l/ng.ng).

Lu lng thoat nc rieng ch tnh cho tng khu vc co cung mat o dan so va cung tieu
chuan thoat nc. Neu cung mat o dan c nhng tieu chuan thai nc khac nhau ta co the lay
trung bnh. T q
r
ta tnh c q
TB
s
:

q
TB
s
= q
r
. F
i

Trong o, F
i
la dien tch lu vc ma oan ong phuc vu. T gia tr q
TB
s
tnh c Q
mac
s
:

Q
max
s
= q
TB
s
. K
ch

* Hai cach xac nh lu lng tren co the sai so vi nhau. Neu sai so nho hn 15%, th chap
nhan c. Neu sai so ln hn 15%, phai tnh rieng lng nc thai t cac khu cong cong va
sau o xac nh lai q
r
. Sai so la do cach 1 ch tnh n thuan cho dan so con cach 2 tnh ca
dien tch cac khu cong cong.

(l/s.ha)
F
Q Q
q
ng
cc
ng
TB
r
)
=
86400
1000 (

Hoac co the tnh la

(l/s.ha)

86400
n q
q
r
=
n

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Trong o:

+ Q
n
tb
: lu ng nc thai trung bnh trong mot ngay cua khu vc (m
3
/ng)
+ Q
n
cc
: lu lng nc thai t cac nha cong cong thuoc khu vc (m
3
/ng)
+ F : dien tch khu vc thai nc (m
2
)
+ q
n
: phan tieu chuan con lai sau khi tr i phan thai nc cong cong (l/ng.ng)

q
n
= q
0
q
0cong cong.

(l/ng.ng)
1000
2-9

=
N
q
Q
cc
cc
oi vi thanh pho ma cac cong trnh cong cong c bo tr rai rac trong khap khu vc th tnh
toan theo lu lng thoat nc rieng se bao am o chnh xac.

* Neu q
cc
> 5% Q
TB
ng
hoac 2 cach tnh lu lng lech nhau th phai tnh lai.

2.6.3 Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Nc Thai Cua Cac Cong Trnh Cong Cong

Khi tnh toan mang li thoat nc th lu lng nc thai thoat ra t cac nha cong cong c
xem la lu lng tap trung. V tr cua cac nha cong cong a c bo tr tren mat bang. Quy mo
cua cac cong trnh cong cong co the san co theo so lieu cung cap hoac c tnh theo ty le nh
sau:

Bang 2.3 Quy mo va so lieu xac nh lu lng tnh toan nc thai t cac cong trnh cong
cong

Loai nha cong cong Qui mo % N q
cc
(l/ng.ng) K
h
Thi gian lam viec
- Trng hoc PT
- Benh vien
- Nha tam cong cong
- Xng giat la
23
0,8
20
20
20
300
150 l/ng.lan
150 l/ng.lan
1,8
2,5
1,0
1,0
8 12 h/ngay
24 h/ngay
12 h/ngay
16 h/ngay

Trong thc te qui mo va so lng nha cong cong phai do c quan co tham quyen cung cap. T
so lieu tren ta co the xac nh q
tt
nh sau:

(m
3
/ng)
1000
i
cc i ng
TB
q N
Q

=

(m
3
/h)
24
ng
TB h
TB
Q
Q =

Q
max
h
= Q
TB
h
x K
h
(m
3
/h)

(m
3
/s)
6 , 3
max
max
h
s
Q
Q =

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Trong o:

N
i
la qui mo cua cac nha cong cong (so ngi trong trng hoc, benh vien...)
q
i
cc
la tieu chuan thai nc cho mot ngay, khi tnh toan ta phai tnh bang q
s
max
.

2.6.4 Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Nc Thai T Cac X Nghiep Cong Nghiep

Xac nh lu lng nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nghiep

* Nc thai sinh hoat

(m
3
/ng)
1000
45 25 N N
Q
+
=
2 1 ng
TB

Trong o:

+ N
1
: tong so cong nhan cua tat ca cac ca lam viec trong phan xng nguoi
+ N
2
: tong so cong nhan cua tat ca cac ca lam viec trong phan xng nong

(m
3
/h)
T
K N K N
Q
h
+
=
45 25
h h
1000
2
4
1
3
max

+ N
3
, N
4
: so cong nhan lam viec ca ong nhat phan xng nguoi, nong.
+ K
1
h
, K
2
h
: he so khong ieu hoa phan xng nguoi, nong.
+ T : thi gian lam viec trong mot ca.

(l/s)
6 , 3
max
max
h
Q
s
q =

Gia tr q
s
max
dung e tnh toan mang li thoat nc va la lu lng tap trung khi:

+ Nc thai sinh hoat cua x nghiep c van chuyen rieng va nc thai san xuat rieng;
+ Lu lng nay ln hn lu lng thai ra t cac nha tam hng sen cua cong nhan nh trnh
bay di ay.

* Xac nh lu lng nc tam hng sen cua cong nhan

(m
3
/ng)
1000
60 40
6
N N
ng
=

5
Q
TB
+
Trong o, N
5
, N
6
la tong so cong nhan c tam lam viec trong cac phan xng nguoi, nong
tnh cho tat ca cac ca.

(l/s)
60 45
60 40
8
=
N N
s

7
max
+
q
2-10

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

N
7
, N
8
la so cong nhan c tam ong nhat trong cac ca phan xng nguoi, nong (45 la so
phut c tam cho moi ngi). Gia tr q
s
max
nay se c dung e tnh toan mang li thoat
nc va lu lng tap trung khi:

+ Nc thai sinh hoat cua x nghiep c thoat rieng so vi nc thai san xuat;
+ Ln hn q
s
max

tnh theo nc thai sinh hoat cua san xuat cong nghiep.

Ngoai ra, trong cac x nghiep cho biet so voi hng sen co the tnh lu lng theo cong thc
sau:

60
45 500
max

=
n
Q
h

(l/s)
3600
max
max
h
s
=

Q
q
Trong o, n la so voi hng sen; 500 la lu lng mot voi hng sen (l/h)

Xac nh lu lng nc thai san xuat cong nghiep

Da vao tieu chuan nc thai san xuat.

Q
TB
ng
= M.m (m
3
/ng).

+ M la so lng san pham san xuat trong mot ngay (tan/ngay, cai/ngay, chiec/ngay...)
+ m la tieu chuan thoat nc san xuat (m
3
/tan , m
3
/chiec...)

(l/s)
T
m M
q
s
=
6 , 3
1
max

+ M
1
la so lng san pham cua ca co nang suat cao nhat.
+ T la so gi lam viec cua mot ca.

Ngoai ra trong mot so trng hp cu the phai tnh theo co may va thi gian lam viec cua no.

2.7 S DAO ONG CUA LU LNG NC THAI

phan tren ta a xac nh c Q
TB
ng
, Q
tt
, tuy nhien e thiet ke c he thong thoat nc mot
cach hp ly can phai nghien cu s dao ong cua nc thai theo cac gi khac nhau trong ngay.

2.7.1 S Dao ong Cua Lu Lng Nc Thai Khu Dan C

Phu thuoc vao K
ch
va qui luat nh trnh bay trong Bang 2.4.

2-11

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-12

Bang 2.4 Bang phan bo lu lng nc thai theo gi

Tnh theo % Q
ng
phu thuoc he so khong ieu hoa K
ch
Gi trong ngay
1,90 1,80 1,70 1,60 1,40 1,35 1,25 1,20 1,15
00-01
01-02
02-03
03-04
04-05
05-06
06-07
07-08
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
1,20
1,20
1,20
1,20
1,20
3,10
4,80
7,40
7,95
7,95
7,95
6,30
3,60
3,60
3,80
5,60
6,20
6,20
6,20
5,25
3,40
2,20
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
3,30
5,00
7,20
7,50
7,50
7,50
6,40
3,70
3,70
4,00
5,70
6,30
6,30
6,30
5,25
3,40
2,20
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
1,25
3,50
5,20
7,00
7,10
7,10
7,10
6,50
3,80
3,80
4,20
5,80
6,40
6,40
6,40
5,35
3,40
2,20
1,25
1,25
1,55
1,55
1,55
1,55
1,55
4,35
5,95
5,80
6,70
6,70
6,70
4,80
3,95
5,55
6,05
6,05
5,60
5,60
4,30
4,35
4,35
2,35
1,55
1,55
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
1,65
4,20
5,80
5,80
5,85
5,85
5,85
5,05
4,20
5,80
5,80
5,80
5,80
5,75
5,20
4,75
4,10
2,85
1,65
1,65
1,85
1,85
1,85
1,85
1,85
4,80
5,00
5,00
5,65
5,65
5,65
5,25
5,00
5,25
5,25
5,25
5,25
4,85
4,85
1,85
4,85
3,45
1,85
1,85
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
5,05
5,50
5,50
5,20
5,20
5,20
5,10
5,00
5,10
5,20
5,20
5,20
5,15
5,10
5,10
5,10
3,80
2,00
2,00
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
4,90
4,90
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
4,80
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
5,00
4,50
2,40
2,25
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,70
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,70
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
4,80
3,00
2,60

2.7.2 S Dao ong Cua Lu Lng Nc Thai T Cac Cong Trnh Cong Cong

Lu lng nc thai t cac khu cong cong xa vao he thong thoat nc phu thuoc che o lam
viec va tnh chat phuc vu cua khu o (Bang 2.5).

Bang 2.5 Bang phan bo lu lng nc thai cua cac khu cong cong theo gi trong ngay

Gi trong
ngay
Benh vien
K = 2,5
Trng hoc
K = 1,5
Gi trong
ngay
Benh vien
K = 2,5
Trng hoc
K = 1,5
00-01
01-02
02-03
03-04
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20

12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
9,40
6,00
5,00
8,10
15,2
7,55
7,55
7,55

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-13

04-05
05-06
06-07
07-08
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
0,50
0,50
3,00
5,00
8,00
10,40
6,00
9,60

8,42
7,55
7,55
7,55
7,55
7,55
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
5,50
5,00
5,00
5,00
3,70
2,00
1,00
0,50
7,55
8,43

2.7.3 S Dao ong Lu Lng Nc Thai Cong Nghiep

S dao ong lu lng nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan

* Nc thai sinh hoat

S phan bo nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan theo tng gi trong ca phu thuoc vao qua trnh
san xuat va he so khong ieu hoa (Bang 2.6).

Bang 2.6 Bang phan bo lu lng nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan theo tng gi trong ca

So th t gi
trong ca
Phan xng nguoi
K = 3,5
Phan xng nong
K = 2,5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12,50
6,25
6,25
6,25
18,75
37,5
6,25
6,25
12,50
8,12
8,12
8,12
15,65
31,25
8,12
8,12

* Nc tam: Nc tam cua cong nhan ca trc o vao gi au cua ca sau.

S dao ong lu lng cua nc thai san xuat

Trong x nghiep, nha may che o nc thai phu thuoc vao tng nganh day chuyen san xuat,
khi cha co tai lieu cu the ta tam phan:

+ Ca I : lng nc thai chiem 40-50 % Q
ng
.

+ Ca II : lng nc thai chiem 30-35 % Q
ng
.
+ Ca III : lng nc thai chiem 20-30 % Q
ng
.

Tuy theo cach bo tr cong nhan trong moi ca ma ty le nay co the thay oi.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-14

Neu nha may lam viec 2 ca, tam phan nh sau:

+ Ca I : lng nc thai chiem 50-65 % Q
ng
.
+ Ca II : lng nc thai chiem 35-50 % Q
ng
.

Lng nc thai san xuat trong moi gi cua ca xem nh bang nhau.

2.8 THONG KE LU LNG NC THAI TOAN THANH PHO VA VE O TH DAO
ONG CUA LU LNG NC THAI

Trong mot thanh pho co nhieu oi tng thai nc: dan c, cong trnh cong cong, cong nghiep.
Moi mot oi tng nay co mot che o thai nc rieng khac nhau. Q
max
cua dong chay chung
khong bang tong lu lng cua dong chay thanh phan (v q
max
cua khu dan c, cong cong, san
xuat khac nhau cac gi khac nhau).

Muon xac nh Q
h
max
chung ta phai dung bang thong ke lu lng. Da vao bang nay e ve o
th dao ong cua nc thai.

Bai tap 1

Tnh toan dan so nam 2005 biet so lieu thong ke qua cac nam nh sau:

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
135 000 137 230 142 460 144 690 146 000 150 450 151 880 154 600 157 450

Bai tap 2

Xac nh lu lng tnh toan va ve o th dao ong cua lu lng nc thai cho thanh pho co 2
khu vc:

F
1
= 200 ha; n
1
= 350 ngi/ha; q
0
1
= 120 l/ng.ng;
F
2
= 200 ha; n
2
= 300 ng/ha; q
0
2
= 100 l/ng.ng.

Cong nghiep: trong thanh pho co 1 nha may c kh san xuat theo 3 ca (1 ca lam viec 8 gi),
lu lng thai cua nha may la Q
CN
= 5000 m
3
/ng c phan ra nh sau:

Ca
I
= 50%, Ca
II
= 30%, Ca
III
= 20%

So cong nhan cua nha may la 2000 ngi cung c phan ra theo cac ca giong nh ty le nc
thai. moi ca, cong nhan lam viec trong phan xng nong la 20% va phan xng nguoi la
80%. So cong nhan c tam phan xng nong la 80% va phan xng nguoi la 30%. Nc
thai cua nha may cho phep o chung vao mang li thoat nc thai cua thanh pho.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Bai giai

1. Xac nh lu lng nc thai t khu dan c

- Tnh toan dan so:

N
1
= n
1
.F
1
.
1
= 350 x 200 x 0,85 = 59.500 ngi
N
2
= n
2
.F
2
.
2
= 300 x 200 x 0,90 = 54.000 ngi
N = N
1
+ N
2
= 59.500 + 54.000 = 113.500 ngi

- Xac nh lu lng nc thai

(m
3
/ng)
2-15

7140
59000
= = = Q
1000
120
1000
01 1 1
q N
ng
TB
(m
3
/ng)

5400
5400
= =
=
q N
Q
1000
100
1000
02 2 2

ng
TB
Q
TB
ng
= Q
TB
ng1
+ Q
TB
ng2
= 7140 + 5400 = 12540 (m
3
/ng)

(l/s), tra Bang 2.2 K
ch1
= 1,7

6 ,

82
7140
= = =
s
Q
q
6 , 3 24 6 , 3 24
1
1

ng
TB
TB

(l/s), tra Bang 2.2 K
ch2
= 1,8

5 ,

62
5400
= = =
s
Q
q
6 , 3 24 6 , 3 24
2
2

ng
TB
TB
q
TB
s
= q
TB
s1
+ q
TB
s2
= 82,6 + 62,5 = 145,1 (l/s), tra Bang 2.2 K
ch
= 1,5

q
max
s1
= q
TB
s1
x K
ch1
= 82,6 x 1,7 = 140,42 (l/s)

q
max
s2
= q
TB
s2
x K
ch2
= 62,5 x 1,8 = 112,5 (l/s)

q
max
s
= q
TB
s
x K
ch
= 145,1 x 1,5 = 217,65 (l/s)

Tong ket vao Bang 1.

Bang 1 Ket qua tnh toan lu lng nc thai sinh hoat t khu dan c

Khu
vc
F
(ha)
n (ng./ha) N (ngi) q
0

(l/.ng.ng)
Q
TB
ng

(m
3
/ng)
Q
TB
s

(l/s)
K
ch
Q
max
s

(l/s)
I 200 350 59.500 120 7140 82,6 1,7 140,42
II 200 300 54.000 100 5400 62,5 1,8 112,50
Cong 113.500 12.540 145,1 1,5 217,65

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-16

Da tren ket qua tnh Q
s
tb
, xac nh he so khong ieu hoa K
c
= 1.5 va noi suy bien thien lu
lng nc thai sinh hoat khu dan c theo he so khong ieu hoa. Ket qua c trnh bay trong
Bang 2.

Bang 2 Bien thien % lu lng theo he so khong ieu hoa chung

K
ch
K
ch
Gi
1,60 1,40 1,50
Gi
1,60 1,40 1,50
00 01 1,55 1,65 1,60 12 13 3,95 4,20 4,08
01 02 1,55 1,65 1,60 13 14 5,55 5,80 5,68
02 03 1,55 1,65 1,60 14 15 6,05 5,80 5,93
03 04 1,55 1,65 1,60 15 16 6,05 5,80 5,93
04 05 1,55 1,65 1,60 16 17 5,60 5,80 5,70
05 06 4,35 4,20 4,28 17 18 5,60 5,75 5,68
06 07 5,95 5,80 5,88 18 19 4,30 5,20 4,75
07 08 5,80 5,80 5,80 19 20 4,35 4,72 4,54
08 09 6,70 5,85 6,28 20 21 4,35 4,10 4,23
09 10 6,70 5,85 6,28 21 22 2,35 2,85 2,60
10 11 6,70 5,85 6,28 22 23 1,55 1,65 1,60
11 12 4,80 5,05 4,93 23 - 24 1,55 1,65 1,60

2. Xac nh lu lng tnh toan nc thai t cac khu cong cong

* Benh vien

- So ging benh: 113.500 x 0,008 = 908 ging

- Lu lng nc thai benh vien: 908 x 300 = 272.400 l/ng = 272,4 m
3
/ng

* Trng hoc

- So hoc sinh: 113.500 x 0,23 = 26.105 hoc sinh

- Lu lng nc thai t trng hoc: 26.105 x 20 = 522.100 l/ng = 522,1 m
3
/ng

3. Xac nh lu lng tnh toan nc thai cong nhan

* Nc thai sinh hoat va nc tam cua cong nhan

- So cong nhan cua cac ca:

+ Ca I : 2000 x 0,5 = 1000 cong nhan;
+ Ca II : 2000 x 0,3 = 600 cong nhan;

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-17

+ Ca III : 2000 x 0,2 = 400 cong nhan.

- Thong ke lu lng nc thai va nc tam cua cong nhan

Bang 3 Thong ke lu lng nc thai va nc tam cua cong nhan

Cong nhan Nc thai SH Nc tam hng sen Ca Phan
xng
% So
lng
q
0
l/ng.ng
Q
TB
m
3
/ca
% So CN
c tam
q
0

l/ng.lan
Q
TB
ng

m
3
/ng
Nong 20 200 45 9,0 80 160 60 9,6
Nguoi 80 800 25 20,0 30 240 40 9,6
I
Tong cong 100 1000 29,0 19,2

Nong 20 120 45 5,4 80 96 60 5,76
Nguoi 80 480 25 12,0 30 144 40 5,76
II
Tong cong 100 600 17,4 11,52

Nong 20 80 45 3,6 80 64 60 3,84
Nguoi 80 320 25 8,0 30 96 40 3,84
III
Tong cong 100 400 11,6 7,68
Cong chung 58,0 38,4

Bien thien lu lng nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan c trnh bay trong Bang 4.

Bang 4 Bien thien lu lng nc thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan

% lu lng Lu lng (m
3
) Ca Gi trong ca
PX. Nguoi PX. Nong PX. Nguoi PX. Nong Tong NTSH
22-23 12,50 12,50 1,00 0,45 1,45
23-24 6,25 8,12 0,50 0,29 0,79
00-01 6,25 8,12 0,50 0,29 0,79
01-02 6,25 8,12 0,50 0,29 0,79
02-03 18,75 15,65 1,50 0,56 2,06
03-04 37,50 31,25 3,00 1,13 4,13
04-05 6,25 8,12 0,50 0,29 0,79
III
05-06 6,25 8,12 0,50 0,29 0,79
Cong 8 3,6 11,6
06-07 12,50 12,50 2,50 1,13 3,63
07-08 6,25 8,12 1,25 0,73 1,98
08-09 6,25 8,12 1,25 0,73 1,98
09-10 6,25 8,12 1,25 0,73 1,98
I
10-11 18,75 15,65 3,75 1,41 5,16

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-18

11-12 37,50 31,25 7,50 2,81 10,31
12-13 6,25 8,12 1,25 0,73 1,98
13-14 6,25 8,12 1,25 0,73 1,98
Cong 20 9 29
14-15 12,5 12,5 1,50 0,68 2,18
15-16 6,25 8,12 0,75 0,44 1,19
16-17 6,25 8,12 0,75 0,44 1,19
17-18 6,25 8,12 0,75 0,44 1,19
18-19 18,75 15,65 2,25 0,85 3,10
19-20 37,50 31,25 4,50 1,69 6,19
20-21 6,25 8,12 0,75 0,44 1,19
II
21-22 6,25 8,12 0,75 0,44 1,19
Cong 12 5,4 17,4

* Nc thai san xuat

- Lu lng nc thai cua cac ca:

+ Ca I : 5000 x 0,5 = 2500 m
3
/ca
+ Ca II : 5000 x 0,3 = 1500 m
3
/ca
+ Ca III : 5000 x 0,2 = 1000 m
3
/ca

Bang 5 Thong ke lu lng nc thai san xuat

Lu lng nc thai Ten nha may Ca
% Q
TB
ng
Q
ca
(m
3
/ca) Q
h
(m
3
/h) q
max
s
(l/s)
I 50 2500 312,5 86,81
II 30 1500 187,5 52,08
Nha may c
kh
III 20 1000 125,00 34,72

4. Tong hp lu lng nc thai cua toan thanh pho

Bang 6 Tong hp lu lng toan thanh pho

Gi Khu dan c Benh vien Trng hoc Nha may c kh Tong hp
% m
3
% m
3
% m
3
SH

Tam SX m
3
%
00 01 1,60 200,64 0,2 0,54 0,79 125,0 326,97 1,77
01 02 1,60 200,64 0,2 0,54 0,79 125,0 326,97 1,77
02 03 1,60 200,64 0,2 0,54 2,06 125,0 328,24 1,78
03 04 1,60 200,64 0,2 0,54 4,13 125,0 330,31 1,79
04 05 1,60 200,64 0,5 1,36 0,79 125,0 327,79 1,78

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

2-19

05 06 4,28 536,71 0,5 1,36 0,79 125,0 663,86 3,60
06 07 5,88 737,35 3,0 8,17 8,42 43,96 3,63 7,68 312,5 1113,29 6,04
07 08 5,80 727,32 5,0 13,62 7,55 39,42 1,98 312,5 1094,84 5,94
08 09 6,28 787,51 8,0 21,79 7,55 39,42 1,98 312,5 1163,02 6,31
09 10 6,28 787,51 10,4 28,33 7,55 39,42 1,98 312,5 1166,74 6,33
10 11 6,28 787,51 6,0 16,34 7,55 39,42 5,16 312,5 1160,93 6,29
11 12 4,93 618,22 9,6 26,15 7,55 39,42 10,31 312,5 1006,60 5,46
12 13 4,08 511,63 9,4 25,61 15,2 79,36 1,98 312,5 931,08 5,05
13 14 5,68 712,27 6,0 16,34 7,55 39,42 1,98 312,5 1082,51 5,87
14 15 5,93 743,62 5,0 13,62 7,55 39,42 2,18 19,2 187,5 1005,54 5,45
15 16 5,93 743,62 8,1 22,06 7,55 39,42 1,19 187,5 993,77 5,39
16 17 5,70 714,78 5,5 14,98 7,55 39,42 1,19 187,5 957,87 5,20
17 18 5,68 712,27 5,0 13,62 8,43 44,01 1,19 187,5 958,59 5,20
18 19 4,75 595,65 5,0 13,62 3,10 187,5 799,87 4,34
19 20 4,54 569,32 5,0 13,62 6,19 187,5 776,63 4,21
20 21 4,23 530,44 3,7 10,08 1,19 187,5 729,21 3,95
21 22 2,60 326,04 2,0 5,45 1,19 187,5 520,18 2,82
22 23 1,60 200,64 1,0 2,72 1,45 11,52 125,0 341,33 1,85
23 - 24 1,60 200,64 0,5 1,36 0,79 125,0 327,79 1,78
24 12540 272,4 522,1 58,00 38,40 5000 18433,93

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-1

CHNG 3

THIET KE MANG LI THOAT NC THAI SINH HOAT
VA NC THAI SAN XUAT

3.1 CAC GIAI OAN THIET KE

Nhiem vu thiet ke:

+ Cai tao va m rong mang li cu: kho khan hn;
+ Thiet ke cho mot thanh pho mi hoan toan: de hn ca;
+ Thiet ke mang li thoat nc cuc bo cho mot x nghiep hay khu nha nao o: phai phu hp
vi he thong thoat nc chung.

Thiet ke mang li thoat nc thng chia lam 3 giai oan:

* Giai oan 1: Thiet ke s bo

Thiet ke en mc o co the tnh khai toan cong trnh (gia thanh xay dng c ban, quan ly, van
chuyen 1 m
3
nc ra khoi thanh pho). Tai lieu s dung la mat bang quy hoach a c duyet
va cac tai lieu khac lien quan en a chat thuy van, cao trnh, kh hau

The hien ket qua thiet ke bang ban ve thiet ke va thuyet minh.

Ban ve thiet ke

- Mat bang mang li thoat nc cua thanh pho (ty le 1:5000 1:10000, neu la khu cong
nghiep th ty le 1:2000 1:5000)

- Tren ban ve mat bang thoat nc phai the hien ro:

+ a hnh bang ng ong mc 1 m - 0,5 m;
+ Song ngoi, at ai, nui non xung quanh thanh pho;
+ Cac tieu khu, khu cong vien, nha cong cong, ng xa, cau cong;
+ Mang li thoat nc phai the hien noi bat tren ban ve bang cac net am va to;
+ V tr cua tram bm nc thai va tram x ly nc thai;
+ Ngoai ra con co the phai trnh bay trnh t thi cong.

- Mat cat doc tuyen cong tnh toan AB

Ty le ngang lay ung bang ty le cua mat bang. Ty le ng lay gap 100 lan ty le ngang.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-2

Tren ban ve nay phai the hien ro:

+ Lu lng, ng knh, o doc, toc o, o ay, cao trnh mat at, cao trnh ay ong, o
sau at ong;
+ The hien cong trnh ng ong ngam cheo nhau hoac cat nhau.

Chu y: Bao gi cung ve ng nc chay t tay trai sang tay phai cua ngi the hien.

Thuyet minh

Trong thuyet minh can trnh bay nhng noi dung sau:

I. S lc ve nhiem vu thiet ke

- Tnh hnh chung cua vung;
- Tnh hnh chung cua thanh pho;
- Tnh a chat cong trnh va a chat thuy van cua thanh pho.

II. Phan tnh toan

1. Xac nh lu lng nc thai cua thanh pho
2. Vach tuyen mang li thoat nc
3. Xac nh lu lng tnh toan cua tng oan ong
4. Tnh toan thuy lc cho tuyen ong tnh toan
5. Tnh toan tram bm thoat nc
6. Tnh toan kinh te
7. Tnh toan mang li thoat nc ma

III. Ket luan

Sau khi so sanh cac phng an thiet ke s bo vi nhau, chon c phng an toi u ve kinh te
va ky thuat, ta chuyen sang thiet ket giai oan 2.

* Giai oan 2: Thiet ke ky thuat

La thiet ke tng cong trnh n v cu the the hien bang ban ve chi tiet (oc ban ve co the thi
cong c).

* Giai oan 3: Thiet ke thi cong

Neu 2 giai oan tren do mot phong hay not vien nao o thiet ke th thiet ke thi cong se do
phong thiet ke thi cong am nhan.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Da vao ban ve s bo va ban ve ky thuat cung vi cac dung cu e ra bien phap thi cong.

3.2 LU VC T NHIEN CUA DONG CHAY LU VC THOAT NC

3.2.1 Lu Vc T Nhien Cua Dong Chay

Lu vc la mot vung at va c gii han bi cac ng phan thuy va nghieng ve mot pha
goi la lu vc t nhien cua mot dong chay.

ng phan thuy la ng noi tat ca cac iem cao nhat vi nhau. ng phan thuy chia cac
lu vc vi nhau. V qua trnh thoat nc eu t chay nen ta phai nghien cu ng phan
thuy.

3.2.2 Lu Vc Thoat Nc

Mot vung at cua thanh pho c gii han b i cac ng phan thuy ma doc ve mot pha c
goi la lu vc thoat nc.

So lu vc thoat nc phu thuoc vao ieu kien a hnh, xac nh da vao ng ong mc
tren ban o.
3-3

C
C
C C
I
II
III

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


C ng ong thoat nc ng pho
C ng ong thoat nc chnh cua lu vc
C Ong chuyen
C Tram bm khu vc
C Tram bm chnh
ng phan thuy
C Bien gii cua thanh pho
ng ong cao ap

Cac lu vc thoat nc.
I II III

3.3 VACH TUYEN MANG LI THOAT NC

La mot cong tac rat quan trong khi thiet ke, chu yeu bang trc giac nhn nhan tren ban o a
hnh. Gia thanh xay dng mang li chiem 60-70% gia thanh xay dng ca he thong nen phai
au t thch hp thi gian vao vach tuyen, ch tnh toan khi a thong nhat phng an vach
tuyen.

* Vach tuyen mang li thoat nc can triet e tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau:

+ Phu hp vi viec chon he thong thoat nc (rieng, chung,);
+ Triet e li dung a hnh en mc cao nhat, tot nhat la t chay;
+ Phu hp vi ieu kien a phng;
+ Phu hp vi s phat trien trong tng lai cua thanh pho;
+ Chu y en cac v tr co lng nc thai tap trung ln: khu cong cong, nha may,

* Vach tuyen mang li thoat nc can theo trnh t sau:

+ Chia dien tch thoat nc thanh cac lu vc: bang trc giac can c vao ban o a hnh.
Neu gap a hnh bang phang th chia dien tch sao cho viec tap trung nc c nhanh
chong nhat.

+ Xac nh v tr tram x ly: at cach xa thanh pho t 300 500 m, pha cuoi thanh pho
tnh theo hng gio va chieu cua dong chay. Neu trng hp khong the phu hp theo
hng gio th van at bnh thng nhng phai tang khoang cach va trong cay khoang
cach o e ngan khong cho kh o nhiem vao thanh pho.

+ Vach tuyen cong gop chnh

Vach tuyen la xac nh v tr va hng dong chay. Ong gop chnh co nhiem vu thu toan
bo nc thai lu vc dan thang en tram x ly hoac qua tram bm thoat nc. Thng
ong gop chnh nam doc theo trien song.
3-4

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Neu thanh pho bang phang, ong gop chnh nam gia thanh pho e thu nc c nhanh.

+ Vach tuyen ong thoat nc lu vc

Ong thoat nc lu vc thoat toan bo lu vc ma no phu trach va cho chay vao ng
ong gop chnh. Cong gop lu vc nay thng nam trong ng tu thuy cua lu vc.

+ Vach tuyen ong thoat nc ng pho

Thu nc t cac tieu khu va o ra cong gop lu vc, thng bat au t ng t ng
phan thuy. V ong nay co ng knh nho nhng tong chieu dai ln nen chi ph cao. Do
o can vach tuyen hp ly e giam chi ph xay dng. Vach tuyen ong thoat nc ng
pho phu thuoc vao kch thc tieu khu, a hnh, kieu quy hoach cua thanh pho.

* Cac phng an vach tuyen

+ Vach tuyen theo kieu s o phan khoi: mang li thoat nc cua thanh pho phai at
tat ca cac pha cua tieu khu.

Vach tuyen kieu nay se dan en tong chieu dai ng ong thoat nc ng pho ln
nhng mang li thoat nc tieu khu nho.

+ Trong nhng khu vc xay dng theo quy hoach, khoang cac gia cac khu nha c xac
nh nen viec vach tuyen khong can bao tat ca cac pha cua tieu khu ma ch can 1 pha
hay 2 pha. S o vach tuyen dang nay c goi la vach tuyen kieu ha dan, thng ap
dung cho nhng khu co o doc a hnh ln i
0
0,005.

Vi dang vach tuyen nay, tong chieu dai ng ong thoat nc ng pho ngan (so vi
so o phan khoi) nhng mang li thoat nc tieu khu dai hn.

3-5

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


+ e rut ngan chieu dai ng ong thoat, thanh pho thng xay dng ng ong gop chnh
gia tieu khu. S o vach tuyen dang nay c goi la s o xuyen tam. S o nay t
c s dung trong thc te v mang li thoat nc at ngam nhng cung con nhieu
cong trnh khac at ngam.

Hien nay, trong cac thanh pho hien ai, dien tch tieu khu rat ln (5 20 ha), tao thanh 1
vung nho hau nh he thong thoat nc ng pho phai at xung quanh S o phan
khoi hay dung nhat.

* Chu y: Khi vach tuyen mang li phai tranh nhng iem sau:

+ Khong nen vach tuyen mang li thoat nc giao nhau vi cac dong nc mat, vi
cac ng giao thong va cac cong trnh ngam khac;

+ Khong nen vach tuyen mang li thoat nc di long ng co mat o giao thong
ln.

3-6

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3.4 BO TR NG ONG HOAT NC TRONG MAT CAT NGANG NG PHO

Trong cac thanh pho hien ai, long ng pho co rat nhieu ng ong va cong trnh: cap ien,
kh ot, cap nc, nhng trong o ng ong thoat nc co ac iem la ng knh ln va
oi hoi o doc, neu v ong se gay o nhiem bo tr trong long ng gap nhieu kho khan hn
ca nen khi bo tr can nghien cu ky cac cong trnh cong cong tranh lam anh hng en cac
cong trnh ngam, noi khac.

Trong thiet ke quy nh khoang cac t ng ong thoat nc en cac cong trnh khac nham
muc ch sau:

+ Thuan tien trong xay dng va quan ly;
+ Khong lam xoi l nen mong nhng cong trnh xung quanh;
+ Khong gay o nhiem khi b v.

Cac quy nh cu the khi thiet ke:

C Khoang cac mep mong nha va thanh ngoai cua ong thoat nc

+ Neu ong co ap : l 5 m
+ Neu ong khong ap : l 3 m

l

C Khoang cach gia ong thoat nc va cap nc

+ Khi at song song vi nhau va cung o cao (cot):

Neu ong cap nc co ng knh 200 th l 1,5 m
Neu ong cap nc co ng knh > 200 th l > 3 m
3-7

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-8

C T
l

+ Khi ong thoat nc at cao hn ong cap nc

h > 0,5 m: neu nen khong tham nc l 4 m
h > 0,5 m: ne nen tham nc l 5 m

T
l
h

C Khoang cach gia mep hao thi cong va truc ng sat

+ Neu ng sat la ng xe la l 4 m
+ Neu ng sat la ng tau ien l 1,5 m.

l

C ng ong cap nc va thoat nc cheo nhau

Nen tao ieu kien e ng ong cap nc i cao hn: h 0,5 m
Neu h 0 m th ng ong cap nc phai c boc bang ong thep co chieu dai ong l:

+ Neu at khong tham l = 10 m
+ Neu at tham l = 20 m

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

C
3-9

h
T

V tr ng ong thoat nc thng at gia long ng pho nhng neu mat o giao thong ln
th phai at vao pha trong va he.

3.5 TRANG THAI VA CHE O CUA DONG CHAY TRONG MLTN

Can c vao chc nang cua mang li thoat nc la van chuyen nc thai ra khoi pham vi nao
o nhng phai ap ng c yeu cau:

+ Van chuyen nc thai khong c lang ong can trong ng ong;
+ Kinh te nhat.

ay la hai yeu cau ve ky thuat va kinh te nghien cu trang thai va che o cua dong chay la
rat can thiet.

3.5.1 ac iem Cua Nc Thai

La mot loai chat long di dang a phan tan va c bao hoa bi cac chat keo tu va huyen
phu rat khac nhau. Khoi lng, ham lng can va cac chat ban trong nc thai luon luon thay
oi theo cac gi trong ngay va theo mua trong nam.

3.5.2 Trang Thai Cua Dong Nc Trong Mang Li Thoat Nc

a. Chay tang

La mot dong chay ma khong co s xao tron gia cac lp vi nhau.

b. Chay roi

Cac phan t chat long chay vo trat t va hon loan, gia cac lp dong chay co s xao tron vao
nhau. Do s khac nhau ve van toc gia cac dong chay ma tao thanh dong xoay. Xoay t di
long ong xoay len co tac dung van chuyen can i theo long ong ve pha cuoi chong lang can.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3.5.3 Che o Dong Chay Trong Mang Li Thoat Nc

a. Chay eu

Khi toc o trung bnh tai cac mat cat ngang cua dong chay khong thay oi chay eu.

V
2
V
2
Q
2
Q
1

Q
1
= Q
2

V
1
= V
2

b. Chay khong eu

Dong chay khong eu la dong chay co toc o trung bnh tai cac mat cat khong bang nhau.

Trong mang li thoat nc do lu lng luon luon thay oi, chat long lai la chat a phan tan,
b lang can, ieu kien thi cong khong chnh xac nen che o dong chay trong mang li thoat
nc la che o chay roi, khong eu, khong on nh.

3.6 KHA NANG VAN CHUYEN CUA DONG NC

Qua nghien cu cac nha bac hoc cho thay rang nhng dong xoay co trong dong nc co tac
dung xao tron hat can trong nc va co tnh chat quyet nh en ket cau dong chay. Trong
dong chay co van toc khong e cho can lang th cac hat ran phan bo trong nc nh sau:

1. Cac hat nho co ng knh trung bnh d = 0,03-0,05 mm se c phan bo eu khap chieu
cao cua dong chay.

2. Hat co ng knh trung bnh d = 0,05-0,2 mm th lang.
3. Hat co ng knh d > 0,2 mm va cac can vo c se lan theo ng ong. Trong o, lng
hat cat chiem 70-90% (do o trong he thong x ly nc thai can co be lang cat).

Theo kha nang van chuyen, mang li thoat nc co the c chia lam 3 loai:

+ Co kha nang van chuyen tot, tc la khong b lang can;
+ Co u kha nang van chuyen (cat troi theo ay ong);
+ Khong co u kha nang van chuyen: loai nay can phai ra thng xuyen, ton kem ve chi ph
quan ly.
3-10

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-11

Qua nhieu cong trnh nghien cu, ngi ta rut ra rang, kha nang van chuyen cua dong chay
phu thuoc vao:

+ o ln thuy lc cua cac hat l lng;
+ Van toc cua dong chay (ay la thong so quye t nh viec van chuyen cac chat l lng trong
dong chay);
+ Ban knh thuy lc;
+ o doc at ong;
+ o nham cua long ong.

Ham lng chat l lng sinh ra khoang 60 g/ngi,ng, do o neu tieu chuan thai nc q
0
tang
th ham lng chat l lng trong nc thai giam van chuyen de hn.

3.7 NHNG C S TNH TOAN MLTN TRONG IEU KIEN CHAY EU

Che o dong chay nc thai la chay roi, khong eu nhng trong thiet ke tnh toan vi dong
chay eu v:

- Trong mot oan ong, lu lng nc thai tnh toan xem nh khong thay oi va c o
vao au cua oan ong ay. Do quan niem nh vay nen gay sai so.

Khac phuc ieu nay bang cach tnh toan ong cang ngan cang tot. Co gang thi cong cang
chnh xac e i = const. Thng xuyen nao vet e tao dong chay eu.

- Neu tnh toan MLTN theo che o chay khong eu th khoi lng tnh toan rat nhieu va
khong can thiet.

Do o ch dung 2 cong thc tnh dong chay eu e tnh toan:

+ Cong thc lu lng khong oi: Q = .v

+ Cong thc van toc : v = C (Ri)
1/2

Trong o:

Q : lu lng (m
3
/s)
: dien tch tiet dien t (m
2
)
v : van toc trung bnh cua dong chay (m/s)
R : ban knh thuy lc
P : chu vi t
i : o doc thuy lc (ay ong)

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

C : he so Sezi tnh en o nham tren be mat trong cua cong, hnh dang tiet dien cong va
thanh phan tnh chat cua nc thai

R = -------
P

He so Sezi co the tnh theo cong thc sau:

1
C = ----- R
y
n

Trong o:

n : he so o nham = 0,012 0,015 phu thuo c vao vat lieu lam ong va kenh
y : ch so mu, phu thuoc vao o nham, hnh dang va kch thc cua cong

y = 2,5 n
1/2
0,13 0,75 (n
1/2
0,1)

Neu R < 1 y = 1,5 n
1/2

Khi d 4000 mm th n = 0,013 y = 1/6

Thay gia tr y = 1/6 va cong thc tnh C vao cong thc tnh van toc, ta co cong thc
Manning:

1 1
v = C (Ri)
1/2
= ----R
1/6
. R
1/2
. I
1/2
= -----. R
2/3
. i
1/2
n n

Thc te trong chuyen ong, dong nc thai a mat i mot t nang lng e thang sc can cua
thanh ong, o nht cua chat long, van chuyen can l lng i khong ch phu thuoc vao C (i =
f(v, R, C). He so sc can ma sat theo chieu dai co ke en o nht va co nhieu u ien hn C
(i = f(v, R, )).

o doc thuy lc xac nh theo cong thc Dacxi:

v
2
v
2
v
2
i = --- .---- = -----.------ = ------.------
d 2g 4R 2g 8R g

Trong o:
3-12

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


i : o doc thuy lc
R : ban knh thuy lc (m)
v : van toc trung bnh cua dong chay (m/s)
g : gia toc ri t do (m/s
2
)
: he so sc can ma sat doc ng hay con goi la he so Daxci.

He so ma sat co the xac nh theo cong thc:

1
e
a
2
------ = - 2 lg ----------- +- -------

1/2
13,68R Re

e
: o nham tng ng (cm)
a
2
: he so tnh en ac tnh cua o nham thanh cong va thanh phan chat l lng cua nc
thai
Re : he so Reynol ac trng cho che o dong chay

v.d
Re = ------

Bang 3.1 Gia tr he so nham

He so
Vat lieu ong va kenh
o nham, n
o nham tng
ng,
e
(cm)
ac tnh o nham
cua vat lieu, a
2
Ong
- Sanh
- Fibro ximang
- Betong, betong cot thep
- Gang
- Thep

0,013
0,012
0,014
0,013
0,012

0,135
0,060
0,200
0,100
0,080

90
73
100
83
79

Kenh
- Gach
- a co trat va xi mang

0,015
0,017

0,315
0,635

110
150

* S lien he gia C va

3-13

- T cong thc Sezi :

Ri
v
C =
R C
v
2
2
= i
g
v
d
i
2
2
=

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

- Cong thc Dacxi :

- T hai cong thc tren ta co:

Hay
3-14

Nh o ta co the biet mot he so kh biet he so kia, nhng cong thc nay ch ung vi v 1,5
m/s.

3.8 HNH DANG MAT CAT NGANG CUA ONG VA KENH. AC TNH THUY LC
CUA CHUNG

3.8.1 Hnh Dang Mat Cat Ngang Cua Ong Va Kenh

a so trng hp ng ong trong mang li thoat nc la ng e van chuyen nc thai va
luon luon b mot tai trong tac ong: tai trong tnh, ong va cac tac ong bao mon,

Do o hnh dang mat cat ngang cua ong phai thoa man mot so yeu cau sau:

- Ve c hoc : chu c tac dung c hoc tot;
- Ve thuy lc : ban knh thuy lc ln;
- Ve san xuat : de san xuat;
- Ve thi cong : thuan li;
- Ve van chuyen : de dang va an toan;
- Ve quan ly : de dang nao vet, sa cha va thay the.

Nhom tron

a b c d

a. Ong tron: dung pho bien trong MLTN chiem 90%

u iem la ton t vat lieu, chu lc kha, de san xuat, thuan tien trong thi cong, quan ly, van
chuyen, ban knh thuy lc tng oi at yeu cau (tuy khong ln lam).
g
C
8
8
=
2
C
g
=
R
h
h R
R/2
2R
2R

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


b. Ong na tron: dung khi ong thoat nc i nong, nap co the la mot tam an betong.

c. Ong na elip: c dung khi co lu lng ln va can thiet e giam chieu day cua thanh
ong (v chu lc tot) ban knh thuy lc ln.

d. Ong dang (d ) ch s dung khi lu lng thay oi.

Nhom cao

a b c d

a. Ong hnh trng
b. Ong hnh xoan
c. Ong hai na tron co thanh ong ng
d. Ong hnh trng ngc

Ong nhom cao thng dung khi lu lng ln, khong on nh va co chieu sau at cong ln.

Nhom bet

a b c d

a. Ong ay long mo
b. Ong nam goc
c. Mang ch nhat
d. Mang hnh thang
3-15

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Nhom ong bet dung khi lu lng ln va on nh.

3.8.2 ac Tnh Thuy Lc Cua Ong

Ch xet ong co tiet dien tron.

ac tnh thuy lc cua ong co tiet dien tron la kha nang thoat nc ln nhat cua no ng vi o
doc va tiet dien t trong mot n v thi gian a cho. n v (m
3
/s).
*** Phan biet gia lu lng va ac tnh thuy lc:

- Cung n v (m
3
/s)
- Lu lng phan anh ieu kien khach quan Q = f( N, q
0
)
- ac tnh thuy lc phan anh ieu kien chu quan Q = f(d,i)

Ta co Q = .v = .C.(Ri)
1/2
, oi vi mot oan ong a biet, Q = f(R)

Khao sat gia tr R e kha nang thoat nc cua oan ong la ln nhat

h
d

Bang 3.2 Bien thien R trong ong tron khi o ay thay oi

h/d 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
R/d 0,0634 0,1709 0,2500 0,2963 0,3042 0,2981 0,2500

3-16

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
R/d
h
/
d

3.9 NG KNH NHO NHAT. O AY. TOC O. O DOC. CAC OAN ONG
KHONG TNH TOAN CUA MLTN

3.9.1 ng Knh Nho Nhat

Theo tieu chuan xay dng, ng knh nho nhat cua MLTN c quy nh nh sau:

- MLTN ng pho : d
min
= 200 mm
- MLTN tieu khu : d
min
= 150 mm

oi vi nhng vung dan c nho Q
ng
< 500 m
3
/ng th cho phep dung ong co d = 150 mm.

Ly do: thc te quan ly MLTN cho thay rang so lan tac cua ng ong co d = 150 mm nhieu
gap 2 lan cua ng ong co d = 200 mm. Khi o, von au t e xay dng ng ong co d =
200 mm > von au t xay dng ng ong co d = 150 khong ang ke.

3.9.2 o ay

Trong ng ong thoat nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai san xuat khi thiet ke khong cho nc
chay ay trong ong v:

- e phong co lu lng vt qua lu lng tnh toan;
- Trong qua trnh van chuyen chat ban trong nc thai b phan huy do o tao thanh kh
H
2
S, CH
4
, CO
2
, NH
3
, Do o can co mat thoang, nh ap suat kh quyen ay kh nay ra
khoi ng ong e tranh no va an mon ng ong.
- Trong nc thai co vat noi, can mat thoang e van chuyen i.

o ay ky hieu la h/d (oi vi ong tron). Trong o, h la chieu sau lp nc chay trong ong
va d la ng knh ong.
3-17

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Ng
TS: Tran Th My Dieu

h/H oi vi mang, ranh. Trong o, h la chieu sau lp nc trong mang, H la o sau xay
dng mang.

Theo tieu chuan xay dng II-32-74, o ay tnh toan c quy nh nh trnh bay trong Bang
3.3.

Bang 3.3 Quy nh ve o ay tnh toan

d h/d d h/d
150 - 300
350 - 450
0,6
0,7
500 900
> 900
0,75
0,80

oi vi ong thoat nc tam giat d < 500 mm cho phep thiet ke chay ay;
ng ong thoat nc ma hoac nc quy c sach cho phep thiet ke chay ay hoan toan.

3.9.3 Toc o

Toc o cua dong nc thai trong o ng chnh la toc o trung bnh (Q/). Trong thc te moi iem
tren mat cat t co van toc khac nhau. Yeu cau toc o dong chay trong MLTN:

- Khong e xay ra hien tng lang can, v
min
: la van toc t lam sach. v
min
= f(R, u
0
) la ham so
cua ban knh thuy lc va o ln thuy lc cua chat l lng trong nc thai.

- Khong pha v long ong: v trong ong co cat soi, khi van toc ln gay bao mon ng ong.
v
max
: la van toc max cho phep.

Theo nghien cu thc nghiem cho thay

v
min
= 1,57 R
1/n

Cong thc nay c thiet lap trong ieu kien o ln cua hat can dao ong t 0,9 1 mm. Van
toc v
min
la van toc t ra sach tnh bang m/s; R la ban knh thuy lc tnh bang m; n la ch so
mc o (n = 3,5 + 0,5R).

Theo nghien cu cua 9Kobieb:

v
min
= 12,5 u
0
.R
0,2

Trong o, u
0
la o ln thuy lc cua hat cat va u
0
= 0,1 m/s. Thay vao ta co v
min
= 1,25 R
0,2

Cong thc nay ch ung cho mot c hat nhat nh.

Mapkynac a a ra cong thc tong quat hn:
uyen Trung Viet
3-18

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-19

v
min
= K.u
0
.R
1/n

Neu Ku
0
= 1,57, u
0
= 0,0944 K = 16,63

v
min
= 16,63 u
0
R
1/n

u
0
la o ln thuy lc cua tat ca cac c hat tuy thch.

Quy nh van toc tnh toan trong MLTN la toc o ng vi lu lng tnh toan ln hn v
min
va
nho hn v
max
.

Bang 3.4 Quy nh toc o tnh toan

d v (m/s) d v (m/s)
150 - 250 0,7 900 1200 1,15
300 - 400 0,8 1300 1500 1,30
450 - 500 0,9 > 1500 1,50
600 - 800 1,0

Lu y: v = f(R) ma R = f(h/d) v = f (h/d). Van toc co trong Bang 3.4 ch co gia tr khi tuan
theo o ay tnh toan va odoc tieu chuan.

Van toc ln nhat cho phep:

- oi vi ong phi kim loai : v
max
4 m/s
- oi vi ong kim loai : v
max
8 m/s
3.9.4 o Doc

Trong MLTN, nc t chay c la do co o doc.

Xet cong thc v = C.(Ri)
1/2
:

- Neu R tang v tang Kha nang thoat nc tang (ch xay ra khi h/d = 0,6 - 0,8)
- Neu i tang v tang.

Vi mot c ong nhat nh th v a c quy nh muon tang v na th ch co cach tang i.
Neu i tang th v tang nhng ng ong thoat nc lai sm b at sau va ngc lai th v < v
min

gay lang can. T 2 trng hp tren dan en quy nh ve o doc. Trong xay dng, o doc quy
nh theo Bang 3.5.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Bang 3.5 o doc quy nh

d i
150 0,008
200 0,005
1250 0,0005

Ngoai thc a ch thi cong vi i
in
= 0,0005. Tuy nhien, theo cac nha nghien cu Nga th:

1
i
min
=------
d

3.9.5 Nhng oan Ong Khong Tnh Toan

Xuat phat t ng knh nho nhat ma co nhng oan ong co Q nho ma van phai dung ng
ong co d
min
. Chu y rang au nhng ng ong nay co xay dng nhng gieng ra v khong
tnh toan nen khong biet v la bao nhieu e ra sach.

3.10 O SAU AT ONG THOAT NC. IEM KHONG CHE O SAU AT ONG AU
TIEN. CACH NOI ONG

3.10.1 o Sau at Ong Thoat Nc

o sau at ong thoat nc c quy nh e co the thu c nc thai t nhng nguon khac
nhau:

- o sau tnh toan thuy lc: chnh la o sau t cot mat at en cot cua long ong.
- o sau thi cong: la o sau tnh toan thuy lc + be day cua thanh ong.

o

s
a
u

t
h
i

c
o
n
g

o

s
a
u

t
n
h

t
o
a
n

t
h
u
y

l
c

3-20

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

T o co hai nhom yeu cau khac nhau:

- Yeu cau at u sau e bao ve ng ong khoi b tac dung c hoc lam v:

+ e thu c nc thai t cac nhanh xa chay ti;
+ x lanh, at u sau e tranh b ong bang.

- Yeu cau at cang nong cang tot: e giam chi ph xay dng.

nhng a hnh phc tap, hai yeu cau tren cang mau thuan. T hai yeu cau nay, ngi ta
quy nh o sau at ong e phu hp ieu kien a hnh a phng va trung hoa 2 yeu cau
tren. Trong o, chu y en o sau at ong au tien.

3.10.2 iem Khong Che

iem khong che la iem thoat nc bat li nhat trong toan lu vc thoat nc, thong thng
la iem xa nhat, thap nhat so vi tram x ly.

Neu nc thai t iem khong che co the t chay en tram bm hoac tram x ly nc thai th
tat ca cac iem khac co the t chay. Tm iem khong che do trc giac hoac tnh toan s bo.

Ta thng dung phng phap sau e so sanh tm ra iem khong che:

A B C
D

C
A
- C
D
C
B
- C
D
C
C
- C
D

-----------------
so sanh vi ----------- so sanh vi -----------
L
AD
L
BD
L
CD

Trong o C
a
, C
B
, C
C
, C
D
la cao trnh cua cac iem A, B, C, D.

3.10.3 o Sau at Ong au Tien

o sau at ong au tien can phai xac nh khi tien hanh thiet ke MLTN thng tai cac iem
khong che.

3-21

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


L
l
i
1
i
2
Z
0
Z
c
h
d
d
H

H = h
d
+ L.i
1
+ l.i
2
+ d + Z
c
Z
0

H : o sau at ong au tien cua ng ong thoat nc ng pho;
h
d
: o sau at ong ban au cua MLTN san nha va tieu khu;
L, i
1 :
chieu dai va o doc at ong cua MLTN tieu khu;
l, i
2
: chieu dai va o doc at ong cua oan ong chuyen tiep t tieu khu ra ng pho;
d : o chenh ve cot cua 2 long ong;
Z
c
: cot mat at tai iem au tien cua MLTN ben ngoai;
Z
0
: cot mat at tai iem ban au cua MLTN trong nha va tieu khu.

Quy nh: o sau H khong c qua ln se anh hng en toan bo ong pha sau cho nen ta
phai co bien phap e giam H nay:

+ Xay dng tram bm cuc bo;
+ Thay the vat lieu lam ong: Thay the vat lieu t trc iem co o cao H (tc la thay the t
tieu khu). Phng phap nay ch ap dung khi H hi sau con khi H ln th phai dung bm;
+ h
d
c quy nh nh sau:

Ong phi kim loai, h
d
= 0,7 m e tac ong c hoc khong pha v ong
Ong kim loai h
d
= 0,4 m.

3.10.4 Cach Noi Ong

Cach noi ong quyet nh oi vi viec a dong chay cua nc thai ve chay eu. Co hai cach:
3-22

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


- Khi noi ong co cung ng knh: d
1
= d
2
, h
1
>h
2
, khi nay can phai o them nc thai vao ong
2" e co cung o ay va chay eu. Do o phai noi theo mc nc, cot 2 mc nc phai bang
nhau.

3-23

- Khi d
2
> d
1
, h
2
h
1
cung noi theo mc nc.
h
1
h
2
h
2
h
1
d
1
d
2

- Khi d
2
> d
1
, h
2
< h
1
co the noi theo 3 cach:

+ Noi theo vom ong;
+ Noi theo mc nc;
+ Noi theo long ong.

Noi theo vom ong se co li ve thuy lc nhng co hai ve o sau at ong. Cach noi nay thng
ap dung cho MLTN chung va co a hnh thuan li.

h
1
h
2
d
1
d
2

Noi theo long ong lam giam toc o, gay lang ph ong, ch co li ve o doc at ong.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-24

h
2
h
1
d
2
d
1

Tom lai, thng ap dung 2 kieu noi ong:

- Noi theo mc nc la cach noi thong dung nhat;
- Noi theo vom ong la cach noi ap dung cho MLTN ma va MLTN chung vi a hnh thuan
tien co o doc ln;
- Noi theo long ong rat t gap, ch dung khi can phai tiet kiem o sau at ong.

3.11 XAC NH LU LNG TNH TOAN CHO TNG OAN ONG

Sau khi a vach tuyen MLTN xong, xac nh c iem khong che, tiep theo la xac nh lu
lng tnh toan cho tuyen ong khong che.

Tuyen ong khong che la tuyen ong noi t iem khong che en tram x ly nc thai hoac tram
bm chnh.

Lu lng tnh toan cua oan ong c coi nh chay vao au cua oan ong ay va gom 4 thanh
phan:

a
c
d
b
C
a
c
d
b
C
a
c
d
b
C
a
c
d
b
C
1
2
3
q
vc
12
C Lu lng doc ng

- Cong thc chung:

q
d
n
= F
i
.q
ri

- V du:

q
d
12
= F
1b
.q
r1
+ F
2d
.q
r2

C Lu lng nhanh ben

- Cong thc chung: q
nb
n
= F
i
.q
rI

- V du: q
nb
12
= F
1a
.q
r1
+ F
2a
.q
r2

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


C Lu lng van chuyen

- Cong thc chung: q
vc
n
= q
d
n-1
+ q
nb
n-1
+ q
vc
n-1

- V du: q
vc
23
= q
d
12
+ q
nb
12
+ q
vc
12

C Lu lng tap trung

Lu lng tap trung la lu lng t cac khu cong cong va cac x nghiep.

Mot cach tong quat, lu lng tnh toan c xac nh nh sau:

q
tt
n
= (q
d
n
+ q
nb
n
+ q
vc
n
)

. K
ch
+ q
ttr

Chu y lu lng doc ng thc te khong phai chay vao au cua ng ong ma no c thu
doc suot chieu dai cua oan ong. Nh vay, quy c lu ng doc ng chay vao au ng
ong se gay sai so trong qua trnh tnh toan. Khi ty so gia q
d
/q
tt
ln th o chnh xac cua ket
cua tnh toan se thap. ieu nay co the khac phuc bang cach chia oan tnh toan ngan lai.

Cung co the ap dung phng phap chieu dai, da vao lu lng tnh cho 1 m dai cua ng
ong q (l/s-m):

q
3-25

1
=
=
n
i
i dai
s
TB
l q

3.12 TNH TOAN THUY LC MLTN

3.12.1 Nhiem Vu

- Biet q
tt
tm ng knh, h/d, v, i trong khoang hp ly;
- Biet d, h/d, i tm q, v.

e tien cho viec tnh toan, ngi ta lap bang co ay u 5 thong so tren trong ieu kien cho
phep.

3.12.2 Mot So Lu Y

- Chon o doc at ng ong nen lay tng ng vi i
0
. Trong trng hp a hnh qua doc,
i
0
0,005, khi nay nen vach tuyen theo kieu ch chi. Trong trng hp a hnh bang phang,
i 0,003, nen lay i = i
min
= 1/d.

- Khi trong bang so khong co gia tr ta ang dung en th phai dung phep noi suy.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

V du Biet q
tt
= 19,5 l/s, hay xac nh d, h/d, v, i.

Tra bang khong co gia tr q = 19,5 l/s ma co: q
1
= 18,6 l/s, q
2
= 21,3 l/s, d = 250
h
1
/d = 0,5, v
1
= 0,74 m/s, i
1
= 0,004, h
2
/d

= 0,55, v
2
= 0,77, i
2
= 0,004.

3-26

52 , 0
1 2
1 2
1 1
=
+ =
d
h
d
h
q q
q q
d
h h
tt
d

( ) 75 , 0
1 2
1 2
1
1
=
+ = v v
q q
q q
v v
tt
Nh vay, khi q
tt
= 19,5 l/s, d = 250, i = 0,004, h/d = 0,52, v = 0,75 m/s.

V du Biet q
tt
= 200 l/s, d = 500, h/d = 0,75, tm i va v.

Tra bang khong co q
tt
= 200 l/s ma ch co:

q
1
= 184,81 l/s, i
1
= 0,003, v
1
= 1,17 m/s, d = 500, h/d = 0,75
q
2
= 213, 15 l/s, i
2
= 0,004, v
2
= 1,35 m/s, d = 500, h/d = 0,75

Vay:

( ) 0035 , 0
1 2
1 2
1
1
=
+ = i i
q q
q q
i

i
tt

( ) s m v v
q q
q q
v v
tt
/ 27 , 1
1 2
1 2
1
1
=
+ =
- Khi tnh toan thuy lc can nh en quy tac noi ong: h
2
> h
1
, noi ong theo mc nc; h
2
< h
1

noi theo long ong khi can tiet kiem o sau at ong, neu khong th noi theo vom ong.

- Song song vi viec tnh toan MLTN nen ve mat cat doc tuyen ong e dung hnh ve kiem tra
tnh toan va cong tac vach tuyen.

3.13 TNH TOAN TON THAT CUC BO TREN MLTN

Ton that theo chieu dai ong: h = I. l. Trong o, I la ton that oi vi 1 m chieu dai ong.

Ngoai ton that theo chieu dai, trong MLTN con co ton that cuc bo nhng v tr oi hng,
noi ong nhanh, thay oi o doc, Khi lu lng hoac tiet dien b thay oi se lam cho van toc
dong chay thay oi, dong chay trong ong khong chay eu. Neu van toc qua nho se gay lang
can trong ng ong. Ton that cuc bo c tnh toan theo cong thc sau:

g
v

h
cb
2
2
=

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Trong o, v la van toc dong chay (m/s), la he so ton that cuc bo phu thuoc vao so Re va h/d.
Tong ton that: H = h + h
cb
.

Bang 3.6 Bang gia tr he so ton that cuc bo

Chi tiet phu tung Chi tiet phu tung
Cut cuon eu 30
0
0,07 Van 1 chieu 5,00
Cut cuon eu 45
0
0,18 Vao kenh vi mieng phang 0,10
Cut cuon eu 75
0
0,63 Vao ong vi mep phang 0,50
Cut cuon eu 90
0
0,98 Chay ra khoi ong 1,00
Khoa m hoan toan 0,05 T re dong:
Khoa m 7/8 0,07 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,1 0,50
Khoa m 6/8 0,26 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,2 1,00
Khoa m 5/8 0,81 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,3 1,60
Khoa m 4/8 2,06 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,4 2,00
Khoa m 3/8 5,52 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,5 3,10
Khoa m 2/8 17,00 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,6 4,30
Khoa m 1/8 97,80 + q
r
/q
ch
= 0,7 5,50

3.14 TNH TOAN NG ONG AP LC

Trong MLTN, chu yeu la t chay nhng cung co mot so ng ong lam viec co ap nh cong
luon.

Nhiem vu tnh toan:

- Biet q
tt,
xac nh d, v, h:

v
Q
4
= Da vao Q = .v, d

- Q la lu lng tnh bang m
3
/s;
- v la van toc dong chay lay trong khoang kinh te, v = 1,0 - 2,5 m/s.

Sau khi tnh c d, ta phai kiem tra lai v ng vi Q
min
. Neu v > v
min
th at yeu cau (v
min
=
0,7 m/s).

H = h
l
+ h
cb

3-27

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


3-28

R C
v
l h
l
.
2
l
g
v
d
h
l I h
l
= =
2
2
2
=
Khi v 1,5 m/s:

g
v
h
cb
2
2
=
la he so ton that cuc bo cua cac chi tiet va phu tung khi v 1,5 m/s - 2,5 m/s. Gia tr lay
theo Bang 3.6. Trong tnh toan, ngi ta lay h
cb
= 10-15% h
l
, do o:

H = (1,1 - 1,15) h
l
.

Nhng nghien cu ve chuyen ong cua nc thai

H.. egopob a nghien cu ve chuyen ong cua nc thai t chay, co ap vi ng knh ong
d = 68 300 mm ac biet chu y en nong o, thanh phan, nhiet o cua nc thai cho thay:

- oi vi dong t chay:

+ Khi nc thai chuyen ong trong ong th no trang thai chay roi trong ca ba vung: vung
trn, vung nham va vung chuyen tiep.

+ Khi nc thai chuyen ong co nong o ban 500 mg/L va ham lng chat hu c >50%
th ton that ap lc trong vung nham co nho hn so vi nc sach

V DU TNH TOAN MLTN

Thiet ke MLTN cho khu dan c biet cac d lieu sau:

- Mat bang quy hoach nh hnh ve;
- Mat o dan so 220 ngi/ha;
- Tieu chuan thai nc q
0
= 273 l/ng.ng;
- Cac cong trnh cong cong:

+ 3 trng hoc, moi trng co q
tt
= 1,17 l/s;
+ 1 nha tam cong cong q
tt
= 2,5 l/s;
+ 1 xng giat la q
tt
= 7,5 l/s;

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-29

- Cac x nghiep cong nghiep q
tt
= 55 l/s, nc thai san xuat cua XNCN cho phep chay vao MLTN cua
thanh pho.

I TNH TOAN THET KE

1. Vach Tuyen Mang Li

- nh v tram x ly nc thai cuoi thanh pho;
- Phng an 1: vach tuyen theo s o ha thap;
- Phng an 2: vach tuyen theo s o phan khoi.

2. Chuan B Tnh Toan

- Chia dien tch cac tieu khu thanh cac dien tch thoat nc ra ng ong thoat nc ng
pho va o dien tch cua cac phan o (Bang 3.7).
Bang 3.7 Dien tch phan thoat nc

Ky hieu F (ha) Ky hieu F (ha) Ky hieu F (ha) Ky hieu F (ha)
1a 4,0 3a 4,0 5a 4,0 7a 4,0
1b 4,0 3b 4,0 5b 4,0 7b 3,5
C
a
b
c
d
C
a
b
c
d
C
a
b
c
d
C
a
b
c
d
XNCN
C
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
C a
b
c
d
TXLNT
TH
TH
TH
16
15
14 13
12
11
17
19 20
28 29
27 26
25 24 23 22 21 18
97
96 95 94 93

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

1c 4,0 3c 4,0 5c 4,0 7c 3,0
1d 4,0 3d 4,0 5d 4,0 7d 3,0

2a 4,0 4a 4,0 6a 4,0 8a 2,5
2b 4,0 4b 4,0 6b 4,0 8b 3,0
2c 4,0 4c 4,0 6c 4,0 8c 1,5
2d 4,0 4d 4,0 6d 4, 8d 2,5

- anh so cac iem tnh toan va cac nut;
- Xac nh lu lng rieng cho tng khu:

ha s l
q n
q
r
. / 695 , 0
86400
273 220
86400
0
=
=

3. Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Cho Tng oan Ong

Lu lng tnh toan cho tng oan ong c trnh bay trong Bang 3.8.
Bang 3.8 Lu lng tnh toan cho tng oan ong

Th t cac phan
dien tch
Dien tch (ha) Lu lng trung bnh khu dan c (l/s) Lu lng ln nhat (l/s)
Cong nghiep
- khu CC
oan
ong
Doc
ng
Nhanh ben Doc
ng
Nhanh
ben
q
r

l/s.ha
Doc
ng
Nhanh
ben
Van chuyen Cong
K
ch
Khu
DC
Tai
cho
Van
chuyen
Tnh
toan
16-15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 55,0
15-14

5d 5a, 1a 4,0 8,0 0,695 2,78 5,56 0 8,34 2,67 22,3 0 55,00 77,3
14-13 6d 5c, 5b, 1d,
1c, 1b, 6a,
2a

4,0 28,0 0,695 2,78 19,46 = 0 + 2,78 +
5,56 = 8,34
30,58 2,0 61,2 2,34 55,00 118,
5
13-12 7d 6c, 6b, 2b,
2c, 2d, 7a,
3a

4,0 28,0 0,695 2,78 19,46 = 0 +2,78 +
5,56 + 2,78 +
19,46 = 30,58
52,82 1,79 94,5 10,00 57,34 161,
8
12-11 8d 7c, 7b, 3c,
3b, 3d, 4a,
8a
4,0 25,0 0,695 2,78 17,38 =0 +2,78 +
5,56 + 2,78 +
19,46 + 2,78 +
17,38 = 50,74

70,9 1,72 121,9 1,17 67,34 190,
4
11-10 0 8c, 8b, 4d,
4c, 4b
0 16,5 0,695 0 14,47 = 0 +2,78 +
5,56 + 2,78 +
19,46 + 2,78
17,38 + 0 +
14,47 = 65,21

79,68 1,68 133,9 0 68,51 202,
4
3-30

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

3-31

4 Tnh Toan Thuy Lc Cho Tuyen Cong Chnh

Lay gia tr lu lng xac nh c, tra bang, xac nh c v, h
d
, i, d, h/d.

Bang 3.9 Tnh toan thuy lc tuyen cong chnh

o ay Cao o tnh toan o sau at
ong (m)
Mat at Mat nc Long ong au Cuoi
oan
ong
Lu
lng
tnh toan
(l/s)
Chie
u dai
(m)
o
doc
i
Ton
that
ap lc
h (m)
ng
knh d
(mm) h/d h
d

(m)
Toc
o
(m/s)
au Cuoi au Cuoi au Cuoi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16-15 55,0 280
15-14 77,3 400
14-13 118,5 400
13-12 161,8 410
12-11 190,4 410
11-10 202,4 200

- Da vao lu lng tnh toan cua Bang 3.8, ta chon I, h/d, v trong khoang hp ly va dung bang
tnh toan thuy lc cho MLTN e tm c ng knh ong dan.

- 2
*
: chieu sau at ong sau x nghiep cong nghiep th lay khong che la 2 m, neu sau hn phai t
bm len. Neu khong co x nghiep cong nghiep th lay theo o sau at ong au tien c tnh theo
cao trnh.

Chu y

- Van toc doc theo tuyen cong phai ln dan, co nh vay kha nang van chuyen mi tot c;
- Cach kiem tra:

* Cot mat nc au - cot mat nc cuoi = cot long ong au - cot long ong cuoi = i.l = h
* Cot mat nc au - cot long ong au = cot mat nc cuoi -cot long ong cuoi = h
d
* Khi noi gia 2 ong phai chu y h
d
cua oan ong trc va h
d
cua oan ong sau e co bien
phap noi ong hp ly. Neu co nhng nhanh thoat nc qua xa so vi iem tnh toan th ta
phai kiem tra e tranh hien tng ong thoat nc chnh khong thu c nc thai cua cac
ong thoat nc phu.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

4-1

CHNG 4

VAT LIEU VA NG ONG DUNG CHO MANG LI THOAT NC

4.1 YEU CAU OI VI VAT LIEU ONG

Bao gi ong thoat nc cung nam trong long at e lam viec vi mot thi gian dai, do o vat
lieu lam ong phai thoa man yeu cau e ong co the phuc vu c lau, tin tng trong quan ly,
tiet kiem va n gian trong xay dng:

1. Vat lieu lam ong phai chac: co u kha nang chong lai tac dung c hoc (tnh, ong);
2. Ben: chong lai c s bao mon;
3. Khong b an mon hoa hoc va ien hoa hoc;
4. Chong tham;
5. Be mat ben trong phai trn e giam sc can do ma sat thanh ong;
6. Co kha nang cong nghiep hoa trong qua trnh san xuat.

Vat lieu lam ong c chon da tren nhng ieu kien sau:

a. Tnh chat cua nc thai: khi pH = 5 - 6 (tnh axit) ch nen dung ong sanh s, fibro ximang,
tot nhat la dung ong sanh.

Khi pH < 5 phai dung vat lieu chu c axit.

b. Tnh chat cua nc ngam: nc ngam hoa tan voi t do hay silicat trong betong. Nc ngam
neu co CO
2
se tac dung vi CaO tao thanh chat khong hoa tan. Nc ngam co the co axit t
do.

c. o sau at ong: neu at ong sau phai dung vat lieu co o ben cao con at nong ch can
dung vat lieu bnh thng.

d. Chon xi mang: Ximang Porlant chong tham yeu; Puzolan ket hp vi cac phu gia (thuy tinh
SiO
2
di dang nc long va vi nong o thch hp) th chong tham rat tot.

4.2 CAC LOAI ONG DUNG TRONG MANG LI THOAT NC

4.2.1 Ong Sanh

c dung kha rong rai trong mang li thoat nc.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

4-2

U
E

u iem

- Co u o chac, o ben, khong b tham, chong an mon rat tot. San xuat ong sanh bang at
set pha thach anh.

- ng knh ong thng la: d = 500 600 mm; l = 0,5 - 1,2 m. San xuat di dang 1 au
tron 1 au loe (U,E).

Nhc iem

- Chieu dai cua ong ngan nen thi cong ton nhieu moi noi.

4.2.2 Ong Fibro Xi Mang

Thanh phan vat lieu: (20-25)% trong long la si amiang; (80-75)% la xi mang va silicat.

d = 50 600 mm; l = 3 - 4 m; 2 au e trn e noi ong long.

u iem

- Chu lc c hoc kha, trong lng nhe, be mat trn de ca cat trong thi cong va de van
chuyen.

Nhc iem

- De v, don, chong an mon hoa hoc

kem, oi vi nc thai co pH = 6,5 - 8 dung c.

4.2.3 Ong Betong Va Betong Cot Thep

Co 2 loai: co ap va khong ap.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

4-3

Chat lng phu thuoc vao thanh phan vat lieu va phng phap san xuat. San xuat ong thng
dung xi mang mac 400 tr len va mac betong ln hn 300 tr len. Lng xi mang trong 1m
3

betong phai ln hn 350 Kg.

Kch thc ln nhat cua a dam va soi nho hn hoac bang 1/5 en 1/4 be day cua thanh ong;
ong thng co d = 300 - 1500 mm; l = 1 5 m co the 2 au trn hoac can thiet co 1 au loe.

Neu ong t chay sau khi san xuat xong phai th ap lc (ap lc = 0,5 at) va th 15 phut. Neu
lng ro r nho hn lng qui nh th em dung.

Neu ong co ap, viec san xuat t xi mang mac 600 tr len, co cot thep doc la 6 va cot thep
xoan la 3 en 5 phai chu c ap lc bang 10 atm.

Ngay nay san xuat ong betong bang phng phap ly tam.

u iem chu lc c hoc tot, ben khong b tham va be mat trn.

Nhc iem chu an mon kem ch dung khi pH = 6 - 8.

4.2.4 Ong Gang

Dung e van chuyen nc t chay hoac co ap. Dong t chay khi qua long ng giao thong
va ong gang dung khi cap thoat nc trong nha, = 50 - 150 mm.

Neu can ng knh ln hn th phai dung ong gang cap nc: d = 100 - 1200 mm; l = 2 6
m; co cac loai ong UE; BE; BU.

u iem chu tac ong c hoc tot, thanh ong trn.

Nhc iem chong an mon kem ch dung khi pH = 6,5 - 9.

4.2.5 Ong Thep

Thng dung khi lam viec co ap, trong cac tram bm hoac oan Diuke.

+ Ong thep trn.
+ Ong thep co ng han.

Thng co d = 50 - 1400 mm; l = 0,5 -7 m.

u iem rat chac, ben, chu c ap lc cao, thanh ong trn, rat thuan tien trong thi cong.

Nhc iem chong an mon rat kem, gia thanh at.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Hien nay quan tam nhieu en ong chat deo.

u iem nhe, trn, chu an mon hoa hoc tot, thi cong dedang.

Nhc iem khong chu c nhiet o cao chu lc kem, dung lau b gion.

4.3 NOI ONG

Hien nay phng phap thi cong ng ong bang lap ghep nen tren mang li thoat nc phai
co moi noi. Moi noi anh hng ti chat lng chung cua mang li thoat nc.

Moi noi co yeu cau ve o deo (v at lun) da vao o ngi ta lam 2 loai moi noi.
4.3.1 Moi Noi Deo

B-B
Vong cao su
Va
3-5 mm

* ac iem
Tam cao su
U-U

- Cho phep xe dch theo 2 chieu:

+ Doc theo truc ong t 3-5 cm.
+ Theo chieu ngang: .

- ng dung ni nen at yeu, ni b rung.

* Nhc at tien.

4.3.2 Noi Moi Cng

ac iem: Khong cho phep xe dch theo 2 phng, n gian, re tien do o c ng dung
nhieu.

Va dung e bao ve moi noi thng la:

4-4

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

- Va amiang ximang: cng, chac, kht. Pha tron theo ty le sau: 30% si amiang, 70% la
ximang (tnh theo trong lng) ximang mac 300 tr len, tron kho, khi dung tron theo 10%
nc. o vong cho phep 1
0
.

- Va cat ximang: c dung e bao ve moi noi khi mc nc ngam cao hoac nc co tnh
axt. Moi noi cng, khong chu c rung ong. o vong cho phep 0,25 o. Neu va nam
di nc phai trat at set len tren.

4-5

U-E

Va
Si day tam
bitum

4.4 NG ONG MNG RANH THOAT NC

4.4.1 ng Ong

Trc kia thng xay ng ong bang gach do o thi cong phc tap. Hien nay, thi cong bang
lap ghep, chat lng cua ng ong phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nhng can ban: san xuat t
nha may va thi cong.

4.4.2 Ranh

Thng c xay bang gach hay betong co the lap ghep, neu can th co nap ay, dung chu
yeu trong thoat nc cong nghiep va noi bo cac tram x ly nc thai hoac nc ma.

Tiet dien: hnh thang, ch nhat.

4.4.3 Mng

Khi gap ieu kien a chat thuan li (at cng) ao mng thoat nc.

Co tiet dien: thang, ch nhat, dung nhieu e thoat nc ma va nc qui c sach. Khi ao
mng nen chu y en ieu kien a chat.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

CHNG 5

NHNG CONG TRNH TREN MANG LI THOAT NC

e lam tron chc nang van chuyen, tren ng ong thoat nc can phai xay dng cac cong
trnh: gieng ra, gieng tham, gieng chuyen bac, cong luon.

5.1 CAC LOAI GIENG

Gieng thng c xay dng ngay tren ng ong thoat nc. Ben trong gieng ng ong
c thay bang mang h. Tuy thuoc vao chc nang ngi ta chia gieng thanh cac loai sau:

5.1.1 Gieng Ra

Gieng ra c xay dng au nhng oan ong khong tnh toan (v khong tnh toan, Q nho,
de lang can).

5.1.2 Gieng Tham

Gieng tham c xay dng tren tat ca he thong thoat nc va cac v tr sau ay:

- Ni ong co nhanh noi vao;
- v tr co thay oi o doc;
- v tr co thay oi ng knh;
- v tr co thay oi hng cua dong chay.

Tuy thuoc vao v tr gieng tham, co the chia thanh cac loai sau:

a. Gieng tham thang

5-1

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Gieng tham thang c xay dng tren nhng oan ong thang co cung d, i. Khoang cach gia
cac gieng tham thang c lay nh sau:

d (mm) 150 200-450 500-600 700-900 1000-1400 150-2000 > 2000
Khoang cach l (m) 35 50 75 100 150 200 250-300

Khoang cach l cho phep dch chuyen trong 10%. Ong co d nho de tac.

Gieng tham thang

i
i
d
b. Gieng ngoat

Gieng ngoat c xay dng tai iem dong chay oi hng. Mang h ben trong gieng ngoat co
hnh cong phang eu vi ban knh cong bang 2- 3 lan ng knh ong; goc ngoat 90
0
.

Gieng ngoat

i
i
d
d
90
0
c. Gieng nut

Gieng nut c xay dng tren cac iem gap nhau cua ng ong thoat nc. Ben trong gieng
nut co mot mang h noi vi nhau bang mot ong dan ra va khong qua ba ng ong dan en.
5-2

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

5-3

Gieng nut

5.1.3 Gieng Kiem Tra

Gieng kiem tra c xay dng v tr noi ng ong thoat nc cua mang li thoat nc tieu
khu vi ben ngoai. Gieng kiem tra du ng e kiem tra che o lam viec trc khi chay vao mang
li thoat nc.

5.1.4 Gieng Thu Nc Ma

Gieng thu nc ma c xay dng tren ng pho va cac dien tch xung quanh ni co mang
li thoat nc ma.

5.1.5 Gieng Chuyen Bac

Gieng chuyen bac c xay dng tren ng ong ln hoac nho khi co o chenh nhau ln ve
cot long ong.

5.1.6 Gieng ac Biet

Gieng ac biet c xay dng tren nhng ng ong ln va kch thc cua gieng ln e phuc
vu viec ha thiet b tay ra ng ong.

5.2 CAU TAO VA XAY DNG GIENG

5.2.1 Cau Tao

o sau cua gieng phu thuoc o sau cua ng ong thoat nc, do o nen mong cua gieng co
the o bang betong hoac betong cot thep.

Mang h c o bang betong toan khoi, chieu dai cua nen mang gieng phu thuoc vao nen
at: thng lay ap lc tnh toan len nen gieng ln hn hoac bang 1 kg/cm
2
.

i
90
0
d
i
d
0

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

5-4

Ngan cong tac

Mat bang co dang hnh tron hay hnh ch nhat nhng phai u kch thc e tao ieu kien
thuan li cho viec lam viec trong gieng, chieu cao thng lay bang 1,8 m; chieu dai (hoac
ng knh) 0,7 m (lay trong khoang 1m); chieu rong lay bang d
max
+ 400 (mm) nhng cung
phai 0,7 m.

Phan chuyen (tran ngan) nam gia ngan cong tac va co gieng.

oi vi gieng tron tran ngan co dang hnh con lech hoac tam phang co 1 lo d = 0,7 m. Neu la
hnh vuong kch thc tng ng, tren tran ngan xay co gieng.

Co gieng

Co gieng co ng knh bang 0,7 m hoac tng ng. Gan mat at, xay tru gach hoac betong
e at nap gieng.
Nap gieng

Nap gieng co the bang gang hoac betong cot thep; co the hnh tron hoac vuong.

Bac thang sat len xuong.

5.2.2 Yeu Cau

- Co kha nang chong tham tot.
- Ket cau chac: chu y ong qua tng xi mang mac cao.
- Mat ngoai tng ni co mc nc ngam cao phai trat va chong tham va cao hn 1,5 m.
- Nap gieng phai kn.
- Mieng gieng cao hn mat at bnh thng 5 - 10 cm va co o doc ve pha xung quanh.
- Xung quanh gieng nen at set tang kha nang chong tham.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


5.2.3 Thiet Ke Va Xay Dng Gieng

Thiet ke: c thiet ke da vao thiet ke mau, c thong nhat hoa va chia lam hai loai:

- Gieng ln : ng knh d > 600 mm
- Gieng nho : ng knh d < 600 mm.

Chu y: ong thoat nc co khi noi vi nhau khong can xay gieng neu chieu dai oan ong <15 m
va van toc > 1,0 m.

- Neu thiet ke gieng khong tuan theo mau th phai thiet ke da vao quy nh sau:

* Chieu sau cua mang h phai bang ng knh ln nhat trong gieng.
* Kch thc cua gieng phai u cho ngi xuong gieng c.

Trc kia gieng xay bang gach do o kinh ph xay dng ton kem, ton thi gian thi cong, gia
thanh xay dng chiem 1/4 gia thanh xay dng toan mang li do vay cai tien xay dng bang
phng phap lap ghep. Thc te chng minh neu dung lap ghep tiet kiem 15% kinh ph va rut
ngan 1/2 thi gian thi cong.

5.3 GIENG CHUYEN BAC VA TNH TOAN

5.3.1 V Tr at Gieng

+ Khi ng ong thoat nc noi vi nhau co s chenh lech cot long ong ln hn 2 m;
+ Tang o sau at ong;
+ Khi ng ong thoat nc can tranh cac cong trnh ngam khac.
+ Ngoai ra con c xay dng mieng xa vi muc ch nhan chm dong chay vao nguon.
5-5

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


5.3.2 Phan Loai

Da vao chieu cao va hnh dang e phan loai gieng chuyen bac.

a Chieu cao

+ Gieng co chieu cao chuyen bac ln: o chenh cot hai ong la 6 m;
+ Gieng co chieu cao chuyen bac nho: nho hn 6 m (thng 2 3 m la pho bien).

b Theo hnh dang

+ Gieng chuyen bac kieu ap tran co va khong co ho tieu nang;
+ Gieng chuyen bac theo kieu ong ng khong co ho tieu nang;
+ Gieng chuyen bac theo kieu t do co tng tieu nang;
+ Gieng chuyen bac co nhieu bac/doc nam ngang.

d >600
ap tran va
ho tieu nang

Kieu ong ng
d <600

5-6

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


* Bon loai gieng au thng ng dung khi co chieu cao chuyen bac nho.
* Ba loai gieng di dung khi chieu cao chuyen bac ln.

Ngoai thc te th dung nhieu loai nho va thng xay dng di dang ong ng khi ng ong
thoat nc nho hn 600 mm va kieu ap tran khi ng knh ln hn 600 mm.

Gieng chuyen bac kieu ong ng. Thiet b chuyen bac la ong ng bang kim loai (hoac betong
cot thep) ng knh cua ong ng bang ng knh ong dan nc en.

Chieu cao qui nh:

+ Khi d ong dan en nho hn 200 mm th chieu cao nho hn hoac bang 4 m.
+ Khi d ong dan en nho hn hoac bang 400 mm th chieu cao nho hn hoac bang 3 m.
+ Khi d ong dan en nho hn hoac bang 600 mm th chieu cao nho hn hoac bang 2 m.

Khi thiet ke gieng chuyen bac kieu nay thng da vao thiet ke mau

Gieng kieu ap tran. Thiet b la ap tran va ho tieu nang, c tnh toan theo thuy lc khi noi
2 lu vc vi nhau.

5.3.3 Tnh Toan

Nhiem vu: Tnh toan gieng chuyen bac thng phai tnh

* Dap tat nang lng dong chay tren oan ong sau gieng e gi nguyen dong chay eu a m
bao oan ong tren gieng khong b dang nc. Cu the khi tnh toan gie ng chuyen bac phai xac
nh:
+ Chieu dai chung cua gieng (L);
+ Chieu dai cua ho tieu nang (l
1
);
+ Chieu sau cua ho tieu nang (p).

5-7

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

* Xac nh toa o cua mat ap tran hoac ng knh cua ong ng. Tnh toan co nhieu phng
phap; nguyen tac chung da vao tnh toan thuy lc.

V du

Tnh toan gieng chuyen bac co so lieu sau:

d
B
= 500 ; v
B
= 1,54 m/s ; i
B
= 0,006 ; h
B
/d
B
= 0,65; q
B
= 210 l/s.
d
H
= 700 ; v
H
= 0,91 m/s ; i
H
= 0,0015; h
H
/d
H
= 0,58.

Chieu cao chuyen bac H = 2,4 m.

H
o
h
B
H

T
o
T

P
B
l
1
l
1
q
3
; x
3
q
3
; x
3
q
1
; x
1
o
h
H
d
H
d
B

5.3.4 Diuke- Cau Can va oan Chuyen

Khi ng ong thoat nc gap chng ngai vat nh ao ho, song, Tuy theo ieu kien cu the
co the xay dng Diuke, cau can hoac oan chuyen.

DIUKE VA TNH TOAN

Xay dng khi gap:

- Song ln co tau be i lai;
- ng giao thong co cot mat ng nho hn cot long ong.

Vach tuyen Diuke:

- Hng Diuke vuong goc vi truc cua chng ngai vat;
- Chieu sau at Diuke phai nho nhat;
- V tr at Diuke phai co ieu kien a chat thuan li;
- Ngoai ra, viec at Diuke phai c s thoa thuan cua c quan giao thong ng thuy. V tr
at phai co c hieu, phao hieu, o sau at ong gia song 0,5 m;
5-8

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

- Neu at ong xa s co vao song phai c s ong y cua c quan ve sinh.

Cau tao

Ngan vao;
oan ong vt;
Ong xa s co;
Ngan ra khoi Diuke.

Ong vt c at bang ong thep (chong g tot) hoac ong gang. So ong vt tot nhat la 2 cai,
d 150 mm, v 1 m/s. Ong hai ben sn lam vi phng nam ngang mot goc 30
0
. oan
ong gia cung co o doc khong ln lam. o chenh mc nc gia ngan vao va ra phai xac
nh bang tnh toan.

Tnh toan Diuke

Nhiem vu

- Xac nh ng knh ong Diuke;
- Ton that ap lc qua Diuke.

ng knh ong Diuke tnh theo cong thc sau:

v
Q
n
4 1

d

Trong o:

N la so ong vt;
Q la lu lng nc thai can van chuyen qua song;
V la van toc nc thai trong ong Diuke.

Ton that ap lc

H = h
1
+ h
2
+ h
3
+ h
4
+ h
5
= h
i

- h
1
: ton that nc chay vao Diuke, h
1
=
1
. V
0
2
/2g,
1
= 0,5;
- h
2
: ton that cuc bo hai cho ngoat, h
2
=
2
. V
0
2
/2g, = 30
0
,
2
= 0,07;
- h
3
: ton that theo chieu dai Diuke, h
3
= li;
- h
4
: ton that cuc bo hai cho cong cuoi, h
4
= h
2
;
- h
5
: ton that ap lc khi ra khoi Diuke, h
5
=
5
. (V
0
- V
n
)
2
/2g.
- V
0
: van toc nc chay trong ong Diuke;
- V
n
: van toc nc t chay trong ong sau khi ra khoi Diuke.
5-9

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


0,5 m

h
1
h
2
h
2
h
3
h
4
h
4
h
5

CAU CAN

Khi ng ong thoat n`c gap chng ngai vat nh mng, lach, trien at thap ta phai xay
cau can. Cau can n gian hn Diuke va co ie u kien ket hp vi giao thong hn. Cau can
c xay dng bang betong cot thep. oan ong tren cau can tnh toan theo che o t chay.
Neu cau can dai, ngi ta van xay dng cac gieng tham.

5-10

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

5-11

OAN CHUYEN

at di ng giao thong di dang:

- Diuke: cot long ong cao hn mat ng;
- T chay: cot long ong thap hn mat ng.
oan chuyen yeu cau bao ve tranh s pha v do cng o giao thong at trong ong long
bang betong hay betong cot thep.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-1

CHNG 6

XAY DNG MANG LI THOAT NC

6.1 CAM TUYEN NG ONG THOAT NC TREN CONG TRNG

Sau khi thiet ke ngi ta tien hanh xay dng. Cong tac xay dng co tam quan trong at biet
nham a y o tren ban ve thanh cong trnh thc, quyet nh gia thanh cong trnh (xay dng
va quan ly), tuoi tho cong trnh, bi vay yeu cau ngi can bo ve cong tac thi cong phai sang
tao, linh hoat tren thc te cong trnh.

6.1.1 CAM TUYEN NG ONG

Cam tuyen ng ong thc s la cong tac xac nh cac v tr cac gieng da vao ban o. Doc
theo tuyen ong c 1000 m phai at cac moc e kiem tra va o ac; moc phai at v tr cao
e t o co the nhn ra hai pha cua tuyen ong. Neu tuyen ong oi hng th moc at v tr
ngoat.

Doc theo ng ong c 100 150 m phai at 1 moc tam thi: co the lam bang thep nh hnh
gan vao tang nha; cot ien; bai at trong co the lam bang go. Tat ca moc tren phai lay rat
chuan so vi moc cua nha nc. Sau khi thi cong xong th bo cac moc nay i.

Dung cu can thiet khi cam tuyen:

- Thc day;
- Day doi;
- Thc ch T: can 3 cai: 2 cai co nh 1 cai di ong;
- Khung gia go;
- Bua, cac but ve, sn.

Cach cam tuyen: da vao cac iem at biet tren ban ve: gieng tham, gieng ngoat, cach anh
dau bang coc co ghi ten gieng, cot ay gieng, cot mat at. Trong khi cam tuyen neu can thay
oi hng tuyen th phai c s thoa thuan cua c quan thiet ke.

6.1.2 AO HAO VA LAM NEN

ao hao

Sau khi cam tuyen xong can c vao o sau at ong va ieu kien nen mong ta phai xac nh
mep hao va mep cac ho xay gieng. Cac mep nay nen dung voi bot e nh hng. Be rong

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-2

ay hao xac nh phu thuoc vao ng knh ngoai cua ong va bo tr u rong e at ong va
xam ong.

a Khi ao khong can gia co thanh hao

Khi at ng ong bai rong, vn cay ta ao co taluy chieu rong cua ay hao co the xac
nh nh sau:

- Neu chieu sau hao 2 m th chieu rong

B = d
ngoai
+ 0,6 0,7 m khi d 500.
B = d
ngoai
+ 1 m khi d > 500.

- Neu chieu sau c tang 1 m th b tang 0,1 0,2 m.

b Khi can phai gia co thanh hao

Trong ieu kien khong the ao hao co taluy c do chieu rong cua ay hao phai tang them
0,1 m, bo tr 2 tang van coc e gia co thanh hao. Neu gap cat chay phai gia co ky bang cach
ong coc th B tang 0,2 m cho 1 tang coc. Trong trng hp ao hao sau phai ket hp ca 2
phng phap nay: tren taluy, di gia co. o doc va gia co phai phu thuoc vao ieu kien a
chat cua at va qui nh thi cong. Sau khi ao hao xong phai kiem tra ay hao va mat nen
ong; kch thc bang thc T di ong, Nivo, mc nc.

Lam nen

Neu gap nen at t nhien chac th khong can lam, neu khong chac ta phai lam nen. Kieu nen
nhan tao phu thuoc vao:

- Loai at;
- Mc nc ngam;
- Phng phap thi cong.

a Nen kho

Neu chu lc nen ln hn 1,5 kg/cm
2
th cho phep at ong ngay tren nen at t nhien sao cho
thanh ngoai cua ong c tiep xuc vi lp at t nhien gi nguyen c cau truc cua no.
Neu lam c nh vay o chu lc tang 30 40% so vi khi at ong tren nen bang phang.

b Neu at kho: chu nen < 1,5 kg/cm
2
phai at ong tren nen nhan tao n gian.

Nen sat phan nen cua ong th ao bang thu cong e khong pha v cau truc cua at, lap cat
ngap ong.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-3

c at co nc ngam

ao sau hn cot long ong t 30 40 cm, sau o lam nen bang cat (gi ong khong b xe dch).

d at co nc ngam nhieu va nen yeu phai xay dng nen bang be tong a dam hoac gach v.

Chu y khi vach tuyen khong nen cho qua nen at xau.

6.3 AT ONG XAM ONG VA LAP HAO

6.3.1 AT ONG

ao hao xong la at ong. Yeu cau khi ao hao:

- Nhanh : khoi sut hao;
- Nhe nhang : khong v ong.

Ong khi at phai kiem tra bang bua go nhe, ong b v phai loai ngay. Khi ha phai ra sanh
ben trong. Ha ong co the lam thu cong; gia ba chan oi vi ong < 250 kg; oi vi ong > 250
kg th dung can cau.

Sau khi ha ong xuong hao phai kiem tra o doc cua ong, o thang cua tuyen, oan dai dung
may, ngan dung Nivo.

at ong gia hai gieng phai at dan t thap len cao. Neu ong mieng loe th at mieng loe
hng lay chieu dong chay.

Khi at ong cong nhan phai sa ay hao va ao ho xam bang tay e khoi pha v cau truc at
va nen nhan tao.

6.3.2 XAM ONG

Sau khi kiem tra lai thay at yeu cau ve o thang ta xam ong. Xam s bo bang si day gai
tam bitum hoac cac vong bang cao su. Nhieu khi noi san ben tren 2 3 ong roi mi tha
xuong (dung khi ni co nc ngam cao). Sau khi xam s bo lai kiem tra roi xam ky: trat lp
va bao ve moi noi. Sau o la cong tac bao dng.

6.3.3 KIEM TRA

Thieu sot hay gap:

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-4

- Tuyen ong b lech;
- Thieu o doc so vi thiet ke;
- Chat lng moi xam khong am bao.

V vay kiem tra 3 yeu to tren:

- Kiem tra tuyen ong b lech

Dung en pin va mot cai gng: cho en pin chieu theo truc tuyen ong, pha oi dien at
gng tao vi truc tuyen ong mot goc 45
o
. Neu hnh sang thu c la mot hnh tron eu an
th ong thang. Neu hnh anh sang meo chng to tuyen ong lech.

- Kiem tra o doc: tuyen ong dai dung may va ngan Nivo nc.

- Kiem tra moi xam: e moi xam chac th thuy lc, d < 500 de dang; con d > 600 th viec
kiem tra kho khan.

6.3.4 LAP HAO

Sau khi th, kiem tra tuyen at yeu cau lap hao. Yeu cau:

at lap chat kht c anh gia bang he so K, o am chat. Neu tre n la ng nha K ln hn
hoac bang 0,98. Viec am co the dung am rung, am tay, lu.

6.3.5 GIA CONG NG ONG

Khi ng ong b le phai ca ngan, uc. Sau khi gia cong xong phai th lai ng ong.

6.4 THI CONG NG ONG BANG PHNG PHAP MOIHANG

Khi ng ong thoat nc i qua quang trng hoac cong trnh lu niem khong the tien hanh
ao hao c buoc ta phai thi cong ng ong bang phng phap MOIHANG.

Phng phap thc hien

Nen mot ng ong thep = 900 1400 luong qua chng ngai vat, phng phap nay dung
cho moi loai at tr soi va a, sau khi nen xong moi at trong ong thep bang phng phap thu
cong; sau o cho ong thoat nc vao e bien ong thep thanh ong long.

e thc hien phng phap nay phai ao ho cong tac; e nen ong thep vao, dung hai kch thuy
lc co sc nen 170 250 T. e gi ng ong i ung hng phai co thiet b nh hng. Sau
khi nen gan ngap trong at con tha 1 m ta noi ong tiep theo. Toc o nen 0,3 0,5 m/s, chieu

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-5

dai ong long nho hn 50 m, kch thc ho nen phai u ln e at kch, gia co thanh hao phai
can than. Phng phap nay noi chung la ton kem va ky thuat phc tap.

Khi chieu sau t mat at xuong bang 7 8 m ngi ta ao bang phng phap khac: ao co
tam chan (khung ao at) khung co kch thc 2 3 m bang thep, ngi cong nhan phai vao
trong e ao. Phng phap nay tiet kiem hn, cong tac ao at giam 2 3 lan, nhan lc 2 lan,
go giam 20 lan.

6.5 BAO VE NG ONG KHOI AN MON CUA NC THAI VA NC NGAM

Trong qua trnh lam viec ong at di at do o b an mon cua nc thai trong ong va nc
ngam ngoai ong.
6.5.1 CAC ONG PHI KIM LOAI

oi vi ong be tong, be tong cot thep, trong thanh phan cua ong co ximang, ximang nay tac
dung hoa hoc vi cac chat kh hoac cac chat hoa hoc trong nc thai va nc thai bien thanh
chat hoa tan lam ong hong v vay phai ngan nga hien tng nay bang cach:

a Dung chat phu gia

Dung phu gia SiNa
2
; SiO
2
vi lng bang (5 10%) trong lng ximang.

b Phng phap san xuat

Phng phap san xuat phai lam sao e o rong betong giam: e tang o chat kht ngi ta
dung phng phap ly tam hoac chan khong, am betong phai am ky. Ty le nc trong
betong phai hp ly: nc/ximang = 5/10 7/10.

c Chong tham va ngan be mat cua vat lieu ng ong vi nc thai bang vat lieu bao ve
- Bao ve cng: lat sanh hoac trang gach men, tam ximang li thep: ton kem, cong phu.
- Bao ve mem: bitum quet len be mat ong (quet 3 lp):

+ Lp 1: la lp lot vi 25% bitum + 25% dau hoa;
+ Lp 2: la lp lot vi 75% bitum + 25% dau hoa, quet day 15 mm;
+ Lp 3: la lp lot, cung nh lp 2 nhng mong hn 5 mm.

- Bao ve deo: dung giay chat deo dan vao be mat ong.

Cac lp ngan cach co the dan trong hay ngoai ong.

6.5.2 ONG KIM LOAI

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

6-6

Cac ong kim loai rat hay b an mon hoa hoc do o can phai quet bitum. Trc khi quet phai
cao sach g va cung quet 3 lp nh tren. Tat ca cac ong quet bitum tranh dan nc thai nhiet
o cao.

6.6 TAO IEU KIEN THONG GIO CHO MANG LI THOAT NC

Trong mang li thoat nc do qua trnh phan huy chat hu c co trong nc tao cac chat kh:
NH
3
, CO
2
, H
2
O, CH
4
. Neu nc thai cong nghiep con co acid hu c, vo c, dau m. Trong
qua trnh nghien cu mau nc nhan thay rang:

- Kh H
2
S: nong o 0,02 0,07 mg/l, hoa tan hoac ngng tu thanh ong, khi nhiet o gia
khong kh va thanh ong (2 2,5
o
C). Kh nay ngng tu se gay an mon rat manh.
V:
VSV
* Khi trong ong co nhieu O
2
: H
2
S + O
2
-----> SO
2
+ H
2
O.
VSV
* Khi trong ong co t O
2
: H
2
O + O
2
---- --> S + H
2
O.

* Qua trnh tiep tuc : S + O
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
.

H
2
SO
4
se an mon ng ong theo c che sau:

Trong ximang co CaO va Ca(OH)
2
: Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O.

CaSO
4
co tnh n the tch gap 2 lan nen ong b bt. Neu trong thanh phan cua nc co nhom,
canxi: 3 CaO.3CaSO
4
.AlO
3
.30H
2
O do o co tnh n the tch 22 lan.

- Kh CO
2
: chiem 0,1 9,5% the tch chung cua kh.

Neu ham lng CO
2
< 20 mg/l CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
O CaCO
3
+ H
2
O.

Neu ham lng CO
2
> 20 mg/l 2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO3)2 (chat tan).

Ngoai 2 chat kh tren trong nc thai con co H
2
, CH
4
, NH
3
, kh xang dau,

Tom lai: do trong ng ong thoat nc co nhieu kh co tac dung an mon, gay chay no nen
phai thong gio cho mang li thoat nc.

Nguyen tac thong gio

Li dung dong oi lu cua khong kh, khi can thiet thong gio cho mang li thoat nc ln th
phai lam hop thong gio. Thng at hop thong gio ni tch tu kh oc, neu can at quat hut.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

CHNG 7

TRAM BM NC THAI

7.1 PHAN LOAI VA XAC NH V TR CUA TRAM BM

7.1.1 Phan Loai Tram Bm

Co 2 cach phan loai chnh:

a. Phan loai theo muc ch

- Tram bm nc thai sinh hoat;
- Tram bm nc ma;
- Tram bm bun.

b. Theo qui mo

- Tram bm thoat nc chnh: thu va bm phan ln hay toan bo lng nc thai cua thanh
pho en tram x ly;

- Tram bm cuc bo: bm nc thai cua mot c s nho: x nghiep, benh vien. Co the qua
hoac khong qua cac tram x ly cuc bo roi o vao mang li thoat nc ben ngoai;

- Tram bm khu vc: dung e bm nc thai cua mot lu vc thoat nc len mot ng
ong khac cao hn.

1. Ong t chay dan nc vao tram bm;
2. Be thu nc thai;
3. Ni at may bm;
7-1

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

7-2

4. Ong co ap;
5. Ong t chay at v tr cuc bo.

7.1.2 Xac nh V Tr Cua Tram Bm

Nam sau di at, bnh thng t 2 6 m, co the at sau hn na, hay at cho trung. Chu y
chong tham cho tram bm lp va chong tham cao hn mc nc ngam cao nhat 0,5 m;
chong ngap lut san cong tac cao hn mc nc lu cao nhat 0,5 m.

e xac nh v tr tram bm phai da vao ieu kien:

+ Ve sinh cua thanh pho;
+ Kh hau: hng gio;
+ Tnh hnh qui hoach.

a V tr cua tram bm chnh

Co 2 phng an:

- at tram bm chnh gan khu dan c.

u : phu hp vi viec xay dng theo tng t cua thanh pho.
Nhc : ieu kien ve sinh b han che.

- at lien vi tram x ly: xa khu dan c, thc hien khi ng ong thoat nc chnh con at
nong.

u : tien quan ly; ieu kien ve sinh tot.
Nhc : von au t ban au ln v khong xay dng theo tng t c.

b Xac nh v tr cua tram bm khu vc

Co 2 phng an:

- at nhieu tram bm khu vc;
- Ch at mot tram bm khu vc.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Gia thiet tren oan ong 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 eu co lu lng doc dong la q chieu dai giong nhau; i
giong nhau.

Phng an 1: t 1-4 xay dng ba tram bm (net lien).

Ta co cong suat: N
1
= qH + 2qH + 3qH = 6qH.

Phng an 2: t 1-4 xay dng mot tram bm (net t).

Ta co cong suat: N
2
= 3q * 3H = 9qH

So sanh

- Phng an 1: co li ve ien nang chi ph quan ly t; von au t xay dng nhieu, quan ly
phc tap, ng ong thi cong nong.

- Phng an 2: chi ph ien nang nhieu, ng ong thi cong sau, nhng von au t t.

Viec chon phng an phai da vao ieu kien a phng.

c Xac nh cao trnh at may bm

Co 2 phng an:

Phng an 1: truc may bm thap hn mc nc trong be thu.

7-3

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


u: khong phai moi nc, quan ly thuan tien, bm lam viec on nh, thuan li cho qua trnh t
ong hoa, ch dung khi ieu kien a hnh thuan tien.

Phng an 2: Truc may bm cao hn mc nc. Khong thuan tien cho viec quan ly, phai co
thiet b moi nc, ong c bao ve tot. Nen xay dng khi a hnh thi cong phan cap va mc
nc ngam cao.

d V tr be thu nc

Phng an 1: Bo tr hp khoi vi be thu nc;

Phng an 2: Bo tr tach ri ch lam khi khong ket hp c.

7.2 QUAN HE GIA DONG CHAY EN VA NC BM I - CHON MAY BM VA
DUNG TCH

7.2.1 Quan He Gia Dong Chay en Va Che o Bm i

Che o cua nc thai khong on nh (q
max
, q
min
). Ngc lai, may bm lam viec lai on nh.
phai ieu hoa. Xet bieu o tch luy.
100
75
50
25
4 8
18
24
Q chay en
Q bm i

ng Q chay en la lng nc tch luy trong cac gi trong mot ngay em va la ng gap
khuc hp vi truc hoanh mot goc ; cang ln th lng nc chay en cang nhanh.
7-4

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

7-5

ng Q bm cung la lng nc tch luy cua bm trong mot ngay em. ni ng Q
bm

song song vi truc hoanh la bm phai ngh e nc chay en. ng Q
b
khong cat va khong
nam tren ng Q chay en.

Phan gach gach la dung tch cua be thu.

Muc ch chnh la lam the nao cho hai ng Q chay en va Q bm i sat vi nhau. e th c
hien ta co 3 phng an:

- at nhieu may bm, ng vi cac gi chay en. Nhng ton kem ve kinh ph.

- at may bm co cong suat ln bang gi chay en ln nhat. Tren ng ong ay at van
ieu chnh Quan ly phc tap, may bm chong hong, ton that ien nang ln.

- at may bm co cong suat ln Q
b
ln hn hoac bang Q
max
. Cho may bm lam viec mot thi
gian khi het nc th ngh, i nc chay en roi bm do o can co be thu d tr nc trong
gi bm ngh.

Gi ngh, lam viec goi la che o lam viec cua bm. Quy nh che o lam viec:

- Khi ieu khien bang tay: n 4 (n la so lan ong m may trong 1 gi);
- Khi ieu khien t ong: n 6.

Thi gian lam viec cua may bm 5.

7.2.2 Chon May Bm Va Dung Tch Be Thu Nc Thai

Khi thiet ke tram bm muc ch la xac nh c loai may bm can dung va dung tch be thu
hp ly. Hai van e nay lien quan chat che vi nhau ong thi anh hng en gia thanh xay
dng va quan ly.

Nhiem vu cua be thu la ieu hoa dong chay en va bm i.

- Neu W be thu qua ln: may bm co che o lam viec tha, von au t xay dng ln, ton
kem, nc thai len men, thoi ra mat ve sinh.

- W be qua khong u lam nhiem vu ieu hoa.

Do o e chon W be thu mot cach hp ly phai nghien cu ky dong chay en; q
min
; q
max
; q
bm
.
Nen ieu khien tram bm bang t ong e giam W.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

7-6

Xac nh Q
b
da vao Q
tb

a oi vi tram bm c nho: Q
tb
< 10.000 m
3
/ng

- Q
tb
< 5000 m
3
/ng chon Q
b
Q
h
max

W
b
= 8 x Q
h
max
/ 60

- Q
tb
= 5000 - 10000 chon Q
tb
h
Q
h
max
, Q
b
Q
h
min
.

W
b
= 5 x Q
b
max
/60.

b Tram bm c trung bnh : Q
tb
= 10000 - 40000 m
3
/ng

Q
tb
h
Q
h
max
dung tch be thu trong gi ln nhat khong can xet.

Q
h
min
chay en ta phai xet be thu.

Van e phai xet la chon Q
b
bang bao nhieu Q
min
e dung tch be thu la nho nhat. Muon
vay, tach 1 chu ky lam viec cua may bm ra xet, cuoi cung en ket luan:

Q
b
2 Q
min
h
th W
b
hp ly nhat.

c oi vi tram bm c ln : Q
tb
> 40.000 m
3
/ng

Chon Q
b
= Q
h
min
; Q
tb
= Q
h
max
; W
b
= 0.

So may bm : n = Q
h
max
/ (Q
h
min
* K.)

Xac nh dung tch be thu

Sau khi xac nh cong suat cua may bm ta da vao bieu o tch luy, che o lam viec cua
may bm e chon c dung tch be thu. Ngoai ra con co the tnh W
b
bang thc nghiem.

W
b
min
= Q
h
min
/ n * (1- Q
h
min
/Q
b
).

- Q
h
min
la lu lng dong chay en trong gi nho nhat tnh bang m
3
/h;
- Q
b
la cong suat cua may bm tnh bang m
3
/h;
- n la so lan ong m may trong mot gi.

Cong thc nay dung e kiem tra lai.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

7-7

7.3 TNH TOAN THIET KE TRAM BM THOAT NC

7.3.1 Nhiem Vu Thiet Ke Tram Bm Nc Thai

- Xac nh lu lng nc thai ma tram bm phai lam viec cung vi s dao ong cua no theo
gi trong ngay;
- Xac nh c chieu cao bm nc;
- Xac nh c so lng may bm trong tram, dung tch be thu;
- Tnh toan cac thiet b can thiet: song chan rac, may nghien rac.

7.3.2 Chon Bm

Sau khi co Q, H chon bm.

7.4 NG ONG AY VA ONG XA S CO

7.4.1 ng Ong ay

So lng ong ay t nhat la 2; ng knh phai tnh toan va phai tai gan 100% lng nc cua
ca 2 ong. Co van, khoa.

7.4.2 ng Ong Xa S Co

Trc khi nc thai vao may bm phai qua mot gieng tap trung, co ieu kien se bo tr ong xa
s co. Ong xa s co xa vao nguon hoac he thong thoat nc ma va phai c ong y cua c
quan a phng.

7.5 CAU TAO VA TRANG B VE SINH CHO TRAM BM NC THAI

7.5.1 Cau Tao

- Ngan at may bm: may bm, ong c ien, tu ieu khien;
- San cong tac: co dien tch u ln e lap rap, sinh hoat;
- Be thu: co song chan rac, may nghien rac.

7.5.2 Trang B Ve Sinh

Trong tram bm nc thai co mui hoi thoi do o anh hng xau en sc khoe cho cong nhan
quan ly do o thiet ke phai tuan theo qui nh ve ve sinh cong nghiep.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

7-8

- Voi cap nc: bo tr voi nc sach vao tram bm e phuc vu cong nhan tam ra, giat giu
khi can thiet ngay trong tram bm.

- Co voi nc ap lc cao e ra song chan rac va be thu, co ho x ho tieu.

- Thoat nc: nhat thiet phai co he thong thoat nc cuc bo, nc ro r t may bm, thoat
nc ma xung quanh tram bm.

- Thong gio: co the tnh toan thong gio t nhien hoac nhan tao (ca so, ong thong hi). Qui
nh: Gian be thu phai tnh toan e co nam lan trao oi khong kh trong mot gi con gian
may phai co 1 lan /h.

7.6 GIA THANH BM NC THAI

G = (G
1
+ G
2
) / Q (/m
3
)

G
1
: gia thanh xay dng tram bm qui ve mot nam;
G
2
: gia thanh quan ly trong mot nam (tien lng cong nhan, tien ien, sa cha ln nho,
khoan chi ph khac);
Q: lng nc thai can bm trong mot nam.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-1

CHNG 8

QUAN LY MANG LI THOAT NC

8.1 NHIEM VU VA TO CHC QUAN LY MANG LI THOAT NC

8.1.1 Nhiem Vu Quan Ly

Nhiem vu quan ly nham am bao cho mang li lam viec bnh thng at ch tieu kinh te, ky
thuat, cu the:

- Nghiem thu mang li thoat nc va cong trnh a vao quan ly;
- Nghien cu va theo doi tnh hnh lam viec cua mang li thoat nc e at ra ke hoach
sa cha va m rong;
- Tay ra mang li thoat nc e ngan nga s co;
- Sa cha mang li thoat nc;
- Theo doi va kiem tra viec thc hien cac qui nh s dung mang li thoat nc cua cac oi
tng dung nc va thoat nc;
- Duyet cac ban thiet ke mang li thoat nc cua cac x nhiep, nha may, nha va tieu khu,
ong thi giam sat qua trnh thi cong;
- Trong cong tac quan ly phai lap c cac ban thong ke chi ph quan ly he thong thoat
nc trong cac nam e co tai lieu ve van chuyen 1 m
3
nc thai ra khoi thanh pho.

Tom lai tat ca nhiem vu nay phai thc hien ay u va tuan theo qui nh an toan lao ong.

8.1.2 To Chc Quan Ly

Tuy thuoc vao qui mo cua mang li thoat nc ma thanh lap cac c quan quan ly: cong ty,
s, x nghiep, phong, ban.

Khi chieu dai mang li thoat nc ln hn 100 km nen thanh lap s quan ly va co the chia
thanh cac phong: phong quan ly mang li thoat nc; phong quan ly ve tram x ly nc thai;
phong quan ly cac tram bm thoat nc.

Neu trong thanh pho co nhieu lu vc thoat nc ma moi lu vc co chieu dai ng ong 100
- 150 km co the thanh lap cac phong quan ly cho moi khu vc.

oi vi cac tram bm nc thai hoac cac tram x ly co cong suat ln hn 10.000 m
3
/ng th
thanh lap mot x nghiep quan ly oc lap.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-2

Trong cac c quan quan ly nay nen chia thanh cac bo phan nho: cung cap thiet b, dung cu,
vat lieu cho viec sa cha (phong cung ng), ban, kho, xng th, nha may, ben bai, nha e o
to. e theo doi thi cong va nghiem thu cac cong trnh co ban kien thiet, co ieu kien nen
thanh lap phong thiet ke, phong ky thuat. Viec bo nhiem can bo phai do uy ban nhan dan
thanh pho quyet nh.

Ch tieu quan ly lay s bo nh sau:

- Tnh trung bnh c moi can bo phai phu trach 1,5 - 2 km ng ong oi vi he thong nc
thai ng ong ln, t 1,2 - 1,5 km oi vi ng ong nho.

- So can bo cong nhan san xuat trc tiep c s ln hn hoac bang 65%. Can bo ky thuat
nho hn hoac bang10%.

- Can bo cong nhan vien phuc vu nho hn hoac 25%.

8.2 GIAM SAT THI CONG VA NGHIEM THU MANG LI THOAT NC THAI

C quan quan ly phai c giam sat thi cong va nghiem thu cong trnh. Cong tac tren phai
lam viec va tuan theo qui nh cu the do nha nc ban hanh.

8.2.1 Giam Sat Thi Cong

Noi dung

- Kiem tra cong tac thi cong tren cong trng xem co ung thiet ke hay khong;

- Kiem tra theo doi ao hao, lam nen, at ong...

- Chu y kiem tra: o doc, o thang, chat lng cua ng ong, chat lng nen, chat lng
moi noi. Neu can co the bat uc mau e th cng o.

- Lap bien ban, chng nhan s thay oi so vi thiet ke;

- Viet nhat ky thi cong, lap ho s ve thc trang ng ong.

8.2.2 Nghiem Thu

e nghiem thu cong trnh phai lap ban nghiem thu do ben chu quan to chc, thanh phan gom:
can bo ky thuat, cong nhan, tai vu...

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Noi dung

- Xem xet kiem tra hien trng so vi ban thiet ke, ch ro sai sot;

- Kiem tra yeu cau c ban trong viec xay dng mang li thoat nc: o doc tuyen ong, o
thang, anh gia chat lng cong trnh ve mat xay dng;

- Tien hanh th ng ong: neu ng ong t chay th thuy lc, neu ng ong co ap th ap
lc;

- Neu ng ong thoat nc nam di mc nc ngam t 2 m tr len phai th lng nc
tham vao ng ong;

- Neu ong thoat nc nam at kho th lng nc tham t ong ra ngoai.

Cong tac th phai thc hien trc khi lap hao e co ieu kien sa cha.

Sau o tong hp tat ca noi dung nghiem thu e ban nghiem thu anh gia chat lng cong trnh
i en quyet nh, khong hay nghiem thu hoac ra thi gian sa cha.

Th thuy lc

1. oan ong c th thuy lc
2. Ong ng e o nc th vao
3. Ong e thoat kh
4. Tru chong
5. Nut

Thi gian th la 24 h. Cach th nh sau:

- Neu ong thoat nc at di mc nc ngam 2 - 4 m, lng nc tham vao ng ong khong
c vt qua gia tr trong Bang 8.1. Khi mc nc ngam ln hn 4 m ke t vom ong th cho
phep tang gia tr trong bang len 10% cho 1m cao.

8-3

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-4

- Neu ong at trong at kho hoac mc nc ngam nho hn 2 m th c th bang cach o nc
vao ay ong (2) cao hn vom ong 4 m. Lng nc tham ra khoi ong phai khong c vt
qua gia tr trong Bang 8.1.

Bang 8.1 Lng nc cho phep tham qua moi noi, thanh ong thoat nc t chay tnh bang
m
3
/ng cho 1 km chieu dai

Lng nc cho phep tham ra, vao khi ng knh ong la (mm)
ng ong
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Ong sanh 7 12 15 18 20 21 22 23 23 23
Betong, betong cot
thep, fibro XM
7 20 24 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

oi vi ng ong > 600 xac nh lng nc tham theo cong thc sau: q = 4 (D + 4). Trong
o, q la lng nc tham cho phep m
3
/ng va D la ng knh trong cua ong tnh bang dm.

- Ong (2) bao gi cung at gieng thap;
- Ong (3) bao gi cung at gieng cao.

Mc nc ong (2) cao hn vom ong 4 m la so vi vom ong pha cao.

8.3 KIEM TRA MANG LI THOAT NC

Viec kiem tra nham bao am mang lc thoat nc lam viec c bnh thng. Cong tac
kiem tra gom:

- Kiem tra ben ngoai nham:

Xem xet tnh hnh lam viec cua mang lc qua cac gieng: nc co chay khong, can lang
mot be day la bao nhieu, phat hien cho sat l doc ng ong va phat hien nhanh thoat
nc noi vao mang li khong hp ly.

oi kiem tra ben ngoai gom hai cong nhan va cam khong xuong gieng.

- Kiem tra ky thuat nham:

Xac nh h hong cua ng ong va cong trnh: o doc, o ay cua nc trong ong, mc
o can lang, ac tnh nc thai (t
0
, thanh phan).

Bien che gom ba ngi: mot th ca, hai cong nhan, ket qua kiem tra ghi vao nhat ky. Nhat
ky nay at ra ke hoach sa cha va thong tac.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-5

Khi can xuong gieng kiem tra phai tang cng bay ngi: ba chui xuong gieng con moi mo t
gieng co hai ngi ng tren e phong cap cu khi nguy hiem.

8.4 LAM SACH VA THONG TAC NG ONG THOAT NC

Mang li thoat nc co Q khong on nh v thay oi lang can. Do o trong cong tac
quan ly phai at ra cong tac lam sach va thong tac.

8.4.1 Lam Sach Thng Xuyen (lam sach nh ky)

Phan thanh hai phng phap lam sach

a Phng phap thuy lc

Nguyen tac la da vao kha nang van chuyen cua dong nc khi toc o ta ng. e tang toc o co
2 cach:

Ra ng ong

- Nh gieng ra;
- Tch luy nc trong ong va gieng tham;

- Dung nc sach t mang li cong nghiep hoac t cac Xitec ac biet tren o to va phun
vao ng ong thoat nc vi lu lng 5 l/s, ap lc 0,6 - 0,8 atm. Cach nay ton nc
sach: 50-500 m
3
/km ng/lan ra.

u : cong nhan nhan, am bao ve sinh, gi ve sinh cho thanh pho.
Nhc : toc o chong giam, hieu qua lam viec khong cao.

Dung dung cu tac ong thuy lc e lam tang van toc

- Dung qua cau (cao su hay kim loai) hoac du ng hop tru bang go ngan mot phan pha tren
cua ng ong thoat nc; chieu cao cua qua cau bang (0,8 - 0,9) D cua ong thoat nc.

- Dung tam chan thuy lc ngan pha di cua ong. Tam chan nay t chuyen ong nh kha
nang van chuyen cua dong nc.

Phng phap dung dung cu co the tao c toc o 5 - 7 m/s, vi toc o nay can lang co the
troi i.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-6

b Phng phap c hoc

Khi dung phng phap thuy lc khong co hie u qua na th phai dung phng phap c hoc.
Dung cu cao can la mot chiec gau. Dung tch cua gau t 14 - 100 l, chieu dai cua gau t 450 -
830 mm, ng knh gau nho hn ng knh ong c lam sach la 100 mm, gau c keo
doc theo ng ong thoat nc va cao can en gieng sau o van chuyen at i.

8.4.2 Thong Tac (lam sach s co)

Dung khi ong b tac. Co the dung cac phng phap sau:

- Dung day thep cng e pha lp can: dung khi d 250;
- Dung truc thep mem: oi vi d 300;
- Dung ap lc cua nc sach: oi vi d 350.

Trong cong tac quan ly chu y duy tr lam sach thng xuyen e tranh lam sach s co.

8.5 SA CHA MANG LI THOAT NC

Trong qua trnh s dung, mang li thoat nc b h hong. Trong khi kiem tra hoac tay ra
phat hien phai sa cha kp thi e tranh h hong to. Co hai cach:

- Sa cha thng xuyen;
- Sa cha ln.

1. Sa cha thng xuyen

- Sa cha gieng: thay nap, thang sat b r, thanh b lun.
- Sa cha thiet b Diuke: lau dau...

2. Sa cha ln

- Thay the toan bo mi hoac m rong gieng;
- Thay mi hoan toan mot oan ong;
- Sa cha hoac thay mi cac thiet b, cong trnh tren mang li.

Nen sa cha thng xuyen va trong sa cha phai tuyet oi tuan theo qui nh ve an toan lao
ong.

8.6 KY THUAT AN TOAN LAO ONG TRONG CONG TAC QUAN LY MLTN

ac iem cua mang li thoat nc:

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-7

- Mang li thoat nc at di long at do o cong trng m ngay tren mat ng;
- Trong MLTN bao gi cung co kh oc, chay thieu oxy, co vi trung gay benh.

Do o khi m cong trnh thi cong phai chu y trang b cho cong nhan o dung bao ho lao ong
va qui nh ve an toan lao ong.

- Ni co cong trng phai co bien chan ng, c hieu, en hieu.

- Khi can xuong gieng e sa cha hay kiem tra phai th trc xem co kh oc hay khong:
tha en xuong neu en bnh thng khong sao, neu loe sang mi tat th co kh chay, en
sang ngon la mau xanh: co kh dau hoa, ne u tat ngay do o co kh oc nen phai thong gio
roi lai th lai.

- Khi lam viec gieng sau phai eo mat na va co bnh oxy, xuong gieng phai co day an
toan.

- Khi lam viec di gieng khong nen hut thuoc.

- Khi lam viec trc tiep vi nc thai phai co ung, gang tay, khau trang.

8.7 CHI PH QUAN LY MANG LI THOAT NC

Nhng yeu to anh hng en chi ph quan ly

- ieu kien a hnh, kh hau;
- Loai he thong thoat nc;
- ac iem xay dng mang li thoat nc: i d,v;
- Thi gian s dung.

Chi ph quan ly hang nam:

=
s
+
k
. (8.1)

S
la chi ph sa cha:
s
= y + n + p + q + m + x. (8.2)

- y la chi ph cho c quan quan ly;
- n la lng va phu cap cho can bo cong nhan vien c quan quan ly;
- p la chi ph cho sa cha thng xuyen va ln

p = (0,2 -0,5)% gia thanh xay dng mang li thoat nc;

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

8-8

p = (1-3) % gia thanh xay dng nha ca.

- q la chi ph tay ra ng ong phu thuoc gia tien nc sach. Co the c tnh 100 - 500
m
3
/km ng ong mot nam;
- m la chi ph chuyen ch can rac;
- x la cac khoan chi khac: x = (2 - 3)% (y + n+ p+ q+ m).

k
: tien khau hao phu thuoc vao gia thanh xay dng MLTN va thi gian s dung MLTN

k
= (3- 3,5)% G
xd MLTN
= G
xd MLTN
/ T.

Gia thanh van chuyen mot m
3
nc thai ra khoi thanh pho:

S = / Q. (/m
3
) (8.3)

Q la lu lng nc thai trong mot nam tnh bang m
3
.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-1

CHNG 9

MANG LI THOAT NC MA

9.1 KHAI NIEM VE HE THONG THOAT NC MA

Nhiem vu cua he thong thoat nc ma la van chuyen nc ma ra khoi thanh pho, khu dan
c, khu cong nghiep mot cach nhanh chong va co to chc e tranh xay ra ngap lut.

oi vi nc ta la nc co kh hau nhiet i gio mua do o thoat nc ma co y ngha quan
trong, co anh hng ti nen kinh te quoc dan:

- Chong ngap lut tc thi trong cac thanh pho;
- Giai quyet van e tieu thuy chong ung cho vung ong bang.

Trc khi thiet ke he thong thoat nc cho vung nao ta phai chon he thong thoat nc cho
vung o. He thong thoat nc ma cung chia lam cac bo phan sau:

Mang li thoat nc ma gom mang li thoat nc ma ben trong va ben ngoai. Mang li
thoat nc ma trong thu nc ma t nen, mai nha, Mang li thoat nc ma ben ngoai
co nhiem vu thu nc ma t mang li thoat nc ma ben trong va van chuyen ra khoi
thanh pho, gom cac bo phan:

- Gieng kiem tra: kiem tra nc ma trong tieu khu trc khi ra nguon;
- Gieng thu nc ma;
- Tram bm thoat nc ma;
- Ho ieu hoa;
- Cong trnh xa nc ma vao nguon;
- Mng e phong lu (thng xay dng vung trung du va oi nui).

9.2 MA VA LNG MA

9.2.1 Ma

Ma la qua trnh tuan hoan cua hi nc. Ma co nhieu loai: ma bui, ma dam, ma rao,
Phan biet loai ma theo lng ma.

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9.2.2 Lng Ma

Cac vung tren trai at co lng ma khac nhau phu thuoc vao ieu kien t nhien, a hnh, kh
hau. Lng ma tnh trung bnh bang mm cot nc hay l/ha. Cac nc gan vung xch ao co
lng ma ln hn. Viet Nam mua ma t thang 5 - 10. Lng ma chiem 80 - 85% ca
nam. Trong thang 6 - 8 hay xay ra cac tran ma ln gay lu. Cac song mien Bac co mc nc
cao. Song Hong co mc nc cao hn mat at trung bnh cua vung ong bang do o khong
dung song tieu thuy trong mua ma c.

- Lng ma bnh quan nam la lng ma bnh quan cua mot nam trong nhieu nam quan sat.

- Lng ma bnh quan thang: lay lng ma bnh quan cua nhng thang cung ten trong nhieu
nam quan sat.

- Lng ma ngay ln nhat la lng ma tuyet oi cua mot ngay nao o co lng ln nhat
trong nam.

9.3 TAI LIEU C BAN E TNH TOAN MANG LI THOAT NC MA

9.3.1 Cng o, Thi Gian Ma, Dung Cu o Ma

Cng o Ma

Cng o ma la lng ma ri tren mot n v dien tch trong mot n v thi gian.

- Lp nc : i = h/t (mm/phut) (9.1)
- The tch : q = lng ma/ha.s (L/ha.s) (9.2)

Moi lien he gia hai loai cng o tren:

(9.3)
i
i
q
1000
=
= 7 , 166
60
1000 10000

Khi i = 1 mm/phut q = 166,7 L/ha.s

Thi Gian Ma

Thi gian ma la khoang thi gian co ma lien tuc, co the tnh cho ca tran ma hoac mot phan
cua tran ma, thng tnh bang gii hoac phut.

Dung Cu o Ma

9-2

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

e tnh toan mang li thoat nc ma phai biet lng ma. e o lng ma ngi ta dung
dung cu o ma.

Dung cu o ma n gian la mot thung ton (1) hnh tru co ng knh 25,2 cm, co chieu cao
bang 40 cm, thng c at vao vo hnh chop bang ton (2) nham han che gio ma tat vao
thung. Nc ma ri vao thung 1 qua ong (3) chay vao coc o e biet lng ma.

1
2
3

Dung cu nay phai at cao hn mat at 2 m va cach xa nha, cay coi 20 m. Dung cu nay ch o
c lng ma chung cho mot ngay hoac mot tran ma. Neu co theo doi thi gian ma co
the xac nh cng o ma trung bnh, nhng e thiet ke mang li thoat nc ma th dung
cu tren cha the thu c ay u nhng d lieu can thiet. e xac nh c cng o ma i
bien thien theo thi gian t can phai dung dung cu khac.

Dung cu o ma t ghi gom mot thung bang tru (1) dien tch mieng bang 500 cm
2
dung e thu
nc ma. Nc ma qua ong dan (2) chay vao bnh (3). Trong bnh (3) co phao (4) gan vi
but t ghi. But t ghi tiep xuc vi bang giay dan tren truc quay (5), bo tr quay 1 vong het 24
gi. Khi ma, nc ma ri vao ong (1) roi sang ong (3), phao (4) noi len, but t ghi. Neu ma
qua ln, nc ay bnh (3) do o tran qua (6) vao (7), nc lai tut xuong.

1
3
4
2
7

9-3

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9.3.2 Chu Ky Lap Lai Tran Ma va Chu Ky Ngap Lut Tc Thi

Chu ky lap lai tran ma la khoang thi gian tnh bang nam e xuat hien hai tran ma co
cng o va thi gian giong nh nhau. Cac tran ma cang ln th chu ky lap lai cang lau va
ngc lai.

Muc ch thoat nc ma la cho cac tran ma ln, e an toan, chon d ln, do o gia thanh xay
dng cao nhng thi gian s dung t nen gay lang ph. Do o, khi tnh toan ch tnh cho mot
tran ma nao o co cng o va thi gian ma xac nh va co chu ly lap lai a biet trc.
Tran ma o chnh la tran ma tnh toan. oi vi tran ma co cng o ln hn tran ma tnh
toan se gay ngap lut.

Chu ky ngap lut tc thi la khoang thi gian tnh bang nam e xuat hien mot tran ma ln
hn tran ma tnh toan (ky hieu la P).

e thiet ke he thong thoat nc ma bao am ve yeu cau kinh te va ky thuat phai chon c
P hp ly. C s chon P da vao ieu kien kinh te va ky thuat a phng.

9.3.3 Chnh Ly So Lieu Ghi Ma

Ngoai viec xac nh i = f(t), can phai xac nh chu ky lap lai. Muon vay ta phai chnh ly tai
lieu ghi ma theo phng phap nh sau:

- Xuat phat t tai lieu ghi ma t ong

h (mm)
h 10 h 10' 15' 20' 34'
1
2
3
4
i =f(t)

- Phan tch so lieu ghi ma

Chia ng cong i = f(t) thanh cac oan ngan co cung cng o. Co the xac nh bang cach
chia ng cong thanh nhng oan co cung o doc va lap mot bang e biet cng o ma
trong tng khoang thi gian (Bang 9.1).

9-4

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Bang 9.1 Cng o ma trong tng khoang thi gian

STT Khoang thi gia n Thi gian (phut) Cot nc (mm) Cng o ma (mm/phut)
01 10
h
10 - 10
h
14 4 0,5 0,125
02 10
h
14 - 10
h
18 4 2,0 0,500
03 10
h
18 - 10
h
20 2 0,9 0,450
04 10
h
20 - 10
h
24 4 0,7 0,175
05 10
h
24 - 10
h
30 6 0,5 0,083
06 10
h
30 - 10
h
34 4 0,6 0,150
07 10
h
34 - 10
h
40 4 0,3 0,050

- Chnh ly

Cng o mot tran ma thay oi khong theo mot quy luat nao do o ta phai chnh ly e tm
quy luat chung tc la lap mot mau ma nhan tao.

Bang 9.2 Thong ke theo chieu giam dan cua cng o ma

Cng o ma
Thi gian ma (phut) Cot mc nc
mm/phut L/ha.s
4 phut (02) 2,0 0,500 83,0
6 phut (02 + 03) 2,9 0,483 80,2
10 phut (02 + 03 + 04) 3,6 0,360 60,0
14 phut (02 + 03 + 04 + 06) 4,2 0,300 50,0
18 phut (02 + 03 + 04 + 06 + 01) 4,7 0,260 43,3
24 phut (02 + 03 + 04 + 06 + 01 + 05) 5,2 0,220 36,6
30 phut (02 + 03 + 04 + 06 + 01 + 05 + 07) 5,5 0,183 30,5

- Lap o th t ket qua trnh bay trong Bang 9.2.

9-5

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Th i gian (phu t)
C
n
g

o

(
L
/
h
a
.
s
)

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


Phng trnh tren co dang ham so mu y = a/x
n
(hypecbon). Do o dung ket qua tnh trong
Bang 9.2, dng o th tren he toa o logarit.

ng cong q = f(t) la ng gap khuc gan nh ng thang co phng trnh y = a - nx. o th
nay la mau ma nhan tao. en ay, cong tac chnh ly a hoan tat.

Neu dung dung cu ghi ma t ong theo doi ma cua mot vung nao o va bang phng phap
chnh ly nh tren ta c quy luat chung cua cac tran ma va bieu dien chung tren cung he
truc toa o logarit. Da vao o th theo doi ta biet c quy luat ma cua vung o va chu ky
lap lai cua mot tran ma. V du theo doi tnh hnh ma cua vung trong 20 nam ta co o th sau:

t (phut)
A

Moi ng gap khuc la mot tran ma co that sau khi a chnh ly. ng tren cung la tran ma
20 nam mi xuat hien mot lan. Gia s thiet ke mang li thoat nc cho vung nay vi chu ly
ngap luc P = 5 nam. Tran ma tnh toan c xac nh nh sau: 20/5 = 4 tran. Trong 20 nam
co 4 tran ma ln hn tran ma tnh toan. Muon tm tren o th ta em t tren xuong noi cac
iem th 5 lai. Cuoi cung ta c tran ma tnh toan khong trung vi tran ma nao. Trong
thc te ta lay cng o ma cua tran ma o e tnh toan.

Vi cac iem nam tren ng q = f(t) tnh toan eu co gia tr q va t, goc hp bi ng bieu
dien vi truc hoanh la va cat truc tung tai A. Ta viet c phng trnh:

log(q) = lg(A) - tg x log(t)

at tg = n ta co log(q) = log(A) - nlog(t). Trong o, n c goi la he so kh hau. Co gia tr A
va n, cho t, xac nh c q.

9-6

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-7

9.3.4 Cng o Ma Tnh Toan

Sau khi xac nh c tran ma tnh toan treno th (da vao p) ta phai tnh toan cng o cua
tran ma tnh toan o. Tuy thuoc vao tai lieu theo doi ma ta co cac cach xac nh cng o
ma tnh toan nh sau:

Khi ch co dung cu o ma n gian (biet c lng ma trung bnh nam)

a. Cong thc 1: da tren khai niem sc ma ()

= i . t
0,5
(9.4)

Trong o, la sc ma, i la cng o ma (mm/phut), t la thi gian ma (phut). bieu th ac
tnh kh hau cua tng vung va cung co the dien ta bang ham so sau:

= . H
2/3
. P
1/3
(9.5)

Trong o, la he so a ly, co the lay bang 0,026 - 0,049; H la cot nc trung bnh cua nam
tnh bang mm; P la chu ky lap tran ma.

Thay gia tr q = 166,7 i = 166,7 . . t
-0,5
vao (9.5) ta co: q = 166,7 . . H
2/3
. P
1/3
. t
-0,5

(9.6)

at = . H
2/3
goi la he so kh hau: q = 166,7 . . P
1/3
. t
-0,5

Cong thc nay t dung trong thc te v sai so en 30-50%.

b. Cong thc 2: xuat phat t phng trnh log(q) = log(A) - nlog(t) suy ra

q = A/t
n
(9.7)

Neu t = 1 phut q = A. Nh vay A chnh la cng o ma khi thi gian ma la 1 phut va
bieu th ac tnh kh hau cua moi a phng. A = f(P). Khi P tang th A tang nen ay la ham
ong bien.

Lap he truc ban logarit, at A tren truc hoanh (theo he thap phan). at P tren truc tung (log).

A = f(log(P)) co dang ng thang, cat truc hoanh tai A
1
va hp vi truc hoanh mot goc . at
tg = S th phng trnh ng thang co dang:

A = A
1
+ S log(P)
A = A
1
(1 + S/A
1
log(P)). at S/A
1
= C
A = A
1
(1 + C. log (P)). Thay vao phng trnh (9.7) ta co:

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


(9.8)
( ) ( )
9-8

P

n
q =
t
P C A log 1
1
+

Neu cho P = 1 nam, t = 20 phut th q
20
= A
1
/20
n
hay A
1
= q
20
.20
n

q
20
la cng o ma phut th 20 cua mot tran ma co chu ky lap lai la mot nam. Thay A
1

vao (9.8) ta co:

(9.9)

Cong thc nay c e ngh dung e tnh toan, trong o:

- q
20
: cng o ma phut th 20 va P = 1 nam tuy thuoc tng vung (L/ha.s);
- C : he so a ly kh hau;
- P : la chu ky ngap lut tc thi (nam);
- t : la thi gian ma tnh (phut).

Thong thng cac gia tr q
20
, n, C tra tren ban o phan vung kh hau. Trng hp thieu tai lieu
co the tnh nh sau:

Q
20
= 0,071 H. d
TB
1/2
(9.10)

- H : lng ma trunb bnh nam tnh bang mm, theo doi 20 nam
- d
TB
: o hut trung bnh cua o am khong kh trong cac thang co ma tnh bang mm. Thi
gian theo doi 5 - 10 nam:

(mm)

- d
1
, d
2
,, d
n
la o hut trung bnh hang thang cua o am khong kh cua cac thang co cung ten
(mm);

A (l/s.ha)
A =f(log(P))

A
1
( ) ( )
n
q =
n
t
P C q log 1 20
20
+
n
h n
TB
h h h
h d h d h d
d
+ + +
+ + +
=
2
...
...
2 1
2 1 1

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

- h
1
, h
2
, h
3
,, h
n
la lng ma trung bnh cua cac thang tng ng (mm).

Khi co u so lieu ghi ma cua may t ghi

Thi gian theo doi t 15 - 20 nam, xac nh cng o ma tnh toan dung cong thc (9.7). Tr
so A, n xac nh da tren o th theo doi. Muon chnh xac th xac nh theo phng phap bnh
phng cc tieu:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
log log
log log log log

=
i i
i i i i
t t m
t q m t q

n

( )
( ) ( )
m
t n q
A
i i
+
=
log log
log

- m la so iem xac nh;
- q
i
, t
i
la cng o va thi gian ma tng ng vi iem xac nh.

Tng t ta co the xac nh A, n oi vi gia tr P bat ky.

Nhng nghien cu gan ay ve xac nh cng o ma Viet Nam
( )
n
b t
A
q
+
= (9.11)

- q : cng o ma (L/ha.s)
- t : thi gian ma;
- b : he so xac nh theo o th;
- A, n : xac nh theo phng phap bnh phng cc tieu.

T cong thc (9.11), ta co the viet:
9-9

(9.12)
( ) ( ( ) ) [ ]

b = 15. P
m
(9.13)

Bang 9.3 Gia tr cac thong so A, C, n, m mot so a phng

a phng A C m n
Ha Noi 420 0,55 0,12 0,82
Hai Phong 2790 0,50 0,19 0,69
Lao Cai 2450 0,60 0,16 0,69
( )
n
n
b
P C q b
+
+ +
1
log 1 20
20
q =

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Ha Giang 3150 0,60 0,18 0,73
Hoa Bnh 3780 0,55 0,16 0,76
Thanh Hoa 2980 0,50 0,20 0,70
Vinh 3290 0,50 0,14 0,74

oi vi vung khong co tai lieu ghi ma t ong, co the dung cong thc sau:

( ) ( )
( )
n
m
n
P t
P C q
q
+
+
=
15
log 1 35
20
(9.14)

q
20
co the xac nh bang phng phap gan ung:

- q
20
= 0,071.H.d
TB
0,5
sai so 10 - 80%;
- q
20
= 0,072.H.d
TB
0,43
sai so 2 - 40%;
- q
20
= 58 H
ng
0,49
sai so 1 - 14%

Trong o, H la ham lng ma trung bnh nam (mm), H
ng
la lng ma trung bnh ngay cua
ngay trong mua ma (mm), d
TB
la o hut trunh bnh cua o am khong kh trong cac thang co
ma. oi vi nhng vung khong co gia tr H
ng
va d
TB
co the tnh:

( ) ( ) [ ]
73 , 0 18 , 0
3 / 2
) 15 (
log 55 , 0 1 6 , 21
P t
P H
q
+
+
= (9.15)

9.3.5 HE SO DONG CHAY VA KHAI NHIEM VE S CHAM CUA DONG CHAY

He So Dong Chay

Lng ma ri xuong co mot phan ngam vao at, mot phan boc hi, sau thi gian dai mi
ma th lng nc ngam vao at ang ke. Phan con lai chay vao he thong thoat nc ma.

He so dong chay la ty so gia lng nc ma chay vao he thong thoat nc (ky hieu q
c
) va
lng nc ma ri xuong dien tch thoat nc (ky hieu q
r
). Ky hieu .

9-10

(9.16)

r
c
q
q
=
phu thuoc vao tnh chat va o doc cua mat at, cng o ma = f(i). Theo mot tac gia
ngi Nga khac (1941) cung co the tnh nh sau:

(9.17)

=
0 0
t
TB
2 ,
q
1 ,
- q la cng o ma (L/ha/s);

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

- t la thi gian ma (phut);
-
TB
la he so lp phu tnh theo gia tr trung bnh cho toan dien tch thoat nc ma.

Gia tr cua he so lp phu va he so dong chay khong oi
0
c trnh bay trong Bang 9.4.

Bang 9.4 He so lp phu va he so dong chay khong oi
0

Loai lp phu
0
Mai nha va ng rai nha Bang 9.5 0,95
ng rai a to 0,224 0,60
ng rai cuoi, soi 0,145 0,45
ng rai a dam khong co chat ket dnh 0,125 0,40
ng rai soi nho trong cong vien 0,090 0,30
Mat at san nen 0,064 0,20
Bai co 0,038 0,10

Bang 9.5 Gia tr cua he so lp phu vi be mat t tham nc = f(A, n)

A/n 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1500
< 0,65 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23
0,65 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24

Khi dien tch be mat lp phu t tham nc ln hn 30% be mat thoat nc ma th = const
va c tnh bang gia tr trung bnh theo cong thc sau:

(9.18)
ch
i i
TB
F
9-11

F
= =
0

Khi tnh he so Z
TB
,

cac dien tch cua vn hoa, bai co, cong vien, neu khong co he thong thoat
nc ma th khong c tnh vao dien tch chung F
ch
.

Khai Niem Ve S Cham Cua Dong Chay

Neu so sanh khoi lng nc ma ang chay vao ng ong vi lng nc ma cuoi ng
ta thay rang lu lng cua nc dan dan ln len va t hn lng nc ma chay vao mang
li. Trong cung mot thi diem (cuoi t hn), ch khi nao thi gian ma keo dai th mi bang
nhau. Ta co the bieu dien bang cong thc:

Q = . F . q

=
ch
i i
TB
F
F

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Q la lng ma cuoi oan ong. Thong thng Q < Q
tt
, nh vay se chay cham hn so vi
dong chay tnh toan. Nguyen nhan cua s cham tre la do co s tap trung nc tren be mat,
trong qua trnh chay van toc dan dan tang len (trong ng ong).

Ty so gia Q/Q
tt
bieu th mc o cham cua dong chay. Viec xac nh gia tr cua he so cham
rat phc tap nen trong tnh toan khong a vao. Nhng khai niem cua s cham giai thch c
mot so hien tng.

9.3.6 HE SO MA KHONG EU

Thc te ma ri khong eu tren dien tch thoat nc hay noi khac i cng o ma tren toan
dien tch thoat nc khong eu nhau c bieu th bang he so :

max
q
q
TB
=
- q
TB
: cng o ma trung bnh tren toan bo dien tch thoat nc ma;
- q
max
: cng o ma ln nhat cua mot iem nao o tren dien tch thoat nc ma.
- = f(F, t). F nho, ma eu hn, 1
- Quy nh neu F < 300 ha th = 1.
- Thi gian ma ngan, do o neu q ln va ma khong eu th giam.

Bang 9.6 Gia tr = f(F, t)

Thi gian ma (phut) Dien tch
(ha) 15 phut 30 phut 45 phut 60 phut
300 0,96 1 1 1
400 0,92 0,96 0,98 1
500 0,90 0,93 0,96 1
600 0,88 0,91 0,95 0,98
800 0,85 0,90 0,94 0,97
1600 0,77 0,84 0,89 0,92
2000 0,75 0,81 0,87 0,90

9.3.7 XAC NH LU LNG TNH TOAN CUA NC MA THEO PHNG PHAP
CNG O MA GII HAN

Phng Phap Cng o Ma Gii Han

Khi xac nh lu lng tnh toan cua nc ma ngi ta gia thiet rang ma se c keo dai
mot khoang thi gian bang khoang thi gian nc ma iem xa nhat chay en iem tnh
toan th ma mi tanh. Noi cach khac he so cham cua dong chay bang 1.

9-12

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Thi gian nay chnh la thi gian tap trung nc. Thi gian tap trung nc oi vi cac tiet dien
tnh toan khac nhau se khac nhau. Tiet dien cang xa th thi gian tap trung nc cang ln, t
cang ln, q cang giam nhng F tang cho nen Q = . F. q van tang. Nh vay, tiet dien tnh
toan van c tnh toan vi lu lng ln nhat co the xay ra mac du cng o ma giam.
Trong khi tnh toan mang li thoat nc ma ngi ta a lay thi gian tnh toan chnh bang
thi gian tap trung nc va lu lng c xac nh da vao thi gian tap trung nc. Tnh
toan nh vay goi la tnh toan theo phng phap cng o gii han.

Thi Gian Ma Tnh Toan

Thi gian ma tnh toan chnh la thi gian tap trung nc t iem xa nhat en iem tnh toan.

t
TT
= t
m
+ t
r
+ t
0
(9.15)

- t
m
: thi gian tap trung nc ma tren be mat t iem xa nhat en ranh. t
m
phu thuoc vao
dien tch, cng o ma va be mat lp che phu.

t
m
= 1,5 . n
0,6
. l
0,6

0,3
. i
0,5
. i
'

0,3

+ , n, I la he so lp phu, he so nham va o doc cua be mat co nc chay;
+ i la cng o ma (mm/phut);
+ l la chieu dai oan nc chay (m).

Cong thc nay ap dung khi be mat a san nen (khong go ghe, tng oi bang phang). Trong
tnh toan gia tr t
m
c chon nh sau:

+ Trong khu pho khong co ranh thoat nc ma lay t
m
= 10 phut;
+ Trong khu pho co ranh thoat nc ma lay t
m
= 5 phut.

- t
r
la thi gian nc chay trong ranh.

9-13

r
r
r
V
l
t = 25 , 1
+ l
r
, V
r
la chieu dai va van toc cua oan ong tnh toan;
+ 1,25 la he so tang dan toc o.

- t
0
la thi gian nc chay trong ong en tiet dien tnh toan.

=
0
0
0
V
l
M

t

+ l
0
va V
0
la chieu dai va toc o cua oan ong tnh toan;

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

+ M la he so ke en s cham tre cua dong chay ban au so vi dong chay tnh toan vi hai
nguyen nhan:

Nc ma chay trong ong th dan dan tang len do o V tang dan en van toc tnh toan,
nh vay thi gian chay thc te ln hn thi gian chay tnh toan. Theo A. A Cyp, s
tang dan toc o co the ieu chnh bang he so M = 1,2.

Ong thoat nc ma c tnh vi h/d = 1 do o V ln nhng lua au h/d nho hn 1 nen V
< V
tt
dan en thi gian chay thc te lau hn thi gian chay tnh toan.

Thc te tnh M = 2,0 neu a hnh mat at cua khu vc thoat nc bang phang.

M = 1,2 khi mat at co o doc ln hn 0,005.

- Nh vay,

(9.19)
0
0
60
2
60
l
t + + = 25 , 1
V
l
V
t
r
r
m tt

Cong Thc Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Nc Ma

Neu khu vc thoat nc co dien tch la F, biet he so dong chay , he so ma , cng o ma
la q th lu lng tnh toan nc ma c tnh nh sau:

(9.20)
9-14

n
A
F q F Q = =
t
Khi khu vc thoat nc ma co dien tch be mat t tham nc ln hn 3-% dien tch chung th
=
TB
= const. Khi o:

(9.21)

Khi dien tch be mat t tham nc nho hn 30% dien tch chung th thay oi:

n
r
r
m
TB
l
l
Q
+ +
V V
t
A F

0
0
25 , 1
=
2

1 , 0 2 , 1
0
0
2 / 1
2 25 , 1
+ +
=
n
r
r
m
TB
V
l
V
l
t
A
F Q

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-15

9.4 THIET KE MANG LI THOAT NC MA

9.4.1 Vach Tuyen Mang Li Thoat Nc Ma

Nguyen Tac Chung

Nguyen tac vach tuyen mang li thoat nc ma cung giong mang li thoat nc thai sinh
hoat va san xuat. Ben canh o can lu y:

- Can nghien cu ly a hnh, dan c, cong nghiep, song ho, ruong at xung quanh thanh pho;
- Chu y en ruong at trong trot xung quanh;
- Nghien cu song ho san co lam ho ieu hoa;
- Het sc tranh xay dng thiet thoat nc ma v mot nam ch s dung co mot mua, tham ch
mot vai ngay;
- Khi quy hoach thanh pho phai chu y san nen thoat nc ma luon;
- Mang li thoat nc ma khong can thiet c phai dung ong do o tan sung ieu kien thuan
li cua a phng nh ranh, mng ong ngam.

9.4.2 Tnh Toan Mang Li Thoat Nc Ma

Chon Chu Ky Ngap Lut Tc Thi

Chu ky ngap lut c quy n trong quy pham thoat nc phu thuoc vao q
20
, a hnh, dien tch
thoat nc ma.

Bang 9.7 Chu ky ngap lut P oi vi khu dan c

Gia tr P phu thuoc q
20
(L/ha.s) ac iem khu vc thoat nc
50 - 70 70 - 90 90 - 100 > 100
a hnh bang phang

- Dien tch lu vc thoat nc ma F <
150 ha
0,25 - 0,33 0,33 -1,00 0,50 - 1,50 1,00 - 2,00
- Dien tch lu vc thoat nc ma F >
150 ha
0,33 - 0,50 0,50 - 1,50 1,00 - 2,00 2,00 - 3,00

a hnh kha doc

- F < 20 ha 0,33 - 0,50 0,50 - 1,50 1,00 - 2,00 2,00 - 3,00
- F = 20 - 50 ha 0,50 - 1,00 1,00 - 2,00 2,00 - 3,00 3,00 - 5,00
- F = 50 - 100 ha 2,00 - 3,00 3,00 - 5,00 5,00 5,00 - 10,00
- F > 100 ha 5,00 5,00 10,00 10,00 - 20,00

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Bang 9.8 Chu ky ngap lut P oi vi khu cong nghiep

Gia tr P phu thuoc q
20
(L/ha.s) Hau qua cua lut oi vi san xuat
50 - 80 80 -100 > 100
- Quy trnh san xuat khong b nh tre 0,25 - 0,50 0,50 - 2,00 2,00 - 3,00
- Quy trnh san xuat b nh tre 0,50 - 1,00 1,00 - 2,00 3,00 - 5,00

Chu y

- Nhng gia tr be trong Bang 9.7 va Bang 9.8 dung cho cac khu vc dan c va khu cong
nghiep khong quan trong con cac gia tr ln dung cho cac khu trung tam hoac cac khu quan
trong cung nh khi he so dong chay ln hn hoac bang 0,5.

- Khi tnh toan nc ma bang mng ranh (ho) th lay cac gia tr be trong bang.

- oi vi cac khu khong quan trong (kho tang, nha may), neu e ngap lut se thiet hai ln th
lay gia tr P bang 9.8 tang len.

Xac nh Lu Lng Tnh Toan Cho Tng oan Ong

- Ve o th q = A/t
n
cho khu vc tnh toan thoat nc ma. Can c vao tnh hnh a phng ta
co cac gia tr n, A cho gia tr t ta tnh c q.

( )
n
n
t
P q log 1 20
20
+
= q

- Trng hp khong tra c A trong bieu o, ta phai tnh A theo cong thc:

A = 20
n
. q
20
. (1 + C . log P)

- Xac nh thi gian tap trung nc ma tren be mat, lay t
m
= 5 - 10 phut.

- Xac nh thi gian nc ma chay trong ranh va hai ben ng:

r
r
r
V
l
9-16

t = 25 , 1

- Neu ngay trong khu pho co ng ong thoat nc ma, t
r
= 0. Neu khong co lay t
r
= 1 phut,
V
r
= 0,7 m/s, t o ta co the xac nh c gieng thu nc ma au tien:

m 5 , 33
60
= =
=
t
l
25 , 1
7 , 0
25 , 1

r r
r
V

- Neu F 300 ha, lay theo Bang 9.6. Neu F < 300 ha, lay = 1.

9.5 V DU TNH TOAN MANG LI THOAT NC MA

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu


9.5.1 Nhiem Vu

Thiet ke mang li thoat nc ma cho khu dan c co 16 tieu khu (xem mat bang). Moi tieu
khu co kch thc b . l = 120 x 200, F = 2,4 ha, chieu rong ng pho b = 30 m. Khu dan c
nam vung co n = 0,7, c = 0,85, q
20
= 70. Theo tai lieu xay dng cho biet Z
TB
= 0,18.

9.5.2 Tnh Toan Thiet Ke

(1) Vach tuyen: xem mat bang.
(2) Chon chu ky ngap lut P = 1 nam.
(3) Ve o th q = A/t
n
cho vung thiet ke:

A = q
20
. 20
n
. (1 + C log P) = 70 . 20
0,7
. (1 + 0,85 log P) = 569,9 . (1 + 0,85 log P)

Xac nh gia tr A theo P

P 1 1,2 1,5 1,7 2,0 2,2
A 569,9 608,2 655,2 681,5 715,7 735,8

Xac nh gia tr q theo A va t (phut), chu ky ngap lut P = 1 nam

A 569,9 569,9 569,9 569,9 569,9 569,9
t 10 15 20 25 30 35
t
0,7
5,01 6,66 8,14 9,52 10,81 12,05
q 113,8 85,6 70,0 59,9 52,7 47,3

Xac nh gia tr q theo A va t (phut), chu ky ngap lut P = 2,2 nam

A 735,8 735,8 735,8 735,8 735,8 735,8
t 10 15 20 25 30 35
t
0,7
5,01 6,66 8,14 9,52 10,81 12,05
q 146,9 110,5 90,4 77,3 68,1 61,1
9-17

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
q

(
L
/
s
.
h
a
)
Th i gian (phu t)
P = 1 na m, P = 2,2 na m

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-18

Mot cach tong quat, moi lien he gia q, P, A, t c trnh bay trong Bang 9.9.

Bang 9.9 Moi lien he gia q, P, A va t

q (L/ha.s) Thi gian t
(phut) P = 0,5
A = 424
P = 1
A = 569,9
P = 1,5
A = 655
P = 2
A = 715,7
P = 3
A = 801,0
P = 4
A = 861,5
05 137,4 184,7 212,3 231,9 259,6 279,2
10 84,6 113,7 130,7 142,8 159,8 171,9
20 52,1 70,0 80,4 87,9 98,4 105,8
40 32,1 43,1 49,5 54,1 60,6 68,7
60 24,1 32,4 37,3 40,7 45,6 49,0
120 14,9 20,0 22,9 25,1 28,1 30,2

T ket qua tnh toan trnh bay trong Bang 9.9, co the xac nh o th q = f(t, P) de dang.

- Xac nh t
m
va t
r

Chon t
m
= 10 phut va t
r
= 1 phut (oi vi v du nay).

(4) Tnh toan thuy lc mang li thoat nc ma

- So lieu tnh toan thuy lc mang li thoat nc ma c trnh bay trong Bang 9.10. V h/d =
1 nen noi theo vom ong.

- Sau khi tnh xong moi oan ta phai so sanh V
tt
cot (19) vi v d tnh cot (6). Neu sai so <
15% th chap nhan c, neu ln hn phai tnh lai.

- t
tt
= t
m
+ t
r
+ t
0
= 11 + t
0

- =
TB
. q
0,2
. t
0,1

Bang 9.10 Tnh toan thuy lc mang li thoat nc ma

F (ha) oa
n
ong
L
(m) d vc Con
g
V
d
tnh
(m/
s)
t
0
(phut
)
t
tt

(phut
)
P
(na
m)
q q
0,2
t
0,1
Q =
qF
i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1-2
2-3

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-19

3-4
4-5
5-6

Bang 9.10 Tnh toan thuy lc mang li thoat nc ma (tt)

Cao o tnh toan
Mat at
Long ong Vom ong
o sau at cong
oa
n
ong
d h/d
V
tt

(m/
s)
H =
il
(m)
C

C

C

au Cuoi TB
1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6

9.6 CAC CONG TRNH TREN MANG LI THOAT NC MA

9.6.1 Gieng Thu Nc Ma

Nc ma c tap trung tren mat at chay vao ranh (ranh cua ng pho) khi at ti mot lu
lng nao o chay vao ng ong kn, qua mot cong trnh goi la gieng thu.

Phan Loai

- Theo v tr

+ Gieng thu nc ma long ng;
+ Gieng thu nc ma va he.

- Theo hnh dang: cong tron, cong vuong.
- Theo cau tao: co hay khong co ngan lang can.
- Theo cach noi vi mang li ng ong: co hay khong co mang ngan nc.
- Theo vat lieu: betong, betong cot thep, gach, a.
- Theo phng phap xay dng.

Cau Tao

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-20

Song chan rac co cac loai sau

Yeu Cau oi Vi Gieng Thu

- Bo tr the nao e thu c nhieu nc nhat;
- Bo tr the nao e khong can tr giao thong.

Bo Tr Gieng Thu Nc Ma

- V tr gieng thu nc ma au tien c xac nh da vao cong thc:

l
r
= V
r
x t
r
/1,25 (m)

1
2
3
4
5
Gieng at long at co ngan
lang, co mang chan
1
2
3
4
Gieng at va he, khong co ngan
lang ca n, khong co mang chan
5
1 Song chan rac
2 Than gie ng
3 ay gieng
4 Ong noi
5 ng ong thoat nc

CONG TY MOI TRNG
TAM NHN XANH
GREE
Tel: (08)5150181
Fax: (08)8114594
www.gree-vn.com

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

9-21

- am bao lp nc ma h trong ranh nho hn hoac bang 10 cm.

- Khoang cach gia cac gieng thu nc ma tren ng phu thuoc vao o doc va chieu ngang
mat ng.

+ Neu khong co nc t trong tieu khu o ra va chieu rong mat ng nho hn 30 cm,
khoang cach gieng thu nc ma lay phu thuoc vao o doc doc ng va theo cach sau:

* i < 0,004 nen lay l = 50 m;
* i = 0,004 - 0,006 nen lay l = 60 m;
* i = 0,006 - 0,01 nen lay l = 70 m;
* i = 0,01 - 0,03 nen lay l = 80 m.

+ Khi mat ng ln hn 30 m hoac i nho hn 0,03, l 60 m. Gieng thu nc ma nen li
dung cho trung e bo tr va chu y nhat la cac nga t. Khong cho nc ma tran qua nga t.

9.6.2 Ho ieu Hoa

Trong mang li thoat nc ma thng dung ho ieu hoa.

Khi quan sat mot tran ma thng thay nh sau:

- Trong thi gian au, cng o tran ma dan dan ln len, do o, lng ma tang len;
- Sau khi cng o ma at en mot gia tr nao o kha cao th gi nguyen trong mot khoang
thi gian hoac hi giam xuong;
- Ve thi gian cuoi tran ma, cng o giam dan do o lng nc ma cung giam theo thi
gian.

GT Mang Luoi Thoat Nuoc 302

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GT Mang Luoi Thoat Nuoc 302

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CNG TY M I TRNG TM NHN XANH

You might also like