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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

1
BI N LUN T M CNG THC CA MUI AMONI

1. Khi nim v mui amoni
Mui amoni l mui ca amoniac hoc amin vi
axit v c hoc axit hu c. V d :
+ Mui amoni ca axit v c : CH
3
NH
3
NO
3
,
C
6
H
5
NH
3
Cl, CH
3
NH
3
HCO
3
, (CH
3
NH
3
)
2
CO
3
,
CH
3
NH
3
HSO
4
, (CH
3
NH
3
)
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
,...
+ Mui amoni ca axit hu c : HCOOH
3
NCH
3
,
CH
3
COOH
3
NCH
3
, CH
3
COONH
4
, HCOONH
4
,
CH
3
COOH
3
NC
2
H
5
, CH
2
=CHCOOH
3
NCH
3
,
H
4
NCOOCOONH
4
,...
2. Tnh cht ca mui amoni
Mui amoni tc dng vi dung dch kim gii
phng NH
3
hoc amin.
Mui amoni ca axit cacbonic tc dng vi axit
HCl gii phng kh CO
2
.
3. Bin lun tm cng thc ca mui amoni
V d 1: Cho axit cacboxylic X phn ng vi
cht Y, thu c mt mui c cng thc phn t
C
3
H
9
O
2
N (sn phm duy nht). S cp cht X v
Y tha mn iu kin trn l
A. 3. B. 2. C. 4. D. 1.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm2012)
Hng dn :
Axit cacboxylic X phn ng vi cht Y to ra
mui c cng thc l C
3
H
9
O
2
N, chng t Y l
amin hoc NH
3
. C 4 mui amoni ng vi cng
thc C
3
H
9
O
2
N l :
HCOOH
3
NC
2
H
5
HCOOH
2
N(CH
3
)
2

CH
3
COOH
3
NCH
3
C
2
H
5
COONH
4

Suy ra c 4 cp cht X, Y tha mn l :
HCOOH v C
2
H
5
NH
2
HCOOH v (CH
3
)
2
NH
CH
3
COOH v
CH
3
NH
2

C
2
H
5
COOH v NH
3

V d 2: ng vi cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
O
2
N
(X) c bao nhiu cht va phn ng c vi
dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung
dch HCl ?
A. 2. B. 3. C. 1. D. 4.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng nm2010)
Hng dn :
Hp cht X cha N, va phn ng c vi
dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung
dch HCl nn X c th l amino axit, este ca
amino axit, peptit hoc mui amoni.
Phn t peptit c t nht 2 gc - amino axit, 1
nhm peptit CONH v c u N (nhm
NH
2
), u C (nhm COOH) nn s nguyn t
O t nht phi l 3, s nguyn t N t nht phi l
2, s nguyn t C t nht phi l 4. Vy X khng
th l peptit.
Amino axit c 2 nguyn t C l glyxin c cng
thc l H
2
NCH
2
COOH, c 5 nguyn t H. Vy
X khng th l amino axit.
X cng khng th l este ca amino axit (v este
ca amino axit phi c t 3 nguyn t C tr ln).
Vy X l mui amoni. X cha 1 nguyn t N
nn X c mt gc amoni, gc axit trong X cha
2 nguyn t O nn c dng RCOO. Suy ra X l
HCOOH
3
NCH
3
(metylamoni fomat) hoc
CH
3
COONH
4
(amoni axetat).
Phng trnh phn ng minh ha :
3 3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3
HCOOH NCH NaOH HCOONa CH NH H O
HCOOH NCH HCl HCOOH CH NH Cl
+ + +
+ +

3 4 3 3 2
3 4 3 4
CH COONH NaOH CH COONa NH H O
CH COONH HCl CH COOH NH Cl
+ + +
+ +

V d 3: Cho cht hu c X c cng thc phn
t C
2
H
8
O
3
N
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu
c cht hu c n chc Y v cc cht v c.
Khi lng phn t (theo vC) ca Y l :
A. 85. B. 68. C. 45. D. 46.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm2008)
Hng dn :
C
2
H
8
N
2
O
3
(X) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu
c cht hu c Y n chc, chng t X l
mui amoni to bi NH
3
hoc amin n chc.
Nh vy, gc axit trong X c 1 nguyn t N v 3
nguyn t O, l gc
3
NO

. Suy ra X l
C
2
H
5
NH
3
NO
3
(etylamoni nitrat) hoc
(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
NO
3
(imetylamoni nitrat); Y l
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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

2
C
2
H
5
NH
2
(etyl amin) hoc (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
(imetyl
amin), c khi lng phn t l 45 vC. Phng
trnh phn ng :
2 5 3 3 2 5 2 3 2
3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2
C H NH NO NaOH C H NH NaNO H O
(CH ) NH NO NaOH (CH ) NH NaNO H O
+ + +
+ + +
V d 4: X c cng thc C
4
H
14
O
3
N
2
. Khi cho X
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th thu c hn
hp Y gm 2 kh iu kin thng v u c
kh nng lm xanh qu tm m. S cng thc
cu to ph hp ca X l :
A. 5. B. 3. C. 4. D. 2.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT chuyn
Nguyn Hu H Ni, nmhc 2011 2012)
Hng dn :
X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu c hn
hp kh u c kh nng l xanh giy qu tm
m. Chng t : X l mui amoni; hai kh l NH
3

v amin hoc l 2 amin. Amin th kh nn s
nguyn t C trong phn t bng 1 hoc 2, nu c
3 nguyn t C th phi l amin bc 3.
V hai nguyn t N nm trong hai ion amoni
nn gc axit trong X khng th cha N. Mt
khc, gc axit c 3 nguyn t O, suy ra X l
mui amoni ca axit cacbonic, cha gc
2
3
CO


lin kt vi hai gc amoni.
S cng thc cu to ca X tha mn l 3 :
O
O
O
H
4
N
NH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C

O
O
C O
H
3
N
NH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

O
O
C O
H
3
N
NH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3

V d 5: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c
cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH un nng, thu c
dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm
hai kh (u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi
ca Z i vi H
2
bng 13,75. C cn dung dch
Y thu c khi lng mui khan l :
A. 16,5 gam. B. 14,3 gam.
C. 8,9 gam. D. 15,7 gam.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm2007)
Hng dn :
X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH gii phng hn
hp kh Z gm hai cht kh u lm xanh giy
qu m, suy ra X gm hai mui amoni. Do trong
phn t c 2 nguyn t O nn cc mui amoni
c gc axit l RCOO.
V Z M 13, 75.2 27, 5 = = nn Z cha mt cht l
NH
3
, cht cn li l amin. Do cc mui amoni
ch c 2 nguyn t C v gc axit phi c t nht 1
nguyn t C nn amin l CH
3
NH
2
. Suy ra X gm
CH
3
COONH
4
v HCOOH
3
NCH
3
.
3 4 3 3 2
3 3 3 2 2
CH COONH NaOH CH COONa NH H O
x (mol ) x (mol )
HCOOH NCH NaOH HCOONa CH NH H O
y (mol ) y (mol )
+ + +

+ + +

Z
Z
n 0,2
x y 0,2 x 0, 05
17x 31y 5, 5 y 0,15
M 27, 5
=
+ = =

+ = =
=

Trong Y cha CH
3
COONa v HCOONa. Khi c
cn dung dch Y thu c khi lng mui khan
l :
3
muoi CH COONa HCOONa
0,15.68
0,05.82
m m m 14, 3 gam = + =
142 43
142 43

V d 6: Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn
t l C
4
H
9
NO
2
. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng va
vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra mt cht kh Y
v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh, lm
giy qu tm m chuyn mu xanh. Dung dch Z
c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn
dung dch Z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 8,2. B. 10,8. C. 9,4. D. 9,6.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm2009)
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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

3
Hng dn :
X phn ng vi NaOH sinh ra kh Y, suy ra X l
mui amoni. Gc axit trong X c hai nguyn t
O nn c dng l RCOO.
Y nng hn khng kh v lm xanh giy qu tm
m, chng t Y l amin v c s C nh hn hoc
bng 2, hoc nu c 3 nguyn t C th phi l
(CH
3
)
3
N. Nhng nu Y l (CH
3
)
3
N th s nguyn
t H trong X phi ln hn 9 (loi). Vy X phi l
mui amoni ca amin c 1 hoc 2 nguyn t C.
Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc
brom, chng t trong Z cha mui Na ca axit
cacboxylic khng no, c s C ln hn hoc bng
3 hay Z cha mui HCOONa (natri fomat, c
nhm CHO). D thy Z khng th cha natri
fomat v nh vy s nguyn t C trong X ti a
ch l 3.
Vy X l CH
2
=CHCOOH
3
NCH
3
, mui trong
dung dch Z l CH
2
=CHCOONa.
Theo bo ton gc axit, ta c :
2 2 3 3
2
CH CH COONa CH CH COOH NCH
CH CH COONa
10,3
n n 0,1
103
m 0,1.94 9, 4 gam
= =
=
= = =
= =

V d 7: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc
C
2
H
8
N
2
O
4
. Khi cho 12,4 gam X tc dng vi
200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M, thu c 4,48 lt
(ktc) kh X lm xanh qu tm m. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn
khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 17,2. B. 13,4.
C. 16,2. D. 17,4.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qunh Lu 1
Ngh An, nmhc 2012 2013)
Hng dn :
X c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
8
N
2
O
4
, X tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH thu c kh lm xanh giy
qu tm m. Suy ra X l mui amoni ca amin
hoc NH
3
. X ch c 2 nguyn t C v c 4
nguyn t O nn gc axit trong X l
OOC COO . Cn 2 nguyn t N v 8
nguyn t H s tng ng vi hai gc
4
NH
+
.
Vy X l
4 4
NH OOC COONH (amoni oxalat)
Phng trnh phn ng :
4 2 2 3 2
(COONH ) 2NaOH (COONa) 2NH 2H O + + +
Cht rn thu c l NaOOCCOONa v c th
cn NaOH d.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C v Na, ta c :
2 4 2
2
( COONa) NaOH d
2
( COONa) (COONH )
NaOH d NaOH ban au ( COONa)
0,3 0,1
chat ran
m m
n n 0,1
n n 2. n 0,1
m 0,1.134 0,1.40 17, 4 gam
= =

= + =

= + =
1 42 43 142 43
142 43 123

V d 8: Mt cht hu c X c cng thc phn
t l C
4
H
11
NO
2
. Cho X tc dng hon ton vi
100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, sau phn ng thu
c dung dch X v 2,24 lt kh Y (ktc). Nu
trn lng kh Y ny vi 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc) th
c hn hp kh c t khi so vi H
2
l 9,6.
Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn dung
dch X l
A. 8,62 gam. B. 12,3 gam.
C. 8,2 gam. D. 12,2 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Qut Lm
Namnh, nmhc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
4 11 2
X (C H NO ) NaOH Y + . Suy ra Y l
NH
3
hoc amin, X l mui amoni.
Theo gi thit, ta c :
2
2)
Y H
Y
( Y, H
Y 2 5 2 3 2
3 3 2 5
3 2 3 2
n 0,1; n 0,15
0,1.M 0,15.2
M 19, 2
0,25
M 45, Y l aC H NH hoac (CH ) NH
CH COOH NC H
X l a
CH COOH N(CH )
= =

+
= =

Ta c :
3
3
CH COONa X Y
NaOH d NaOH ban au CH COONa
0,2
0,1
n n n 0,1
n n n 0,1
= = =

= =

1 42 43 142 43

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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

4
CH COONa NaOH d
3
chat ran
m m
m 0,1.82 0,1.40 12, 2 gam = + =
123 123

V d 9: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t
C
2
H
8
N
2
O
3
. Cho 3,24 gam X tc dng vi 500 ml
dung dch KOH 0,1M. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng thu c cht hu c Y n chc v dung
dch Z. C cn Z thu c khi lng cht rn
l:
A. 3,03. B. 4,15. C. 3,7 D. 5,5.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Minh Khai
H Tnh, nmhc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
C
2
H
8
N
2
O
3
(X) tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu
c cht hu c Y n chc, chng t X l
mui amoni to bi NH
3
hoc amin n chc.
Nh vy, gc axit trong X c 1 nguyn t N v 3
nguyn t O, l
3
NO

. Suy ra cng thc cu
to ca X l C
2
H
5
NH
3
NO
3
(etylamoni nitrat)
hoc (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
NO
3
(imetylamoni nitrat).
Theo bo ton nguyn t gc
3
NO

v bo ton
nguyn t K, ta c :
{
3 2 5 3 3 3 2 2 3
3
KNO C H NH NO hoac ( CH ) NH NO
KOH d KOH ban au KNO
0,03 0,05
n n 0, 03
n n n 0, 02
= =

= =

1 42 43

KNO KOH d
3
chat ran
m m
m 0, 03.101 0, 02.56 4,15 gam = + =
142 43 142 43

V d 10: Hp cht X c cng thc phn t
C
2
H
8
O
3
N
2
. Cho 16,2 gam X phn ng ht vi
400 ml dung dch KOH 1M. C cn dung dch
thu c sau phn ng th c phn hi v
phn cht rn. Trong phn hi c cha amin a
chc, trong phn cht rn ch cha cc cht v
c. Khi lng phn cht rn l :
A. 26,75 gam. B. 12,75 gam.
C. 20,7 gam. D. 26,3 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 4 THPT Chuyn
i hc Vinh, nmhc 2012 2013)
Hng dn :
Theo gi thit, suy ra : X l mui amoni ca
amin hai chc. V X ch c 2 nguyn t C nn
gc amoni ca amin l
3 2 3
H N CH NH
+ +
,
phn cn li l CO
3
chnh l gc
2
3
CO

. Vy
cng thc cu to ca X l
2 3 2 3
CH (NH ) CO .
Phng trnh phn ng :
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
CH (NH ) CO 2KOH CH (NH ) K CO 2H O + + +
Cht rn thu c l K
2
CO
3
v c th c c
KOH d.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C v nguyn t K, ta
c:
{
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3
K CO KOH d
2 3
K CO CH ( NH ) CO
KOH d KOH ban au K CO
0,15 0,4
chat ran
m m
n n 0,15
n n 2. n 0,1
m 0,15.138 0,1.56 26, 3 gam
= =

= =

= + =
142 43
142 43 123

V d 11: X c cng thc phn t C
3
H
12
N
2
O
3
. X
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (un nng nh)
hoc HCl u c kh thot ra. Ly 18,6 gam X
tc dng hon ton vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH
1M. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch ri nung
nng cht rn n khi lng khng i th c
m gam. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 22,75. B. 19,9.
C. 20,35. D. 21,20.
( thi th i hc ln 4 THPT Qunh Lu 1
Ngh An, nmhc 2011 2012)
Hng dn :
X c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
12
N
2
O
3
. X tc
dng vi HCl sinh ra kh, chng t X l mui
cacbonat hoc mui hirocacbonat. X tc dng
vi NaOH sinh ra kh, chng t X l mui
amoni. V X c cha 2 nguyn t N nn X c hai
gc amoni. Do gc axit trong X phi l
2
3
CO

lin kt vi 2 gc amoni. Suy ra X c
cng thc cu to l (CH
3
NH
3
)
2
CO
3

(metylamoni cacbonat) hoc H
4
NCO
3
H
3
NC
2
H
5

hoc H
4
NCO
3
H
2
N(CH
3
)
2
.
Cht rn thu c cha Na
2
CO
3
ngoi ra cn c
th c NaOH d.
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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

5
Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v Na, ta c :
2 3
2 3
Na CO NaOH d
2 3
Na CO X
NaOH d NaOH ban au Na CO
0,4 0,15
chat ran
m m
18, 6
n n 0,15 mol
124
n n 2.n 0,1 mol
m 0,15.106 0,1.40 19, 9 gam
= = =
= =
= + =
1 42 43 1 2 3
142 43 123

V d 12: Hn hp X gm cc cht c cng thc
phn t l C
2
H
7
O
3
N v C
2
H
10
O
3
N
2
. Khi cho cc
cht trong X tc dng vi dung dch HCl hoc
dung dch NaOH d un nng nh u c kh
thot ra. Ly 0,1 mol X cho vo dung dch cha
0,25 mol KOH. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch
c cht rn Y, nung nng Y n khi lng
khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 16,9 gam. B. 17,25 gam.
C. 18,85 gam. D. 16,6 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT Lng c
Bng Thanh Ha, nmhc 2013 2014)
Hng dn :
V X tc dng vi HCl hoc NaOH un nng
u thy thot kh, suy ra : X l hn hp mui
amoni ca amin hoc ca NH
3
vi axit cacbonic.
C
2
H
7
O
3
N ch c 1 nguyn t N nn ch c mt
gc amoni, suy ra cng thc cu to ca n l
CH
3
NH
3
HCO
3
. C
2
H
10
O
3
N
2
c 2 nguyn t N nn
c 2 gc amoni, suy ra cng thc cu to ca n
l CH
3
NH
3
CO
3
H
4
N.
Theo bo ton gc cacbonat v nguyn t K, ta
c :
{
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
2 3
K CO KOH d
2 3
K CO ( CH NH CO , CH NH CO H N)
KOH d KOH K CO
0,25
0,1
chat ran
m m
n n 0,1
n n 2n 0, 05
m 0,1.138 0, 05.56 16,6 gam
= =

= =

= + =
1442443
1442443 1442443

4. Bi tp vn dng
Cu 1: Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng
cng thc phn t l C
3
H
7
NO
2
, u l cht rn
iu kin thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung
dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng
trng ngng. Cc cht X v Y ln lt l
A. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.
B. amoni acrylat v axit 2-aminopropionic.
C. axit 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat.
D. axit 2-aminopropionic
v axit 3-aminopropionic.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm2010)
Cu 2: Cho 1,38 gam X c cng thc phn t
C
2
H
6
O
5
N
2
(l mui ca amino axit vi axit
HNO
3
) phn ng vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH
0,2M. Sau phn ng c cn dung dch thu c
m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr m l :
A. 2,22 gam. B. 2,62 gam.
C. 2,14 gam. D. 1,65 gam.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT chuyn
Nguyn Hu H Ni, nmhc 2013 2014)
Cu 3: Cho 6,2 gam hp cht hu c X c cng
thc phn t l C
3
H
12
O
3
N
2
tc dng va vi
100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c mt cht
hu c th kh c th tch l V lt ( ktc) v
dung dch Z ch cha cc cht v c, c cn
dung dch Z thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi
tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 2,24 v 9,3. B. 3,36 v 9,3.
C. 2,24 v 8,4. D. 2,24 v 5,3.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT CmL
Bc Giang, nmhc 2013 2014)
Cu 4: X c cng thc C
4
H
14
O
3
N
2
. Khi cho X
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th thu c hn
hp Y gm 2 kh iu kin thng v u c
kh nng lm xanh qu tm m. Mt khc, khi
cho 6,9 gam X tc dng hon ton vi 200 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,75M ri c cn dung dch thu
c sau phn ng, thu c m gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,3. B. 5,3. C. 8,25. D. 4,25.
( thi th i hc ln 1 THPT
Chu Vn An H Ni, nmhc 2012 2013)
Cu 5: Cho 14,4 gam CH
8
O
3
N
2
phn ng hon
ton vi 400 ml dung dch KOH 1M. C cn
Bin son v ging dy ti USCHOOL.VN : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun THPT chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T : 01689186513

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

6
dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam cht
rn khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 19,9. B. 15,9.
C. 21,9. D. 26,3.
( thi th i hc ln 2 THPT chuyn
Hng Vng Ph Th, nmhc 2013 2014)