Giải Bài Tập Xử Lý Tín Hiệu Số Và Matlab

ThS.
TRN TH THC LINH

Gii bi tp
l i l t i n h i u s
v Matlab
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
Chng 1
TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

A. TM TT L THUYT
1.1. nh l av mu
Ta ch rng int tn hiu s c khi phc khi tn s ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai
ln b rng ph ca tn hiu. > 2B (B mdx)
1.2. Phn loai tn hiu
T N H U
I
T N HI U LI N T C T N H I U RI RC
Bin: lin tuc Bi n: ri rac
Bi n ; lin ruc hoc ri rac Bi n : lin t uc hoc ri rac
i
T n hi u t o n g t T n hi u l i mni t T n hi u l y m u T n hi u s
Bin; lin t uc h o
Bin: ri rac Bin: ri rac
Bi n d: lin tuc Bicn: licn tuc
Bi n d: r rac
Bi n : lin tuc Bi n d: ri rac
1.3. Cc h thng x l tn hiu
Vo
H THNG
Ra
-----------------------------------^
Tn hiu tonu
TNG T
Tn hiu tong
Vo
H THNG S
Ra
---------------------------------- ^
rn hiu s Tn hiu s
yj(n:
Vo
X a ( t )
Gii b! tp xly tin hiu s v Matlab
1.4. Tn hiu ri rc
L4. L Biu din tn l ii n) i rc
- Biu din bniz lim s
- Bicu din bni bn
- Biu dicn bniz dy se^
- Biu din bnii ih
Cl ; m t t n h i u b t k x ( n ) d e u di i c bi u d i n hLi q u a p i m XUIU d n u l n ^ q u t
nh sau:
(n) =
L4.2 M( s (iv c hn
a) Dy xung coi v:
Trong min n, dy xung on v c dnh nha nh sau:
n - 0
[0
h) Dy nhay clov v:
TYong min n, dy nhy on v uc nh imlia nh sau:
1 n>( )
0 n 7^0
c) Dy ch nll:
u( n)
Tronu min n, dy chi nht e dn nuha nhu' sau: rccl^ (n) -
(i) Dy dc don v:
' rong min n, dy dc on v c nh ngha nh sau: r ( n) -
e) Dy h :
Trong min n, dy hm m c nh ngha nh sau:
0 < n < N - 1
n cn li
n > 0
n c l li
e( n) =
a" n >0
0 n cn li
L 4 3 , M s nh ngha
a. Dy tun hon:
Ta ni rng mt dy x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N nu tha mn iu kin sau y:
x ( n ) X ( n + N)"= X ( n + f N)
K hiu: x( n) ,.
h. /)/v c ci di hu hn:
Mt dy c xc dnh vi s hu n N Iiu la gi l day c chiu di hu hn vi N l
chiu di cua dv.
c. ixrng cua v:
Nnu lnu cua ml ds' x(n) d'c dnh nulia nliLi' sau:
d. C<^ sil rii^ hnh CU l t
(' ng SLil truim bnh cua mt tn liiu x( n) dc clnh ngha nhir saii:
1
Chng 7; Tn hiu v h thng ri rac 1
p - im
2N -i-1
z
n-- N'
1.4.4. Cc php ton c han
- Php cim. php nhn liai li hiu.
- Php nhn mi tn hiu vi linu s.
- Plcp tre n hiii.
. 4.5. H thi tiiyn n h ht hi ( T T B B ) , p n i x u n g h(ii)
- Cn lu Vh ihim tuven liih bat buc pliai ho mn riTun Iv xp chim:
T[ a . Xi ( n ) + b. Xi ( n) ] a . T [ x ( n ) | b . T [ x 2 ( n ) .
- l thng luvn tnh bt bien; nu vi kch ihch u vo x(n) ta c dp nti ra l y(n) th
iLixvim t im vi kch thch u vo x(n-k) ta c p nu ra l y(n-k).
- Khi ta c u vo h ihnu lu>en linl bt bin l xun n v(S(n) thi u ra l dp ng
xLiim h(i). p nu XLum h( n) l dc t ri m hon t on cho h t l inu l uyn t nh ht bi n.
. 4.6. Php chp:
Dy l php ton quan Irn^ ll troii xu l ln hiu d xc nl u ra v(!) h l l ng khi
bi ct u vo x(n) v dp i m xLum h(n).
y( n) ^ x( n) * h (n) ^ x( k) . h{n ~ k) ^ h( k) . x( n - k)
k~- k^-
Php chp c tnli cht: uiao hon, phn phi, kt hp.
L4, 7. H thong TTBB nhn (iiy tn hiu h qu
JI thng TTBB dc ui l h tliHii nhn qu khi p iii xunt h(n) cua n tho mn:
h( n) ^ 0 vi Vn<{) .
Tin hiu \ ( n) uxyc gi tn hiu nhn qu khi n tho mn x(n) 0 vi V n < 0.
Lim : Cc h hnu nhn qu v tn hiu nhn qu mi tn ti troiiii thc t
H I^TTBB n n/
i t hna n nh l h ihii BIBO. p ni^ xinm h(n) ca n phi thoa mn iu kin sau:
s = z
ll = - c c
Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s v Matlab
L4.8. Phung trnh sai phn tuyn tinh h s hng (PTSPTTHSH)
Quan h vo ra ca h tliim tuyn tnh bt bin s irc m t xVi phoim trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh h s him c dni nh sau:
^ a , ( n ) y ( n - k ) = 2 ] b , . ( n ) x ( n ^ r )
k=() rÔ
Trong : - Xu vo.
- y u ra.
Cc h s ai,, br c triii hon ton cho h thn, c vai tr t ong t nlur p ng xun" h(n).
Vic gii PTSPTTHSH tim ra u ra y(n) c hai phu'onz php chnh:
- Phoim php th.
- Phong php tim nghim ring (yp(n)) v nghim thun nht (yo(n)). suy ra nghim tng
qut y(n) - yo(n) + yp(n).
T PTSPTTHSH trn ta s c ml s khi nim v;
- H thng khng quy khi N "= 0. Bn cht ca h thno ny l khng c thnh phn hi
tip.
- H thn quy khi N ^ 0. Bn cht ca h thng ny l c thnh phn hi tip.
- H thng quy thun tu khi N 0. M 0. H thn ny chi gm duy nht cc thnh
phn quy.
Lim : Nh vy n y ta c hai cch biu din quan h vo ra h t hng r'i rc.
- Biu din theo php chp: v(n) x(n)*l(n)
M N
- Biu din theo phng trinh SPTTHSH: y( n) ^ b ^ x ( n ~ r) - ^ a ^ y ( n k) (th('mg
r = 0
phai chu ho Q^ I)
1,4.9. Thc hit h thng
Cc phn t thc hin h thng bao gm: phn t cng, phn t nhn, nhn vi hng s,
phn t tr D.
Khi thc hin h thng phi da vo PTSPTTHSH, lun nhcT phi chun ho h s a,) = 1
M N
C y ( n ) - ^ b j . x ( n - r ) - ^ a | . y ( n k) ri mi v SO' h t hng. Tr n th-c t ng' i t a s dng
r-o k=!
r c b x l ton hc ALU, cc thanh ghi dch... thc hin h thng x l tn hiu s theo SO' .
L4 J 0 . Tng quan tn hiu
Php t ong quan thng dng nhn bit cc tn hiu, phn bit tn hiu vi nhiu, pht
hin vt th... C hai loi t ng quan:
fOO
- T to' ng quan: Tng quan tn hii x(n) vi chnh n: R^^( n) = ^ x(m) . x( m - n).
ttl =-CC'
- Tng quan cho: Toig quan tn hiu x(n) vi y(n); R^y(n) = ^ x(m) . y(m - n).
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng ri rc
B. BI TP C BN
Ll . Cho tn hiu x,^ ( t ) ^ 3cosl007Tt
a) Xc nh tc lay mu nh nhl cn thit trnh s chng mu.
b) Gi s tn hiu ' c ly mu ti tc = 200 Hz. Tn hiu r'i rc no s c ' c sau
ly mu?
c) Gi s tn hiu ' c ly mu ti tc F. - 75 Hz. Tn hiu ri rc no t c sau ly
mu?
d) Tn s F < F^ / 2 ca mt hnh sin c cc mu ng nht vi cc mu trong phn c) l bao
nhiu ?
Li gii:
a) Tn s ca tn hiu tong t l F = 50Hz. Vi th, tc ly mu ti thiu cn thit
trnh hin tni chng mu l - 100 Hz.
b) Neu tn hiu ' c ly mu ti - 200 Hz th tn hiu ri rc c dng:
x ( n) = 3cos(l 007 / 200)n = 3 cos( 7 / 2)n
c) Nu - 75 Hz, tn hiu ri rc c dng
x ( n ) = 3 c o s ( l 007i / 75) n ^ 3 c o s ( 47t / 3) n - 3 c o s ( 2 k - 27 / 3) n := 3 c o s ( 2 Tc/3) n
d) i vi tc ly mu = 75 Hz, ta c; F = fF^ =: 75f
Tn s ca tn hiu sin trong phn c) l f - 1/3 . Do : F = 25 Hz
T n hiu sin i: ( t ) - 3cos27iFt - 3cos507tt c ly mu ti R - 7 5 mu/s sinh ra cc
mu ng nht. V th F = 50Hz l b danh (alias) ca F - 2 5 H z ng vi tc ly mu
*: = 75 h I
1.2. Xl tn hiu t ong t
Xg ( t ) = 3cos507 t + 10si n3007i l "Cosl OTi t
Hy xc nh tc Nyquist i vi tn hiu ny?
Li gii: Tn hiu trn c cc tn s thnh phn sau:
F, = 2 5 Hz , P . - I S O Hz , F 3 - 5 0 Hz
Nh vy, =150 Hz v theo nh l ly mu ta c: 300 Hz
Tc Nyquist l . Do , ==300 Hz.
Nhn xt: Ta nhn thy rng, khi ly mu thnh phn tn hiu 10sin3007Tt vi tc
Nyqui st - 300 Hz s to c cc mu lOsinTin c gi tr lun lun bng khng. Ni khc i, ta
ly mu tn hiu hnh sin ti cc im n ct trc honh, v th thnh phn ca tn hiu ny b
mt hon ton. Hin t ng ny s khng xut hin, nu dao ng sin c mt s lch pha 0 no .
Kh , ta c 10si n(3007r+ 0) v nu ly mu ti tc Nyquist ta c:
10sin(Tcn + 0) - i o( s i n 7mc o s 0 + cosTinsinG) = l Osi n0 cos 7n -
Ncu 0 0 hoc K thi cc mu S!1!, \ li tc d N\tjiiisl s klic klnii. Tu\ nhicn. bin d
cua cc niu \' n chua xc nh tlirc nii cch chnli xc \ pha 0 \ii clura hict. Bin plip di
Xn dc trnh hin Urn< ny l nn lv mn tii hiu lirng t' tan s ln ho'i lai so Nyquisi.
1.3. Cho tn hi u i roi m I'
(t ) - 3 cos 200t)7i -5sn600()7 + Ocos20007
a) Xc nl lc d Nyquisl cua 11 hiu'.^
b) Gia s rim. tn hiu duc l\ mu li lc d 1]. =5000 mau/s, !ly xc dnli lii hiu l!
rc thu dc sau khi l\' mu'!
c) l y xc nl tn hiii long t ( t ) . dc phc hi l cac mu khi s dnu cnu thc
ni suv l tirnu?
Li ii: a) Cc tn s cua tn hiu tuig t' nav l:
1^ - 1 kHz. K - 3 kHz, 1%- 6 k z
Nlur vv. r' ,,, - 6 kHz v theo diil l lv mu. c: F > 2P' 12 k\7.
* ^ MIU ' > fUil \
Tc Nyqui st l:F;, - 1 2 k l / .
b) Vi la chn - 5 kl z, nn lii s up s i: F^/2 2.5 kHz
dv l tn s cc i c ti hiu ly mu th hin t ccli duy Iiht. l' a c:
\ (n) (n r ) ^ ( n/ R ) = 3cos 2n( / 5) n + 5sin 27(3/5)n -t- l )cos27r(6/ 5)n
3cos2Tt (l /5)n -f 5sin 2t( - 2/5 )n f H)cos27(l --i-1/5) n
- 3 cos 2ti( 1/5) n + 5 sin 2 (-- 2/5) n -r 0 cos 271 (1/5) n
C ui cng, l a c: X ( n ) 13 cos2 t ( 1 / 5 ) n - 5s i n 2 tt( 2 / 5 ) n
c) Vi chi c cc thnh phn tnn s 1 ki I/ v 2 kl / l hin din Iroim tn hiu cl ly mau. ncn
tn hiu t onu t c tl phc hi clirc l
(t ) 13cos20()()7t - 5sin 4000nt
Dy l kt qu khc ng k st vi n liiu I^c x,^ ( t ) . Vic Iio tin hiu lo'im X lioc nh llie
ny l do nh hng cua hin tirng chnn mu Ii niTuvn nhn chnh l v ln s lay mu thp.
1.4. Phn loi cc tn hiu sau theo cac iu ch (1) tn hiu mt chiu hay nhiu chiu, (2) tn hiu
on knh hay a knh, (3) tn hiu lin c hay r'i rc theo thi gian, v (4) tn hiu l ng t hay s
(theo bin ). Hv a ra gii thch ngan min.
a) Gi n nu cua cc chim khon trcn th tr' nu chne khon Vit Nam.
b) Mt b phim mu
c) V tr ca bnh li ca mt xe hoi khi chuyn ng i vi vt tham chiu l ihn xe.
d) V tr ca bnh li ca ml xe hoi khi chuyn nu i vi vt Iham chiu l mt t.
e) Cc s o trng l' ng v chiu cao cua mt a tr hng thnu.
Li *ii:
Gi :
10 Gii bi p x l tin hiu s v Matlab
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h hng ri rc 11
- L ln hiu mt chiLL a knh, ri l ic theo llii uian. v l tn hu s.
' I . ln hi u da chi u, don knh, l icn t c t heo t hi gi an, v l tn hi u uur nu t.
- , tin hiu int cliiu, on knh, lin lc theo Ihi gian, v l tn hiu t'0ng t.
- . t n hiti mt chi u, on knh, lin lc t heo t hi gi an, v l tin hi u URTng t.
- I. ln hiu mt chi u, a knl. ri rc llieo ihi man, v l tn hiu s.
1.5* Hy xc dnh xem liu cc tn hiu sau y c phi l cc tn hiu tui hon khng. Tvoi
t r unu hp l tn hi u t un hon, hy xc dnli chu k CO ban ca t n hi u .
a) X,, ( t ) = cos 5 t +
J \ / I
V J
b) x ( n ) = 2 c o s 5n---^ I
\ ^ '
c) \ ( n ) =: 3exp J - Tt
V y
d) X(n) = 2cos
nTT'' ( n
cos -- !
1 ' 4
\ ^ y V^ /'
e) X( n) ~ cos
' riT ^ . ( ITT nn n']
__
"Sin i 4-2c o s ----------
2 ; l 8 ; l 4 3 ,
Li gii:
- 2 7
Tn hiu tun hon vi chu ki r - .
5
_ 5
2H
1 2 t
1' oii^ t la c; cos
tn hiu khn tun hon.
>tn hin khnu tun hon.
/ \
n
u
l tn hiu khng tun hon; cos ^ ] l tn hiu tun hon, suy ra
V 4 ;
tch ca chng l tn hiu khng lun hon.
^ 7
cos
CCS
cos
Tn
8 y
7in 7
l tn hiu tun hon vi chu k Tj,| - 4
l tn hiu tun hon v'i chu k T - 1 6
4 3
l tn hu tun hon vi chu k = 8
Do x(n) tun hon vi chu k Tp = 16 ( v 16 l bi s chung nh nht ca 4,8,16).
1.6. Chn mi nh rng tn s CO' bn Np ca cc tn hiu:
s j n j - k - 0 , 1, 2, . . .
c dnii Np = N/U SCI .N(k. N)
(U' SCLN(k, N) l c s cliuii ln nht ca k v N)
b) Xc nh chu ki c baii cua tp hp ny i vi N =7
c) Cu hi nh b) i vi N = 16
r -. 27rk k
Li iai: a) co = ------ c nah a l t = .
N N
t a = U' SCLN(k,N). c ntha l k = k a . N = N a
Do , f = ~ , c ngha l N = N = ^ (pcm)
N a
b) N - 7
k = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SCLN(k, N) = 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
Np = 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 1
c) N = 16
k = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 . . . 16
SCLN(k, N) = 16 ! 2 1 4 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 4 . . . 16
Np = 1 6 8 164 16 8 16 2 16 8 1 6 4 . . . 1
1.7. Xt tn hiu toTig t hnh sin nh sau:
(t ) = 3sin(1007:t)
a) V tn Iiiu (t ) vi 0 < t < 30ms .
b) T n hiu (t)' c ly mu vi tc ly mu = 400 mu/s. Mv xc nh tn s ca
tn hiu ri rc x ( n) = (n' ]' ), T = v chng minh rng x(n) l tun hon.
^s
c) T nh gi tr ca cc mu troni> mt chu k ca x(n). V x(n) trong cng mt hnh v vi
( t ) . Xc nh chu k ca tn hiu ri rc theo ms.
d) C th t im thy mt tc ly mu sao cho ln hiu x(n) t ti gi tr nh ca n l 3?
Gi ti' nh nht tho mn iu kin l bao nhiu?
Li gii: a) H nh 1.1
b) x ( n ) = X3 ( nT) , T = ^
x ( n ) = ( n / F^) = 3 s i n( l ( ) 07n / = 3 s i n ( 7 n / 4 )
12 Gii bi tp x l tin hiu s v Matlab
f = - L
2n
/ \
n
v 4 .
Chng 1: Tin hiu v h thng ri rc
13
Tin hie hnh sin xa(t)
0.0)5 0.01 0.D16 0,02 -i. Q025 0.03
gitn ln tuc t (c) ^ '
c) Hi nh 1.2
(n) =
0, . 0,
Hnh L I
, T = 8.
o : :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
i
i
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
' ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
1 :
I ' 1
1
i
i... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < :
i.......... i .......
j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i.........
7>
Thoi gian roi rac rt
Hnh 1.2
d) C.
x( l ) = 3 = 3sin
' i OOtc'
=:> F = 200 mu/s
1.8. Mt tn hiu hinh sin licn tc theo thi gian ( t ) c tn s CO' bn - 1/ ' c ly mu
tc lv mu = 1/ T e to ra mt tn hiu hnh sin ri rc x( n) = ( n T ) .
a) Chng minh rns x(n) l lun hon nu T / = k / N , (ngha l T / Tp l mt s hiru t)
b) Nu x(n) l tun hon, xc nh chu k c bn Tp ca n theo giy?
c) Gii t h ch pht bi u sau y; x(n) l tun hon nu chu ki CO' bn Tp (s) ca n b ng mt
s nguyn ln chu ki ca x,^ ( t ) .
Lii: a) x( n) = Acos(27tF^)n / 1; + 0) Acos 1^271( T/ Tp ) n + 0^
M T / T l mt s hu tv\ suy ra x(n) l iLin hon.
' N
b) Neu x(n) l tun hon th f ky'N, tron N l chu k. Do .
14 Gii bi tp x ly tn hiu s v Matlab
T, - ~ T = k
d
nuha l cn k chu ki Tp ca tn hiu to' ng t to nn mt chu k cua n hiu ri rc.
c) T kT,^ => NT = k T =:> = ^ f l s hu tv => X( n ) tLii! hoxn.
/ a p p -^1 J - V ./
1.9. Mt tn hiu torm t c cc tn s ln n 20 kllz.
a) Xc nh phm VI cua l n s l y mu c t h khi phc chi i h xac lin h u ny t cc
mau ca n.
b) Gi thit rng chn ta ly mu tin hiu ny vcVi tan s lv mau ^ 16k}Iz . Hy xc nh
diu g s xv ra i vi tn so Fj = 10kHz
c) Lp li cu b) vi F, ~ 18kHz
Li gii:
a ) F _ = 2 0 k H z = i > F , > 2 F _ = 4 0 k H z
b) i vi \ \ ^ 16kHz . F.p(mid) F, / 2 = 8 kHz, suy ra 10 kHz s l aih (alias) ca 61cHz.
c) F = 18 kl z s l nh (alias) ca 2 kHz
1.10. Mt tn hiu in tm m cc tn s hu dng ln n lOO Hz.
a) ' rn s Nyquist cho tn hiu ny l bim bao nhiu'.^
b) Gi ihil l la lv mu in hiu ny lc d 200 mu/s. Hv xc dnl tn s ln nll m
tn hiu c th c biu din duy nht ti tc lv mu ny.
Li gidi:
a) =100kHz, l' > = 200kHz => = 200kMz
b) F,,p(,id) = F, /2 = 100Hz
1.11. Mt ln hiu tuxTng t X,, (t ) = 2sin(240Ttt) + 3si n(720 i t) uxrc lv mu 600 ln ,'s.
a) Xc iili tc lv mu Nyquist cho (t ) ?
b) Xc dni tn s gp (blding tVequency)?
c) Xc nli cc tn s theo radian trong tn hiu ri rc x(n) thu u''c?
d) Nu \ ( n) ' c cho qua mt b bin i s/ toim t, hy xc nh tin hiu ^^^khi
phc c.
Li i:
a) =360Hz, F, =2F, =720Hz
b) Ppp = F, /2 = 600/2 = 300 Hz
c) x ( n ) = x,, ( n T ) = x , ( n / i g
= 2si n (24()7m / 600) 3s!n ( 72()7:n / 600) = 2si n (27TI1 / 5) - 3si n (Ttn / 5)
2 t : _ I n
' s " 5
d) y ^( t ) = x(l -' t ) = 2 s i n (2407X1) 3 s m( 7 2 0 T i t )
I. I2. Mt cLrtrnLi truyen hnii tin s nianu cc m nh phn hicii cin cc mu ca ml tn hiu
vo:
( l ) 3cos(6007t) r 2cos(l SOOit)
Diriiu truyn hot dim ti lOOOO bit/s v mi mu u vo ' c liriiu t ho thnh 1024
nic in p khc nhau.
a) 1y xc nh tn so ly mu \ tn s lp.
b) Mv xc nh tn s Nyquisl i \ i ln hiu (t )
c) l v xc nh cc t n s t ronu n hi u ri rc x(n) t hu i rc.
d) Fv xc nh phn uiai A
Li iii:
S bil/mu log: {1024) ^ 10
.;, ~ ^ -------- =: 1OOOmai ! s
lObi / mau
S u y r a: F,,:ip = Fs / 2 = 5 0 0 I I z
^0 .... ^
. I ' , , = . 2 l - ; = 1 8 0 0 1 1 / .
Cc tn s t rone tn hi u ri rc x(n) thu dc:
. OOt'
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng ri rc 15
= 0,3
= 0.9
2 tc i F
Xct thy f\ = 0, 9 > 0,5 = 0.5) => i\ = 0,1 (tn s cua aiih_aliasing)
Suy ra: X(n) . l cos"2n(0. 3)nl + 2cos 2; i ( 0. l)n
m- 1 1023 1023
1.13. Xt mt i t hnu x l ln liiu n liian nliu' t rn linh v SUI > . Cc CLI k ly mu ca
b bin i A/[) v D/A tuoiiu im l 1' = 5 ms v T' " 1 ms. Hy xc n u ra Ya (t) cua h
thiiu, nu du vo l:
X,, (t ) - 2cos(l007i t) + 3sin(2507it) t: tnh theo giy
B ic pha sau (post tllter) lc b bt c thnh phn tn s no ln hn F, /2.
X a ( t )
Hnh 1.3
Li gii: x( n) = x^( nT) = 2cos|^100Ttn,5.10' j + 3sin2507m.5.10' ^ j
x( n) = (nT) = 2cos
^nn ^
+ 3sin
^57m^
= 2cos
^ 7rn ^
- 3sin
" 37in ''
[ 2 J V 4 , V 2 , V 4 J
T ' = - - = > y a { t ) = x f t / T '
1nnn \
1000
= 2cos
''TclOOOt''
- 3sin
37tlOOOl
==2cos(5007t) -3si n( 750T t )
rTtiooot ^
- 3sin
^3Tcl000t
l 2 y V 4 J
y f t ) c cc tn s f, - - 250Hz,f-> - ~ 375Hz C 2 tn s ny u nh hoTi
^ 2t ' 2 7 1
p / 2 - 500Hz nn u ra ca h thng l; (t ) = 2cos
1.14. Xc nh nng luxTiig ca chui
x i n ) . ! * ' / - * * '
[ 3 n < 0
Li gii: Theo nh ngha ta c:
co / 1 -1
E = M " ) i ' = m
l l = : - O C 1 = - ( ) V / n = - c o
1 16 9 ,
_ ---------------- ---------- . \ _ ---------------- ---------------- 1:
1 J_ u j 15 8
16 9 , 143
= + - 1= --- - < +C0
5 8 120
16
V nng lng E l hiLi hn nn tn hiu ang xt l tn hiu nng lnu.
1.15. Xc nh nng liig ca tn hiu nhy bc on v u (n)? Tn hiu Li(n) c phi l mt tn hiu
cng sut khng?
co 00
Li gii: Theo nh ngha ta c: E - ^ x( n) - ^ 11' (n) - y^ l
I 1 = - C C i i = - c o 1 1 = 0
Nn lnu ca chui l v hn. Do d, tn hiu nhay bc n v khit phai l tn hiu nng
l i i i m,
(' nu sut truim binh cua tn liiii l:
p - l i m ----------> i r n ^ l i m --------- = l i m ------^-----=
n - - 2 N + 1; V - ^ 2 N ^ 1 N - - 2 + 1 N 2
Do d. tn hiu nhy bc n v l mt tn hiu cni sul.
1.16. Xc nh Iins lng cua dy:
Tronu d. C0,J v A l cc hnu s.
Dy x(n) c phi l dy cnu s u t '!
Li <;i: T dnl ntiha ta c:
E = | A ' " " ! = A -
11=--/: n=X
Nnu Urim ca dy l v hn. Bi vv. tn hin hm m phc, bin l hng s khng
phi l ln hiu nni lng.
Cng sul trung bnh ca tn hiu ny l
p = l i m ^ Ae"^" ' f = l i m A" = l i m ( 2 N + 1)A" - A '
N - - 2 N + l f - ^ : ! N ^ 2 N + l f - ! , . N A - ' 2 N + r '
Bo' i vv. dy x ( n ) - Ae' "' ' " l tn hi u cnu SLi.
1. 17. l l y xc d nh cng sul t r ung b nh v nnti l i m cua dy dc an v
Chng 1: Tin hiu v h thng ri rc 17
x( n) =
n n > 0
0 n < 0
Li iii:
Trn khonu - N < n < N , tn hi u ny c ni m l nu.
. N ( N + ) ( 2 N + I)
6
nu - N < n < ]
E n =
n=n
R rng E ==co . Cng sut truni bnh l:
1 N N + l )
p - l i m u - l i m - - A : ^
N-V-2N + 1 6
cim l v hn. Dv dc on v c nno lui v hii v cng sut trung bnh v hn. Do
. n \' a khim phai l tn hiLi nnii lunu cng khim phi tn hiu cnu siit.
1. 18. l y dnu cc loi SO' klii ph hp bi u di n h t hng ri rc t heo t hi gi an c quan h
vo ra; y ( n ) = - X( n) + X(n - l)
3 4
18 Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s v Matlab
' v. x( n) l tc ng vo, y( n) l p ng ra ca h.
Li gii:
Hnh 1.4
1.19. Hy v s khi ca h thng ri rc ' c m t bi phog trnh vo - ra sau:
y( n) = ^ y ( n - l ) + 3x( n) + 4 x ( n - 2 )
Li gii:
y { n )
Hnh 1.5: S khi ca h = v(/7 1) + 3 x ( ; ) + 4a' (a2 - 2)
1.20. Hy xc nh xem cc h thag c phoTig trnh vo - ra di y c tuvn tnh hay khng:
a) y ( n ) - n x ( n )
b) y ( n ) - x ( n ^ )
c) y ( n ) - x - ( n )
d) y( n) = Ax( n) + B
e) y( n) = e-<"'
Li gii:
a) i vi cc chui xung vo X| (n) v ( n) , tn hiu ra t ng ng l:
y , ( n) = nx, ( n)
y, ( n) = n x , ( n )
S kt hp tuyn tnh hai tn hiu vo s sinh ra mt tn hiu ra i':
y3(n) = H a,Xj (n) + (n) a|X, (n) + (n)
- ajnx, (n) + a^nx, ( n)
Trong khi s kt hp hai tn hiu ra yi(n) v y2(n) to nn tn hi ra:
(1)
(2)
Chng 1: Tin hiu va h thng ri rc 19
a,y, ( n) + a , y , {n) = a,nX| (n) + a , 0X3( 0 ) (3)
So snh (2) v (3), ta suy ra h thng l txiyn tnh.
b) ' irng t nh phn a), ta tim p ng ca h i vi hai tn hiu ring r X, (n) v
X, ( n) . Ket qu l:
y, ( n) = x , ( n - )
y , ( n ) = x , ( n - ) (4)
u ra ca h khi tc ng lin hp tuvn tnh Xj (n) v (n) l:
y3(n) = H[a, x, (n) + a, x, ( n) ] = a,X| ( n- l + a^x, ( i r ) (5)
Lin hp tuyn tnh ca hai li ra trong (2.2.36) c dng:
a,y, (n) + a , y 2{n) = a,x, [ n - ) + a , x, n ' ) (6 )
So snh (5) vi (6), ta suy ra h thna l tuyn tnh.
c) u ra ca h l bnh phong ca u vo, (Cc thit b in thng c qui lut nh th v
ai l thit b bc 2). T tho lun trc v, ta thv r rng h l khng nh. By gi ta ch r h
l tuyn tnh hav khng?
p ng ca h i vi hai tii hiu vo ring r l:
y, ( n ) = x, -(n)
y , ( n ) - x ^ n )
p ng ca h vi lin hp tuyen tnh hai tn hiu l:
y 3 ( n ) = H a, X ( n ) + a . X; , ( n) ~ a, X| ( n ) + a ^ x , ( n )
a;^x;^ ( n ) + -2'd3.^X ( n ) x T ( n ) 4 - a 2 X ^ n )
Ngc li. nu h tuyn tnh, n s lo ra lin hp tuyn tnh t hai tn hiu cho, tc l:
a i y i ( n ) + a 3 y , ( n ) = a,X| ( n) + a, X2( n) (9)
V tn hiu ra ca h nh cho trong (8) khng bng (9), nn h l khng tuyn tnh.
d) Gi thit l h thng ' c kch thch ring r bi X| (n) v X, ( n) ta c;
y , ( n ) = AX| (n) + B
Y2 (n) = Ax , ( n ) + B
Lin hp tuyn tnh ca X| ( n) v X3( n) cho tn hiu ra l:
y, (n) = H ' a,X| (n) + (n)" = A a,X| ( n) + a, X2( n ) " + B
= Aa,X| (n) + a, Ax, (n) + B
Nu h tuyn tnh, th tn hiu ra i vi lin hp tuyn tnh X| ( n ) , X, ( n) s l:
a, y, ( n) + a . y, ( n) = a, AX| (n) + aÂx, ( n ) + B (12)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(11)
R rnu ( 11) v ( 12) khc nhau nen h ki m l i oa ni n i cu ki n l u y n l nh. Trn i hc tc. h
uc ni ta bim plnroim trinh tuvn lnh, tuy lliin c mt ihani s B d lni cho iu kin tuvn
tnh ca h mt i. p nm ra cua ph lluc ca tc nii \ o v h s B ^ ) . V th, nu B 7^0,
h l khnu tri tiu. Nmrc li. nu B - 0 h tnt tiu v thoa mn iu kin tuyn tnh.
e) Ch r i m, li ' c m ta bnu hi u i hc vo ra: v ( n ) = l h gi m dn. Nu
x ( n ) = 0 , ta c y ( n ) = 1 . iu ny ni ln rim h l khnu uven tn.
1. 21. X c nh xem cc h c m la bi m nl nm plLiCim t ri nh di ri y l nhn qu hav khn i :
a) y ( n ) = x ( n ) - x ( n - l ) ;
b) y ( n ) = J x( k) ;
c) y ( n ) = a x( n) ;
d) y ( n) = x ( n ) + 3x( n + 4) ;
e) y ( n ) - x n );
0 y( n) = x ( 2n ) ;
g) y ( n ) - x { - n ) ;
Li i: Cc h thuc phan a), b) v c) r rng l nhn qua v u ra ch ph llLic hin ti v qu
kh ca u vo. Ngc li cc h ' phn d). e) v ) l khng nhn qu vi du ra ph thuc c vo
m Ir tirong lai cua u vo. H g) cni kliim nhn qua vi neu la chn n ^ -1 th y ( l) = x ( l ) .
Nh vy u ra li n - - 1 ph thuc vo u vo ti n = 1 cch n hai on v thi gian v pha
tircrnu lai.
1.22. Hy xc nh u ra y ( n) i vi li U 1uiani dn, c dp im xunii:
h ( n) ^ a " . u ( n ) | a| <l khi tn hi u vo l chui nhy bc n v
x ( n ) = u( n)
Li ii: Troi m tririig lp ny c h( n) v x(i ) l cc chui v hn. Ta dng cng thc chp
20 Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s v Malab
Cc chui h ( k ) , x ( k ) v x(--k) c dnii nh hnh 1.6. Chui tch v, , ( k) , V| ( k) v
v . ( k ) tLi0 ' nu ng x ( - k ) . h ( k ) , x ( l ~ k ) . h ( k ) . \ ( 2 - k ) . h ( k ) i rc n i t a h i n h 1. 6c, d v e. Nh
vv ta c cc ui tr ra;
y ( o ) - i
y( l ) = l + a
y ( 2 ) = 1+ a + a'
R rni . vi n > 0 , t n hiLi ra l:
y ( n ) ~ 1+ a a -f ... -a" ( 1)
Ntuxrc li, vi n < 0 , chui l un bnu 7.ero. V ihc:
y( n) =^-0 n <0
D th ca tn hiu ra y( n) irc minh lo O' hnh l . 6f, vi 0 < a < . Ch rn<j;, hm ra
tng theo quy lul hm m cua n . Vi < I . nn ei tr cui cnu cua tn hiLi ra khi n xp xi v
cng l: y ( ^ ) = lim y(n)
It
- a
(2)
Tm li, cng thc chp cho chim ta phoiig tin tnh p n ca nit h LTI gim dn
i vi tn hiu vo tu x( n) .
h{k)
1 .
(/ 4
L u
a- (- )
f f f
2 3 4 k
()
0 1 2 3 4 ^
(b)
'^'0 )
-2 -1 0 1
- v ( l - i )
( c )
-2 - 1 0 1 2
x 2 - k )
T It t
( cl )
A
----
0
-
1
--- 0----------
2
' (/)
l ' <7
-1 0 1 k
V, (' )
1'
1 1a
2
(
<
:i
0 1 2 k
y{ n) (e)
1
- a
1"
[ -f / + a
-f- a '
-1 0 1 2 k
----- ig tim cn
2 - 0 1 2 3 4 5
(0
Hnl .6; Tu on linl hc cua php chp ro^ hi ip . 22
22 Gii bi tp x tn hiu s v Matlab
1.23. Xc nh p ng xung ca h thng gm 2 h thni tuyn tnh bt bin ( T BB) ni tip
nhau, bit p ng xung ca 2 h thng TTBB ny l:
f 1 X
h , ( n ) = u( n)
V /
Li gii:
p ng xung ca h thng tng qut:
Ta nh ngha chui tch:
' ( k) = h , ( k ) h , ( n - - k ) =
v 2 .
V y
Chui ny khc 0 i vi k > 0 v n - k > 0 hay n > k > 0 . Ni cch khc, n < 0 chng ta c
( k) = 0 i vi mi k, suy ra:
h( n) = 0 n < 0
i vi n > k > 0, tng ca cc gi tr ca chui tch ( k) i vi mi k l:
k=0
Ii-k
3' =
3
k=0
v 2 .
1-
v3.
2
v3.
, n > 0
1.24. Phn tch s khi ca hnh 1.7 v xc nh mi quan h gia y(n) v x(n)
(a)
m
v[n-l]
(b)
(c)
vn-:'
l i .
Vx.
K5>- ^ v[:i]
(d)
Hnh . 7
Li gii:
a) T hnh 1.7a ta c:
v( n) = x ( n) + a v ( n " l)
y ( n ) - p v ( n - l ) + v(n ~ l ) = ( p + 7 ) v ( n - 1 )
Suy ra:
v( n - 1) ^ x( n - 1) + a v ( n 2 )
y ( n - l ) = (P + y ) v ( n - 2 )
Do , y( n) = ([3 + y) v( n - 1) = (p + y) x( n - 1 ) + a( | 3 + y) v( n - 2)
= (3 + ) x ( n - l ) + a ( P + y ) - ^ ^ - ^ = ([3 + Y) x( n- ^l ) + a y ( n - l )
b) T hnh 1.71) ta c:
y( n) = yx(n - 2) + p x( n l) + x( n - 3) j + a x ( n) + x( n - 4)
c) T hnh 1.7c ta c;
v( n) = x ( n ) - d j v ( n - l )
y( n) = d, v( n) + v( n - 1)
Do ta c th vit li phoTig trinh th 2 nh sau:
y { n ) = d| " x ( n ) - d | V ( n - l ) + v ( n - l ) = : d | X ( n ) + l - d ; ^ j v ( n - l ) ( 1 )
= d| x( n) + l -d;^ j "x(n - 1) -d| V(n - 2) '
= d| X(n) + l -dj^ j x ( n - ) - d , l j v ( n - 2)
T phoig trinh ( l ) y ( n - l ) = d | X ( n - l ) + ( l - d M v ( n - 2 ) , hay toTig ong vi
d| y( n - l) = d;^x(n - 1) + d| l - j v ( n - 2) . Do :
y{n) + d | y ( n - l ) = d| X(n) + ^ l - d j x { n - ) - d | l - d , j v ( n - - 2) + d f x ( n - l ) +
+ d , ^l - d ^ j v ( n - 2 )
= d, x( n) + x( n - 1) , hay y( n) = d| X(n) + x ( n - l ) - d | y ( n - l )
24 Gii bi p xl tin hiu s v Matlab
d ) v ( n ) - x ( n ) - v v ( n ) , w ( n ) dj v ( i - I ) r d . u ( n ) , u ( n ) v ( n - 2 ) + X( n )
T cc phOTig trnh trn ta c:
w ( n ) = d . x ( n ) + d| X( n - l) + d . x ( n - 2) - d j w( n - 1 ) - d . \ v ( n - 2)
T hinh 1.7d ta c:
y( n) = v( n - 2) + w( n) ~ x( n - 2) + \ v(n) - w ( n - 2 ) , siiv ra:
dj y( n - 1) = d; x( n - 3) + d| \ v(n - l) - dW(n -3)
dTy(n - 2) = d. x (n - 4) + d. w (n - 2) - d. w( n - 4)
Do :
y( n) + d5y( n - 1) + d. y( n ~ 2) = x(n - 2) + diX(n - 3) -f d. x n - 4 )
+ w ( n ) + d j w( n - l ) - t - d . \ v ( n - 2 ) j - i \ v( n- 2) + d , \ v( n- 3) + d . w ( n - 4 )
= x( n - 2) + d; , x(n) + d| X( n ~ 1)
Hay tng ong vi:
y( n) = c2x( n) + d , x ( n - l ) + x( n - 2) - d, y( n ~ l) - d. y ( n -- 2 )
1.25. Cho tn hiu ri rc xc nh bci:
n
(n) =
1+ - 3 < n < -
3
Xc nh cc gi tr v v x(n)
a) V cc tn hiu nu:
u tin ta o x(n) sau cho ln hiu ny tr di 4 o'ii v.
u tin ta cho x(n) tr i 4 crn v sau do li tn hiu .
b) V tn hiu x("i + 4)
c) So snh kt qu phn (b) v (c) v rl ra quy tc c uc tn hiu x(-n + k) t tn
hiii x(n)
d) C th biu din tn hiu x(n) du''i dni tn hiu (n) v Ii(n) ir'c khng?
Loii: () x( n) = ,1,1,1,1,0,... 1
th cho trn hnh 1.8
1/2
-4
F
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Hnh 1.8
(b) Sau khi ao \ ( n) ta c:
x ( - n) = I...... 0 , 1, 1, 1, 1 . . o .
' rhc hin re tn hiu nv i 4 oi v. ta c:
' x(-n + 4 ) - I...... J . , l , - , 0 ,
2 2
Mt klic, nu ta thc hin tr x(n) di 4 crn v la ir'c:
x(n - 4 ) = {...... 0, - . 0 , - - V l . 1,1.1, 0 . . . [
By gi' ta o li tn hiu x(n - 4). irc;
x(-n - 4 ) = {...... 0,1,1,1.1 . .0. - - . . . .
9 7 T
(c) x ( - n + 4 ) = {...... 0 , l , , l , . o .
1/2
Ilih 1.9
(d) c -c x(-n + k), u tin ta o x(n) s nhn c dy x(-n). Sau a thc hin
dch dy x(-n) i k n v v bn phi nu k>(), hoc k on v v bn ri vi k<0.
(e) ' a uxTc; x(n) = - - ( n +3 ) + - ( n+1) + u(n) - Ii( n-4)
1 1
1.26. Mt tn hiu r'i rac x( n) = \ . . . , 0 , 1 , ' . Hy biu din dui dang tp hop nh' ng
tin hiu sau:
(a) x ( n - 2)
(e) x( n- l ) ( n- 3)
(h) phn i ca x(n)
3 3
(b) x ( 4 - n )
( x(n' )
(c) x(n + 2) (d) x(n)u(2 - n)
(g) phn chn ca x(n)
Li gdi: a)
^ 3
b)
x ( 4 - n ) =
c) x ( n + 2) = . . . , 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, - , - , 0, . . .
^ [ T 3 3
d) x( n) u( 2- n) =
e) x( n- l ) ( n - 3 ) = | . .. ,0, 0,0, 0,1, 0,. ..
1,1,1,1,0,
3 3
T
0
x(n- ) = {...,0,x(4),x(l),x(0),x(l),x(4),0,...
g)
x ( n ) + x( - n)
1 1
x ( - n ) = - ...,0, - , - , 1, 1, , 1, 0,...
h)
(5 6 2
x ( n ) - x ( - n ) '
x(n) = -------- ^ -------
x ( n ) = [ . . , 0 , ^ i - i 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 l 0,...
[ 6 6 2 ^ 2 6 6
2 6 6
1.27. Hy biu din dy xung on v theo dy nhy on v v ngc li.
Li gii:
u ( n j = <^ =
1 n > 0
0 n < 0
1 n > 1
0 n < 1
1 n = 0
0 n 0
u ( n - l ) =
Suy ra: 5( n) = u ( n ) - u( n - 1)
+CO
Mt khc ta thy rng: u ( n) = ^ ( n - k )
k=0
1.28. Chng mi nh rng bt c tn hiu no cng c th ' c phn tch thnh mt thnh phn chn
v mt t hnh phn l. Vic phn tch ny c phi l duy nht khng? Minh hoa pht biu trn bng
tn hiii: x ( n ) = | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Li i:
t:
x(n) + x( - n)
x ( n ) - x ( - n )
Vi:
Xo ( n ) =
I
X e ( - n ) = X e ( n )
Xo(-n) = - x(n)
x(n) = X o ( n ) + x,(n) Do :
Cch phn tch nv l duy nht.
i vi: x( n) = {1,3,4,5,7}
Ta c: x^(n) = {4,4,4,4,4} v x(n) =
1.29. Chng minh rng nng lng ca mt tn hiu nng lng gi tr thc bng tng ca cc nng
l ng ca cc thnh phn chn v l ca tn hiu.
Li gii:
00
u tin ta chng minh rng: ^ x^.(n)xp(n) = 0
I l = - c c
X ^ c ( n K ( n ) = x^(m)x(m)
n=-D ni=- co
co co
= ê( n) Xo( n) = 2 ] x^, (n)x(n)= 0
n = - 0 3 I1--CO
co co
Do : x-( n) - ^ [x^(n) + x ( n ) f
n = - c o n = - c o
= X x / ( n ) + ^ \<, ( n) + , 2 x, ( n) x ( n) = Ee + Eo
n = - c c n = - c o n = - c o
1.30. Mt h t hng ri rc c th l;
(1) Tnh hoc ng.
(2) Tuyn tnh hay khng tuyn tnh.
(3) Bt bin hoc khng bt bin.
(4) Nhn qu hay khng nhn qu.
(5) On nh hoc khng n nh.
Kim tra nhrng h t hng sau theo cc c im trn.
(a) y(n) = cos [x(n)]
(b) y( n) = X x(k)
k= - x
(c)v(n) ^ x(n) cos((j()n).
( d ) y ( n ) - x ( - n + 2 ).
(e) y(n) Trun [x(n)J, vi Trun[\(ii)] biu th cho phn nmiyn cua \{n). c ' c bne cch
ct bt.
( 0 v(n) ^ Round[x(n)], vi Round[x(n)] biu th cho phn niiuyn cua x(n). c c bim
cch l m trn.
Ch V.' Cc l hng rog phn (e) v (f) c lng ho hn< cch c ht hoc l
rn.
(g) y(n) - |x(n)|.
( h) y(n) - x(n) u( n) .
(i) y(n) = x(n) + nx( n + 1).
( j ) y( n) = x( 2n) .
( k ) y ( n ) =
x( n) nu x( n) > 0
0 nu x ( n) <( )
( 1) y(n) = x{- n).
(m) y(n) = sign [x(n)].
(n) H thng lv mu l ti vi u vo Xa( t ) v u ra x(n
Li gii:
(a) I l t hn<4tnh, khng tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qua v n nl.
(b) H t hon" ng, tuven lnh, bt bin, khng nhn qua v khng n dnli. Tnh khnu n
dnh c th d dng chng minh:
Gi s u vo x(k) u(k), khi u ra tr' thnh:
Xa(nT). - oo< n < oo
tii-i
y( n) = 2 ] u(k)
k = ~co
n + 2 , n >-1
V y(n) -> ookhi n->oonn h t hna khng n nh
(c) H thni tnl, tuyn tnh, khng bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
(d) H thng ng, tuyn tnh, bt bin, khng nhn qu v n nh.
(e) H thng tnh, khn tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
(f) H thn tnh, khng tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
(g) H hn^ tnh, khng tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
(h) H thng tnh, tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
(i) H thng ng, tuyn tnh, khng bt bin, khng nhn qu v khnu 011 nh. Ch rn
v'i u vo xc nh x( n) == u( n) ta ' c u ra khr m xc nh.
(j) I l tlim clnu. lLi>cn tnli. khi u bt bi cn. khn i nhn qua v n nli.
(k) thnii nli. khm iLiyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qua v n nh.
(I) t hnu tnh, tuycn l i l i . bt bien. khni z Iihn qu v n d nh.
( ni ) i hni i t nh, kl i nu iLiyi l i i h. bt bin, nhn qua v n nh
(n) l tlnu tnh, tuycn tnl. bl bin, nhn qu v n nli.
1.31. Hv tnh tch chp y( n) - \ ( n ) * h ( n ) ca cc tn hiu v kini tra s chnh xc ca kt qu
bnu \' ic kiiii tra biu thc: y \ ( n ) h ( n ) = y y ( n )
1) x ( n ) - | 1 . 2 , 4 . , h ( n ) - | l . l . L K
2 ) x( n) = l . 2,^^-l|, h ( n ) ^ x ( n )
3) x ( n ) - . - 2, 3 , h( n) - . O. l . l . u
4) x( n) = , 1. 2 , h( n) = Li(n)
5) x( n) = | u( n) , h( n) = [ ; j ] u( n)
V-- / \ /
Li iai:
y(n) = ^ h ( k ) x ( n - k)
k
n 11 k k n- - x
(1) y(n) = h(n) *x(n) = 11.3.7J J 6 , 4 | (.0
0 ((0 ) , ^ ( - 1 ) " x{n) z ' " .
(2) y(n) - I.4.2,-4,1
J ^ y ( n ) - 4 . J ] h ( k ) = 2 . ^ x ( k ) = 2
II k k
(3) y ( n ) - 0, 0J. - 1. 2. 2J, 3
^ y ( n ) = = 8 , ^ h ( n ) = 4 , ^ x ( n ) =2
!\ n n
(4) y( n) L(n) + Li(n - 1) + 2u( n - 2)
^ y ( n ) = x . ^ h ( n ) ^ , ^ x ( n ) = 4
(5) y ( n ) = 2(--)" | u ( n)
2 4 1
11 n [1
1,32. Xc nh v biu din php chp tn hiu sau:
0 < n < 6
0 n khc
x ( n) =
1 __
- n
3
h( n) =
- 2 < n < 2
n khc
Theo phong php s.
Theo phng php phn tch.
L(ri i:
(a)
x(n)
h ( n ) = l , l , , l , l
y(n) =x( n) * h(n) ={ i , , 2 , y , 5 , y , 6 , 5 , y , 2
(b) x( n) = - n u ( n ) - u ( n - 7 )
h(n) = u(n + 2) - u(n - 3)
y(n) = x(n) *h(n)
== - n u(n) - u(n - 7) *[u(n + 2 ) - u(n - 3)
u(n) * u(n + 2) - u(n) * u(n - 3) - u(n - 7) * u(n + 2) + u(n - 7) u(n - 3)
y(n) = - ( n+l ) + (n) + 2 (n-l ) + (n-2) + 5(n-3) + (n-4) +
6(n-5) + 5(n-6) + ~ (n-7)+ (n-8).
L33. Thirc hin tch chp y(n) ca tn hiu:
a" - 3 < n < 5
x ( n ) .
h( n) =
0 n khc
1 0 < n < 4
0 n khc
Li gii:
y(n) = 2 ] h ( k ) x ( n - k )
k = 0
x(n) = a \ a ^ % a ' , l , a ....., a' ^|
h ( n ) - , l , U
Do :
y ( - 3 ) - a " '
y ( - 2) - + a "
y ( - l ) = + a + a ^
y(0) = + a ' + a ' + 1
y(l) = + a ^ + a ' + 1+ a
y( 2) - a ^ + a ' + a + + a + a
y(3) ~ a^' + 1+ a 4- cx" +
y(4) + a ^ + a a -fl
y(5) a'" 4- + a~ + a
y(6) ~ a'" + a"* + a' ' + a '
y(7) = a" + a"* + a ^
y( 8)==a^ +a ^
y(9) = a '
1.34. Hy tm p ni> xung ca h thng tuyn tnh b bin c p ng ra l:
y( n) = x( n) + x ( n - l ) + . x( n - m) + ... m > 0
Nhn xt tnh nhn qu v tinh n nh ca h thng.
Li gidi:
x ( n ) ^ 5 ( n ) = ^ y ( n ) = h( n)
Suy ra; h ( n ) = 8 ( n) + - 8 ( n - 5( n " m) + ^ - ( n - m) = ^
^ v5y m=oV5y
Xt tnh nhn qu ca h thng:
* m > 0 thi h ( n ) - 0 vi n < 0: h t hng l nhn qu
X n n nh ca h thng:
r 1Y'
* m > 0 : h t hng l nhn qu, ta c: h ( n ) = - u ( n )
\ 5 /
+CO
s = h ( n ) - ^
l=-c^ 11=0
Suy ra: h thiig l n nh.
1.35. Cho h thorm: y(n) ny(n - 1) + x(n)
Xt tnh tuvn tnh, bt bin v n nh ca h thnii.
Li gii:
Nu: y, (n) - nyi(n -1) + x,(n)
y^l n) ^ n \ s ( n -1) + X2 (n)
Do X ( n) = X| (n) + X2 (n) a vo h t hi m, ta c u ra;
y(n) = nv(n - ) + x(n)
v' i V ( n) ^ a \ ' i ( n) + by: ( n)
Vy. h t hne l t uyn t nh. Neu u vo l x(n - 1) ta c;
y(n - 1) - (n - l)y(n -2) + x(n - 1)
M y(n - 1) = n y(n -2) + x(n - 1)
Vy h t hns l khng bt bii. Nu x(n) u(n), do |x(n)| < 1. Nhi nm do u vo b uii
hn nn u ra l;
y ( 0 ) - l : y ( l ) - l + =2; y(2)=^5. . .
Ngha l u ra khng b \i hn. Vv h thng khng n nh.
1.36. Gii phoi m trinh sai phn sau vi p niz u vo bng khns (x{n) 0)
4
v(n - 1) + y(n ~ 1) ~ x( n)
Li di:
V'i x(n) ^ 0, ta c:
4
y ( n - l ) + ~ y ( n - ) = ()
y{~-l) = ..~ y{-~2 )
y(0) = ( - ^ ) - y ( - 2)
y{i) = ( - | ) V ( - 2)
y(k) = ( - - ^- ) ' ^- y( - 2)
1.37. Gii phng trnh sai phn:
y ( n) - - ^ y ( n- 1) + y ( n - 2 ) = x(n)
6 6
vi x(n) 2' u(n) v cc iu kin u: y(-2) = y(-l) = 0 .
Li gii:
Xt plurcTng trnh thun nht;
5
y( n ) - y ( n ~ ) ^- - \' ( n 2) - 0
6 (>'
5 1
PhuxvnLi t r i nh d c t r i r ng la: X - X r ~ ~
(>
n u h i m : /.
2 3
Nehiin ricnu CLia phcTim rinh riL vcVi dii \i x(n) 2''u{n) i:
Vp(n) --- k ( 2' ) u( n)
l ' h a y nu i i i i n \ \ o phiro' iLi i ri ! h ba n d u l a c i i c:
5 , 1
k ( 2 ) " u ( n ) - k ) ( 2 ) '' ' Li{n - - 1 ) - - k( - ) { 2 ) ' - ' U n - 2 ) = 2 ' ' u ( n )
6 ()
\ ' ' i 11 2:
5 k <s
4 k - - 4 k - -
3 6 5
) o d o i mh i m n u q u t c u a pl i ayi m I r i nh l:
v ( n ) = Vp ( n ) + V| -, (n) - - ( 2 ) " u ( n ) i C| u ( n ) + Li {n)
s 2 '
) c t i m m tr Ci v C: t a irui SU' \ {-2) >' (-1) ^ 0. Khi d:
y(0 ) = 1 v y{ 1) -
6
1)0 do;
3 , I
Ci -- C-' - \' 3ci 2c^
5 5
2
- > Ci " - ] . C2 =
5
V \ n u l i i m i m q u a l l:
Chng 1: Tin hiu v h hng ri rc 33
y ( n - ~ ( 2 ) I ! ( n)
5 2 ? J
1.38. ( i i ai plurong t r i nh sai phi i :
y{n) 3y(n - 1) - 4 y { n - 2) \ (n '- 2x(n - ] )
\'tVi \ { n ) = 4 " u ( n )
Li ai:
y(n) 3y(n - 1) - 4\' (n - 2) \ (n) - 2\ (n - )
Pl i i r onu t r i n h d c t r i n m: x ' - 3X 4 ^ ()
CV) nnhiin : X, = -]. X: 4 \ a \-,ni) c ; 4 C: (-1
V' i 4 \ ' a l i m h i n i c u a p i i ' 0 ' n e I r i h d c i r i n i u \ Li a l X L i n u k c l t h i c l d ; u i v o ,
x ( n ) - 4 UII)
' l a l ay n u h i c r i i . dt i \ )' dni i :
vv(i ) k. n, 4 " U(!1)
34 Gii bi tp xl tn hiu s v Matlab
Ta c:
kn4" u(n) - 3k(n - 1) 4" ' u(n - 1) - 4k(n - 2) 4"- - u(n - 2) = 4" u{n) + 2(4)"' ' u(n ^ 1)
Vi n = 2, k( 32- 12) = 4' + 8 = 2 4 - > k - - ^
[ 6 1
Nghi m tng qut l: y(n) = y(n) + yi,(n) = n(4)" + C| (4)" + Ct ( - 1)" Li ( n)
tm C| v C2 ta gi s y( - 2) = y( - l ) = 0. Khi :
y ( 0 ) = l v y ( l ) = 3y( 0) + 4 + 2 = 9
Ta c: C| + C = ]
v 4c: - Ci = 21/5
Nn:
26 1
C| = v c, = ------
' 2 5 ' 2 5
Nghim tng qut l:
y(n) = u(n)
1.39. T m p ng xung ca h thng cho bi phong trnh sai phn:
y( n) ~ 3y( n - 1) - 4y( n - 2) == x( n) + 2x( n - 1)
L i gii:
Theo bi 1.38, nghim c trng l: X -1, X2 = 4
Do : yi , (n)- Ci 4" + c . ( - l f
Khi x(n) = (n) ta tim iRTC v(0) =="1 v v(l ) ^ 5
Ta c: Ci + C = 1 v 4C| - C2 = 5.
T m c: C 6/5; C2 = -1/5
Vv p nu xuh; h(n) =
5 5
u(n)
1.40. T m p ng xung v p ng nhy on v ca cc h thn c m t di y:
a) y(n) - 0,4y(n - 1) + 0,03y(n - 2) = x(n)
b) y(n) - 0,7y(n - 1) + 0,1 y(n - 2) = 2x(n) - x(n - 2)
L (/ i gii:
a) y(n) - 0,4y(n - 1) + 0,03y(n - 2) = x(n)
Pliong trnh c trng l: - 0, 4 \ + 0,03 = 0
x = 0 , l , 0 , 3 .
Vy:
Vi x(n) = 5{n) , iu kin ban u l:
y( 0) = l ; y ( l ) - 0 . 4 y ( 0 ) - 0 . 4
V \ : C | + C : = l
V 0, l C| + 0, 3c: = 0. 4
Suy ra: c, =-1/ 2. C: = 3/2
Do h(n) = [ - l ( ^ y + ^ ( A , n u(n)
p im nhv on v:
s(n) = ^ h ( n - k ) . n >0
k=0
n
k=0
3 . 3 , , ^ 1 1
2 10 2 10
n-k
5 r . 1
9 l 10
1_5
7
( A ) - ' _1
10
u(n)
b) y(n) - 0,8y(n - 1) + 0,15y(n - 2 ) = 2x(n) - x(n - 2 )
Phirng trnh c trng:
X' -0, 8X + 0,15 = 0
X, =0, 3, \2 = 0,5.
Do : y,,(n) = C| ( ) " + C:
Vi x(n) ^ (n), ta c;
y(0) - 2; y ( l ) - 0 .8y(0) - 1.6
Do :
-'> C] 5 , Ct 3
h(n) =
C| + Ct = 2 v C) + C2 == 1.6
2 10
2 10
u(n)
II
p ng nhv on v: s(n) = ^ h(n - k )
k-o
= 5 ( i ) - " - 3 T ' " " = 5 ( i ) - t ( 2 )
k=(l ^ k=() ^ k=0 k=0
= 5 ( - V(2"" - 1)
9
u ( n ) -
"3 Y n o
V.IO,
\ IHI
1 V*
90
^ 10 1-
1-
,
_
2j 21 UoJ
V 3
u ( n )
-1 u(n)
1.41. Cho h thnu vi p ng xune:
/ i \
I
h ( n ) H . 2 ]
0 < n < 4
n
36 Gii bi p X / ' / t i n hiu s v Maab
Xc diil du \ ' o x(n) \''i 0 ; 1 1 < 8 i m \ i du ra l
yt n) = -. 2. 2 . 5. 3. 3. 2. 1. 0!
. i î: h(n)
' 2 ' 4 8 ' 16 '
y ( n ) - 1,2,2.5.3.3.3.2.1.01
x(0 )h(0 ) = y(0 ) x(0 ) =1
v( 1) => x( 1) = -
)
h c hi n icp qu Irinh nay la di i c:
1 3 3 7 3 i
x( n) = 1. ..........
0 ..1 0 !
^ 2 2 4 2
1. 42. Xe m kt ni li i hnu .'! 1 nhi r 0' hi nh v.
(a) Biu dicn dp niz xiinu tieo li](n). h^(n). h;.(n) v h^(n)
(b) Xc di nh h{n) khi:
h, ( n) = l - i . - i . ~ !
h : ( n ) = h ( n ) - ( n t 1)u(n)
l i 4( n) = ( n 2)
(c) Xc dnh p im h lliim troim cu (b) nu
, \ (n) = ( n i 2) 13 (n - 1) - 4( n - 3)
y (n)
l i n h L I U
L i <cii: (a) h( n) h, ( n) * | h: ( n) h_,(n)*h4( n) |
(b) h, ( n) * h4(n) = (n - 1)u(n - 2)
l i 2 ( n ) - h ; ( n ) * h 4 ( n ) 2 u ( n ) ( n )
h| (n) = (n) + - 5 ( n - l ) + - - ( n- 2)
Do : h(n) = [ (n) + -- {n -1) + - (n -2) I * | 2u(n) - (5(n)|
= (n) + -- (n -1) + 2 (n -2) + u(n - 3)
2 4 2
(c) x( n) - | l . ( ) . 0. 3, 0, - 4'
V / I - I
> - . - , I
y(n ) = 1 2. - . -- 2.
12 4 4 : :
1. 43. ( ' c h t i i m sau cl \ c p\v\ la ! u\ ' cn l i nh hay k i i nu' /
a) y( n) = T | x ( n ) | = x ' ( n )
b) y ( n ) = 1] X ( n ) = n. \ ( n )
L() ai:
a)
T-aX, ( n) - - a. x, ( n) =[ a , x , ( n ) + a, x, ( n) ]
a, \ , ( n ) i' a, a. \ | ( n ) x . ( n) + a x ( n)
a ^ y j ( n ) - i - U KX, ( n ) x , ( n ) + a y . ( n )
^â Vi ( n ) i - a . y , ( n )
Su y ra h l l i m khnu ti i vcn iih.
b)
T a, Xj ( n ) a. x , ( n ) V UX ( n) f a . \ . ( n)
- U HXi ( n ) i- a. nx- , ( n )
: a V , ( n ) i a . y . ( n )
Suy,ra h i hn l luycn lini.
1. 44. ( c h l i i ni sau dv c phai a ba ICH Ihco n hay khnu' /
a) y ( n ) = r | x ( n ) [ = x - ( n )
b) y( n) = T x ( n ) = nx( n)
Li :
a) v( n k) ^ t X(n - k ) ~ X' ( n k ) h thnu bt bin.
T X(n - k )| n \ (n k)
y (n - k) (n - k) x (n - k) T X( n ~ k)
Suy ra h thng l khn bt bin.
1.45. Cho 2 h ihnii, tiivn lnh bl bien c p rnu xung lni ng l h | ( n ) - 2 " Vn v
r 1 V' . ,
h , ( n ) - u ( n ) u h p n i t i pnhau.
v5 /
a) Hv l m p ni xunu h(n) cua h hni> t i m qut.
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng ri rcic 37
38 Gii bi tp x i tin hiu s v Matlab
b) Hy nhn xt tnh nhn qu ca h thng h| ( n) , h. ( n) v h(n) .
Li gii:
+ CC
a) h ( n ) = ^ h , ( k ) h , ( n - k ) = ^ h 2( k ) h | ( n - k )
k=-co k = ~co
1 1 0 .
10
b) n < 0,h, ( n) 0 => h thng c p ng xng h| (n) l h t hn2, khnu nhn qu.
n < (n) - 0 =>h thng c p ng xung h, ( n) l h thne nhn qua.
h ( n) = 2 ' \ Vn , do vi n<0 ta c h ( n ) ; ^ 0 =>h thng tng qut c p ng xung
h ( n ) l h thng khng nhn qu.
1.46. Gi s e(n) l tn hiu ri rc c dng hm m: e ( n) =^ a vi Vn , a : h a n g s .
x(n) v y(n) l cc tn hiu bt k.
Chng mi nh rng; ' e ( n ) x ( n ) " * ' e ( n ) y ( n ) " = e ( n ) ' x ( n ) * y ( n ) j
Li gii: t:
X, (n) - a " x ( n )
y , ( n ) = a " y { n )
V T ^ [ e ( n ) x ( n ) ] * [ e ( n ) y ( n ) ] = x , ( n ) * y , ( n ) = g x , ( k ) y , ( n - k )
k = ~ c o
+CO +C0
k= - 0 0 k = - c o
, " [ x ( n ) * y ( n ) ] = e ( n ) [ x ( n ) * y ( n ) ; = a = VP
1.47. Cho 2 h t hng tuyn tnh bt bin c p ng xung t ong ng l h, ( n) v ( n) ghp ni
tip nhau.
h, ( n) = h, (n) u( n) - u( n - 5)
a) Hy t m p ng xung h(n) ca h thng tng qut.
b) Hy nhn xt tnh n nh v nhn qu ca h thng hj (n) , (n) v h(n) .
Li gii:
\ \ \ \ ^ 0 < n < 4
a) h, ( n) =: : h2 ( n) = u ( n ) - u ( n - 5 ) = ^
[0 n ^
h ( n ) - h , ( n ) * h , ( n )
Vi n < 0, hoc n > 9: h(n) ^ 0
h ( 0 ) - h ( 8) = l
l . ( l ) = h( 7) = 2
h ( 2 ) = l , ( 6 ) = 3
h( 3) = h(5) = 4
h( 4) = 5
H thim l nhn qua.
s = 2 h( k) = h ( k ) = l - r 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + l = 2 5 < o t
k-o
Suy ra h thng l n nh.
1.48. Cho ( n) , X. ( n) , X3(n) l 3 chui tun hon vi chu k CO' s- tng im l T , T2, T3 . Mt
chui l kt qu kt hp tuyn tnh cua 3 chui tun hon ny c phai l mt chui tun hon
khng? Nu l mt chui tun hon th chu ki CO' s ca n l bao nhiu?
Lgi i: Mt chui l kt qu kt hp tuvn tnh cua 3 chui tn hon ny cne l mt chui tun
hon. Chu ki ca chui mi bng BSCNN ca tt c cc chu ki.
Chu k ca chui mi = BSCNN(T| , T2. T3).
V d: nu T, - 5, T. - 3, T, - 6 thi T - BSCNN(5, 3, 6) - 30
1.49. Hv tnh nn^ l-ng ca chui c chicu di N
/. \ .-. ^Tkn i
X( n ) - c o s --------1, 0 < n < N - I
Lii: x ( n ) - c o s
27ikn
" i r )
N
, 0 1:: n 1: N 1 , suy ra:
N-l I \ -l _ N-!
E, = 2 ] c o s ' ( 2 7 r k n / N) = ^ - ^ ^ 1-f CCS ( 47kn / N)J + ~ ^ c o s ( 4 j r k n / N)
1 1 = 0 ^ I i = ( ) I I - - 0
t: c = ^cos(4Tikn / N) , s = ^sin(47rkn / N ) , ta c:
1 1 = 0 II - 0
N-
C + j S = X '
11 = 0
Do : c = Re {c + jS} = 0 => ^
1.50. Hy xc nh nng l uns v cnu sut trunu bnh ca cc chui sau:
a) X, ( n ) = n u ( n )
b) x , ( n ) = Ae' ' ' '
c) X, ( n) = Asin
2 :n
M
+ (p
40 Gii bi tp x ly tin hiu s va Matlab
L i îi: a ) \ , ( ! 1 ) - n u ( n ).
-r. - /.
n ^ - - r 1 - - 3 0
1\ , - Hm ..
' ' K - - 2 K. -
- V nu( n) ] " = lim ' V n ' =c/;
b) x, ( n) . = A. , c' -"
; A e - ' - ' - !Ar
11 - - / . n
1\ , Hm ...- V jA,.c"'''" 1 = lim ^ y A| j ' = lim
n --- K n - : - K
2 K +
c) X, ( n ) /Vsin ---cp 1^ t roni : co.
^ . n / KA ^ \A ^ ' 7 9
p di m CP^ i hc t nh nn l ni v cng sut rurm bi nh ca mt chui nhi r phn a) v b)
ta c:
, -- a:
x3
I^3 = A ^ f =
4
1. 5L MI chui tn hin sin lin lc theo thi gian x,^ ( t ) - cos(o),jnl' ) u'c ly mu li
t --- n' . - co < n < GO t o t hnh chui ri rc i hco t hi gi an x ( n ) - x.^ (>1 ) = ct )s(o)(j nT) . Vi i tr
no cua T th x(n) l mt chui tun hon' ? Clu k c SO' ca chuoi x(n) l bao nhiu nu
(0,J 16. ' --- 71/ 6
Li ai:
di ui x( n) x.^ (n' r) = cos((Ofn ) l chui lun hon vi tt c cc ei tr T tho mn iu
kin cO(/rN , vi r v N l cc so nguyn. Do 0),T ==2r / N v r/N l mt s liLi t nn
c)^jT phi l mt s hu t. Vi o.)g - 16. T ~ k / 6 , la c N=2r/3, suy ra i tr nh nht ca N = 3,
xay ra khi r 3.
l o i . Xt cc chui sau:
i) X, ( n ) = 2 8 ( n - l ) ~ 0 . 5 S ( n - 3 )
Ii) X. ( n ) - -36( n ~ ) + 8 ( n + 2)
lii) hj (n) 2( n) + (n - 1)-- 3S(n - 3 )
iv) (n) = - S( n ~ 2) ~0, 5(n ~ l) + 3(n - 3)
Xc nh cc chui l kt qu ca vic nhn mt cp chui trn,
a) y , ( n ) = x , ( n ) * h , ( n )
b) y , ( n ) - x , ( n ) * h , ( n )
c) y , ( n ) - x , ( n ) * h , ( n )
d) y , ( n ) = x , ( n ) * h , ( n )
L i d i : 'l a c; 5 ( n -- r ) * 5 ( n - s ) = ^ { 111 - r ) cS( n - s - m ) = 6 ( n - r s )
a ) y , ( n ) = X, ( n ) * h, ( n ) = (2 ( n - 1) - 0 .5 ( n - 3)) * (2 ( n ) f <s( n - 1) ^ 3 ( n - 3))
= 4( n - - l ) *( n) - ( S( n - 3) *( n) -2(n --l)*(S(n - l ) - ( ) , 5( n - 3 ) * ( n - l )
-(x5(n l) *( n 3) f 1.55(n 3) * (n 3)
46(n - 1) -(5(n - 3 ) + 2(n l ) - 0 . 5 6 ( n - 4)~ 66 (n - 4 ) + 1.56(n - 6 )
= 6(n - l) - (n - 3) - 6. 5(n - 4) i- l , 5(n - 6)
b) y, (n) = X, ( n) * h, (n) = (~3( n - 1) + (n + 2) ) * ( - ( n - 2) - 0. 5( n - l) + 3S(n - 3 ) )
= - 0 . 5 8 ( n + 1 ) " ( n ) + 3( n - 1) + 1. 5 ( n ~ 2) r 36 ( n - 3) 9(S ( n - 4)
c) V, (n) = X| ( n) * h, (n) = (2(n - !) - 0 . 5 ( n - 3 ) ) * ( - ( n - 2) - 0, 5(n - l) + 3S(n - 3))
= - 6 (n - 2) - 28(n - 3 ) 6. 25(n - 4) - 0, 5(n - 5 ) - l , 5(n - 6 )
d) >'4 (n) = X, ( n) h, (n) ^(~-3(n - 1) + (n 4 2) ) *( 2S( n) + (n - l ) - 3 ( n 3))
= 25(n + 2) + (n + 1) (ii - 1) - 3(n 2) - 9 ( n - 4)
1. 53. MI i hut t on t nh cn bi nh phLirng cua nit s a clLrc cho bi :
y ( n ) = x ( n ) - y ( n - ! ) H v ( n - 1)
Trong x ( n) = a| . i (n) v-i 0 < - < I . N c u x( n) v y( n) l ii vo v u ra cua mt h
thiie ri rc theo thi gian thi h thiiu trn l h tliim tuyn lnh hay phi tuyn? Khi n - ^co,
chny, minh rn<2, y( n) > . Ch rn; y( n - 1) l mt xp xi ban u ph hp cho V. .
Liii: i vi mt u vo ( n ) , 1= 1,2 , ta thu clirc du ra nh sau:
y (n) = \ ( n) - y" (n - 1) + y (n - 1). Do , i vi mt u vo AX| ( n) + Bxt ( n ) , nu
daii ra l AV| (n) + By, ( n ) , ta c mi quan h eia du vo - u ra nh sau:
Ay, (n) + By, (n) = Ax, ( n ) + Bx, ( n ) - ( Ay , (n (n -!)) + Ay, (n ~ 1) + By, (n - 1)
= Ax, ( n ) + Bx, ( n) - A ( n ~ !) - 2ABV| (n - 1) y, (n - 1) (n - !) + Ay, (n - 1) + By, (n - 1)
AX| ( n ) - ( n - 1 ) + AV| (n - 1 ) Bx^ ( n ) - B' y ( n - 1 ) + By, ( n - 1 )
Suy ra h thiii l phi luyn.
Chna 1: Tn hiu v h hng ri rac __________________ ^
r h o y ( n ) l u ra ca u vo x ( n ) , ta c:
y( n) x( n) - y ' ( n - 1) + y( n - 1) .Do , i v-i mt u v o x ( n n, j ), nu au ra l
v ( n - n, ) , ta c mi quan h eiCra u vo - u ra nh sau:
y( n - = x( n - y" (n - - ) ^n " 0 ^ thim l bt bien theo thi ian
Vv i vi u vo x( n) = aj . i ( n) , u ra y( n) hi t ti me)t haim s K khi n 00.
Pho-ng trinh sai phn trn khi n -~>(X), tr- thnh K = a - K + K hay K' = a , ngha l K ^ \ l a .
1.54. Cho x( n) l chui c chiu di hu hn c xc nh i vi N, < n < , vi N3 > N , .
Toi m t, cho h ( n ) l chui c chiu di hu hn ' c xc nh i vi M, < n < M , , vi
M. > M . Ta nh ngha: y( n) = x ( n ) * h ( n )
(a) Xc nh chiu di ca y ( n ) ,
(b) Phm vi ca h s n m y( n) c nh ngha.
Li gii:
y ( " ) = x ( m) h ( n - m ) . v, h ( n - m ) ' c nh neh a i v'i M| < n ~ m < M . .
m= N|
Do , i vi m = N, , h ( n - m ) irc nh ngha oi vi Mj < n - N | < M . . hoc tiroim iro'ng
i vi Mj + N j < n < M ^ + N 2 .
(a) Chiu d ca y( n) l M, + N. Mj - Nj + 1
(b) Phm vi cua h s n m y( n) ^ 0 l:
mi n(M, + N| , M, + N . ) < n < max( Mj + N,,1V1\ + N , ), ngha l: M| + Nj < n < M, + N,
1.5 5. Cho y ( n ) = X| ( n) * ( n) v v ( n ) = X, (n - N j ) * X. ( n - N;, ) . Bi u din v( n) do- i dng
y(n).
-f-cc
Li gii: y( n) = X | ( n ) * X2 ( n ) = ^ X | ( n - k ) x 2 ( n )
M v( n) = X | ( n - N | ) * x , ( n - N 2 ) = X N , ) .
k=;
t k - N, = m , khi v( n) = ^ X, (n ~ N| - N, - m ) x 2( m) = y ( n - N | Nj )
i n = - i x )
1.56. Cho g ( n ) = x ( n ) * x , ( n ) * x 3( n) v h ( n ) = Xj ( n - N | ) * X, ( n - N . ) * X3( n - N3) . Biu
di n h ( n ) d i dng g ( n ) .
L i i:
( n ) - X| ( n ) * X, ( n ) * X3 ( n ) . t r o i m d v ( n ) = X, ( n ) * X , ( n ) . ' Fa c:
v( n) = X, (n - N )* X, (n ~ N . ). do d h ( n ) = v( n) * X3(n - N3) . ' kct qua bi 1.55, ta c
v( n) - y( n Nj ). Do , h( n) = y( n ~ N| N3) * X3(n N3) . S dnu kt qu bi 1.55 ln
nCra ta 'c: h (n) g( n - N; - N. - N3)
1.57. Chim mi nh rng tch chp ca mt chui c chiii di M vi mt chui c chiu di N l
mt chui c chiu di bn^ (M+N~l )
Urii: Gia s chui x(n) c chiu di N, chui h(n) c chiu di M.
y( n) ~ x ( n ) * h ( n ) = ^ x ( n - k ) h ( k ) . Do h(k) c chiu di l M v i'c xc nh trong
k="--o::'
M- l
khoa ng 0 < k < M ~ 1, t ng t ch chp t rn t r t hnh y ( n ) = ^ x ( n - k ) h ( k ) .
k-o
y(n) l khc khng i vi tt ca cc gi tr cua n v k m n-k tho mn iu kin
0 < n - k < N - l .
G tr nh nht l n - k 0 v xv ra vi n nh nht ti n 0 v k = 0. Gi tr l'n nht l n -
k ^ N - 1 v xy ra khi k t cc i ti M-1. Do n - k ^ M - 1, => n = N + M - 2. Suy ra tng s
cc mu khc kling bng (N + M ' 1).
1.58. x(n) v h(n) l hai chui c chiu di N. c cho ah sau:
1. 0 < n < N - l
0 n ^
x( n) =
h( n) =
N + 1, 0 < n < N - 1
0 n r/:
Hy xc nh v tr v gi tr ca mu doTig '! nht ca y ( n ) - x ( n) h( n) m khng cn
phi tnh tch chp.
+CO N-l
Li i: y( n) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) = ^ x ( n - k ) h ( k ) = ^ . \ ( n - k) h( k) . Gi tr cc i ca y(n) xy
k=~cr k-o
ra li n ^ N-1 khi tt c cc s hng tronu tim chp l khc khng. Gi tr bng;
k = () k= ] ^
1.59. Xt 2 chui s thc l h(n) v g(n) ' c biu din d'i dns phn chn v phn l, ngha l
h ( n) = h^,(n) + h( n) v g( n) = ( n) + ( n ) . i vi cc chui sau, hy xc nh xem chng l
chn hay l.
a) h , ( n ) * g , ( n )
b) h( n) *g, , ( n)
c) h ( n ) * g ( n )
44 Gii bi tp x y in hiti s a Matlab
Li (i\ a) y ( n ) ^ h , (n) <4^, ( n ) ^ h . (n k)g^, ( k ). Suy ra y ^ l\, ( - n k)g^, (k).
rhav k bim -k ihi tne Ircn tr' thnh;
* O '
y ( - n ) = ^ h + k) g^ , ( - k) - ^ h, ( - - ( n --k))g^, ( - k ) - ^ h^, ( n - k ) g j k) = y( n)
l =~r: k- -/? k. /
Suy ra h , ( n ) l , (n) l chan.
b) y ( n ) = h ( n ) g^, ( n ) = h ( n - k)g^. ( k ) . Suy ra:
. * / /
y ( ~ n ) = ^ h ( - n - k ) g ^ , ( k ) = ^ h ( - ( n - k ))g,. ( - k ) = - ^ h(n - k)g^, (k) = - y ( n ) .
Suy ra h ( n ) ' ' ' e . ( n ) l le.
c) Lm tucrng t ta c ( n ) * ( n) l chn.
1.60. Cho h thn tuyn lnh bl bin (I / ri ) nhn qua dirc m ta bo'i ptiRTn trinh sai phn sau:
y ( n ) ^ p , , \ ( n ) + P| X( n !) ~ c V(n - 1). Iroi m (S x(n) v v(n) on nu l di i \ o v au ra cua
h t hnu. 'HiTi phong t ri nh sai phn h t hng o cua n.
L i i a i : v ( n ) p^,x ( n) P| X(n ~ ) - dj v( n 1) , dn
n X(n) = v( n) H - v(n ~ l ) - X(n - l ) . Suv ra h llim dao c plnixrnu Irnh sai phn nhu'
Po ^ Po ^ Po
sau: y , ( n ) = -*- X, ( n ) + X ( n - 1) - y , ( n - 1)
Po Pn Pn
1.61. Cho h ihiiu nh hinh \'- h ( n) ~ a' ' u( n) . - <a < ]. Hv xc nh ap im ra v(n) ca h
x(n)
Hnh . II
Li i i : 'Vvc tin la xc nh z( n) ~ L i ( n ) * h ( n )
k=--0 k---^{) kô
i vi x( n) = u( n + 5) Li ( n - 10) ta c p nm l:
- k
a' "' - !
a
n > 0
Chng 1: i n hiu v h thng ri rc
45
s( I'! !- 5) - s( n !())*' \ i ( n T5) - ------u (n - 10)
a a I
l' Lr hi i i h Vc t r n la c: y ( n ) X( n ) h ( n ) \ ( n ) h ( n - 2)
II --6 1 I' 1 II - - 1 ! I
/ . a - , - ^ ' / , \ n X
Su v ra: v ( n ) ------- - - Li ( n t ) - -L ( n - 10) - ------------- u ( n - - 3 ) -r ---------
a 1 a a - 1a
1. 62. l l v xc d i n h m h nh l oi t r c l i p c ho mi h l i n u . / n sau;
2 y ( n ) - y ( n - ) 3> ()1 3) X( n) - 4 \ ( n -5)
L i ( n ~ 1 2 )
n . 2
1. 63. M t h t h i m c i rc I I t a oi h u o i m r i n h sai phan sau;
y ( n ) -- a y (ii - l ) I bx ( n )
a) 1_\ xc diih b theo a sao ch) ^ h i i ) - 1
i;
b) l v l nh d p n u buxVc r i m tl i i k h i m { / c r o - s t a t c s l c p r cs pt >ns c ) s{n) c u a l t h ni i v
c l i n b sao c ho s(oC' ) 1
c) S( snh cc m tr cua !') liLi tirc (r a) \'a l) .
Li ai:
a) \ (i) -V^âv(n - ] ) - b \ ( n )
h ( n ) b a " i i ( n )
46 Gii bi tp x tin hiu s v Matlab
11=0
I - a
=> b = 1- a
b) s ( n ) : = ^ h ( n k) = b
k-o
- a
114 I
u( n)
1- a
c) b 1 - a t r ong c hai t ri i n hp a) v b)
1.64. Hy xc nh p ng y(n) , n > 0 ca h hns c m t b'i phoTiu trnh sai phn bc 2
nh sau:
v( n) - 4 y ( n ~ l ) + 4 y ( n ~ 2 ) - x ( n ) x ( n - ' l ) vi u vo l:
x ( n ) - ( ~ l ) " u( n) v iu kin u l: y ( - l ) - y ( - 2) = 0
Lii: y( n) - 4y( n - 1) + 4y( n - 2) = x( n) x( n - 1)
Phoig trinh c trimg l: ." 4X + 4 = 0 => = 2
Suy ra: y^j (n) ==c, 2" + 0302
Nghim ring l: (n) k ( l)" Li(n)
Thay nghim ring ny vo phng trinh sai phn, ta irc:
k ( l)" Li (n) - 4 k ( l ) *u ( n - ) + 4 k ( - l ) " \ ( n - 2 ) - ( - 1 ) u ( n ) - ( - ) ' ' u ( n - 1 )
Khi n = 2, k( 1 + 4 + 4) - 2 => k - .
Phirng trinh tim qut;
y( n) = c, 2" +C. n2" + - ( - ! ) " u( n)
T iu kin ban u, ta c v(0) - 1, y( l ) - 2 . Do :
2 _ 7
c, + = =>c, =
' 9 ' 9
1.65. Chng minh rng bt c tn hiu x(n) no cng c th biu din di dn^:
z [ x ( k ) - x ( k ~ l ) ] u ( n - k )
k = - r.
Chng 1; Tn hiu v h thng ri rc 47
Li a:
x ( n ) - x ( n ) * ( n )
- x( n) * ' u( n) ~ u( n - l)J
^ [ x ( n ) - x ( n - l ) ] n i { n )
x ( k ) ~ x ( k l) u ( n ~ k )
k = --/:
1.66. Hy xc nh phTm trinh tna qut cho n > 0 ca phong trnh vi phn sau:
y( n) + O J y ( n - l ) - O.Oy(n - 2 ) - 2" u( n)
vi ieu kin u v ( l ) = 1. y ( - 2 ) = 0
Li ai:
y( n) + 0. 1y(n - l ) - 0 . 0 6 y ( n 2) ^ 2 u( n) vi y( ~ ) ==1. y ( - 2 ) = 0 . Ta c phong trinh
c t rng l; +0, l / - ~0, 06 = 0 = > /., - - 0 . 3 - 0 , 2 .
Suv ra y (n) - c, ( - 0 , 3 ) +c ^ ( 0 , 2)"
Nghim ring l: ( n ) - p 2 "
Thay nghim ring ny vo phone trinh vi phn cho, ta c:
P2 ' -H[3( 0 , 1) 2 " ' --(3( 0 , 0 6 ) 2 '" - 2' u ( n ) . i v-i n - 0. ta c;
200
p + f ( 0. 1) 2 ' ~ p ( 0 , 0 6 ) 2 " - 1 hay = 0, 9662 .
Plng trinh lng qui: y ( n ) y , , ( n ) y p ( n ) - C| ( 0,3)" C\ ( 0, 2)
M y ( - l ) = c, ( ~0, 3) ' + c , ( 0 . 2 ) ' ' va
y (-"2 ) = c, ( 0, 3) ^ + 03( 0, 2 ) 2 "=( ) hay loTig oTig vcVi:
10 ^ 107 ^ 100 50
----- c, +5c, - - v ----- -c, +25c.
3 207 9 207
Giai h phuxrne trnh la thu c nghim l c, =- 0, 1017 v c. =0, 0356. Suy ra phong
Irnh im qut c dne nh sau:
y ( n ) - - 0 , 1 0 1 7 ( - 0 , 3 ) ' ' +0. 0356( 0, 2) +0, 9662( 2)
1.67. Hy xc nh cc chui t tironi quan ca cc tn hiu sau y:
a) x ( n ) = l , 2 , 1 . 1 :
b) y( n) = u , 2 , l
Ncli ki luii cua bn/
Li gii:
R , , ( l ) = x ( n ) x ( n - l )
R, , ( - ^3) = x ( 0 ) x ( 3) = l
R, , ( - 2 ) = x( 0) x( 2) + x( l ) x( 3) = 3
R, , ( ~- l ) = x( 0) x( l ) + x( l ) x( 2) i x( 2) x( 3) = 5
R , . , ( 0 ) = x ^ ( n ) = 7
iMtkhc: R, (--1) = R , ( l ) . Do d o ; R ^ (1) - l, 3.5. 7.5. 3.l
I ^ v v ( l ) = - V ( " ) y ( " 0
1 1 - -- X
48 Gii bi p x Iv in hu s v Ma lab
Ta co: R, , ( 1) = ] . 3, 5. 7. 5. 3,l
Ta thv rn v( n) = X( ~n 4 3), diu nv tcim iroim vi vic lu ui chui \ (n). Diu ny
khnu lm thav i chui l tircmL' quan.
c . BI TP NNC CAO
1.6 8 . Ti m chui t' iLion quan chun ho ca liii liiu x{n) sau y:
j l - N < n < N
X n =
^ ' [() n 7^:
1. 69. l l y xc d nh chiii r Urone quan cua mi lin hi u sau dy v chiViii i ni nh 1' iii; no l chiii
chan tionu moi tiirni hp. ' ini \' Ir cun m tr cc di cua cliui lir tiron qLiaii Irone mi tnrim
hp:
a) X , ( n ) = a " u ( n )
, , M 0 < n < N - - l
b ) x , n ) = ,
! 0 n =:
1.70. l!v xc dnh chui tliRvng quan v chu ki cua mi chui sau y:
a) Xi ( n) - c o s ( 7[ n ' M) , IronL* d M l s nmi yn dironu
b) X2 ( n) n modul o
1.71. Xc diii phni \ i cc ui tr cua tham s a sao cho h lim Xuyn tiili bt bin cc p im
. , . a " n > 0 . nch n
xiiniz h ( n ) - < la 011 cih.
0 n khc
r 1 Y'
1. 72. I l v xc dni p na cua mt li i h on n c dap iu xi i nu h ( n ) = i u ( n ) vi cc tn hi u
V. 2 J
u \ t) ln ll l:
u) x ( n ) = 2 ' ' u ( n )
b) \ { n) = u ( - n )
1.73. Chi m Iiinh rim iu kin cn v u cho mt l hni tuyn tnh bt bin (LTl ) tr' thnh
mt i thiL n nh B f30 l:
f X
^ ! h( n) < M,, < MJ h n s
l - /
1.74. C1io h thim ri rc irc m ta bni Z quan h vo-ra nh sau:
y(n) =
Chng 1: Tin hiu v h thng r i rc 49
y ( n - l ) ^
Trong x( n) v y( n) toim nu l cc chui u vo v u ra. Chng minh rng u ra
y( n) cua h thng trn i vi u vo x( n) - cxu(n) vi y(~-l) ~ 1hi t UVi Va khi n co ( a
l mt s dong). H thng trn l tuvn tnh hav phi tuviV.^ L h thiii bt bin? Gii thch cu
tr li ca bn.
1.75. Chui cc s Pibonacci f(n) l mt chui nhn qua irc nh ngha bi:
f ( n) = f (n - 1) + f (n 2 ), n > 2
vi f ( 0) = 0, .
a) Xy dng mt cng thc chnh xc tnh f' (n) trc tiep cho bt c n no.
b) Chrm mi nh rnii f ( n ) l dp im xung ca mt h thng tuyn tinh bt bin nhn qu
irc m la bi phircng trnh sa] phn sau:
y( n) = y( n- - l ) + y( n * 2 )^ x ( n - l )
1.76. Xt mt b lc s phc bc 1 c cho bi mt phucng trnh sai phn nh sau:
y( n) ^ a y ( n - l) + x( n)
Troim x(n) l chui u vo c m tr thc. y( n) - y,., ( n) + (n) l chui u ra c gi
tr phc, vi (n) v (n ) tirnu nu l phn thirc v phn o v a = a + j b l hng s phc.
Xv crng mt bi u di n ca phcrnu t r nh sai phn thirc t onu oTig c mt li vo v 2 li ra ca
b lc s phc trn. CMR b lc s c mt li vo v 1 li ra trn c mi lin h gia (n) v
x(n) l theo mt phi rcng trnh vi phn bc 2.
1.77. Chim minh rnu mt chui m hon lon c th tnh tHi ' c th c nng l'n hiu hn,
nhi mg mt chui c nri4 lirn hini hn thi c th khng hn ton tnh tng 0.
1.78. Cho mt b lc s IIR nhn qua irc m t bi phircTni trnh VI phn sau y;
50 Gii bi p x ly tn hiu s v Matlab
^ d , y ( n - k ) = 2 ] P k x ( n - k )
k=:() k=()
Trong y( n) , X( n) toni n l cc chui u vo v u ra. Neu h( n) l p ne xune
k
ca n, hy chni mi nh rnti P i ^ ' k = 0, l ......M
11=0
T kt qu trn, chng minh rnu p( n) - h( n) ( *) d
LI GII BI TP NNG CAO
1.68.
2N + 1- f , - 2N < f < 2N
0 n khc
R xx(0) = 2N + 1
Do , chui t t ong quan chun ho ca tn hiu x(n) l:
1
Pxx( 0- =
2N + 1
0
(2N 4- - ), ~ 2 N < f <2 N
n khc
1.69 a) X, (n) = a u( n)
^xx( l )= z ( " )= a " u ( n ) a " ' u ( n - r )
n - - - < x 11= -0Q
a ' - ' = ^ f < 0
h l - a =
-t-co
n- o
+C0
g a = - ' =
1 1 = 1
a
1 - a '
l > 0
_ a ' _ tt^'
Ch , i vi f > 0 , R^^( f ) = -------^ v (f) ^ ...... f < 0 . Th a y f bng
1 a~ " ' ' 1 a
a'
- a '
f trong biu thc th 2, ta c (~) = -------7 (f) nn (f) l hm chn i v'i f .
- a
Gi tr cc i ca (f) xv ra ti f - 0 bi vi a ' l hin suy <iini dn khi f tng, vi
a <1
b) x , ( n ) =
1 0 < n < N - l
0 n khc
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng r rc 51
n = - c o n---()
X : ( n ^ l ) =
1< n < N - 1+
0 n khc
Do ,
0 f < - ( N - l )
N + 1 - ( N -1) <! <()
<N 1=0
N - 1 0 < f < N - 1
0 t > N ~ 1
( f ) l hm ca mt tam i c t heo bin s f , do ( ) l hiT chn vi gi tr cc
i ca N li f = 0 .
L70. a) Xi (n) ~ cos ( 7i n / M) , t rong M l s nguyn dimng. Chu kv ca X| (n) l 2M, do
, 2M-1 i 2M-
f^.v(')= z ("-') = 7^ z + = ^ z
I =-r/^ n=0 11=0
cos
=0 V
^7tn ''
^rt(n + 1) ^
-----
cos
[ m J . M
V /
1 ^ nn
\ cos
2 M ^ I m
Mt khc ta c: ^ COS"
ti=()
' T n ^
/ \
7i n ^ 7 f ^ ' 7 n ^ ^ 7l f ^ 1 ^ 711' ^
2M- 1
V c o s ' c o s
_ _
cos - sin s i n
----
^ = c o s
----
[ m j
1
v M y 2M
Lu
v M J
^ Tt n '' 2 M , -, 1 Ttn ^
= = M . D o R , , (1 ^ - - COS
. M ,
0
U M ;
b) X: ( n) = n modul o - 10,1,2, 3, 4, 5 [ , 0 < n < 5 . N l mt chui tun hon vi chu kv
1
bng 6 . Do d, f ) = X, ( n ) x , (n + f), 0 < < 5 , cng l chui tun hon v'i chu k l 6 .
6 ^
r ^ ^ j 0 ) - ~ r x 3(0) x , ( 0) + x2( f ) x, ( f ) + x . ( 2) x , ( 2) + x, ( 3 ) x . ( 3 ) + x , ( 4 ) x , ( 4 ) + x , ( 5 ) x , ( 5 )
^Nx( 0 ^ r'^:(O)^'^2{ + ^ 2( 0 ^ 2( 2) + x . ( 2 ) x . ( 3 ) + x. ( 3) x J 4 ) + x , ( 4 ) x . ( 5 ) + x , ( 5 ) x . ( 0 )
L -
T nh t ong t ta c:
n 55
6
40
R . . ( 3 ) = f
1.71.
1.72
a)
N " ) = IH" = Z
n=-3? 11=0.11chrn n=0
H thni n nh nu a < 1.
y ( n ) = ^ h ( k ) x ( n - k )
k=- ^
l / 1 II
= 7 2 - = 2 " X
k=0 V / K=()
2n
~ ia
\k
- 2 "
v4y
A
V2
u( n)
b) y ( n ) = f h ( k ) x ( n - k ) ^ h ( k ) ^ x
k=-cc k-0 k-0
k-ov 2y
= 2, n < 0
y ( ) = | ; h w = | ; = 1 : 1 - g i
kîi k = i i V"^/ k=i()V / k=oV /
= 2 -
1 -
v 2 .
= 2
v 2 .
, n>0
1.73. Mt h thng l n nh BIBO nu v ch nu mt li vo c gii hn ( ki unded Inpu) to ra
mt li ra cim c gii hn (Bounded Oulpit).
+<yi
y ( ) = j ; h ( k ) x ( n - k )
4-cC
y(")|^ z N>^)|Kn-k)
k -^r..
X | h ( k )
Trong x ( n - k) < . Do , y ( n ) < co cho t c mi n, nu v ch nu
z N " ) N M i, < .
I I = ./
x ( n )
1.74. y ( n - l )
y( n- - l )
Chng 1; Tn hiu v h thng ri rc 53
Di vi u vo x( n) = a u ( n ) . du ra y( n) hi I uVi mt hnu s K khi n -> co . Phong
trinh VI phn trn khi n co. tro t hnh i o K ~ c : > K = v .
2 1 k J
De dng hv r nu h thim l phi tuvn. Gi thit y, (n) l u ra cia du vo X| (n) .Ta c:
y , ( n ) = ' v ,
2 [ y , ( n - l ) _
Nu x, ( ) = x ( - n . ) Ihi , ( n ) 4 | y , ( n - l ) + ^ ; ^
2! y i ( n - l )
Suy ra y, (n) = y( n n,, ) => h thnii trn l bt bin.
1.75. a) f ( n) - f ( n l ) + f ( n - 2), n > 2 . t f ( n ) =^ a r ' \ phucnu trnh sai phn tr' t hnh
ar " - a r " ' - a r ' 0 <x> r" - r - - 0. c nehi m l r - - . Do .
' \ ^ f 1+ V 5
( n ) - a ,
B'i vi f (0) 0 nn a, + a . = 0 . Tirong t. l' (l) - 1. suv ra s/s ~ ^ = 1. Gii
h phong trinh trn la thu irc a. - a , .
V5
Do , f ( n)
1
n / /- ^
1 1- V 5
I
J
7
V. y
b) y ( n) - y( n - l ) + y( n - 2) + X(n - l)
Khi h thn l tuyn tnh bt bicii, cc iu kin u bng khnu.
t x( n) ~ 5 ( n ) , a c y( n) = y( n - 1) + y( n - 2) + ( n ~ l ) . Suy ra:
y ( 0 ) = y ( - l ) + y ( - 2) = 0 v y( l ] = l . i vi n>l phiroTig t r nh sai phn toTig ng l
y ( n ) - y ( n - l ) + y ( n - 2) vi cc i u ki n u y ( 0 ) - 0 v y ( l ) 1, gi na vi cc i u ki n u
cho l'i gii chui Pibonacci. Do li gii khi n >1 ' c cho bi
, 1 u S 1 i - s / ' "
f ( n) l p i xung ca mt h thim LTI nhn qu ' c m t bi phong trnh sai
phn: y( n) = y ( n - l ) + y ( n ~ 2 ) + x ( n )
1.76. y( n) = a y ( n - l ) + x ( n ) . Vi y ( n ) - y, ( n) + jy ( n) v a = a + j b t a c :
Ykc(n) - jyin, (n) = (a + j b)| Yk, (n - l) + jy (n ~ l ) ] + x( n)
Thc hin cn bng phn thc v phn o ring r v ch V vUi x( n) l thc ta c:
Yrc ( n ) = a y R. ( n - 1) by, , ( n - l ) + X ( n ) ( 1 )
y i n , ( n ) = b y K e ( n ~ l ) + a y , , ( n - ~ l )
Do , y (n - 1 ) = - y (n) - - (n - 1)
a a
Suy ra phoTg trnh sai phn mt u vo, hai u ra c dnu:
y Rc ( i ) = a y R ^ . ( n - l ) - - y ( n ) + y ^ J n - l ) + x ( n )
a a
Do , by (n - 1 ) = -ay^^, (n - l) + (a- + b (n - 2)y,, ( n ) + ax( n - l)
Thay th phong trnh trn vo phong trnh (1) ta c:
y R e ( n ) - 2 a y , , , ( n - l ) - ( a - + b ) y j , J n - 2 ) - a x ( n - l ) + x ( n )
Phong trnh ny l phoTg trnh VI phn bc 2 biu din yj^^, ( n) theo hm ca x ( n ) .
+-J
1.77. a) Cho ^ x( n) < co . p dng bt ng thc Schwartz, ta c
n=- cc
+CO +CO \ +CO
N " ) f - N " ) I N " )
n = -co = J \ w = - c o
b) Xt x( n) =
n > 1
n < 1
Min hi t ca mt chui c chiu di v hn c th kim tra t hng qua biu thc tch phn.
t a,, = f ( x ) , trong f ( x ) l hm lin tc, dong v gim dn i vi mi X >1. Do c
chui phn f ( x) dx u hi t hoc u phn k. Vi a,, " , f ( x) = ta c:
n = ! I ^ ^

dx = l n( x) = o o - 0 = oo . Suy ra ^ x( n) l khng hi t, v kt qu l x ( n ) khng
^ n = - 0 D n = i ^
hon ton tnh tng c. e chng minh chui x ( n ) c tng bnh phong, ta p dng cho
1 1
- L -f 1rr 1 , Suy ra / - y l hi t, hay
x ( n ) - c tng bnh phoig.
n
1.78. 2 ] d , y ( n - k ) - j ^ p , x ( n - k )
k=0 k=0
00
\1 \
Dt u vo ca h thng l \ ( n ) = ( n) . Khi d ^ P k S ( n - k ) = ^ d | ^ h ( n - k ) . Do
k-o k--()
N'
p . " ^ d ^ h ( r k) . V h thnu ny c ia thit l nhn qu, h( r - k) ~ 0, Vk > r .
k-o
k--() k=()
T kt qu trn, ta suy ra p( n) = h( n) ( *) d, j
D. B TP MATLAB
Hy vit mt chng trinh MATLAB o ra cc dy sau y v v cc dy ny s dng
hm sem: a) dy xung n v, b) dy nhay o'!i v. c) dy ch nht , d) dy dc an v, e) dy hm
: _ ! . ^ '
m llic X = 0, 2 ( 1, 5 )" v 0 dy hm m phc y = 2e' , 0 < n < 40 .
Li gi:
% Chuong trinh Ml_l
% a) Tao day xung don vi
c l f ;
% Tao mot vecto tu -10 den 20
n = - 1 0 : 2 0 ;
% Tao day xung don vi
delta = [2 eros(l,1 0 ) 1 zeros(1,20}];
% Ve day xung don vi
subplot(321);
stem(n,delta);
xlabel{'Thoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel('Bien do');
title 'Day xung don vi') ;
axis([-10 2 0 0 1.2]);
% b) Tao day nhay don vi
u= [zeros(1,10) ones (1,21)];
subplot(322);
stem(n,u);
xlabel('Thoi gian roi rac n );ylabel('Ben do')/
title('Day nhay don vi');
axis([-10 2 0 0 1.2]);
% c) Tao day xung ch nhat co chieu da L
L=10 ;
rec-[ zeros (1, 10) ones(l,L) zeros (1, 2 0 - L-f 1) ] ;
subplot(323);
s t e m( n , r e c ) /
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h hng ri rc 55
xlabel('Thoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel('Bien do');
title('Day xung chu nhat');
axis ( [-10 20 0 1.2]);
% d) Tao day doc don vi
n = - 5 : 10;
m= [zeros(1,5) 0:10];
u= [zeros(1,5) ones(1,11)] ;
r=m.*u;
subplot(324);
stem(n,r);
xabel('Thoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel(Bien do');
title('Day doc don vi');
axis( [-5 10 0 10.2]) ;
% e) Tao day ham mu thuc
n = 0:30; a = 1.5; K = 0.2;
X = K*a. ^n;
subplot(325);
stem(n,x);
xlabelThoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel{'Bien do');
title(Day ham mu thuc');
figure;
% f) Tao day ham mu phuc
s = - (1/12) + (pi/6)*i;
K = 2 ;
n 0:40;
X = K*e xp(s * n ) ;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,real(x));
xlabel{'Thoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel('Bien do'};
title('Phan thuc');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,imag(x));
xlabel{'Thoi gian roi rac n ');ylabel(Bien do');
title('Phan ao'};
Day xung don vi Day nhay don vi
I 0 5
in
4 , Thi*>i ni-an rnt r ^ ,n______ ^
" r ^ 5 , 0
Thoi gian roi rac n
0 10 2D 30
Thoi gian roi rac n
Dy hm m phc;
Phan huc
20
1
o
o
c 0
s?
03
-1
-e-
o
o9?
J ______________ I----------------------1______________ L
1G 15 20 25 30 35 40
Thoi dan roi rac n
Phan ao
o
O
0
0
Q
1__ . . 1.
0 6 10 15 2 25 30 35 40
Thoi gian ro rac n
Ml _2. Hy vit int chng trnh MATLAB dng cc hm sawto()th v square to ra cc dy
xung vung v dy xung rng ca sau y v v cc dy ny s dng hm stem. Cc thng s sau
y c th thay i bi ngi lp trinh; chiu di dy (L), bin (A), chu k (N). Ngoi ra i vi
dy xung vung ta cn quan tm n rng xung - l phn trm chu k m tn hiu c gi tr
dng. Hy dng chng trinh ny to ra 100 mu u tin ca mi loi dy xung trn vi tn
s ly mu 20kHz, bin nh A ^ 3; mt chu kv l 15 v rng xung vung l 60%.
Li gii:
% Chuong trinh MI 2
h,
% a) Tao day xung vuong va day xung rang cua tuan hoan co chieu dai
% bien do dinh A, chu ky N
clf ;
% Nhap cac thong so cua day xung tu ban phim
A=input('Bien do dinh =');
L=inputc'chieu dai day = );
N=input{'Chu ky cua day =');
Fs=input('Tan so lay mau mong muon =');
DRX=input{'Do rong cua xung vuong =');
% Tao cac day xung
Ts=l/Fs;
t=0:L-1;
x=A*sawtooth(2*pi*t/N);
y=A*square(2*pi*t/N, DRX);
subplot(211);
stem(t,x);
xlabel( [ 'Thoi gian ' ,num2str{Ts) , ' giay'] ) /ylabel('Bien do') ;
title('Day xung rang cua.');
subplot(212);
stem(t,y);
xlabel( ['Thoi gian ',num2str(Ts) , ' giay']) ;ylabel{'Bien do') ;
title('Day xung vuong');
Day xung rang cua
Tho gian 5e<35 gay
Dy xung ong
Ml _3. a) Hy vit mt chm trinh VIA LAB to dy tn hiu hinh sin y( n) ~ Acos(co^jn -i- )
v v dy ny sir di m lim SCL Cc t hng s ca dy sau y c t h nhp t bn ph m: chi u di
dy (L), bi n (A) , ti s <ic ( cOy) v ZC pha ( (p ) vi 0 < 0) < 7t v 0 < (p < 2n .
b) Hy vit mt chong trinh MATLAB to dy tn hii iu bin vi h s iu bin m,
tn s sng man^ fc, tn s ca tn hiu chiu di dy L c th thay oi ' c t bn phm.
Li gidi:
% Chuong trinh
% Tao day tin hieu hinh sin tuan hoan co chieu dai L,
% bien do dinh A, tan so goc omega, pha
clf ;
% Nhap cac thong so cua day xung tu ban phim
A^înput ( ' Bien do dinh =');
Lînput('Chieu dai dav ='};
omeg=input('Tan so goc = );
if ((omeg<=0) I (omeg>=pi)), error{'Tan so goc khong hop le'); end;
pha=input('Goc pha
if ({pha<0) I (pha>(2*pi))), error('Pha khong hop le'); end;
% Tao day tin hieu hinh sin
n = 0 : L -1 ;
arg == omeg*n - phase;
X = A*cos(arg);
stem(n,x); % Plot the generated sequence
% axis ( [0 50 -2.5 2.5]);
grid;
title('Day sin tuan hoan');
xlabel('Thoi gian roi rac n');
label('Bien do');
% Chuong trinh Ml_3_2
% b) Tao day tin hieu dieu bien
% Nhap cac thong so cua tin heu tu ban phim
m=input{'He so dieu bien =');
fc=input('Tan so song mang =');
f :=input ( ' Tan so tin hieu =');
Lînput('Chieu dai day tin hieu =');
n = 0 ; L ;
xC = sin(2*pi*fc*n);
X = s i n ( 2 * p i * f * n ) ;
y = (l+m*x).*xC;
stem(n,y);grid;
ylabel('Bien do')/
title('Day tin hieu dieu bien');
a) V d A = 2; L = 50; CQ 0 , 2 p i ; = Ota c kt qu nh sau:
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
E
0)
CD
-0,5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.S
Day sin tuan hoan
I--------------------------------- 1---- p -
o
o o
......
o
o o
.......----
o
J______ _______\______ L
o
J_______l
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Thi gian roi rac n
b) V d dy tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu bin m = 0,3; tn s sng mang fc = 0.2 Hz
n s ca tn hiu f =0, 0! Hz; chiu di dy L = 100.
Day in hieu dieu ben
Ml _4. Hy vit mt chong trnh MATLAB dng hm mpz tnh ton v v p ng xung ca
mt h thng ri rc theo thi gian c chiu di hu hn c dng ti qut nh sau:
N - ! ^ 1
^ a ^ y ( n k) = ^ b ^ x ( n - r ) . Cc thng s u vo ca chng trinh l chiu di ca p ng
k-o r = 0
XUI^ (L), cc hng s ai^l v { b j c a phon trnh sai phn. Hy kim tra tnh n dnili ca mt
h tlin.a .
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng ri rac 61
L' gii:
% Chuong trinh Ml_4
% Tinh toan va ve dap ung xung cua rnot he thong roi rac theo thoi
gian co
% chieu dai huu han va xet tinh on dinh cua he thong
% Nhap cac thong so cua tin hieu tu ban phim
Mînput{'Chieu dai dap ung xung mong muon ='};
input('Nhap cac gia tri cua vecto p = );
dînput('Nhap cac gia tri cua vecto d =');
[h,t]=impz(p,d,N);
disp(h)
n=0:N-1;
stem(n,h);
ylabel { 'Bien do'} ;
title{'Dap ung xung cua mot he thong roi rac chieu dai huu han');
% Xet tinh on dinh cua he thong
sum-0;
for k=l:N+l;
sum^sum+abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k))<10(-6), break,
end
end
disp('Gia tri tong =');disp{abs(h(k)));
Nhp cc ui ir; L 5: [. 25 2.5 2.25]; ai, 11 0.5 0.75], ta -c kt qu l p ng
xLinu h ^ [2.2500 3. 6250 2.3750 -1.5313 -2.5469J. Biu ciin irn th nhir sau:
Gia tri tong 2.2500. Suy ra h thng n nh.
Dap ung xung cua mot he thong roi rac chieu dai huu han
1.5 2 2.5
Thoi gian roi rac n
Ml _5. Hy vit mt choim trinh MATLAB tnh tch chp ca 2 dy c chiu di hru hn. Gi
tr ca cc dy c nhp t bn phm. Kt qu ca tch chp sau c trc i d mu (î r ca
d ' c nhp t bn phm). V (n)=x(n)*h(n) v y(n-d).
Li i:
% Chuong trinh Ml_5
% Tinh toan va ve tich chap cua 2 da co chieu dai huu han
% Nhap cac cac day tin hieu tu ban phim
x = i n p u t ( ' N h a p d a y t i n h i e u X = ' ) ;
h=input('Nhap dap ung xung h =');
d=input('Nhap gia tri tre d =');
y=conv{x,h);
nx^lengthx); % chieu dai cua day X
nh=length(h); % chieu dai cua day h
ny=nx+nh-l; % chieu dai cua day y
dsp(y)
n=0 : ny-1;
subplot{211} ;
stem(n,y);
ylabel{* Bien do} ;
tit:le('Tich chap cua 2 day co chieu dai huu han' ) ;
subplot (212) ;
yd=[zeros(l,d) y] ;
md=ny-i-d ;
m=0:md-1;
stem{m,yd);
xlabel('Thoi gian roi rac n );
ylabel{'Bien do');
title('Day tre');
Tich chap cua 2 day co chieu dai huu han
20
10
o
c
0)
s
-10
-20
' (
o
)
^ < 1 >
?
________ ....................... . '

................. , ................ ................ ... ................ ?
)
1 t
4 6 8
Thoi gian rpi rac n
a tr
10 12
* <
o
^
[) '
? 9
'
- ^
1 1
5 10
Thoi gian roi rac n
15
Chng 1: Tn hiu v h thng ri rac 63
Nhp cc dy tn hiu X =| 2 1 3 -2 1 0 -3 4]; dy p nu xuni h ^[1 - 2 3 1 2 1]; li tr tr d
"=3 ta dirc lcl chp v(n) = x(n)*li{n) nhu sau:
y - [ 2 -3 7 -3 19 -1 5 10 - 17 10 -2 5 4]
V11_6. Cho hai h thim c pluro'im trnh sai phn tuvn tnh h s hng nh sau:
H t hns I :
v ( n ) = 0 , 5 x ( n ) + 0 , 2 5 x ( n - 1 ) + 0 , 8 2 x ( n - 2)
1 thn^ 2 :
y ( n ) - 0 , 4 5 x ( n ) + 0 , 5 x ( n - l ) + 0 , 4 x ( n - 2 ) + 0, 52y(n ~ - l ) - 0 , 4 5 y ( n - 2 )
vit mt choiii trinh MATLAB tiih cc u ra ca hai h thni; trn vi u vo:
x( n) = cos
27*10n ( 27*100n
+ cosl ------------
256
Li iai:
% Chuong trinh Ml_6
% Tinh va bieu dien dau ra cua mot he thong khi biet dau vao va
phuong
% trinh SPTT cua he thong
cf ;
n 0 :299;
xl = cos{2^pi*10*n/256);
x2 = cos(2*pi*100*n/2 5 6);
X = xl+x2;
% Tinh cac chuoi dau ra
numl - [0.5 0.25 0.82];
yl = filter(numl,1,x)
den2 = [1 -0.52 0.45]
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.4]
y2 - filter{nm2,den2,x);
% Dau ra cua he thong #1
% Dau ra cua he thong #2
% Plot the output sequences
subplot(211);
plot (n,yl) ;axis( [0 300 ~2 2]);
ylabel('Bien do');
title('Dau ra cua he thong #1'); grid;
subplot(212);
plot(n,y2};axis([0 300 -2 2]};
xlabel('Thoi gian n'); ylabel(Bien o');
title('Dau ra cua he thong #2'); grid;
Dau ra cua he thonq #1
m
Dau ra cua he thong if2
Thoi gian n
Ml _7. Tnh tng quan cho ca hai chui bt kv nhp t bn phm
Li gii:
% Chuong trinh Ml_7
% Tinh chuo tuong quan cheo
X = input('Nhap chuoi thu nhat = '};
y = input{'Nhap chuoi thu hai = ');
% Tinh tuong quan cheo cua hai chuoi
NI length(y)-l; N2 = length{x)-l;
rxy = conv(x,fliplr(y));
k = ( -Nl) :N2 ' ;
nl=0:Nl; n2=0:N2;
subplot(311);
stem(n2,x);
title{'Chuoi thu nhat');ylabel{'Bien do');
subplot{312);
stem(nl,y );
title('Chuoi thu hai');ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(313);
stem(k,rxy);
title('Tuong quan cheo cua hai chuoi tren');
xlabe('n '); ylabel('Bien do')/
V = axis;
axis([-Nl N2 v{3:end)]);
Nhap chuoi thu nhat ^[ 1 2 3 21]
Nhap chuoi thu hai = [I -1 1 -11
c 0
0)
i5
3
-2
-3
Chuoi hu nhat
^ Chuoii-iu hai 2 5
-------------------------- T----------------------------- ^----------------------------- ,--------------------------- ..... ................... 1------------------------------
---------------------------- ^ J----------------------------1-----------------------------1----------------------------- ^----------------------------
-2 0 1
n
()
M l _ 8. Tnh hm t toig quan ca mt chui tn hiu hinh sin x ( n) = cos(0, 257 n)b nhiu ngu
nhin tc ii
Li gii:
% Chuong trinh Ml_8
% Tinh tu tuong quan cua mot chuoi tin hieu hinh sin bi nhieu tac
dong
%
N = 99;
n = 1 :N;
X = cos{pi*0.25*n) ; % Tao chuoi tin hieu sin
d ^ rand(l,N) - 0.5; % Tao chuoi nhieu
y = X + d ; % Tao chuoi tin hieu h i n h sin b i nheu tac dong
rxx = conv(y, fliplr(y)); % Tinh chuoi tu tuong quan
k - -30:30;
nl=0:length(y)-1;
subplot(211);
stem(nl,y);
title('Chuoi tin hieu hinh sin bi nheu tac dong);ylabel('Bien
do
subplot(212);
stem(k, rxx(60:120));grid
title('Ham tu tuong quan cua chuoi hinh sin bi nhieu tac dong');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('Bien do');
Chuoi tin hieu hinh S R bi nhieu tac dong
1CX3
50
OO
c
T
..i..
-20
_ _ L
10 10 20 30

BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC TRONG MIN z
A. TM TT L THUYT
2.1. Bin i
nh nha bin i z hai pha:
X(z) = j ; x { n ) z -
n = - x
nh ngha bin i z mt pha:
X(z) = X x ( ) z -
11^0
2.2. Min hi t ca bin oi z
/
Tp hp t c cc gi tr ca 7. m ti chui x ( z ) = ^ x ( n ) z ' " hi t ' c gi i min
I I = - '
hi t ca bin i z.
K hiu min hi t l RC (hoc ROC). 1'a phi ch n min hi t khi thc hin bin i z.
Ch :
Tiu chun Caiichy: ml chui c dni> ^2 + t nu iu kin sau y
11-0
1
' c thoa Iin: limlx,, " <1
II -* (
2.3. im cc, im khng
Cn phn bi im cc, im khng ca tn hiu v icni cc, im klng ca h thng.
Nu tn hiu X(z) c danu plin thc x ( z ) - thi:
D( z)
- iem cc ZpK ca tn hiu X(z) l tp cc diii lm cho X(z) khng xc nh:
x ( z ) = co . Ngha l l nghim ca D(z)
- in khim Zor ca tn hiu X(z) l tp cc im lm cho X(z) trit ticu: x ( z ) = 0 .
Nuha l Z(), l nghim ca N(z)
Lu rnii im cc im khng ca h thim c xc nh theo hm truyn t H(z).
- im cc ca h thng l tp cc im Zpi; lm cho H(z) khng xc nh H( z)
- im khnu ca h thHi l tp cc im Zor lm cho H(z) tnt tiu H( z) = 0
Do vy hm truyn dt I (z) cn 'c biu din theo dn im cc v im khng:
Chng 2
= 00
68 Gii bi tp x/ tn hiu s v Matlab
( ^ - v )
hay:
k-i
H ( z) = G. - ~ trong G = l h s truyn t.
n ( - ' V ) a, '
k = l
2.4. Bien i z ngc
nh imha bin i z nmrc:
2nj
Trong ( ng cong kn i qua gc ta i nmr-c chiu kim ni h,
c
Chng ta phi nhcT 3 phng php tm tch phn ucrnu ny:
L Phng php tln d:
k
vcVi z , : cc ca X(z). z" ' nm trong ng cone khp kn c
Vi t di i i dng: x( z) . z" ' =
; cc bi bc Sj^
V ; ( z )
V| / (z) = ( z ~ z , f x( z) . z" -'
Thni dir tim dircTc bn cnu thc sau y:
1 d-'-' \| ;(z)
Res x( z) . z"
( s , - l ) ! d z ^ - '
2. Plir php khai trin thnh chui lu ha
Khai trin bin i z thnh mt chui ly tha c dnii:
x ( z ) - ^ , trone a,, l h s ca chui lv tha.
I I =
=>x( n) = a
3. Phini php khai trin linli phn thc ti n
/ X N( z)
x ( z ) = : Bc ca N(z) l M, bc ca D(z) i N.
D( z)
M >N:
Chng 2: Biu din h hng v tin hiu ri rc trong min z 69
D{y. ) ^ Q( z)
D(z) (z)
Bc cia S(z): M - N
vi S(z) l phn tmu\ n.
s ( x) = + (M - N) j + B^, ,0 ' n -- ( M - N - 1 ) + ... + B| [n + 1] + B,
/ X N( z) P(z)
M < N : X z H
D( z) Q( z)
/ \ p( z)
Xt X( z) = ^ ^ . M < N
^ Q(^.)
- Trung hp l: X(z) ch c cc cc o'ii
A
k
z - z
pk
: im cc ca (z). c N cc
P(z)
Q( z)
- Trng hp 2: X(z) c mt cc bi bc s l z ., cn li l cc on z
pk
7'a tnh c:
c. =
^ ( s - j ) ! d z -
- Trng hp 3: X(z) c L cc bi
(i s X(z) c L cc bi bc SJ,S^,...,SJ . Cc cc cn i l cc an.
N ' = N - X s ,
1= 1
Zp| : Cc bi bc s
: Cc o'n
C- = -----'------ ^
( s , - j ) ! dz^-'
2.5. Cc tnh cht bin i z
Re( z)
Mi n n Mi n z ROC
2' 'dz
X ( z ) = x ( n ) z -
n=-v;
' <r,
aX (n) + bx, (n)
a,b l hng s
aX, ( z) + b X, ( 2 ) ROC x , ( z ) ] nROC x , ( z ) ;
x ( n - n ) z "- x(z) r, < ;; <r,
a"x(n) x( a- ' z) a r, < ;L < a
r,
nx(n)
^dX( z)
dz
r, < ; <r,
x*(n)
(*: lin hp phc)
x*(z*)
1; < 5 <r,
x ( - n )
v z ;
1
< z
r.
1
; < ---
r.
x , ( n ) * x , ( n ) x , ( z ) . x , ( z )
x, ( n) . x, ( n) - ^ C X| ( v ) X, v'dv
l-K^ \ v )
nu x( n) l nhn qu
x( 0) = l i mX( z)
'x,x, = X x , ( m ) . x , ( m - n ) Rx,x,(z) = X , ( z ) . x i l ]
V2 y
ROC
[ x , ( z ) ;
nROC
k -
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min z 71
2.6. Mt s bin i z thng dng
Mi n n
( n)
( n - n )
(n)
Min z
l - z '
ROC
on b mt phng z
Ton b Tit phng z,
tr ti 0 nu Ho > 0,
Ir ti co nu I i o < 0
z > 1
u ( - n - l )
n u
z
- az
z | < l
z > 1
z > a
na
"(n)
- a " u ( - n - 1)
c os ( c o n ) u ( n )
sin(<;on)u(n)
az
( l - a z ')
az
az
i Z E
7. simo,
1- 2z cosco,, + z
z! > a
z| < a
z >
z > 1
a"cos((0(, n)u(n) 1- azcos(o,
1- 2az' cosco,, + a z
2 _ - 2
z > a
a"sin(co, , n)u(n) az" sino),
1- 2az" C O S O ) . + a z
z > a
z > z
^pk
z < z
'pk
m!
>
'pk
( - v ) '
2.7, Biu din h thng trong min /
c trn cho h t hng trong min z l hm truyn t H(z). Hm truyn t c vai tr nh
p n^ xung l(n) ca h thn tronu min thi ian ri rc.
Hm truyn t H(z) c hiu theo hai khi nim;
- Hm truyn t H(z) l tv s ca bin i z tn hiu ra Irn bin i z tn hiu vo.
Y( z)
H( z) =
x( z)
- Hm ruyn t H(z) l bin i z ca p n xuni h(n).
2.8. Lin h gia bin i z v phoig trnh sai phn
Bin i z hai v ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hn:
^ a , y ( n - k ) = f ] b , x ( n - r )
k=0
ta thu c:
M
Y ( z ) ,
H ( z ) - --------- nn nh' l un chun ho ao = 1 d v so t hc hi n.
X( z)
N
k = l
-k
Cc phn t thc hin h thng ong min z cng ging nh trong min thi gian ri rc n: phn
t cng, nhn, nhn vi hng s. Phn t tr D trong min n khi sang min z tr thnh phn t z' \
C 3 dnu cu trc thng thng ca h thng: song song, ni tip, hi tip. Cch xc inh
hm truyn t h thng tng qut tong ng nh sau:
- Neu N h thH mc song song vi nhau th hm truyn t ca h thni tng qut l:
H( z) = X H , ( z)
i= l
- Nu c N h thng mc ni tip vi nhau thi hm truyn t ca h t hng t ng qut l:
H( z) = f H i ( z )
i = I
- Neu H2(z) mc hi tip vi H| (z) thi hm truyn t ca h thng tnu qut s bng:
1 - H , ( 2 ) . H , ( z )
2.9. S n nh ca h thng trong min z
Mt h thng TTBB nhn qu trong min z mun n nh phi tho mn:
Tt c cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(z) phi nm bn trong vng trn on v tc l:
V
' pk
<1 .
N( z)
I a c FI(z) ^ . Khi bc N cua h inu. tc l bc cua a tluVc c trirnii D(z) l'n hn
2 thi ta phai dnu tu chun Jurv xt lih II nh.
Mt s php ton cn nam vng lm bi tp roi chong ny:
* Cc khi nim v chui, chui hi t.
- C'c php ton v s phc.
- Tim cp s nhn.
Nu a < 1
1 I
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min z 73
11=0
t i =()
- a
N + l
1- a . :
------ Nu a > I
1- a
B. BI TP CO BN
2.1. Xc nh bieii i z ca cc tn hiu hu lin sau:
( a ) x , { n ) = {l 3 5 7 0 2}
( b ) x , ( n ) = l 3 5 7 0 2
( c ) x , ( n ) = O 0 1 3 5 7 0 2
( c i ) x , ( n ' ) - j 2 5 6 0 l
( e ) x , ( n ) = - 2 0 0 1 7 l
Li i: Theo nh ngha ta c:
(a) X (z) = 1+ 3z"' + + 7z + 2 z " ' . ROC^' ca mt pbng z , tr z ==0 .
(b) X. (z) - Z' + 3z + 5 + 7z"' + 2?/^, ROC: c in phng z , tr z - { ) v z ~
(c) X3(z) ==z~~ + + 5z^ + l z ' + 2z ' , ROC: c mt phni z , tr Z. ^Q .
(d) (z) ^ 2z + 1+ 5z' ' + 6z" + z \ ROC: c mt pling z , tr z = 0 v 7.=
(e) (z) - + z' + 7 + z" , ROC: c mt phng z , tr z = 0 v z - c o
12, Xc nh bin i z ca cc tn hiu hu hn sau:
( a) X, ( n ) - s ( n )
( b) vX, ( n ) = s ( n - k ) , k > 0
( c ) X, ( n ) = ( n + k ) , k > 0
Lidi: Theo nh ngha ta c:
(a) X ( z) = l [nuha l, (n)<->!], ROC; c mt phng z. (2.1)
co
co
( b ) X . ( z ) = 7/ ^ [ngha l. ( n - k)<->z ^k > 0 , ROC: c mt phnu z , tr z = 0 . (2.2)
(c) X, (z) - 7^ [nuha l, ( n + k)<-^z^ ], k > 0, ROC: ca mt phi m z . tr z = CC'. (2.3)
T v d ta d thy rn ROC ca mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn l c mt phnu z.
ngoi tr z = 0 v hoc z = co vi z ^ ( k > 0 ) s r thnh v hn khi z = X) v z ' ^ ( k > 0 ) s tr-
nn v hn khi z - 0 .
Theo quan nim ton hc, bin i z l mt biu din ca tn hiu. iu ny ' c minh ho
' bi tp 2 . 1. y ta nhn thv rim h s z" , trong bin i cho, l m tr ca tn hiu ti
thi im n . N khc i, s m ca z cha ng thim tin v thi ian m chng ta cn nhn
dng cc mu ca tn hi u.
Trong nhiu tr'iig lp, ta c th biu din tng ca cc chui luTu hii lioc v hn i vi
bin i z theo mt biu thc dng gn ng. Trong cc t rng hp y bin i z c xem nh
mt biu din thay th rt gn ca tn hiu.
2.3. Xc nh bin i z ca tn hiu:
^ ( " ) = 3 ^( )
V^ y
U r : T n hi u X( n ) bao gm mt s v hn cc mu khc 0:
x ( n ) - <
1
r o
3 n
v3;
, . . .
v3y
Bin i z ca x( n) l chui cng sut v hn:
X( z) = l + i z - ' +
3
X / 1 /
n=oV'-^y n=()
l z ' ' "
3
y l mt chui hinh hc v hn. Ta c th vit li:
1
Bi vy, i vi
x ( z ) =
nu A < 1
- z
3
- A
< 1 hoc t ong ng, vi > - , x ( z ) hi t n:
ROC:
1
> -
3
Ta thy rng trong trng hp ny, bin i z cho ta mt biu din ihay th nn gn ca
tn hiu x( n) .
2,4. Xc nh bin i z ca tn hiu:
x( n) = a ' ^ u ( n ) -
n >0
n <0
Xi z ) = a - z " . {
f = () ! 1 = 0
a z (2. 4)
Nu a z < 1 hoc tirng im z > a . th chui cnu sut ny hi t n 1/ (l - a z ' ' ) .
Nh vy, ta s c cp bin i z .
x( n) ^ a u( n) <- >x( z) ROC' :
- a z
(2. 5)
Hnh 2.1: T hii hi ha nhn qua . r( / / ) = a"u{ ) (a)
Re(z)
ROC l min nn ngoi ng trn c bn knli Ijt . llinl 2.1 l d th ca tn hiu x( n) v
ROC tng ng ca n. Lu rng, ni chung, a cn khng phi l s thc.
Ncu ta thay 1 vo (2.4), ta s c bin i z ca tn hiu nhy bc n v.
x ( n ) = u ( n ) < ^ X ( z ) = ^ ^ ROC:
2.5. T m bin i z ca tn hiu:
x ( n) = - a " u ( - n - l) -
0
- a
n > 0
n < - l
x ( z ) =
n = - / m =
' y m - - n . Dng cng thc;
A -f- A' + A'"' + .... Al + A -f A~ ^
1 - A
Khi A < l t a c : X ( z ) = -
a z
1- a z 1- a z
76 Gii bi tp x ly tn hiu s Matlab
VcVi a"' z hoc tuxTim im a . Nh vy:
x( n) = - a " u ( - n - l ) < ^ X ( z ) =
- a z
ROC: |z| < a (2.6)
ROC by gi' l min trong ' n trn bn knh a . iu nv c cli ra ' hinh 2.2.
Cc bi tp 2.4 v 2.5 trnh by hai chui rt quan trnu. Chui th nlit lin quan en tnh
duy nhl cua bin i z . T (2.5) v (2.6) ta nhn thv rani tn liu nhn qua a" Li(n) v tn hiu
khng nhn qu x( n) - ~a" u ( n ~ ]) c dni biu din gn i m uiim nhau, nsh a l:
ZT a" u( n) = Z T - a " u ( - n - l) - '
Hl 2.2: Tn iii khig nhn qua x ( n ) - - a ' u ( " i - 1 ) (a) v ROC CU hicri c1(Yi z ca (h)
iu nv ni ln rnu dnu biu din gn nu cua bin i z khng chi ra irc mt cch
duy nht tn hiu trong min tli'i gian. S khng r rng ny c th irc <ziai quvet nu b suim
thm min hi t (ROC) vo biii thc biu din gn ng. Tm li, mt tn hiu ri rc iheo tli
man x( n) c xc nh duy nht bng bin i zca n x ( z ) , v mi n hi t ca x ( z ) . Trong
ti liu ny t ^'bin i z ' s ' c dnu cho c biu thc biu din in i m v ROC oTig ng.
Bi tp 2.3 cim ch r rn, ROC ca mt tn hiu nhn qu l nm ngoi vng trn bn knh
no y. Trons khi ROC ca tn hiu khng nhn qu li troim 'n; trn bn knh .
2.6. T m bin i z ca tn hiu:
x( n) ^ a"u( n) + b" u ( - n - l )
X( z) = a V , - + X b - z - = ^ ( a z - ' ) " + ( b ' z ) '
i i = 0 It = x n - - 0 1 = 0
Chui cn thc th nht s hi t nu az"' 1< 1 hoc |z > | a | . Chui cng thc th hai cng
li t nu bz < 1 hoc z < b .
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rac trong min z 77
ln(;:
H w 2 . R OC c ho h i n i z
xc nh SI' lii li c a x ( z ) . a xt hai r u n u h p k h c nhau:
Trurv^ lp I: b| < a : Trone lrn> hp nv hai ROC 0' trn khng trng nhau nh chi
hinh 2.3.a. Bo'i v\ \ ta khng th tim uc cc ui tr ca z m i vi chim c hai chui cng
sut nu lli hi t. R rnu trong trirnu hp ny, x ( z ) khng tn ti.
Tru p 2: b| > a : i vcVi trircrnii lip Iiy c mt vng khuvn trn mt phng z, y
c hai chui cim sut nii thi hi t. nh clii troni, hnh 2.3.b. Khi ta c:
_________1__ b - a
l - a / r ' 1-117. ' a + b ~ z ab?; '
ROC' ca X(z) l |a| < |z| < b
2.7. a) ri m bin cti z v mi n hi t cua cc chui sau y:
I) X, ( n ) = ( - ^( ) . 7) " u ( n )
II) x , ( n ) = (0.2)" u ( n - 3 )
lii) x, ( n) =^0 .6 ' u ( - n - 2 )
b) T ROC ca cc chui ' phn a), hy xc nh ROC cua cc chui sau v:
I) y , ( n ) = : x , ( n ) + x , ( n )
II) y 3 ( n) = x , ( n ) + x , ( n )
III) y , ( n ) - - x , ( n ) + x , ( n )
Lii: a) Theo nh niha bin i ta c:
I) x , ( z ) = ( - 0, 7) " u ( n ) z =( - ( 1. 77. )" = -
n = - ' 11 =0 1 + u, 17.
ROCca x , ( z ) l R, : | z >0, 7
>0, 7
t m = n - 3, ta c: X, (z) = ^ ( o , 2 z ' ' ) = ( 0 , 2 z ' ' ) ^ ( 0 , 2 z
m=0 111=0
~ l - 0 , 2 z ' ~ l - 0 , 2 z '
ROC ca X2(z) l R, : z > 0, 2
in) x , ( z ) = ^ 0 , 6 " u ( ~ n - 2 ) z - " = ( 0, 67/ ' ) "
1 1 = - / n = ~ /
t m= -n - 2, ta c: X3(z) = ^ (0, 6z ' y'"" = (0, 6z ' ) " ( 0 ,6^' z)
ni=0 in=(t
0.2
(Q.6z~' ) ' 0^6"-z-
~ 1 - 0 , 6 ' z ~ 1 - 0 , 6 ^ ' z
<0,6
ROC ca X3( z) l R, : | z| <0, 6
b) 1) V ROC ca x , ( z ) l R, : | z | >0, 7 v ROC ca x , ( z ) l R, : | z | >0 , 2 . Suy ra
ROCca Y, ( z) l R, n : |z| > 0,7
ii) V ROC ca X| ( z ) l R : | z | >0, 7 v ROC ca x , ( z ) l R, : | z | <0, 6. Suy ra
ROC ca Y, (z) l R| n R , = 0 . Suy ra bin i z ca Yj ( z) khng hi t ti bt c u trn
min z.
iii) V ROC ca Xj ( z ) l : | z | >0, 2 v ROC ca x , ( z ) l R, ; | z <0, 6 . Suy ra
ROCca Y, ( z) l R, n R , : 0, 2 < |z| < 0, 6
2.8. T m bin i z v min hi t ca cc cluii sau y:
a) x, ( n) = 5 (0, 6)" ~(0, 3)" u( n)
b) Xj ( n ) = : - 5 ( 0 , 3 ) " u ( n ) - 5( 0, 6)" u ( - n - ] )
c) X , ( n ) = 5( 0, 3)" u ( - n - 1) - 5( 0, 6)'' u ( - n - 1)
Li gii:
a) x, ( n) = 5 ( 0, 6) " - ( 0, 3) " u ( n ) = 5(0, 6)" u ( n ) - 5 ( 0 , 3 ) " u( n)
Ta c:
>0,6
ROC ca Xi(z) l |z| > 0, 6
b) (n) = - 5( 0, 3) " u( n) - 5 ( 0, 6 )" u( ~n ~ 1)
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min z
79
Ta c: ZT - 5( 0, 3) " u( n) :zj > 0,3
ZT -5( 0. 6) " u ( - n - l )
5
0. 6z
Do :
5 5 _5( l - 0. 3z ' - l + 0 , 6 z - ' ) _ K5z^'
l - 0 , 6 z " ' l - 0 , 3 z ' " ( l - ' 0 , 6 z " ' ) ( l - 0 , 3 z ^ ' ) ( l - 0 , 6 z ' ) ( l - 0 , 3 z ' )
v i 0 , 3 < z < 0 , 6
ROC ca X3(z) l 0 , 3< z | <0, 6
c) X, (n) = 5(0, 3)" u ( - n - 1) - 5( 0, 6) " u ( - n - l )
Ta c: ZT 5(0, 3)" u ( - n - 1)] =
- 5
- 0, 3z
<0, 3
ZT -5(0, 6)" u ( - n - l )
- 0. 6z "
<0,6
Do :
5 5 5 ( l - 0 , 3 z r ' - l + 0, 6z^' ) 1 5z--'
" l - 0 , 6 z - ' ~ 1- 0,3z^' " (l - 6z^' )( - oT3zr ' ) " ( ~ 0. 6z' )(l - 0, 3z^' )
V O ! z<0. 3
ROC ca x, (z) l |z<(),3
Nhch xt; X)(z) Xi(z) = X3(z). nhirnu l'lt)C ca clng khc nhau.
2.9, Ti m bin oi z v min hi t ca cc cluii sau y: (vi p > a )
a) Xj (n) - a " u ( n ) + P"u(n)
b) X, ( n) = a " u ( - n l) + Pi i ( n)
c) X, (n) = a " u ( n ) - [3u( ~n ~l )
Li gii:
a) x , ( n ) - a " u ( n ) + P"u(n)
1
T c: ZT
Z1
a " u ( n )
3'u( n) '
\ ~ a z
l - f 3z
Z1 a
Do :
X, (z) = = 7--" ^ w . H>lPl
l ~ a z ' ' l ~Pz - ' ( l - a z - ' ) ( l - P z - ' ) (l - a z ' ) ( l - P / - ' ) '
b) x , ( n ) = a " u ( - n - l ) + P"u(n)
Ta c: ZT a " u ( - n ~ l )
i
z < | a
I - a z '
1
ZT P"u(n)
1- |3z
Do cc min | z< a v |z > |3| khng giao nhau nn bin i z cua .\2(n) khng hi t
(khnu tn ti).
c) X, ( n) = a " u ( n ) - 3 " u ( - n - )
Ta c: ZT
ZT
x , ( z ) =
a " u ( n )
1
1
1
zl >
i
a
1 a z
1
1 - P z
--I '
<
l - f 3z ' + ( l - - a z ^ ' ) 2 - ( a + p) z '
( - a z ' ) ( l - p z - ' ) ( l - a z - ' ) ( l - p ^ \ - o. z ' ' l - | ! z '
2.10. Cho dy x(n) nhn qu. Chim minh rng: x( 0) - l i mX( z)
Li gii: V x(n) l dy nhn qu (x(n) = 0 khi n < 0) nn;
1 1 = - '
Neii ta tm gii hn ca X(z) khi z tin ra v cng, thi tt c cc thnh phn ca chui trn
tin v 0, tr thnh phn u tin, do ta c:
l i mX( z) = l i m ^ x (n).z " = l i mx( o) + l i m ^ x ( n ) . z = x( 0)
n - o ^ I i =i
2.11. Xc nh bin i z ca cc ln hiu:
a) X, ( n) - ( c os 0, n) u( n)
b) X, (n) = (sin(0,jn) Li(n)
L "/V/;
aj Bng cch dnu dng Iiht thc Eiiler (-le), ta c th biu din X (n) di dni>;;
9 V ; ^
X, (n) = ( c o s o i n ) u( n) - - e' "' ' u(n) + (n)
X, ( z) = j ZT e ' ....u( n) + i z Tj e - ~ - i , ( n )
Ncu t hav a - e a - e " I \ () (2.5), ta c:
e ' " u ( n ) R 0 ( : / i >
v e ' " ' " u n A - ROC: ! z >1
1 - e z
Vy x , ( z ) - - -------- ^ r RO( ; : z | >l
Sau mt vi bin i i s on uian, ta c kt qu inonu mun l:
(cos)^j n)u(n)
\~- z ^ cosco,.n
1- 2z"' cosco., z "
ROC: zi > (2.7)
b) Theo cng thc Euler
X, ( n ) ( si nc o, j n) u( n ) ( n) ~ ( n)
I I . . \ si n( 0, n
Hay: (si n(0n j u(nj <->
1- 2 z ' ' coso,\, + z
2.12, Ti m bin i z ca cc tn hiii:
a) Xj ( n) a" (coso-\,n) Li(n)
b) X, ( n) a" (sina)n) u( n)
Li <(ii: T (2.5) v (2.7) ta c:
ROC: z >1
ROC: (2.8)
a" (coso)n)u(n)
1- az^ cosco,
------
- 2az COSO)., -f a z
> !a
"^rcvng l. tlieo (2.5) v (2.8) ta c
a ( s i n c o n ) u ( n )
az sinco,
1- 2az ' C0S(!), + a z
(2. !0)
2.13. (a) Ti m bin i 2 ca tn hiu:
x ( n) a ' ' |a| < 1
(b) Ti m bien oi z ca tn hiu hnu s x(n) =1. -o) < n < -KX)
Li gii:
(a) X(z)--= X x ( n ) z " = X- = " + ^2 {^)
n = - i 11: =-' - 11=- ' ' n = 0
11---' i i i - 0 IH--0
(2.9)
82 Gii bi tp xl tin hiu s v Matlab
az
1~az - az
1/la
x , ( z ) = X a " z " ' = I K
t=0 11--0
1- az
> a
V'i iu kin u bi cho |a| < 1, ta c: x ( z ) = X| (z) + X. (z) =
az
1- az 1- az
ROC: a < 2 <
a
(b) x(n) = 1, -co < n < +C0, p dng kt qu ca phn (a) vi a = 1, ta thy rng bin i z
ny khng tn ti v min hi t ca n l rni.
2.14. Xc nh bin i z ca tn hiu
x ( n ) - 3 ( n + 2) + S ( n ) - f 5 8 ( n - 3 ) - 2 5 ( n - 4 )
L gii: Theo tnh cht tuyn tnh ta c:
x ( z ) = 3z | ( n + 2) | + z ( n) 4-5z| ( n - 3) 1 ~ 2 z | 5 ( n 4)1
Do : x ( z ) - 3 z ' + l + 5z'
ROC l c mt phng z , tr z - 0 v z - co .
C th t c kt qu lirong r klii dng nh ngha ca bin i z v thc t l:
x( n) = 3 0 1 0 0 5 - 2
2.15. T m bin i ^ ca tn hiu
x( n) = [ 2 ( 3 - ) - 3 ( 5 - ) ] t , ( n )
L()1 i: Nu t cc tn hiu;
X | ( n ) = 3 " u ( n )
v X2 ( n ) ^ 5 " u ( n )
Khi c th vit li x( n) di dng:
x( n) - 2xj (n) - 3x, (n)
Theo tnh cht tuyn tnh ca bin i z ta c:
X ( z ) - 2 X , ( z ) ~ 3 X , ( z )
Mt khc, t (2.5) ta c:
a' û(n) ROC: > a
1- a z "
Thay a = 3 v a = 5 vo bu thc trn, ta c:
X , ( n ) - 3" Li ( n) ^' ^X, ( ^) = , - T ^ t
l ~ 3 z
X, ( n) = 5 " u ( n ) < ^ x , ( z ) . . - - 4 : , r
ROC: z >3
ROC; z > 5
Phn ROC chiing ca X (z) ^ X, (z) l z| > 5. Nhu \' v bin i z tng x(z) s l:
2 ?
x( z) ^- =x, ( z) + x , ( z ) = . - ^ ROC; z > 5
2.16. Cho x(n) lh bi lp 2.14, p dng tnh ch dch theo h'i liian tm bin r z ca tn
hi u X ( n ) - x ( n + 3 ) , x , ( n ) = x ( n - 2 )
Lii: p dng tnh cht dch theo thi aian ca bin d-! la c:
X , ( z ) - z ' ' X ( z ) - 3 z ; ^-z- +5- 2zJ ^
X, (z) = z X( z) - 3 + z + 5z ' - 2z'
Ch rnu do vic nhn v'i z' nn ROC ca X, (z) cha im z - co , trong kh im
ny l khrm nm trong ROC ca x ( z ) .
V d trn lm cho la hiu hn ngha cua tnh cht dch. u vv, nu ta nh' li rng h s
z ' " l gi Ir mu ti thi im n , s thy nuav rni vic tr mt tn liu i k ( k > o) mu [ngha
l x( n) x( n - k ) J l ton nu vcVi vic nhn tt c cc s hng ca bin i z vi z ^ . H s
z ' tr' thnh h s
2.17. Xc nh bin i 2 ca tn hiu:
x( n) = rect^. (n) (2 .11)
J)'ii: x( n) rcct^. (n) ===
x(z) = | ; i . z - " = i + z
n-o
( ) < n i : N
n cn li
N Z = 1
l - z
7.:?^ 1
(2.12)
v x( n) l hu hn, nn ROC ca n l c mt phn z , tr z = 0 .
Ta hy thc hin bin i ny bng cch dng tnh cht tuyn tnh v dch. Ch rng x( n)
c th c biu din theo cc s iiii ca hai tn hiu nhv bc n v:
x( n) - u ( n ) - u( n - N)
Do :
X( z ) = z { u ( n ) | - z i u { n - N ) | = ( l - z - " ) z | u ( n ) | (2,13).
M: ZT u ( n ) | =
1 z
ROC : lz| > 1, kt hp v (2.13) suy ra (2.12)
2.18. Tnh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn liii:
x, ( n) = ( n ) - 2 S ( n - ] ) - r 8 ( n - 2 )
Li gii:
. l 0 < n < 4
x j n ) = ; .
^ ' 0 n cnlai
X , ( z ) = 1 - 2 7 / ' + z '
X, (z) = 1+ z"' + + 7/* +
x ( z ) = x , ( z ) x , ( z ) = l - z - ' - z " ' + z^'
Suy ra: x ( n) = ( n ) - 5 ( n - l ) - ( n - 5 ) + ( n - 6 )
2.19. T nh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn hiu:
x , ( n ) = {l 2 3 4 5}
x , ( n ) = {5 4 3 2 1}
Li gii:
X| (z) = 1+ 2z^' + 3z^' + 4z" + 5z^*
X, (z) = 5 + 4z' + 3z + 2z + z~"'
X( z ) = X , ( z ) X , ( z ) - 5 + 14z ' + 2 6 z " + 40zr + 552" + 40z^' + 26z^' + 14z' + 5z
ra: x ( n ) = {5 14 26 40 55 40 26 14 5}
2.20. T m bin i z v min hi t ca tn hiu:
-8
Suy
Li gii:
( n) =
( n) =
J 0) n
n > 0
n < 0
n > 0
n < 0
(o: tham s
(ii: tham s
x ( z ) = ! * ( " > ! "
l i :: : : - ' , n=^0
11=0
, ROC:
2.21. Xc nh bin i z mt pha ca tn hiu hng s x(n) ^ 1 , - c o < n < 4-co
Li gii:
X' ( z ) = x ( n K " = I z - = | z| >l
n-0 11=0 i z
2.22. T nh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn hiu:
Li gii:
^ i ( z ) - x , ( n ) z " = x
n=() n=0
1-
7
| z| >
= = x |
n-0 n='i \ /
X( z ) = X, ( z ) . X, ( z ) = ^-
7; " =
1 - z
s
2
2.23. Tnh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn hiu sau bng cch s dng bin i z;
f
(a) X | ( n ) - - u ( n - l ) , x , ( n )
4
U y
u( n)
(b) x, ( n) = u ( n ) . X, ( n) = ( n) + u( n)
L/ iii:
1- z
4
- -z
4
K4 n ) =
x , ( z ) =
II
1 f
^ 2 ,
u( n)
- z
7
x(z) = x, (z). x, (z)
_ 4 1
= + + 1
4 2
Suy ra: x ( n ) =
( b) X| ( n) = u ( n )
4 " 1
n
---- __
+ - +
3 v4y 3 v2y
u( n)
>
4
\ -
86 Gii bi D x n hiu s v Matlab
x , ( n ) - 6 ( n ) + w L i ( n )
x , ( z ) = u . z > l
I - ' z-' -
X( z) = X, ( z) , X, {z
2-- z '
3
1- - z
3
1 _
----z i
3
i - z
- z
3
Suy ra: x ( n ) -
2 ~ 2
u( n)
2.24. Tnh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn hiu sau bng cch s dng bin i z:
f \
( a ) X | ( n ) = u ( n ) , x , ( n ) = cos( 7m) u( n)
(b) x , ( n ) = ^ n u ( n ) , X, ( n) = 2" u( n - 1)
L gii:
x , w =
l - l z
2
>
2
X, (n) = cos(Tcn)u(n)
=>Xj ( z ) =
14- z'
l + 2z' " +z'
X( 2) = X, ( z ) . X, ( z )
1 1+ 2* 1+ z
- I
l - i z
2
l - l z
2
(l + 2z^' +
A ( U z - )
B
(l + 2z"' + z )
Gii ra ta c: A = 2/3, B = 1/3, do :
1
- - z
2
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min z
x( n) =
2 1 V' ^
Cos(7 n)^~ i u( n)
3 3 2 J I '
(b) x , ( n ) - ^ n u ( n )
2 d z U - z ^ " j
>
87
x , ( n ) = 2" u( n- - )
^ - 2 z '
x(z) = x, (z). x, (z) =
-1
x( n) = (n - 1) + 2" u( n)
2.25. Bin i z ca mt tn hiu thc x(n) m cp im khng lin hp phc v mt cp im
cc lin hp phc. E)u gi xy ra i vi cc cp ny nu ta nhn x(n) vi e ' " ' ?
Li i:
^ Y { z ) = ^ { n ) e ....= ' " ' ^ r
11=- / : t i = - /
= x ( e - - z )
Do cc im Crc v cc iin khng s quay pha i mt rc (0 .
2.26. S dng phonu php khai trin thnh chui luv tha, xc nh bin di z ng' c ca dy sau;
x(z) =
I + 2z
- 2z"' 4- /:~
nu (a) x( n) l dy nhn qu v (b) x( n) l dy khng nhn qu
Li i:
(a) Chia t s 1+ 2z^' cho, mu s 1" 2 z ' ' + z" ta c x ( z ) = 1+ 4z' + lz"~ + 10z^ +...
T suy ra: x( n) = {l,4,7,O,...,3n +
(b) Chia t s 2z + 1cho mu s z - 2z + 1 ta c x ( z ) = 2z + 5z' + 8z' + ...
T suy ra: x( n) = | . . . , ~(3n + 1,8,5,2,0
2.27. T m dy nhn qu x(n) c bin i z nh sau:
7
z =
88 Gii bi tp x/ tin hiu s v Matlab
Li :
/ X ____ 2___________ ^ B C/ ^
Gii ra ta thu irc A ^ 8, B = -6, c ^ -2
Suy ra: x( n) = r s ( 2 ) " - 6 - 2 n u( n)
2.28. Ti m X(z), min hi t. cc im cc v cc im khng ca tn hiu sau:
x( n) = 2" rect, (n)
Li gii:
x ( z ) = x( n) z- " = 2 " z - " =l + 2z' +4z - -
n - - / I1=;0
__ z- +2z + 4 _ ( z + 2)'
ROC: c mt phi m z, tr z ^ 0
Cc im cc Zpi Zp2 = 0; cc iem khng Z(,| ==Zo2 ^ -2
2.29. Cho X( z) = ^
^ ^ z - 1
Hy tim x(n) dng 3hoig php khai trien thnh phn thc ti 2n
Li gii:
x ( z ) = ^ -
,2008
z -
IZT = u( n) ROC: z > 1
z - 1
=> x ( n) = u( n + 2007)
2.30. Hy tm bin i z niue ng vi dy nhn qu ca X(z) nh sau;
Li gii:
>
2
z ( 2 z - l )
x ( z ) = 3z ' .
z -
IZT
z
2
2
/
u(n ROC: >
2.31. Dng phu' 0'ng php khai trin thnh phn thc ti gin, hv tim bn i z ng' c nhn qu vi
X(z) nh sau:
4z - 5 z + !
Li :
4z^ - 5 z + l
4 ( 2 - 1 ) z -
1^1
4 j
(z + 2)
( z - l ) z ----
V 4 ,
x ( z ) _ A ___B
z ( z - l ) ^ '
4
z + 2
/-=1 / j N
z -
V 4 ,
z=l
B =
1'
'7___
X( z)
^ 1 ^
z
V 4 ;
z + 2 z + 2
. 4 , z
1
z=-
4
( z - l )
^ 0
z ----
= - 3
X ( z ) ^ 4 - 3
( z - l )
z -
V 4y
- 3z
( z - l ) " r
z
V 4 ,
Suy ra: x( n) = 4 - 3
V4
u( n) >1
Dy x(n) = 0 vi n < 0 do x(n) l dy nhn qu.
2z
232. Cho bin i z: x ( z ) = , tim tn hiu nhn qu x(n)'?
, i i:
x ( z ) =
2z
V / . I . A B Cz
Gii ra ta c: A = 4, B = c = -2
4 - 2 - 2z
Suy ra; ? (n)= 4(2)" ' - 2 u(n - I) - 2nu(n)
x( n) = 2
233. Cho bin i z:
x ( z ) =
2" - 1 - n
l - 2 z
u ( n - l )
l + 3z-' + 2 z
Hy tm tn hiu nhn qu x(n) ca bin i z trn.
Li gii:
Gii ra ta c: A = - 3, B = 4
Suyra: x(n)=: - 3 ( - l ) ' ' + 4( - 2) " u ( n)
2.34. Cho bin i z;
x ( z ) = ------^
^ l - 1 . 5 z ^ ' + 0 . 5 z "
l g i i:
X( z ) =
2 - 1 . 5 z
- 1. 5z ^' +0. 5z' - -1 l - z '
Suy ra: x ( n ) =
/
+ 1 u( n)
z l >2
2.35. Cho biii di z:
x ( z ) =
l + 2z~'
l + 4z-' +4z
Hy tim tn hiu nhn qua x(n) cua bin i z trn.
Li id:
+ 2 z " ' - f z " . 2 z ' + 3 z -
x ( z ) =
l + 4 z ; ' + 4 z
( n - 2 z ' )-
Suy ra: X( n) = ( n) - 2( - 2) " ' u( n - 1) + (n - l ) ( - 2) " ' u ( n - l )
= 5( n) + (n-~3)(^2)" ' u ( n - l )
2.36. Cho bin i z:
2z^' z -
(l + 2z- ' ) ( \ z ' )
1+ z' '
2
Hv tin tn hiii nhn qu x(n) cia bin i z trn.
Li gii:
x ( z ) =
2 1 z
Suy ra: x( n) = 2
2.37. Cho bn i z:
x ( z ) =
- az
z' - a
u ( n ) - -
-- z
1
u ( n - l )
Hv tm tn hiu nhn qu x(n) ca bicn i z trn.
Li gii:
x( z, ) =
/ N
1-~az ' 1 l - a z 1 1 az^'
z' - a a
1 ^ -1
a 1
1- z 1-- z 1- - z
\ ' J a a
1 a z ' ' 1 1 z' '
z >
1
l - ' z -
a
, 1 -1
1
a a
a
1- z
a
,J
1 f 1 (
S u v r a : x ( n ) - - 1 0 ( 11)-^ - ( n - l )
a Va ; u ;
a
u( n)
2.38. l ' nh tch chp x(n) ca cc tn hiu sau bng cch s dim bin i /:
1
n >0
Li gii:
3
v 2 .
n < 0
] y
2( n) = ^ u( n)
J
/ / | X -
= s
6 : u
2 ;
z" - 1
1 1
-------- 1-------
1- - z' ---- z
2
l - ' z - 1- z
2 y
n=oV.^/
Z-' -
- z-
9
X( z ) = X , ( z ) x X , ( z )
-- < iz
1 '
<2
- ..Z ' l - i z
2 ,
10
2 + ^ _ 1 _ _ +
l - ' z -
2
- 4
3
3 2
- 2z'
Suy ra: x ( n) =
2.39. Cho bin i z:
-2
10
+ -
3 v2.
x ( z ) =
2z
n >0
n < 0
- <
2
z <2
1- ^/2z^' + z "
Hy t m bin i z ngc bng phong php khai trin thnh chui lu tha.
L i:
x ( z ) = ^ -
2z
+ z
Chia t s (2z ' ) cho mu s
X z = 2z^' + 2 n / 2 z "
1- \/2z ' + z ta 'c;
+ 2z'-' - 2 z ' - - 2V2
Suy ra: X(n) = o, 2, 2N/ 2, 2. 0. - 2. - 272, . . . ]
2.40. Cho bin i z;
z + z
l - z
Li gii:
x(z) =
_5
z + z
l - z ' ' l z ~ z
Suy ra: x( n) - Ii(n - 3) + II(n - 5 )
2.41. Cho bin di z:
Hv tm tt c cc tn hiu x(n) c bin i z nh trn.
Li :
4z- 4z' A
- 2 z
B
, : z
3
Gii ra ta -c A = 4/5; B = -4/5
4 ' _ 4
5 , 5
x(z) =
3
Bin lun:
Nu z >2 , th x ( n ) = : - 2" - - ] u( n)
^ ^ 5 [ v3j J ^ ^
. - 1 , 4 [ \ X
Nu - < |z| < 2 , thi x( n) = -2" u ( - n - 1) - - u( n)
3 5 V3 y
- 2 " u ( - n - l ) +
u ( - n * l )
u ( - n - n
f 1^
n
- 2 +
1
v3.
l - z
2.42. Cho bin i z: x ( z )
^ ^ \ - z ^ ' + 0 , 5 z -
Hy tim bin i z ng' c x(n) bng phong php khai trin thnh ihn thc li gin.
Li gii: kh ly tha m ca z trong biu thc X(z). ta nhn c t v mau vi Z" v c:
x ( z ) _ Z + 1
z z" - z + 0,5
Cc cc ca x(z) l lin hp phc:
Pi = - + J - v p, = - - j -
^ ' 2 - ^ 2 ' 2 2
V p, P2, ta s khai trin X(z) di dng;
Z + 1 A x(z) Z + 1 ^ A| A,
z ( z - p , ) ( z - p , ) z- - p, z - p .
A, =
( z - p , ) x ( z )
Z + 1
Z=Pl
(z^p, )x(z)
z - p .
2 2
1 .3
~\ T 2 -^7
X 1 . , _i_ 1
z - p ,
1 .3
Gii ra ta iroc: A, = A! = .
' 2 2
A, =
V
- j 7 1 . 5 6 5
P| =
r i
Suy ra: x(n)==^V
r i j
cos
Ttn
-71,565' ^ u( n)
2 43, Hy tim p ng xung v p nii ra i vi dy nhv on v ca cc h thng nhn qua sau.
Xc nh cc m hnh cc-khng v xc nh h thng c n nh khng?
a ) i t y / - ;
Chng 2; Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min z 95
b) y ( n ) = 0 . 6 y ( n - l ) - 0 , 0 8 ( n 2)^ 2x( n)
c) v ( n ) 0. 7y( n - 1) - 0, l y( n - 2) \ ( n) - X(n 2)
Li i:
a) I I ( z) =
0 - ' )
h( n) = n \ i ( n )
M thim nv c 3 dim cc trnu nhau nm trn vng trn on v, suy ra h thni khn^
n nh.
- z
\ \ dv nhav oTi v ' li vo: \ ( n ) - Li (n) => x ( z ) =
Suy ra: Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
z " ( + z ' )
c - - )
. i , 1 1 z'
3 r ,
Op ng ra:
y ( " ) = - n + - i r + - n j u ( n )
= - n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + l ) u ( n )
6
b) y( n) = 0, 6y(n ~ l) - 0, 0Sy(n - 2) -* 2x (n)
Y( z) = ---
= H( z) =
0, 6z ' - f 0, 08z
L
i - o , 6 ^ T ( ) 7 o ' f o ^
9
' . r
_ 2
- z
s
; 1 2 ^
U \hng c cc im khnu ti z = 0 v cc im cc ti z . =- ; z , . = . Xt tLy CQC
^ 5 5
dicm cc ca h ihng u nm Irona vne trn on vj nn h thim l n nh.
1 - z^' 1 - z '
= > h ( n ) = 2
M x( n) = u( n) => x ( z ) =
Suy ra: Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
Y ( z ) -
+ 4
1
5 ;
u( n)
1- z
l - - - z
5
25
6 ,
1- z
5
1
2
p ng ra:
y(n) =
25 1
6 2
u ( n )
c) y( n) = 0 , 7 y ( n - l ) - 0 , l y ( n - 2 ) + x ( n ) - - x ( n - 2 )
1 - '
Y( z) = ----------- =---------- ^X( z )
l - 0 , 7 z r ' + 0 , l z "
H( z) =
- z
7
1
- z
2
- 0 . 7 z " +0, l z
, - i . '
5
H thng c cc dim khng ti z,,| ~ 0 ; Z ( , 2 - 2 v cc im cc ti
thv cc im cc ca h thng u nm tron^ vng trn n v nn h thiii l n nh.
23
6 , 15
2 5
/ \ n - l
h ( n ) = ( n ) - ^
M x( n) = u( n) ^ x ( z ) =
1
1,
1
u ( n - l )
23
+
15
u ( n - l )
l - z
Suy ra: Y ( z ) = X ( z) H ( z )
Y ( z ) .
2
z -
7
23
12
l - z
1 - - U
2
1- z
p nm ra:
y( n) =
5 5
4 3
^ 1 V' 23
2 12
u( n)
2.44. Ti m bin i z mt pha ca cc tn hiu sau:
a) x , ( n ) = 12, 4, 5, 7, 0, 3
b) x , ( n ) = l , 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 3
c) x , ( n ) = | 0, 0, l , 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 3
d) X, ( n ) = 3 , 2 , 4 , 5, 7, 0, 3
L gii: T nh ngha ca bin i z mt pha ta c:
a) x, ( n ) = l , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 0 , 3 - ^ X ; ( z ) = l + 2z' ' + 4 z " + 5z^ + 7 z ' +3z"'
b) x , ( n ) = j l , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 0 , 3 ^ ^ X ( z ) = 4 + 5z^' +7z' " +3 z ''
c) X, ( n) = o, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7. Q, 3| <- - >x, (/,) = z + 2z ' + 4z + 7z + 3z *
d) x , ( n ) = 3 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 0 , 3 < ^ - > X^ z ) = 4 + 5z' ' + 7 / / ' + 3z' "
Ch : i V(i mt tn hiu khng nhn qu, bin i z mt pha khng cho kt qu duy nht.
Ta thy x!, (z) - X4{z)rhu7g X3( n) ^ ( n ) .
2. 45. Ti m bi n i z mt ph a ca cc t n hi u sau:
a) x , ( n ) = ( n)
b) ( n) = 5( n - k)
c) X , ( n) = s ( n + k)
Li gii: T nh ngha ca bin i z mt pha ta c:
a) X, (n) = ( n) < >x[ (z) = 1
b) X j ( n) = 5( n - k) k > 0 < >X, (z) =
c) x , ( n ) - ( n + k) k X)
Cl v; i vi cc hi u plu nuh (ia, hi n i z f p h a UI hang 0.
2.46. Xc nh bien i z mt pha ca tn hiu sau: x( n) = a"u( n)
Li gi; ' nh ngha ca bin i z mt pha ta c:
x ' ( z ) = ^ ROC: z >a
^ l ~a z - ' ' '
2.47. Xc nh bin i z mt pha ca tn hiu sau:
a) X | ( n ) = x ( n - 3 ) , . \ ( n ) = a"
b) X, ( n) = x( n + 3)
Li i:
Ap dnii tnh cht dch i vi k = 3. Ta c:
a) Z T ' | x ( n - 3 ) | = z-^^[x' (z) + x(~-l )z + x ( - 2 ) z ' + x ( - 3 ) z '
= zx ' (z) + x ( - l ) z ' + x ( - 2 ) z ' + x ( - 3 )
Do x ( - l ) = a ^ ' , x ( - 2 ) = a " \ x ( - 3 ) = a , thay vo biu thc trn ta c:
X; ( z) = - - ^ + a^' z- ^+a' ^z- ' +a- ^
- a z
b) ZT' X (n + 3)1 = z' [ x (z) - X(0) - X( 1) 7.^' - X( 2) / , " ^
= z ' X ' ( z ) - x ( 0 ) z ' - x { l ) z ^ - x ( 2 ) z
Do x( 0) = l . x( l ) = a , x( 2) = a " , thay vo biu thc trn ta c:
x!, (z) - p - - az~ - a z
1 1Z
2.48. a) Ti m m linh cc-khn cho tn hiu sau;
X, (n) = (r" si n(!),j i)u(n) 0 < r < 1
b) Ti m bin i z, X2(z) tu'0'ng ng vi m hnh cc - khng tronu phn a)
c) So snh X| (z) v X2(z) xem chng c ging nhau khng? Nu khni^ ging nhau, h ch
ra cch t m ir' c X (z ) t m h nh c ' c ..khng.
L/ gii:
a) X, ( n ) - ( r ' s i n c o n ) u ( n ) 0 < r < l
98 Gii bi tp x / tin hiu s va Matlab
r sin co^)Z
=> X| ( z ) -
1- zrcoso)z + r z
im khng ' z = 0 v cc im cc z = = r(cos(o jsin 0))
b) V X2(z) c cng m hnh cc khng vi X](z), nn ta suv ra:
Chng 2; Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min z 99
z _ z
^ ! - 2rcos(oz^' +r7:~
:hc X-(z) b\ nit h s, c ih xc inh h s n c) Xi(z) khc X:(z) b'i mt h s, c ih xc nh h s nv bim cch cho gi t ca Xi(z)
li z = 1.
2.49. Xc nh tn hiu nhn qu x(n) c biii i z nh sau:
1
Li gii:
x(z) =
x ( z ) -
1+ 1.5z^' - 0 . 5 z "
l + l,5z"' - 0 . 5 z "
Khai trin biu thc thnh dnu:
0,136
x(z) =
0,864
l - 0 , 2 8 z -' l + l,78z' -'
Suy ra: x( n) = [ 0, 136( 0, 28)" + 0 , 864( - l , 78)" 1 Li(n)
2. 50. Cho bin i z sau:
x(z) = -------------1^
^ ^ l ~ l , 5 z - ' + 0 , 5 z '
Xc nh tt c cc tn liiu x(n) c th l bin i z nuc ca X(z)
L gii:
x ( z ) = --
l - l , 5 z r ' + 0 , 5 z - l - 0 , 5 z / '
Bin lun;
i v-i | z | <0, 5, x( n) = r(0, 5)" - 2 l u ( - n - l )
i vi 0,5 < | z | < l , x ( n ) = - ( 0, 5)" u( n) - 2u ( - n - 1)
i vi |z| > l , x( n) = 2 - ( 0, 5) " u( n)
2.51. Cho bin i z sau:
^
( 1- 0, 4z-^')
Xc nh tt c cc tn hiu x(n) c h l bin i z im'c ca X(z)
Li gii:
x(z)
1_____ _| 0.4z"'
( l - 0 , 4 z - ' ) ' ( l - 0 , 4 z r ' ) '
2, 5z
Bin lun:
i vi | z | > 0 , 4 . x ( n ) - 2 ( n + l)((X4)' ^ u( n + l)
i vi z < 0, 4, x( n) - - 2 ( n + l)(0, 4)"^' u (~n - 2)
2.52. Ti m tt c cc tn hiu x(n) c bien i z nh sau:
x ( z ) =
, 10
1- --- z + z
Li i:
x ( z ) =
, 10 , 1
1- - z + z 1- - z
- 3 z
Bin lun:
i vi |z > 3, x( n) =
i vi z < ~ , x ( n ) =
u( n)
u ( - n - l )
1^ 1Y' 9
i vi - < | z | < 3 , x ( n ) = - - - u ( n ) ~ - x 3 " u ( - n - l )
3 8 \ 3 y 8
2.53. T m p ng ca h thng i vi dy nhy n v:
y ( n ) = a y ( n - l ) + x ( n ) - l < a < l (*)
vi iu kin u y ( l ) - l
Liii: ly bin i z mt pha ca c 2 v ca biu thc (*), ta c:
Y' ( z ) = a [ z ' Y (z) + y ( - l ) ] + X' ( z )
Thay y( ' - l ) - 1, X' (z) ~ ZT | u ( n ) | = ^ (vi |z| > 1) vo biu thc trn v gii theo
1
Y^( z) ta c:
Biu din Y' (z) di dng phn thc ti liin;
Y' ( z ) =
a
1- a z 1- a
a
y( n) = a"^' u( n)
- a
11+1
z ' l - a z "
u ( n ) = ~ ( l - a " ^ Mu ( n )
2.54. Tin p ns ca h ihnu i v'i dv nhay do'11 v;
y( n) " 0, 9y( n - ) - 0,8 ly (n - 2) + X(n)
vi cc iu kin u:
y ( - l ) = y( - 2 ) = 0
y ( - l ) = y ( - 2 ) = l
Li gi: Hm h t hna c dim:
H ( z ) - -----
1 ^ 0 , 9 z - - ' + 0 . 8 1 z -
H t hng ny c 2 cc phc in hp ti:
p, p.
Bin i z ca dy nhy on v l;
Do :
Y. ( z ) =
__________________ ^__________________
(l ~ 0, 9e" ' z ' )(l - ' )(l - 7; ' )
_ 0 , 5 4 2 - jO. 049 0 . 5 4 2 + j O. 0 4 9 1. 099
l - 0 . 9 e ^ ^ z ' ^ l - 0, 9e^' ^- z"' ^ \ ~ z '
Suy ra, p nm trng thi klim l:
y.s(n) =
thi klim l:
I .A
1, 099+ 1, 088(0. 9)' CCS - n - 5,2"
V 3 )
u( n)
(a) Trong trig hp ny cc dicii kin u dcu bg khng nen y( n) = ( n ) .
(b) Vi iu kin u y ( - l ) = y(-2) = 1. thnh phn b sung troni bin i z l:
N ( z ) _ (M)9- 0 , 8 1 z '
A( z) l - 0 , 9 z ' +0, 81z -
__ 0, 026+ jO,4936 0 , 0 2 6 - j().4936
l - 0, 9e' ^ ' z ' ' 1 - 0 , -V/'
Do p ng u vo khng l:
n A
yz\ ( ^) 0, 988(0, 9) ' cos - n 4- 87'^
V 3 ) '
Trong trung hp ny p mii tng qut c bin i z l:
Y( z) = \ { ( z ) + Y, , (z)
_ 1,099 0, 568+ jO, 445 0, 568 - jO, 4445
l - 0, 9e' " ' ' z^' l - 0 , 9 e ' " z"'
Bi n i z dng tnu qut s l;
y( n) = ]. 099u (n) + 1, 44(0. 9)" cos n-f38^ ki ( n)
l 3 /
2.55. Ti m p ni qu v p m trim thi n nh ca h thng irc c Irnu bni phn
trnh sai phn: y( n) = 0, 5v(n - 1 ) + x( n) khi tn hiu vo l x( n) - 1 0 c o s ( t n/ 4) u( n) . H thng
khi u ' trng thi nghi.
Li gii: Hm h t hng ca h ny l;
H( z) = ------^------
^ ^ l - 0 , 5 z '
v do , h c mt cc ti z = 0,5 , Bin i z ca tn hiu vo l:
10 1 -
(xcm bng phn tm tt)
+ z
Bi vv:
Y( z) = H( z ) X( z )
^ '
1
1 -
V V 2 J
z * 10 I - z"'
_ ___________ VV2 j __________
6,3 6, 78e"*-' 6,78e' -' '"
l - 0 , 5 z ' ^ ^ ^ V ^ ~ z~
p ng t nhin hay p im qu l: y, ( n) = 6, 3(0, 5)" u( n)
v p ng cng bc hay p ng trng thi n nh l:
y,. (n) = [, (e' ""' ") + 6 , 1 u ( n )
- n - 2 8 , 7
4
u( n)
Nh vy ta thy rng p ng trng thi n nh tn ti vi mi n > 0 ging nh tn hiu
vo tn ti vi mi n > 0 .
2.56. T m p ng mu n v ca h c c trng bng phong trnh sai phn:
y( n) - 2, 5y(n - l ) - y( n - 2) + x ( n) --5x( n l) + 6x( n 2)
Li gii: Hm h thng l:
l - 5 z ' + 6 z ^
H( z) =
1- 2, 5z ' + z
1- 5 z ' +6z^
V y
( l - 2 z - )
H ny c cc cc ti Pi = 2 v P2 - 1/2 . Bi vy, trc ht p ng mu on v l:
l - 5 z + 6 z "
Y ( z ) = H ( z ) X ( z ) =
7 - 1 . - '
2
z
2
BnLZ cch nl cc lng s ti z - /2 v / - 2 . a c;
A - 5 / 2 , H - 0
Vic B 0 chnu t rim tn ti nit dicni khna ti z 2 v n d kh im cc ti z - 2 .
Thc l. cc ini khnu xul hin li / - 2 va /. = 3 . F^'i vv. c th rt lin I I( z) thnh:
1- - z / -
7 2
. 25z^'
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac trong min z 103
7
V vi th:
h( n ) ==5 ( n ) - 2 , 5
V
LI ( n -
9
y
H thim giam cp biiz cch kh cc \ khnu trng nhau c dc Irim bi phoim trnh
sai phn;
y( n) ^ - y ( n ~ l)-f- x( n) - 3x(n - l)
Mc d h ban u ciii> l n dnl [MBO do c kh cc - khnu, nhurm trong thc l khi
ihc hin h bc 2 ny ta c th up phi s- klim n nh do s kh cc khim khng hon chnh
i^y ra.
2.57. Xc nh p m ca h:
y( n) = l y ( n - l ) - i y ( n - - 2 ) . x( n)
6 0
vi tn hiu vo x( n) = 6 ( n ) - ( S( n- )
Li gii: Hm h thni l
H( z) =
1 l - 5 z ' + 6 z
5 1 /' \ 1
6 6
- 1
----z
3
H ny c hai cc, mt cc ti z v cc kia ti z - - . Bin i z cua tn hiu vo l:
2 3
X(z) = l - l z - '
' roi m tr'nii h-p nv tn hiu vo cha mt im khn ti z = - , n s xo im cc ti
^ 3 '
Do :
Y( z) = H( z ) X( z ) =
1 - - z
v p ng ca h l:
y( n) = ^ u(n)
V^ /
. r i Y
R rng, thnh phn - J b loi khi kt qu u ra do s kh cc - khng.
2.58. Hy dng bin i z mt pha gii cc phiroTig trnh sai phn sau y:
a) y( n) = y ( n - l ) + - y ( n - 2 ) vi iu kin u: y ( - l ) = y ( - 2 ) - 1
b) y( n) = y ( n - l ) + x( n) , x( n) = ^ u( n)
iu kin u: y ( l ) = l
Li gii:
a) y( n) = ^ y ( n - l ) + ^ y ( n - 2 )
Ly bin i z mt pha ca 2 v biu thc trn, ta c;
Y' ( ) = 4 [ z ' ' Y ' ( z ) + y ( - l ) ] + i [ z - Y ' ( z ) + z - ' y ( - l ) + y ( - 2 )
Y ' W -
4 2
y ( - l ) + l y ( _ 2 )
-2
2 4
Thay y ( - l ) = y ( - 2 ) = 1 vo biu thc tnh Y* ( z) ta c;
1 _
- z
Y' ( z) =
-2
l - z '
A
r v T T
1- - - - - z
4
1 -
1 - V ?
B
1 -
1 - J 5
Vs - 3 7
Gii ra ta irc A = --------- , B =
V s - 1 7 5 - 1
y(n) = -
V - 3
V^ - 1
V ^ - l J U - V 5
u( n) vi
b) y ( n ) - ^ y ( n - l ) + x( n)
Ly bin i z mt pha ca 2 v biu thc trn, ta c:
Y' ( z ) = 0 , 5[ z - ' Y' ( z ) + y ( - l ) ] + X( z)
X( z) = ZT
^ Y ' ( z ) =
v 4 .
u( n)
-1
4
( 1 - 0 , 5z- ' )
l - 0 , 5 z
+
y( n) =
^
v 4 .
u( n)
4 1
2.59. Cho 2 h t hng c m t b'i 2 phong trnh sai phn sau y:
a ) y ( n ) = y ( n - l ) + x ( n ) - 3 x ( n - l ) - x ( n - 2 )
b) y( n) = x ( n ) - 2 x ( n - l )
Hy so snh 2 h thng trn v rt la nhn XI.
Li gii:
a) y( n) = y( n - 1 ) + x( n) - 3 x ( n - 1) - x( n ~2)
Ly bin i z cho 2 v biu thc trn, ta c:
Y ( z ) - z ' ' Y ( z ) + X( z ) - 3 z " ' X( z ) + 2z " X( z )
X( z) l - z 1- z
b) y( n) = x ( n ) - 2 x ( n - l )
Ly bin i z cho 2 v biu thc trn, ta c:
Y( z) = x ( z ) - 2 z - ' x { z )
H W = | g = . - 2 z - ROC: z ^ 0
Nh xt: hai h thng t r n l t ong oTig, h t hng a) c ROC: z cn h thng b)
c ROC: X ^ 0 . \ thn a) c mt im cc v mt im khng b nhau.
2.60. Hy dng bin i z mt pha gii cc phcng trnh sai phn sau y:
a) v( n) " ~ y ( n - 2) + x ( n ) , x( n) = u( n)
iu kin u: y ( ~l ) 0, y ( - 2) = 1
b ) y ( n ) ~ l , 5 y ( n ~ - l ) + 0 , 5 y ( n - 2 ) = 0
iu kin u: y ( - l ) = 1, y ( 2) 0
Li ii:
a) Lv bin i z mt pha ca 2 v biu thc trn, ta c:
Y' ( z ) = ^ [ z - =Y' ( z ) + z - ' y ( - l ) + y ( - 2 ) ] + X( z)
X( z) = ZT| u( n) =
- z
Y' ( z ) =
5 1
------- z
4 4
l - z
, 1
1 - - z
4
7
24
-3
8
Suy ra: y( n)
4 3 r n " 7
+
3 8 24
' 1 " '
V ' 2 ,
u( n)
b ) y ( n ) - - ^ y ( n - l ) + ^ y ( n - 2 ) - 0
Ly bin i z mt pha ca 2 v biu thc trn, ta c:
7 r 1
Y ' ( z ) - 4 7 / ' Y ' ( z ) + y ( - l ) ] + i [ z - Y ' ( z ) + z - ' y ( - l ) + y ( - 2 ) ] = 0
Thay = l , y ( - 2 ) = 0 vo biu thc trn:
7 1
= . Y ' ( z ) = -
- z
8 8
5
2
+
Suy ra: y( n)
5 r r " 3 O Y '
1 2 Uy
8 v 4 j _
u( n)
2.61. Chng mi nh rng cc h thng sau l tong OTig;
(a) y( n) = 0, 2y( n - l) + x( n) ~0. 3x( n 1) + 0, 02x( n - 2)
(b) y( n) = x ( n ) - 0 , l x ( n - 1)
Li i:
(a) y( n) = 0, 2y (n - 1) + x( n) - 0 , 3 x ( n - l) + 0. 02x( n - 2)
L> bieii i z hai v ca biu thc trn:
Y( z) = 0, 2Y( z) + X( z ) ~0 , 3 X( z ) + 0, 02X( z)
Y ( ^ ) [ l - 0 , 2 z - ' ] = X( z ) [ l - 0 , 3 z - ' +0, 02z "
Y( z) l - 0, 3z~' +0. 027^-
X ( z ) ~ 1 - 0 , 2z^'
^ ^ 1 - 0 , 2z'
(b) y( n) = x ( n ) - 0 , l x ( n - l )
Lv bin i z hai v ca biu thc trn:
Y( z) = X( 2 ) ( l - 0 , l 2 - ' )
Y( z)
x ( z )
= 1 - 0 , lz'
Nhn xt: h thng (a) v (b) l ton^ ong. H thim (a) c mt ini cc v mt im
khng b nhau.
2.62- 1nh p ng cia h thnu c u vo l dy nhy n v v c p im xung:
h ( n ) ^
3"
v5y
h ( z ) = i ; 3 " z - " + x
n = - l n = 0
-1 1
------- +
n < 0
n >0
5y
5
X( z ) =
l - z
Y( z) = X( z ) H( z ) =
5
3
5
ROC: 1< z <3
Suy ra: y( n) = 3 - ^ . 3 " - -
2 2
u( n)
2-63. T nh p ng ra cho mi cp h thng v tn hiu vo sau y:
cosn
3
/ J )
a) h ( n) = - u ( n ) , x( n) =
V3 y
V^ / \ -^y
Li gii:
1Y'
a) h ( n ) = - u( n) ^ H ( z ) =
V3 y
u( n)
u ( - n - l )
x ( n) =
. p n
v2.
7
cosn
3
u( n) => x ( z ) = -
l - l z -
4
2 4
Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
, 1 - 1 1
1- - z + - z
2 4
71 4
l - l z
3
1 i 1 7 , 1 -I 1 ^2
- Z +- - z l - - - z + Z
2 4 2 4
Suy ra; y( n) =
v3.
cosn +
3 7
/ \
v 2 .
. n
sin n
3
u( n)
( \
b ) h ( n ) = u ( n ) = > H( z ) =
\ 4 y
i u ( n ) ^ H ( z ) = - f -
4
/ J Y / \ - l '
\ u ( n ) + T u ( - n - l )
\ J \ lJ
^ 1 T~T
3
Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
i ~ - z " 7 ; ' ( i ~ 2 z - ' )
4 3 ^
A B C
^------------ ^-^----- (-----
l - 2 z
Y( z) = -
20 8 1
l - - z
4
Suvra: y( n) =
i T a l T ^ 7 "
4 j 413, ) 7
u( n)
2.64. Tnh p n ra cho mi cp h tliii v tn hiu vo sau y:
a) h (n) - 0, l h( n ~l ) + 0, 2h( r i - 2) + ft (n) + 5 ( n - l )
x( n) = [ l j u ( n )
V
b ) y ( ) = i x ( n ) - i x ( n - l )
/ ^
x ( n ) - lOcos 11 u( n)
Li i:
a) h( n) = - 0 , l h ( n - l) + 0, 2h( n 2) 4- ( n) + ( n - l)
p dng bien i z cho c 2 v cia biu thc (a), ta c:
H( z ) = - 0 , 1 z ' H( z ) + 0 , 2 z ""H( z ) + 1 + z"
U z " '
~ 1+ ^lz' ' -oT2z^^
\
{ Li(n)
V3 /
x ( z ) =
1- z'
3
Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
ROC: z > 2
l 3""
28
l + z-' - 8 T
- i + 2
( l + 0 . 1 z ' - 0 , 2 z - ' ) l - - z
-1
y
1
1+ ~ z
2
ROC:
Suy ra: y( n) = - 8
28 ^ 2 "
v3. 3 I s ;
1
3 U /
u( n)
b) y ( n) = ~ x ( n ) - ^ x ( n - l )
Y( z ) = l ( l - z - ' ) X ( z )
x ( n ) = 9cos
9
X( z ) =
/ \
~ n
v 2 .
u( n)
Y( z ) =
1+ z '
3 ( l - z - ' )
Suy ra: y ( n) = 3 c o s ^ u ( n ) - 3 c o s ^ ' ^ u( n - 1)
Ttn ^ . nn
3 C0 S :: 3 s i n -
2 2
u( n - l ) + 35( n)
= 3( n) + - ^ s i n
nn 71
sin
7in 7t
2 ^ 4
2 4
u( n)
( n - 1 )
2.65. T nh p nu ra cho mi cp h thnu v tn hiu vo sau y:
a) y( ' i ) = " y ( n - 2) + l Ox(n)
[ K
x ( n ) = 10cos n u( n)
\ . J
] ]
b ) h ( n ) - ~ Li ( n ) , x ( n ) = ( n 4- 1) - u ( n )
V2 y V4 y
Li ii:
a ) y ( n ) = - y ( n - 2 ) + 5x( n)
Y{z) = - z - Y( z) + 5X( z) ^ X ( z )
1+ z
(
x ( n ) = 5cos n u ( n)
V2 )
x( z ) =
25 25 25 , ,
' " (l + j z " )
25
Suy ra: y( n) = | ^ [ j " +( - ) ) " j - ^ n [ j " + ( - j ) " ] u ( n )
l ' M - J r u ( n )
^ 25 25
I n
2 4 y
25 25 V Tin , ,
- n | 2 c o s u ( n )
4 J 2 { 2 4 ;
25
25 - n
2 ;
. . . . / .
COS- u n
1 ^
x( n) = (n + l ) j u( n)
z =
4
Y( z) = X{z ) H( z)
/
z ' l - z
\
2
4
-
^ 1 "
II
' 1 V' ^
4 n 1
. 4 j 1
- 3
l - l z
9
- z
1- - z'
4 ^
Suy ra; v( n)
2.66. Hy dng liu chun n nh .lury d xt s n nh ca cc h t hng c hm truyn t nh
sau:
z ' + 2 / / + 3z '
a) 11, z U
b) M, ( z) =
3 + z^' + z
1 . . 3 1 -. ..5
+ z 'f- z -f z
1 1.
Li :
z~' + 2z" + 3z-
a) H, ( z) =
, 1 1- 2 1 -.
l + - - z + - Z + - - Z '
2 3 4
D( z) = 1+ z' + - z " + - z
^ 2 3 4
D( z) >0
12
khng tho mn tiu chun n nh Jury (i vi N l)
N = 3
Suy ra h thng ny khng n nh.
1
'> -I ~2 ^ -. 1- ~4 -5
3 + z + z + -' -z + -- z + z
2 3
, 1 1 --2 1 1 -4 1 -5
1+ z + - z + z + -- z + z
3 3 6 9 3
1 1 - 2 1 - 3 1 - 4 1
D( z) = I + - z + - z + - z + - z + - z
^^ 3 3 6 9 3
D(z), >0
V / z =- 1 J g
=> khng tho mn tiu chun n nh Jury (i vi N l)
N = 5
Suy ra h thng ny khng n nh.
2.67. Hy dng tiu chun n nh Jury xt s n nh ca cc h thng c m l bi phong
trnh sai phn sau y:
a) y( n) = 0, 02y(n - l ) + 0, l y( n - 2 ) + 0 , 0 3 y ( n - 3 ) + 0, 25y( n - 4 ) + 0, 5x( n) + 0, 3x( n - 1)
b) y( n) = 0, 15y(n - 3) + 0, 3y( n - 4 ) + 0, 2y( n - 5 ) + 0, 01y( n - 6 ) + 0, l x( n) + 0, 2x( n - 1)
Li gii:
a) y( n) = 0, 02y( n - 1 ) + 0, l y(n - 2) + 0, 03y(n - 3) + 0, 25y(n - 4) + 0, 5x( n) + 0, 3x(n - l )
Bin i z cho hai v ca biu thc, ta c:
Y( z) = 0, 02z~' Y(z) + 0, l z- - Y( z) + 0 , 0 3 z Y ( z ) + 0, 25z-"Y(z) + 0, 5X( z) + 0, 3z' x ( z )
____________ 0. 5 + 0,3z~' _____________
^ ' l - 0 , 0 2 z ' - 0 , l z r - - 0 , 0 3 z ' ' - 0 , 2 5 z "
D ( z ) - 1- 0, 027/ ' - 0 , l z " -0, 03z"' - 0, 25z' "
D(z), = 0, 6 > 0 => tho mn
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v in hiu ri rc rong liin z 113
n ( z ) - 0 , 7 > 0 , : .
' ' -:> t hoa ni n iii chuii 0 ! dnli Ji i r y (di vi N chan)
N - 4 I N - 4
N - 4 2N 3 = 5 hnu
I Hn,
a4
a. ! a-
!
Ci
c ^
C|
di d:
-). 03:a, ^ 0. 25
a; a4
Co
16 ' 400 40
- c c , -c, c_, _,
400
= ^ d - c ; ; - c ' =0 , S7 7 ; d , - c c , c,C = - 0 , 1 1 8
Xt t hy:
1>
n
,
>1^3 1
> K i ,
Kct l un: h t hn t r n l h t h n n diih ( hoa m n l i u chui i n d i i h i ur y) .
b) y ( n ) 0 , 1 5 y ( n - 3) + 0 . 3 y( n - 4 ) 1 - 0 . 2 y ( n - 5) f 0. 0 l y ( n - 6) + ( , l \ ( n ) f- 0 , 2 x ( n - 1)
( z ) - 0. 15z \ ' ( z ) + 0 , 3z Y ( z ) + 0 . 2 z ' \ ' ( z ) + 0. 0 i z ^ ( z ) + 0, 1X ( z ) + 0 , 2 z ' X ( z )
11 ( z) = ----------- ------------------------------------ -------------^
l - 0 , 1 5 z ' - 0 , 3 z " ..0. 2z' -
l j ( z) = l - 0, 15z ' - 0, 3z ' - 0 . 2 z - 0, 01/ ; '
D( z ) ^ = 0 . 34 > 0 => t hoa mn l i u chun II d nh . lury
D(/ , ) = i , 0 4 > o , . ; ,
- => t hoa mn t i u chun n i nh Jur v {i vi N chn)
N =: 6 i
N -= (1 => 2N 3 = 9 hn<>
H n
.. .... ..... "r
_____ . . . .
i
1 1 a i H
^ 4 1 a<,
1
a o a 4 a_ a : a i
1
3 Co Ci C2
C3 C4 C.S
4
Cs C4 C3 C| Co
t
5
d o d . d :
d 3 d .
6 d . d: , d : d . d ( }
1
7
e o e i e ?
1
1
8
i
e .
^ 2 C eo
9
1
H) I' l
a = l;a, = a_, = 0; a, = -0, 15; a^ = - 0, 3; aj = -0, 2; a, , = -0, 01
a a
= a,
=>c = 0 , 9 9 8 ; C | = - 0 , 0 0 3 ; c , =- 0, 0015; c, =- 0, 15; c, - - 0 . 3 : c , = - 0 , 1 9
d: =
c , C:
= cc,
=> d = c - c : = 0, 939;d| = CyC| CC,, = - 0 , 0 3 15;d, = cc, c, c , = -0,0018;
d, - cc-, -CjC, =-0, 1503; d, - c.c, - - 0, 109s"
d d,_,
d, d,
- d =0, 8652; e, =dd, - d, d, --0, 0298;
c%- dd, d, d, = -0,005 l;e, = d, , d, - d, d, = -0,0380
C: -
= d d , - d A .
r =
e, C:
r, =e,' - e - 0, 7484; r, =e, e, -0, 0269;r, =ec, - c x ' , - 0. 0285
Xt thy:
1>
c
>
C5
d
>
d .
e
>
e.,
r,)
> r.
tho mn tiu chun n nh Jury
Kt lun; h t hn trn l h thng n nh (tho mn tiu ii n nli }uiy).
2.68, Cho h thim c hm truyn t nh sau:
l -2z"-' + 2 z "
( l ~ z - ' ) ( l - 0 , 5 z r ' ) ( l - 0 , 2 z - ' )
a) Xc nh cc im cc v im khng
ROC :0, 5 <| z| < 1
b) H thim c o O din khne'.^
c) ' ri m dp n\i xuni ca h thnu.
ii ^d:
H ( z ) ^
( l - z ' ) ( ] - a s r ' ( l - 0 , 2 z ' ]
l - z ' ' + z '
.
' 2 J1 ^
R 0 c : 0 . 5 < : / ;
1 1
a) Cc im cc: ^
l j x' 3
Cc dim khni^; z
01 .02
b) H thim ny c cc im circ nn rong vn trn en v nn h thim l n nh
2.8
-- +
I - ' , - ' I - ' , '
2 5
Suy ra: h( n) - ( n) H-
1 I I
1 - 1 - > ^ 7
u . j l 5, j
u( n)
2. 69. 1' im hm Iruvn H(z) v xl ii dih ca h him c S O sau:
^
X(Z)
a)
z
-! -!
Y(Z)
iil 2.4(a),(h)
Li *i(i:
a ) D( z ) = X { z ) ( l - 2^ )
Y ( z) = I ) ( z) ( | - 2 ' ) = X( z ) ( 1 - z )-
H thng c im circ kcp = 1
Cc dim cc ny khne nm tronu: vnii trn cTn v nen h thim ny khni n dnli
b) P ( z ) - X ( z ) ( l + 2z^' + 3 z ' )
Q( z) = p( z ) ( l + 4z ' )
( l + 4 z ' ) ( l ^ 2 z ' + 3 z " )
1+ z + 2 z
p dnu tiu chun n nh Jury xt s n nh ca h thnii Irn, ta c:
D ( z ) - I + z ' + 2 z " (N=2)
a, = 1; a, = 2
Xt thy: 1< I, suy ra h thiii ny khng n nh.
2.70. Xc nh p ng xung h(n) ca h thng cho b'i hinh v sau y, bit
h , ( n ) = i u ( n ) ; h , ( n ) = ^ u( n ) ; h , (n) = [ - u( n)
V-V \ - J \ ^ y
x(n)
- i h 2 5
P ( z ) = . X ( z ) [ h , ( z ) - I 1 , ( z )1
Y ( z ) = X ( / , ) H , { z ) + P ( z ) I 1 , ( z ) = X ( z ) [ H , ( z ) + 1 I , ( z ) H_, ( z ) ~ H , (
h, ( n ) =
/ 1
(n)
- z
3
( ] V
h , ( n ) = l u( n)
v 2 ;
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v ti hiu ri rc troig mi z 117
' Z > -
s
- z -r z
15 .. 10 ______
1 1
! ' , 1 - i , i - I
z
ROC; z > -
9
_
A B ('
1 I
7
3
5
7
(iiai ra ta u'c : A - - ; B - : C
= ^
3 6
Suy ra; h ( n ) -
r ^ \ n
l l
Y 7 , - ' l V'
3 U J 2 \ 3 j 6' 5 j
2.71. l y tm hm truyn l cua cc h tli^ sau v:
118 Gii bi tp x y in hiu s v Matlab
X(Z)
Hnh 2.6(a),(h).(c)
Lii: H thim trn Xni ckronu vi:
Vi;
1+ a, z
H. ( z) ~ 1+ b| Z' +
11, (' / ) 1+ b| 7r f b. z' " + b, z
Suy ra h thnii Irn tcim iii vi:
H ( z ) ^ [ h , ( z) + H , ( z ) ] h , ( z )
1+ a, z'
1+ b| Z ' + b, z + b, z
1+ a, z'
H t hi i " t rn t i rng oTig vi ;
+ ( l + b| Z' + b, z ) ( l + b| Z' ' + bj Z + b, z
+ (l + b, z ' + b , z + b| Z ' + b , z ' + b, z
Vi:
H, ( z ) = b+b,z
H : ( / >
H , ( z ) - + b , z " ' '/,7. '
Suy ra h t hnu trn tnL dirtm \ 'i:
H ( z ) = : H , ( z ) H , ( / ) 4 I l , ( z)
H thiiu trn ton.ii ou \ i:
Y(z)
b,z
Vi : H, ( z ) = b z - ' ; H , ( z) = ------- :-----^-------- --------------------------r
1- b| Z ' (b|| + b | / / ' + b, z + b, z )
Say ra h thnu Irn to' im iroiii vi; n (z) ~ ^l, (z) + (z) 1+ H, (/. )'
1' hay cc hiu thc ca l; ( / ) , 1. (z), l , (z) trcn vo biu thc tinh H( z ) , ta tnh c
hm ruyii t ca h thn.
2.72. Hy lim hm truyn t ri(z) cua cc h thiiH r'i rc sau y:
a)
120
Gii bi tp x ly tin hiu s v Matlab
b)
Hnh 2. 7(a).(b)
Lii. H thn trn tong irong vi:
Vi;
H, ( z) = I + 2z' + 3z"
H, (z) = 1+ 4z ' + z"
Suy ra h thng trn tiron ong vi:
H, (z)
l / ) - - - ----------^ ------- 1I , ( / )
Thay cc biu thc cua 11, ( z). I , (z). 11, ( / ) o' trn \' o biii thc tnh l l ( z ) . ta tnh c
hm truvn dt cua h thiii>.
b) I l thng trn tim unu \ i :
Vi: HAz ) =
1 - 0 . 1 / ' ' - 0 . 2 - - 0 . 3 z -
H, (z) = -------------- 1----------- ;------------- r
' 1 - 0 . 7 5 / / ' -~(). 5z- - 0 . 2 5 z
' *' ^ 1- 0.01 z ' - (1 ()2z - 0. 037/
Suv ra h llim trn toim duoim vi:
H, ( z)
l - H , ( z ) H , ( z )
Thay cc biu thc ca M| ( z ) , I . ( z) , H, (/,)O' trn vo bu ihc tnh (z), ta tnh irc
hm Iruvn dt cua h thim.
2.73. Hy thict k mt h thn /11 ro'i rc va nhan qua sao chi ) vi tn hiu vo
" 1V I f 1Y . - ''
x( n) = | - " u ( n ) ~ - Li(n - 1) ihi ln hiLi du ra l; v(n)~- u( n)
{ 2 J 4 { 2 j ^ \ j ' '
a) Hy xc nh p ni> xiinu li(i) v hm h thnii H(z) ca mt h thng tho mn cc
iu kin cho ' trn.
b) rim phng trnh sai phn minh ho cho h thoim d,
c) Xc nh mt biu din thc ca h thnu sao ch) s ln b nh' l nh nht.
d) Xc nh lnh II nh ca h thnu-
Li iiii:
a) x( n) = j u ( n ) - ^ j u ( n --1) => x ( z ) = ---- ^
^ 2
y( n) = [ l j u ( n ) ^ Y ( z ) = - ^ - |
z
?
5
7
122 Gii bi tp x/ n hiu s\ Matlab
ma
Y( z)
1
5 9
z
1
_ ' 4
4
( 1
, > -1
1
1- z ' 1 - z
1
1- z 1- 7,
l 3 J 1 5
3 5
Suy ra: h(n)=^
5
" . 9
II
1
4
. 3 ;
--
4 v5y
J
u( n)
b) H( z) =
- z
2
, 8 1
1~ z + z
15 15
Suy ra phn trnh sai phn ca h thim:
y( n) = ^ y ( n - l ) - ^ y ( n ~ 2 ) + x ( n ) - ~ x ( n ^ l )
c) l i nh v sau:
Hnh 2.S
d) H(z) c 2 im cc l u nm trong vng trn on v. Suy ra h thng
ny n nh.
2.74. Cho h thng nh hnh sau, trong h ( n) = a ' u ( n ) , -1 < a < 1
Hnh 2.9
a) Xc nh p uii xung tnu qui ca h thng v xc nh xem h thnu ny cc nhn qu
v n nh khng?
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v n hiu ri rc rong min z 123
b) V SO' thc hin h him s dn s lim nho nht cc b cim. b nhn, v cc phn
lir tr
Lii: a) l ' liinh v ta c: H( / ) -- ( z ) z ^ + 7/ "H(z) - I ( z ) ( z ^+ z
h ( n ) - a u ( n ) . - - < a < l
- az
z Hz
ROC: | z >
, 1
a
- az l - a z l - a z
h ( n) =a" ^ i ( n - l ) + a ' = u ( n - 2 )
Xt thy h ( n ) = khi n<() . suy ra h( n) nhn qua.
C mt i m cc l a nni t ronu vnu t rn n v v ~1 < a < 1. do h t hng
l n nli.
b) Sa h Ihim:
Hin/ 2. O
2.75. Cho h thim:
z + z
5 25
l v xc nh:
a) p nu xunu
b) p ng ra cua h thni khi tn hiu vo l dy nhy on v
Li di:
a) H( z) =
- _z -H z
s 25
1 1 1
h( n) =
b) Y( z) = X( z ) H( z )
9
1-
V
1 A
5
1
11
. ^ -'
4- 6
2 '
9
^ z"
5 y'
u ( n - l )
X( z ) = : ZT| ( n ) | =
- z
z
25 55
8
-1 0
l - z
y( n) -
2.76. Cho h thoui sau:
z
9
- - z
5
- " > -
8 8 , 5 j
u( n)
x ( n )
Z 7 ;'
y(n)
Hnh 2. 1
Xc iih hm h thoim, dp nu xung v dp im ra cua h Ihii i vi dy nhy do'n v
(v'i a >0),
Li ii:
T s d h thn" la c:
x ( z ) + a Y( z ) ' z = Y ( z) a > 0
Suy ra hm h thii:
| | ( z ) = J
I - az
1 r i' ^ 1 r
1- v a z 1 va z
p im xuim;
- v a u( n)
x( n) = u ( n ) ^ X ( z ) =
- z
ROC' : z| > Va
)p nu ra cua h liim di \ \ d y nhay on \ :
V( / . ) . ^ X( / ) H( z )
1 1
( l - ) [ l ^ V a z )(1 4- v a z "
v'a \/a
- z ' N - a z '
ROC': /| > ma x| \ / , l
az
y(n)
va \/a / /"
---- - 1 + ------ -------- ( - \/ a
1- a- ^ 2 ( y a - l ) - ' 2 ( v / a + l ) ^
u( n)
2. 77. l v l m p i m XLiim v p m ra i vcVi dv nhav clo v cua cc h i hi i^ nhn qu sau.
Xc dnh cc m liinh cckliim \' xc ni h thim c n nh khnL'.^
a ) y ( n ) = y ( n - 1) - - y ( n - 2 ) . 2 X ( n )
4 o
b ) y ( n ) y ( n - 1) - y ( n - - 2 ) + x ( n ) x ( n - 1)
Li îdi:
a) y( n) = ^ y ( n 1) y( n ~ 2 ) -r 2x ( n )
4 o
Y{ z )
l z ' + 7, '
4 8
4 2
- ' ( - ) - ' : : .. 1 -
l)| i i i i XLi nu:
h ( n) =
( \ 'V ( \ \
4 1 .~
i
I 2 j
. 4 .
L i ( n )
H ihnii c 2 dcni crc l: z . - ~ ; z , , - cu nm tron^ vn trn do'n v nn h thno l
^ * 2 4 c- ^ : r c,
n d n h .
M X ( n ) ^ Li ( n ) ==> X ( z ) ....
- /.
Suy ra: Y ( z ) X ( z) 1i ( z )
2 M 4
1
^--------------- = +
1 ( 1 - . - ) 1 - ^ ' I - U
16
Dp no, ra:
y( n) = - 4
16
u ( n )
b) y ( n ) = y ( n - l ) ~- i - y ( n - 2 ) + . \ ( n) + x ( n - 1 )
Y( z ) =
1+ z
x(z)
z =
- z 4- z
7
H thni c cc dim khng ti z = 0 : - l v c cc im cc ti z
circ ca h t hng u nm trong vng trn on v nn h thni l n nh.
l - ^ / 2 j c o s ^ z ' - z '
c o s ^ z ' ' + 7/'
H( z) =
l - z ~ + z -
p n<x xung:
/ 1
h ( n ) =
7 71
CCS n f si n n
4 4
u( n)
M x( n) = u( n) => x ( z ) =
l - z
Suy ra: Y( z ) = X( z ) H( z )
Y{z) =
l + z'
1- z r ' + z
7
1- z"'
2
+
?
z
l - z ' + - ^ z ' \ - z - + ^ z
2 2
1 - / l -
p n ra: v ( n ) -
7 2 ;
. 71 71
Sin n - COS n
4 4
u( n) + 2u( n)
c . BI TP NNC CAO
2.78. ' m bin i z ne' c ca:
x ( z ) - + c"'
2.79. l l m bin i z v min hi l cua cac chui sau:
a)X, (n) ~ na" u( n)
b) X. (n) na" (cos(o,,n) u( n)
c) X, ( n) = na" (sinco^n) u( n)
d) (n) ~ Ar' ' cos(o)n + (p) u( n) . 0 < r < l
2.80. Ti m bin i z. min hi l ca cc chui sau y;
1 1Y' '
a) x ( n ) = : ^ ( i r + n ) f ^ L i ( n - l )
c) x( n) = n \ i ( n )
d) x( n) - na"u( - - n - l)
2.81. T m bin i z, min hi t. cc cc v cc khng ca cc cluii sau y
n v
-
13 J
v j
ne
0
b) x ( n) =
2.82. Cho bi i z:
n>( )
n < 0
n > 0
n < 0
a; him s
x ( z ) -
l ~ z
l y tim tn hiu nhn qu x(n) cua bin i z trn.
2.83. rinh p ni^ ra cho cp h ihnu v ln hiu vo sau y: ni^ ra cho cp h ihni; v ln hiu vo sau y:
f \
h ( n ) -- ^ -D < n < +c/)
2.84. Tm bin i z ca cc tn hiu sau y:
a) x ( n ) - n ( - l ) ' L ( n )
n 7T '
b) x ( n ) - ( ]) cos-- n u( n)
2.85. Biu din bin i z cua:
y ( n ) = theo x ( z )
k-- ^
128 Gii bi tp x l n hiu s v Matlab
Gi : t m hi u y ( n ) -- V( n - 1)
2.86. S dim lnh chl cua tch chp e;
a) Biu din bin di z ca;
y( n) - - y x( k) theo X( z)
k = -
b) Xc nl bin di z cua x ( n ) - (n -i-1) Li(n)
Gi v: Trc hc chim minh rim \ ( n ) ~ u( n) * u( n)
2.87. Cho X(z) l bin di / cua dv x(n). My xc nl bin di 7 cua cc ln hiu sau dy theo
X(z).
a) x, ( n) =
i
X
n
0
V . - /
n l
n chn
b) x , ( n ) - \ ( 2 n )
2.88. Cho X(z) l bien di z ca x( n) . chng minh rim:
a) ZT. x' ( n) = X' ( z ' )
b) Re [ x ( n ) ] = i [ x ( z ) t x - ( z - ) ]
c) l m[ x( n) ] = : ^ r x ( z ) - x ' ( z ' )
2j L
2.89. Cho X{z) l bien oi z cua x(n), chnu minh rn:
n/k nguyn
n/k cn li
th x \ ( z ) = x( z^)
b) ZTe'" ''x(n) = x(zc-"' )
2.90. Nu ta c: ZT x, (n) - X, ( z), ZT x, (n) = X, ( z ) . X, (z) = X, ( z ' ' )
a ) I yt i m X. (n) t hco hm cia X| (n)
M
b) ' ' m X, (n) nu ta c: X. (z) -
! x "
a) Nu x, ( n) - - j \ k
0
- 1
2.91. Nu ta c: x( n) = ^
o
thi ta c;
x( n + N)
X( z) = F ( z ) ^ x ( n ) z ' ' '
Iir.(t
n < 0
n >0
Hy tm F ( z ) .
2.92. Hm truyn t ca mt h thnu s c cho bi biu thc sau:
G( z )
H( z) =
+ z
Hv tm h( n) theo hm ca n)
2.93. Dng vi phn bc nht v cc tnh cht ph h'p ca bin i z tm x( n) ca cc bin i
sau y:
a) x ( z ) = l n ( l - 2 z ) , < -
7
b) x ( z ) = ln
2.94. Chng minh rng cc nghim ca mt a thc vi cc h s thirc l hirc hoc to thnh cc
cp lin hp phc. Pht biu ngc li trong trung hp l ns qut l sai.
2.95. Chng minh cc tnh cht ton quan v chp ca bin i z bng cch ch s dng nh
ngha cua chng.
2.96. Cho bin i z sau y:
( z - 0 , 4 ) ( z ~ 0 , 9 1 ) ( z ' + 0 , 3 z + 0, 4)
" {z- - 0 , 6 z + 0, 6) ( z' +3z + 5)
C 3 min hi t khng chng nhau ca bin i z ny. Hy cho bit loi bin i z ngc
no (mt pha bn phi, mt pha bn tri, hay hai pha) ph hp vi nit trong 3 min hi t .
(Ch v: khng cn thit phi tnh ton chnh xc bin i z nc).
2.97. Cho bin i z sau y:
x ( z ) = ------------ ^-----------^
l - 0 , 5 z ^ ' + 0 , 6 z '
Hy xc nh x ( n ) .
2.98. Cho bi u t hc: G ( z ) ^ , t r ong p ( z ) v D( z ) l cc a t hc t heo . Gi P l
thng d ca G( z ) ti mt cc n z = . Chng minh rn:
Pi ^l
trong D' ( z ) =
dD( z)
dz
2.99. Chng minh rng dy Pibonacci c th c coi l p ng xung ca h thng c m t
bi phong trinh VI phn y( n) = y( n - ) + y( n - 2) + x ( n ) , Sau xc nh h( n) b ng cc k
thut bin i z.
130
Gii bi tp xl tn hiu s v Matlab
2.100. Chim minh rim bin i 7 imc h(n) ca bin i z sau y:
1
H( z) =
1- 2y( cos0) z' ' + y"z"
> Y> 0
l biu thc:
h( n) =
Y"sin[(n + l)e'
si n0
u( n)
2.101. Xc nh bin i z ngirc ca cc bin i z sau:
a) X| ( z ) = l o g ( l - a z " ' ) ,
b) X, ( z ) = log
c) X, ( z ) = log
d) X, ( z ) = log
a
a - a z
a
a
>1/ a
> a
>1/ a
L GII BI TP NNC CAO
I
2.78. Khai tnn hm e' v e" di dim:
e' = l + z + ~ + +
2! 3!
_ -^1
e' = + z + + +
2! 3!
Thay vo biu thc u bi ta irc:
_> _ 3
7 7'
x ( z ) = l + z + i------h... +
2! 3!
_ - 2 _-3
z z
+ l + z +- + ---- + . . .
2! 3!
Suy ra: x( n) = I Z T x ( z ) | = ( n) +
2.79. a) C th biu din tn hiu X | ( n ) di dng nx ( n ) , v'i x ( n ) = a " u ( n ) . T (2.5), ta
c: x( n) =a" u ( n ) ^ X ( z ) = ^ ROC ;
- a z
(2.11)
Mt khc, p dune biu thc n x ( n ) < - > - z -----^ (2.12) vo (2.11), ta c:
dz
X, ( n) = n a" u(n)<-X| ( z ) = - z ------ ^ = ------7 ROC :
( l - a z 7
Thay a = 1 vo (2.13), ta tim ' c bin i z ca tn hiu dc n v
(2.13)
( " )
n u n ROC: z > 1 (2.14)
b) X. (n) - na" (cosco,^n) u( n)
C th biu din tn hiu x , ( n ) di dii n x ( n ) , vi x ( n) - a" (coso)(,n) u( n) . T (2.9),
ta c:
x( n) - a" ( coso) n) u( n) x ( z ) =
1~az ' cosco,
1- 2az cosco. + a z
p dng biu tlurc (2.12) cho X: ( n ) ta c:
X, ( n) - na' c os ( c O( , n) u( n) - ^- ^^X, (z) = - z ^ ^
dz
ROC: | z >
' y cosa)n - 2a"z '
ROC: | z| >| a| (2. 5)
( l - 2az"cosco,j + a"z'
c) X, (n) = na" (sinco,^n) u( n)
C th biu din tn hiu x^(n) di dni n x ( n ) , vi x ( n) - a" (sino),,n) u( n) . T( 2. 10) ,
ta c;
x(n) a" (sin con)u(n)<->-X(z) -
az~' si n co,
1- 2az ' cos),, + a ' z
p diing biu thc (2.12) cho X3(n) ta c:
X, (n) sm(o)(,n)u(n)<>X^{z) - - z ....
dz
si n co,
(l -2az 'cosco,, + a' z j
d) x_, ( n) = Ar"cos(con + (p) u( n) , 0 < r <
^4 (z) = A ' "ôs(mn + (p)z"'
n = 0
= A r "
11=0
ROC:
ROC: > (2.16)
, - n _ A
2
z, ----
2
l - r e ' " ' z ^ ' 1

- A
cos(p - rcos(o),^ ~ (p)z
1- 2rcoscoz' -I- r z
> r
2.80.
a) x ( n ) -
/ 1
u ( n - l ) = X| ( n ) + x , ( n )
132 Gii bi tp x l tin hiu s v Mctlab
vi x, ( n) = ^ n
v4.
\u-\ ^ / , \ ll 1
u ( n - l ) v x , ( n ) = n
\ 4 /
u ( n ~ l )
11 = 1
' 1 '
v 4 .
4z
2
^ 1
, - ' z
\
-1
V 4 , ^ 4 J
l Y' - ' .
z
4J
Do : X( z ) = X, ( z) + X3(z) = -
/ ,
1 - - z'
4 y
l - ' z
1- - z
>
3
b) x( n)
X( z) = I
n^l
u ( n - 2 ) - u ( n - 5 ) ]
y \ t
^ - -
' 1 ' "
n-1\ -V 11= 5 V' - /
' "
r p
>
- S
-)
13;
z
I 3y
z
v3j
z
v 3 j
3 3
l - - z
3
> -
3
c) x( n) = nû(n)
n=0 z" s dz'
z^' (l + z*' )
' '
d) x ( n) - - n a u ( - n - l)
x ( z ) = - i , a - z - = - z A a - z - = - z
ll = - r C l Z j , ^ _ y
1 - z
z " 2z"'
( \ - z ' f ( l - z ' ) '
dzLl - a z ' _
az
I
- 1^
< ia
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v in hiu ri rc trong min z
2.81.
a) x( n) = ^^
n .0
n < 0
v 4 .
1 - z
3
11
z" ^1 =
- z -----z
4
z
V 3y
( z - 4 )
ROC l - < |z
3 '
< 4
C 2 im cc l Zpi = 1/3, Zp: = 4 v mt iiri khim l Z()| = 0
a: h II ti s b) x ( n ) -
l Xj (n) -
ne"' n > 0
0 n < 0
^--Jii
e n > 0
<
0 n < 0
a: hi m s
- a i i . -41
ta c: x, (z)= ^ x, ( n )z " = X f
1 1 - - / 1 1 = f l
11=0 1 ^ /-
ZT| x ( n ) = Z T | n x , ( n ) =
dz
ROC: >
2.82.
C 3 im c c l Zp = 7^,2 ~ 0 v 2 im khng l Zf,] = z,)2
x( z ) = --------
= e
- z + _ z ^
2
2 J u
9
133
- z
l 2 , v2 J
. - I , 1 _ - 2
T^
cos --
V
J
VI'
sin
1 - 2 cos
V 4 ,
z + z"' 1 - 2
Suy ra: x ( n ) =
2.83.
h( n) = | ] u( n)
V /
71
cos n +
4
/ , \ -
. n
sin n
4
V
u( n)
1
^ ' cos - z~
l 4 ,
H ( z ) ^
1- z'
3
x( n) = ( - l ) ",
= cosTin
- c o < n < +00
-0 0 < n < +00
x ( n ) l dy tun hon v bin i z ca n khng tn ti.
y( n) = H(co)cos 7m+(o))
1
,C = 7
H(z) =
3
Suy ra y( n) = - cos( 7Tn) , - o o < n < +00
2.84. a) x( n) = n( - l ) " u( n)
x ( z ) = - z A | ; ( m ) -
QZ
b) x( n) = ( - l )
0 = 0
" 1 z '
'7
Zi
dz
J + z' _
Zj >1
cosn
3
u( n)
11=0
p dng cng thc trong bng ' phn tm tt vi a =1, ta c:
+ z cos
x ( z ) =
3
+ z"' 4- z'
ROC: z>
2. 85.
2 . 8 6 . a)
y ( n ) = >^(1^)
^ y ( n ) - y ( n - l ) - x ( n )
Suy ra: Y ( z ) - z~' Y( z) = x ( z )
y ( n ) = > (i')
n = - '
= z x ( k ) u ( n - k )
k=-/
= x ( n ) * u( n)
x ( z )
Y( z) = X( z ) U( z ) : =
1- z
b) u ( n ) * u ( n ) = u ( k ) u ( n ~ k )
k^- -
Suy ra: x( n) = (n + l ) u ( n ) = u( n) * u( n)
1
Vy x ( z ) = z >
2.87.
X
v 2 j
n
0 n
a) x, ( n) =
II = - '
n chn
136
b ) x , ( n ) = x ( 2 n )
2.88. a)
b)
c)
n=-
= >^(2n)z-" = X =
11 = --/. k--y k = -v
x ( k ) . ( - i r x ( k )
^ k = - - / . - k = - - / .
ZT{ x ( n) = X x*(n)z-" = r x ( n ) ( z ) "1 = x ' ( z )
11 = -/. n = --A^
k=- r . .
/ 1
\ /
z -
X Vz + X - V z '
x ( z ) + X*( z )] = - [ z T { x ( n ) } + ZT{x (n) "
= ZT
x ( n ) + X* ( n )
= ZTj Re [ x ( n ) "
2j
X ( z ) - X - ( z ' ) ] = [ z T x ( n ) - Z T j x - ( ) '
= ZT
x ( n ) - x * ( n )
= ZT Im X n
2. 89. a) x , ( z ) = x - z - " = x( m) z- "" = x ( z ' )
I = - r \ ^ / 1=- . / .
l
- - I i guye n
b) ZTe^'^^"x(n)}= e'""'x ( n ) z " - . ^( n) ( e''^'z)"' =X( ze - ' ' ')
1 1 = - /
^.yu. cx) ZT{x, (n)) - X, ( z), ZT{xj (n)} = X, (z)
Ii = - v :
X, (z) = X, (z ) =x, ( n) ( z ") ""
II = - - ^
+/ ' '
t m=Mn, ta C: X2( z ) = X
m = - / 1\) = - / \ /
Suy ra: ( n) = X
M
b) X, (z) = m X, (z) - X, ( z ' ' )
^ 1
Suy ra: X| ( z) =
2.91.
ROC:
2.92.
z - 1
x, ( n) = u( n)
X, (n) =
0
x( n + N)
/ \
n ^ n ^
= u
V,MJ M
nguyn
n < 0
n > 0
vi m = n + N
x( n) =
X ( z ) = x ( n ) z - = | ; x ( n + N) z-
1 1 = - / . n = 0
= x ( m ) z + " - ' >
i n = N
= 7,'^ x ( m ) z - ' " = z " | ] x ( m ) z '" ^ ^ x ( m ) z
m - N
11^0
=>(z' ' - l ) x ( z ) = z ' ' J ] x ( n ) / / "
1 1 =0
X( z) = - ^ - - | ^ x { n ) z - " iu kin: ^
1,1=0
m x ( z ) = F ( z ) ^ x ( n ) z "
(1 - 0
Suy ra: F(z) = - | ^ .
G( z ) = X g ( n ) z "
II = - /.
= - f
+ /
= . l \ 2
l Z T o ( r )
IZT
' N - l
^ N - ] ^
z - >= n ---------
V 2 )
Theo u bi ta c: H( z) =
Suy ra: h ( n ) = IZt g ( z' )
N - l
G ( z " ) + z -
+ - I ZT<
N - 1
2
^ N - 1 ^
g
+ n ---------
U ; V 2 y
2. 93. a) x ( z ) = l n ( l - 2 z ) ,
dX( z)
<
2
Y( 2) = - Z
dz
?
<
2
y( n) = ,n <0
Suy ra x( n) = y( n)
/ p . .
v 2 y
u ( - n - l )
b) x ( z ) = ln
Y{z)
l - - z >
2
dX( z)
dz
- - z
2
l - l z "
z > -
' 2
1 1V'
u ( n - l )
Suy ra x( n) = y( n)
n
u ( n - l )
2.94. Gi thit rno a thc c cc h s thc v mt nghii phc. Chng minh rng lin hp phc
ca ntihim cng s l mt nghim. Suy ra. p( z) l mt a thc v Z | l mt nghim phc thi:
az;' + ... + a,z, + a , = 0
0 )
Lin hp phc ca (1) l;
a ( < ) " +a_, (z; )" ' +. + a , ( z ; ) + a = 0
Suy ra z| cng l mt nghim.
2.95. T nh cht chp:
z { x , ( n ) * x , ( n ) } = ^ ^ x , ( k ) x , ( n - k )
n = - x L k = - /
z x , ( n - k ) z ' " = X | ( k ) z " ' x , ( z )
(z + 0 , 4 ) ( z - 0 , 9 l ) ( z ' +0, 3z + 0, 4)
2.96. x ( z ) =
- 0 , 6 z + 0, 6) ( z ' + 3z + 5)
X(z) c cc i m cc ti z = 0,3 J v z = -
Suy ra c th c cc min hi t sau:
a) R, :|z| <0, 6 . I Z T | x ( z) Irong ng hp ny l chui pha bn tri.
b) R, : 0, 6 <z < J~5 . I Z T x ( z ) | trong Irung hp ny l chui 2 pha.
c) : z > Vs . I ZT x ( z)| trong tr' ng hp ny l chui pha bn phi.
^ l - 0 , 5 z - ' + 0 , 6 z " l - 0 , 5 z " ' + 0 , 6 z - 1- 0 , 5 z ' ' + 0, 6z"
Suy ra: x ( n ) = (0, 7746)" "cos(l , 24n) + 0, 3412s i n( l , 24n) ' u( n)
2.98.
l p, =
, p( z ) p( z)
G( z ) = ^ ^---------- ------- . Theo nh ngha thng d Pi ti cc on z = |
p( z)
R( z)
M. khc: D' ( z) = w ] .
^ dz-' dz"' I V y V ' ^ dz
Suy ra: D' ( z) =- ?^, R( z) . Do : Pi = -
p( z)
D' ( z)
2.99. T nh ngha ca dy Pibonacci, y( n) = y( n - 1) + y (n - 2), v( 0) - 1 . N toiii irim vi
ml h thHi c m t b'i phng trnh sai phn: y( n) = y (n - 1) + y (n ~ 2) + X( n ) . trong :
x( n) - ( n) v y( n) - 0, n < 0 . Bin i z ca pho' !ig trinh sai phn ny l:
Y ( z ) = z Y ( z ) + z " Y ( z ) + X ( z )
Suy ra i vi x ( z ) = 1, ta c:
1
Y( z) =
t _ - l _ - 2
I - z ~ z
' ' ( z ) = r + ^ 7 ^
2 2
^ A _ V5+1 V s - l _ l - V s
Gii ra ta c A ==-----, B = ^ = ---=~
2V5 2V5 2V5
Suy ra: y( n) =
n/ 5 + 1
2V5
1 - V
1 1 + 1 \ l + 1
2 ^ 5
u( n)
l - J~5
u( n)
2.100. H( z) =
1- 2y( cos0) z' +
Bns, cch khai trin thnh phn s ti gin, ta c:
, , _____ 1______ --' 1 - '
(d* - e * ' ) | l - y e " z' ' l ~ y e p 2 j s i n 0 | l ~ y e ' z ' l - y e '"z
Suy ra; h( n) = ^ e V e " u(n) - e ' V e ' ^ ' u(n)} = u( n)
^ ^ 2j sm0^ ' w f \ > si ê 2j ^ ^
sin ~(n + 1)0
sinG
J u ( n )
2.101. a) X, (z) = log^l ~ a z ' ) , lz > a l . Khai trin log(l - a z ) thnh mt chui cng su, ta c:
2 _ - 2 _ 3 _ - 3 - / i
^ -I ct z a z _
x, ( z) = - az
a"
Do , X | ( n ) ^ ------ u ( n - l )
n
Chng 2: Biu din h thng \/ in hiu ri rc trong min z 141
b) X, (z) ^ log
thnh mt chui cng sut, ta c;
Do . X, ( n ) = - - - u ( n 1)
n
r 1 ^
a - az
- lo a
1 a ,
. Khai rin logl ( az) '
n-l n
c) X, ( z ) = log
- a z
mt chui cng sut, ta c:
> a . Kha) t n n x , ( z ) t hnh
, . a' z^- aV. '
x , ( z ) = a z + + =
2 3 n
"
Do , x ^ ( n ) - u ( n ~ l )
n
d) X^ ( z ) ^ l o g
chui cng sul, ta c:
a
... 1
= -l o i
\ a ~ z J
> 1/ a . Khai i n x ^ ( z ) t hnh mt
a'"''
Do , x ^ ( n ) ~ ----- u ( n - l )
n
D. BI TP MATLAB
M2_l . Vit mt chns trinh MATLAB tnh ton v hiii th cc im cc, im khni, tng ch;
tnh ton v hin th dng phn s ca bin i z sau:
H( z) = b, . + b|Z ' +b , z - + ... + b,z~^^
a,| +a, z ^' + a , z ' - +. . . + a z' ^
cLi clnu tch ca cc phn s c t s v mu s u l cc hm bc 2 (second-order
sections). Ngha l: H ( z) = Hj (z)v' i Hj ( z) =
1=1
Gi v: s dnii cc hm {f2zp tm cc im cc, im klng, v tng ch; hm zp2sos
cho kt qu l mt ma trn Lx6 trong cc h s ca ma trn l cc h s ca cc thnh phn hm
bc 2 ca cni thc (*).
b , | + b , z - +b, , z"
1+ a||Z/' + a,Z
b o , b n b : ,
1 a a,,
b,. h.:
1 U ,
b n i b b.:
1 a a,,
142 Gii bi tp x l n hiu s v Matlab
e bit thm chi tit v cc lnh ny: ti du nhc ca MATLAB g: liep cu lnh (vi d:
tielp zp2sos).
Li i:
% chuong trinh M2_l
% Tinh cac diem cuc, diem khong, tang ich
% Bieu dien bien doi z duoi dang tich cua cac phan so bac hai
clf ;
num = input('Nhap cac he so o tu so = ');
den = input('Nhap cac he so o mau so = ');
[z,p,k] = tf2zp{num,den);
m = abs (p) ;
disp('Cac diem cuc tai: '};dsp(z);
disp('Cac diem khong tai: );disp(p);
disp('He so tang ich G= ');disp{k);
-disp('Ban kinh cua cac dem cuc:');disp(m);
SOS = zp2sos(z,p,k);
disp ( 'Cac thanh phan bac 2: ') ;disp(real(SOS)) ;
zplane(num,den)
Nhap cac he so o tu so = [2 5 7 4 3]
Nhap cac he so o mau so = [5 35 2 1 1]
Cac diem cuc tai:
-1.1341 + 1.02201
- . 1341 - 1.0220i
-0.1159 + 0.79381
-0.1159 -0.79381
Cac diem khong tai:
-6.9460
-0.2972
0. 1216 + 0.28661
0. 1216-0. 28661
He so tang ich G=
0. 4000
Ban kinh cua cac diem cuc:
6.9460
0. 2972
0.3113
0.3113
Cac thanh phan bac 2:
>6 . -4 _ -3_ -2 -1
Real Part
0 '
0. 4000 0. 9073 0. 9323 1. 0000 7. 2431 2. 0641
1.0000 0. 2318 0. 6436 1.0000 -0.2431 0.0969
M2_2. Hy vit cluroim trinh MATI.AB d nh v hin th bin i z di dim phn s hiru t t
cc i m khni, dim cc v tng ch cua n. S dnu cluroim trnh ny hy xc nh dim phn s
hCrii t ca bin i z c cc im khnu ti
=0, 5, z, -2,2, Z, J^ = - 0 , 2 + - 0 , 2 jO.3 ; cc im cc ti:
Zp| = 0 , 4 : Z p , = - 0 , 7 5 ; Z j ^ , = 0 , 5 + j 0. 6: Zj ^^ 0 . 5 - j 0 , 6 v t n g c h k = 3 . 7 .
Li i:
% chuong trinh M2_2
% Xac dinh phan thuc huu ty z tu cac diem khong,
% diem cuc cua no
%
format long
zr - input{'Nhap cac diem khong duoi dang mot vecto hang = ');
pr = input('Nhap cac diem cuc duoi dang mot vecto hang = ');
% Thuc hien chuyen vi cac vecto chua diem khong va di em cuc
2 = 2r ; p = p r ' ;
k input('Nhap he so tang ich k = ');
[num, den] 2p2 tf{z, p, k);
dsp{'Cac he so cua da thuc tu SO: '); disp(num);
disp('Cac he so cua da thuc mau SO: '); disp(den);
Nhap cac di em khong duoi dang mot vecto hang = [0.5 2.2 -0.2+0.3i -0.2-0.3i]
Nhap cac dicni cuc duoi dang Iiiol veclo hag = [0.4 -0.75 0.5 to. i 0.5-0.6]
Nhap he so tang ich k = 3.7
Ca c h e s o c u a d a t h u c t u s o : 3 . 7 ( ) 0 -8.5100 0. 5550 0,3293 0,5291
Cac he so cua da thuc mau so:
1.000 -0. 6500 -0.0400 0,5135 -0.1830
M2_3. a) T m bin i z nguc biig phng php tling d. Dng hm residuei
[R.P.K] = RESIDUEZ(B.A)\ tim thng d, cc cc, cc thnh phn trc tip ca vic khai
B(z)
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc rong min z 143
trin bin i z c dng H (z) =
A( z)
= = ^ + -----^ + ... + -----L + k( i ) + k( 2) z- ' + ...
B v A t ong ng l cc a thc ' s v mu s c vit theo chiu hm m ca z'
tng dn. R v p t oi m ng l cc vecto' ct cha cc i tr thng d v cc im cc. K cng l
mt vecto ct cha cc tlinh phn Irc tip, s lirn cc im cc l n = chiu di(A)-l = chiu
di(R) ^ chiu di(P). Vecto cha cc Ihnh phn trc tip K l rim nu chiu di(B) < chiu
d(A); nu khng thi chiu di(K) = chiu di(B) - chiu di(A) +1
b) Hm [B,AJ ^ RESDUEZ(R,P.K) chuyn cc phn s thu c t phirng php t hng d
thnh dng phn thc lru t B/A ban u.
Li gii:
Chuong trinh M2_3
% Tim cac gia tri thang du vac cuc cua bien doi z
%
num = input(Nhap cac he so o tu so = ');
[r,p,k] = residuez(num,den);
disp('Cac thang du: ');disp{r')
disp('Caciem cuc: ');disp(p')
disp('Cac thanh phan truc tiep: ');disp(k)
a) Nhap cac he so o tu so = [ 1 -1.2 I 2]
Nhap cac he so o mau so = [1 -1.1 1.34 -0.22]
Kt qu thu c:
Cac thang du:
-0.4921 - 0. 886H -0.4921 + 0. 886H 11.0750
Cac diem cuc:
0. 4558 -0. 98011 0.4558 + 0.98011 0. 883
Cac thanh phan truc tiep:
-9.0909
b ) Nh a p c a c g i a t n thang du = [-0.4921 -0. 88611 -0.4921 + 0.8861 11.075]
N h a p c a c d i e m c u c - [04558 - 0. 980U 0. 4558 + 0.98011 0.1883]
Nhap cac thanh phan truc tiep ==[-9.0909]
Ket qu thu c:
Cac he so cua da thuc tu so:
0. 9999 - 1. 1999 1. 0002 2. 0000
Cac he so cua da thuc mau so:
1.0000 -1.0999 1.3400 -0.2200
B z
M2_4, Hy dng hm i mpz tnh p ng xung ca mt b loc s c dang H( z) = -.
A( z)
C php: [H,T] ^ MPZ(B,A) ; p ng xung c tnh v tr vo vecto' ct H v mt vecto
thi g i a n T( T - [ 0 1 2
[H,T] ^ IMPZ(B.A,N)\ nh N mu ca p ng xung. Nu N l mt vect cc s nguyn
dong, p ng xung chi c tnh ti cc gi tr nguyn ny (0 l gi tr gc). p dng tnh 5
mu ca p ng xung ca bin i z sau:
B( z) 2 + 5z* +7z~" + 4 z
^ ^ A ( z) 1+ 12z ' + 6z ^ + 3z
V p ng xiins tnh c.
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min z
145
Li ii:
% Chuong trinh M2_4
% Tinh dap ung xung tu mot ham cua bien doi z
clf ;
N = input('Nhap chieu dai cua dap ung xung can tinh = '};
% Nhap cac he so o tu so va mau so cua ham bien doi z dang B ( z ) / A ( z )
num = input('Nhap he so o tu so = ');
den = input{'Nhap cac he so o mau so = ');
% Tinh cac he so cua bien do z nguoc (dap ung xung)
[h,t] = impz{num,den,N);
disp('Cac he so cua dap ung xung:');
disp(h)
stem(t,h);
title('Dap ung xung h(n)');grid
ylabel('Bien do');
Nhap chieu dai cua dap ung xung can tinh = 5
Nhap he so o tu so - [1 3]
Nhap cac he so o mau so = [ 1 3 2]
Kt qu thu c:
Cac he so cua dap ung xung: 1 0 -2 6 -14
Dap ung xung h(n)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-1D
-12
14
---------- 1---------- 1
1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1[---------- 1------------- ' I ................
)
........... i i
i 11
i, 1 i ,/
0.5 1.5 2 2.5
Thoi gian roi rac n
3.5

ChLHcyng 3
BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC
TRONG MIN TN s LIN TC (BIN I POURIER)
A. TM TT L THYT
3.1. Bin i Pouri er - FT
nh ngha: x ( e ' " ) = x{n)e^-"'
u = -x
Quan h a'\ bin i Pourier v bin i Z:
Bin oi Pourier chnh l bin i z 'c thc hin trn vnn trn don v. do bien i
Pourier ch l tr' ng hp ring ca bin i z.
Ta c th lim bin i F"ouricr t bin i z bng cch nh gi ZT trn vng trn on v
V! i u ki n vng t r n n v phi nm t r ong mi n hi t ca bi n di z.
3.2. iu kin e tn ti bin i Pouri er
Vj
Mt dy x(n) thc hin cTC bin i Pourier nu v ch nu: ^ ^
3.3. Cc khi nim, k hiu v tn hiu trong min tn s lin tc
Xê' "' ): Ph ca tin hiu x(n).
x c ' ' j : Ph bin ca tn hiu \ (n).
ari^ x^C'"' j =cp(o)); Ph pha ca tn hiu x(n).
Ae' " 1: \n ca tn hiu x(n).
0( ( o) : Pha ca tn hiH x(n).
j : ph mt nng lng ca x(n), th hin s phn b nim l-im theo
hm ca tn s.
Cc quan h cn nh:
+ j c th dng (>0) m (<0) hoc bng 0
x ( e " ) - A(e^*^)
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s Hn tc 147
+ o((o) = 0(co) khi
+ (.")( co) - 0 ((!)) n: kh i /\ I e 0
3.4. Bin i Pourier ngc - IFT
nh nuha: x( n) ==- ' xe-' " )e' ' "d(0
3.5. T nh cht ca bin i Pouricr
Tnh cht
Cp bin i Pouri er
Min n Min co
Ti i vn tnh
aXj (ii) + (n)
(a. b: hiL s)
a X, ( e ' ) + b X , e ' -)
Tre
x ( n - n ) e x ( e " '
i x r m
\ ( i ) t h c
X c-
Re x( e- ' ) - R e x ( e - - f
Ini = Im x ( e - "
x ( c - ) . x ( c -
aru
1
x ( c - ) ~ - ar u x c ' ]
]
s ( e ' ' ) = s ( e - )
[_.n hp phc
B i n s d o
l' ch chp
x*(n)
x(-n)
X, (n)*x.(n
X c
T ch
Vi : hn
Trc t n s
x|(n),x.(n
nx(n)
......' x( n
dx(e'"'
iu ch x(^;)cos
A c i+ A t
2 L J 2 L J
Quan h Parseval
] x , e-'"' . x: e-' ")d(0
~ -n
M " ) '
Il=-cc
x c' "j doj
- 7;
Tone quan = x, (m) . X( m- n)
in=-x
x , ( e - - ) . x , e' )
nh Iv Weiner-
Khintchine
R ^ " ' ' ) = Sx.(e' ' ' ) = x ( e - - )
Quan h Parseval: th hin s bo ton v mt nng lng khi chuyn l min thi gian sang
min tn s.
3.6. p ng tn s
p ng tn s H 1e'" ] ca h tlng troim min tn s lin tc c x) dnu theo 2 cch:
p ng tn s h c'" j c a h t hng l t s giCra bin i Pouri er ca tn hiu ra trn
bin i Pouri er ca tn hiu vo.
p ng tn s h c ' " ' jl bin i Pouri er ca p ng xune h(n).
p ng tn s ca h thim irc th hin nh sau;
H(eJ") = H( e' )
Trong ;
H e' : p nu tn s ca bin (p n bin ).
q>((o) = arg H e' ") : p rm tn s ca pha (p ng pha).
Hay
ln v ph^:
3.7. Cc b lc s l tig
Trong phn ny, chng ta phi nm c bn b lc s l t ng Ihnu qua cc p ng bin
ca chng.
B lc ltng thp:
- (0 < (0 < co.
H ( e - )
1^. < (0 < co,, ,
, ( - 7T < 0\ , < 7T'
0 05 cn lai
Chng 2: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc rong min tn s lin tc 149
Ky hi u <0. ; Tn s cl
: ^ (hng
; Di chn
B lc thng cao:
H ( o - )
7T < (0 < -CO^.
CO, < CO < n , ( TC < < n )
0 (0 cn lai
; Di ihne
; Di chn
Ch v: B lc t hng cao ^ B lc hii. lt ~ B lc thng thp
B ic thn di:
1 - (l) . < (!'>
\:1 r!
H(ê"")=< (Oj.| < 0) < 0),, , (-T < o.\, < n)
0 03 *
B lc c/in di:
H
1(0
- 7t < 0) <
- 0\., < (0 < (0,,
<1\,3 < (0 < TC
0)
, ( - 7 <C0^, < 7 l )
150 Gii bi tp x l tj n hiu s v Matlab
W/ ,
: Di ihii g
; Dai ciai
M t S Vn ci a b l c s l t n i i cn l u :
- p niz xung h(n) ca b lc s l tuxVn c cliiu di v hi. \ a ip trim \Litm ny l
khnii nhn qu. Do vy cc b lc s Iv t na ny khnu thc .n c troim thc t.
- i vi b lc s lt nu pha 0 ta c p nii bin trne vi p inm ln s:
- p rns xung h(n) ca b lc s l tn, pha 0 i xnii qua trc tun<z. i xnu Hermite.
- Cc p im xung h(n) ca cc b lc s l tuxVng pha 0 c quan h nh sau:
+ hp( n) = h_, ( n) - hLp( n)
+ h|, (n) = h,,p(n) - h| ,,{n) - h| | ,,(n)
+ h ^ ( n ) = h L p ( n ) + h | | p ( n )
3.8. Cc ch tiu k thut ca b lc s
Chnu ta phi nm vng; cc thng s chi tiu ca b lc s thc t:
+ Tn s gii hn di t hns + F) un sim dai thim |
i' Tn so gii lin di chn ts + D î chn 2
D i I h i i )
q i i c
D . i c h v i i i
p 7ig bii cua b c s thc t thng thp v cc thcun s
v mt l t ng cc gn sng di thng, di chn cng nh cng lt, tn s îi hn di
thng v di chn cng gn nhau cho di qu cng nh cng tt. Tuy nliin trn thc t y l
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v n hiu ri rc trong mn tn s lin tc 151
cc tham s Iiuhcl nliau ( un soim lho t di qu d piai ln v nmrc li) nn vic ii quyt
bi lon cho cc iham s cnu nho ap niiu kh khn, ta phai p dng tnh li u vi ti yu cu
CI rli cua bi ton ihil k b lc.
3.9. B vi phn
H thim dn vi phn ln hiu ' c li l b vi phn. p nu tn s ca mt b vi phn
v urcrim roim mien tn s lin tc dirc nh imha nl sau;
I l ( c' ' ' ) = JO.
[ cos( nn)
H ( e = J (0 > h ( n ) ^ n "
[o n = 0
(o < o)| < T)
Nhn xt: p i m \Liim h(n) cua b \ i phn l l i ri m l phan i xni.
h ( 0 ) - 0
h ( n ) = - h ( - n )
3.10. B bi n i Hil bert
p ni tn s cia b bin i lilbert Iv lirnu:
- J O s | ( o j < T I
J ~ 7 < ( o | < 0
rhc cht b bien i Hilberl uoig chnh l b lc thng tt di pha nit gc 90**.
BiCmi din b bin i ! lilbcrl l t ong diri dng dp nti bin v dp mg pha:
l l ( c ' " ) = h ( c ' " )
T' ronu d:
= I - 71 < 0)1 < 71
(p(co) =
- {)< 0) < n
2
- T < (0 < 0
p nu xun^ h(n) cua b bin i Hilbert l tuim:
h( n) =
sin
7t
2 n
0,
n 0
n = 0
Nhn xt: p n xung h(ii) ca b bin ii Hilbert l t ng c chiu di v hn, khng
nhn qu v phn i xn.
3.11. Ly mu tn hiu
+ 'X)
Xt mt tn hiu t ong t ( t ) c nng l ng hu hn, ngha l; X ( t ) dt < 00 .
GC
Ngoi ra, mt tn hiu tong t c nng lng hu hn l tn hiu c b rng ph hu hn,
ngha l: (co^) =
^ 0 ,
a < ^ a
0 ,
a
(Qa- rnt mc tn s hu hn)
Ph ca (cOy) vit di dng chui Pourier:
+ O ,7
^ a ( a ) = Z ^ n e ( 1 ) v/ a ^ X, (3 y d(0^
" 2Q.. ^
-n
1
Mt khc X3 (t) = X, (co, )e''dc,.
2^ -n,
T nh X3( t ) t i cc thi im ri rc t = n - ^ , ta c:
/ \
K
n
V
1
2n
- a
ng nht (1) v (2) suy ra:
/ ^ / \
n 71 71 n
n = X n
a
V a y
a V */
(2)
/n/t l ly mu trong min tn s:
= : chu k ly mu; Fj = : tn s ly mu
T
Ta c cc quan h sau y:
Q , = 2 7 r P ; = 2 7 t ^ = 2f,,
71
Pht biu nh l: '"M tn hiu titcmg t c h rng ph hii hn trong khong
c xc nh mt cch hon ton chnh xc hi tp hp cc mu
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 153
X ( n T ^ ) c n nu tn s l y m u thoa m ' i iu k i n > 2F^
Tn s Nyquist: tn s iy mu ly gi tr c gi l tn s Nyquist.
suy = 2F,
Ch :
Vi c nm vng nhng kin thc trong chng ny rt cn thit tip cn cc ni dung kin
thc tip theo nh:
- Bin i Pourier ri rc DPT. y l mt trong nhng bin i quan trng nht ca x l
tn hiu s.
- Tng hp cc b lc s F!R, IIR.
Mt s cc bin i ton hc cn thit lm bi tp v nghin cu hc tp trong chng ny:
+ T ch phn thig dng tnh 1FT:
fe' dt = - e '
^ a
+ Tng cp s nhn:
c c
^ " =
,1^0 1 - a
N
a " =
Nu a < 1
11=0 1~ 3
+ Khai trin le:
d " = COSC+ jsinco
= COSQ) - jsin(0
+ Mt s khai trin thng thng:
1. e'J = = 2j.sin(co/2).e-J"'''
1+ e-J = = 2cos(co/2).e'J'-
B. BI TP C BN
3.1. Xt phng trinh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau y:
y ( n ) - ^ y ( n - l ) + ^ y ( n - 2 ) = 2 x ( n - l )
Hy xc nh y(n) i vi n > 0 khi x( n) = ( n) v y( n) = 0 , n < 0
Li f:
Thc hin bin i l-' ouner cho c hai pha, la c:
\ 4 \ I 8 ^ '
Suv ra hm h ihnu c dnu;
=2X c ''" ic
- e'-" +
4 8
p nu xunu (i v'i x( n) = ( n ) ) chnli l bin i PoLincr nuirc cua n e'"'
- 8 8
V-I-
9
Suyra; h ( n ) ~ 8 u( n) + 8 u( n)
V 4 y ' V 2 y
/ N n , li
Khi x( n) ^ ( n) t hi y( n) ^ h ( n ) . Do y( n) - 8 - - Li(n) + 8 - u ( n) .
V 4 y \ - y
3.2. a) T m p i tn s e' "' j ca mt h thng tuyn tnh b bin c u vo v u ra Iho
mn phong trnh sai phn sau:
y ( n ) - l y ( n - l ) = x( n) + 2 x ( n - l ) + x ( n - 2 ) .
b) Hy vit phoiig trnh sai phn ca h thnii c p im xune nhu sau;
1
H e
2
+ _ e + e
2 4
Li i:
a) Pho' ng trnh sai phn:
y ( n ) - l y ( n - l ) = x( n) + 2 x ( n - l ) + x ( n - 2 )
Thc hin bin i Founer c hai pha:
= x( e' ") 1+ 2e'
2
V
L
J
Suy ra p ni tn s:
Ye-^
l ! )
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 155
b) Mt h him vi dp nL ln s:
1- ' c "" -
H '
\ 1
" x [ e ' "'
Suv ra. Y
T h c hi n bi n i F' ouner n mr c l a c:
y ( n ) + ^ y ( n ..1) + A y ( - 2 ) =. X ( M) -- - X ( n ^ 1) -f- X( n - 3)
( 1' , .
3.3. Mt h thi tuyn iii bt bii (.Tl) c p iu xunu h ( n ) 5 I u ( n ) . Dni bin i
V 2 J
(' V'
Kourier lm u ra cua h thone khi du vo ca h ihonu l x( n) - I u( n)
V3 j
Li gUU:
Thc hin bin i Pouner cua c h( n) v x( n) ;
5
14 - e-
1
I- e->"
Ta c;
Y
3 2
----------- F-------
1+ - c - "^
Suy ra: y ( n ) - 3 - ^ | j u ( n ) f 2 ~ | u( n)
3.4. Xt phong trnh sai phn:
y ( n ) ~ ^ y ( n - ] ) i - | y ( n - 2 ) = x ( n - l )
6 6 3
a) Hy tim p ng xuni, p ng tn s, p ng birc ca h thng l / n nhn qu tho mn
phirong trnh sai phn .
b) Hy tim dng tnu qui ca nghim thun nht cua phng trnh sai phn.
c) Xt mt h thim thoa mn phuxTnt trnh sai phn trn tho mn k y( 0) - y( l ) = 1 nhmig
h thn ny khng nhn qu cng khrm Hy tm p ni ca h thnu khi x( n) - ( n ) .
Li i:
a) p ig tn s
Y f c'"' - e Y( c" " ) + ^ e Y (e-" ) = (e' ")
156
Gii bi tp x ly tin hiu s v Matlab
p )
x ( e ' )
6 6
Thc hin bin i Pourier ngc cho h c'" j :
H ( e - ) = 2
1Y' 0 Y'
Ta c p ng xung ca h thng; h ( n) = - 2 - u ( n ) + 2 u ( n )
v3y \ 2 J
i vi p ng bc ca h thng s(n):
s ( n ) = z h ( k ) u ( n - k ) = X u( n) + 2 u( n)
u( n)
j
2y
b) Y, ( n ) l nghim thun nht ca phng trnh sai phn khi x(n) 0, c dng:
(n) = ^ A c " , trong c l nghim ca phoTig trnh: C" - c + =^0. Phong trinh ny c
nghi m l c = 1/ 2 v c - 1/ 3 , do :
1Y'
yi , (n) = A, - + A,
\ z. J
/ \1'
v3.
c) Nghi m tng qut l tng ca nghim thun nht v nghi m nng, vi nghim nng l p
ng xung tm c phn (a):
y( n) = yi>(") + yp( " ) = A:
+ A, - 2
( 1 Y'
u ( n ) + 2^J ^( " )
Dng cc iu kin u bi y( 0) = y( l ) ==1, ta tm c Aj v :
y{0) = A, + A. - 2 + 2 - 1 A, + A2 = 1 JA, = 2
y ( l ) - A , / 2 + A, / 3 - 2 / 3 + U l ^ a , / 2 + A, / 3 = 2 / 3 ^ A, = - 1
Suy ra p ng ca h thng khi x ( n) = s ( n) l :
y( n) = 2
2y
- 2
1 Y
u ( n) + 2 ^ u ( n)
\ ^ J
3.5. Cho mt h thng LTI c p ng tn s:
- 71 < (0 < 7
Xc dnh u ra y ( n) n u u vo x( n) i v'i mi n bng;
x( n) = sin
/ _ \
Tin
L()i i:
x ( n ) - ssin
/ __\
Tin
2j
Mt khc, p ng ra ca mt h thng c tn hiu vo x ( n ) = e'"" c dng:
y( n) = e " " H e ' j , do p rni ra ca mt h thng c tn hiu vo x( n) = si n
/ \
7rn
2j
s l: v ( n ) ==
.Tt ^
e-'"
1_
H
1
- H e
V. J
nh gi p ng tn s ti a) = ;
4
H
II
.1-
e
\ /
e
\ /
l - e
-- T/2
1+ ' -e-' "
2
_ - e ' - ^
' 1+ ^ e
2
= 2( 1- j ) = 2726-' "^
= 2(l + j) = 2V2e' ^-*
2x/2e^-'" V" " ' ^ - . _
1a co: y(^n j = ------------------------- :^----------------- = 2V2 sin
3.6. a) Xc nh bin i Pouri er ca chui;
1 0 < n < M
71 71
n ----
4 4
r ( n ) =
b) Xt chui
0 n khc
w ( n) =
1+ cos 0 < n < M
n khc
V vv(n) v biu din bin i Pourier ca w(n), w e' ' j theo R e ' ' j . (Gi ; biu din
,2n: ,2:t
w(n) dui dng r(n) v hm m phc e v e ).
c) V bin ca R e' " j v w e ' " j cho tr' ig hp M = 4.
Li
'1 ( ) < n < M
0 n khc
Thc hin bin i Pourier:
a) r ( n) =
, M + 1
e - ~e
\1+1
.V
I -(')
sin
c
l
b) Ta c: \ v( n) ^-\ 2
1+ cos
1 L
0.
M
, ( ) < n < M
n khc
Xt thy w ( n ) - r ( n ) . 1+ cos
Do :
+> 1
W( e " ) = R( e' ") *
II - -CO ~
l l = - j
1+ cos
^2nn
k~M )
( , .27111 , . 2 t h
1+ e ' ^ + e '
2 2
- |'}n
h
^ 2n^ ^ 2tt^
\
C0+ - + - S (0------
4
V M,
4 V M y
/
c)
Hnh 3. 1
3.7. Cho ba h tlin A, B, c c u vo v ii ra nh ' hnh v di y:
( \
u(n
v4;'
,!1
u(ti)
M + 1
(I)
V 2 ,
sin
luh 3.2
Xc dnh xcm mi h tliu c phai l l. Tl hav khnu.^ Nu cu tra li l hy xc nh
xcm iu c ih c ho'n mt h him .'' vi cp du vo- du ra d cho khnu? Hy ii thch cu
ira li ca h.\n'!
L i iid:
Hi him/ X; x ( n ) "
v 2 ;
u \ o l mt ciicniinction cua mt h thim LTI. Nuha l nu h ihne l tuyn lnh th
, . . . ( \ V' , , ;
ra s l anh cua du vo, nhn vi m h s phc. B()'i vi v( n) - . nen h thoim A khng
\ 4
phai l LTI.
. I)
* H hnu l: X( n ) = c ^ u ( n )
1 - e
- e
' )* - 1
s }
Suv ra p nu ln s cua h hnu l: M e " -
x(e'")
Vy h ihoim ny l khucl di tuyn lnh.
.n
* H thim C: Vi x( n) = c ^ l mt eiuenLinction cua mt h thni 1.11. ''a hi vng rnii
, II
du ra s l: y( n) CXC ^ . l'on^ d a l ml him s phc, nu h him C l 1.TI. Theo u bi,
n
du ra y ( n ) - 2e , do d h hnu ( dng l L,T. Tuv nhin h tlim ny klng phi l duy nht,
vi n chi c m s rng buc l: I 2 .
3.8. Xl mt h him \A \ V(V p nu tn s:
111e 71 < (!) < n
-f e
9
Mv xc nh du ra y(n) cho tt ca n. bt u vo x(n) bi,:
Tun
L i i:
Vit li p nii ln s cua h thim;
. K
- 7 T < CO< 7
= e \ G ( e ' )
t y | ( n ) = x ( n ) * g ( n ) , t a c :
(n) =
cos
71
V 2
. x n
e - +e
G
; yi (n) =
.TCIl
(
+ G
'v
e -
\ J ^ /
nh gi p ng tn s ti ( = ~ :
2
e' "
.n
\ J
_ . 7 t ^ ^
= 8e' 2; G e-'^ =8e' 2
Do , y i ( n ) =
8e
71 71
-11-
+ 8e
7 7t
- ~ n +
y >
= 8cos
n 7^
2 2
v
.71 . n
y( n) = e ^ y , ( n) = 8e ^cos
n n
n
2 2
3.9. Xt mt h t hng LTI c - 1 v arg nh hnh v di y. Nu u vo l
( n) = cos
37tn 71
. 2
, hy xc nh u ra.
Li gii:
V H( e' J ) = H*( e' ) , t a c :
y( n) = H e ^ cos
\ /
.K
" yn
n + + ZH
2 4
H (e-* tun hon vi chu k 2n , nn
H
f .371 ^
= H
.2n
V y V. J
d c = - 1 / 3 ^ ^
1
i
1
1
1
arg[H(d)]
5t/ 6
. k/2
- 0 n| co
i
1
-n/ 2-
1
i
1
^
i
-5n 6-
1
Hnh 3.3
Do , y( n) = cos
^3t tc 2n^
n + + -
2 4 3 J
3 n l l Tl
= COS n +
l 2 12 J
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min n s lin tc 161
0) < 7 3. 10. X t mt h t hng LTI c p ng tn s h c ''" ] ^ e '
Hy xc nh xem h thng c nhn qu khng? Chni2; iTiinh kt lun ca bn.
L g i i :
t vo u vo h thng tn hiu x( n) = 5 ( n - l ) , nu h rhn> l nhn qu thi u ra
v ( n ) s bni 0 i vi n <1. Chng ta s nh gi y(0) :
y( 0) = Y( e' " )d(0 = - - - f e ' ' e " ' " d o ) = ~ ~ ^ 0
2n J ' ^ 2n [. 3 2n ^ 2n
iu ny chn^ mmh rn2 h thng ny khng nhn qu.
3. 11. Hai chui Xj ( n) v ( n) ' c cho nh hinh v di y. C 2 chui u bng khng i
vi tt c cc n nm ngoi vng hin th. X| j l cc bin i Pourier ca cc
chui cho, v ni chung chng l cc gi tr phc v ' c vit diri dng:
X, (e-' ) = A, (co)e' "' '
X,
Trong A, (co), 6j ( ( o) ,
A, (t) , 02 (o)) u l cc hm gi
tr thc, v c chn sao cho c
A| (co), A, (co) u khng m khi
co 0 , nhng vi ( 0 0 thi c t h
ma ng gi tr m hoc doTg. l l y
xc nh cc l a c hn ph hp
c h o 0 ( c o ) , 0 3 (co) v v hai hm
pha n y t r ong kho ng 0 < 03 < 27t .
f 2
1 1
' 2
-3 -2 -1
, _4
0 1 2
-1
3
1
4 5 6 n
, -4
Hnh 3.4
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
- 1 -1
-4 -4
9 10
-2
Hnh 3.5
Li iîi:
x, ( n ) l i xrnu chn xunu quanh n == 1.5. Nioi ra, bi vi X '^1
A | ( 0 ) > 0 , ta cn phi cn^ thm 7 vo pha. Do mt la chn ph hp cho
0J (co) = - C0+ 7t 0) < Tt
\ ta mun
0J ((i) s l:
X. (n) l i xng l xung quanh n =3. Do 02 (co) = 3(0 + (oj < T
3.12. Xt cc h hoiii r'i rc theo thi gian ' c mc ni tip nhau nh hnh v. Cc h t.ng o
ngc thi gian c nh ngha bi cc phoiig Irinh ' (n) = e ( - n ) , y( n) - g ( - n ) . 3i thit
trong bi tp ny x( n) , h, (n) l cc chui thc.
H ihiL
ao nucvc
i IkV Liaii
(n)'
Hnh 3.8
a) Hy biu din E( e^), F( e' ), G(e' "), Y( e ' ) theo x ( e ' ").
b) Ket qu ' cu a) s cho bn thv h thng tng qui l LTI. H' ' ' ;c nh p i tn s
H e-'*'j ca h thim tni qut.
c) T m p ng xung h( n) ca h thng ng qut iheo h, ( n ) .
L i :
a) E(e' "' ) = H, ( e"") x( e- ' ')
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min n s lin tc 163
G ( e-'") = H, ( C'"") F (c-" ) = J c ") M, ( e " ) X ( e )
( e-' ") = G ( e ) = 11, ( c ) M (c-""') X ( e "")
b) Do Y( c' ' j - G ) - M, (c ) 1), (e' " )x(e-' " ). ta c:
H (e-'") - H , ( e [ (c-" )
c) Thc hin bin i l ' ouncr neirc ca l c ' ), ta c:
h ( n ) - h , ( - n ) * h , ( n ) .
3.13. H thnii tng qut nm troiu linh chCr nll 'c bi) boi u' ng i nl di v c th thy
l luyn nh v bt bin.
a) Hy tm biu din ca H e-" l p nm rn s cua h thim tng qut vi u vo x( n)
v u ra y ( n ) Iheo Hj ( e "') t| ( ^" ) l p nu tn s ca h thim LTI bn trorm. Ch rng
b) V H e '" cho trirn lp dp im tn s ca h thim LTI bn orm bng;
H
( o < ( I ) .
\ I i ^
0 (!>. < (o < n
Li ii:
a) S ui cc c im ca bin i Pouricr v thc c l (--'l)" ^ . ta c:
v( e" ' ' ) = x(e-'*
w ( c " ) = H, ( e ' " ) v ( e ' " ) - H, ( e - ' ' ' ) x
,l(.o-r:}^
Do H
e-'"
c-'"'
f = 1
X
Vi M j cho u bi. ta c:
\
1 71 - (0 , < 0)
/
0 CO < 71
< 71
1
' n ( c - )
- r r - ; + (),
------------------------------------------------^
T l - C ' ) . . 7 (')
Hhh 3.10
3.14. Xt h thng nh hnh v, trong cc h thng con S| , S2 l LTl.
a) H thng t ne qut nni trong hnh ch' nht c bao bi ung dt nt c phi l h
thng LTI khng? Chng minh. Neu n khng phi l LTI th hy a ra mt phn v d.
b) Gi s S, S2 c p ng tn s l Hj e "' j , 2 j nh sau:
0 (0 <0,271
khng xc nh 0, 2n < (0
khng xc nh
0
03 < 0 , 4 t
0, 4t < co
< n
< n
Du vo x(n) c p im ln s nh sau:
khig xc nh
0
(0 < 0, 3t
OJ k < 0) < 7T
Y(e"' ) = DFT{y( n)
Trong khong no ca -7 < a x 71 thi Y j = 0 ?
yi(n)
x ( n )
V2O1)
vi n
Hnh 3. 11
Li iiii:
a) H thng t ns qut khng m bo l mt h thng LTI. Mt phn v d l:
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc rong min tn s lin tc 165
y , ( n ) - x ( n )
: ( n) = x( n)
y ( n ) - y , ( n ) y , ( n ) - x - ( n )
y khn^ phi l mt h thnu tuycn inh. do d khne phai l LI.
Y(e' ") = Y, ( e " " ) *Y, ( c "')
S dns cc mi quan h nu trn a c:
khni^ xc inh o < O.T
Y( e ' ) =
O.TT< CO < 7T
3.15. Biu thc y ( n ) ~ V x( n) - x ( n ) x ( n - l ) ' c gi l lch li u tin (lrst backward
ditTerence). Troi x(n) l u vo cn v(n) l u ra ca h thng.
a) Chng minh rHR li ihnu l I / n
b) T m p ng xung ca h thim
c) Ti m v v p ng tn s (bin d v pha)
d) Chn minh rng nu x( n) = f ( n ) * g ( n ) Ihi:
v [ x ( n ) j = v [ f ( n ) ] * g ( n ) = l ' ( n ) * v [ g ( n ) ;
e) 7' ni p im xung ca h thong m c thc mc ni tiep theo sau h thng ny c th
khi phc li u vo, ngha l tim hj ( n) s ao cho h, ( n) * v^ x( n) - x ( n ) .
Li gidi:
a) xc nh liu h thiii l uyn tnh hay khng, ta xt:
V a X j ( n ) + b x , ( n ) - ax, ( n ) + b x . ( n ) ~ a X j ( n - 1 ) - b x . (n - l )
X, ( n ) - X, (n - 1) + b X , ( n ) ~ X , ( n - l )
+ bv x , ( n ) = aV[ x, ( n) ^
Vy h thng l tuyn tnh.
xc nh h thng ny c bt bin hay khni^s ta xt:
v [ x , ( n) ] - X(n - 1 ) - x( n - 2) = y ( n - 1)
Vy h thng l bt bin.
b) Khi t u vo x( n) - ( n ) , ta c: y( n) - h( n) ( n) ~ 5 ( n - 1)
c) Thc hin bin i Pourier ca kt qu phn b), ta c:
Do ph bin ca tn s l:
H( e ' " ) = ^ 1 ~ e" ") (1 - e "'>) = V2 - 2cos(o
Hnh 3.12
Ph pha ca p ng tn s;
H e' j = 1-e'"'"" = (l ~cos(o) + jsin(i)
Do argHê-'"j | = arctan
smci)
1-COSO)
d) Ni chung;
' x ( n ) " = x ( n ) * [ 5 ( n ) - ( n ~ l ) ' = x ( n ) - x ( n - l )
Do , i vi x ( n) = f ( n ) * g ( n ) t h i :
x ( n ) ] = f ( n ) * g ( n ) * [ ( n ) - ( n - l )
= f ( n ) * v [ g ( n ) ; (tnh cht giao hon ca tch chp)
= V f ( n) ] *g( n)
e) l i m h j ( n ) s a o c h o h , ( n ) ' ^ ' V x ( i ) - x ( n ) :
H i hi mnuh cl i ao phi tliDa mn hj ( n ) * h ( n ) ~ s ( n )
Hav troim min tan so: H, c"" l c' " - 1
M t phn c) la c c ' '' = 1- e . do :
' I
Suy ra: h ( n) u( n)
3.16. Cho 1 l p nu tn s cua mt h thiiiz LT vi p nm xune h ( n ) . Ni chung
h ( n ) l s phc.
a) Chn.e minh rim H l p nu ln s ca mt h thim c p im xung h* ( n ) ,
vi * nh a l lin hp phc.
b) Chrim minh rang nu h(n) l so thc th p nm tn s s l di xni lin hp, ngha l
l l ( e =
Li i:
Dp ng tn s ca ml h thni L i 1dirc cho b'i:
h(n)e' ^' ""
n = aD
a) Gia ht p n^ xung l h (n):
f ...= I = H- ( c - ' - )
1 1 - =
r~ *n
b ) Ta c : H* ( e ' " ) = h( n) e^' "" = . h (n)e' ""
_ n = - f 3 0 J l i s - c o
Nu h(n) l thc: 2 h (n)e' =H
n=
Suv ra p n tn s l i xns lin hp.
3.17. = FT x ( n ) ' . Chng minh rng:
a) F T [ x * ( n ) ] - X ( e ')
b) F T [ x * ( - n ) ] = : X ( e' ')
Li ii:
x( e- '") = F T [ x ( n ) ] = x{n)c-'""'
- XVe" - ' "
a) Bin i Pouner cua ( n ) :
x*( n) e - - - " =| f x ( n ) e -
n = -.:c V^M=-,X
b) Bin i Pourier ca x" ( - n ) :
I OD +cO / 'N
x- ( - n) e- i = x- (l ) e' -' = x(l )e-i -' = x - ( e ' - )
i=-co l = --20 J
3.18. Cho x ( n ) , y( n) l cc chui phc v xê-'"'j, Ye-' " j toiig no l cc bin i Pouner ca
cc chui .
a) Hy s dng l thuyt tch chp v cc tnh cht ph hp xc nh ml chui theo
(x(n), y ( n ) , bit chui ny c bi n i Pourier l x e ' ' ' ' j .
b) S dng kt qu phn a) chng mi nh rng:
+OD 1 ^
g x ( ) x - ( ) = f | x ( e - ) Y - ( e ' - ) d
Phong trinh ny l dng tng qut hn ca l thuyt Parseval nu trong phn l thuyt.
c) S dng phong i nh (*) xc nh gi tr ca tng sau:
s i n( Tc n / 4 ) s i n ( 7 i n / 6 )
(*)
z
27in 5nn
Li gii:
a) Bin i Pourier ca y*( "n) l v xe- ' ^^Ye' "j t o thnh cp bin i vi
x ( n ) * y ( n ) . Do j = x e- '' j v g( n) - x ( n ) * y" (~-n) to thnh mt cp bin i.
b) ] x ( e J ) Y*( e' ) e' 'dco= [ x ( n ) * y * ( - n ) ] e - J " = X x ( k ) y * ( k - n) e' ' ""
n=-oo n=~cok=-co
i v i n = 0: y " e-*'''jdco = ^ x( k) y*( k)
, . s i n ( 7 n / 4 ) * sin(7m/6)
c) Dng kt qu t phn b): x ( n ) = --------------- ; y ( n ) - ----- --------- -
2nn Sm
Chng ta nhn ra mi chui l mt xung trong min tn s:
e' Y* e' da3= ^
r n
M
\ \ ) 2n
UJ . 6 y 60
X ( e
i / ' ^ 1j .
- 7 0
T ' ^
- 7 0>
4 4
- ' 1
i/3
~ 7 I
0
6
71
6
7t (1)
Hnh 3.14
3.19. X e- ' ' "j ~FT x ( n) . Hy xc nh bin i Pourier ca ( n) , yî ( n), (n) theo X
Trong mi trng hp v Y e"j cho Xê-'j n h i r hnh v sau;
Hnh 3. 5
x( n) n chn
0 n l
a) B ly mu: ( n) =
Ch : y , ( n ) = ^ ' x ( n ) + ( - l ) " x ( n ) "
b) B nn tn hiu: y j ( n ) - x ( 2 n )
c) B dn tn hiu: (n) =
v - - c
x ( n / 2 ) n chn
0 n l
L(ri gii:
x e ' " j ' c cho bi:
, , x( n) n chan 1 . \ s
a ) y , ( n ) = r^ , + x n
0 n le 2 ^
Thc hin bin i Pourier ca chui ny ta c:
Y . ( e - ) a [ x ( c + x
b) B nn tn hiu: ( n) - x ( 2 n ) :
X
r .( 0^
e ' ^ + x
,1
c '
' -f') \
) -
e
'v y
V J
V J
c) B dn tn hiu: y^, ( n) = <
Y^,(e'") = x ( e " " ' )
Hnh 3.17
(n / 2) n cha^n
n l
Hnh 3.18
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tn hiu r rc trong min tn s lin tc 171
3.20. Cho mt h thnu L1'I c i ni> xunu h ( n ) = a"u( n ). |a! < 1.
a) Hv t nh hm t l i rnu quan ( m) cho p i m xi i nu nv.
b) Hy x.c nh hm ml d nne lirnu | cua h thnu.
c) Dni ] thuyt Par seva c nh m t ch phn sau:
cko
cho h thnii.
Li gii:
Trong bi tp ny, chim ta ma lliLiyet la
a) Phh(m) = h ( m ) * h ( - m )
Thc h n bin i Pouricr cua chui nv ta c;
Thc hin bin i }'Ourier, la c;
I>hh( i ) =
1 a
b) T phn a) ta c:
= hc'*'* ) m c bo'i vi h(n) l thc
- a
___1_________
c) Dng l thuyt Parseval:
2n
. | H(e' ")| d0)= 2 h(n)| = X ( )=-" (
-TT n = - O n--..-cr.; 11=0
3.21. u vo ca ml h thi lch l! u tin (first backvvard di crence - bi lp 3.15. l ml tn
hiu nhiu trnu c i Ir truim binh bng 0 v hm l tirom quan l (|)^^ (m) - ^ ( m) .
a) Hy xc nh v v hm t lironu quan v ph cnu sut ca li ra toiig ng ca h thng.
b) Hy xc nh cne sut trun binh ca u ra h thiii.
c) Bi tp ny cho bn bit iu gi v h thng lch li u tin ca mt tn hiu nhu (noisy
signal)?
Li gii:
H thn lch li u tin (irst backvvard diYerence) ' c cho bo'i:
y( n) = x ( n ) - x ( n - l )
a) ()(m) = E y ( n ) y ( n + m) |
= e " x (n) - x( n - 1) ' x ( n + m ) - x( n + m - 1)"|
= E | x ( n ) x ( n + m) | - E | x ( n ) x ( n + m - l )| - E| , \ (n " ! ) x( n + m) |
+ E | x ( n - l ) x ( n + m - l)
= f x x ( m ) < ) ( m - 1) - . x ( m + l ) + ( m )
= 2(),, ( m) - (),, (m - 1) - () (m + l)
= 2j 5( m) - ^S( m --1) - ^ ( m + l)
2a; (),,[ml
in
-1
0
-
Hub . 19
c ph cng sut, thc hin bin i Pourier ca hm t toig quan, ta c:
~ j e ' " = 2^ - 2; cosco"=2J (1 - cos(o)
b) Cng sut trung bnh ca u ra h thng c cho bi (o)
i y (0) = 2'
c) Cng sut nhiu tng ln klii i qua h thng lch li u tin (first backxvard differer.ce).
iu ny cho chng ta thv rng h thHLi lch li u tin khuch i nhiu cua mt n hiu.
Chng 3: Biu din h hng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 173
3.22. Xt mt qu trinh nu nhin x ( n ) l dp na ra cua iri h Ihng / n cho trn hnh v.
w( n ) l qu trnh nhiu tranu, clinig. rune bnh baim i) v thc (real / ero-mean stationary
\vhitc- noise process) vi E U' (n) ; C' .
vv(n)
mh 3.21
a) Hy biu din E X"( n) ] theo ), (n) v o
b) Hy xc nh ph m cnu SLil j cua x(n).
c) My xc nh hm tiRTim quan (|) ^ (n) ca x(n).
Li i:
a) H x ( n ) x ( n ) | = ( ) ( 0 )
b) o .
a
1~ c o SCO
v 2
u ( n )
( ~n)
Jj
= ^w<t>hh(n)
3.23. Xt mi h thnii LT! c p im xung h(n) mang gi ir ihc. Gi s cc p ng ca h
hnu i vi hai u vo x(n) v v(n) ln it l v(n) v z(n) nh Irong hnh v. Cc u vo
\ ( n) v v(n) trn hnh v l cc qu tnnh ngu nhicn. dng, trung binh bng 0 v thc (real
zero-mean stationary random process) vi cc hm t t ong quan ()^^(n), c)^.^, ( n ) v ph
cng sut cho , e ' j .
X( n )
V(n)
h(n)
7( n )
Hml 3.22
174 Gii bi tp x ly tin hiu s v Matlab
a ) Cho ( . ( n) . ( e"- ), ( c" ) hy xc nh O ^ J e - ) l
ph cne sut cho ca v(n) v z(n). trorm ( c ' ju' c xc nh bi:
<1>X. (n)<-~~' vi ( ), Jn) = E y ( k ) z ( k - n )
b) Liu ph crm sut cho e-'''j lun khnu m vi mi OK niiha o
Chrnu minh.
>()*?.
Li i:
a) ()y,(n) = E y ( k ) z ( k --n)}
= E^ h ( r ) x ( k - - r ) h ( m) v ( k ~ n - m)
r - - cc m - - y :
M ^^.(n) = E | x ( p ) v ( p - n ) j , do ;
= l , ( - n ) * h ( n ) * * ( n )
b) Ph cng sut cho (e' ' ) khng lun m vi mi 0).
Xt u vo x(n) l mt qu Irinh trng (white process) v
v ( n ) - - ^ x ( n )
, , ( n ) - - a ; 5 ( n )
Ch rng H c' " l s dong. Mt khc:
Do ph cn sut cho c th mang gi tr m.
3.24. Xt h t hon LTI trn hnh v di v. u vo h thng e(n) l mi tn hiu nhiu trnu,
dng, truim binh bnu 0 vi cns sut trung bnh . H thHi u tin l mt h thng lch
li vi f (n) = e ( n ) - e ( n - 1) . H thn th hai l h thng t hng thp l iLRTng v-i p ng
tn s:
0) <0)^.
(0^. < co < 7X
e(n)
H Ihnu LT
s l
f(a)
Hnh 3.23
H hiiu LTl
s 2
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v n hiu ri rc rong min tn s lin tc 175
a) Xc nli biu dicn e' ' 1 l h cn sut cua '{n) v v cho - I n < co < 2n ,
b) Xc nh biu dicn cua hm l tironu quan (),- (ni) cua (n).
c) Xc n biu dien e*''') k' ph cnu siit CLia g(n) v v cho -2j i < 0) < 2n
d) Xc nh biu din cni siil irunu bnh cua li ra ,; .
L i d :
a) Vi f ( n ) = c( n) - c(n - 1) , nen I| e ' ") = 1- .
c>p, e"" j c cho bo'i:
( 2 - c"" - c ' a l (2 -2coso))
e'
inh .124
b) ,.j ( m) l bin i 1-ouncr nuc cua (c' " ]. Dnu kl qua (Tphn a) ta c:
(|)iy( m) - (2( m ) . (n I 1) - ( m - 1))
o] ( 2 - 2c )S0) ) , (ol <
1
0,
(0^. < 0)|;< K
Hnh 3.25
d)
1 ^ 1 2'
1c > | e ' ' " dco - ( 2 - 2cos(o)d(o = - sinco . )
" 2k [ 2ti J ^
-rr
c . BI TP NNG CAO
3.25. Xt h t hns nh hinh v sau y:
4-#
x ( n )
e
l, (n) p8(n - 1
I12 (n) ^ a u (n)
y(n)
Hnh 3. 26
a) T m p na xung h(n) ca h t hng tng qut.
b) T m p ng tn s ca h t hng tng qut.
c) T m pho' ng trnh V I phn biu din mi quan h gia u vo x(n) v u ra y(n) ca h
thng.
d) H thng c nhn qu khng? Vi iu kin no th h thng s n nh?
3.26. Mt h t hng tuyn tnh bt bin c p ng xung
3 ^
H
co!
2n
<
16
v 2 /
0,
2n
< co
16
< n
thni.
u vo ca h thnt l mt xung on v tun hon vi chu k N = 16. T m u ra ca h
x ( n ) = ^ ( n + 16k)
k--cc
3. 27. Cho xê' "' j - 1 < a < 0 . Hy xc nh v v cc hm sau y:
a) Re| x( e" ' )
b) I m x ( e ' )
c) j x( e' "
d) a r g | x ( e j ' ' )
3.28. xe' "" j l bin i Pourier ca chui x(n) cho trn hinh v sau y. Thc hin cc tnh ton
sau y m khng nh gi x e ' " j mt cch r rng.
1 1 1 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
-1
-1
Hnh 3. 27
a) nh gi x e '''^
V /w=i
b) nh gi X
c) T m arg X
7
d) nh gi jdo)
-n
e) Hy xc nh v v tn hiu c bin i Pouner l j
f) Hy xc nh v v tn hiu c bin i Pourier l Re x ( e ' ' '
3.29. Cho h thng nh hnh v, hy xc nh u ra y(n) khi u vo l x ( n ) - ( n) v j l
mt b lc thng thp l t' ng.
H( e' )
' l (0 < n / 2
0 7 / 2 < co < 71
x(n)
(-1)" w(n)
w(n)
(-i r
e
y(n)
Hnh 3.28
- 27T -rc
71 7T
2 2
H n / 3 . 2 9
271
(0
3.30. Cho mt chui c bin i Pourier nh sau:
- a -
x(e' ) = <1
a) Ti m chui x(n)
b) Tnh jxê-"' ' cosa)dco
3.31. Mt h thni L l l c mi quan h u vo ' u ra nh sau:
y ( n ) - x ( n ) + 2 x ( n l ) + x ( n - 2 )
a) T m p ng xung h(n) ca h thng.
b) H thnu c n nh khng?
c) T m dp ne tn s 11[c' "j ca h thn. S dnii cc na nhl thc lirtm gic d ri ra
it biii din oi Iîn ca 1 ).
d) V bin v pha cua dp im tn s.
c) Xt mt h thnii nuT c p ng tn s tng qut H| j = l
p nu xunu hj (n) ca h ihim mi.
. Hy xc nh
3.32. Cho ln hiu ri rc thc x(n) vi bin i PoLirier x ( e ' ' ' l u vo cua mt h hnu c
du ra nh sau;
x ( n) , n chn
0 n cn li
y( n) H
a) Hy v tn hiu ri rc s ( n) - 14- cos(Trn) v bin i F 0LUcr Se' " ) cua n.
b) Biu dn bin i Pouner j ca u ra theo x e " ', .se" j
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v in hiu ri rac trong min tn s lin c 179
c ) B n muon x p XI x( i ) bng tn h Li ni suv \V' { n ) ~ y ( n ) 4 - y ( n " l ) + y ( n - l ) ^ Xc
nh bin i PoLincr VVc-'" ] theo Y c' ' .
d) Hy v cho trTig hp \ ( n) ^ a > 1. Tm iu kin
T /
tn hiu ni su> nu l mt xp x gn ng ca tn hiu sc.
3.32. Xt mt h thim LTI r! 1'c \ (V d) ne ln s I( e' ' v p iu XUIIU h(n).
a) u tin a cho 3 ma hi sai! \X' h him:
(ii H thna l nhn qua,
( 11) H(e' "') = H' ( e )
(in) FT cua chui h(n+ I ) l ihirc.
S dni 3 li thit trn ch!m miil riiL h thim ny c mt p nu xLinu chiu di hCr hn.
b) Thm vo 3 ii thit trn, ta cho llm 3 ma thi sau y;
(IV) H( e' ")d0) = 2
2i i '
(V) H ( e ' " ) = 0
Nh^^ thim tin ny u xc dnli h thnu l diiv nht cha? Nu , hv xc nh
dp i m g x u n g h( n) . l y nu cu r v c l u i i x ( n ) c ne l t ?
3. 34. MI h t hng L T \ c p nu xLing nh sau; h ( n ) = a ' ' u ( n ) .
a) H y xc n h Yj ( n ) l dp i m r a cua du v o Xj ( n ) -
b) S dnu kl qu cua cu a) dc xc dnli p !1Zra y. (n) ca u vo X. (n) = cos
c) Hy xc nh y 3 ( n ) l dp n mr a c a d Li vo x. ( n ) c ' - ( n )
d) Hy so snh y-. ( n) vcVi y, (n) khi n l(Vn.
3.35. Xt mt h thim s c u vo x(n) \ u ra y(n) nh hnh v sau:
( Tin
x(n)
H thni LTl
h(ii)
y(n)
l i n h 3 . 3 0
u vo x( n) ircTC nh n V(V c v l ch n y i r c cho q u a mt h l l i i m LTI n nh vi
dp ne xLinu h(n).
a) H thng s c tuyn tnh khng? chng minh cu tr li ca bn.
b) H thng s c bt bin khng? chng minh cu tr l'i ca bn.
c) H thng s c n nh khng? chng minh cu tr li ca bn.
d) Xc nh mt h thii c sao cho SO' khi hnh v d'i y l mt cch thay th ca
biu din mi quan h u vo-Li ra ca h thim s (Ch : h thn c khng b buc phi l
mt h thng LTI).
x(n)
Hnh 3.31
3.36. Mt h thng thnm thp l tni pha 0 c p ns xune h| p{n) v p ni tn s;
1,
0,
co < 0 , 2 t
0, 2ti < ( < 71
a) Mt b l c m i c n h n g h a b i p h o Ti g t r n h h ( n ) ( n ) = ( n ) . Hy
xc nh pho i g t r nh ca p ng tn s H| j v v phoTig t r nh v'i co < 7t . B l c ny l
loi gi?
b) Mt b lc th hai ' c nh ngha b'i phoiig trinh; (n) = 2h|p (n)cos(0, 57 n)
Hy xc nh phoTg t r nh ca p ng tn s H, e-' j v v p h o n e Irnh vi
B lc ny l loi g?
sin(0, 7n)
co < 71.
c) Mt b lc th ba c nh ngha bi phong trinh: h 3(n) =
7n
Hy xc nh phoTg t r nh ca p ng tn s H 3| ^ e ' ' j v v phiroTg t ri nh vi
B lc ny l ioi gi?
(0 < 7T .
3.37. Mt h thng LTl c: H
0 < a x T
c xem nh mt b dch pha 90^ v
J, - 7 < t < 0
c dng to ra ci m c xem nl l mt tn hiu phn tch w(n) nh trn hinh 3.32-1.
c bit l tn hiu phn tch w(n) l mt tn hiu gi tr phc c:
R e | w ( n ) | = x( n)
I m | w ( n ) = y ( n )
Re{w(i..)}
x(n)
H e
y(n)
Hnh 3.32-1
-Im I w ( n )|
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v n hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 181
Nu xe' "^ ] c cho nhir trn hnh 3,32-2. Hy xc nh v v bin di Pourier
cua n hiu phn tch w ( n ) ~ x ( n ) j y( n) .
Rc : X( e " )! Rcl X c ' - ' ) ]
------- h
0) -rc
Hnh 3.32^2
71
3.38. Chui l tng quan ca mt tn hiu x(n) 'c xc nh bi:
Rx( i ) = x ( k) x( n + k)
k^-co
a) Chim minh rim vi mt a chn thch hp tn hiu (n), ( n) - x ( n ) * g ( n ) v hy
xc nh kra chn ph hp cho g(n).
)
b) Chng minh riii bin i F' ourier ca ( n) bng x e ' " ) .
3.39. Chnii minh rnii bin i PoLiner ngc ca:
e"" = a
^ ( l - a e - "'
in i
( n + m - l ) !
l biu thc; x( n) = ----------a u n )
n!(m - 1)!
3.40. Xc nh bin i Pourier ng' c cua cc biu thc sau:
a) x 4 e " " ) = f (oj + 2Kk)
b) xj e-' "' )
- e
1
c) x^( e' ) = l + 2| ^cos(col )
1=0
d) X, e'
- j a e
7 , | a | <
(I
3.41. Cho y( n) = X, ( n) * X. ( n) * X, ( n ) . Chng minh rng:
+ rj +-J ~ +CO
a) Z y ( " ) "
n = - c o I i - - j h - - j :
182 Gii bi tp xi tin hiu s v Matiab
b ) ( - 0 " y ( n ) = X ( ' )"-^2(n) I
n- - - >X' 11: -- 00
I (
n " x . ( n )
3.42. C^ho chui x(n) hn qu. tlu.rc v c th lnh tniT 'c. x( e*' ]! bii di Pourier ca x(n).
(c'"' , X,,,, e' " l phn lrc v phn o ca x(e*" ), Chim minh rnu:
a) = } ' ' < 4 ' ' " " s - ]dO
b) X ( c - ) = i x . ( c * ) c o t g ^ ? ^ j de + x(0)
Cc phoiig trinh trn iixrc ei l cc quan h bin di Hilbert ri rc.
3.43. Xt hm truvn t ca b lc thng tt bc 2:
l + d | Z + d , z
Nu l gi Ir xp x tn s thp mong mun ca tr pha Tp (co) = - 0( ( o) / (0 . Chng minh
........ . , r 2 - 5 ^ , .( 2 - S ) ( l - )
rng: d, = 2 ----- - , d, = 7 ------- ---------^
' u + ; - {2 + S)(l + )
3.44. Cho H(.) l bin i Hilbert l tu''ng. neha l:
H { x ( n ) - 2 x ( k ) h ( n - k )
k=-cc
2 si n' (in / 2)
V'1 h ( n ) =
Tcn
, n ^ 0
0, n - 0
Chii minh cc tnh cht sau y ca bin i Hilbert l t'n<i:
a) H H{x( n) = - x ( n )
+ CQ
b) ^ x ( n ) H | x ( n ) | - 0 (gi : p dng l thuyt Parseval)
n = - 3
c) H x ( n ) * y ( n ) = H{x ( n ) } * y ( n ) = x ( n ) * H{ y ( n ) , vi x( n) v y( n) ! chui bt k.
LI GII BI TP NNG CAO
3.25. a) T hnh v;
y( n) = [ x ( n ) + x ( n ) * h , ( n ) ] * h , ( n )
= x ( n ) * [ ( n ) + h , ( n ) ] * h , { n )
(*)
Chng 3: Biu din h hng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 183
Gi h(n) l dp iVu XUUI eua ton i liim a c:
y ( n ) =: h ( n ) * x ( ' )
So snh \ \ biu thc {'^). SL1\ ra:
h( n) ~ ( n ) I h| (n)1 h. ( n )-- h. (n ) f h| ( n ) ( n) ^ (x' ' u(n) + p" ' ' u( n ~ l)
b) Th c hi n b cn i HLiricr cua h( n) t ph n a). a c :
X X a " u ( n ) e - " " " + p a ' ' " ' u ( n -
II ' - '' n ---00
= Va"u( n)e-- -' "" -
i-0
J(.)
-- c
Y c-"" 1 . n,. I-
c ) l a c H ( c ) = - - _
- ae
a <1
| a | < l
Nhn cho ta 'c: Y( e" )( ! - a c x( e" ' )(l 4-| k )
Thc hiii bin i Founcr ngc cua y c " : y ( n) - a y ( n - 1) = x( n ) + px( n --1)
d) 'l phii a): h( n) - 0. n V0 => h htm ny ! nhn qua.
Nu h thnu l I nh, tn li bin di KoLiricr. Do d iu kin n ni cng ing nh
diu kin d clLRyc gi ihiel 0' dp nu tan so nh tronu phan b); ngha l h thna s n nh nu
!.. i 1
a < 1.
3.26. Chui u vo:
x ( n ) ^ X
k--- y.
C' bin i Kouner;
I S ( n ^ ( ' k ) c ' ... =
Do , biu din tn s ca u \ () cng l mt chui xung c chu k. C 16 xung tn s
iront phm VI ~ 7 < (0 < K .
Chng ta v bin ca x e '' j v le' * j:
184 Gii bi tp xl tn hiu s Matlab
16 16 l 16 16 16
Hnh 3.33
T hnh v ta quan st thy rang h thng LTI ny l mt h thng thng thp. H t hng ny
s loi b tt c tr 3 xunu tn s. Nhn cc xung ny vi mt h s pha .
Bin i Pourier ca u ra:
16
CO
2n
16
1 'ii
+ ' ^
16
(+
2n
16
2nn 3t
16 8
3.27. Vi -1 < a < 0, ta c:
x(eJ) = ---- - ~
a) Phn thc ca x e ' :
x 4 e - ) = i ( x ( e - ) + X* ( e - ' ) ;
b) Phn o:
2j
V
1-2acosco + a"
- as i n co
1~ 2acosco+a"
c) Bin :
d) Pha:
X
z x
1 /
~>
I
\
7
1- 2acoso+a^
- a s m co
1- 2acosco
3.28. a)
x ( n ) - 6
' l = - c o ll = ~ a r
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min n s lin tc 185
b)
+CO +CO
X{^L x(nK-l)".2
I n = - c o n = -
c) V x(n) i xng qua n - 2 , tn hiu ny c pha tuyn tnh.
x ( e ^ ) = A(co)e-' -
A( co) l h m ( t hc) pha 0 ca (0 . Do :
zx(e' ) = -2co, - n<c<n
V /
d) x ( e - ' )e"J"dco = 27rx(n)
- 7 t
Kh i n = 0: | x ( e ' " )d(0 = 2t x(0) = 471
-n
e) Gi y(n) l chui cha bit. Ta c;
x ( e - ) = x ( e - ' - ) = X*( ") c ' = Z x ( - n ) e - " = Z y ( n ) e
t ) n n
Suy ra: y( n) ~ x ( - n )
- ron
-4
//m/2 J. J4
) Ta xc nh c rng: Xê'' = A( a) ) e'""
X r (eJ ) = R e x ( e ' )j = A ( cd) cos( 2 co) = - A ( co)
Thc hin bin i Pouner ngc, ta c:
FT xR( eJ ) = ^ a ( n + 2) + ^ a ( n - 2 ) = ^ x ( n + 4) + ^ x ( n )
T
-1/2
1-2
1
i
1
1/2
.... - ....# ......
T . , ,
-4
-1/2
Nn/ 3.35
186
Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s va Matlab
3. 29. t x ( n ) - f t ( n) th: X c ' " ) - 1 .
Li ra ca b lc thn thp l tironu: vv c'*" = X H c j =
B nhn ( l ) w( n) = e"' "\ v(n) uy ra vic dch tn s w
u ra tnu qut; y( n) = e ' "\v(n)+\v(n)
Do: Y(e' " ) = H(e-' *""^') + H( e")
TI 1
1, < co < 7T
0,
Y e j = !, suy ra y ( n ) = 5 ( n ).
3.30. a) Khai trin x e ' " ):
x ( e ' " ) =
M: H
o ) < -
I i
- a
1 ae' "
-Ui
- ae I - ae
x ( n ) = a " u ( n ) + a " u ( - n - 1) = y
b) - - - X (e ) coscodco X ( e
2k J ^ ' 2n I ^
e-' + e ,
--------- d(.o
1
2n
] \ / \
c ' " d(0
2k^,J ^ >
x ( n -- l ) x ( n + l)^ = j
3.31. a) y( n) = x( n) + 2 x ( n - l ) + x ( n - 2 ) = x ( n ) * h ( n )
= x( n ) * s ( n ) + 2( n - l) + 5( n -2)^
h( n) = (n) + 2(n--l ) + ( n- 2)
b) H thng l n nh v h(n) l chui c chiu di hu hn v hon lon lnh tnu uc
d)
He' ' "j =2(cos(o+l )
ZH( e ' ) = -(0
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v n hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc 187
Bii d
linh 3.36
e) h , ( n ) - ^ - H
2n ,'1,
d(0
H ' H
_ ^-1'
c
-
3.32. a) Ch rng: s ( n ) ~ 1+ C ( ) s ( 7 n ) ~ 1+ ( 1)
k
s[l]
2tt a
/ \
A A A
:k co
Hnh 3.37
b) B'i v y( n) x ( n ) s ( n ) ,
Y(e' ' ") = s{e") x(e'*" )dco = X (e' ) f X
Y e ' ' ' cha bn sao ca x c ' ' j lp li ti cc khoni ca T.
c) Bi vi w ( n ) = y ( n ) + " v ( n -f 1 ) + ( n - 1)1
w e-'"' c-""Yc""] + c-"Yc-"''
'!
V \ / 7 \ \
/ 1
d) Hnh v dircVi y bii din X e ' " j , Ye-' ' ' *). v w e'^ cho a < 2 v a > 2. Ch rns
1,
0,
0)
71
<
n
<
0) < 7
i vi a > 2, j cha 2 nh khng chng nhau ca x e ' j , trorm khi vi a < 2 thi
c s chng ph. Khi c chng ph, w e ' " j khng xp xi gn ng vi x e " ' ). Do , a phai ln
hn 2 w(n) gn ng vi x(n).
X, Y, and vv tbr a < 2 X, Y, anci v\' br a < 2
Hnh 3.38
3.33. a) T cc gi ca u bi ta thy:
(i) H thng l nhn qu ngha l: h ( n) = 0, khi n < 0 .
(li) FT l i xng lin hp, ng h(n) l thc.
(iii) DTFT ca chui h(n+l ) l thc, ng h(n+l ) l chn.
T cc quan st frn, ta suy ra h(n) c chiu di bng 3, do n c chiu di hCru hn.
b) T phn a) ta thy rng h(n) c chiu di bng 3 vi i xng chn quanh h ( l ). t h(0)
h(2) ==a v h( l ) = b, t (iv) v s dng l thuyt Parseval ta c: 2a" -\-h' - 2
T (v) ta cng c: 2 a - b - 0
Gii h phoig nh, ta 'c:
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac trong min tn s lin tc 189
h( 0) = J . - ; h( l ) = ~ ; h ( 2 ) = j j h o c :
h( 0) = ^ ; h(2) = 4
V3 v3 n/3
3.34. i vi -1 < a < 0, ta c: x e " ) = -
- a e
a) Phn thc ca X e ' " ] : X^
1- acosco
b) Phn o ca x(e' ): X, (e") = ^ "x(e'" ) - X* (e'"')"
1 2acoso) + a
-asinco
l - 2acosco + a'
c) Bin :
d) Pha: ZXe' ' " arctan
I - 2acosco + a J
3.35. a) y( n) = h ( n ) * e ' ' '"' x( n) ^ e'"'''x ( k ) h ( n - k)
k - -oc
t x( n) = a X| ( n) + bx^ ( n) thi:
y( n) = h ( n ) * e' "'""x(n) = h ( n ) * | e * ' '''" aX| ( n) + bX, ( n ) '
= e""' " ^ [ a x, ( k) + b x , ( k ) ] h ( n - k )
= a ^ ( k ) h ( n - k) + b e' ' ""''x2( k) h{n - k) = ay, ( n) + by, (n)
k = -co
Trong y, ( n ) , y. ( n) t ong ng l p ng ra ca Xj ( n ) , X, ( n ) . Do ta kt lun rng
h thng s l tuyn tnh.
b) t X, ( n) = x( n - 11(5)
y. (n) = h( n ) * V " ' ' "x, ( n) "
= e-' ' "<'- ' > x , ( n - k ) h ( k ) = e^J"''<'" ' ) x ( n - n - k ) h ( k )
k' - -X k= -30
y(n - n )
Ta c the kt lun rni h thng s khng phi l bt bin theo thi gian.
c) Vi bin ca lun lun bng 1 v h(n) l n nh, mt u vo x(n) b gii hn
(bounded x(n)) s lun to ra mt u ra b gi'i hn (bounded y(n)) i vi h thng LTI n nh
v do u ra y(n) s b gii hn. Do ta kt lun rng h thng s l n nh.
190 Gii bi tp x l tin hiu s v Malab
d) Ta c th vit li y(n) nhu' sau:
+CO
y( n) = h(n)*[e--' ' ' "'x ( n ) ] = e - k ) h ( k )
= e' ' ' ' ""c-"""' x(n-k)h(k) = c^' '''' e' '" S ( n - k ) h ( k )
k---/
Do h ihnu c phi l mt php nhn vi e .
3.36. a) H ( e' t ong nu l mt phicn bn dch tn s ca H e' *j . dc bit l:
Do ta c:
1,
l ml b lc thng cao.
[o, |(o<0,8k
0, 8n < 0) < T
- to
Hnh 3.39
b) H. e' ' ) tnu im l mt phin bn iu ch tn s cua II c " ' ), c bil l:
( e ' " ' ) = l l ( e " ' ) * 8 ( ( 0 - 0 , 5 tx) + 8 ( ( 0 + 0 , 5 7 )
0 , ( 1 ) < 0 . 3 t
H, ( e' " ) = ^l, 0,371 <| o)| <0, 77t
0, 0,7 7 i < (0 s 71
l mt b lc thDx di.
- - 1
-0,371 0 (),3Tr
Hnh 3.40
0. 7 t
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hlu ri ^c rong min tn s lin tc 191
c) 13 l uoi m im l ino tich ch|'i co chu k> cua vVi mi b lc thim thp
khc, dc bit :
dO ronir d H c ' dirr cho b'i:
II
1. |()' 0. In
| o. {),1:x<; o) <0. 7 7 :
l
Thirc hii tch chp, ta c:
' 0.1 :o)i<0.]7
i
~ - 0. 5 0. 71< lO < 0, 3t
2t ' ' I I '
0. ( ) , 37 < O< T
ln 3.4
3.37. Ch rnt' x(c^*" l thc v dirc cho bo'i;
-jXc*"' ), 0 < (0 < 71
X c ' 1. i < 0) ()
v ( c ' )
\v ( n ) = X ( n ) + jy ( n ). do (: w ( c ) = X (c )
Kt lun: w ( c ' ) - |
2X
0,
0 < (X) < I
7 < (!) < 0
Hnh 3.42
3.38. a) Di bin r = - k . ta c thc \ ic li (n) nhir sau:
R x ( ) = ^ ( " ' ) ' < ( n - r ) = x ' ( - n ) * x ( n )
r /-
0 < (t) < 7
l (0 V0
Do ta c: g( n) = X* ( - n )
b) Bin i Pourier ca x' ( - n ) l X* j , do :
, , ( n + m - l ! , . ,
3.39. t x, ( n) ^ - a u( n),
r ngFT{x, ( n) = x 4 e ' ;
a < 1. Ta s chng minh bng phng php quy np
Vi m - 1; X| ( n) = a " u ( n ) , | a| < 1, do : FTx| ( n) | = X| ( e' =
nu trong phn tm tt l thuyt).
(nh
Vi m = 2: X, ( n) = a " u ( n ) = (n + 1)X| ( n) = nX| ( n) + X| ( n) , | a| < 1
Do : F T x 2( n ) = X 2 (eJ') =
ae
- 1(0
+
1- a e
- J ( t )
1 - a e
-jC
- (s dng tnh cht vi
phn ong min tn s).
By gi gi thit rng biu thc ng vi m. Xt gi tr tip theo:
m + l
a <1
a u( n) =
m
1 . d
m d(0
+ +
l +I / ; \ n i
1- a e -
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
3.40. a) X, (eJ ) = s( + 27tk). Suy ra: X (n) - 1 5(co)e'"dco - 1
k=-^ 27t 4
, 1 p-J(N+0 N
b) x ( e ' ) = = Suy ra: x ( n) =
1 ^ n=0
1 , 0 < n < N
0 , n cn li
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tii hiti ri rc trong min an s lin tc 193
- N n < N
0 . n cii li
c) x , ( c ' " ) = l t 2Y cos( i' ,1) V e . Suy ra: x ( n ) : - i '
l-CI i \ [*
d) Xj c' "] - - ----- |(X^; 1. Ta c Ih Mct 1,! X I ( c' " 1nhir sau
- e
X,, (c )
d(!)
- ac
di)
1-- .c
x( n) = l ' l ' x ( c ' " )| - (x"u(n) .
Suy ra \ j ( n) FT I Xj (c^"' ) - - j n"u( n)
3.41. v ( c ' ' ) = x, ( c - ' ' " ) x, ( e ' " ) x , ( c ' " ) . ngha l:
Z y ( n ) c ' ... - V x , ( | c .... i| X x , ( n ) e - ....
II - i _! ' - j it---cr' J _i i ---' r>
/ +C0 ~\ ~ rC -i-r,-
a) Do , cho (!) 0 ta c: ^ y ( n ) ^ Xj ( n) V X , ( n) ^ X. ( n)
b) Cho fo = 7 la c:
n - - . - v n 1 5 - - ' / _ [ n /
3.42. a) X( n) ' \ ( n ) -t x, , (i i ). Di \ xVi \ ( n) nhn qua. ta c:
x ( n ) 2x^1,, ( n ) u ( n ) - X( 0) ( S( n) = h ( n ) - X ( 0 ) ( n ).
x ( n ) = 2 X | ^ , ( n ) u ( n ) . x ( 0 ) { n )
' l' hc hin bin i '0uncr ca 2 vc cua phu' 0'im Irnh {2}:
x{c' ") = H ( e ' " ) - x ( 0 )
Trong d h c-''"):.. I T ( n ) u (n) ' f x, ( c' ' ' )m ( c | d ( )
Ch : F r | x , , ( n ) = X, j c ^ '
M ta c:
m c ' " ' ) = ; - K ^ ( c ) + 27k) = cot e| I+ JT V (o) -t- 2nk)
( l - e k . - - - 2 \ J 1^^,
Thay vo (4) t: c:
I ( i X. c *') : ------i c oi e ' ' TI / 5; ^ ' " k ;d:)
T - ' T '7 1^2 / , '
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
194 Gii bi tp x/ tin hiu s v Matlab
j x ( o ' ' ) . , ^ ! d O
Thay vo (3) ta c:
X( c ' - ) = X, . | e ' " ) - MX. ( c " ) = H ( e ' " ) - x ( 0 )
= x, Je'"
2t
1
2n
' x , , ( e ' " ) c o t g
d 0 - x ( O) (5)
7
d0
Bi vi ' c'*jd0 = X (o) khi x(n) l thc. So snh phn o ' 2 v ca phoig trnh (5)
d0 c " " ]
__ 1 ^
[ x , e ' " ) c o t g
V I
2n _
re \ r ^
V 2 J
b) Thc hin FT c hai pha ca phirong trinh (2), la c:
x ( e ' ' ) = G(e' " ) - x { 0 )
Trong G( e " ) = FT 2 x ( n ) u ( n ) = -:^ x ,
^ - - t
1 1<<" )\
e m e d0
(6)
(7)
j - FT| x, . (n ) | . Thay th biu din ca j nh cho O' phn a) vo phoTg
trinh (7), ta irc:
n
1 J
- - ^ c o t g
' ' e' '
2 2 \ 2 )
n ^ ( 0 + 27k)
JX ( e") + - x (e-'" ^10 + ^ 1 x (e"' )c-oig
- rt ' T
dO
f () - 0 ^
d0
Thay th pho' ng trnh ny vo phng trnh (6) ta c:
x ( s ' ) = X ( e ' ) + j X( e' - ) = G ( e " ) + x ( 0 )
= j X. ( e " ) + ^ x . . ( e ' " ) d e + ~ x . ( e " > o l g f ^ j d e + x( 0) (8)
= j X. n( e ' " ) + - +
^7 \ 1 J
^
Vi ^ f x . ( e ' )de = o
- T
ca phirong trnh (8) ta 'c:
^rc (e-'') = ) c o t g - ^ ^ d 0 + X(o)
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hin ri nc trong min tn s iin lc 195
3.43.
^ " l + d , e " ' " + d , c " c - ' " + d , -^d. c
(d| +diC0Sf'> - COS(I)) + j(d.,sin(0 -sinco)
(d| + d^costo- COSO + j(sino) - d;,s!no))
d| + (di + l)cos(0 1- j ( d, - HsinO'
d| + (d, + l cos !)' - j (d:; OsiiiCi)
Do : 0(co) = 2tg
( d 3 - l ) s ; n c )
d| + (d, - t 1)cos(o
i vi (0 = 0: Sin(0 ==c0, cos(o^l . Doci;
T (co) = - - ^ t g
(0
i v'i X= 0 : tg^' x ^ X. Do : T (to ) -
(0
Bv gi thay th d, - 2
3.44. a) Ta c:
d, + (d. 4-1)
- u .
1+ J ' ( 2 + 5)(l + )
d, + cK + 1
2 - 5 '
( ( 2 - 5 ) ( l - ) , , , 2( d, - l )
d. ------ ---------- ta d dng thy r n u ; --------- =------ -- 5
" d, + d . + 1
H | x ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n )
H H x ( n ) | | = x( n) *h( n) *hi ( i i )
Do ta cn phi chng mi nh rnu; h( n)* h( n) = - ( 5( n) . Ngo ra ta cn phi chng minh
rng: j = - 1 , iu ny d dng nhiii thy t:
- J , 0 < 0) < 7
- TC< (0 <: 0
b) Trong l thuyt rârseval;
f ( n) g' (n) - ^ F(c"" P ' [c"" )d(0 .
n = - c o
t f ( n ) - H | x ( n ) | ; g ( n) = x ( n ). ta iC:
^ x ( n ) H | x ( n ) | = - ^ lle-' ' ) x e " j x [ e ^ " )d(j , trong :
I 1 = - X ' 2 _
196 Gii bi tp x ly tin hiu s v Malab
- J . 0 < 0) < 7
J, - 7 I < (!) < 0
Tuy nhin biu thc tch phn l bim 0. \'i hm di du tch phn l im le Ironu: khoanu
d i xnL> ( - 7 T , 7 i ) .
c) V i H | x ( n ) | x(n)^^ h ( n ) , do :
H| x ( n ) * y ( n ) = r x( n) ' *' v( i i ) j *h( n) = i x ( n ) * h ( n ) ] n ' ( n ) - \ ( n ) *r y ( n )* h ( n ) :
(S dii tnh clt Liao hon v kl lip cua tch chp)
Suy ra: I ! X ( n ) * y ( n ) = n I X( n)} * y ( n ) = X( n ) * H y ( n) |
D. BI TP MATLAB
\13_1. X e l FT trong min ln s lin tc ca chui x( n) . X e' " ) co dim nu qut nh
sau;
x e ' ' " ) == Hy nh gi va v FT ca x(n).
a + ajC + ... + a^c
L i i i :
% Chuong trinh M3_l
% Tinh toan va bieu dien bien doi Pourer trong mien tan so lien tuc
c l f ;
% Chieu dai mong muon cua FT
k ^ input ( 'Nhap so luong cac diem tan so = ' ) ;
% Cac he so o tu so va mau so
num input ( 'Nhap cac he so o tu so - ') ;
% Tinh dap ung xung
w = 0 ;pi/ (k-1) :pi;
X = freq2 (num, den, w);
% Ve dap ung tan so
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,real(X));grid
title('Phan thuc');ylabel'Bien do');
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa {\omega /\pi}');
subplot(222);
plot(w/pi,imag{X));grid
title('Phan ao ) ; ylabe 1 { 'B.ien do ' } ;
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi)');
subplot(223)
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac rong iin tn s lin tc 197
plot {vj/pi , abs (X) ) ;yrid
title('Pho bi.en do ') ; ylabel ( 'Blen do ') ;
xlabel{'Tan so chuan l a (,omeqa /\pi)');
subplct (224)
plot (v//pi , angle {X) ) ; gi-.i d
titlePho pha arg [X {e" { j\omega })]'); label ' Pha liheo radians ' ) ;
Hi nh v sau \ bict! dici plin thc, phn ao cua X c ' ' . di m thi hiii din ph bin d
x ( c ' j v ph plia aru X e' ' | cua tin hiu \ ( n) v'i;
NCp so liKi cac cici U so 5 2
Nip CCCCso (} Uso 11 2]
Nliip cac lc so o U so ~ I -0.5 2/
P h a n h u c Phan ao
1
o
F 0
m
-1
-2
2.5
2
c
1
i n 1
.5
0
' Q.5
T a n s p ^ | : h L | a n h g a ( 0 3 / n )
- ......... ..................................
I
0 0,5 1
T a n S c h u a n h o a (o.'i /Ti)
' t
05
o
O)
-2
-4
0.5
/ t i )
0,5 1
Tan S chuan hoa (co /71!
M3_2. T nh cht dch thi izian v dch ln s ca '"'!'
a) Dch thi uian: chirnu trinh M3_2a biu dicn ph bin v ph pha cia mt p nii
tan so c dng nh sau:
iii tli biii dii ph bin v ph pha cua dy tn hiu trn vi dch thi uian D nhp
t hn phim.
Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s v MatHab
b) Dch tn s: chong trinh M3_2b biu din ph bin v ph pha cua mt p ru ln
s c dngHe' *"' ) - b( + b j e ' ' ' i . . . r . Clnrcng trnh ng thi biu dii ph bin d v
ph pha ca dy tin hiu trn vi dch tn s (0(J nhp t bn phm.
L(ri gii:
a)
% chuong trinh M3_2a
% Tinh C h a t dich thoi gian cua FT
cf ;
w = 'pi : 2*pi/512 ;pi; wo = 0.4*pi;
D = input{'Nhap thoi gian tre - );
num = input{'Nhap vecto tu so = );
hl = freqz{num, 1, w);
h2 = freqz{ [zeros(1,D) num], 1, w) ;
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,abs(hl));grid
title('Pho bien do cua day tin hieu goc');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(222);
plot(w/pi,angle(hl));grid
title('Pho pha cua day tin hieu goc);
ylabel('Do lon);
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(h2));grid
title('Pho bien do cua day tin hieu dich thoi gian');
ylabel('Bien do');
subplot{224);
plot{w/pi,angle(h2));grid
title{'Pho pha cua day tin hieu dich thoi gian');
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi)');ylabel{'Do lon');
Hnh v sau y mi nh ha cho t rna hp {b| ,} = num = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]; tr thi giam
D - 8 .
60
40
20
Pho bien d cu;a day tiri hieu goc Pho pha cua day in hieu goc
-1 -0.5 0.5
I
-2
-4
'|
'|
1
1
1
i
1
^1
I
1
1
1
'|
1,
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'1
'|
'i
1
\
' 1 '
1
'i
1
...... \
'|
'
\ 1
-1 -Q.5 0 0.5
Pho bien do cua day-' tin hieu dich thoi gian Ph pha cua ay tin hieu dich thoi gian
60
40
2
i
.
' i
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (
i'
1
1
)
1
' |
1.
. .
...
1
-
c
I 0
Q
-1 -0,5 .5 1
Tan so chu:an hoa (co /T[)
-1 -.5 Q .5 1
Tan so chuan hoa (o) /7i)
b)
% Chuong trinh M3_2b
% Tinh Chat dich tan so cua FT
clf ;
w = -pi:2*pi/255:pi;
wo = input('Nhap do di ch tan so ' ) ;
numl = input('Nhap VGt/0 t'J 30 - ';
h = length(numl);
hl = freqz(numl, 1, v;) ;
n = 0 : L - 1 ;
num2 = exp(wo*i*n) . *nu.m] ;
h2 = f reqz {nui2 , 1, Vv) ;
subplot (221) ;
plot(w/pi,abs(hl)) ;gri d
title('Pho bien do cua day tin hieu goc');
ylabel(Bien do');
subplot {222) ;
plot(w/pi,angle {hl) ) ;g rid
title('Pho pha cua day tin hieu goc);
ylabel('Do lon');
subplot (223) ;
plot(w/pi,abs{h2));gr1 d
title('Pho bien do cua day tin hieu dich tan so');
200
Gii bi tp x/ tin hiu s v Matlab
xlabel'Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi) ');
ylabel('Bien do');
subpl.ot (224) ;
d 1 ot w/pi , ang le (h2 ) ) ; g J'.id
title(Pho pha cua day tin heu dich tan so');
xlabe(Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi) ') ;ylabel ( 'Do ]o n ') ;
80
60
l - o
r
20
0
Pho hien do cua day tin hieu goc
---------
Pho pha cua day in hieu goc
c
I 0
Q
-2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5
-4
-V
-1 -0.5 0,5
Pho bien do cua day tin hieu dich tan so Pho pha cua day tin hieu dich tan so
4
c
I 0
Q
-2
-4
'i.
\
1
1
\
'|
X
1
'
'1
'1
1
'l
1
\
1
. l
'l
1
1,
'l
1
1
\
' 1 l
'l
1,
-0.5 0,5 1
Tan so chuan hoa (co n) Tan S chuan hoa (co /7)
l nh v minh ha cho trnu hp {b|, num ~ [ 3 5 7 9 11 13 15]; Ire tan s C0(, - 0.3ti .
M3__3. Tnh cht chp ca FT:
Tnh tch chp ca liai dy c gi tr ' c nhp t bn phm. Hnh v sau y minh iia cho
ph bin v ph pha ca tch chp y - x j * x , ca hai dy X| ~[1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15| v
x , - [ l -1 2 - 1 1] .
'' ' i d i :
% Chuong trinh M3_3
% Tinh Cha t tich chap cua FT
c l f ;
w = -pi;2*pi/512:pi;
xl - input('Nhap day thu nhat = ');
x2 = input('Nhap day thu hai = ;
y = conv{xl,x2); % Tich chap cua 2 day
hl = freqz(xl, 1, w); % Bieu dien day 1 trong mien tan so
h2 = f reqz (>:2, 1, w) ; Bieu dien day 2 trong mien tan so
ht = hl . *h2 ; 'i T i.ch cua 2 day trong mien tan so
h3 = freqz (y, 1, w) ; Bieu dien day tich chap y trong mien tan so
e_a = abs(ht) -abs (h3) ; % Sai so cua pho bien do
e_p = angle {Tt) ' angle (h3 ; % Sai so cua pho pha
subplot(321);
plot (w/p:i , abs ( ht) ) ; gr id
title('Tich cua pho bien do' ) ;vlabel ( 'Bien do') ;
subplot{322);
p l o t { w / p i , a ng 1e ( h t j ) ; g r i d
title('Pho pha cua t.ich ') ; ylabel Do lon);
subplot(323);
p 1 o t (w/p i , a bs (h3 ) ) ; gr I d
title( 'Pho bien do cua day chap y-^xl*x2');
% xlabel ('Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\p-i-) ') ;
label('Bien d o ');
subplot(324);
plot (w/pi , angle (h3 ) ) ;gr'id
title'Pho pha cua day chap y^xl*x2');
% xlabel('Tan GO chuan hoa (\omega /\pi)');
ylabel('Do lon');
% Bieu dien sai so
subplot (325) ;
pl ot (w/pi , abs (e_a) ) ;gr ici
title(Sai. so cua. piio b]en do ') ;
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa (\ornega /\pi) ');
ylabel('Do lon);
subplot(326);
p l o t ( w / p i , a b s ( e _ p ) ) ; ar ui
title('Sai so cua pho oha');
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi) ');
ylabel('Do lon');
Chng 3: Biu din h thng v n iîu ''/ rc trong min tn s lin tc 201
202 Gii bi tp xl tn hiu s v Malab
160
T ic h cua ph o b i e i do
; ' : \
c
o
o
i \ \
/ \
1 -.5 0 .5 1
P h o bi e n o c u a a y c h a p y = x 1 * x 2
;
/ i \
: \
y'
c
1
1 - 0 . 6 0 . 5 1
X S a i 80 c u a p h o b ie n do
- 0 . 5 0 0.5
P h o ph 3 cu- l i c h
.....
i l\
I '
\
\
\
--\--
... -
-V -
\ i
1
A \ l \
:U \
\
,...x
\
.-..
-j
........V
\
0 . 5 0 5
P h o p h a c u a y C135
l-v.. -
l .
1
i ' ^ 1 ' \ .
!^
' \
r t ' -
l-v-
^ : i \J i: \
...... t - 1
0 5 0 0 5
S a i s o c u a ph o pha
T a n s o c h u a n ho a ( a / i )
- 0 . 5 0 5
T a n s o c h u a n ho a (Ci5 / * )
M3_4. T nh cht bin s o ca FT:
Cho mt dy bt k x(n), gi tr ca dy c nhp t bn phm. V ph bin v ph pha
ca dy v ph bin v ph pha ca dy bin s o ca n x(-n).
Li gii:
% chong trinh M3_4
% Tinh C h a t bien so dao cua FT
clf ;
w = -pi:2*pi/512:pi;
X = input{ ' Nhap c h u o i tin hieu goc = ' ) ;
L = length(x)-1;
hl = freqz(x, 1, w); % FT cua chuoi tin hieu goc
h2 = freqz(fliplr(x), 1, w);
h3 = exp{w*L*i)-*h2; % FT cua choi bien so dao
subplot(221);
plot(w/pi,abs(hl));grid
title('Pho bien do cua chuoi goc');ylabel(Bien d o ');
subplot{222};
plot(w/pi,angle(hl)};grid
title('Pho pha cua chuoi goc');ylabel('Bien do');
subplot(223);
plot(w/pi,abs(h3));grid
title('Pho bien do cua chuoi bien so dao');
x.label('Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi)');
l a b e l ( ' Bien d o ' ) ;
subplot(224);
plot {w/pi , ang le (h3 ) ) ; gr 1 ci
title('Pho pha cua chuoi bien so dao);
xlabel{'Tan so chuan hoa \omega /\pi)');
ylabel(D lon');
Hinh v sau minh ha cho ph hin v ph plia ca dy \ ( n) ^ [ 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 ] v ph
bin v ph pha ca dy bin s ao X ,-n).
Pho bien do cua c h u i goc Ph pha cua chuo goc
4
0
\
\
\ '
*
\ \
\ 1
\ ;
\ ,
'\
\
\
0
\
s
'
\
! \
' 's
i
\ : ''
\ \
'
-4
-0,5 0 Q.5 1
Pho bien do cua chuoi bi en so dao
25
20
-g 15
c
cu
m 10
5
0
/
\ :
1
/
1
1
1
1
1 ;
1 :
1 ;
1
1
1
"
!
N y'
1
1 -0.5 0,5
Pho pha cua chuoi bien S dao
\ :
'
/
/'
; /
- - ~ - -
/ '
i
'
,
'
/
/
i
/
! '
p
i
^.1
Tan so chuan ho [( ^t)
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Th so chuan h (co %)
M3_5. T nh cht iu ch ca FT
Cho hai chui Xj a(^,a, I v X, = | b(pb, } vi cc h s }, b | | nhp t bn
phim. V ph bin v ph pha ca Xj , , v ca chui tch y x , x , .
Li gii:
% Chuong trinh M3_5
% Tinh Chat dieu che cua FT
clf ;
w = -pi:2*p/255:pi;
xl = input{'Nhap chuoi thu nhat = ') ;
X2 = input('Nhap chuoi thu hai = ');
y = xl.*x2; % Tich cua chuoi thu nhat va chuoi thu hai
hl = freqz(xl, 1, w);
h2 = freqz(x2, 1, w);
h3 - freqz(y,1,w);
subplot (321) ;
plot{w/pi,abs(hl));grid
t:itle('Pho bien do cua chuoi thu nhat ' ) ;
vlabel('Bien do');
subplot (322 ) ;
plot(w/pi,angle(hl));grid
title('Pho pha cua chuoi thu nhat');
ylabel('Do lon');
subplot(323);
p l o t ( w / p i , a b s { h 2 ) ) ; g r i d
title('Pho bien do cua chuo thu hai');
ylabel('Bien do' ) ;
subplot{324);
plot{w/pi,angle(h2}) ;grid
title('Pho pha cua chuoi thu hai');
ylabel{'Do lon');
subplot(325);
plot(w/pi,abs(h3});grid
title{'Pho bien do cua chuoi tich');
xlabel('Tan so chuan hoa {\omega /\pi)');
ylabel('3ien d o );
subplot(326);
plot(w/pi,angle(h3) } ;grid
titlePho pha cua chuoi tich');
xlabel{'Tan so chuan hoa (\omega /\pi));
ylabel{'Do 1on');
l nh v diri dy l ph bin v ph pha cua X | . x . v ca chui tch V^X| X. tronu
inrng hp X, - [ 1 3 5 7 9 11 13|; X. =[ l - 1 1 - 1 1
Chng 3: Biu din h thng V tn hiu ri rc trong min i s lin tc 205
Ph bien do cua chui thu nhat
60
7 3
c:
m 20
0
10
Qj
ixi
r.......
i'
_ _ _ -
' Ph do c & c h uc * r ^ ' f r i u hai ^
1
'|
1 1
. ^ - -
1
.....iL......
------ -- -
1
1
l'
_____'i______
P h c f t f e n do 9ua c h ft r?t ic h ^
60
^ 40
0)
' 20
1.............. 1... [.............
' -----
\
........ T-
)
^ --
1 -0.5 c) 0.5 1
Tan so chuan h (co /Jt)
Pho pha cua chuoi t hu nhat
-5
1
*',
------------ -----------
\
|_
t 1^ '
1
1.
\
PhcPf:ia cua'l::hijoi hai ^
-5
11 1
1
1
t
.. \
X j v ;
M '
i' \
-1
F lf t ^ h a ciJ chud?tfch
o
Q
-5
[. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
1,
i
V
(
'v
"I ........
\
\ ,
\
\
't.
1 'i,
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
Tan S chuan hoa (co / ti)
BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC
TRONG MIN TN s RI RC (DPT)
Chng 4
A. TM TT L THYT
Trong cho' ng ny, chng ta lm quen vi php bin i Pourier ri rc DFT, v l ml
trong nhiTna ni duiiZ quan trng ca x l tn hiu s vi n l nn t ns cho cc tlui ton tnh
ton nhanh nh bin i Pourier nhanh FFT gip cho tc tnh ton ca cc chp DSP ci thin
ng k.
Cc kin thc troig chnu ny cn lu bao gm:
4.1. Cp bin oi Pourier ri rc i vi dy tun hon c chu k N
Bin i DPT
X( k) = ^ x ( n ) . e ^ = X x ( n ) W ' " (k = 0 - N - l )
11=0 11 = 0
03, = ~ k ; W^"
^ N
Bin i nuc IDFT
( n = 0 - ^ N - l )
^ k=0
Lu ;
- x(k) cng tun hon vi chu k N.
- c i m ni bt ca DPT l bi n i xui v ngC t ng ni i nhu nhau, ch khc nhau
v h s /N v du s m- hav ni cch khc bin i xui v ngu'c l cnu thut ton.
4.2. Cp bin i Pourier ri rc i vi dy c chiu di hu hn N
i vi cc dy c chiu i hiu hn N (k hiu l x(n)M), bin i c DF' T ng'i coi
n l chu k ca 1 dy tun hon, do vy thc hin ir'c bin i DPT v sau ly kt qu
trong mt chu k. C th bin i DPT i vi dy c chu k N ' c nh ngha Iih sau:
Bin i DPT:
^ ' x ( n ) \ v ^ " 0 < k < N - l
x(k) =
Bin i DFT:
x ( n ) -
n=()
0
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac trong min tn s ri rc 207
3iu dien x ( k ) di dni: inodi! \ aigumenl: x ( k ) -X(k)| e' ' ^^^*
x ( k ) : ph ri rc bin
t p ( k ) ; ph ri rc pha.
4.3. Cc t nh cht ca bin i Pour i cr ri r c DPT
Cc k iin:
- x{n)x; tn hiu x(n) c chiu d! hu hn N.
- x( n) ^ ; Un hiu tun hon c chu k N.
- Phn bi t r x( n) x x(n).
- x( n ~ n , , ) : tr tuvn tinh
' \ ( n : t r tun hon chu kv N
- x( n , : tr v ne v'i chiu di N.
Cc tnh cht:
Ch : cn phn bit cc php ton sau y:
- Php chp t uvn t nh X| (n)^X2(n)
- Php chp tuii lion X, (n)^
- Php chp v n e X| ( n) N( *) x X:(n)\
7' r cl \ ta t h v . k t qua ca php c i p t u \ n t nh g i a hai t n hi u c c h i u di hu hn X| ( n)
c chicLi di N, \ : ( n) c chiu c N. hc troni chu'0'im 1 c tli lnh irc thnu qua bin i
DPT ncu chiu di ihc lin DI T N 'Z: N| ' * 1. Nh vv \ i c thc hin php cp s d dni;
hon v bin i [)F'' v 1DFT c tlnic hin cng ml thut ton.
Ba^ il ki cc lnh cha! CU DF ' i vi day iuchi hon c chu k N
Min n Min k
= ( 0 < n < N- l )
k-1)
x( k ) = | ] ' x( n) w ; ' ' , ( 0 < k < N - l )
l=()
aS| (n)^. +bx, (n)^. aX, (k)^. +bX, (k)^.
x{ n~ n)^
W^""X(k)
\ \ t x ( n ) x( k + l)
I.--0
208 Gti bi p xi tin hiu s v Matlab
l x x , ( l ) , x , ( k - l ) ^ = x , ( k ) ^ ( ) x , ( k )
1.-0
( n) thc
Re x( k ) ] = Re[ x( ~k) j
Im ^X(k) ]= l mr x ( - k ) j
| x( k) Hx( ~k)
aru x ( k ) | = ~ar u x ( - k ) |
L J L _i
! - ( J
R, , , ^(k) = x , ( k ) x , ( - k )
R, ^, ^(k) = x , ( k ) x ; ( k )
x- ( n) x*( - k)
*(-n) x*(k)
Re{s( n) }
[ x ( k ) + x (-l<)'
L x ( k ) - X* ( - k ) ]
2j -
4.4. Thc hin php chp nhanh
(rhni ta lu vn, rn t hc t cc dy tn hi u au vo bao i' CIL c chi u di 1'11 ho'ii
nhiu so vi chiu di ca p iiii xung h(n) cho nen lnh ton xc nh u ra cua h thni^ vi
hiu nn tnh ton cao ta c th chia ln hiu vo x(n) thnh cc dy con X(n) c chiu di ph hp
vi p im xuim ca h thng.
x( n) = ^ x , ( n )
!
' i p theo, la thc hin php chp \ j ( n ) * h ( n ) thng qua bin i DF1 tlt! c kci qu V j ( n ) ,
' dv, thim thcTnii ta cln chiu di thc hin DPT c dim c s 2, 2' linh ton nhanh. Sau
, u ra ca h thni; y(n) s l hp cua cc yi(n)
y(n) = Xyi<^' )
Nhin chung, cc kin thc ca chnii ny s m nn tim quan trnu cho cc thu ton
bin i PoLirier nhanh FFT s irc trinh by trong chci m 5.
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min n s ri rc 209
4.5. Khi phc bin i / v hin (i l o u r i e r t I)FT
a) Khi phc bin di z
Cho dy x(n)^. , ta c:
Nhn xt;
C the suy ra bin i / CLia Hl dv c chiu di hu in N t N gi tr cua x ( k ) , .
N gi tr ca x(k)^ chnh l cc mu ca x ( z ) cc nh >i trn vng trn n v ti cc
dim ri rc - ^ k , do d trn vng trn on v la ly mu x ( z ) t i cc im
- )
z = e""^ = W ^ V ta c: x{ z } . =x( k) ^.
h) Khi phc FT
C th suy ra bin i 1' Ouri er l bin di z nu vng Irn crn v nm trong min hi t ca
bin oi /.
x( e ' - ) = x( z | : , .
sin _ (0
u
sin
' co TT,
- k
2 N y
B. BI TP CO BN
4.1. Cho tn hiu x^.(t) lin tc lun hon c chu k 1 nis v c phn tch theo chui Pourier l;
x , ( t ) = f
Cc h s a^.ca chui Kourier bnu 0 nu k| >9 . x, ( l ) ' c lv mu \'i khong cch mu
l T - .10 "^ s to thnh ln hiii rcVi rc X
^nlO" 1
n : X n
*
c
6 J
a) Hi X n c p h i l t n hiLi t un hon k h n g ? Nu ccS h i v i hu k v l bao nhiu?
b) Tc lv mu c lon KTn tc Nyquist klnu? C ngha l T c nh trnh hin
t ng chn" ph khng?
c) Ti m h s chui roLirier ri rc ca x[ nl theo
Li idi:
Ta lv mu tn hiu tun hon lin tc i rong min tii'i gian vi tc lv mu:
' 271 T lO"'
a) Tn hiu c ly mu; X n = x^, (nT)
Nu biu din theo chui Pourier; >- r = X
k=-)
Ch rng, tn hiu ly mu ' c biu din bng tng cc hm m phc ca cc hi. Tn s
CO' s ca t p cc hm m ny l 2t/ N, N= 6.
Vi vy dy X n tun hon vi chu k N = 6.
b) Vi bt k mt tn hiu lin tc trong min th'i gian vi di tn hfru hn, tiu chun
Nyquist c th pht biu nh sau:
0 y l tc lv mu (Hz), to' ng ng l thnh phn tn s cao nht ca tn hiu (Hz).
T biu din chui Pourier hu hn ca x^( t ) r rng tn hiu lin tc trong min thi gian
9
ny c di tn bi han ch vi tn s cao nht Fv = r Uz
Do khi lv mu li tc , tiu chun Nyquist b vi phm, do xy ra hin
t ng chng ph.
K-!
- - ) "-kii
c) Ap dng cnii thc: X[kJ ~ 2^ [nj e ^
n-o
T cu a) ta thy X n tun hon vi chu k N 6.
Thay vo ta c:
- ^ ( n i - k ) n
x [ k ] = z Z a , e ^ e < I
n=0m=--0 y ii^0ni = -'9
a,e
i th t ca tng v s dng mi quan li c tnh trc giao ta c:
x[k] = 6 ^ ^ 5[ m - k + rN
i i i = - 0 r =- c o
a tng v hn ra ngai ta ' c tch chp gi'a v cc xune on v b dch i mt s
mu (nhc li =0, | m| >9 ). Do ;
X[ k] = 6 X a , . , ,
r=-O
Ch rng t x k l r rng s xy ra hin t'nz chnii ph.
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac trong min tn s ri rc 211
4.2. Cho X. n l dy tun hon vi chu k v N . X n cng tun hon vi chu kv 3N. Gi X(k) l h
s DFS (Discrete ôurier Sequence) cta X n] tun hon vi chu k N. X3(k) l h s DFS
cua X n tun hon vi chu k 3N.
a) Biu din x ^ k ) theo X(k)
b) Bng cch tnh t ng mi nh x. k) \ X( k ) . kim chng kt qu tron^ phn a vi X
c cho t rong hnh 4.1 sau:
. ; n . N = 2
I f
- 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 4.1
Li giai:
a) S dng cng thc khai trin ouner ta c:
x[ k] - ^ x [ n w
n=()
kn
3 N
Vi X n c u n g t un hon vi chu k 3N,
3 N- - 1 N - l 3 N- - 1
x, [ k] = X = V^[ n] w| + ^ x [ n K + X x[n]w
1 1 = 0 ' 1 = 0 I = N n = 2 N
Thc hin i bin long ll 2 v ilnii' 3 ca X3(k)l a dc:
1=0 11 = 0 n=0
Do x[ n] tun hon v'i chu k N va :
X3[k 1+ e ^ x [ n ] w
11= 0
1+ e + e X[ k / 3
3 X[ k / 3 ] , k - 3 f
0, k ^ y
b) S dng N 2 v X n nh trong hinh 4.1 ta c:
X[ k ] - ^ ' [ n ] w ; " = Vx[n]e^^ 2 - [ 0
n = 0 I =f >
. ,k [3, k = 0
- j7k
T hnh 4.1 ta thy X n cni tun hon \'i chu kv 3N 6:
X, [k] = ^ x[n]\v';;. = ^ [n]e
11=0 n=()
1+ 2( -1) 3 + e + e
9, k = 0
-3, k = 3
0, k = l , 2, 4,5
Xf k / 3
4.3. H nh 4.2 m t 3 dy X| n n n . Cc dy ny c th biu din bnti chui Porier nh
sau:
x[n] = - X X [ k ] . e ' " ^
N k=0
a) Dy no c the chn gc thi gian tt c cc X(k) u l thc?
b) Dy no c th chn gc thi gian tt c cc X(k) (ngoi tr cc gi tr k bng mt s
nguyn ln ca N) u l o?
c) Dy no tha mn X(k) = 0 vi k - 2, 4, 6. . .
Dy A
Dy B
.[>1

'
'

> < i 1
n
Dy c
Hbih 4.2
Li gii:
a) H s DFS s l thc nu X n l dy chn. Chi c tn hiu B l chn (ngha l
) nu chn c l im giia ca khi khc khim hoc khi ton khng. - n
b) H s DFS s l o nu X n l dy l. Khng c dy no trong linh 4.2 l l.
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc " trong min tn s ri rc 213
c) S dn cnu thc khai Irin Kouner V biCu din dnu ng cua cc dy hnh hc. Gi s
bin c in on v v loi b cc din Dprs bniz khng;
4 _
J>'
- c *
!".H,
- - e
: i y
i '
4
= 0, k - 2 , 4 . .
x w = t e ' " 4
x , [ k ] = e -
n = 0 ! i = 4 i = ()
- kn ) - k ( i i + 4 )
e - e'
(>
ink
1- C
|-k
1-
k- 2. 4, . . .
... 4
4.4. Gi s dv \ n c cho bi X n a".ui l . Dy tun hon X n ' c to ra t X n theo
cng thc sau:
.-X)
^ X' n + rN
a) Ti m bin i Pourier Xê-"" cua X Hl
b) T m chui Pouner ri rc X( k) ctiai X; 1
c ) ' r mq u a n h iiCra x ( e ' ") v X(k)
Li î:
Dy tun hon c xv dng l d v ; X [n] ^ a ' u ,jcx < 1 nh sau:
J0
-
a) Bin i PoLirier ca X
x(e-')= x[n]e-"'"" ="c >"^"=
i 1 = - c o [!=(()
1- cxe
- J ( 0
a <1
b) DFS ca X
x[k] = x[n]W^" = X ^ [" rN]W^"
nÔ I1 = ( .
11= 0 r - X I i - O r ^
i th t cc tQ, ta c:
X[ k] = a^â"V^^^' =oi ^^
r =0 11=0 r={)
1- a e
N^-l2nk
_
1- ae^'
a
1- a '
l - a " e
N^-j27k
_ .27tk
1- ae
a
x k
1- a e
a
<1
<1
c) So snh kt qu cu a) v b) ta c:
x[ k] = x( e' )
(0=27tk/'N
4.5. T nh DPT ca cc dy c chiu di hu hn N sau y (N chn);
a) X n = s n
b) x[n] = S [ n - n o ] , 0 < n < N - l
1, n = 2k
c) X
d) X
e) X
0, n = 2k +1
, k e Z , 0 < n < N - l
n
1, 0 < n < N / 2
0, N / 2 < n < N - l
a " , 0 < n < N - l
0 , n 0 , N - l
Li gii:
a) X n = 5
X[ k] = ^ [ n ] w ; ; ' , 0 < k < N - l
n=0
b) x[ n = n - n o ] , 0 < n < N - l
X[ k ] = ^ [ n - n o ] w; ^ ' , 0 < n < N - l
n=0
X n
- VVj^
1, n - 2 m
0, n = 2m +1 0, n = 2m +1
N-I
X [ k ] = ^ x [ n ] w ^ " , 0 < k < N - l
n=0
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu r/ r; cc trong min tn s ri rc 215
x k
= W' ^' = - 1- 5. 12- - -
N/ 2 , N. 2
0, k ^ 0 , N' 2
d) X
l , 0 < n < ( ( N / 2 ) - l )
0 , N / 2 < n < ( N- 1 )
N-i
X[ k] = ^ x [ n ] W^ " . O k < N
!1:r)
( N 2 ) - l 1
= y w^" = - ^ 1 ^ -
1 -ji:rkl \
=() 1 ^
x k
N / 2 k-Ol
9
1 - e
-j(2-k M
k = 2!m --1
k =2 i m, . ( ) <k <N- !
a", 0 < n < N -
X n = <
0, n 0 , N- 1 '
X [ k ] - | ] ' a " W^ " , O s k - N -
1 1 = 0
- a e
X k
1 - a
4.6. Nm im u tin ca mi [)| r 8 im ca mt chui ii tr thc x(n) l
{0, 15; 0, 225 - j 0, 32;0; 0, 41 - jO,()83:O. lliy xc nh 3 im cn li.
Li gii:
Vi chui x(n) l thc nn phn thc ca DF' ca n l chn, cn phn o s l l. Do cc
im cn li s l: { 0, 41 + j 0, 083; 0; 0, 225 - jO. 32j
4.7. Hy tnh tch chp vng 8- im cho cc dly sau y:
a ) x , ( n ) = {l , 1,1,1,1,0,0,0}
X, ( n) = sin
b ) X, (n) =
4 ;
0 < n < 7
0 < n < 7
216 Gii bi tp xl tn hiu s v Mtlab
0< n < 7
Li i:
a ) x 2 ( 0 = >^2(l)- 0 < 1 < N - 1
= X, (1 + N) , ~ { N- - 1 ) <1 <- 1
R , ( l ) - s i n ~ l , 0 < 1 < 7
\ s )
- s i n ' ' ( l + 8 ) - 7 < 1 < - 1
V J
= s m - ^ - l , l <7
u J ^
Do ,
4
n = 0
^3n ' 3n
\
^3n O t
\
sin n + sin n 1 + sin n - 2 + sin n - 3
K 8 [ 8 J
K 8 V 8 /
+ sin
n
\
n - 4
[ 8 y
0 < n < 7
= {0,25; 2,543; 3,257; 2, 25; 0,25; - 0, 06; - 0, 353; 0,643}
b) X. ( n) - cos
3t
n
V ^ /
n
- cos
0 < n < 7
n I, - 7 <n <~
2u( n) cos
3ti:
<7
\ ./
Do .
111-0 \
4 ;
X, (n - m)
- {0,96; 0,62; - 0, 55; -1, 06; - 0,26; - 0,86; 0. 92; -0, 15}
4.8. Cho x(k), 0 < k < N - l l DPT N im ca chui x( n) , 0 < n < N l . T a nh Iiha
^ , x( k) 0 <k <k , N - k < k < N - l , ,
chui x( k) = ^ ^ c - - v ta tnh x ( n ) , 0 < n < N - l l IDFT
[o k, < k < N - k , .
N im ca x(k) . Hy tm nh huxVng ca qu trinh ny ln chui x(n) v gii thch.
Li gii:
x ( k ) , 0 < k < N - 1 c xem nh tch ca x ( k ) vi F ( k ) ,
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri mc roong min tn s ri rc 217
F( k) =
1 0 < k s k < k < N - l
I. c
k < k <N- k : . .
n
z z <
F( k) l biu din ca mt. b c Ihng ihp' Iv t'ns, loi b cc hnh phn tn s trong di
t (k , + n n . Suv ra x ( n ) . 0 < n 1- N - c:hnh l b lc thng thp cua x( n) .
4.9. Cho dy phc sau:
e-''"'', 0 < n < N ~ 1
0 , n f 0 , N - r
a) Ti m bin i PoLirier ) ca X n
b) Ti m DPT N im X k ca dy chiu dii hCru hn X n]
c) T m DPT ca X n trong trni hp o.)(, - Ink^! N vi kî l s nguvn.
Li gii:
Xt dy c chiu di hCru hn:
e-'", 0 < n < N ~
X n
0, n [ 0 , N- l
a) Bin i F' ourier ca X
x ( e ' ) = . x n1e-^'" - y c ' -'"cr""''
! -('
Xe- ' "
x ( e ' '
- ) ( n > ~ 0 ) ) ( ( N - ] ) / 2 )
_ ^ i.') 'ti/0^-)
sin ((0 - o) o) {N / 2 )
1
si ni ( o ) - o ) ) / 2 ^
SI ni ( n O - ~ 0),^
sin (o) -0)| | ) / 2
b) DPT N im:
X [ k ] = ^ ' x [ n ] W^ " , 0 < k < M
1=0
n=0
1 - e
1 - e
-l(:7nk N)-av,)
o ^
' N - r
1
sin
^ 2nk ^
0).
_l N
n '
2_
sin
L
2nk ]
N \ 1N y
/ 2
Ch rng x[ k] = x ( e J )
(0=(27tk)N
c) Dt (I)j = (27k(j) / N O' ky l s nûvn
x k
- e
-j(k-ko)27
1- e
-j(k-ko)2'N
_ -j(2jT-N)(k-k)((N--i)/2) Si n7r(k k;))
si n( Tr ( k - k ^ i ) / N)
4.10. Cho dy c chiu di hu hn X n trong hnh 4.3. Gi X z l bin i z ca X n . Nu ta
lv mu X z ti z = k =0, 1, 2, 3 ta c:
X, ( k) = X ( z L , , , . , , , k = 0 J , 2 , 3
T m X, n l bin i DPT ng' c ca Xj ( k ) .
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hnh 4.3
7 8
Li gii:
Ta c dy ng nht gm 6 i m X n , dy ny c gi Ir khc khi m V! 0 < n < 5. Ly
mu bi n i z ca X n ti 4 i m cch u nhau t rn vng t rn on v:
Ta cn t m dy Xj n l DPT ng' c ca X k .
Mt khc, theo nh ngha v bin i z ta c:
^ ( ^ ) =
11 = -
X n = 0 v i n n m n g a i khong 0 < n < 5 , d o ta c t h thav t h t n v h n bng tng
hu hn. Sau thay th tip z = c;
X[ k] = ^ x [ n ] w , ^ ' , 0 < k < 4
n=0
Ch rng ta ly DPT 4 im thHR qua vic lv mu bin i z, tuy nhin dy ban u
ca chng ta gm 6 im. D c th xy ra hin tng chng ph khi chi m ta chuyn v min
thi gian t hng qua DPT ngc:
x[k] - w f + + W;^ + w f + + w f , 0 < k < 4
Thc hin DPT ng' c v ta ch rng c 6 xung on v (mi xung tni^ ng vi mt gi tr
n trn). Tuy nhin: = w f , w f =
Do 2 i m b chng ph. T n hi u thu G Tono mi n thi gi an l:
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu r rfC ong min tn s ri rc 219
1.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hrih 4.4
4.11. x e * ' l bin i Pourier ca dy \ n\ - ~ .u n . Gi s y n l dy c chiu di
V, 3 ;
hn bng 10; ngha l y n - 0; n < o.n >: 10 . Gi Y k l bn i Poiirier 10 im ca y
t ng ng vi 10 mu cch u nhau CLa x e '" j ngha l Y k j . T m y n
Li giai:
' l a t i m bi n i PoLirier ca X n
1
_1
' 1'
.11 n
->
V-V
x(e-')=
11=~C0 n - t )
Ly mu ph tn s ca X
Y [ k ] - x ( d )
' ' f t ) = 2 7 t k / 1 0
Mt khc ta c DPT 10 im:
1
Y k
r;'i v 3
, 0 <k s ; 9
, 0 < k < 9
= y [ n ] w
n=0
ki i
1 0
Ta c DPT N im ca x [ n ] : x( k)
v 3 y
, 0 < k < N - l
1- e
- J ( 2 7 t k N )
Suy ra; y
1-()
!0
, 0 < n < 9
4.12. Cho X n l dy hu hn gm 25 inn ngha l X n - 0 vi n ngoi khong 0, 24
x(e-'' l bin i Pourier ca X n
a) Gi s cn tnh xe-' ^ ti co ^471/ 5 bng cch tnh DPT M-mu thi gi tr M ti thiu
phi bng bao nhiu? T nh Xe-*^' ) ti co - 4i / 5 vi gi M nh nht .
220 Gii'bi tp x l tin hiu s v Malab
b) Gi s cn tnh x e ' " ' j ti co = 107t/ 32 bn cch tnh DPT ,-mu tlii gi tr L ti thiu
phi bng bao nhiu? T nh x e ' ' j ti ( o- I Ot / 32 vi gi tr L nhnh .
Li i:
X n l dy hCru hn gm 25 im:
a) Ta mun tnh j s dng DPT c kch th-c nho nht c th. Kch ihc ny
r rng ph thuc tnh tun han ca . Ta chn kch tlurc cua DPT l M ^ 5. Dy d liu
<) =4: , 5
gm 25 im. S dng kv thut chng ph trong min thi gian, c th l chim ph X n nh sau:
cc
n ] =
n + 5r
x( ,
Phin bn b clnii ph ca X n tun hon vi chu kv bng 5. Tnh DPT 5 in. e lnh
2nk At
ta ly:
N 5
Vi N = 5,k = 2, gitr x( e' tirong ng vi x [ k
k = 2
b) Tip theo, ta mun tnh x e "j ti 00 = 1071/32. Kli , kch Ihuc nh nht ca DPT
bn 32. Do kch thirc ca DPT l'n hn kch t hc ca khi d liu, ta thm vo X n 7 ii tr 0
nh sau:
x[n
^2
n = <
0,
T nh DPT 32 im. Khi x e' " ' ti co = IOt / 32 to-ng nu v'i x [ k
k^5
4.13. Cho 2 dy 8 im Xj n v 2 n nh trong hnh 4.5 c cc DPT tiro-im im l X, k v
k . Xc nh quan h gia Xj k v X;, k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hnh 4.5
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu r:î rc rong min n s ri rc 221
Li ii:
r linh 4.5, 2 d y X va X. n]c( quan h dch vnu \ i nhau. C th nh sau:
Tnh DPT cho chui dch vnu X J n a c:
DFT x , ( n ) j ^ DFT x , ; ( ( n ^ 4 ) ) /
Do :
x . k = W,^^X, ' k
= e - - ^ x, k
X J k = ( - l ) ^X, k
4.14. C'ho cc chui X| ( n) = sin ^ !1 ^.:.(n) = cos
\ N
Hy xc nh Nim:
a) Tch chp vnu X| (n) ( *) ^ X. (n)
b) Tirone quan vnu cua X| (n) va X, ( n ) .
c) T tu' 0' ne q u a n vng c u a X; ( n )
d) T' Urorm quan vng ca (n )
I M i:
-n
v N ,
a) X , (n) sin n
VIN y
2n 2ti
. ' V ' '
c ^ - e ^
2J
X, ( k) = - ^ [ 8 ( k - i ) - - ( k - . l )
2 j L j
0 < n < N - 1
X , ( n) = cos
N
; 0 n < N - 1
^ r 2
j;;n 1
e ^ -f e ^
=> X, (k) = \5(k - 1) - (k - I)
Do , x, ( k) = x , ( k ) x , ( k )
N- r
8 ( k - l ) - ( k + l)'
4j ^
=> X3 ( n) - ^si n n;
^ 2 I N j
b) R , , j k ) = x , ( k ) x ; ( k )
N-
0 < n < N - 1
4j
5 ( k - l ) - { k + l)
N 2n
c) R, , , , ( k ) = x , ( k ) x ; ( k )
N'
N
( k - l ) + s ( k + l)
2tc
/ / \
N
d) R , ^ , j k ) = x , ( k ) x ; ( k )
N
fx,x, (n) = YCOS
( k - l ) + ( k + l)
2l
N
4.15. Hy tinh DPT N-im ca ca s Blackman c phoTig trinh nh sau:
w
(n)
0, 42 - 0 , 5 cos
0
+ 0, 08cos 0 < n < N - 1
n khc
Li gii:
w( n) = 0 , 4 2 - 0 , 2 5
.2n .2n
+ 0, 04
, 4 : r , 4 7 t
V
Suy ra, DPT N-im ca ca s Blackman c dng:
W( k ) = 0 , 4 2 ^ e ' N - 0 , 2 5 e N + ^ e ^^' "' e
11=0 I n=0 n=0
+ 0, 04
n=0 n=0
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 223
0 , 4 2 N5 ( k ) - 0 . 2 5
12::! ,-k k ; i
1 - e
i \ - ! ;
1
1 - C
[N-
J 1
i:;r
~ c
i
N-1
k i
-|2-
1- e
1
N-
k i
V
' 2N 1 T:n 1
+ 0, 04 + 1 - - _
l , l _e I _ e '
0, 42NS( k) - 0, 25
( 27tN ''
1- c o s -...... - c o s
l N - l j
2t
v N - l n J
+ cos
^ 27ik'
v' n j
1- c o s 2t
' \ k
, N - 1 ' N,
0, 04
r 4 t n^
cos ------ - c o s
U - i J
2t
2 k "
+ cos
^ 2jik^
V N ,
1- c o s 2n
k V
, N ~ N,
4.16. Cho x ( k ) l DPT ca chui x ( n ) , hy xc nh DPT N-im ca cc chui sau:
^ ^ , 7 t k n ^
V
X, ( n) = x( n) cos
X. ( n) = x( n) s i n
V N j
27ckn ' '
V N '
0 < n < N - 1
0 < n < N - 1
theo hm ca X(k).
l j ) i ii:
x , ( k ) = x' i >c( n)
11={) ^
,2rr ,
) - Iik
, ' N
n=0
niod N
...
Lm to-ng t ta c: x, (k)=^-. x(k - - ~ x ( k + k)
niod N
+
4.17. C' ho 2 dy c chiu di hu hn X n v X, n nh trong hinh 4.6. Tnh tch chp vng
chiu di N ^ 6 ca chit.
4
X , n
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3
Hh 4.6
Li gii:
Ta mun tnh tch chp vng gia 2 dy c chiu di 6. Do X. n l mt XLi i m on v u'c
ch vng nn tch chp vng chnh l dv X n dch vng i 2 mu:
( * ) , 5 [ n - 2 ] = X | [ ( ( n - 2 ) )
y[H
.
4
2
1
T
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
Hnh 4.7
4.18. Cho 2 dy X n v h[ n] c chiu di N - 4 nh sau;
, n - 0 , 1, 2, 3
h [ n ] - 2 " . n - 0 a , 2 , 3
a) T m DPT 4 im x [ k
b) Ti m DPT 4 im H[ k
c) T nh y n - X n (*) h n bng cch tnh trc tip tch chp vng
d) Tinh y n ca phn c) bng cch nhn cc DPT ca Xn] v h n . sau thc hin bin
i DPT ngc.
Li gii:
^ Tun ^
, n = 0, 1 n = cos
V 2 y
a ) X
Ta c DPT 4 im:
x[ k] = ^ c o s
n=0
Tin
v T ,
, 0 < k < 3
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac trong min ln s ri rac 225
x k
-iTTk
= 1 - w
0 < k < 3
2k
b) h [ n ] - 2 \ n - 0 , 1, 2, 3
H[ k] = | ] 2' ' vv, " ' . 0 < k
1U--0
< 3
--1 + 2VV) + 4 W f + 8 W f
c) Ta nh li rng, tch chp vng bna tch chp tuyn ln cnu \ i chng ph. Ta cn
N > 3 + 4 - l ~ 6 trnh chim ph. Do N = 4 nn s c chn pl. Truxk ht, tm
*h - X
y[n]^^ x[n]-h
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 4
-8
Hnh 4.S
r ong bi ny, chng ph i mh a l 3 i n CLii (n = 4. 5. 6) s trm l n inh 3 im u, cho
ta V - X
-1 0
-3
2 3 4 5
-6
mn h 4.9
d) S dng cc gi tr DPT ta lnh trong cu a) v b):
Y[ k] = X[ k] H[ k] =: l + 2 W| + 4 W f - v v f ~ 2 w f - 4 w ; ^ - 8 W
Do w f = w f , w f = w )
Y[ k] = - 3 - 6 w ; + 3 w f + 6VVf , 0 < k < 3
Ly DPT n 2 Uc la co:
226 Gii bi tp x l in hiu s v Matlab
y n - 3 n - 6 n 1 4- 35 n ~ 2 + 6S n - 3 . 0 < n < 3
4.19. Cho dy X n c chiu di hu hn nh troni hnh 4.10. x [ k l DI ' r 5 im cua X
Biii din dyy n bit bin i D\ \' ca y n l Y k -- k
2 2
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
H 4. 10
Li gii:
S dn tnh cht ca DPT ta c: y
vng i 2 im. Ta c:
= X ( ( n - 2 ) ) . ngha l y n chnh l >. n dch
( {)
1 1
' "..... #'
< )
- 2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
Hnh 4.1
4.20. Cho hai dy Xj ( n) = | 2, l 3, s v X. ( n) = | 2, 3, 1, 2 . Dnu DFT v 1DFT 4-ii tnh
chui sau: X3(n) X, ( n) (*) , X3( n ) .
Li gii:
X, ( k ) = DFT x, ( n) = {ll, - l + 4j. - 1, - l - 4 j
X, ( k ) = DF T | x 2(n) = {8, 1 ~ J , - 2 . l + j}
X3( k) = X , ( k ) X , ( k ) = | 88, 3 + 5j, 2, 3 - 5 j }
X3(n) = I DFT{x, ( k) = {24 19 21 24}
4.21. Cho x ( k ) l DPT 8-im ca chui: x ( n) =
Hy tnh DPT ca cc chui:
0 < n < 3
4 < n <7
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 227
a) x , ( n ) =
b) x , ( n ) =
n = 0
1< n < 4
5 < n < 7
0 < n < 1
2 < n < 5
6 < n < 7
m o d 8
Li gii:
a) X, (n) = xf n - 5)
=> X, ( k) = X ( k ) ^ = X ( k )e"
b) X3(n) = x(n-2),__^^^^
=> X, ( k) = X ( k ) e ' ^ = X(k)e^' -
4.22. Hy xc nh DPT 8-im ca tn hiu sau
x ( n ) = l , 1, 0, 0, 1, !. l
L gii:
x ( k ) = x ^ ( ' ^ X
X ( k ) - { 6 U 7 0 7 + 0, 7 0 7 j -1-J 0,203 - 0, "^07j 0 0 , 2 9 3 - 0 , 7 0 7 j - 1+J 1, 707 - 0 , 7 0 7 ] }
4.23. Cho 2 tn hiu c chiu di hu hn X n v n nlur rong hnh 4.12. Gi s 2 tn hiu
ny c gi tr bng 0 ' ngoi vim irc v trong hinh. T nh tch chp vng chiu di 8 ca
v X. : X = X ( *) ^x, [ n] . Ti m x , [ 2
{
1
\
1 1
4
1 1
<
1
:[n]
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
- 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 4.12
9 10
L ii:
Thc hin tch chp vng 8 ni ta c:
11
8
11
7
7
)
i
3
7
\
0 1 4 5 6
Hn 4.13
1 8
Vy X3[2] = 9
4.24. Hnh 4.14(a) biu din 2 dy X, n v x^[n . Gi tr X:, n] ti thi dim n =5 cha bit v
c biu th bng bin a. Hnh 4. 14 (b) biii din V n l tch chp vim chiu di 4 ca
X, n v n . Da vo o th ca y n c th xc nh irc duv nht a khng? Neu c
th a bnu bao nhiu? Nu khim, hy tm 2 gi tr ca a c th o ra th ca y n nh
hnh v.
y n
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
a
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 2
-1 0
1\ t
4 5 n
Hnh 4.4(a). (h)
Li gii:
Thc hin tch chp vng 4 im ta c:
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v in hiur ('C trong min tn s ri rc 229
V n
a 2 + 3
-1
lnh 4. 5
So snh dv y n cho trir'c v dv y/ n tnh uxTc ta c a = -1 v ii tr ny l duy nht.
4.25. Hnh 4. 16(a) biu din dy X n ri rc c cliii di bng 6. Ga s X n = 0 vi cc gi tr
bn nôi vng m t. Gi Ir \ 4 chiLia bit v k hiu bng b. Ch rng gi tr b v trong
hinl khng tun theo tv l. Gi x e' ^") l DFT ca X n . Xj k l cc mu ca j vi
mi 7 / 2neh al : X, [k] = X ( c' , 0 < k < 3
l inh 4. 16(b) biu din dv Xj n ch.lu di bim 4 l kt qu ca bin i DPT ngc ca
X k chiu di bnu 4. Da vo li ny c ih xc nh irc ui tr b duy nht khng? Nu c
hy tm gi tr ca b.
2 2
-1 0 1 ? 3 4 5 6 7 n
inl 4.16(a)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Li ii:
Hnh 4. 6(h)
X, [ k l l DPT 4 im ca X \' a X. l DPT nmrc 4 im ca X| k , v vy Xj n] l
uc chni ph trong min licvi Lian ti N 4. Ni cch khc X| n] l mt chu k ca
( ( n) ) . V th ta c: 4 = b - 1. Suv ra b ^ 3. Gi tr ny l duy nht.
4.26. Hnh 4.17(a) biu din 2 dy c chiu di hu hn X v a X. . Gi Ir N nho nht bng
bao nhiu t ch chp vng chiu di N ca Xj n v n bim tc chp tuvn t nh ca
chng n g h a l X| n ( * ) X;, n = X, n ] * X,
(
1 2
-1 0
1
3 4 5 n
1
X, n
-2
(
2
\
(
4
X.
1
-1 0 1 2 3
c
\
) 6 8 n
- 1
-2
Hmh 4.17(a)
0 1 2 6 7
-1
-3
3 4 5
-2
-3
-4 -4
Hnh 4.17(b)
Li gii:
Nh n vo th hnh 4.17(b) ta thy x ( n) = X, n * X, n khc khni vi 1< n < 8 . V vy
gi tr N nh nht Xj n (*)^ n - Xj n * X3 n l N = 9.
Chng 4: Biu din h hng v tin hiou ri ric rong min tn s ri rc 231
4.27. inh 4.18(a) biu din dy x[n tnivj c! X 3 l mt lnu s c cha biet. Mu c bin c
khim c v theo ty . (O! x, [ k - x k " Irone d X k l bien i DPT 5 im
cua X n . Dv X, n dirc \ c Ircnti hinii 4. 8(b) l bin d D1' T ngc ca X, k . Ti m gi
tr c?
2 1
1
c
-1 0
, ^ 2 3 4 5 6
i l 4 . S ( a )
1
\[iil
1
- 1 0 1 , . 3 4 5 n
h n h 4 : I S ( h )
L i i i :
T m DPT ng' c ca Xj k va SU' dnu tnh cht ca DFT la c;
- X
Do : X| 0
va X . Cc DPT tong ng ca
Suy ra c = 2.
4.28. Hnh 4. 19 biu din 2 dy c chieu di luu hn X
chng l X k v X, k c quan h \ i nhau theo cng thc sau: X| k = X k
Irong m l hng s cha bict.
T m gi tr m tha mn hnh 4. 9. Gi tri in ny c phi l duy nht khng? Neu ng hy
chim minh. Ngc li, hy nu m tr m kic tha mn iu kin cho.
3
i
1
'
0
*2
4
Mn]
'1
-1 0
2 3 ^ 5 6 7 ^
9 -z.
. . ,
i 3
4
1
X| [ n
r 2
7
- 1 0 1 2 3 5 6 n
- 2
Hn 4.19
Ur ii:
T t h l a t h v X v x, [n c quan h dch vng vi nhau. S dni tnh cht ca 3FT
v quan h uia X k v Xj k la c:
Ga tr m 2 tha mn nhni; s la clin ny khng phi duv nht. Vi bt k m = 2 f 61
( 1 l s i mu v n ) CLiim d u thoa m n .
n v X, n . X ' k' v X| k' 4.29. Hnh 4.20 biu din 2 dv c chiu di hru hn X
tonu na c chiu di N. gia chns c quan h theo cng thc sau: X k = X k
tronu d N l hng s cha bit. Tm ei tr N tha mn hinh 4.20. Gi tr N ny c phai l
duy nht khne? Neu ng hy ch ma minh. NU''C li, hy tim cc gi tr N khc tha nn
iu kin cho.
M 1
1
-1 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 ^
, - 2
l1 <
1 1
3
11
0 1 2
i
4 5 6 7 ^
>-2
Hnh 4. 20
Li gii:
S dng tnh cht ca DPT ta c:
T th suy ra N = 5. Gi tr ny l duy nhl.
4.30. Hy xc nh cc h s ca chui Pourier ri rc ca cc chui c chu kv sau:
a) Xj ( n ) - cos
b) X, ( n) = sin ~ j +3cos
Li gii:
7in
a) Xj ( n ) = CCS
9
. 1 ....... - . 1
e +e . Chu k ca X, ( n) l N = 8.
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri mc troirig min tn s ri rc 233
:r:n ,:-kn - , .:rkn ']
I ' - j - . i
1 1 =0 I!-(
7 _.2Kk-\)n
M ^
1 1 =0
Do , X, (k) = =
b) X, ( n) = sin
6 v chu kv ca cos

^ j o.
4,
0,
k = l
v Yc '
2-i| k-1')n
' T
k = l;7
k ^ l ; k ^ 7
8. k = 7
0, k ^ 7
3 ;
+ 2cos
m i , 7 i n
/ \
Tl
i 4 ) 2j:
/ \ /
l 8. Do chu kv cua X. ( n) ==BSCNN(6, 8) ^ 24
t] Sn n , 2 T k n
. Chu k ca sin
7n
l
T5 S tci i . 2 ~ k i '>3 S n n . 2T k i i
11=0 11=0
- e
!1=0
2j
11=0
r r t , 2 r : k i i . i r r n
^ 5 '
, 2 7 i n ( k - ^ 3 ) . 2 n ( k f - 3 j '
V \ . "
11 4)
24
2 ) t i i ( k - 4 )
M
2 n n { k ^ A )
2 . ' =4 ,
l =0
Suy ra: X, ( k) -
- 12j
12j,
36,
0,
k = 3
k = 21
k - 4 ; 2 0
k
4.31. Cho x(n) l mt chui phc c chiu dai N vi DPT N-im l X(k). Hy xc nh cc DPT
N-i m ca cc chui c chiu di N sau y theo X(k);
a ) X, ( n ) = x * ( n )
b) x , ( n ) = x * [ ( - n ) /
c) X3 ( n ) = R e x ( n ) |
d ) X4 ( n ) = j l m | x ( n ) |
234 Gii bi tp x l tn hiu s3' v Matab
L i g i i:
X( k) = X x ( n ) W "
l-o
a) X* ( k) = X i bin k = N - k ta c:
!1=()
X (N-k) = = | ] x (n)W^" . Do :
II . . 0 1 1 = 0
X, ( k) = Xx * ( n ) W^ ' = X (N- k) = X- {- k) ^.
n={)
b) X* ( k) = ^ X* ( n) . i bin n = N - n ta c;
n=()
X*(k) = ^x*( N- n) W^^<^""^^ = ^ x ' ( N - n ) W ^ ' . Do ;
11=0 11=0
X, ( n) = X* [ ( N - n) ] - X* [( -n)^, 1 c DPT bng: X, ( k) = ^ ' x' (N - n) w^," - X* ( k ) .
n=()
c) X3(n) Re x ( n ) | - x( n) 4- X* ( n ) | . p dna DPT cho ca hai v cua buthc v s
dng kt qu -cu a) ta c: DPT R e | x ( n ) | = | x ( k ) + x' ( ~k ) ^ , I
d) X4 (n) = j l m | x ( n ) | = x ( n ) - X* ( n) | .p dng DPT cho c hai v ca biuthc v s
dng kt qu ' cu a) ta c: DPT j I m x ( n ) | = ~ x ( k ) - X ( k) ,
4.32. Cho x(n) l chui thc c cliiu di N v DPT N-i m ca n l X(k). l y xc ih cc DPT
N-im ca cc chui sau v theo X(k):
a) x^( n) =
b) x. , (n) =
x ( n ) . n chn
0, n l
x ( n ) , n l
0, n chn
L i i i :
X( k) = Re{x( k) + j I m{x( k) = ^ x ( n ) e
1
a) (n) = x( n) + x ( - n ) ^ I . T kt qu bi 4. 30 ta c: X* ( ~n) < .....' > *( k) , V
x(n) l th'G nn: X* ( - n ) , = x ( - n ) , <21!> X* ( k ) . Do :
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiii ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 235
4.33.
Xe( l <) = ~ [ x ( k ) - i - X ( k ) j = R e | X ( k )
b) X,, (n) = | x ( n) - X ( - n ) I . LH/ n g t ta c:
X ( k ) = ^ [ x / k ) - X * ( k ) J = j I m| X( k)
a) Hnh 4. 21(a).(b) biu din 2 dy tun hon X, n v X. n vcVi chu kv N 7. T m dy
sao cho DFS ca V, n bi m tch DFS ca Xj n v DS ca hay
Y, k j - x , [ k X, k
6 6
5 5
i 4 4
3 3
2 2
i 1 ' 1
. : 0
-7 -5 -3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
1
\i|n
n
"in
-7 -5 -3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(h)
h 4 . 2l a) , (h)
b) Hnh 4.22 biu din dv tun lon X. n vi chu k N 7. T m dy 2 n sao cho DFS
ca 2[n] bng tch DFS cia Xj[nJ v DFS ca X[n] hay: [k] ^ X| [ k] X3[k
X 3 [ n ]
-7 - 5 - 3 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
Hnh 4.22
Li gii:
a) Ta tm dy | n sao cho: , [k ~ Xj k k
Nhn xt: , n l kt qu cua tch chp tun hon gia X n v n , ngha l:
N- l
n - m
ni=0
V X, n l xung tun hon c dch i 2 mu, do dy , n chinh l Xj n dch vng
i 2 mu.
2
1
? 5
! ^
3
I . T 2
1
6
3
I I 2
! 1
6
5
4
0 0
- 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 n
Hnh 4.23
X, [ k] = ; , [nlvv)-" = 6 + 5 W | + 4 w f + 3 w f + 2 w f + W:
11-0
X, [ k ] = ^ x , [ n ] w, ^ " =
n - 0
, [ k ] - X , [ k ] X , [ k ] - 6 Wf ^ + 5 W f + 3 w f + 2 W f - wJ^
Ch rni ' = 1= . S dns cng thc tnh 1DFT ta suy ra dy }j [nl nh
irc m t ' hnh 4.23.
b) DFS ca dy c m t trong hnh 4. 22 c tnh nh sau:
4k
X, [k] = ^3 " = >+
11 = 0
Do :
, [k] = X, [ k ] Xj [k] - X, [k] + X, [k
V DFS l tuyn tnh nn DFS ngiic ca Y k ' c tnh nh sau:
:
+ Xj n - 4
4.34. Cho \ n l dy c chiu di hru hn N. Chvni minh rim:
Li gii:
i vi dy X n c chiu di hCru hn N, bn sao tun hon ca X ~n c biudin nh
sau:
X = x ( ( - n + ' N) ) , vi l s nguyn.
ng thc ny ng vi mi i", do vi / = 1 ta c:
435. X n l mt dy c khong thi gian h' u hn chiu di p ngha l X n ==0 vi n <Ov
n > p . Ta cn tnh cc mu ca bin i Pourier ti N tn s cch u nhau:
27k
(0, , k - 0 , L . . . , N - l
N
T m v chng minh thu tc lnh N mu ca bin i Pourier chi s dng mt DF^ N im
cho 2 t rung hp sau:
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 237
a) N > p
b) N < p .
. ii:
'^1'a c X n khc khnu \''i 0 < n < p
Ta cn tnh x ( z
l(:nk K|
SU' dm mt DPT N im.
a) Vi N > p (kch thc D' T ln hon on d liu). K thut c s cn trong trng
hp n\' thim l m khn^ (/.ero-paddirm). Bnu cch thm vo khi d liu kch tlurc b cc
ui tr 0, ta c tli c DPT c kch thc ln hn. V vy, ph tn s c th ' c ly mu tinh vi
hon. C mt quan nim sai lm raim phonu php m khng lm tng phn gii ph. Vic
cnu mt khi dCr liu ln hon v'i m DPT ln hon s lm tng cht lng ny.
V vv. ta thm = N ~ p s khng vo cui dy nhir sau;
, 0 < n < (p - 1)
p <n < N
j x n
n
[o.
X l X k
0 < k < N
Hhih 4.24
b) Vi N < p, COI rnu ta l\ DPT c kch thcVc nh hn khi d liu. Tt nhin s c
chng ph. Ta s s dnu cliim pli Iiii hi ;ian b li cc anh hong ny.
ri m DPT nmrc N im cua x[ k
1
- y x [ k ] 0 n < (N - 1)
k.^0
X k c tinh bnii tim v ln cc thnh phn phc:
- i{2TTk'N)iii
] N-l/ -y)
= 1 1 4
sp xp li ta c:
x[ n] =
n i = : - c c . V k - 0
S dng quan li trc uiao ta c:
X X
- y X i n ^ m - n + rN
yr^-y
= X x[n - r N
Do d, thc hin clnii pli x| n| nh trn. Sau la lv DF^T N im c X k
4.36. X n l dy thc cliiu di hu hn c bin i PoLirier x( e- ' " v DPT X k
Nu I m | x [ k ] - 0 , k = 0, l ...... N - 1 , chng ta c th kt lun rnu I n i x e " )! =0,
-TC < co < n c khHi?
Hy a ra lp lun nu cu r li l c. Ng-C li hy a ra mt v d d chn minh.
L i g :
Ta thy rni DPT thun Ly l lv mu ph tn s. V vy iu kin m x k 1=0,
k = 0, 1,..., N 1 khng m bo rng phn o ca ph tn s lin tc cng bim 0.
V d, xt mt tn hiu gm mt xung on v c t m ti n = 1 nh sau:
n - , 0 < n < 1
Bi n i PoLirier ca X n l:
R e x e " j | =COSO)
Imxe'"j = - sin co
Ch rng c 2 i Ti ny u khc khng vi 0 < co < 2 . Tip theo ta lv DPT 2 im;
X[k] = w , 0 < k < l
'1, k = 0
- l , k = ]
Do Im{x[k] =0, Vk nhng I mj x ( c ' ') ^ 0
Ch rng kch thc ca DPT ng ml vai tr quan trng. V diK ly DPT 3 im ca
= s [ n - 1], 0 < n < 2 ta c;
x [ k ] = w | , 0 < k <2
1, k = 0
Gi ' y I m x [ k ] | 0, Vk = l, k = 2
4.37. Hnh 4.25 bi u di n dy c chi u di hu hn X n . X k l DPT t nh t rn 4 mu ca \ n
Biu din dy y n bit DPT ca y[ n tha mn: Y k w^' ^x k
Chng 4: Biu din h hng v tn hiu ri mc trc>n min tn 30 ri rc 239
3/4
1/2
\|n
1/4
- 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
i ni 4 / J 5
1 8
L iii:
Ca 2 dy X n v V n Li c ciu di hiHhn N - 4.
V vy khnu xy ra hin ti m clinu ph. Ta bit rim nhn DPT ca mt dv vi mt hm
m phc o' ng no vi php dch vng dv Irong irnin thi gian.
Vi Y k] - k] cho tnrc ta co: y[n] - 3))
Fa s dng k thut m thi m rnu dv ( c mt dy un han v'i cliu k l 4.
3/4
1/2
1/4
3/4
12
1/4
3/4
X n
1/2
1/4
-4 ^3 ' 2 -1 0 1 ^ 4 5 6 7 n
i nh 4. 26
Sau , dch vnu sang bn phi 3 iii v c:ho c cc i tr bn rmo khoni; 0, 3 bng
3/4
1/2
T 1/4
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
l nh 4. 27
4.38. D y X n t hc c chi u di hCru hn chrc nn ; t ronu h nh 4. 28
a) V dy c chiu di hu hn V n bit DF 6 im ca V n bng:
Y[ k ] = Wf; *^x[k] - d x [ k ] l L ) F T 6 i mc a x [ n .
b) V dy c cliii di hu hn \v n bit DPT 6 im cua \v n l:
W[ k ] - R e | x [ k ] |
c) V dy c chiu di hu hn qfii bit D'FT ? im ca q n tha mn iu kin sau:
Q[ k] = X[2k], k = 0, l, 2
4
x[nl
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Hnh 4. 28
Li i:
a) Khi nhn DPT ca mt dy vi mt hm m phc, tn hiu trong min thi gian s 'c
dch vng.
Trong trng hp ny: Y[ k] = w^;;^x[ k] , 0 < k < 5
((n-4)^^ , 0 < n < 5
,4
y[nl
1
Do : y
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 4. 29
b) C 2 phon php cii quyt vn ny.
Cch I : S dng phoTg php ih on n thun:
X[ k] = 4 + 3W(^ + 2 W f ' ' \ o < k <5
1
W[ k ] - Re x [ k ] = - ( x [ k ] + X [k])
'4 + 3 + 2 W f + + 4 + 3W; ' ' + 2W; -^ + w ; - ' )
Ch rng:
w^.
w r k l = 4 + -
2
W,'' +
1
+
2
, 0 < k < 5
Do :
w
w
n] = 4S n
n = 4 n
n - + s n - 5 ) + S [ n - 2 ' + s n - 4 n - 3 ' + s n - 3 '
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v t i n hiu roi rac trong min n s ri rac 2 4 1
Vc w l
. 1 1 1
r
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
)|n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
inh 4.30
Cch 2: S- diî ih cli ciic I )FT lanv l k roi^^ han / / / '
, , . . . . x k l \ T k
W k = Re X k
\v
Vi 0 < n < N - 1 v X n ihirc:
\ \ n n 4- X N - n
1 ^
4
\ [ N - n| , N - ()
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
i ni i 4. 3
Quan sl la ihv rinu \v l t o \Li qiui UKHU 'lu [CU.
c) D-T irc îani i 2 ln. Biig cch ly xen k cc im cia u ra ta u' c mt na
s di cm ban u. Khi thc hin Iha tc Ii a\ ' iroim mien thi Lian s c chnu ph. Tronu t r i r m
hp iani di 2 ln. la th} xut hin biin sao na cua X n vi by Î' dy tun lan vi chu k l 3.
T cu b): x [ k ] = 4 + 3 w,;- + 2W;;'^ ^ , 0 < k < 5
Dt Q[ k] = x [ 2 k ] ta c: [ k ] = 4 - vvl - 2 W f + w f . 0 < k . 2
Ta li c: = w f do do:
n ^ 5 + 3(S - r -h 2() n - 2 ' 0 < n < 2
2 3 4 5
iiih 4.32
242
i ,
4.39. Hnh 4.33 biL diii 2 dy:
1, 0 < n < 99
V
n
1
i
X, n
__^
[O- n khc
I 0 < n <9
0, n khc
a) Tnh v v tch c h p tuvn t nh X
b) Tnh v v tch chp vng 100 im X, n ( * ) X, n
c) Tnh v v tch chp vnu 110 im X n (*) X.
X3 n
n
(*),00 ^ 2 :
n
0 1 2 99 n 0 1
a)
9
h)
H h 4 . 3 3
Li i:
a) Tch chp luyn tnh X
10
n] l mt dy c chiu d 100 + 10 - 1 = 109
10
i i
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 99 100 101 102 1D3 104 ! 05 106 107 108 109
n/ 4. 34
b) Tch chp vng X, n (*) . n c the tnh baniz cch chnu pli 9 im u tin ca
lch chp uvn tnh trn.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
99 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hnh 4. 35
c) Do N > 109 , tch chp vng Xj n (*) X. n s bn tch chp ILINCI tnh ' cu a).
4*40. Hi nh 4. 36 m t dy c chiu di hu hn x n l . Hy v cc dy sau;
= X , 0 < n < 3
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac ^rona min tn s ri rc 243
x n j
0 1 2 3
inh 4 36
Li iai:
Dn uin ha php tnh s hc nioduo bne cch s dnu php m rni^ chu k mc nh
nula l ta v li dv ban u sao cho d \ Ui!i l i on vi chu k N 4. Ta chi cn v mt s chu kv
l du.
4
t 3
x [ u .
- 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
U h 4.37
c X
cc dcm lni trn min thi nin cua tn iii gc (nalia l 0 < n < 3 ).
t 6
n - X ( ( n - 2 ) ) . 0 < n s 3 . l:a c hi c n d c h X n
_\v //4_
T 3
\ | nl
e c X. - X
- 2 - 1 0 1 2 s ^
inh 4..8
( ( - n ) ) 0 : ; ; n < 3 , 3 () ni ^ uc pliin bn gi t un hon ca X qua
gc ta d v cho tt c cc im nni iôai 0 < n < 3 biiu khng. Kh ta c:
6
x.n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
rî 4.39
C' hr n X 0 - X ((o)) "|...
4.41. Hnh 4. 40 biu din 2 dy c clieu dai hraii l i n X, n v n . Tnh v v tch chp vng
N im ca chnu vi N = 6 v N 10.
244 Gi bi tp x !y tn hiu s v Matlab
v "
?2
l !
x - i i
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4
Hnh 4.40
Li ii:
Tch chp vnu bim lch chp tuyn tnh cim vi chnu ph. Trirc ht t a lnh
y[ n - X *x.
y[n]
T2
I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 n
Hnh 4. 4/
Ch V rim y n l d y gm 10 im (N 6 + 5 - 1 10)
a) Vi N = 6, 4 im khc 0 cui cng ( 6 < n < 9 ) s chnu ln 4 im u t i n cho ta
(*).x,[n;
f 10
yin]
10
8 ^8
. 6
n
4
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hn 4.42
b) Vi N = 10. N >6 + 5 - 1 . Do khng xy ra chi m pli. Iac . tch chp vng s bn:
tich chp tuvn tnh.
n f IN , I l s Iiûvn. Chui
c . BI TP NNG CAO
4.42. Cho X n l chui un hon vi chu k N ; niha l X
X n c th irc biu din bi mt dy PoLincr irc cho bi tnu c trim s ca cc chui
hm m phc c chu k ( n ) - e ^ . Chiii liinh rim khim liinu nh biu din dy
Pourier ca mt tn hiu c chu k lin tc theo thi uian, biu din dy Pouricr ca mt tn
hiu c chu k r-i rc iheo tiuVi uian chi cn N clLii hm m phc tun hon
v c dng:
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rac rong mir tn s ri rc 245
^ k->
Tronu cc h s PoLincr x(k) duv cln' bo)
X ( k ) ^ y ' x
tl = 0
- I kl l
\
Chni minh riii x(k) cnu l chui lun hon ihco bi k vi chu k N.
4.43. Cho x( n) v v( n) l 2 chui Lii hon \t l I li ky N. x( k) v ( k) oim n l cc
I)F' cua 2 chui .
a ) C h o g ( n ) = x ( n ) ( n ) vtVi G ( k ) k L)' ciia I (n ). ( ' luVnu Ii i nl ri m:
G( k ) = X - ' ^ ( ' ) V ( k - l )
b)C' ho H( k) = X( k ) ( k ) la Dl-l ciia h(n). CMi R:
h( n) =
4.44. \ l dy c chi u di hiu hn N nuh a la X n (1 bn i moi don 0 < n < N - 1 . x e ' " j
l bi n i [' ' oLirier cua X n . X k la cl> u o n 64 dini cch du nhau ca x e ' j t c l
x[k] = x(c"-)
^ ' '.T-2-k
lil rig Irong dai 0 < k < 63 , X [32 1Loli la ca p,ia Ir khc cua x [ k ] bni; 0.
a) Neu chiu di cua dy N =64. lv iini int cv Kn] ihoa inn cc diu kin cho. Ket
L J *
qua ny c duy nht klim'? Neu c thi ^lai iicli li s;io. >'ic li hy da ra nit kt qu khc.
b) Neu chiu di cua dy N ^ 192 - 3x64 . hy lir.n m dy X n iha mn cc iu kin
cho. K qu ny c duy nh khnu? Ncii c li L-iai ihci ti sao. Ngir' c li ly a ra mt kt
qu khc.
4.45. DF1' ca mt dy c khonii hu hn tona ng vi cc mu cua bin i 7. ca n trn vng
trn n v. V d, DPT cua mt dy x[n| 10 C-m lirnii im vcVi cc niu ca x ( z ) ti 10
iin cch u nhau nh c v trong linli 4.43'(a). Gia s ta mun tim cc mu cch u
nhau ca x ( z ) trn ckrn^ coim nlui trcim hinh v 4.43{b) hay ni ccli khc ta mun tnh
1' v cho bi t phai t hay di X n nlti th nao d c dv X| n t hoa mn iii ki n: DPT ca
X n tiRTim nn vi cc mu cch u nhau O' trn cua X ( / ) .
Hnh 4.43(a), (h)
4.46. Dy X n c chiu di hCru hn N ^ 8 c DPT tnh trn 8 mu X k irc v trn hi nh 4. 44,
Dy y nl c chiu di 16 ' c nh ngha nh sau:
X n / 2 ' , n - 2 m
n ~ ^
0, n - 2 m +
T tp cc hnh v trou hnh 4.45, hy chn ra hnh to' im ng vi Y[ kl l DPT tinh trn
16 m u ca y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hhih 4.44
L J
2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 k
(a)
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 k
(b)
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu r rc trong min tn s ri rc
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T ,J .
T . T
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hin 4. 45
4.47. Cho cc chui c chiu di bim 8 ilc clinl n^hTa trong khoni; 0 < n 7 sau y:
a ) x , ( n ) = ( l 1 1 0 {) 0 1 l
b) x , ( n ) = {l 1 0 0 0 0 1 -
c)
X3 ( n ) = {() 1 1 0 0 0 - 1 -
d)
x , ( n ) = {0 1 1 0 0 0 1 l
247
Cc chui no c mt DF1' 8-im ui r thc? Cc chui no c mt DPT 8-im gi tr
ao?
4.48. Cho x( n) , 0 < n < N - 1 l mt chui c chiu di chn vi DT N im ca n l
X ( k ) , 0 < n < N l . Nu X ( 2 m) - 0 i \'0'i 0 < m < ~ 1.
Chi m m i n h r ng: x( n) - X n -r
248 Gii bi tp x ! in hiu s v Matlab
4.^v, \ nl dy c chicu di hru hn N c clo Iroim hnh 4. 46(a) (Dirim lin nt cli
j - w >-
dirnii bao cc ui tr cua dv t 0 n N-1). Hai dy X n \ x> n c chiu cl hiLi hn
diioc tao rlinh t dy X n ir'c m t trom hinh 4. 46(b) v duc d nl nuha nh sau:
x n . 0 < n < N -
n
_ )
0. n O . N - l
X
"X
0.
n
n - N
0 < n < N - 1
N < n < 2 N - l
n 6 0 . 2 N- 1
k' l 1) cua X n tnh trn N mu cn X, k v k l !)FT toim nu ca X| n
inh trcn 2N mu,
a) C the nli ' c k nu bit X k khng? Gii thcl i do.
b) ' im mi quan h on liii nht c th c l tim c x[k] khi bl X, [kl
r X
l J
n
N-1
N-1 2N-1
r ^
x , [ n ]
N 2N-1
0 N-1
Hnh 4.46(a),(h)
4.50. Phn chn ca dy thc X n u''c nh ngha nh sau:
+ X - n
d X n l dy thc c chiu di hrai hn t ha mn: X
DFT cua X n tnh trn N mu;
^ 0 vi n 0 v n > N . x k l l
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v fn hii ri rac trong nin tn s ri rc 249
a) r ) F T | x J n ] | - R e | X [ k ] ?
b) T m DF1' nmrc ca R e x k ] ' ihco X
4 . 5 1 . 'rim dy x [ n t h o a mn 3 i Li kin sau:
Dii kiii : Bi n i Pouri er cua X n co dne:
X - 1 4- Aj C0S(! )- -A. C0s2f ! ) ( A . A . l cc l i m s cha b i c t )
Diii kit 2: Dv X n * [n 3 i II 2 bim 5
i ki 3: Vi dv w n eni 3 mu nlii' irc m t troim hnh 4.47, kt qu ca tch
chp vng trn 8 inu ca w n v X n - 3 b i m i 1 Khi n = 2 imha l:
u i n l x n - 3 - m ) ) .l
1
1
w[nj
1
l i i i h 4 4 "
4.52. MI DPT 498 im x(k) cua mi clui n hiu tlc x( n) c cc mu DPT:
X ( 0 ) - 2 ; X ( l l ) - 7 + i 3. 1: X( V ) - - : i 2- ]1.5; x ( l 12) - 3 - ,]t). 7;
X( k , ) = - 4, 7- f jL9: x( 249) - 2.9: X (309) - -4, 7 ~ jl,9;
X ( k 3 ) - 3 + j O, 7; X( 4 2) = - 2.2 f j l . 5 ; X ( k , ) - 7 - j 3, l
Cc mu DPT cn li u irc iii ihi la bng 0.
a) Hy xc nh cc gi tr ca cc h s kpkp, k, v 1<4.
b) Gi tr dc ca chui x ( n )
c) Hy xc nh biu din ca chui x(n ) nv khng cn tnh IDFT
d) Nng \uxn<i ca chui x ( n ) '!
4.53. Xt dy c chiu di hu hn sau:
n - 2 5 n + 8 n ~ 1
-r (S
n - 3
Thc hin cc php ton sau trn dy:
(i) T nh DPT trn 5 mu x [ k
(ii) Tnh DPT nmrc trn 5 mu cua ^[k] X k] tm y[n
a) Ti m dy y n vcVi n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
b) Nu thc hin 2 php ton trn vi DF\' trn N mu tli ta phi c h n N bim bao nliu
- X
* X vi 0 < n < N - 1
4.54. c k nii phn cua bi d'i y tm s khc nhau uia cc phn:
a) Cho ln hiu
+ cos(7rn/4) - 0, 5cos(37n / 4), 0 < n < 7
0.7
Tn hiu ny cim c th biu din qua cnu thc 1DFT nh sau: m c th b
^ k-o
0.
8) n
0 < n < 7
0. 7
k l DPT tnh Irn 8 mu ca x[ n . V k . 0 < k < 7
b) T m k l DPT tnh trn 16 mu ca dy 16 mu sau:
f 1+ cos(Tin/4) - 0.5 cos(37n / 4) , 0 < n < 15
0. n 0.15
V V, J k ] , ( ) <k < 1 5
c) Cho Xf, k l d \n ca DPT tnh trn 16 mu cua nit dy 8 mu:
+ cos(7in/4) - 0. 5cos(37tn / 4). 0 < n < 7
0. 7
V k , ( ) < k < 15 m khng cn tnh minh DPT. c th khnu phai tim t c
cc gi tr ca k b ng cch t nh ln l t nh Ironi i phn a) \' b) nhi u nn t i m mt s gi
tr clnh xc ca k . V tt c cc gi tr bit chnh xc vi mt vng trn c v v gn ni
c c g i t r k h c vi mt v n g t r n r i m.
4.55. a) Cho X n =0, n <0, n > N 1! dy N mu v'i t nht mt mu klic khnu. Hi c tn ti
mt dy c DTFT tha mn iu kin = 0. k ^ o . l .....M - v i M imuvn.
M > N hay khng? Nu c, hy cho v d. Ng' c li hy liii thch Iv do.
b) Gia s M < N , lm li cu a)
4.56. Cho x[n] = 0, n < 0, n > 7 l mt dy thc 8 mu v x[k] l DPT cua \ [ n ] t n h trn 8 mu.
a) nh ei t h e o X
!|i=y
1 Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc Gng mi n s ri rc 251
h) Cho V n = 0, n < 0. n > 7 l mt dy s nu \ a V k ia L)F1 tnh Irn 8 mu CLia V n .
Ncii v [ k ] ^ x ( z ) ti z 2 c x p ( j ( 2 7 k 4 7i) / 8), k - . ...7 t d x ( z ) l bin di z ca x [ n ] . Bi u
d i n V n t h e o X n .
c) Cho w n - 0. n < 0, n > 3 l mi da\ 4 mu \ w k l DPT cua w n tinh trn 4 mu.
Neii w X k + X + 4 , hy biu din \\ [n] theo X n .
d) ( ho y n] = 0, n < 0, n > 7 l mt dy 8 niii vi Y k l DPT ca y n tnh trn 8 mu.
Nu Yf k = <
2 Xf k , k = 0, 2, 4, 6
0. k = 1. 3, 5, 7
, hy b i L i d i n > r. Iheo X
4.57. Cho mt chui c chiu di bim 8 nhu' sau x ( n ) - - 4 5 2 - 3 0 - 2 3 4 | ,
0 < N < 7 v'i DF' T 8 im l x ( k ) . Khnu cn tnh DFT. hv xc nh chui y( n) c DPT
Si m l Y ( k ) - w , ' ' x ( k )
4.58. Cho x_, [n] l mt dy thc 5 im v x , [ k ] l )F1' dirn CLa x . [ n ] . Nu R e x , [k]| l
DF' l' 7 di m cua g n , chnii m!ii rim L:) 0 v tim mi quan h giCra
g n v X
4.59. Cho x [ n ] - ( l / 4 ) \ i va X n] l mt dy mo rog X n vi h s 4 ngha l:
r
r 1 i ^
n / 4 ' n 0, 4, 8
n <
^ ^ 0, n 4k
ri m v v dy q n c chiu di 6 trong d(') ) T k inh trn 6 mau thoa mn hai iu
kii sau;
Q[3] = x , ' ( - 1 )
X ( z ) ! bin i z ca X. n .
4.60. Gi s mun thc hin mt tch chp luyn tih cua mt dy 10000 mu vi mt p ng
xung c chiu di 100 mu. e tnh tch chp ny. ta s dn cc DPT v IDFT c chiu di
256.
a) Neu s dng pho' ng p h p cim xp chng, c i ti ihiu bao nhiu cc php bin i DPT
v IDPT 256 mu thc hin tnh tch chp cho lon b dv chiu di 10000 mu? Chng minh
kt qu .
b) Neu s du pho' iig php t k nhau (ovciiaD-save), cn ti thiu bao nhiu cc php
bin i DPT v 1DFT nc' c 256 mu thc lin t nh tci chp cho ton b dy chiu di 10000
mau? Chiig minh kt qu .
c) Nh cluim ta d bit ' chnu 4. khi N l ly tlira cua 2. Iit DI T hoc Dl-r Irn N
mu yu cu (N / 2) ou. N php nhn phc v Nloiz. N php ciiii phc. Voi cne nil b lc v
chi u di p ni xLinu l h pl i n a) v b). hv so s nh s cc php t on s lic ( php cni i v
php nhn) cinii troim cc phoim php cnu \ p chnii. l k nhau v pliiroim pip li!i tcli
chp trc tip.
4.61. Cho x( n) l mt chui c chiu di N vi x ( k ) l DPT N ini ca n x ( k ) ~ F | x ( n ) | .
Hy xc nh chui y( n) l kt qu ca vic p dim 6 ln DPT cho cluii x ( n ) . neh a l:
y( n) = F F | F F F F j x ( n )
4.62. X n v n l hai dy c chiu di h u hn. c li tr bnu 0 bn n u o i on 0 < n < 99 .
y n l t c h c h p v n g ca 2 d y X n v X. n n u h a l : : a 2 dy X n v X. n nuha l:
i l r - . o
Nu t hc t X J n chi khc 0 vi 10 < n < 39 , t m t p cc ii tr n sao cho V n b nu t ch
c h p l u v n t nh c a X n v n .
4.63. Cho 2 dy c chiu di hu hn X n v h n thoa mn; X n - Ob n nuoi don
0 < n < 49 v h n = 0 bn ngoi on 0 < n < 9 .
a) So cc ui tr khc khng ti a troii t ch chp tLivn l nh liia Xn \ h n l bao nhi u?
b ) ' l ^ c h c h p v n g c a X n v h n t n h t r n 50 m u l:
X n =^10, 0 < n < 4 9
T ch ch3 t uyn t nh ca X n v h n t rn 5 mu u t i n l:
x[ n] * h[n] = 5, 0 < n < 4
X c nh s cc mu c t h c ca t ch ch p iLivn tnli îLra X n v h [ n
4.64. a) Xt chui x ( n ) c chiu di N, 0 < n < N l , vi DPT N im cua n l
x ( k ) , 0 < k < N - 1. Ta nh ngha chui y ( n ) c chiu di LN , 0 < n < L N l nh sau:
' x ( n / L ) , n = 0, L, 2 . . . , ( N - l ) L
0, n khc
Trong L l mt s nuyn doi^. Hy biu din v ( k ) l DFT LN -dim ca v( n) t heo
hm ca x ( k ) .
b) x ( k ) l DPT 7-im ca mt chui x(n) c chiu di bne 7 nh trn hinh v, Hy
v Y( k ) ! DPT 21 im ca mt chui y ( n ) c chiu di bng 21 ' c to ra boi cnu thc (*).
y( n) =
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rac rong m i r tn s ri rc 253
nl 4. 4S
4.65. Xt 2 dv c khoaim liu hn X n lloa mn x n l ^ Ov i n<( ) . n > 4 0 v
< n < 30 . V
\ a \
^ 0 vi n < O. n > 19 nluruc II la roim hnh 4.49(a). (b).
--- -N
\ ( n )
30 39
/c/y
>(n)
10
^9
(h)
i n 4. 49(a). ( h)
(i vv n l tch chp luycn tnh cua x[n] \' ' .' [n
dirc tnh trn 4) mu:
l tch chp vn> ca x[n1 v
k--: /
k-o
a) Tim cc i tr ca n \v n khc khnu
b) rim cc m tr cua 1> c ih xc dni u n t I![n
4.66. linh 4. 50 biu din 2 dy c khoaim luLi hn h n va h. n c chiu di N =8. Hai dy ny
c mi quan h dch vnu vi nhau iiLila l h n] " h- I ((n
h, l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T
1
n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 4.50
a) Hv cho bi lii ca cc DPT 8 ini c bnu nhau khiii?
b) Gi s ta mun thc hin mt b lc F1R lng thp v phi s dng h, n hoc
h. n lm p im xung. iu khng nh no d'i v l ng;
(i) S dng h, n] lm b lc t hng thp tt ho'n h;,
(ii) S dim n lm b lc thng thp tt ho'n hj
(in) lm b lc (him thp, 2 dy ny c hiu qu nh nhau.
4.67. Yn di Pourier ri rc tiiii qut (Generalized DPT) N iem J ( k. a . b) ca chui x ( n) -
c h i u d i N l SI tng q u t h o c a DPT t h n g i h u n g . ( k, a, b) c b i u d i n di
dim:
N-I
X,,| ,-,-(k,a.b) = X x ( n ) e
1 1 - 0
Chim minh rng: GDFT nmr'c c dn:
N - I
^ ( " ) = T7Z^Vi nr r ( l <. a, b) e
k-o
2 r r ( n ^ a ) ( k . h )
N
2 ; r ( n + a ) { k ^ b )
N
LI GII BI TP NNC CAO
4.42. V (n) - (n + r N) , suy ra tt c cc l s khng nm t ron phm vi 0, 1. . . . . N-1 c th
c lch lu troii ( n ) , trong 0 < k < N - 1 . Suy ra trong trnu hp ny vic biu
T _
! kn
din chui Pourier ch lin quan n N chui hm m phc. t X n = ^ X (k)e ^ thi:
N k.o
N- 1
4 ( k ) = ' ' ^ ........ = ^ Z x ( l < ) I =
Nr .
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri ric trong rnin tn s ri rc 255
Ma
Do d:
n-^0
"(k -r)n N.
I 0.
k 1
k ^ r
I n!
=X( r )
X( k + l N ) = X , x [
n . = 0
i~''(k^Nn
Xx [ n ] c -' ^"' e = ^ ' " = X x [ n ] e " ' ^ ' " = X ( k )
1 1 = 0
4.43. a) G( k) = ^ g ( n ) e ^ \ ( n ) ( n ) c ^ .
11-- 0 ! " ( >
1
M \ ( n ) - - ^ x ( r ) c . [)o d:
^ r-o
^H^) = ^ I Z ( ' - ) ( n ) e ^ = ^ Z X ( r ) X ( n ) e "
' i i = 0 r - 0 1' - H) I I r O
= ~ X X ( r ) ( k - . )
b) h( n) = - ^ x ^ ' ( k ) v ( k ) e ' " ' " = y Vx ( i ' ' ) V( k ) c
k-(i k.0r-o
= ! " ( ' ) l l k l c | : . y x h - ) ( n - r )
r - . . - 0 i ^ k = ( ) I - i '
- - - ( n r
4.44. l)v cua ta l dy c chiii ii luLi lin voi )l' ' r 64 dim ch c 1 im khc khim
= 32).
a) S dnu cii thc tnh ! ) T n c:
0 < n < ( N - l )
k---i )
' l' hav vo la c;
x[n| = X 32| \ Vj " = - - e -'"' =. (-1)" 0 - n < ( N - l )
6 4 ' 6 4 6 4 6 4
Cu Ira l'i l duv nht \ i chnu ta lay 1)|-T 64 in cua dy 64 im.
b) Khi chiu di cua dy l N 192,
M)1
I X [ k ] W
k-.--{)
(-1)"
k l l
O n<191
0 < n 63
6 4 < n < : 9 1
Kl qu ny khng phi l duy nht. Do clii ly 64 mu ph, x[n] s b clim ph t rona niien
thi uian. Ta c th ly mt dv ihav th nh sau:
1 r 1
x' nJ = ^
64 V3
0 < n < 1 9 1
4.45. Ta c dy x| n] 10 im. Ta mun c ml dy x, [n] gm 10 ini c su\ ra t x| n | V!
DPTc i a x, [n]:
X, fk] =: X( z)
z - e-
9
2k 10) + (r. 1())
Nh' li nh imha bin i z ca x n:
X( z) = X x [ n ] z -
n=~r'
Vi x[nj l lii hn (N 10), ui thit rng;
x(n) =
0 < n < 9
0 n khc
V vy;
X{ z) = x n ] z "
11-0
X(z)
Ta s tm dy X| [ n 10 i m sao cho DPT ca X j [ n | t o n g o' nu vi b i u thc trn. Nh' li
cng thc DPT la c:
<)
X, [k] = x ^ | [ n i w
tl=:0
kn
Vi w,^; =e
0 < k < 9
kii ^ i ( ) ) kn ^ p i ^ ^ p
x, [n] = x[n]
_ 1( - l )
2 )
4.46. Ta c dy X n c di hru hii N = 8. Gi tliit thc hin ni suv vi ii s 2 imha l tng
gp i chiu di ca X n bnc cch chn cc gi tr 0 vo cc gi tr n le troim khonti
0 < n < 15 :
x [ n / 2 ] n = 2m, ( ) < n < 1 5
[0 n = 2m + l
y[n] = ^
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiii rii rc rog min tn s ri rc 257
1)1-1 1() di n cun } In:
vi M- - yyi - n| \ v' ^ :
0 < n < 5
11-0
c-| ui y ri i g :: c = v\'-'
Y k | - ^ x | ' n l \ V^ " 0 < k < 1 5
Do d DPT 16 din cua tn liu ioi MI\ nm ai )hin ban cua [)F ' 8 im cua x[n l. iu
nv l chinh xc vi V[k| tun hon \ i chu kv 8 ( \Ciii hai \(\p 4.1). Do d. hra chn nu (
Ta c h kiin tra nhanl Y| ()| ^ X|O
4 . 4 7 . a) X. ( - n ) ^ = [ l 11 ) 0 0 j - X; ( i ) . )(> do \ j ( n ) l m t c Ti i i t h c Lin l i on, v
suy ra n c mt )FT S-dii Liia ii' llrc.
b) \ , ( n) = - -] ) 0 0 . Do d \ . ( n ) k h n R l chui chui clin tun
l i on. CLnu khnu l ml chui Ic tiii loai. Suy ra. r)F'[cua n l mt chui phvc.
c) X; ( - n) . " 0 1 1 0 0 ) i Do d X3( n) l mt clnii i tun hon.
\' SLV ra r n u no c n i D F T 8 d i c i ni ai m îa t r no.
^ ^ ^ ^ ,... ^
4. 4S. X( 2 m) = Xx ( n ) \ V- ' " " . ^ X( n ) - y ^
n -') n-;(l
\ \ \ \
2 ' ' / N ' ' : ' /
= X x ( n ) \ v - " " f y x; n ' \v ^ ^ + z
II :() II () '' - i) --() II -^0
\
-! r-
- X '=(")
II -0 [_
' N '|
i )1CL1 ny nu V l X ( n ) - X ; n - - - !
^ ' V / j ^
n t-
1
( N''\| N
4 X n - - ' 1 \ \ ' 0 . ' ) m - 1
4. 4>. a) l' a c:
!x[n|
x . n I ~ x | n - N
^0
i N - 1
N s n - ; 2 N - 1
n kliac
) o d ncii bi cl cLic X| k | . X J co hc i m diixvc bni i ccl ScU :
258 Gii bi tp xy tn hiu s v Matlab
Xk
b) e thu ' c X k l Xj k . ta c th lv IDFT cua X| k ti 2N im sau ly DPT
ca X, n ti N im thu ' c X k .
Tuy nhin cch ny khne t hiu qu cao. Mt cch khc liiLi qua lion l khai ihc cng
thc khai trin DPT c lin quan. Tnrc ht ta c:
x, [ k] = x' x,[n]W::,
1 1 - 0
11=0
X, [kJ = Xx[n]W^, ^
I I - =0
0 < k < ( 2 N - 1 )
0 < k < (N - 1)
Do cch d dng ho'ii thu d' c X k t X| k l gim X| k i 2.
x,[k]
9 1
r
1
\[ki
4.50. a) DPT ca phn chii cua dy s thc:
Nu x[n] c di N thi x, [ n| c d i 2 N - l :
x[n] + x | - nj
2
0
x j n j =
] 1 = - N - 1 ^n - - ( -
( - N + l ) < n < ( N ~ l )
n khc
( - N + l ) < k < ( N - l )
11=0 n={) ~
ki i
: \ - i
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rac trong min tn s ri ri 259
XJ k J = Xx[ n] c os
1 1 - 0
N h V l i r i m :
X kl = X ' < " l W
11-0
V a R e | X [ k ] } = ^ x [ n ] c o s
\ N 1
Do d D! T{xJ n] } ^ Re{X[kj
b)
0 < k < ( N - 1 )
Re
X[k] + X*[k]
= Zxf ^^' N' + Z' x[ n] W
^ 11=0 - 11^:()
= z ( ^ ' ^ + xtN-nJ)W^"
- k i l
N
Do d: RcXk]} = DFT ~ ( x | n | + x| N ^-n])
[2
4.51. r diu kin 1, chinu ta c th khim nl dy c d di hu hn (N = 5). Ta c:
X(e-' "' ) - 1+ A, cos 0) + A , cos 2(0 =: 1+ ^ (e "" + e--'") + ^ ( e + e )
'l' cnu thc khai tnn Pourier. ta c:
x [ n ] = ( S f n ] + ^ - ( S | n - 1 | i | n f 1 1 ) - i - - ( | n - 2 | f [ n + 2 ] )
Tir di cu ki n 2 ta c t h SLIV ra inl troni cc î tr hng s ca i u ki n 1. Vi
x| n I* | n - 3] = x| n - 3 ] = 5 vi \=^2 nn ta c x| -l I ^ 5 v x| ] ]=x[- l ]^5. T hai gi tr ny suy ra
A, - 1 0
Vi iii kin 3. Ihc hin tch clp vng gia x [ ( ( n - 3 ) ) J v dy (o|nJ 3 im. Trong
trirnu hp ny, tch chp tuvn lnh bnii tch chp vrm vi N - 8 > 6 + 3 - l . T
\(( n - 3))^ I - x[n - 3] v lch chp cua n vi (o|n] nh m t ' hnh 4.47 ta u'c:
. V \ -
5 A ,
I
0 1 3 4
Vi n ^ 2, \v n * X n - 3 - 1 1 SLI V ra A. = 6. Do X 2 - X - 2 --- . r d ta c II ta
\ ' u v X
. 5 5
\[n]
3 '3
T
-3 2 1 0 1 2 3 r
4.52. Kh x( n) l mt chui ui tr tlrc c chiu cli 498 th DPT 498 dini x ( k ) cua n thoa mn
X( k) = X * r ( - k ) ^ . J = X ( 4 9 8 - k ) .
a) T cc mu DPI' cho. ta quan sl thv rang x ( k | ) = X* ( 412) . n rnii
k, = 4 9 8 - 4 1 2 = 86. x ( k , ) = x ( 309), n rng k, = 498 - 309 = 189 , X ( k , ) = X* (1 12). n
rng k, = 498 112 = 386 . X ( k J = X* ( 1 1) , n rng k, = 498 - 11 = 487 .
b) Gi tr mt chiu (dc) ca chui x ( n ) b n u x ( 0 ) = 2
c)
4 n ) I X ( k ) W , 5 ^ ~ [ X ( 0 ) + 2 Re x { l l ) W, ; i " + 2 Rc | x ( 8 6 ) \ V; - ' + -
+ 2 Re X (112) + 2 Re X (189) " + X (249) \ v , f " 1
1
^ 1I m " ^1lun ^867111 "

- 0,45 + 7cos - 3, l s i n - - 2 , 2 CCS
2 4 9 ' V249 ; V249 ) V 249 ,
( STn '
-f- 1,5 s!n -t-
l 249 j
3 c o s
1127111 1
4-0,7sin
M 127111
249
- 4 , 7 c o s
\J>97W.)
V 249 j
--l,9sin
i 1897X11 'I
i 249 l
< ) Z M " ) = 4 - Z | X ( k ) ! = . 2 2 7 5
l l r r )
4.53. Ta c dy c chiu di hrti ln:
x[ n] ^ 2[n ] + n 11-i [ n - 3J
(i) Thc hin DPT trn 5 mu:
X[k] = 2 + -4 0 < k < 5
L-
Trong = e '
(ii) Binh phoim DFT ca x[n| :
Y[ kJ~X^[ kj
= 2 + 2W,' + 2 W f + 2W-^ + + v v f + 2\V'-^ w ' ^, () < k < 5
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min n s ri rc 261
[)() W ' - w< = 1; = \ \ t suy ra:
Y| k I = 3 + 5 W; + w h 4 \ v ; ' - vv. "' . 0 i; k 'V
a) Banu cach l\ DF' ti m ilinh pii an la
v[n] - 36nI -f 5fn - 1] + n -- 2] - 4|n 3 >|n 4| . 0 < n < 5
b) ' hu lc ny ch nh l t hc hi n php t t ong qiK n CL a ! day so tiic. S dnu t nh clit
CIKI [)I' T. a c li lnh tch chp bim nii phiroim phap khc:
y[n| = l DFr X- | k] ; = x [ n h \ n |
l)-T va DPT cho llv tcl chp \ nii . Do d. d d.ii hao kliim c chna ph, chiu d
cLia DPI' phai l N > 2M - trone d M l chiu d cua \ii |. Vi \ \ M 3. N > 5 .
4.54. a) V'1 n 0.....1, x| n| c dim:
I j " n - " ; ] ! " i i
x[ n\ ^-1 - ( e Tc (e -'c " )
1 1
+ - c ' ^ - - C
I I d
, l | 8 + 4 c - % 4 e ^ " - 2 e ' ^ " ' - 2 c ' ' , J - V x . k | t
^ k I)
:nk
1 - - - n
/ 1,.. 8
8
Do chinu ta c d th cua XV k I:
8
X, ki
0 1 2 3 4
-2
5 6
*-2
b) Vi l ^ 15, vnl c diiu:
, l " n - 11 j ' ' ' n r i i
vfn = l + - ( e ' ^ +e * ) - - - ( e i c )
?
4
7 - >-
1 r - - i 2 1 ] " ' - i 4 I i " ' n ] j ' . ' ' - n : )
= 1+ e + e e - - ~e
2 2 4 4
2 - 2 r r " r
1 i 112 n14 n " nio
= - - ( 1 6 + 8 e ' + 8 e ' < ' - 4 c " - 4 t r ^ )
16
I '
Do chne ta c ih ca V,, Ik I :
262
Gii bi tp xl tin hiu s v Matab
16
6 7
-4
10 11 12 13 14 15 k
' -4
c) X , J k j =X(e' "' )
. _ 2j
CO= k
16
0 < k < 15
Trong X(e' "' ) l bin i PoLirier ca x[n].
Ch rng x[n] c th c biu din di dim:
x[n] = y[n]co[n]
37111
Trong : y[n] = 1+ c o s ( ~ ) - - ~c o s ( - ^ ) v 0)[n] l ca s hnh clr nht c di 8 ini.
4 2 4
V vy gi tr ca |X|(,[k]| s t ng ng vi gi tr ca |x^|k]| ti cc dicm chn. Cc im
l s c ni suy t cc im chn. Ta c th ca Xwj k] :
x , . m
k = 0, 2, 4, . , . , 14
0 1
1
1
4 ' 4
1
l T
2
r 2 T r
1
1
1 T
1 T '
T T T 1
1 - 1
I
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15
4.55, (a) Khng tn ti. x[n] chi c N bc t do v vi M > N iu kin ch c th c iha inn
nu x[n] 0. C rh, ta mun X(e' ) = DPT;,,^ {x[n] 0 .
Vi M > N do khng c chng ph v x[n] c th ' c biu din di dng:
4 n ] = ^ x [ k ] w ^ ^ \ n = 0, . , . , M^ l
Trong X[k] l DPT M im ca x[n]. V X[k] = 0 nn ta c th kt lun rn x| n] = 0 v
do cu tr li l khng tn ti.
(b) v ta ch cn m bo rng khi b chng pli trong mi n tlii iian ti M mu. x[ii| l
dy ton 0. V d cho x[n] = S[n I [n - 2], khi ;
Vi M = 2, ta c:
X( c' - ") = 1- 1= 0
X( e ' ^ ' ) = ^ - 0
4.56. Li ai:
b)
V [ k ] - X( z )
Z X [ k J e - = x [ l |
k = )
1
X ;
I (
= I x| n]z " = ^ x | n ] z "
z = 2e
- z = 2e
11=0
2 : k rr
z = 2e ^
7 ,:t .:rrk_ - .:-k
1 - l i ' ^ - ! I'
= Xx | n ] ( 2 e M"' e ^ '
M.:() n .-()
Do ta c th kt lun rnu: v[nj = xn](2e ) "
c)
wf n] X Wl k]W, = - (X k] + X| k + 4| ) e' ^
^k-. i
V x [ k e - ' " ' + l X > ^ | k + 4i c' ^' "'
^ y.-0 ^k--0
2~ ' 2' ' 2~
= + i x x [ k | e ' * =2x[ 2n]
!)o w[n] = 2x| 2n]
d) Ch rng Y[kJ c th vit di dng:
Y[k] = Xk] + (-1)^ Xfk] = Xfkl + vv,:"x[k]
S dn tnh cht ca DPT, ta c tli kt lun rim:
y[n] = x [ n J +x [ ( ( n - 4 ) ) , ]
4.57. x( n) = {- 4 5 2 - 3 0 --2 3 4| , 0 < N < 7 .
Xt dy DPT 8 im l Y( k) = Wj ' ' X{k) = W^'' X( k ) . Dn tnh cht dch vng theo th'i
man cua DPT t a t hyr ni IDFT Y( k) ' clc cho bo'i y( n) = x ( n - 6 ) . Do
y( 0) = X(- 6) ^ = x( 2) = 2 ; y( I ) = X(.1 - 6)^ = X(3) - - 3 ; y{2) = X(2 -- 6)^ = x( 4) = 0 ;
y ( 3 ) = x ( 3 - f 4 = x ( 5 ) = - 2 : y ( 4 ) = X ( 4 - 6 )^ = X ( 6 ) = 3 ; y ( 5 ) = x ( 5 - 6)^ = x ( 7 ) = 4 ;
? 6 4 Gii bi p x ly tn hiu s v Matlab
y () X(6 - 6). = \ (0) - -4 ; y (7) - X(7 ~ 6)^ X( l) 5 . Do .
y ( n ) - 2 --3 0 --'2 3 4 - 4 5 | , 0 < n < 7
4.58. Ta c: DFT. { x , | n ] x. | k] ^ x . | n ] c '
0
Do :
^: [ 0 = >^: 1 <I - X ( R e j X , l k ] } + j l m X , | _ k | ) ^ i y ( R e | X , | k j )
>k- ' K-tl ' k
(vi x. [o] l thc)
Suy ra: X-, 0 = Z 0
c xc dnh quan h îra x, | l v e| l | phai ch rnu vi x. | n | l thc:
X( e- ' " ' ) - X7e
Do : X[k] - X^[N - k], k = 0 , 6
Khi la c:
g[l I= i | R c - x , k l w , - = vv, >
7 ^ ; 2 7 ^ 2
= ^( x, [ I ] + x, [6]) = - i ( x, [l ] + 0) =^X,[T1
4.59. Trc tin chng ta cn plii tnh cc izi tr Q[()J v Q[3]:
( 0 - 0
Q[3] = X, (~ 1) = X, (e-"") = X, [ n ] ( ~ l ) " = -
co = K 3
Vi mi Q[k], DF 6 im l:
Q[l<l = 5[kJ + ~ [ k - 3 ]
Sau tim q[n] vi 0 < n < 6 :
q[n] = Q [ k ] e ^ ' " = f ^ + | ( - l ) " = | ( l + ( - i r )
0 ^_(' 0 \ J J '
Ti cc gi tr khc q[n| = 0. th ca q[n]:
4/9
4/9 4/9
q n
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
4. 60. a) Pl i i ri m pl i p ci u xp cl i nu ( over l ap add);
Nii chi a u \ () t hnh cc on c chi u di L. mi don sc c c i i cu di u ra;
L. + 00 1 - L ^ ' 9 9
\)o d. dai yu cu l; L 256 - 99 157
Ncii c 63 on. 63\ 57 ~ 9891, s cn dir 09 in. Do d a phai diii thm vo khi d
l i u du' t l i a nv hnl k h i c h i u di 2 5 6 \' SU' dn i i h n i n i l ) - r khac.
Do d. la cn 64 D' T M 64 [DF1' . V'i hn cnu cn m L)'T icn tiu s l 63 DF-T v
64 1>'T.
b) l^hutvim plp t k nhau (ovciiap savc):
Chn thm 99 im 0 vo dy v loi bo 99 diii du lin du ra mi on. Do chiu
di sau khi chn l 10099 dim. ChiLi di mi on clii l 256 - 99 = 157 L.
Tu yu cLi 65x157 10205 d c ta ca 0099 dim. V h[nj cnu cn m DFT nn tim so
la 66 \ a 65 L)FT.
c) Bo tiia cc lli'i dim qu (Vu \ ciii ca tcli chp trirc ticp. ini di ni u ra yu
cu 100 plp Iiln v 99 php cnu
( ' I1Z \ p c l i m;
S pip nhn - i29 . 1024 - 132096
S php cng - ] 29 . 204S = 264192
O kc nhau;
S php Ii hn= 131 . 1024 - 34144
S php cng - 13 I . 2048 - 268288
T ch chp trc licp;
S plp nhn 100 . lOOOO ^ lOOOOOO
S php cng - 99 . 10000 = 990000
4.61. Vi F ' = F, do F = NF ' . Do :
N
y(n ) = I^F F F F | x(n ) ^NF - ' | F NF - - ' F j NF - ' F x(n ) | | =N^x(n )
4.62. Ta c hai dy 100 im c i tr khc khn khi n nm troni khoaim [0.99| .
Nu X | | n ] khc 0 chi vi 1 0 < n < 3 9 . tch chp tuyn tnli X| [ n| *x. | n] l mt dy c
di 40 ^ 100 - =139 v c m tr khc 0 tronu khoaim 10 < n .<139 .
Tch chp \ ne tnh trn 100 icm t ona nu vi tch clip tuvn tnh vi 40 im u tin
b clone ph boi cc ui rr troim khoim 100 < n < 139 .
V vy. cli clp vnu 100 dini loim ironu tcl chp tuvcn lnh clii ironu khoaim
40 < n < 99 .
4.63. a) Vi chiu di cua x[n| l 50 im v chiu di cua hnl l 10 dm. tch chp tuyn tnh
v[n] ^ x[n | *h[ n] c di 50 + 10 - ] = 59 diin.
b) T ch chp vnu = t ch chp iLivn t nh + chng ph
Nii v[nj = xfn] h [ n ] . ta c:
x[n] * y[n ] = ^ [n + rN] 0 < n < (N - 1)
1 - -y
Vi N = 50
x[n] * y[n] = y| n] + y[n + 50] 0 < n < 49
V bi ton cho x| n] * h[n] = 10 , do :
v[n I+ y[n + 50] = 10 0 < n < 49
Ta cn c y[n] = 5. 0 < n < 4
S dim cnii thc trn ta c;
n = 0 y| 0] + yf50] = 10
y[ 50] ^5
n = 4 y[4J + y| 54] = 10
- 5
n = 5 y| 5J + y[55] = 10
yl55] = '?
n = 8 y| 8]+y[581 = 10
y[58]-' >
n = 9 yl 9| =10
n = 4 9 y| 49] =10
Tm li, chni ta ch c tli xc nli y[n| vi gi tr n tronii khoana ') < n < 55 ( Ch gi
tr v[ii] vi 0 < n < 4 c clio tru''c).
x ( n / L) , n = 0 , L , 2 L , . . . , ( N- l ) L
0, n khc
4.64. y ( n ) -
Y( k ) = s ' y ( n ) w i . = > ; { n ) w ; l : = | ; x ( n ) w ;
i i - ( ) I 1- -0 n=( )
y- k > N . dt k k,) + rN . trong k ^ ( k) ., ra c:
Y( k) = Y( k + rN) = X ^ ( n ) w f " " " > = Xx ( n ) w: : ^ = X( k) = X( k) ^
11=0 n=:()
b) Bi v Y( k) - x( k) i vi k = 0,1, 2, . . . , 20, la vc cTc Y( k) nhs a u:
X(k)
3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 k
x ( n )
A B
n
4.65. l ' a c;
30 39
y { n )
10
19
a) 1icl ehp iLi^n tnl x[n* y[n] i mt chui im 40 + 20 - 1 59 dim.
A*c B*c
10 28 40
58
Do x[n]* y[n] ==vv[n] khc 0 vi 10 < n < 28 v 40 < n < 58 .
b) Tch chp vng 40 im c th tnh bng cch chng ph tch chp tuyn tnh. C th.
chi m ph cc im trong khong 40 < n < 58 vi khong 0 < n < 18 .
Vi vv[n| = x[ n] *y[ nj bnu 0 troim khong 0 < n < 9 , tch chp vnu g[nj = x[n](*)^(,y[n]
chi bao rm cc oi tr b chng ph;
w[n] = x[n] * y[n] 40 < n < 49
' ro' ng t. cc im g[n] vi 18 < n < 39 s toni na vi cc dim ciia wn] trong khong ny.
1 om li:
w[n] = 2[n] 18 < n < 39
268 Gii bi tp xCf ly tin hiu s v Matlab
w| n + 40 = g | n l 0 < n < 9
4.66. a) Hai chui lin h vcVi nhau bcT php dch vnu:
h , [ n = h [ ( ( n + 4 ) ) J
Do : H, [ k] =
va FL[kl = | w; ^ ' H, [k| =. H, fk]
Do l'n ca cc I)FT 8 dim bim nhau.
, , r 1 -
b) h| n un moim V01 ----- .
X
Do H. k ~ k nn s diie hj n lm b lc ihnii llip lol Kin.
7 ( n ! a )( k )
\
4.67. X , , | , - ( k , a . b ) - X ^ ( " )
1 1 = 0
^ 1 ^ : r : ( n . - a ) ( k + h | V I V i
V ( k- a. b) c ^ = V z z ^ ( O'-'
^ k-0 k-n r=^()
2rr(t-j)k-h) r ( n a ) ( k 4 - h
\
, \ _ 1 , 2 ; T ( n - f L i - r - a ) { k - h) : n ( II- r ( k h )
k-0 r-0 k -0
M
1 r
r - - ) k - - 0
. : T r ( i i - - r H k . - h ) - V ,
^ 0,
^ 2 ; r ( M- r ) ( k 4 ^ h )
N
kV0
n - r
. Suv ra:
x( n) = ^ x ( n ) N = x ( n )
D. BI TP MATLAB
M4_l . Vit mt lm lnh dch vnu cua mt chui circshiftl(x.V1) vi \ l chui ban u v M l
s mu cn dch. p dn hm ny vit mt cluxynu trnh MA r LAB tnh tch chp vng
ca mt chui bl k nhp t bn phm, s Hii cn dch M cim dirc nhp t bn 3 h m .
Li gii:
function y = circshit(x,M)
% Xay dung mot chuoi y bang cach dich vong
% mot chuo X co chieu dai huu han di M mau
if abs{M) > length(x)
M = r e m( M, l e n g t h ( x ) };
end
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s^^ri rc 269
.! f M < 0
M = M + length(x);
end
y ^ [x M-f 1 : .length (.x) X (1 :M) ] ;
% chuona trinh M4_i
% B:eu dien dich vong cua mot day
clf ;
M = i.nputl'Nhap so mau can dich = ') ;
X ^ iiput{Nhap dav tin hieu goc = );
y = CIrcsh]. f t (x , M) ; % Dich day tin h.ieu goc di M mau
L ^ length(x)1;
n = 0 : L ;
subplot ( 2, 1,1) ;
steiTi (n , x) ;
ax1 s ([0,L,min(X),max(x)]);
title 'ay tin hieu goc') ;
ylabel( 'Bi en do' ) ;
sbplot {2,1,2) ;
st ei n (n , y ) ;
ax .1 s ( [ 0 , j_, mi n (X) , max (X ) ] ) ;
t:itle [ 'Dav tin hieu thu duoc sau khi d.ich vonq ' , num2str (M) , ' mau' ] ) ;
y,l abei ( ' Bxen do ' ) ;
x'l abel ( ' Thoi g J an roi rac ') ;
l i n l v sau d y I i i i i i l i l i o t c h c h p v n g cua dy x ( n ) ~ |(J 12 3 4 5 () 7 8 9 10 1 11, M ==4.
Day in hieu qoc
_ ----------------- 1-,------ 1
10
3
0
1
4
06
) i i -1
*1
i'
M ; 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fi 9 10 11
Day in hieu thu duoc sau kh diCh vong 4 mau
5 6
Thoi giari roi rac
! 0 1 1
\14__2. Vil m chironu trinh bu ciin ml chui bt k nhp t bn phm ciinu bin i Pouricr
ri rc ( DPI ) cua n. Dch vne chui ny theo thi îa^ i M mu. l y biu dien cliui
s a u khi d c h v n u , b i n v p h a c u a 1)1-1' c a n.
Li di:
% Chuong trinh M4_2
% Tinh chat dich vong theo thoi gian cua DPT
clf ;
X = nput('Nhap day goc tu ban phim = );
Mînput('Nhap so mau can dich vong =');
N = length(x)-!;
n - 0 : N ;
y = ci rcshi f t (x, M) ; di. sp (y)
XF = fft(x);
YF = fft(y);
sbplot(321);
stem(n,x);grid
title('Da tin hieu goc);
subplot(322);
stem{n,y);grid
title ( [ 'Day tin hieu dich vong ' ,num2str(M) , ' mau] ) ;
subplot(323);
stem(n,abs(XF));grid
title{Bien do cua DPT cua day tin hieu goc');
subplot(324 ;
stem{n,abs{YF));grid
title(['Bien do cua. DPT cua. day dich vong ' , num2st:.r (M) , ' mau '] ) ;
subplot(325);
stem(n ,angle(XF));grd
title('Pha cua DPT cua day tin hieu goc^);
subplot(326);
stem(n,angle{YF));grid
title ( [ 'Pha cua DPT cua day dich vong ' ,num2str(M) , ' mau]) ;
Hnh v sau y minh ha cho t nri m hp X = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]: M = 4.
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 271
Day i n heu goc Day tin hieu dich vong A rnai.]
1 0 --------------- ----------------^--------------------------- 1 0 I---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 1
T ' ' 'T ^ 9 i
1--- 1j ............
0(t=jLjI^1IL L 01I^^___L^^1
B i i do cua DPT 3 day tin h i e u ^ c Bien*o cua DPT C j ^ d 3 y dich vong i ' ^ a u
o^p-------- j 60^r------------r~--------- ^
4 0 ..................................................... 40 ....................... ; ..........................
20 :??............ *.................o 20 -vr;............ ;.................
1 9 9 9 T
..................... ............................. o 2 0 ............................................
] I I ? y ? ,9 9 , 'i' . .. l ? 9 9 ? T y
Fîa cu DPT cu d a y in hieu g8 Ph c ua DPT cua ifey dich vong A IPau
3 r---------------- 1-------------------- 5 I-------------------- --------------------
1 " ' <-
; <> : i'
10
M4_3. Vit chong trinh m t tnh cht chp vng ca DPT: cho 2 chui bt k X j ( n) , X ( n) c
chiu di bng nhau. Tnh v v tch chp vng ca 2 chui . Mt cch khc xc nh tch
chp vn ca chui ny l nh IDFTX, ( k) . x, (k) vi
X, ( k) = DFT x, ( n) | ; X, ( k ) = DFT x , ( n ) .
Li ii:
function y ^ circonvl(xl,x2)
LI = length(xl); L2 == leagth{x2);
.1 f LI L2, error('Hai chuoi co chieu dai khong bang nhau'),, end
y = zeros (1,LI) ;
X2tr - [x2 (1 ) x2 (.i2 : -1 :2) ] ;
f o r k ^ : L1
sh = cLrcshift(.x2tr,l"k);
h = X1 . * s h ;
y{k} = sum(h);
end
% Chuong trinh M4_3
% Tinh chat chap vong cua DPT
xl = input{'N[hap day thu nhat = ) ;
x2 = input{'Nhap day thu hai =');
ycir = circonv (x,x2) ;
disp('Ket qua cua tich chap vong = ');disp(ycir)
XI =: fft{xl); X2 = fft(x2);
yc = real (ifft (XI.*X2) ) ;
disp('Ket qua cua IDFT(X1.X2) = ');disp(yc)
N = 1 e ng t h ( y c i r ) ;
272 Gii-bi tp x ly iin hiu s v Matlab
n = 0 : N~1;
rn=0 : length {xl ) -1 ;
subplot (221) ;
stem{m,xl); % Ve day thu nhat
title'Day thu nhat xl);
subplot(222);
Stem(m,x2); % Ve day thu hai
title('Day thu hai x2);
subplot(223);
stem(n,ycir) ; % Ve ti ch chap vong cua hai day X]., x2
title('Tich chap vong cua hai day xl, x2') ;
xlabel ( 'n ') ;
subplot(224);
stemn,yc); % Ve IDFT(X1.X2)
title { ' IDFT{XI.X2) ' ) ;
xlabel ( 'n ' ) ;
Nliap day li U =[! 3 5 7 9 11/
Nhup day lu hai - / 7 -7 2 2 ^ J
Kef qua cua icl cip von; -
20 40 24 8 28 24
Kc qua cua IDFT(XI. X2) -
20 40 24 8 28 24
15
10
Day thu nhat x1 Day thu hai k2
-e-
Tich chap vong cua hai day x 1 , x2
40 I---- ^ 40
-------
30
. 20<
10 1
0
M4_4. Vit chirim trinh tnh tch chp tuyn tnh thnii qua lch chp vno;.
Li i:
% Chuong trinh M4_4
% Tinh tich chap tuyen tinh thong qua tich chap vong
xl = input { ' Nhap day thu nhat ' ) ;
>:2 - input{Nhap day thu hai -')
xln = [xl 2 eros{1,length(x2) -1) ]
x2n [x2 zeros ( , length (xl) " ) ]
ylin = circonvl(xln,x2n);
disp('Ket qua cua tich chap tuyen tinh thong qua tini txcii Lcy vong
- ');disp(ylin);
y = conv(xl, x2);
disp{Tinh tich chap tuen tinh truc tiep = ');disp{y)
N=length(yln);
n=0:N~1;
ml = 0 :length (xl) -1;
m2-0:length(x2)-1;
subplot(221);
stem(ml,xl); % Ve day th nhat
title{'Day thu nhat xl'};
subplot (222) ;
stem (i2 , x2 ) ; % Ve day thu hai
title{'Day thu hai x2');
subplot(223);
stem(n ,ylin);
t.itle('Tich chap tuyen tinh thong qua tich chap vong ' ) ;
xlabel'n ');
subplot(224);
s t e m ( n , y ) ;
title('Tinh tich chap tuyen tinh truc tiep'};
xlabel ( 'n ) ;
Nhap day thu nhai ^[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9]
Nhap day hii hai =f3 I 2 - / -2]
Kc qua cua icl cup tuyei tinh OI^ qua ih icl chcip vong ~
0 7 18 2 24 27 30 33 6 -4 -25 -18
7'iil ich chap iive ii riic tiep =
( 7 13 18 21 24 27 30 33 6 -4 -25 ~S
Chng 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 273
Day thu nhat x1 Day !hu hai x2
Tich chap t uyen tinh hong qua t ic h chap vong Tinh t ic h chap u yen t inh t iu c tiep
40
M4_5. Vit chu0iU trnh tinh DPT ca mt chui tn hiu nhp t bn phm, di mong nuin
ca DPT cim ' c nhp t bn phm.
Li ii:
% Chuong trinh M4_5
% Tinh DPT
% Read in the length N of sequence and the desired
% length M of the DPT
clf ;
x=input('Nhap chuoi tin hieu goc =');
% N == input('Nhap chieu dai chuoi tin hieu ^ ');
N=length(x);
M = input('Nhap chieu dai mong muon cua DFT = ');
% Tinh DFT M diem cua chuoi tin hieu nhap tu ban phi.ii
X - :f t (x, M) ;
% Ve chuoi tin hieu trong mien thoi gian va DFT cua no
t - 0:1:N-1;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem{t,x);
title('Chuoi tin hieu ban dau');
xlabel('Thoi gian n '); ylabel{'Bien do');
subplot(3,1,2);
k - 0 : 1 : M - 1 ;
stem(k,abs(X));
title('Bien do cua cac mau DFT');
xlabel{'Tan so k'); ylabel('Bien do');
Chnq 4: Biu din h thng v tin hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 275
subp.Iot (3,1,3) ;
stem(k,angle(X));
t:itle('Pha cua cac mau DFT' ) ;
xlabel{'Tan so k ') ; y1abel ( 'Pha') ;
Np chiiO tin ici oc =[1 2 3 4 3 2 1]
Nap chieu dai mo^ miiO cua DFT ~ 28
3
2
1
]
3D
1-
g
11:1
B.8n
50 80
Pha DFT
l.^f
V^tL.
60 30
tan 50 V
cc'* to
M4 6. Vit clnro-ng Irnh tnh IDFT cua chui DFT c darm x ( k ) : : ^ vi 0 < k < M
di i cliLii DFT gc, v c h u i IDF'r ca n.
M i :
% Chuong trinh M4_6
% Tinh IDFT
clf ;
M = inpt(Nhap chieu dai cua DFT = );
N = input('Nhap chieu dai mong muon cua DFT ') ;
% Tao chuoi DFT co chieu dai M
k = 1 : M ;
X - (k-1)/M;
% Tinh IDFT N diem cua chuo do
X - ifft(X,N);
% Ve DPT and IDFT cua chuoi
k-1:M;
s tem(k-1,X ) ;grid
xlabel('He so tan so k'); ylabel{'Bien do');
title{'Cac mau DPT goc');
f igure
Biu
276 Gii bi tp xl tin hiu $ v Matlab
subplot (21].) ;
n - 0:1:N-1;
stem(n,real(x));grid
ttle('Phan thuc cua cac mau IDFT trong mien thoi gian'
% xlabel(He so thoi gian n');
ylabel{'Bien do');
subplot(212);
stem(n,imag(x));grid
title('Phan ao cua cac mau IDFT trong men thoi gian');
xlabel('He so thoi gian n'); ylabel('Bien do);
Nhap chieu dai cua DPT = 64
Nhap chieu dai mong muon cua IDFT ==59
Cac mau DPT goc
m
0.6
0.4*
0. 2
0
-0.2
0.
.
- 0.
-0.
Phan thuc cua cac mau IDFT trong mien thoi gian
l' 1 1 1
1 i i.,.,.....i.....i
10 20 33 40 50
Phan ao cua cac mau IDFT trong mien thoi gian
60
........ I' ' ' '1 r"'..... ............ r ..... !..... ......
9
^ j ^ ^ O T ! i : c o c n ;
i i ! i i
10 20 4D
He, so thoi gian n
50 6
Chng 4; Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s ri rc 277
16
M4 7. ) n biii di roLirier t r onu mi n t n s ri rc ( DPT) t nh bi n i F' Ourier t r ong mi n
'
tn s lin lc (FT) ca mt tn hiu hnh sin c chiu di L ^ 16: x( k) = cos| 2nk
\
f ) <k <1 5 .
L(y K:
% Chuong trinh M4__7
% Dung DFT de'tinh DTFT
clf ;
% Tao mot chuoi tin hieu hinh sin co chieu dai bang h=16
input ( Nhap chieu dai DPT = ');
k = 0:15;
X cos{2*pi*k*5/16);
% Tinh DPT M diem cua choi
X ^ f f t (X) ;
XE - fft(x,N);
% Ve dap ung tan so
L - 0 :N-1;
subplot 211) ;
stem(k ,X);grid
title(Chuoi tin hieu hinh sin goc');
xlabel{'He so thoi gian k');
ylabel(Bien do' ) ;
subplot(212) ;
plot(L/N,abs(XE) ) ;grid
hold
plot(k/16,abG IX) , 'o') ;
title('FT);
xlabel('Tan so goc chuan hoa');
ylabel('Bien do');
Nhap chieu dai DPT ^5] 2
Chu tin hieu hnh sin goc
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
^
1 /
o
6
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
<
> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i ---------
1 .
5 10
He so t gian k
15
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. J. G. Proakis, D. G. Manolaki s, Introduct ion to Digitai Sinal Processi ng. Macnii ll an
Publi shi ng Companv, Ne\v York, 1989.
2. Sanjit K. Mi t ra, Digital Signal Processi nu- A Comput er based appr oach , 2'' cdition,
McGraw-Hi l l .
3. Nguyn Quc Truna. X l tn hiu v lc s". Tp 1. NXB KHKT. 1la Ni. 2004.
4. Al an V. Oppenhi em, Ronal d w. Scha er, John R. Buck, Di scret e-' i mc Siiinal
Pr ocessi ng , 2"' Edition, Prent i ce-i al l , 1999.
5. Sanit K. Mi t ra, Digital Signal Processi ng Laborat ory usi ng Mat l ab", WCB/McCjravv-
Hill, 1999.
6. Appl i ed Numeri cal Met hods usi ng Mat l ab, Won Y. Yang, Wen\ vu Cao, Tac-Sang
Chung, John Morris, A John Wi l ey & Sons, inc., Publicati on, 2005.
MC LC
j ) i i i i cl au......................................................... ................................................................................................................. 3
Chuong 1: Tn hiu v h lhon ri rc ..........................................................................................................5
A. l m tl lt huyt ........................................................................................................................................5
B. C'c bi tp C0 ban ...................................................................................................................................... 9
hai v li {ai.......................................................... ...................................................................... 9
c . C c b i t 3 n i m c a o ................................................................................................................ ......................................................................4 8
h i ................................................................................ ................................................................................. 48
L i gicn............................................................................. ........................................................... 48
D. c' c bi tp Mat l ab..................................................................................................................................50
hi v / / g i a i ............................................................................................................................................ 55
Choia 2: Bieu din h thii v tn hiu ri rc trong min z ................ ...........................................55
A. Vm tt l l l ui vt ............................................................................. .....................................................67
B. Cc bi tp co bai ......................................... .........................................................................................67
hi v li g a i ............................................................................................................................................ 73
c. Cc bi tp nn cao...................... .................................................. ............................................................ 73
D h i ................................ ............................................................................................................................. 126
Li iiai......................................................................................................... ................................................... 126
D. Cc bi tp Ma l ab........................................................... ........................................... ........................ 130
h v l i i a ............................................................................................................................. 141
Cluroi^ 3: BCHI din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong min tn s lin tc (bicn i Fouricr) . 141
A. om ll l l uyct ................................................................................ ................................................ 146
B. Cc bi t p CO' b n ............................................................................................................................................... 146
D hi v li ai................................................................................... ..................................................... 153
( . Ck' bi tp nng cao............................................................................................................................. 153
) c h i ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 7 6
L i ^ i a i ................................................. .................................................................................... 1 76
D. Cc bi tp Mat l ab................................................................................................................................ 182
D hi v li <âi....................................................................................................................................... 196
Choi" 4: Biu din h thng v tn hiu ri rc trong niien tn s ri rc (DFT)................... 206
A. Tm tt l tl ui yt ..................... ............................................................................................................. 206
B. Cc bi t p CO' b a n .............................................................................................................................................. 209
hi v li {ai............... ;........................................................................................................ 209
(' . C'c b tp nim cao............................................................................................................................. 244
c h i .................................................................................................................................................244
L i g i a i .................................................................................................................... .............................................................2 5 4
D. Cc b tp Mat l ab............................................................................................................................... 268
hi v li ..........................................................................................................................................268
Ti iiii t ham kh o.............................................................................................. ................................................. 278

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