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CNG N TP MN HC VT LIU HC I CNG

( Ti liu c cung cp c bn quyn bi Hong Trng Vn _ TK6.4)


Cu 1 : Trnh by cu trc vng nng lng trong vt rn.
Tr li :
Cu trc vng nng lng ca vt rn trong tt c cc cht dn
in, bn dn v trong nhiu in mi, ch tn ti dn in
bng in t v dn in ph thuc mnh vo cc s lng
in t c kh nng dn in. tuy nhin khng phi mi in
t trong nguyn t u c c gia tc khi c mt in trng.
Trong mt loi vt liu cho s in t c kh nng dn in
lien quan n s sp xp cc trng in t v cn vi cc cch
thc in t chim lnh trong cc trng thi . S kho st c
bn v cc vn ny kh phc tp cn vn dng cc nguyn
l ca c hc lng t.
Trong ring mi nguyn t tn ti mc nng lng gin
on. Cc in t sp xp thnh cc tng v cc lp c ch
bi cc ch s, p, d, f. Trong mi lp phi c tng ng 2l +1=
1,3,5 va 7 qu o khc nhau. Trong s cc nguyn t in t
chim lnh cc trng thi c mc nng lng thp nht c hai
in t c spin i xong chim mt qu o ph hp vi
nguyn l loi tr Pauli. Cu hnh in t ca mt nguyn t
c lp biu th sp xp in t vo cc trng thi cho php.
S gin t mt mc nng lng in t trong ngtu thnh
mt vng nluong trong vt rn ty thuc vo khong cch jua
cc ngtu, s jan ny bu t cc t ngoi cng ca ngtu bi
v chng b nhiu lon trc tin khi cc ngtu lien kt vi
nhau.
Cc tnh cht in ca vran fu thuc vo cu trc vng nng
lng ca n, c th l s sp xp cc vng ngoi cng v
cch thc lp y chng bi t. Theo quan im ny vng
cha cc t c nng lng cao nht c gi l vng ha tr,
cn vng dn in l vng c mc nng lng cao hn k bn
m trong a s cc trng hp v c bn l b trng.
cc cu trc vng th 2 cng tm thy trong cc kim loi
vng ha tr b lp y v cn ph ln c vng dn vng ny
nu nh khng b ph th hon ton cn trng.














Cu 2 : Nu cu trc vng nng lng ca bn dn v in
mi t chng minh tnh cht dn in ca chng.
Tr li :
a. Vng nng lng ca bn dn.
Tnh cht dn in ca cc vt liu rn c gii thch nh l
thuyt vng nng lng. Nh ta bit, in t tn ti trong
nguyn t trn nhng mc nng lng gin on (cc trng thi
dng). Nhng trong cht rn, khi m cc nguyn t kt hp li
vi nhau thnh cc khi, th cc mc nng lng ny b ph ln
nhau, v tr thnh cc vng nng lng v s c ba vng chnh.

Cu trc nng lng ca in t trong mng nguyn t ca cht
bn dn. Vng ha tr c lp y, trong khi vng dn trng.
Mc nng lng Fermi nm vng trng nng lng.
Vng ha tr (Valence band): L vng c nng lng thp nht
theo thang nng lng, l vng m in t b lin kt mnh vi
nguyn t v khng linh ng.
Vng dn (Conduction band): Vng c mc nng lng cao
nht, l vng m in t s linh ng (nh cc in t t do) v
in t vng ny s l in t dn, c ngha l cht s c kh
nng dn in khi c in t tn ti trn vng dn. Tnh dn in
tng khi mt in t trn vng dn tng.
Vng cm (Forbidden band): L vng nm gia vng ha tr v
vng dn, khng c mc nng lng no do in t khng
th tn ti trn vng cm. Nu bn dn pha tp, c th xut hin
cc mc nng lng trong vng cm (mc pha tp). Khong
cch gia y vng dn v nh vng ha tr gi l rng vng
cm, hay nng lng vng cm (Band Gap). Ty theo rng
vng cm ln hay nh m cht c th l dn in hoc khng
dn in.
Nh vy, tnh dn in ca cc cht rn v tnh cht ca cht bn
dn c th l gii mt cch n gin nh l thuyt vng nng
lng nh sau:
+ Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph ln nhau (khng c
vng cm) do lun lun c in t trn vng dn v th m
kim loi lun lun dn in.
+ Cc cht bn dn c vng cm c mt rng xc nh.
khng tuyt i (0 K), mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c
ngha l tt c cc in t tn ti vng ha tr, do cht bn
dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nhit , cc in t s nhn
c nng lng nhit (k
B
.T vi k
B
l hng s Boltzmann) nhng
nng lng ny cha in t vt qua vng cm nn in
t vn vng ha tr. Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c
mt s in t nhn c nng l
n
g ln hn nng lng vng
cm v n s nhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh dn in.
+ Khi nhit cng tng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s
cng tng ln, do , tnh dn in ca cht bn dn tng dn
theo nhit (hay in tr sut gim dn theo nhit ). Mt
cch gn ng, c th vit s ph thuc ca in tr cht bn
dn vo nhit nh sau:
R = (R
0
)exp (


)
vi: R
0
l hng s, E
g
l rng vng cm. Ngoi ra, tnh dn
ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thch nng lng
khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng, cc in t s hp thu
nng lng t photon, v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng
lng ln. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i v
tnh cht ca cht bn dn di tc dng ca nh sng (quang-
bn dn).
b. Vng nng lng ca in mi.
in mi l nhng cht khng dn in (cch in). Trong phn
t ca cc cht din mi, s lng cc in tch t do l rt t.
iu ny lm kh nng mang in ca n rt km. Nhng khi
in trng tng vt qu 1 gi tr gii hn th in mi b nh
thng (mt tnh cch in), mi in mi khc nhau c 1 in
trng gii hn khc nhau hng s in mi ch ph thuc vo
tnh cht ca in mi. Hng s in mi ca chn khng = 1.
Cu 3 : Da vo linh ng cu in t v cu trc vng
nng lng anh (ch ) hy nu c im ca in tr kim
loi.
Tnh cht dn in, hay cn tr in, ca nhiu vt liu c th
gii thch bng c hc lng t. Mi vt liu u c to nn
t mng li cc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t cha cc electron, c
nng lng gn kt vi ht nhn nguyn t nhn cc gi tr ri
rc trn cc mc c nh. Cc mc ny c th c nhm thnh
2 nhm: vng dn v vng ha tr thng c nng lng thp
hn vng dn. Cc electron c nng lng nm trong vng dn
c th di chuyn d dng gia mng li cc nguyn t.
Khi c hiu in th gia hai u ming vt liu, mt in
trng c thit lp, ko cc electron vng dn di chuyn
nh lc Coulomb, to ra dng in. Dng in mnh hay yu
ph thuc vo s lng electron vng dn.
Cc electron ni chung sp xp trong nguyn t t mc nng
lng thp n cao, do vy hu ht nm vng ha tr. S lng
electron nm vng dn ty thuc vt liu v iu kin kch
thch nng lng (nhit , bc x in t t mi trng). Chia
theo tnh cht cc mc nng lng ca electron, c ba loi vt
liu chnh sau:
Vt liu in tr sut, (m)
Kim loi 10
8

Bn dn thay i mnh
Cch in 10
16

L thuyt va nu khng gii thch tnh cht dn in cho mi
vt liu. Vt liu nh siu dn c c ch dn in khc, nhng
khng nu y do vt liu ny khng c in tr.
Trong kim loi lun c electron nm vng dn. Trn thc t,
khng c khong cch gia vng dn v vng ha tr, v c th
coi hai vng l mt i vi kim loi.
Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph ln nhau (khng c
vng cm) do lun lun c in t trn vng dn v th m
kim loi lun lun dn in.
Mng li nguyn t ca kim loi, thc t, khng hon ho: cc
ch b st m trong mng li tn x electron, gy nn s cn tr
vi s di chuyn ca electron (in tr). Khi nhit tng, cc
nguyn t dao ng mnh hn v d va chm vo cc electron
hn, khin in tr tng theo.
Vt dn in cng di, s lng va chm ca electron trn ng
i cng tng, khin in tr vt dn cng tng.














Cu 4 : Nu v gii thch tnh dn in ca bn dn loi P.
Tr li :
Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t
vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t
silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 3 c thay
th vo( nguyn t nhm III A: Al, B, Ga). Ta ly bo.Mt trong
cc mi lin kt ng ha tr xung quanh mi nguyn t ny s
b thiu 1 in t. Ch thiu c th xem nh 1 l trng lin
kt yu vi nguyn t tp cht. C th gii phng l trng ny
khi nguyn t tp cht bng cch l in t v l trng i ch
cho nhau. Mt l trng chuyn ng c coi nh l trng thi
kch thch. Vy trong trng hp ny tp cht bo lm cho l
trng trong tinh th tng ln rt nhiu: ch cn mt s nguyn t
tp cht bng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit
cng lm cho s l trng tng ln hng vn ln, do dn
in ca bn dn c tp cht ln hn dn in ca bn dn
tinh khit hng vn ln.
Mi 1 nguyn t tp cht a vo khe cm mt mc nng lng
nm st pha trn nh ca vng ha tr. Mi l trng s c to
ra trong vng ha tr khi kch thch nhit 1 in t chuyn t
vng ha tr ln trng thi in t tp cht.
Vi 1 chuyn di nh th ch c 1 ht ti (1 l trng) c sinh
ra trong vng ha tr m khng c in t t do no c to ra
hoc mc tp cht hoc trong vng dn. Tp cht ny c
gi l acxept (tp cht nhn). bi v n c kh nng nhn in
t t vng ha tr v li 1 l trng .
i vi bn dn tp cht loi ny, l trng c mt vi nng
cao hn nhiu so vi in t (p>>n) v trong trng hp vt
liu c gi l cht bn dn loi p bi v tnh dn in ch yu
do cc in tch dng m nhim. L trng c gi l ht ti
a s, in t l ht ti tiu s.















Cu 5 : Nu v gii thch tnh dn in ca bn dn loi N.
Tr li :
Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t
vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t
silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 5 c thay
th vo( nguyn t nhm V A: P, As, Sb). Ch c 4 trong 5
nguyn t tp cht ny c th tham gia vo lin kt. Mt in t
tha ra ch nh 1 cch lng lo xung quanh nguyn t tp cht
bi lc ht tnh in yu nng lng lin kt ca in t ny
tng i nh (0,01 eV) =>d b tch khi nguyn t tp cht
=>n tr thnh in t t do (tc in t dn). Nh vy, trong
trng hp ny (tc ) lm cho s in t t do trong bn dn
tng ln rt nhiu. V ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng
mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s
in t tng ln hng vn ln, ngha l dn in ca bn dn
c tp cht ln dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln.
Mi in t lng lo chim mt mc nng lng ng nm
trong khe cm v ngay di y vng dn. kch thch in t
nhy t 1 trong cc trng thi (mc) tp cht ny ln 1 mc
trong vng dn i hi 1 nng lng tng ng vi nng lng
lin kt trong in t. C mi ln kch thch s cp 1 in t n
vo vng dn. Tp cht loi ny gi l n (tp cht cho).Bi
mi in t n c kch thch t 1 tp cht nn khng to ra l
trng trong vng ha tr do trong bn dn c tp cht mt
in t rt ln so vi mt l trng. V l bn dn c tp
cht c gi l bn dn in t hay bn dn loi n. Trong bn
dn loi n cc in t l nhng ht ti a s, cn l trng l
nhng ht ti thiu s.
















Cu 6 : Da vo KN linh ng ca in t v cu trc
vng nng lng hy nu c im ca in tr KL ca bn
dn tinh khit.
Tnh cht dn in, hay cn tr in, ca nhiu vt liu c th
gii thch bng c hc lng t. Mi vt liu u c to nn
t mng li cc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t cha cc electron, c
nng lng gn kt vi ht nhn nguyn t nhn cc gi tr ri
rc trn cc mc c nh. Cc mc ny c th c nhm thnh
2 nhm: vng dn v vng ha tr thng c nng lng thp
hn vng dn. Cc electron c nng lng nm trong vng dn
c th di chuyn d dng gia mng li cc nguyn t.
Khi c hiu in th gia hai u ming vt liu, mt in
trng c thit lp, ko cc electron vng dn di chuyn
nh lc Coulomb, to ra dng in. Dng in mnh hay yu
ph thuc vo s lng electron vng dn.
Cc electron ni chung sp xp trong nguyn t t mc nng
lng thp n cao, do vy hu ht nm vng ha tr. S lng
electron nm vng dn ty thuc vt liu v iu kin kch
thch nng lng (nhit , bc x in t t mi trng). Chia
theo tnh cht cc mc nng lng ca electron, c ba loi vt
liu chnh sau:
Vt liu in tr sut, (m)
Kim loi 10
8

Bn dn thay i mnh
Cch in 10
16

L thuyt va nu khng gii thch tnh cht dn in cho mi
vt liu. Vt liu nh siu dn c c ch dn in khc, nhng
khng nu y do vt liu ny khng c in tr.
Trong cht bn dn v cch in cc nguyn t tng tc vi
nhau khin cho khong cch nng lng gia vng dn v vng
ha tr ln; hu ht cc electron khng nm vng dn. c
electron dn in, cn cung cp nhiu nng lng cho
electron nhy ln vng dn, v d nhit nng hay quang nng.
Mt hiu in th ln ch to c dng in yu do c t in t
dn in; do cht bn dn v cht cch in c in tr sut
cao.
Trong cht bn dn, khi tng nhit , cc electron c th nhn
nhit nng nhy ln vng dn. Hiu ng nhit ny mnh hn
hiu ng cn tr dng do dao ng mng, khin in tr gim
khi nhit tng. Tng t, c th chiu nh sng, hay bc x
in t ni chung, vo mt s cht bn dn, truyn nng
lng cho cc electron (sau khi hp th cc photon) nhy ln
vng dn v tng tnh dn in, nh trong CCD ca camera hay
pin Mt Tri.
C th thay i kh nng dn in ca cc cht bn dn bng
vic pha thm tp cht la chn c bit to ra cc li trong
mng tinh th c tha electron t do (bn dn loi n) hoc thiu
electron gi l l trng in t (bn dn loi p). Nng tp cht
quyt nh s l trng hay in t t do trong vt liu, do
quyt nh tnh dn in ca vt liu.
+ Cc cht bn dn c vng cm c mt rng xc nh.
khng tuyt i (0 K), mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c
ngha l tt c cc in t tn ti vng ha tr, do cht bn
dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nhit , cc in t s nhn
c nng lng nhit (k
B
.T vi k
B
l hng s Boltzmann) nhng
nng lng ny cha in t vt qua vng cm nn in
t vn vng ha tr. Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c
mt s in t nhn c nng lng ln hn nng lng vng
cm v n s nhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh dn in.
Khi nhit cng tng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s cng
tng ln, do , tnh dn in ca cht bn dn tng dn theo
nhit (hay in tr sut gim dn theo nhit ). Mt cch
gn ng, c th vit s ph thuc ca in tr cht bn dn vo
nhit nh sau:

vi: R
0
l hng s, E
g
l rng vng cm. Ngoi ra, tnh dn
ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thch nng lng
khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng, cc in t s hp thu
nng lng t photon, v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng
lng ln. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i v
tnh cht ca cht bn dn di tc dng ca nh sng (quang-
bn dn).





Cu 7: Hy trnh by tnh cht st in v p in ca vt
liu.
Tr li:
Nhm vt liu mang tnh phn cc t pht tc l phn cc ngay
c khi vng mt in trng c gi l vt liu st in.
Tnh cht:
+ Trong cc vt liu st in, c tn ti mmen lng cc
in ca cc nguyn t, Mmen lng cc in trong cht st
in c ln cao, ng thi c tng tc vi nhau nn to ra s
khc bit so vi cc cht st in khc.
+ phn cc c xc nh l mt ca mmen lng cc
in trong mt n v th tch. phn cc tng theo gi tr ca
in trng ngoi theo mt hm phi tuyn tnh, ph thuc vo
in trng ngoi, hng s in mi.
+ cc cht st in, hng s in mi c gi tr rt ln, v ph
thuc vo gi tr ca in trng.
+ Trong vt liu st in c s phn chia thnh cc men st
in. Trong mi men st in, cc mmen lng cc sp xp
hon ton song song vi nhau. Trn ton vt, phn cc trong
nhiu men c th nh hng hn lon nhau.
p in l hin tng khi lc ngoi tc dng ln 1 mu cht th
s phn cc sinh ra v mt in trng c thit lp trong mu.
Tnh cht:
+ Khi o du ca lc ngoi (tc l ko chuyn sang nn) th
chiu ca in trng cng thay i theo.
+ Vt liu p in c 2 hiu ng thun v nghch.
+ Vt liu p in ph thuc vo lc ngoi tc dng. nu lc
ngoi tc dng l mt in trng th n bin i hnh dng.khi
lc ngoi tc dng l mt lc c hc th n to ra dng in.













Cu 8 : Nu c ch dn nhit ca vt liu. T gii thch
tnh dn nhit ca kim loi.
*C ch dn nhit:
--Trong cc vt liu rn,nhit c truyn bi c song dao ng
mng v in t t do. dn nhit ton phn l tng ca 2
thnh phn theo 2 c ch .
K=K
l
+K
e
K
l:
dn in bi dao ng mng
K
e:
dn in bi dao ng in t
-Thng thng th 1 trong 2 thnh phn chim u th.nng
lng nhit cc phonon,tc l song mng c truyn i theo
hng chuyn ng ca chng.
-Thnh phn K
l
gy bi chuyn ng thun ca cc phonon t
vng nhit cao ti vng c nhit thp trong vt th.
-Cc in t t do cng tham gia dn nhit. vng nng ca vt
liu in t t do c ng nng ln hn,chng di chuyn n
nhng vng lnh hn vaf1 phn ng nng c chuyn b thm
cho cc nguyn t nh l kt qu cc va chm vi phonon hay l
vi khuyt tt mng.Phn ng gp tng i ca K
e
tng theo
nng in t t do v c nhiu in t hn tham gia vo qu
trnh dn nhit.
* Gii thch tnh dn nhit ca kim loi:
Cu 9 : Th no l thun t nghch t. Nu c im ca chng.
a>nghch t
_nghch t l mt dng rt yu ca t tnh,khng vnh cu v ch
tn ti khi c t trng ngoi tc dng
_t trng cm ng sinh ra do s thay i chuyn ng qu o
ca in t bi t trng ngoi
_mmen t cm ng c gi tr rt nhv hng ngc chiu vi
t trng ngoi._co Mr<1 v t ha l m
_vy cng ca trng B trong vt rn nghch nh hn
trong chn khng.
_ t ha th tch Xm ca vt rn nghch tvo khong -10^-5
_ B ph thuc vo t trng ngoi H vi vt liu t
Nghch t c tt c cc vt liu:nhng v n rt yu nn ch
quan st c khi c cc dng t tnh khc.
b>thun t
_thun t ch th hin khi s quay ny to ra mt nh hng u
tin
_kt qu lm cho Mr>1v do t ha tng i nh nhng
dng
_thun t v nghch t u c coi l vt liu khng t tnh
.mt t thong trong chng hu nh ging trong chn khng.
Cu 10 : Nu ngun gc ca Momen t ca vt liu.
Tr li :
_cc tnh cht t v m ca vt liu u l h qu ca cc mmen
t gn vi tng in t
_mi in t trong mt nguyn t u c cc mmen t vi 2
ngun gc
+lien quan n chuyn ng qu o ca n xung quanh ht
nhn
+l mt in tch chuyn ng,mi in t c th c xem nh
mt dng in vng nh,sinh ra mt t trng rt yu do c
mt mmen t hng dc theo trc qu o ca n
_mt khc mi in t cn c chuyn ng ring gi l chuyn
ng xung quanh trc ca bn thn
_mi in t trong nguyn t co th coi nh mt nam chm vnh
cu nh c mmen t qu o v mmen t spin
_mmen t c gi tr l mH=9,27*10^-24m2
_trong mi nguyn t c lp ,mmen t qu o cung nh
mmen t spin ca cp in t trit tiu ln nhau
_trong vt liu c cc loi t tnh sau:nghch t,thun t,st t
ngoi ra cn c phn st t v feri t
_tnh cht ca vt liu ph thuc vo hnh vi ca lng cc t
nguyn t v in t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi.
Cu 11 : Nu c im ca vt liu t cng.
Tr li :
Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha.
ngha ca tnh t cng y chnh l thuc tnh t kh kh t
v kh b t ha, ch ko xut pht t c tnh ca vt liu t.
-N l vt liu c pht hin v s dng ln nht trong lich s
loi ngi . Cc vt liu t cng thng phm dng ch to
nam chm vnh cu xut hin ln u tin vo nhng nm 1740-
1750 chu u v s pht trin mnh t cui tk19 u th k 20
n nay.
-c trng 5.51 trang 246
Vt liu t cng c nhiu c trng t hc, s ph thuc ca
tnh cht t vo nhit , bn, chng mi mn..di
y lit k mt s c trng quan trng.
-Lc khng t.
Lc khng t k hiu l Hc l lng quan trng c trng
cho tnh t cng ca vt liu t cng.v vy vt liu t cng l
kh t ha v kh kh t, nn c lc khng t cao. iu kin ti
thiu l trn 100 0e, nhng vt liu t cng ph bin thng c
lc khng t t ngn Oe tr nn. Ngun gc ca lc khng t
ln trong cc vt liu t cng ch yu lin quan n d hng
t tinh th trong vt liu. Cc vt liu t cng thng c cu trc
tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu t mm v
chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln.
C th lin h cng tng i ca vt liu vi tich s Br*Hc.
N bng khong 2 ln nng lng ph hy t ha mt n v
th tich vt liu. Vt liu c nng lng cng cao nu tch
Br*Hc cng ln.
-Tnh nng lng t cc i
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca vt t, c c
trng bi nng lng t cc i c th tn ti trong mt n v
th tich vt t.i lng ny c c n v l n v mt nng
lng J trn m m 3.
-Nhit kurie
y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht
thut t. Mt s vt liu t cng c dng trong cc nam chm
hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit crrie rt cao.
Loi vt liu t cng c nhit curie rt cao hin nay l nhm
cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit curie t 500-1000 c
-ng dng vt liu t cng c th dng ch to cc nan chm
vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a
cng, cc bng t.



Cu 12 : Nu tnh dn in ca Polyme.
Tnh cht in ca cc polyme
- phn ln cc vt liu polyme u dn in km v ko th c
nhiu in t t do tham gia vo qu trnh dn in
- c ch dn in phc tp
Cc polyme dn in:
- vt liu polyme c dn in ngang vi lim loi c gi
l cc polyme dn in, trong cc vt liu ny t n
cao l 1,5.10
7
(.m)
-1

- c th thy nhiu polyme l
polyxetylen,polyparaphenylen,polypyrol vafplyanilin
c pha vi cc ph gia thch hp
- cc polyme ny c th k ch to theo loi n hoc loi p
- polyme tinh khit cao c c trng cu trc vng in t ca
cc cht cch in
- c ch sn sinh ra s lng ln in t t do v l trng
trong cc polyme ny rt phc tp, khng th gii thch r
rng.
ng dng:
Nhng polyme ny c u th trong ng dng do chng c
trng lng ring thp, do cao v d ch to v d nh ch
to pin ti sinh vi in cc polyme, lm dy dn trong cc cu
kin hng khng v v tr, che ph chng nhiu in cho qun
o, vt liu mu chn in t v linh kin in t.

Cu 14 : Nhit dung l g? Trnh by ngun gc ca nhit
dung v s ph thuc ca nhit dung vo nhit .
Li gii:
Nhit dung cho bit kh nng ca vt liu hp th nhit t bn
ngoi, n biu th phn nng lng cn thit nng nhit ln
1 n v. Bng ngn ng ton hc, nhit dung C c vit nh
sau:


dQ: nng lng cn gy ra bin thin nhit dT
Thng thng nhit dung c tnh theo mol ca vt liu(chng
hn J/mol.K hoc cal/mol.K). Nhit dung ring (thng k hiu
bng ch c) l nhit dung ca 1 n v khi lng vt liu c
n v J/kg.K hoc cal/g.K.
Trong thc t c 2 cch o nhit dung ca vt liu tng ng vi
cc iu kin mi trng km theo s truyn nhit. Mt l nhit
dung ng tch C
v
(th tch mu c gi khng i) v hai l
nhit dung ng p C
p
lun lun ln hn C
v
. Tuy nhin s khc
nhau gia chng l rt t i vi a s cc vt liu rn nhit
phng v thp hn.

S ph thuc nhit ca nhit dung
Bin thin theo nhit ca nhit dung theo ng tch ca nhiu
cht rn tinh th tng i n gin.C
v
bng 0 OK nhng tng
ln nhanh theo nhit . iu ny tng ng vi kh nng ca
cc sng mng nng cao nng lng trung bnh ca mnh. Kh
nng ny c tng ln theo nhit . cc nhit thp mi
quan h gia C
v
v nhit T l: C
v=
A T
3

Trong A l hng s khng ph thuc nhit . trn nhit

d
gi l nhit Debye. C
v
hu nh khng cn ph thuc nhit
na, cn gi tr vo khong 3R, R l hng s kh. i vi
nhiu vt liu rn, gi tr ca
d
xp x nhit phng, v gi tr
gn ng hp l ca C
v
nhit phng l 15 J/mol.K









Cu 15 : Th no l phn st t, feri t. Nu c im ca chng.
a. Phn st t l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong
cu trc gm c 2 phn mng t i song song v cn bng
nhau v mt gi tr.
C ch ca tnh phn st t
-Vt liu phn st t c lit vo nhm vt liu c trt t t.
- Vt liu phn st t l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng
cng yu.
-Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc
spin
- Phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn
song song vi nhau.
Cc tnh cht c bn
- khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st
t sp xp i song song nhau nn t .
- Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song
song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st
t.
- T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song
song ca vt liu.


b.Feri t:
Feri t :l tn gi chung ca nhm cc vt liu c trt t t m
trong cu trc t ca n gm 2 phn mng i song song nhng
c ln khc nhau. Ferri t cn c gi l phn st t b tr
khng hon ton.
Cu trc ca feri t
Feri t t c tn gi xut pht t nhm vt liu ferrite ,l nhm
cc vt liu gm c cng thc ha hc chung l:
XO.Y
2
O
3
+ X l mt kim loi ha tr 2,
+ Y l kim loi ha tr 3 .
n v ca mt ferrite s cha 32 anion v 24 cation. 8 cation
v tr A (to thnh phn mng t A) s b bao quanh bi 4 in
xi theo dng cc t din v 16 cation cn l v tr B (phn
mng t B) b bao quanh bi 6 ion xi bi mng bt din. y l
nhm ferrite c tn gi chung l ferrite spinel , thng mang cu
trc lp phng tm mt. Mt s nhm ferrite khc c thnh
phn phc tp hn mang cu trc lc gic
Tnh cht ca feri t
- Feri t c 2 phn mng t b tr khng hon ton, nn n c t
t pht v t ny c b tr t mmen t ca 2 phn
mng:
.M
A
(1 ).M
B

+M
A
, M
B
ln lt l mmen t ca 2 phn mng A v B,
+ l t phn gia 2 phn mng.
-Nhn chung, tnh cht t ca feri t gn ging vi st t,
- im khc bit c bn nht l do n c 2 phn mng ngoc
chieu
- C mt nhit m ti mmen t t pht ca 2 phn mng
b b tr nhau gi l "nhit b tr".
- Nhit b tr thp hn nhit Curie (i khi nhit Curie
ca feri t cng c gi l nhit Nel, trn nhit Curie
cht b mt trt t t v tr thnh thun t.










Cu 16 : Th no l vt liu t mm, nu t/c ca vt liu t
mm.
Vt liu t mm l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha
v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t.
Tnh cht
Vt liu p in c t trng bo ha v t
ha ch ph thuc vo thnh phn ca vt liu.
H s t ha v kh t ca Hc li ph thuc
vo cu trc ca vt liu ch khng phi thnh
phn ca vt liu.
Tn hao nng lng t ph thuc vo in tr
sut v n th l nghch vi in tr sut.
c im
C t thm cao
C kh t thp.
c tn hao nng lng t tr thp.
d b t ha.





Cu 17 : nh hng ca nhit ln tnh cht t.
Tr li :
Khi tng nhit ,dao ng nhit ca cc nguyn t trong vt rn
s tng cc momen t nguyn t s quay d dng.Do khi
nhit tng chuyn ng nhit ca cc nguyn t dn ti s
nh hng hn lon ca mi momem t.
i cc vt liu st t ,phn st t v feri t chuyn ng nhit
nguyn t chng li lc lng tc ghp gia cc momem lng
cc nguyn t gy ra s sp xp hng lm ln ca cc lng
cc k c khi c t trng ngoi.Do t bo ha ca cht
st t v feri t u gim.T bo ha s cc i nhit 0K
v khi dao ng nhit l cc tiu.Kho nhit tng t bo
ha gim dn v v sau tt mnh ti khng nhit Curie Te.
c tnh t : nhit ca Fe v Fe3O4 c biu din trn
hnh trang 243
nhit Te lc ghp spin vi nhau mt tc dng v khi nhit
cao hn Te vt liu st t v feri t u tr thnh thun t.
Nhit Curie thay i theo vt liu v d:
Fe,Fe3O4,cooban,niken c cc tr s tng ng l
768,585,1120,335 C.
Tnh phn st t cng ph thuc nhit ,n bin mt nhit
Neeeseel.Cao hn nhit ny cc vt liu phn st t cng tr
thnh thun t.
Cu 18 : Nu ng dng ca vt liu t trong lu tr.
Khi tng nhit dao ng ca cc nguyn t trong vt rn s
tng, cc momen t nguyn t s quay d dng. Do khi nhit
tng chuyn ng nhit ca cc nguyn t dn ti s nh
hng hn lon ca mnmen t.
i vi cc vt liu st t, phn st t, v feri chuyn ng
nhiu nguyn t chng li lc tng tc ghp gia cc monen
lng cc nguyn t gy ra s xp hng lm ln ca cc lng
cc, k c khi c t trng ngoi. Do t bo ha ca cht
st t v feri u gim. khi nhit tng t bo ha gim dn
v sau tt mnh ti khng nhit CurieTe. nhit Te
lc ghp spin vi nhau mt tc dng v khi nhit cao hn Te
vt liu st t v feri t u tr thnh thun t. tnh st t cng
ph thuc vo nhit ; n bin mt nhit Neel. Cao hn
nhit ny th cc vt liu phn st t cng tr thnh thun t








Cu 19 : Nu c ch dn nhit ca vt liu. t gii thch
tnh dn nhit ca gm.
*C ch dn nhit:
--Trong cc vt liu rn,nhit c truyn bi c song dao ng
mng v in t t do. dn nhit ton phn l tng ca 2
thnh phn theo 2 c ch . K=K
l
+K
e
K
l:
dn in bi dao ng mng
K
e:
dn in bi dao ng in t
-Thng thng th 1 trong 2 thnh phn chim u th.nng
lng nhit cc phonon,tc l song mng c truyn i theo
hng chuyn ng ca chng.
-Thnh phn K
l
gy bi chuyn ng thun ca cc phonon t
vng nhit cao ti vng c nhit thp trong vt th.
-Cc in t t do cng tham gia dn nhit. vng nng ca vt
liu in t t do c ng nng ln hn,chng di chuyn n
nhng vng lnh hn vaf1 phn ng nng c chuyn b thm
cho cc nguyn t nh l kt qu cc va chm vi phonon hay l
vi khuyt tt mng.Phn ng gp tng i ca K
e
tng theo
nng in t t do v c nhiu in t hn tham gia vo qu
trnh dn nhit.
*Gii thch tnh dn nhit ca Gm:
-Cc vt liu phi kim loi u l nhng cht cch nhit v chng
khng c nhiu in t t do.Nh vy,phonon chu trch nhim
ch yu trong dn nhit: K rt nh so vi K.phonon vn chuyn
nng lng nhit khng hiu qu nh in t t do,do phonon b
tn x rt mnh bi khuyt tt mng.
- dn in ca 1 s vt liu gm nm trong khong 2-
>50W/m.K nhit phng .Thy tinh v cc gm v nh hnh
khc c dn in thp hn gm tinh th v tn x phonon
mnh hn nhiu khi cu trc nguyn t c mc khng trt t
cao.
-Tn x ca cc dao ng nhit tr nn ni bt hn khi nhit
tng.Do vy, dn nhit ca a s vt liu gm bnh thng
u gim dn dn khi nhit tng,t nht l nhit tng
i thp.
-L xp trong vt liu gm c th gy nh hng mnh n
dn nhit trong a s trng hp,s tng th tch l xp lm
gim dn nhit.Trong thc t:nhiu gm s dng lm vt liu
cch nhit u c xp cao.S truyn nhit qua cc l xp l
chm v khng c hiu qu.Cc l xp bn trong cn cha
khng kh,kh ny c dn nhit cc k thp,khong
0,02W/m.K.Hn na s i lu kh trong cc l xp cng khng
c hiu qu ng k.

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