BI GING VT LIU I CNG

Ging vin: Ths. Th Anh

B mn: Vt l
Khoa: KHCB H SPKT HNG YN
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ST: 0946.06.12.85
0985.46.12.85
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- Thi gian: 02TC tng ng 30 tit <-> 15 tun
- Chng trnh: (4 Chng)
- Chng 1: Cu trc tinh th ca Vt liu (21 tit)
- Chng 2: Tnh cht in v Tnh cht nhit ca Vt liu (9
tit)
- Chng 3: Tnh cht t ca Vt liu (6 tit)
- Chng 4: Tnh cht quang ca Vt liu (6 tit)
KHI QUT MN HC
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- Ti liu:
- Bi tp Chng _ Thy pht
- Gio trnh ni b ca B mn Vt l H SPKT Hng Yn
- Vt liu hc_ L Cng Dng
- Cc ti liu khc: Internet,
- nh gi hc phn:
- GHP: (25%) 2 cu thuc Chng 1

- BTC: (25%) Thy pht ti liu (L cng n thi )
- KTHP: (50%) 3 cu thuc 4 Chng


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- Ni quy:
- c php ngh 3 bui (ngh ti bui th 4 b CM THI)
- i hc mun 15 pht coi nh b hc bui
- Khng s dng in thoi trong lp hc
- Khng ni chuyn trong lp hc
-


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1) Khi nim Vt liu:
- L nhng Vt rn m c con ngi s dng ch to dng c,
my mc, thit b, xy dng cng trnh v ngay c thay th cc b
phn c th
Cc cht lng, kh d quan trng song khng phi l i tng
nghin cu ca mn hc.
- i tng nghin cu mn hc:
- Nghin cu bn cht Vt liu
- Nghin cu cu trc Vt liu
- Nghin cu mi quan h gia cu trc v tnh cht ca Vt liu
T ra Cng ngh ch to v vic s dng cho thch hp
M U
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2) Phn loi Vt liu: (Theo c trng v tnh cht)
3 loi:
- Vt liu Kim loi
- Vt liu V c (Caremic)
- Vt liu Hu c (Polyme)
- Vt liu Composite
M U
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- c im tnh cht:
- Dn in tt
- Phn x nh sng vi mu
sc c trng
- Bin dng do tt ngay c
nhit thp
- Km bn vng ha hc
- c im cu trc:
- Cc nguyn t sp xp trt t, tun hon to thnh mng
tinh th vi xp cht cao.
- Cc nguyn t lin kt nh kh in t t do
- Lun tn ti cc khuyt tt.
- V d: Gang, thp.
2.1) Vt liu kim loi
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- c im tnh cht:
- Dn in km
- Thng trong sut
- Khng bin dng do, thng gin
- Bn vng ha hc
- Nng chy nhit rt cao
- c im cu trc:
- Cc nguyn t sp xp trt t hoc khng trt t c th to
cu trc mng tinh th hoc v nh hnh
- Cc nguyn t lin kt nh lin kt ion hoc cng ha tr
- Lun tn ti cc khuyt tt.
- V d: Thy tinh, gm, s.

2.2) Vt liu V c (Caremic)
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- c im tnh cht:
- Dn in km
- Bin dng do tt nhit cao, gin nhit thp
- Bn vng ha hc nhit thng
- Nng chy hoc phn hy nhit tng i thp
- c im cu trc: Thnh phn: C v H
- Cc nguyn t sp xp trt t hoc khng trt t c th to
cu trc mng tinh th hoc v nh hnh
- Cc nguyn t lin kt nh lin kt Hydro
- Lun tn ti cc khuyt tt.
- V d: Cao su, Xenlulo.

2.3) Vt liu Hu c (polyme)

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- Vt liu composite, cn gi l Vt liu
compozit haycomposite l vt liu tng hp t hai hay nhiu
vt liu khc nhau to ln vt liu mi c tnh nng hn hn
cc vt liu ban u, khi nhng vt liu ny lm vic ring r







Vi an t nhng si Ccbon
2.4) Vt liu Composite

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
a) CHC:
- Ht nhn: Proton + Notron
- in t: mang in m
- Trng thi thng: Nguyn t trung ha v in (E<min>)
- Trng thi kch thch: Nguyn t b mt e hoc thm e lm
cho nguyn t khng cn trung ha v in (E)
- Lu :
- Khi lng nguyn t tp trung ti ht nhn
- Ht nhn c s n khc nhau, s Z nh nhau to thnh
ng v

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
a) CHC:

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
b) CHLT:
Xc sut tm thy in t trn mt qu o no xung
quanh ht nhn c xc nh bi 4 s lng t:
+ S lng t chnh n: c cc gi tr bng 1, 2, 3, 4, xc
nh nng lng cho php ca in t. Nhng in t c
cng s n hp thnh mt lp in t. K hiu cc lp in t
ln lt l K, L, M, N,tng ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4
+ S lng t phng v l: xc nh cc gi tr cho php ca
mmen xung lng qu o, c tr s bng 0, 1, 2,(n-1).
Cc in t vi l khc nhau ca cng lp to thnh nhng
phn lp tng ng, k hiu ln lt l s, p, d, f, ng vi
l = 0, 1, 2 ,3 ,

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
b) CHLT:
+ S lng t t : xc nh kh nng nh hng cho php
ca vect mmen xung lng qu o i vi chiu ca t
trng bn ngoi, c tr s bng
+ S lng t spin : xc nh kh nng nh hng ngc
chiu nhau cu vect mmen xung lng spin ca in t,

+ S phn b in t theo cc mc trng thi (kh nng c
mt ti mt phn lp no vi mt trng thi nng lng
xc nh) cn tun theo nguyn l pauli: mi trng thi vi
ba s lng t n, l, xc nh ch c th cha hai in t vi
spin ngc chiu nhau

CHNG 1: CU TRC TINH TH CA VT LIU

0, 1, 2,..... l
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
b) CHLT:
V d: nguyn t ng (Cu) vi s th th nguyn t Z , c
phn phi in t nh sau:

CHNG 1: CU TRC TINH TH CA VT LIU
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.1) Khi nim c bn v Cu to nguyn t:
b) CHLT:

CHNG 1: CU TRC TINH TH CA VT LIU
S lng t
chnh
K hiu lp
in t
K hiu
phn lp
in t
S lng
trng thi
c th
S lng in t c th
Trn phn
lp
Trn lp
1 K s 1 2 2
2 L
s 1 2
8
p 3 6
3 M
s 1 2
18 p 3 6
d 5 10
4 N
s 1 2
32
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
Bng 1.1 S lng in t (s trng thi nng lng) trn mt s
lp v phn lp
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
a) Lin kt cng ha tr
+ Khi nim: Lin kt ny to ra khi hai hoc nhiu nguyn
t gp chung nhau mt s in t c tm in t lp
ngoi cng (in t ho tr)
+ V d:
Lin kt ng ho tr trong vt rn c thc hin nh s
tp th ho in t gia mt nhm cc nguyn t ln cn.
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2 2
, , ,.... Cl N GaAs
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
a) Lin kt cng ha tr
+ c im ca lin kt cng ha tr:
- Lin kt c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc
in t tham gia lin kt ln nht theo phng ni tm cc
nguyn t .
- Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin
kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn.
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
a) Lin kt cng ha tr
+ c im ca lin kt cng ha tr:
- L loi lin kt mnh
- Phn loi:
- Lin kt ng ha tr ng cc: Lin kt ng ha tr c th xy
ra gia cc nguyn t cng loi (ca mt nguyn t ha hc
trong cc nhm t IVA n VIIA) VD:
- Lin kt cng ha tr d cc: Lin kt ng ha tr gia cc
nguyn t khc loi (cc nguyn t ha hc nhm IIIA vi VA
hoc nhm IIA vi VIA). V d GaAs, GaP
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2 2
, ............. Cl N
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
a) Lin kt cng ha tr
+ c im ca lin kt cng ha tr:







Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal trong
nhng t kim tra khc nhau

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
b) Lin kt ion
+ Khi nim: l mt lin kt ha hc c bn cht l lc ht
tnh in gia hai ion mang in tch tri du.
- Nguyn t nguyn t kim loi, c m in nh,
d mt electron to ra ion dng (anion).
- Cc nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, d nhn
electron to ra ion m (cation)
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
b) Lin kt ion
+ c im ca lin kt ion:
- Lin kt khng c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn
ti cc in t tham gia lin kt theo cc phng khc nhau
l nh nhau.
- Tinh th thng khng mu, cng v d v
- Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin
kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn.
- L loi lin kt mnh
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
b) Lin kt ion
+ V d: NaCl, LiF, Al
2
O
3
, MgO, CaO, Fe
3
O
4
, NiO
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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
c) Lin kt kim loi
+ Khi nim: S lin kt cc nguyn t kim loi nh kh
in t t do.
+ V d: Cu, Ag, Mg, Ca..

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
c) Lin kt kim loi
+ c im ca lin kt kim loi:
- Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim
- Nng lng lin kt l tng hp lc y v lc ht tnh
in gia cc ion dng v m my in t t do
- To nn t nhng nguyn t c t in t ha tr
- Cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng rt cao

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
d) Lin kt hn hp
+ Khi nim: Trong trng hp lin kt cng ha tr d cc
(gia cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau). in t
ha tr tham gia lin kt chu hai nh hng tri ngc :
- B ht bi ht nhn ca mnh
- B ht bi ht nhn nguyn t th hai to nguyn t
chung
+ c im:
- Khng c tnh nh hng
- m in ca mt nguyn t l kh nng ht electron ca
nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc.

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
e) Lin kt Van der Waals
+ Khi nim: Lin kt van der waals l lin kt do hiu ng
ht nhau gia cc nguyn t hoc phn t b phn cc
trng thi rn.

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1) Cu to v lin kt nguyn t
1.2) Cc dng lin kt nguyn t trong Vt rn
e) Lin kt Van der Waals






+ c im:
- L loi lin kt yu d b ph v
- C nhit nng chy thp
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.1) Cht kh, trt t khng tun hon
+ c im:
- Cht kh chim ton b th tch cha n c th nn c
- Cc nguyn t (phn t) trong cht kh lun lun chuyn
ng nhit ph thuc T
- s nguyn t (phn t) trn 1 n v th tch thay i ph
thuc P v T
- V tr tng ng gia chng lun thay i theo quy lut
ngu nhin
- Trung bnh mi nguyn t ( phn t) chim 1 th tch
tng ng hnh cu. ng knh trung bnh 4 nm
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.1) Cht kh, trt t khng tun hon
+ c im ng cong xc sut:

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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.2) Cht rn, trt t l tng
+ c im:
- Cc nguyn t cht rn chim th tch xc nh
- Mi nguyn t c v tr hon ton xc nh
- Tinh th c trt t xa:
- Mi nguyn t c v tr hon ton xc nh khng ch so vi
nhng nguyn t gn nht m c nhng nguyn t khc bt k xa
hn.
- Khng gian xung quanh cc nguyn t c cu to hon ton ng
nht
- Tnh d hng, tc l s khc nhau v tnh cht (c, l ,
ha tnh ) theo cc hng khc nhau ca tinh th.
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.2) Cht rn, trt t l tng
+ c im:
- S sp xp cc nguyn t trong vt rn theo mng tinh th
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t :
- lin kt gia cc nguyn t
- s lng cc nguyn t gn nht
- s sp xp m mi nguyn t c th chp nhn
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.2) Cht rn, trt t l tng
+ c im ng cong xc sut:

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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.3) Cht lng, vt rn vi tinh th v v nh hnh
+ c im :
- C th tch xc nh
- Cc nguyn t, phn t lun chuyn ng nhit
- Trt t gn:
- Nguyn t ch xc nh vi nhng nguyn t gn n m khng
xc nh so vi nhng nguyn t xa n.
- Khng gian xung quanh cc nguyn t c cu to hon ton ng
nht
- Tnh ng hng
- Cc nguyn t c xu hng tip xc nhau, mi nguyn t
c ng knh trung bnh c 0,25nm

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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.3) Cht lng, vt rn vi tinh th v v nh hnh
+ c im :
- Tnh linh ng ca cht lng c nh gi bng st
- st thp th tnh chy l cao
- st cao th tnh chy thp
- Tnh chy l kh nng in y th th tch
- Thc nghim chng minh, trong chuyn bin pha lng - rn
( nhit nng chy) st khng thay i
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.3) Cht lng, vt rn vi tinh th v v nh hnh
+ Vt rn vi tinh th: l vt rn c cu trc tinh th vi kch
thc rt nh (khong nanomet)
+ Vt rn v nh hnh: l vt rn to thnh khng c cu
trc tinh th - C tnh ng hng
+ ng cong xc sut


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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.3) Cht lng, vt rn vi tinh th v v nh hnh
+ So snh cht rn v cht lng:


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Cht rn Cht lng
- Cc nguyn t c v tr
xc nh
- Trt t xa
- Tnh d hng
- xp cht cao
- Cc nguyn t chuyn ng
nhit
- Trt t gn
- Tnh ng hng
- xp cht b
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2) Sp xp nguyn t trong vt rn
2.4) Quan h cu trc v tnh cht
+ Cu trc v tnh cht c quan h vi nhau:
- Tnh do v gin c gii thch qua cc dng lin kt
i vi vt liu c lin kt ng ha tr, vi gc nghing c nh gia
cc nguyn t (phn t), kh nng bin dng do rt km: di tc dng
ca ngoi lc, vt liu b ph hy (tch t ) khi ng sut t tr s ph
v lin kt. Tng t nh vy vi vt liu c lin kt ion
- Nhit nng chy v tr ha c gii thch thng qua
nng lng lin kt
- Tnh dn in v nhit c gii thch qua cc kh in t t
do.
Trong vt liu kim loi (lin kt kim loi), cu trc mng ca cc ion
dng trong khng gian in t t do chung cho php cc ion x dch
di tc dng ngoi lc
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tnh cht ca vt liu cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo cu trc ca chng. Nhng nghin cu
mi nht trong tinh th hc cho thy, bng cch to ra hp kim v nh hnh v vi tinh
th c th nhn c nhng vt liu c c, l, ha tnh rt c bit, khc hn nhng
tnh cht thng thng m cc vt liu ny c, vi cu trc tinh th quen thuc.


Dng lin kt
Cht v nng
lng lin kt
(eV/nguyn t)
M hnh lin
kt
Tnh cht
T
c
E
Tnh
do
ng ho tr
Kim cng
(7,0)
Cao Cao Thp Cao Thp
ion NaCl (3,3)
Cho (hoc
nhn) in t
ho tr
Cao Cao Thp Cao Thp
Lc ht, y
tnh in

Kim loi
Na (1,1)
Mng ca cc
ion trong
khng gian
in t t do
chung
trung
bnh-
trung
bnh-
trung
bnh-
trung
bnh-
Cao
cu (3,5)
Ti (4,8) cao cao thp thp
Van der waals
H
2
(0,01)
Lc ht ngu
cc

CH
4
Thp Thp Cao Cao
trung
bnh
Cl
2

Bng 1.3. c im lin kt v tnh cht va mt s vt liu
(*) Tc nhit nng chy; E- m un Young, -h s gin di, -in tr sut
Tnh cht ca vt liu cn ph thuc rt
nhiu vo cu trc ca chng. Nhng
nghin cu mi nht trong tinh th hc
cho thy, bng cch to ra hp kim v
nh hnh v vi tinh th c th nhn
c nhng vt liu c c, l, ha tnh
rt c bit, khc hn nhng tnh cht
thng thng m cc vt liu ny c, vi
cu trc tinh th quen thuc.

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.1) Tnh i xng ca mng tinh th
+ i xng l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca tinh
th, n th hin hnh dng bn ngoi, cu trc bn trong
cng nh cc tnh cht
+ Tnh i xng ca tinh th c c trng bi cc yu t
i xng:


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- i xng tm

- Mt chiu gng
- Trc i xng - Php tnh tin
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.1) Tnh i xng ca mng tinh th
a) i xng tm(O):
Nu ly i xng tinh th qua tm O no m tinh th li
trng vi chnh n th O gi l tm i xng

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.1) Tnh i xng ca mng tinh th
b) i xng mt (P):
Nu ly i xng tinh th qua mt (P) no m tinh th
li trng vi chnh n th (P) gi l mt i xng

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.1) Tnh i xng ca mng tinh th
c) Trc i xng(L):
Nu quay tinh th i 1 gc alpha quanh trc L m tinh th
li trng vi chnh n th L gi l trc i xng, alpha gi l
gc i xng, i lng gi l bc ca trc i xng

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2
n
t
o
=
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.1) Tnh i xng ca mng tinh th
d) Php tnh tin(t):
Nu tnh tin tinh th i 1 vecto t th mng tinh th li trng
vi chnh n, t c gi l vecto tnh tin, thng thng
ln t bng hng s mng
e) Cc yu t i xng phc hp
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.2) c s( s cp):
+ Tinh th c to thnh t s xp chng ln nhau ca cc s
cp theo 3 phng.
+ Tinh th l tng (Khng c trong thc t):
- ng nht
- Di v hn
+ c s:
- Chn ty
- Nguyn tc chn:
- Tnh i xng ca c s phi l Tnh i xng ca tinh th
- S cnh bng nhau v s gc (gia cc cnh) bng nhau ca phi
nhiu nht
- Nu c cc gc vung gia cc cnh th s gc phi nhiu nht;
- C th tch nh nht hoc cc cnh bn ngn nht
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.2) c s( s cp):
+ Ph thuc vo tng quan gia: ngi ta phn
bit by h tinh th khc nhau (bng 1.4)
+ Kt hp vi cc tnh i xng -> 14 kiu mng bravais

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, , , , , a b c o |
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Ch :
- Mng lp phng
- Mng lc gic xp cht
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
a) Ch s nt:
Quy c:
- K hiu ch s nt: [[u v w]]
- Gi tr m: k hiu c du gch trn u ch s
b) Ch s phng:
Quy c:
- K hiu ch s phng: [u v w]
- Gi tr m: k hiu c du gch trn u ch s

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
b) Ch s phng:
Ch :
- Nhng phng song song nhau c tnh cht ging
nhau to thnh mt h phng k hiu: [u v w]
- Nhng phng khng song song nhau c tnh cht
ging nhau to thnh mt h phng: <u v w>
<1 0 0>: [1 0 0], [0 1 0] , [0 0 1] , [1 0 0] , [0 1 0] , [0 0 1]
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
b) Ch s phng:
V d:
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
c) Ch s mt Ch s Miler: (h k l)
Bi ton: Cho mt phng (P) ct trc Ox, Oy, Oz ti cc
im A, B, C tng ng. Hy tm ch s Miler ca mt
(P)?

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
c) Ch s mt Ch s Miler: (h k l)
Bc tm:
Bc 1: Xc nh giao im ca mt phng (P) vi cc trc ta :



Bc 2: Lp t s

Bc 3: Lp t l:
Bc 4: Ch s Miler (h k l) tha mn:
- T l (1)
- Nguyn, b nht
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1 1
( ) Ox [[ a 0 0]] P A n =
2 2
( ) Oy [[0 a 0]] P B n =
3 3
( ) Oz [[0 0 a ]] P C n =
1 2 3
1 1 1
; ;
n n n
1 2 3
1 1 1
: : : : (1) h k l
n n n
=
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
c) Ch s mt Ch s Miler: (h k l)
V d: Tm (h k l) ca (A), (B), (C)?
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
c) Ch s mt Ch s Miler: (h k l)
Ch :
- Nhng mt phng song song vi nhau, ging nhau v
tnh cht i xng to thnh mt h mt phng (h k l )
- Nhng mt phng khng song song vi nhau, ging
nhau v tnh cht i xng to thnh mt h mt phng
{h k l}.
{1 0 0}: (1 0 0), (0 1 0) , (0 0 1) , (1 0 0) , (0 1 0) , (0 0 1)
- Cc mt phng song song nhau c cng ch s Miler
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.3) Phng v mt tinh th
d) Ch s Miler Bravais
- Dng ring cho h 6 phng (mng lc gic xp cht)
- K hiu (h k i l)
- Tnh cht i = - (h + k)
- V d:
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.4) Mt nguyn t - H s xp cht
a) Mt xp cht
+ Mt xp cht theo phng:
- Cng thc:
l: Chiu di nguyn t cha trn chiu di L
L: Chiu di s cp (1 chiu)



- V d: Mng LPTM tnh
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l
M
l
l
M
L
=
[110] [111] [100]
; ; ?
l l l
M M M =
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.4) Mt nguyn t - H s xp cht
a) Mt xp cht
+ Mt xp cht theo mt:
- Cng thc:
s: Din tch nguyn t chim ch trong S
S: Din tch s cp (2 chiu)



- V d: Mng LPTM tnh
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s
M
s
s
M
S
=
(110) (111) (100)
; ; ?
s s s
M M M =
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.4) Mt nguyn t - H s xp cht
a) Mt xp cht
+ Mt xp cht theo khi:
- Cng thc:
v: Th tch nguyn t chim ch trong V
V: Th tch s cp (3 chiu)



- V d: Mng LPTM tnh
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V
M
V
v
M
V
=
?
V
M =
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.4) Mt nguyn t - H s xp cht
b) Cch sp xp nguyn t trong mng, s xp cht
Gi thit:
Coi cc nguyn t l nhng hnh cu ging nhau c bn knh l R.
Cc nguyn t l xp cht nhau
Hnh dung
- Lp 1(V tr A): 1 qu cu tip xc vi 6 qu cu khc
- Lp 2 (V tr B, C): 3 qu xp vo v tr B
- Lp 3:
- Nu 6 qu xp vo v tr A Ta c cu trc (AB) Lc gic xp cht
- Nu 3 qu xp vo v tr C Ta c cu trc (ABC) Lp phng tm
mt
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.4) Mt nguyn t - H s xp cht
b) Cch sp xp nguyn t trong mng, s xp cht

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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.5) L hng trong mng tinh th
- Khi nim: L hng trong mng tinh th l khng gian
trng, gii hn bi hnh khi nhiu mt, mi nh khi
l tm nguyn t (ion) ti nt mng tinh th.


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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.5) L hng trong mng tinh th
c im:
- Kch thc ca l hng c nh gi bng bn
knh qu cu nht c th t vo l hng
- Hnh dng l hng ph thuc vo cu trc ca
mng tinh th
- Vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh to thnh hp kim
hoc chuyn pha.
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3) Khi nim mng tinh th
3.5) L hng trong mng tinh th
Bng 1.5: Dng v s lng l hng trong mt s mng tinh
th

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Cu trc mng tinh th Dng l hng
S lng l hng trong
c s
S lng l hng trn
mt nguyn t
Lp phng tm mt
Khi 4 mt 8 2
Khi 8 mt 4 1
Su phng xp cht
Khi 4 mt 12 2
Khi 8 mt 6 1
Lp phng tm khi
Khi 8 mt 6 6
Khi 4 mt 12 3
Lp phng n gin Khi lp phng 1 1
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4) Mt s cu trc tinh th ca vt rn
4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
a) Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2- bcc(Body-
centered cubic))

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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt
kim loi:
a) Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2- bcc(Body-
centered cubic))
c im:
- S nguyn t ng gp vo s cp:

- Ta ca cc nguyn t gc trong mng:
[[0 0 0]], [[ ]]
- S sp xp: K = 8
- Theo phng <1 1 1> v theo mt {1 1 0} mt xp cht
cao nht
- Quan h gia a & R:

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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
a) Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2- bcc(Body-
centered cubic))
c im:
- C hai loi l hng trong mng A
2
:
- L hng khi tm mt, kch thc 0,154d (d ng knh nguyn
t), nm tm mt v gia cc cnh bn, s lng n
8m
(bng
1.5): n
8m
=(1/4).12+(1/2).6=6.
- L hng khi bn mt nm trn on thng ni im gia
cc cnh i din ca cc mt bn, kch thc 0,221d vi s
lng (bng 1.5): n
4m
=(1/2).24=12.
- V d: Cc nguyn t kim loi nh Mo, cht rn, W,
-Fe,c cu trc mng A
2

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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1- fcc(Face-
centered cubic))
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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt
kim loi:
b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1- fcc(Face-centered
cubic))
+ c im:
- S nguyn t ng gp vo s cp:

- Ta ca cc nguyn t gc trong mng:
[[0 0 0]], [[ 0]]; [[ 0 ]]; [[0 ]]
- S sp xp: K = 12
- Theo phng <1 1 0> v theo mt {1 0 0} mt xp cht
cao nht
- Quan h gia a & R l:

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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
b) Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1- fcc(Face-
centered cubic))
+ c im:
- Trt t xp cht nguyn t trong mng A1 l (ABC)
- C hai loi l hng:
- Bn l hng khi tm mt (bng 1.5) kch thc 0,414d nm
trung tm khi v im gia cc mt bn,
- Tm l hng khi bn mt nm trn cc ng cho <111>
tnh t nh c kch thc 0,225d.
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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
c) Mng tinh th su phng (A3)
.
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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
c) Mng tinh th su phng (A3)
. + c im:
- S lng nguyn t gc n l:
- C th suy ra trong mng A3 quan h gia r, a v c l
tc l:
- S sp xp K = 12 vi
- S sp xp K s thay i (K=12) khi c/a =1,6333
- Mng su phng c coi l xp cht nu c/a nm
trong khong 1.571.64
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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt
kim loi:
c) Mng tinh th su phng(A3)
. + c im:
- Mng A3 trt t AB, ch khc so vi mng A1 trt
t l ABC. V vy, mng A1 v A3 c nhiu c tnh
ging nhau:
- v d K=12, Ms theo <111> trong mng A1 v (0001) trong
mng A3 u bng 92%, M
v
=74%, v tr v kch thc cc l
hng trong nhng mng ny cng tng t
- Cch sp xp ging nhau gia mng A1 v A3 cho php chng
c th thay i trt t xp cht chuyn t kiu mng ny
sang kiu mng kia trong iu kin xc nh. l mt trong
nhng kh nng chuyn pha quan trng ca vt liu
- V d: Be, Mg, Ca,
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4.1) Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin
kt kim loi:
c) Mng tinh th su phng(A3)
.
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Kim loi Kiu mng
Hng s mng, nm
a c
Mo Lptk, A2 0,3147
Cr Lptk, A2 0,2884
-Fe Lptk, A2 0,3165
W Lptk, A2 0,2866
-Fe(950
o
C) Lptm, A1 0,3656
Ni Lptm, A1 0,3524
Cu Lptm, A1 0,3615
Al Lptm, A1 0,4049
-Ti(880
o
C) Lptk, A2 0,3306
-Ti Spxc, A3 0,2951 0,4679
Mg Spxc, A3 0,3209 0,5210
Zn Spxc, A3 0,2664 0,4945
Bng 1.6. cu trc mng tinh th ca mt s kim loi
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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
+
Quy tc 8 N:
Trong vt rn ng ha tr s sp xp K xc nh theo
nguyn tc: K = 8-N trong N l s in t tham gia
lin kt ng ha tr
a) Mng tinh th kim cng (A4)

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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
a) Mng tinh th kim cng (A4)
+ c im:
- L mt dng th hnh ca C
- S sp xp K = 4
- c s mng kim cng (hnh 1.14a), c to thnh
trn c s ca c s A1 c thm bn nguyn t bn
trong vi cc ta (xem hnh 1.14b): 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 (1);
3/4, 3/4, 1/4 (2); 1/4, 3/4,3/4 (3); 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 (4)
- Khi lng ring ca kim cng l 3,52g/cm.
- Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v
231 gigaPascal
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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
a) Mng tinh th kim cng (A4)
+ c im:
- Kim cng c rt nhiu mu sc: khng mu, xanh
dng, xanh l cy, cam,, ta, hng, vng, nu v
c en
- Kim cng c kh nng tn sc tt, do c chit
sut bin i nhanh vi bc sng nh sng
- Ngoi tr kim cng xanh dng vn l mt cht bn
dn, mi loi kim cng cn li l cht cch in tt.
- Khng ging nh nhng cht cch in tt khc, kim
cng l mt chttruyn nhit tt
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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
b) Mng Graphit (Than ch)






* M hnh 3 chiu ca than ch


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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
b) Mng Graphit (Than ch)
+ c im:
- C mng lc gic lp (hnh 1.15a), trong mt lp
khong cch gia cc nguyn t a = 0,246nm
- Lin kt ng ho tr
- Khong cch gia cc lp c = 0,671nm, tng ng vi
lin kt yu Van der Waals
- Garafit rt d b tch lp, rt mm, n c coi nh l
mt trong nhng cht rn c cng thp nht.
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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
c) Cu trc si Cacbon v fullerene






* M hnh 3 chiu Buckminsterfullerene C
60
Si cacbon v fullerene l hai dng th hnh na ca
cacbon. Thnh tu mi ca cc cng trnh nghin cu
trong lnh vc vt liu trong nhng nm gn y
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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
c) Cu trc si Cacbon v fullerene
+ c im si Cacbon:
- Si cacbon c s dng lm ct trong vt liu
compozit
- Cu trc si cacbon c th tng tng nh nhng lp
v nguyn t cacbon, sp sp theo hnh lc gic, c
lin kt ng ha tr mnh cun xung quanh trc si
- Nng lng lin kt ng ha tr mnh trn cc lp v
ca si cho php to c nhng vt liu compozit c
bn gp ba ln nhng nh hn bn ln so vi thp






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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
c) Cu trc si Cacbon v fullerene
+ c im si Fullerene:
- Phn t cacbon C60, gi l fullerene, do hai nh bc
hc ngi Anh H. Kroto v M R.Smalley tng hp
c ln u tin vo nm 1985
- Cu trc phn t fullerene : 60 nguyn t cacbon sp
xp trn mt mt cu theo nh ca 12 ng gic u v
20 lc gic u cc ng gic lin kt nhau qua lc gic
- Fullerene l ti nguyn cu hp dn ca cc nh vt
liu hc khng nhng trong nghin cu c bn m c
nhng lnh vc ng dng trong k thut v cng ngh





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4.2) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr
c) Cc cu trc mng tinh th lin kt ng ha tr khc




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4.3) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion
Cu trc tinh th ca vt rn (hp cht) kin kt ion ph
thuc vo hai yu t:
- T s ca s lng ion m(anion) trn s lng ion
dng(cation).
- Tng quan kch thc gia anion v cation




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4.3) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion
a) Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX






S khc nhau v cu trc mng tinh th gia NaCl v CsCl (mc d Na v CS c cng ha
tr) l do s khc nhau v tng quan kch thc gia cc ion Na
+
v Cs
+
so vi ion Cl
-
.
T s tng ng l d
Na
/d
Cl
= 0,91; cc ion trong mang CsCl sp xp theo kiu B2 s c
mt xp M
V
= 68% cao hn so vi sp xp theo kiu B1 ca NaCl (M
v
= 53%)



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4.3) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion
b) Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX
2
(hoc M
2
X)



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4.3) Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion
c) Mng tinh th hp cht dng M
m
N
n
X
p




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Dng hp
cht
Mng tinh th
ca anion
Dng l hng
do cation
chim
T l s l hng b chim Hp cht in hnh
MX
lptm Khi 4 mt 1/2 ZnS, SiC, ZnO, CdS
spxc Khi 4 mt 1/2 ZnS, ZnO
lptm Khi 8 mt 1 NaCl, MgO, CaO, MnS, TiC
spxc Khi 8 mt 1 NiAs, FeS
lp n gin
Khi lp
phng
1 CsCl
MX2
lptm Khi 8 mt 1/2 TiO, CdCl2
lp n gin
Khi lp
phng
1/2 CaF2, ZnO2
M2X lptm Khi 4 mt 1 Na2O, Li2O
M2X3 spxc Khi 4 mt 2/3 Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cr2O3
MNX3 lptm - - BatiO3, SrZnO3
MN2X4 lptm - - MgAl2O4, FeAl2O4
Bng 1.7. Mt s hp cht ion v cu trc mng tinh th ca chng
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4.4) Cu trc Polymer
+ Cu trc tinh th cc vt rn xt, trong mi n
v cu thnh ( c s) to nn t mt vi nguyn t (ion,
phn t)
+ Polymer c to nn t rt nhiu phn t, mi phn
t li c th to bi hang triu nguyn t, ly polyetylen
phn t, mi phn t li c th to bi hng triu
nguyn t
V d: Mi phn t ca polyetylen cu to bi cc lin
kt ng ha tr mnh v c hng gia cacbon v
hyro

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4.4) Cu trc Polymer





- Lin kt mch kn
- Lin kt mch vng
- Lin kt mch thng
Trong thc t, khng c c polymer hon ton trt t (tinh
th). Gia cc vng trt t bao gi cng tn ti nhng vng
khng trt t (v nh hnh)


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4.5) Dng th hnh
+ l s tn ti hai hay nhiu cu trc mng tinh
th khc nhau ca cng mt nguyn t hoc mt
hp cht ha hc.
+ Qu trnh thay i cu trc mng t dng th hnh
ny sang dng th hnh khc gi l chuyn bin
hnh.
+ Cc dng th hnh thng c k hiu bng cc
ch ci Hy Lp nh : , , ,
+ Cacbon l mt trong nhng nguyn t c nhiu dng th hnh: b
hng (v nh hnh), graphit (mng A9), kim cng (mng A4), s
cacbon ( cu trc lp cun), fullere (cu trc cu C60, C100,)







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5) Sai lch mng
+ Tnh cht ca vt rn tinh th nh mun Young (E), h
s gin n nhit, tnh cht t,ch ph thuc ch yu vo
dng v lc lin kt , m hu nh khng thay i do sai
lch mng.
+ Mt s tnh cht khc nh hnh vi ca tinh th di tc
dng ca ngoi lc (bin cng, bin dng do, xem
chng 4), dn nhit ca cc cht cch in, bn dn,
th sai lch mng ng vai tr rt quan trng.
+ Ph thuc vo kch thc theo ba chiu trong khng
gian, sai lch mng chia thnh: sai lch im, ng, mt
v khi





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5) Sai lch mng
a) Sai lch im:
+ Khi nim: l loi sai lch c kch thc rt nh
(c kch thc nguyn t) theo ba chiu khng gian
+ Phn loi: nt trng & nguyn t xen k; nguyn
t tp cht



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I I ) T NH CHT NHIT CA VT LIU
2.1 NHIT DUNG
2.2 GI N N NHIT
2.3 DN NHIT
2.4 NG SUT NHIT
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2.1 NHIT DUNG
a) Khi nim nhit dung:
+ L nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca vt ln
mt n v
+ Cng thc:
Trong dQ - nng lng cn gy ra bin thin
nhit dT
+ Phn bit: Nhit dung ring c v nhit dung mol C
+ Cc cch o nhit dung:
- Cch 1: Nhit dung ng tch C
v

- Cch 2: Nhit dung ng p C
p



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2.1 NHIT DUNG
a) Khi nim nhit dung:

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2.1 NHIT DUNG
b) S ph thuc nhit dung vo nhit

CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
- Vi T > Teta: C = 3R
- C
v
bng khng OK
nhng tng ln nhanh
theo nhit
- cc nhit thp,
mi quan h gia C
v
, v
nhit T l: C
v
= AT
3

theanhspl@gmail.com
Ghi ch:
1. chuyn i thnh
cal/g, K cn nhn vi
2.39.10
-4

2. chuyn i thnh
cal/ s.cm, K cn nhn
vi 2.39.10
-3

3. Gi tr o 100
0
C
4. Gi tr trung bnh ly
trong khong nhit 0
1 000
0
C
Vt liu C
p

J/kg
(1)

10
-60
C
-1
K
W/m.K
(2)

L
. W/(K)
2
.10
-6

Kim loi:
Nhm
ng
Vng
St
Niken
Bc
Volfram
Thp 1025
Thp khng g 316
Brng ( 70Cu 30 Zn)
Gm:
Nhm Oxyt (Al
2
O
3
)
Berili oxyt (BeO)
Magioxyt ( MgO)
Spilen ( Mg Al
2
O
3
)
Silic ioxyt (SiO
2
)
Thu tinh Na
Polyme:
Polyetylen
Polyprotylen
Polystyren
Polytetrafloetylen (teflon)
Phenolphomaldehyt
(bakelit)
Ninon 6.6
Polyizopren


90
386
130
448
443
235
142
486
502
375

775
1050
(3)

940
790
740
840

2100
1880
1360
1050
1650
1670

-

23.6
16.5
13.8
11.8
13.3
19.0
4.5
12.5
16.0
20.0

8.8
9.0
(4)

13.5
(3)

7.6
(3)

0.5
(3)

9.0
(3)



60- 220
80- 100
50- 85
135-
150
68
80- 90
220

247
398
315
80.4
89.9
428
178
51.9
16.3
(3)

120

30.1
220
(4)

37.7
(4)

15.0
(4)

2.0
(4)

1.7
(4)



0.38
0.12
0.13
0.25
0.15
0.24
0.14


2.24
2.27
2.52
2.66
2.10
2.32
3.21
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bng 2.5. Tnh cht nhit ca mt s vt liu
theanhspl@gmail.com
2.1 NHIT DUNG
c) Nguyn nhn ng gp vo nhit dung ca vt rn:
+ Nhit dung do dao ng mng (phonon)
+ Cc ng gp khc: rt nh so vi thnh phn dao
ng mng
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.2 GI N N NHIT
+ Cc vt liu rn u n ra khi nung v co li khi ngui
- S thay i chiu di theo nhit :

Trong :
l
0
l l
r
chiu di ban u v chiu di cui cng khi thay
i nhit t T
0
n T
r
;

1
- h s di ca gin n nhit.
o
C
-1

- S thay i theo th tch:
Trong
V
o
v AV th tch ban u v bin thin th tch.

CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.2 GI N N NHIT
Nguyn nhn gin n nhit:







Hnh 2.34. S gii thch s gin n nhit khi ng cong
th nng khng i xng (a) v khng gin n nhit khi
ng cong th nng i xng (b)


CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.2 GI N N NHIT
+) Kim loi:
- H s gin n nhit kim loi trong khong t 5.10
-6
n
25.10
-6
(
o
C)
-1
- Trong ng dng: n nh
kch thc cao khi nhit thng
ging l rt quan trng => pht
trin mt h hp kim st niken
v st coban
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.2 GI N N NHIT
+) Gm:
- Gi tr h s gin n nhit tng i thp, trong khong
0,5 10
-6
v 15.10
-6
(
o
C)
-1
+) Polyme:
- H s o
l
trong khong
t 50.10
-6
n 300. 10
-6
(
o
C)
-1


CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.3 DN NHIT
a) Khi nim: Dn nhit l hin tng nhit c truyn t
vng nhit cao ti vng nhit thp ca vt liu.
b) dn nhit:
Vi: q - mt nhit thng, tc l dng nhit i qua mt
n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian
k - h s dn nhit ( dn nhit)
dT/dx graient nhit qua mi trng dn nhit
n v ca q v k tng ng l W/m
2
v W/m.K
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.3 DN NHIT
c) C ch dn nhit: 2 c ch
- Dn nhit bng phonon: k
l;
dn nhit bng in t: k
e

- Phonon d tn x hn in t bi cc sai lch mng
- Vi dn nhit bng phonon, in t: nhit c truyn t
ni c nhit cao ti ni c nhit thp
d) Kim loi:
+) Vi kim loi c sch cao:
- C ch in t vn chuyn nhit c u th hn phn ng
gp ca phonon
- S lng kh ln in t t do tham gia dn nhit
- dn nhit c gi tr trong khong 20 400 W/m.K.

CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.3 DN NHIT
+ Mi lin h dn nhit v dn in trong kim loi tinh
khit:
L - hng s: 2,44.10
-8
O.W/(K)
2

+ Tp cht trong kim loi lm gim dn nhit
e) Gm:
- Khng c nhiu in t t do nn dn nhit km: phonon
chu trch nhim ch yu trong dn nhit
- dn nhit ca mt s vt liu gm 2 50 W/m.K
- Tn x ca cc dao ng nhit tr nn ni bt hn khi nhit
tng. Do vy, dn nhit ca a s cc vt liu gm bnh
thng u gim dn khi nhit tng

CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.3 DN NHIT
d) Polyme
- dn nhit ca a s cc polymer l vo c 0,3 W/m.K
- Nng lng truyn nhit theo dao ng tnh tin v quay
ca cc phn t mch
- ln ca dn nhit ph thuc vo mc kt tinh:
- Polymer c cu trc tinh th v trt t cao s c dn nhit ln
- Vt liu v nh hnh tng ng th km
- Polyme thng c ng dng lm cht cch nhit nh c
dn nhit thp
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.4 NG SUT NHIT
+ Khi nim: ng sut nhit l ng sut c gy ra trong
vt th do s thay i nhit . ng sut lin quan ti s nt
v hoc bin dng do khng mong mun
a) ng sut do s gin v co b hn ch
- ln o ca ng sut gy bi bin thin nhit t T
o

n T
r
:
E mun n hi
- Khi nung nng (T
r
> T
o
) ng sut s l nn (o < 0), v s
gin n ca thanh b gi li
- Khi thanh b lm lnh (T
r
< T
o
) s c ng sut ko ((o > 0)
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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2.4 NG SUT NHIT
b) ng sut gy ra bi gradient nhit
V d nh nc nng vo cc thy tinh
c) Sc nhit ca vt liu gin:
+ i vi cc kim loi v polymer d un, ng sut nhit
sinh ra c th c gim nh nh c bin dng n hi
+ i vi a s vt liu gm, tnh kh un s lm tng kh
nng ph hu gin do ng sut nhit
+ Ngui nhanh s gy ra sc nhit hn l nung nng, v ng
sut nhit sinh ra l ng sut ko.
+ Kh nng ca vt liu chng li loi ph hu ny c gi
l bn xung nhit
CHNG 2: TNH CHT IN V TNH CHT
NHIT CA VT LIU
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NI DUNG
- CC KHI NIM C BN
- PHN LOI VT LIU T:
- THUN T V NGHCH T
- ST T
- VT LIU T MM
- VT LIU T CNG
- PHN ST T V FERI T
- NH HNG CA NHIT LN TCH CHT T
- LU TR T
- SIU DN
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
a) Lng cc t (mmen lng cc t):
- Vt liu t lun tn ti lng cc t
- Lng cc t c th xem nh mt
thanh nam chm nh , gm hai u
cc bc (N) v cc nam (S)
b) Vecto t trng
- Vt liu t c coi nh gm rt nhiu cc mmen lng
cc t .
- i lng gi l t ha t pht (T t pht)
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
M p =

p
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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
b) Vecto t trng

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0
0 H = 0
0 H =
Ban u Lc sau
0 0 0
0 M p
H H p H M H
= =
= + = + =

0 0
0 M p
H H p H M
= =
= + = +

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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
b) Vecto t trng
- Xt TH




: H s t ha
Hay:
Vi: : thm t tng i

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0 0 0 0
0
m
M p
H H p H M H H _
= =
= + = + = +

0
0 H =
0 0 0
(1 )
m m
H H H H _ _ = + = +
m
_
0 r
H H =
1
r m
_ = +
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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
b) Vecto t trng
- Phn loi vt liu t theo h s t ha
- Nu Vt liu nghch t
- Nu Vt liu thun t
- Nu Vt liu st t



CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
m
_
6
5
( 10 ) ( 10 )
m
_



6
5
(10 ) (10 )
m
_

5
6
(10 ) (10 )
m
_
theanhspl@gmail.com
3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
c) Ngun gc ca momen t
+ Vt liu c cu to t cc nguyn t, mi nguyn t
c cu to t cc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht
nhn v ht nhn.
+ Mi in t trong mt nguyn t u c cc momen t vi
hai ngun gc:
- Mt lin quan n qu o ca n chuyn ng quanh ht
nhn
- Mi in t cn c mt chuyn ng ring l chuyn ng
xung quanh trc ca bn thn ( gi l spin)
T trng tng:
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
L
S
J L S = +
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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
c) Ngun gc ca momen t





+ Momen t n v l Magneton Bohr( 9,27.10
-24
A.m
2
)
+ i vi mi in t trong nguyn t
- momen t spin ch c th nhn mt trong 2 gi tr ( cng cho
spin hng ln v tr cho spin hng xung).
- Cn momen t qu o th bng l s lng t t ( s
lng t khng gian) ca in t.
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
c) Ngun gc ca momen t
+ i vi mt nguyn t c cc lp in t hon ton y,
momen tng ca n b trit tiu => khng th b t ha vnh
cu. v d cc kh tr ( He, Ne, Ar.) cng nh nhiu vt
liu in khc.
+ Trong vt liu tn ti cc dng t tnh sau: Thun t,
nghch t, v st t.
Ngoi ra phn st t v feri t c xem l nhng
dng ph ca st t





CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
a) Nghch t v thun t
+ Nghch t:

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0
0 H =
0
0 H =
Ban u Lc sau
0 0 0
0 M p
H H p H M H
= =
= + = + =

0 0
0 M p
H H p H M
= =
= + = +

theanhspl@gmail.com
3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
+ Nghch t
- Xt TH




: H s t ha
Hay:
Vi: : thm t tng i

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0 0 0 0
0
m
M p
H H p H M H H _
= =
= + = + = +

0
0 H =
0 0 0
(1 )
m m
H H H H _ _ = + = +
m
_
0 r
H H =
1
r m
_ = +
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
+ Nghch t
: Vt liu nghch t.
- ng cong t ha:






S ng gp ca chuyn ng qu o l chim u th hn
so vi s ng gp ca chuyn ng spin






CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
6
5
( 10 ) ( 10 )
m
_



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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
a) Nghch t v thun t
+ thun t:

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0
0 H =
0
0 H =
Ban u Lc sau
0 0 0
0 M p
H H p H M H
= =
= + = + =

0 0
0 M p
H H p H M
= =
= + = +

theanhspl@gmail.com
3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
+ Thun t
- Xt TH




: H s t ha
Hay:
Vi: : thm t tng i

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0 0 0 0
0
m
M p
H H p H M H H _
= =
= + = + = +

0
0 H =
0 0 0
(1 )
m m
H H H H _ _ = + = +
m
_
0 r
H H =
1
r m
_ = +
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
+ Thun t
: Vt liu thun t.
- ng cong t ha:






S ng gp ca chuyn ng qu o l chim u th hn
so vi s ng gp ca chuyn ng spin






CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
6
5
(10 ) (10 )
m
_

theanhspl@gmail.com
3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
+ Nghch t
: Vt liu nghch t.
- ng cong t ha:






S ng gp ca chuyn ng qu o l chim u th hn
so vi s ng gp ca chuyn ng spin






CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
6
5
( 10 ) ( 10 )
m
_



theanhspl@gmail.com
3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
a) Nghch t v thun t


CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
Nghch t Thun T
Vt liu H s t ha
(th tch,n v SI)
Vt liu H s t ha
(th tch,n v SI)
Nhm xyt
ng
Vng
Thy ngn
Silic
Bc
Natri clorua
Km
-1.81.10
-5

-0.96.10
-5

-3.44.10
-5

-2.85.10
-5

-0.41.10
-5

-2.38.10
-5

-1.41.10
-5

-1.56.10
-5

Nhm
Crm
Crm clorua
Mangan sulfat
Mlipden
Natri
Titan
Zicni
2.07.10
-5

3.13.10
-5

1.51.10
-5

3.70.10
-5

1.19.10
-5

8.48.10
-5

1.81.10
-5

1.09.10
-5


m
_
m
_
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
b) St t

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0
0 H =
0
0 H =
Ban u Lc sau
0 0
0
0
M p
H H p H M M
= =
= + = + = =

0 0
0 M p
H H p H M
= =
= + = +

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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
b) St t
- Xt TH




: H s t ha
Hay:
Vi: : thm t tng i

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
0 0 0 0
0
m
M p
H H p H M H H _
= =
= + = + = +

0
0 H =
0 0 0
(1 )
m m
H H H H _ _ = + = +
m
_
0 r
H H =
1
r m
_ = +
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
b) St t
: Vt liu st t
- ng cong t ha:






S ng gp ca chuyn ng spin l chim u th hn so
vi s ng gp ca chuyn ng qy o






CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
6
5
(10 ) (10 )
m
_
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
b) St t
Phn loi vt liu st t:
- Loi 1: Vt liu t cng
- Loi 2: Vt liu t mm





CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.2 PHN LOI VT LIU T
c) Phn st t v Feri t




CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
S sp xp cc mmen t
trong vt liu feri t khi T <
T
C

S sp xp cc mmen t
trong vt liu phn st t
T < T
N
khi khng c t trng
ngoi
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3.3 NH HNG CA NHIT LN T NH CHT T
- Khi tng nhit , dao ng nhit ca cc nguyn t trong
vt rn s tng, cc momen t nguyn t s quay d dng. Do
khi nhit tng, chuyn ng nhit ca cc nguyn t
dn ti s hn lon ca mi momen t.
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.3 NH HNG CA NHIT LN T NH CHT T
a) Vi vt liu st t:

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
Hnh: a) Sp xp cc
momen t trong vt liu
st t khi T < T
C
b) S ph thuc nhit
ca t bo ha M ca
vt liu st t.
khi nhit cao hn T
c
vt liu st t v Feri t u tr thnh thun t.
Nhit curie thay i theo vt liu , v d st, coban, niken, Fe
3
O
4
c
cc tr s tng ng l ;: 768, 1120, 335, v 585
0
C..
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3.3 NH HNG CA NHIT LN T NH CHT T
b) Vt liu Ferit t:
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
a) S sp xp cc momen t trong vt liu Ferit t khi T <T
C

b) S ph thuc nhit ca t bo ha M

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3.3 NH HNG CA NHIT LN T NH CHT T
c) Vt liu phn st t:
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
a) S sp xp cc momen t trong vt liu phn st t khi T <T
N
.

b) S ph thuc nhit ca t bo ha M
Cao hn nhit T
N
cc vt liu phn st t cng tr thnh nghch t

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3.3 NH HNG CA NHIT LN T NH CHT T
d) Vt liu thun t:
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
a) S sp xp cc momen t trong vt liu thun t

b) ng cong t ha ca vt liu thun t
c) S ph thuc vo nhit ca t vo nhit

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3.4 MEN (MIN T) V T TR
- Mi vt liu st t v feri t nhit di T
c
c cu
to bi nhng vng th tch nh, trong tt c cc
momen lng cc t u nh hng song song vi nhau
vi t ha t bo ha.
- Mi vng gi l mt min t (men) mt min t
ha t nhin.
- Cc men ln cn phn cch nhau bi cc vng bin hay
vch.
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.4 MEN (MIN T) V T TR

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.4 MEN (MIN T) V T TR

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
c trng B-H ca
vt liu st t hoc
ferri t vi s
sp xp cc men
trong tng giai on
t ha
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3.4 MEN (MIN T) V T TR

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
ng cong t ha
ban u v ng
cong t tr ca vt
liu st t
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3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
Chung:
- Kch thc v hnh dng ca ng cong t tr ca cc vt
liu st t v feri t c tm quan trng, Din tch bn trong
vng t tr biu th tn hao nng lng trong mt n v th
tch vt liu, trong mt chu trnh t ha kh t.
- Tn hao nng lng c tnh bng lng nhit sinh ra
trong vt liu v lm tng nhit ca n.
- Cc vt liu st t v feri t c phn ha thnh vt liu t
mn hoc vt liu t cng ty theo c tnh t tr ca chng

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG


CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
a) Vt liu t mm:
ng dng:
- s dng trong cc linh kin chiu t trng xoay chiu vi
tn hao nng lng phi thp; V d , lm li my bin th V
l do ny din tch vng t tr phi nh.
- Nh vy:
- vt liu t mn thm t ban u cao
- kh thp
- Vt liu c th t c t ha bo ha bng mt t trng
tng i thp( tc d b t ha v kh t)
- c tn hao nng lng t tr thp

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
a) Vt liu t mm:
c im:
- T trng bo ha v t ha ch ph thuc vo thnh
phn ca vt liu. v d, trong cc ferit lp phng, s thay
th Fe
2+
bng mt ion kim loi ha tr hai nh Ni
2+
( trong
FeO- Fe
2
O
3
) s lm thay i t ha bo ha
- H s t ha v kh t H
c
li nhy vi bin i cu trc
hn l bin i thnh phn. V d, s dch chuyn d dng
ca cc vch men khi t trng thay i ln v hng
lm cho trng (lc ) kh t nh.

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
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3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
a) Vt liu t mm:
c im:
- Cc khuyt tt cu trc nh cc ht khng t tnh hoc cc
l trng trong vt liu t li km hm s chuyn ng ca cc
vch men lm tng trng kh t. Nh vy, vt liu t
mn phi khng c cc khuyt tt cu trc
- Ngoi tn hao t tr cn c tn hao nng lng gy bi
dng in c cm ng trong vt liu do t trng bin
thin cng v hng theo thi gian, l dng in xoy
- gim tn hao nng lng ny c bit tn s cao cn
s dng cc vt liu t mn c in tr sut ln. Cc vt liu
c th l cc hp kim ( dng dung dch rn) st- silic v
st niken

CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
theanhspl@gmail.com
3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
a) Vt liu t mm:


CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
Vt liu
Thnh phn
% trng
lng

thm
t
tng
i
ban
u
Mt t
thng bo
ha, Tesla
(Gauss)
Tn hao t
tr trong
mt chu
trnh , J/m
3

( erg/ cm
3
)
in tr
sut


St thi thng mi

St silic ( inh
hng)

45 permalloy

Supermalloy

Ferrox cube A

Ferrox cube B
99,95 Fe

97 Fe, 3Si

55 Fe, 45 Ni

79 Ni, 15 Fe
5Mo, 0,5
Mn
48 Mn Fe
2
O
4

52 ZnFe
2
O
4

36 NiFe
2
O
4

64 ZnFe
2
O
4

150

1400

2500

75000

1400

650

2.14
(21 400)
2.01
(20 100)
1.60
(16 600)
0.80
(8 000)
0.33
(3 300)
0.36
(3 600)

270
( 2700)
40
(400)
120
(1200)


40
(400)
35
(350)
1.0.10
-7


4.7.10
-7


4.5.10
-7


6.0.10
-7


2 000

10
7

i

m O
Bng 2.10.
cc tnh
cht tiu
biu ca
vt liu t
mm
theanhspl@gmail.com
3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
b) Vt liu t cng:
ng dng:
- Vt liu t cng c dng lm nam chm vnh cu
Nh vy:
- c t d cao
- trng kh t cao
- mt t thng bo ha cao
- thm t ban u thp v tn hao t tr cao
CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
theanhspl@gmail.com
3.5 VT LIU T MM V VT LIU T CNG
b) Vt liu t cng:
Tnh cht tiu biu:


CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU
Vt liu

thnh phn
% trng
lng
t d
B
r
tesla
(Gauss)
Trng kh
t H
c

Ampe.vong/
m
(oersted)
(BH)
max

J/m
3

(Gauss
Oersted)
Nhit
curie
T
c

0
C
in tr
sut
Thp cacbon
Mactenxit

Thp volfram


Cunife


Cunico


Alnico 8 thiu
kt


Ferrox dur
( nh hng)

98,1 Fe
0,9 C1Mn

92,8Fe6W
0,5 Cr

20Fe20Ni
60Cu

29Co21Ni
50Cu

34Fe7Al
14Ni35Co
4Cu5Ti

BaO-
6Fe
2
O
3



0,95
(9 500)

0,95
(9 500)

0,54
(5 400)

0,34
(3 400)

0,76
(7 600)


0,32
(3 200)
400
(50)

5 900
(74)

44 000
( 550)

54 000
(650)

123 000
( 1 550)


240 000
(3 000)
1 600
(0,2.10
6
)

2 600
(0.33.10
6
)

12 000
(1,5.10
6
)

6 400
(0,8.10
6
)

36 000
(4,5.10
6
)


20 000
(2,5.10
6
)
-


760


410


860


860



450
-


3,0.10
-7



1,8.10
-7



2,4.10
-7



-



10
4

m O

Bng 2.11.
Gii thiu
cc tnh
cht tiu
biu ca
vt liu t
cng
theanhspl@gmail.com
3.6 LU TR T
- vt liu t ngy cng quan trng trong lnh vc lu tr
thng tin, v d, i vi my tnh. Trong khi cc linh kin bn
dn ch dng ln b nh s cp, th cc a v bng t li c
kh nng lu tr nhng lng thng tin ln v vi gi thnh
thp hn


CHNG 3: TNH CHT T CA VT LIU