BLAST FUNACE

CM NANG
CNG NGH
L CAO LUYN GANG
THAI AN

2009










TP TH TC GI


2

L L i i n n i i u u

C C n ng g n ng gh hi i p p g ga an ng g t th h p p l l n ng gu u n n c cu un ng g c c p p n ng gu uy y n n l li i u u, , s s n n p ph h m m c ch ho o c c c c
n ng g n nh h k kh h c c n nh h c ch h t t o o c c k kh h , , g gi ia ao o t th h n ng g v v n n t t i i, , x x y y d d n ng g v v q qu u c c p ph h n ng g D Do o
n nh hu u c c u u v v s s t t t th h p p t t n ng g c ca ao o c c a a t th h t tr r n ng g, , n n n n c c u u v v n ng gu uy y n n l li i u u c ch ho o c c n ng g
n ng gh hi i p p s s n n x xu u t t t th h p p a an ng g g gi ia a t t n ng g, , c c b bi i t t l l n ng gu u n n n ng gu uy y n n l li i u u s s c ch h g ga an ng g l l n ng g
n n n ng g c ca ao o c ch h t t l l n ng g c c a a t th h p p, , s s n n x xu u t t t th h p p h h p p k ki im m, , t th h p p h h p p k ki im m t th h p p b b n n
c ca ao o, , t th h p p d d p p s s u u d d n ng g t tr ro on ng g s s n n x xu u t t t t , , t th h p p k kh h n ng g r r , , n nh h n ng g h h p p k ki im m n nh h v v
n nh h n ng g v v t t l li i u u b b n n d d n n
H Hi i n n n na ay y t tr r n n t th h g gi i i i c c n ng g n ng gh h l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g l l c ca ao o c c i i t ti i n n v v t t b b c c: : S S
d d n ng g p ph h i i l li i u u n n c ch h c ca ao o v v i i t t t t l l q qu u n ng g c ch h n n n n 1 10 00 0% %, , s s d d n ng g q qu u n ng g k ki im m
l lo o i i h ho o , , m m r r n ng g g gi i i i h h n n g gi i g gi i u u o ox xy y, , t t n ng g n nh hi i n n l li i u u p ph h , , n n u u l lu uy y n n l l c ca ao o d d i i
p p s su u t t c ca ao o, , c c i i t ti i n n p ph h n ng g p ph h p p c ch h t t l li i u u, , s s d d n ng g t th h x x y y v v t t l li i u u c ch h u u l l a a k ki i u u
k kh h i i c c g gi ia ai i d d n n n nh hi i t t, , n ng g d d n ng g h h c ch hu uy y n n g gi ia a t tr ro on ng g v v n n h h n nh h l l c ca ao o
C C n ng g n ng gh hi i p p l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g l l c ca ao o n n c c t ta a c ch h a a p ph h t t t tr ri i n n, , c c n ng g t t c c l l l lu u n n
k kh h n ng g c c c ch h t tr r n ng g n ng g m m c c. . N Ng go o i i C C n ng g t ty y G Ga an ng g t th h p p T Th h i i n ng gu uy y n n, , c ch h a a c c
n n v v n n o o n ng gh hi i n n c c u u s s u u v v c c n ng g n ng gh h l l c ca ao o l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g n n n n c c c c t t i i l li i u u t th ha am m
k kh h o o r r t t t th hi i u u t tr ro on ng g k kh hi i n nh hu u c c u u t t m m h hi i u u v v n ng gh hi i n n c c u u s s u u v v c c n ng g n ng gh h l l c ca ao o
l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g h hi i n n n na ay y r r t t c c p p b b c ch h. .
G G p p p ph h n n v v o o s s p ph h t t t tr ri i n n c c a a n ng g n nh h l l c ca ao o l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g V Vi i t t n na am m, , n nh h n ng g
k k s s v v c c n n b b t t n ng g t tr r c c t ti i p p t th ha am m g gi ia a c c n ng g t t c c v v n n h h n nh h l l c ca ao o q qu ua a q qu u t tr r n nh h
t ti i p p c c n n c c n ng g n ng gh h , , c c c c t t i i n ng gh hi i n n c c u u k kh ho oa a h h c c, , c c c c h h i i t th h o o n nh h m m k kh h i i q qu u t t
t th h c c t ti i n n c c n ng g n ng gh h v v t th ha am m k kh h o o c c c c t t i i l li i u u n n c c n ng go o i i, , c ch h y y u u l l c c a a L Li i n n x x
( (c c ) ) v v c c a a T Tr ru un ng g q qu u c c b bi i n n s so o n n l l i i c cu u n n C C m m n na an ng g c c n ng g n ng gh h l l c ca ao o l lu uy y n n
g ga an ng g . . D Do o t th h i i g gi ia an n n ng g n n, , k kh h i i l l n ng g k ki i n n t th h c c l l n n n n n n k kh h n ng g t tr r n nh h k kh h i i s sa ai i s s t t
k kh hi i b bi i n n s so o n n. . M M i i k ki i n n n ng g g g p p x xi in n g g i i v v a a c ch h : : t to ox xu ua an nt th ha an nh h@ @g gm ma ai il l. .c co om m. .
T Th ha ay y m m t t n nh h n ng g n ng g i i t th ha am m g gi ia a b bi i n n s so o n n, , X Xi in n c ch h n n t th h n nh h c c m m n n n nh h n ng g
n ng g n ng gh hi i p p n ng g g g p p n nh hi i u u k ki i n n q qu u b b u u c ch ho o t t i i l li i u u n n y y. . X Xi in n c c o o l l i i v v i i
m m t t s s t t c c g gi i c c a a n nh h n ng g t t i i l li i u u t th ha am m k kh h o o c c a a n n c c n ng go o i i, , d do o i i u u k ki i n n k kh h c ch h
q qu ua an n c ch h a a l li i n n h h c c. . X Xi in n c c m m n n C C n ng g t ty y p ph h n n T Th h n ng g m m i i C C k kh h v v L Lu uy y n n
k ki im m T Th h i i A An n ( (T TH HA AC CO OM ME EC C) ) c ch ho o d d c ch h t th hu u t t t t i i l li i u u t th ha am m k kh h o o c c a a 1 10 0 t t p p t t i i
l li i u u n n y y. .
H Hy y v v n ng g c cu u n n t t i i l li i u u n n y y g gi i p p c ch h c c n nh hi i u u c ch ho o c c c c c c n n b b q qu u n n l l t tr ro on ng g
n ng g n nh h l lu uy y n n k ki im m, , n nh h n ng g n ng g i i l l m m c c n ng g t t c c k k t th hu u t t c c n nh h n ng g t th ha am m k kh h o o t tr ro on ng g
v v n n h h n nh h v v c c b bi i t t k kh hi i s s l l s s c c t tr ro on ng g t th h c c t ti i n n c c n ng g n ng gh h l l c ca ao o l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g. .
N Ng g y y 1 19 9 t th h n ng g 5 5 n n m m 2 20 00 09 9
T T P P T TH H B BI I N N S SO O N N

3

M M C C L L C C
1 10 0 T T p p C C m m n na an ng g c c n ng g n ng gh h l l c ca ao o l lu uy y n n g ga an ng g


1. I CNG CNG NGH L CAO LUYN GANG
1.1. Khi nim v gang l cao
1.2. Lch s cng ngh luyn gang
1.3. Tnh hnh cng ngh l cao luyn gang Vit nam
1.4. Khi qut v cng ngh luyn gang l cao
1.4.1. L thuyt l cao luyn gang v ng dng vo thc tin cng ngh
1.4.2. Yu cu v nguyn nhin liu cho l cao luyn gang
1.4.3. Khi qut cng ngh chun b qung cho l cao luyn gang
1.4.4. Khi qut v cng ngh thiu kt qung st
1.4.5. Khi qut v tnh ton thit k l cao luyn gang
1.4.6. Khi qut v thit b v b tr mt bng cng ngh l cao luyn gang
1.4.7. Qun l thao tc hng ngy l cao
1.4.8. Tui th l cao v qu trnh trung tu v i tu l cao luyn gang
1.4.9. Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut cng ngh l cao luyn gang
1.5. Xu hng pht trin cng ngh l cao luyn gang

2. L LUN V CNG NGH L CAO LUYN GANG
2.1. Qu trnh ho l trong l cao luyn gang
2.1.1. Qu trnh phn ho v bc hi nc
2.1.2. Qu trnh thot cht bc ca than
2.1.3. Qu trnh phn ho cacbonat
2.1.4. Qu trnh bin i ca hp cht kim loi v phi kim
2.1.5. C s l lun hon nguyn
2.1.6. Hon nguyn st trong l cao
2.1.7. Qu trnh hon nguyn mangan trong l cao
2.1.8. Qu trnh hon nguyn Silic trong l cao
2.1.9. Qu trnh hon nguyn P v cc nguyn t khc
2.1.10. Qu trnh to gang trong l cao
2.1.11. Qu trnh to x trong l cao
2.1.12. Qu trnh kh S trong l cao
2.1.13. Qu trnh chy trong ni l
2.1.14. Qu trnh to kh l cao

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2.2. Chuyn ng kh v nguyn liu trong l cao luyn gang
2.2.1. S bin i p sut kh trong l cao
2.2.2. S chuyn ng kh trong l cao
2.2.3. S phn b nguyn nhin liu c l
2.2.4. Chuyn ng ca nguyn liu trong l cao
2.2.5. Ch tiu cng vn hnh ca l cao
2.3. Trao i nhit trong l cao luyn gang
2.3.1. L thuyt trao i nhit trong l cao
2.3.2. Phn b nhit trong l cao
2.3.3. Vn cn bng nhit trong l cao
2.3.4. Quan h gia cn bng nhit v mc hon nguyn gin tip

3. YU CU V NGUYN NHIN LIU CHO L CAO LUYN GANG
3.1. Qung st cho l cao luyn gang
3.2. Qung Mn cho l cao luyn gang
3.3. Nhin liu cho l cao luyn gang
3.4. Cht tr dung cho l cao luyn gang
3.5. Trung ho qung st cho cng ngh l cao luyn gang
3.6. Cc nguyn liu dng cho l cao luyn gang Vit Nam

4. TUYN QUNG ST DNG CHO L CAO LUYN GANG
4.1. p nghin qung
4.2. Sng phn cp v ra qung
4.3. Tuyn trng lc
4.4. Tuyn t,
4.5. tuyn ni
4.6. tuyn ho
4.7. Kh nc
4.8. Nung thiu qung

5. CNG NGH THIU KT QUNG ST
5.1. Cng ngh sn xut thiu kt
5.1.1. Chun b nguyn liu cho cng ngh thiu kt
5.1.2. Cng ngh phi liu thiu kt
5.1.3. Cng ngh trn to ht, b liu v im ho
5.1.4. Lm ngui v x l qung thiu kt thnh phm

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5.1.5. Sn phm thiu kt v vn cng ho qu trnh thiu kt
5.2. Bin i ho l trong qu trnh thiu kt
5.3. Qu trnh trao i nhit trong lp phi liu thiu kt
5.4. Tnh phi liu v cn bng nhit qu trnh thiu kt
5.5. H thng thit b cng ngh thiu kt
5.6. Tiu hao nng lng cng on thiu kt
5.7. Vn hnh cng ngh thiu kt v mt s phng php s l s c
5.8. Ch tiu cht lng v kinh t k thut ch yu ca thiu kt

6. CNG NGH V VIN V NG BNH QUNG ST
6.1. L thuyt qu trnh v vin, ng bnh qung st
6.2. Qu trnh cng ngh v vin, ng bnh qung st
6.3. Thit b v vin, ng bnh qung st
6.4. Cc ch tiu Kinh t, k thut cng ngh v vin, ng bnh qung st

7. THIT K L CAO LUYN GANG
7.1. Tnh phi liu l cao luyn gang
7.2. Tnh thnh phn kh l cao luyn gang
7.3. Cn bng nhit l cao luyn gang
7.4. Tnh trc l cao luyn gang
7.5. Tnh thit k cng ngh l gi nng caopo
7.6. Tnh thit k cng ngh lc bi th kh l cao
7.7. Tnh ton thit k cng ngh lc bi tnh in kh l cao

8. THIT B L CAO LUYN GANG
8.1. Thit b bn th l cao luyn gang
8.1.1. Mng l
8.1.2. Kt cu thp l cao
8.1.3. Vt liu th xy l cao
8.1.4. Thit b lm mt l cao
8.2. Thit b h thng ln liu ca l cao
8.3. Thit b trc l l cao
8.4. Thit b h thng cp gi nng v l gi nng
8.5. H thng phun than v cp gi lin hp cho l cao
8.6. H thng lc ra kh than
8.7. Thit b my c gang

6

8.8. Thit b c kh dng chung cho l cao luyn gang
8.9. Thit b in v t ng ho ca l cao luyn gang
8.10. B tr thit b trn mt bng lin hp l cao luyn gang

9. VN HNH L CAO LUYN GANG
9.1. iu khin nu luyn trong l cao
9.1.1. Phng php phn on tnh trng l.
9.1.2. Du hiu nguyn nhn v x l tnh trng l tht thng
9.2. D phng v x l s c thit b
9.3. Khai l cao
9.4. Ngng l cao
9.5. Cc phng php cng ho l cao
9.6. T chc thao tc cc cng on l cao
9.7. Thao tc v s l s c trong l
9.8. Thao tc v s l s c ngoi l
9.9. Cc ch tiu k thut vn hnh l cao luyn gang
9.10. Cht lng gang

10. PH LC THAM KHO CNG NGH L CAO LUYN GANG
10.1. S lc mt s cng ngh luyn kim phi cc
10.2. Cc v d v tnh ton hin trng cng ngh l cao luyn gang
10.3. Tiu chun nguyn liu, nhin liu l cao luyn gang ca mt s nc
10.4. Tiu chun gang l cao ca mt s nc
10.5. Quy trnh k thut an ton cng ngh l cao luyn gang c va v nh
10.6. Quy trnh thao tc k thut cng ngh l cao luyn gang c va v nh
10.7. H thng qun l cht lng ISO 2008:2000 X nghip luyn gang
10.8. Tn dng sn phm ph cng ngh l cao luyn gang
10.9. Quy trnh u t d n luyn kim cng ngh di
10.10. Mt s nh ngha v thut ng v cng ngh l cao luyn gang.

------------------------------------------------------

7

GII THIU CNG NGH L CAO LUYN GANG

L cao luyn gang l mt thit b luyn kim ln, t nguyn liu a vo l
bin thnh nc gang, x chy ra vi thi gian chng mt ca. Trong thi gian ny
phi tri qua nhiu c im phc tp ca vt cht nh bin i pha, phn ng ha
hc, li phi nhit cao, lin tc, khp kn m bo l cao vn hnh c
thun li t nng sut sn xut cao nht th phi trn c s yu cu v nguyn liu
tinh c c thao tc thnh thc theo n. Chnh v vy song song vi vic ra sc
li dng nhng thnh qu nghin cu l lun v nu luyn hin nay c, th vic
trao i kinh nghim thc tin, trao i su thm, cng nh phng php qu n l
cn cha theo kp u l nhng mong mun ca nhng ngi lm cng vic vn
hnh l cao.
Vi h thng cm l cao Vit nam chim t trng rt ln trong cc d n
luyn kim, trong loi di 450 m
3
trn 20 l, v cng l thi t b then cht ca
nh my lin hp. Tnh trng sn xut ca nhng l ny ra sao, nh hng cc k
ln vi nhng x nghip ny. Nng cao trnh sn xut, khai thc tim nng ca
n l mt nhim v quan trng trong s nghip pht trin ngnh gang thp.
Lch s sn xut v luyn gang ca Vit nam c hn 50 nm kinh
nghim, vi s l t 5 n 50 m
3
l 14 l, hin nay c 2 l cao ca Gang thp Thi
nguyn vi loi l 100 m
3
ang hot ng, l x nghip c b dy kinh nghim, t
thp k 90 tr li y, ra sc dng nguyn liu tinh v khng ngng tch lu
kinh nghim thao tc vn hnh thnh thc nn t c nhiu thnh tch tt trong
sn xut.
Tp I sch ny ly thc tin thao tc l cao Thi nguyn lm chnh, tip thu
kinh nghim ca ngnh l cao luyn gang ca Lin x (c) v Trung quc bin
son ra.
Cc vn nu ra tho lun v thao tc vn hnh l cao tp trung nn lm v
t tng, phng chm x l, vic iu chnh v vic qun l vi mc ch cung
cp cho nhng ngi lm cng tc chy l nhng suy ngh v vic s l nhng vn
thc t khi vn hnh m khng b g b. Do tnh phc tp trong vn hnh cng
nh hn ch v kinh nghim nn tp sch ny khng t ni dung cn i su, mong
thng qua thc tin chy l nh vy khng ngng tng kt, hon thin.


8

1. KHI NIM V GANG L CAO
Pht trin k thut luyn gang cn i l t th k 18 bt u
cuc cch mng cng nghip n ra Chu u, trong 200 nm ca
th k 18 - 20, k thut luyn gang tri qua my giai on pht
trin c tnh t ph sau y:
1.1. 1709 Ln u tin nc Anh dng than cc thay than g, nh th
khng ch lm gin nguy c v g nghim trng lc by gi m
cn t c s cho s pht trin l cao loi ln cho sau ny.
1.2. u th k 19 Anh , Nga dng qut gi hi nc, nng lng
qut gi nng cao kh ln, to iu kin cho vic m rng ng
knh ni l.
1.3. Nm 1829 ngi Anh pht minh ra qut gi ra nhit kh than l
cao, dng gi nng thay th k thut gi ngui lm cho lng tiu
hao nhin li u gim xung nhiu. ng thi phn b nhit
trong l ngy cng hp l.
1.4. Nhng nm 50 ca th k ny bt u s dng qung giu nhn
to, cng 1 lc gii quyt c vic thiu qung giu thin
nhin vn yu km v tnh trng luyn kim.
1.5. Nhng nm 60 bt u dng gi tng hp, phun nhin liu vo
mt gi (kh than, kh thin nhin hoc du nng) trc tip thay 1
phn than cc, lm gim nh nhiu vn cung ng than luyn
cc, m rng ngun nhin liu cho l cao.
1.6. Nhng nm gn y ng dng my tnh in t, khin cho sn
xut l cao thc hin tr nng ho cng nhn thao tc, nhiu v tr
thc hin iu khin t ng ho lin ng, gim nh rt nhiu
cng lao ng ca cng nhn, nng cao nng sut lao ng.

9

2. LU TRNH CNG NGH L CAO V SN PHM
2.1. Lu trnh cng ngh sn xut l cao

2.1.1. Gang l t trong qung st hon nguyn ra. St trong qung
st tn ti trng thi xt st phn ln l qung manhtt,
qung h ma tt, qung st cc bon nt, qung li m nt ... Ti
Qung
cc
Than
cc

vi
l
mit
Than
cm

Vi
bt
L gi
nng
L gi
nng

L gi
nng

ng
khi
Qut
gi
Qut
gi
Xe
gang
L TRN
LUYN THP

MY C GANG
L gi
nng
Thiu
kt
Ni
hi
BUNKE LIU L CAO
L CAO
LC BI Trm kh than
To x ht Bi cha x
Qung
thiu kt
Trm phun than
antraxit
Trn, to ht
Qung
st tinh;
Phi liu
Nghin Nghin
20 %
80 %
THIU
KT

Sng ln 2
Bng lm ngui
Sng ln 1
ng
khi
Qut
ht
LU
TRNH
CNG
NGH
LUYN
GANG
L CAO

10

nguyn qung giu thin nhin c hn. nng cao phm v
ca qung st tng i ngho ci thin tnh nng luyn kim
ca n, thng thng sau khi khai thc phi qua cc cng on
nghin, tuyn, thiu kt (nung sy) ... t o thnh qung giu
nhn to mi c th a vo nu luyn l cao.
2.1.2. Mun thu c gang t qung, phi s dng cht hon nguyn,
hon nguyn st, ng thi phi cung cp nhit lng to
iu kin nhit d cho phn ng hon nguyn, bin liu l
thnh dng lng, tch x gang, do khi than trong l cao lu
ng ngc hng vi liu l, liu l trong thi gian tri qua
bin i hnh thi t dng rn n th bin mn ri n th
lng. Khi than i qua phi c ng thng than c trong liu l
va vn c tc dng cho 3 loi ni trn. N va l cht hon
nguyn, va l cht pht nhit ng thi c tc dng lm ct,
to ng thng cho kh than trong l i ln. Trong qung
ngoi khong vt c ch Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
ra cn c vi CaO,
MgO; Al
2
O
3
khng th hon nguyn v SiO
2
; MgO hon
nguyn mt t iu kin ca l cao, lm cho cc va
nng chy thnh x l c iu kin lu ng t do, t c th
tch khi gang, cn phi cho thm 1 lng cht tr dung nht
nh. Do phn ln va l tnh a xt v vy phn ln cht tr
dng thng l vi v l mt c tnh kim. Cht tr dung
c th cho vo trong qung thiu kt, cng c th trc tip cho
vo l cao. Ngoi ra gim t l cc c th phun 1 s nhin
liu vo mt gi nh du nng, kh than hoc kh thin nhin
thay th 1 phn than cc. Nh th nguyn liu dng cho sn

11

xut l cao ch yu c: Qung st (qung giu thin nhin hoc
qung giu nhn to), than cc , cht tr dung v cht phun.
Cc nguyn liu (tr cht phun) u theo mt t l nht nh
t nh l np vo trong l. T mt gi phn di qut gi nng
vo, than cc chy trc mt gi sinh ra kh than, kh than trong
qu trnh i ln hon thnh nhim v hon nguyn v gia nhit
liu l, cui cng thnh kh than l cao thot ra nh l. Trong
kh than l cao c cha thnh phn c th chy CO, H
2
vi 1 s
lng tng ng c th cung cp cho l gi nng v cc
xng khai thc s dng lm nhin liu, cng c th dng
pht in kh than.
2.1.3. Hnh nh cng ngh sn xut l cao, biu th hnh 1-1

- 1-Boong ke cha, cc, 2-Bng ti liu, 3-L cao, 4-Sn ra gang,
5- L gi nng, 6-ng khi, 7-Bi x ht
7
1
2
3
4
5
6

12

2.1.4. Cn c vo tc dng ca cc b phn, luyn gang l cao c
th chia thnh my h thng sau:
a). H thng l cao bao gm: Mng l, v l, thn l, thit b lm
ngui ... Khng gian trong l cao gi l ni hnh l, t trn xung
di c th chia ra 5 on l: C l, thn l, hng l, bng l v
ni l. Nh biu th hnh 1 -2. B phn ni l c mt gi, ca
gang, ca x.
b). H thng np liu bao gm : Boong ke cha qung, phu di
boong ke, sng cn v thit b chuyn liu, cu nghing xe liu v
thit b np liu nh l.
c). H thng cp gi bao gm: Qut gi, l gi nng, ng ng gi
nng, lnh, ng vng gi nng, ng cong vo gi.
d). H thng lm sch kh than bao gm: ng kh than dn ra, ng
thng thng, ng i xung, b lc bi trng lc, thp ra, ng
venturi, b kh nc, cm van cao p ... Hin nay b lc kh than
ca l cao loi va,nh phn ln dng lc bi th tc l dng b
trao i nhit v b lc bi ti vi thay th thp ra, ng ven tu
ri v b kh nc (biu th hnh 1 - 1 l lc bi t).
e). H thng x l gang x bao gm: Sn ra gang, thit b trc l,
thit b vn chuyn gang x, thit b phun x thu lc...
f). H thng phun thi bao gm: Thit b gia cng, vn chuyn v
phun cc cht phun.
2.1.5. L cao l 1 l ng m kh than vn ng ngc hng vi
liu l. Liu l bao gm qung st, than cc v cht tr
dung, nh vo tc dng ca trng lc bn thn khng ngng
i xung, than cc chy trc mt gi thnh kh than, qung

13

st th thnh qung nguyn v nng chy thnh gang v x
l trng thi lng, ng thi khng ngng tho ra ngoi
l, s i xung ca liu l phn trn to ra khong trng, s
chy ca gi nng v than cc trc mt gi sinh ra kh
than th chu sc y ca p lc qut gi vn ng ln trn.
Trong qu trnh vn ng ngc chiu liu l v kh than
tip xc vi nhau, Kh than lm cht ti nhit v cht hon
nguyn, mt mt truyn nhit lng cho liu l, lm nhit
ca n tng ln to iu kin hon nguyn v nng
chy, mt mt ly xy trong xt st, ng thi hon
nguyn cc yu t hp kim khc.
2.1.6. Liu l np vo l cao, na trn l khu vc pha rn cng gi
l vng dng cc, trong qu trnh i xung, nhit khng
ngng tng ln, khi t n nhit bin mm ca qung
st, xut hin vng chy mm. u trc ca mt gi l khu
vc tun hon ca than cc c dng gn hnh cu gi l
vng chy, mt b phn than cc vo l, trng thi rn
trc tip tham gia hon nguyn qung st, i b phn chy
y sinh ra CO. B phn y ca l cao l lp tch t gang
x gi l vng gang x. Phn b 5 vng nh hnh 1 -3.
2.1.7. Trong kh than sinh ra thi k u vng chy trc mt
gi ch c CO, N
2
v 1 t Hyr v c nhit v p lc rt
cao, trong qu trnh i ln, nhit v thnh phn ca kh
than khng ngng xy ra bin i, u tin do CO hon

14

nguyn trc tip tng ln, tip theo hon nguyn gin ti p
chuyn bin thnh CO
2
tng ln, nhi t kh than th do
trao i nhit v tn tht nhit m khng ngng h xung,
p lc cng do tn tht p lc m khng ngng gim xung.

2.1.8. Thnh phn cui cng ca gang, hon thnh trong ni l.
St trong qung st hu nh b hon nguyn ton b
(99,5%), hm lng st trong gang khong 92 - 94%, 1
phn SiO
2
v MnO c hon nguyn; Hm lng Si v
Mn trong gang tu theo mc gang m khc nhau. Ngoi ra
trong gang cn cha 1 lng than nht nh thng l
khong 4% c cha 1 s nguyn t vi lng c hi P , S ...
Hp phn phi
Ni hnh l cao luyn gang
H thng
nc lm
mt l cao
H thng lc
bi trng lc

15

Ni tm l i gang l hp kim ly st lm nn, c cha 1
lng than nht nh v s lng t cc nguyn t Si , Mn ,
P , S.
- Bng 1-1. Cng nng cc khu vc l cao.

Khu vc
Chuyn ng tng
i
Trao i nhit Phn ng
Khu vc
pha rn
(vng
trng thi
cc)
Liu l th rn i
xung, kh than i
ln.
Kh than i ln gia
nhit v sy i
vi liu l th rn.
Hon nguyn gin tip
phn ng xy ho
phn gii cc bon nt,
hon nguyn trc tip
b phn.
Khu vc
chy mm
(vng chy
mm)
Kh than i qua lp
kp than cc.
Qung bin mm
na chy. Kh than
truyn nhit cho
lp na chy.
Hon nguyn trc tip.
Thm than.
Khu vc
nh git
(vng nh
git)
Than cc th rn i
xung cung cp than
cc cho khu vc
xoy, st lng chy
xung.
Kh than i ln trao
i nhit vi x
lng, nc gang
nh git xung v
than cc.
Hon nguyn nguyn
t hp kim, kh S,
thm C, hon nguyn
trc tip.
Khu vc
xoy (vng
chy)
Qut gi lm cho
than cc chuyn
ng xoy.
Than cc chy to
nhit sinh ra kh
than nhit cao.
Phn ng chy, xy
ho li 1 b phn.
Khu vc
ni l
(vng gang
x)
Cha nc gang v
x lng, nh k tho
ra.
Nhit bc x
phn trn gang x
trao i nhit vi
than cc.
Tinh luyn cui cng,
hon nguyn, kh S
thm C gia gang
x.


16


2.1.9. Trong qu trnh nu luyn l cao , x l v gang ng thi
hnh thnh, bt c xt no cha b hon nguyn trong qu
trnh luyn u thnh x l, mt na b hon nguyn. Ngoi
ra trong x l cn c CaO, MgO, Al
2
O
3
... ton b u vo
x l, i b phn SiO
2
i vo x l , MnO khong 1 na i
vo x l, mt na b hon nguyn. Ngoi ra trong x l cn
c cc thnh phn K
2
O, Na
2
O, TiO
2
... Tm li thnh phn
ch yu ca x bnh thng l my loi xt: CaO, MgO,
SiO
2,
Al
2
O
3
, FeO, CaS, MnO ... Trong CaO/SiO
2
c
gi l kim, l ch tiu c trng quyt nh tnh nng
ca x l, cng nng ca cc khu vc l cao xem bng 1- 1.
2.1.10. qu trnh luyn l cao c bnh thng phi iu chnh 1
cch kp thi chun xc, nhanh chng v s ba ng tnh trng
l, hin tng tht thng v s bin i kim ca x v s
phn b dng kh than trong l dn n t s bin i iu kin
bn ngoi, t hnh thnh h thng ch thao tc l.
2.1.11. Ch thao tc c bn c:
a). Ch np liu l ch phng php np liu vo l, c th l ch
vic phn b liu l trn tit din c l thng qua vic thay i
phng php np liu, dt c mc ch iu khin s phn
b dng kh than trong l.
b). Ch cp gi l ch s lng, cht lng gi v trng thi gi
vo mt gi bo m thch hp iu kin nu luyn nht nh,

17

bo m s phn b dng kh than ban u hp l, t c
mc ch thun hnh tnh trng l.
c). Ch to x l ch vic la chn thnh phn v kim ca x l
thch hp vi iu kin nu luyn n , tnh nng ca n tho
mn yu cu cho l cao thun hnh, kh nng kh S tng i
mnh v nhit l n nh.
d). Ch nhit l ch vic khng ch nhit l thng qua vic iu
tit ph ti than cc, nhit gi v lng phun thi, m bo
nhit ca l cao y , n nh, sn xut ra gang hp qui
cch.
2.2. Sn phm ca L cao
2.2.1. Gang.
a). Gang l hp kim ly st lm nn, c cha 5 nguyn t C, S, Mn,
P. Theo cng dng gang c th chia ra gang c, gang luyn thp
v gang hp kim. Cn c vo phng php luyn thp khc nhau
gang luyn thp c th chia ra my loi sau:
- Gang l bng tnh kim, c im ca n l hm lng Si thp
nh th c th rt ngn chu k nu luyn, gim thiu lng x,
gim nh s n mn ca x i vi lt l.
- Gang l chuyn tnh a xt cng gi l gang Bt x me. c im
ca n c hm lng Si lc nht nh, nhng hm lng P phi
thp, cn Si lc trong qu trnh thi luyn xy ho Si to nhit t
to thm ngun nhit. Cn P trong l tnh a xt kh kh.
- Gang l chuyn kim tnh, gang loi ny c th c hm lng P
nht nh, hm lng Si lc phi thp v trong l kim tnh, P c
th kh c, khi thi luyn xt P to nhit thnh ngun nhit.

18

Si lc c tc dng n mn lp lt l kim tnh, v vy yu cu
hm lng Si lc phi thp.
b). Gang c dng c, c im ca n l hm lng Si tng
i cao, v hm lng Si tng i cao c th sinh ra than grapht
vi lng ln, t nng cao tnh nng ct gt ca chi tit c v
li khi lm ngui khng bin dng, gim thiu c hi hnh thnh
l ct, ng thi trn b mt gia cng than grapht c tc dng bi
trn lm cho vt c c tnh cht chu mi mn tt.
c). Gang hp kim ch yu l gang Si v gang Mn, tc dng ca n l
lm cht kh xy ca luyn thp. Hm lng Si ca gang Si l
cao khng qu 15% , cn hm l ng Mn ca gang Mn c th ln
n 5060% thm ch cao hn. Gang c hm lng Mn t 10 -
25% gi l gang knh, trn 50% gi l gang Mn. Tiu chun gang
xem bng 1-2
2.2.2. X l
- X nc l nguyn liu chnh ca xi mng, bng x c th lm vt
liu cch nhit, x l qua x l cn c th lm vt liu xy dng.
2.2.3. Kh than ca l cao
- Mt tn gang c th sinh ra 2000-3000 m
3
kh than l cao, nhi t tr
ca n l 7000-10.000kj/m
3
, c th lm nhin liu cung cp cho nh
my khc hoc dng cho pht in kh than.
2.2.4. Bi l
- Trong bi l thng cha 5% - 15% than, 30 50% st, v th c th
quay v xng thiu kt s dng li. Cng vi vic ci thin iu
kin nguyn liu v thc hin thao tc cao p, bi l s ngy cng
gim thiu.

19

3. PHNG HNG PHT TRIN CNG NGH L CAO.
3.1. Trong mt thi gian di tng i na luyn gang l cao vn s l
hng ch yu luyn gang, phng hng pht trin tng th
ch yu l: Tit kin nng lng, ti nguyn, nng cao hiu sut
thit b, t ng ho cc b phn, tng cng bo v mi trng,
thc hin qun l tng hp c th bao gm my mt sau:
3.2. Gim tiu hao nng lng tip tc tm phng php gim t l
cc, thng qua trnh thit b v ci thin iu kin nguyn liu,
tiu hao nng lng cho n v gang vn s cn cn gim vi
mc ln.
3.3. Ci thin iu kin nguyn liu vn s l mt bi ton ln cho t
nay v sau. Do qung giu thin nhin ngy mt gim thiu, gia
tng qung tinh nghin mn, t l qung cu vin trong nguyn
liu s tng ln, cn k thut cu vin nung ngui s c pht trin
v ng dng rng ri.
3.4. Tng ln l cao vn l xu th pht trin t nay v sau. Hin
nay dung tch l cao ca nhiu nc trn th gii u vt qu
5500m
3
.
3.5. K thut qut gi tng hp s c pht trin thm 1 bc, xy
giu cao, nhit gi cao, phun ln s l th on ch yu
cng ho nu luyn.
3.6. iu khin my tnh sn xut l cao s theo hng tr tu ho, tc
l qua nghin cu qui lut bin i trong l, xy dng m hnh s
hc iu khin tnh trng l, hon ton dng my tnh iu
khin l cao. Hin nay cc nh cng tc k thut luyn gang ang
ra sc nghin cu v mt ny.

20

3.7. Thu hi li dng ngun nng lng th cp, nh thu hi nng
lng p lc kh than nh l, nhit to ca kh than, nhit to
ca x l, nhit to ca nc gang khng np nng.
3.8. Xt ti vic than kt cc ngy cng him, phng php luyn
gang phi cc s l trng phi mi, c c s pht trin nhanh.

CNG NGH LUYN KIM PHI CC HYL






My ra kh ccbon
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bnh
My chuyn ha

Nc

Bung
phn
ng
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Qung st
CNG NGH HYL
Kh
thin
nhin
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in Turbo
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2
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2

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