Giai Tich 1

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC
BI XUN DIU
Bi Ging
GII
TCH
(lu hnh ni b)
HM S MT BIN S - TCH PHN - HM S NHIU BIN S
Tm tt l thuyt, Cc v d, Bi tp v li gii
H Ni- 2009
MC
Mc lc .
LC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 1 . Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
3
S lc v cc yu t Lgic; cc tp s: N, Z, Q, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Tr tuyt i v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
nh ngha hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr v cc khi nim: hm chn, hm l, hm tu
3.1
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
4
Dy s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5
Gii hn hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6
V cng ln, v cng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1
V cng b (VCB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2
V cng ln (VCL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7
Hm s lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.1
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8
o hm v vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.1
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9
Cc nh l v hm kh vi v ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.1
Cc nh l v hm kh vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.2
Qui tc LHospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10 Cc lc kho st hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.1 Kho st v v th ca hm s y = f ( x ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.2 Kho st v v ng cong cho di dng tham s . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.3 Kho st v v ng cong trong h to cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chng 2 . Php tnh tch phn mt bin s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1
Tch phn bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
37
MC LC
1.1
Nguyn hm ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Cc phng php tnh tch phn bt nh . . . . .
1.3
Tch phn hm phn thc hu t . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
Tch phn hm lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
Tch phn cc biu thc v t . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
nh ngha tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Cc tiu chun kh tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . .
2.4
Tch phn vi cn trn thay i (hm tch phn) .
2.5
Cc phng php tnh tch phn xc nh . . . . .
2.6
H thng bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Cc ng dng ca tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
Tnh din tch hnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Tnh di ng cong phng . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Tnh th tch vt th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
Tnh din tch mt trn xoay . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Tch phn suy rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn . . . . . . . . .
4.2
Tch phn suy rng ca hm s khng b chn . .
4.3
Tch phn suy rng hi t tuyt i v bn hi t
4.4
Cc tiu chun hi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 3 . Hm s nhiu bin s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s . . . . . . .

1.1
Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s . . .
1.2
Tnh lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s .
1.3
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o hm v vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
o hm ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Vi phn ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
o hm ca hm s hp . . . . . . . . .
2.4
o hm v vi phn cp cao . . . . . . .
2.5
o hm theo hng - Gradient . . . . .
2.6
Hm n - o hm ca hm s n . . .
2.7
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s . . . . . . . .
3.1
Cc tr t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
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37
39
43
45
47
49
49
49
50
51
51
52
59
59
62
63
65
67
67
69
70
71
72
. 79
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79
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
83
84
85
85
92
92
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MC LC
3.2
3.3
3
Cc tr c iu kin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gi tr ln nht - Gi tr nh nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
97
MC LC
CHNG
HM
S MT BIN S
(13LT+13BT)
1. S LC V CC YU T L GIC; CC TP S :
N, Z, Q, R
1. Phn Lgic khng dy trc tip (phn ny i s dy) m ch nhc li nhng
php suy lun c bn thng qua bi ging cc ni dung khc nu thy cn thit.
2. Gii thiu cc tp s; cn ni r tp Q tuy rng hn Z nhng vn cha lp y
trc s cn tp R lp y trc s v cha tt c cc gii hn ca cc dy s hi t,
ta c bao hm thc
N Z Q R.
2. T R TUYT I V TNH CHT

Nhc li nh ngha v nu cc tnh cht sau
| x | 0, | x | = 0 x = 0, | x + y| | x | + |y|;
| x y| || x | |y|| , | x | A x A hoc x A
| x | B B x B.
5
Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)
3. NH NGHA HM S , TP XC NH, TP GI TR V
CC KHI NIM : HM CHN , HM L , HM TUN
HON , HM HP, HM NGC
1. nh ngha hm s:
Nhc li nh ngha ph thng. Ch nu vit di dng nh x f : X R th tp
xc nh r chnh l X cn biu thc ca f (di dng biu thc gii tch) l cha
r, c th khng tm c biu thc y. Cn nu hm s c cho di dng biu thc
gii tch th cn phi xc nh r min xc nh ca hm s. Trong chng trnh ch
tp trung vo cch cho hm s dng mt hay nhiu biu thc gii tch.
Mt s hm Dirichlet, du, phn nguyn c th nu di dng v d hay th hin qua
cc phn dy khc.
Tp gi tr ca hm s:
2. Hm s n iu
3. Hm s b chn (chn trn, chn di, b chn).
4. Hm chn, hm l (tnh cht ca th v kt qu f ( x ) = hm chn + hm l).
5. Hm tun hon:
Nu qua nh ngha, v d l cc hm s lng gic.
Trong phm vi chng trnh ch yu l xem c s T 6= 0(T > 0) no tha mn
f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) m khng i su vo vic tm chu k (s T > 0 b nht).
6. Hm hp: nh ngha v v d.
7. Hm ngc:
(a) nh ngha
(b) Mi quan h gia th ca hai hm
(c) nh l v iu kin tn ti hm ngc, (tng hay gim)
(d) Trn c s nh l trn xy dng cc hm s lng gic ngc v v th ca
chng. ph thng hc sinh bit y = ax , y = loga x l cc hm ngc ca
nhau
8. Hm s s cp
6
3. nh ngha hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr v cc khi nim: hm chn, hm l, hm

tun hon, hm hp, hm ngc
7
(a) Nu cc hm s s cp c bn:
y = x , y = ax , y = loga x, y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tg x, y = cotg x
y = arcsin x, y = arccos x, y = arctg x, y = arccotg x.
(b) nh ngha hm s s cp:
Nu v d v 3 lp hm s cp: a thc, phn thc hu t, hyperbolic.
3.1 Bi tp
Bi tp 1.1. Tm TX ca hm s
q
a) y = 4 lg(tan x )
x
c) y =
sin x
b) y = arcsin
2x
1+x
d) y = arccos(2 sin x )
Li gii.
a. TX = {/4 + k x /2 + k, k Z } b. TX = {1/3 x 1}
c. TX = { x 0, x 6 Z }
d. TX = { + k x + k, k Z }
6
6
Bi tp 1.2. Tm min gi tr ca hm s
x
a. y = lg(1 2 cos x )
b. y = arcsin lg
10
Li gii. a. MGT = { y lg 3}
Bi
tp 1.3.
Tm f ( x ) bit
1
1
a. f x +
= x2 + 2
x
x
Li gii. a. S : f ( x ) =
x2
b. MGT = {/2 y /2}
b. f
x
1+x
2 vi | x | 2.
= x2 .
b. S: f ( x ) =
x
1x
2
x 6= 1.
Bi tp 1.4. Tm hm ngc ca hm s (trn min m hm s c hm ngc)

a. y = 2x + 3.
Li gii.
a) S : y =
b) S : y = y =
b. y =
1x
1+x
1
3
x
2
2
1x
1+x
7
c. y =
1 x
(e + e x )
2

c) Ta c y0 =
min:
1 x
(e e x ) nn hm s cho khng l mt n nh. Ta phi xt trn 2
2
p
p
1
Trn min x 0, t y = (e x + e x ) e x = y y2 1 x = ln(y + y2 1). Ta
2
c song nh:
ln(y +
[0, +) [1, +)
1
x 7 y = (e x + e x )
2
q
y2 1) y
Vy hm ngc trn min x 0 l y = ln( x +
x2 1), x 1.
Trn min x 0, tng t ta c hm ngc l y = ln( x x2 1), x 1.

Bi tp 1.5. Xt tnh chn l ca hm s
a. f ( x ) = ax + a x (a > 0)
b. f ( x ) = ln( x + 1 x2 )
c. f ( x ) = sin x + cos x
Li gii.
a. S: hm s cho l hm s chn.
b. S: hm s cho l hm s l.
c. S: hm s cho khng chn, khng l.
Bi tp 1.6. Chng minh rng bt k hm s f ( x ) no xc nh trong mt khong i
xng ( a, a) cng u biu din c duy nht di dng tng ca mt hm s chn v
mt hm s l.
Li gii. Vi mi f ( x ) bt k ta lun c
f (x) =
1
1
[ f ( x ) + f ( x )] + [ f ( x ) f ( x )]
|2
{z
} |2
{z
}
g( x )
h( x )
trong g( x ) l mt hm s chn, cn h( x ) l mt hm s l.
Bi tp 1.7. Xt tnh tun hon v chu k ca hm s sau (nu c)

a. f ( x ) = A cos x + B sin x
8
3. nh ngha hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr v cc khi nim: hm chn, hm l, hm

tun hon, hm hp, hm ngc
9
1
1
b. f ( x ) = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x
2
3
c. f ( x ) = sin2 x
d. f ( x ) = sin( x2 )
Li gii.
a) Gi s T > 0 l mt chu k ca hm s cho. Khi

f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) x R
A cos ( x + T ) + B sin ( x + T ) = A cos x + B sin x x R
A[cos x cos ( x + T )] + B[sin x sin ( x + T )] = 0 x R

T
T
T
2 sin
[ A sin(x +
) + B cos(x +
)] = 0 x R
2
2
2
T
=0
sin
2

2k
.
T =

Vy hm s cho tun hon vi chu k T =
2
.
| |
b. Theo cu a) th hm s sin x tun hon vi chu k 2, hm s sin 2x tun hon vi

2
1
1
chu k , hm s sin 3x tun hon vi chu k
. Vy f ( x ) = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x
3
2
3
tun hon vi chu k T = 2
c. f ( x ) = sin2 x =
1 cos 2x
tun hon vi chu k T =
2
d. Gi s hm s cho tun hon vi chu k T > 0.Khi

sin( x + T )2 = sin( x2 ) x.
1. Cho x = 0 T = k, k Z, k > 0.
2. Cho x = k l s chnh phng. Gi s k = l 2 , l Z, l > 0.

r
3. Cho x =
ta suy ra iu mu thun.
2
Vy hm s cho khng tun hon.
Bi tp 1.8. Cho f ( x ) = ax + b, f (0) = 2, f (3) = 5. Tm f ( x ).
Li gii. S: f ( x ) =
7
x 2.
3
Bi tp 1.9. Cho f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c, f (2) = 0, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 5. Tm f ( x ).

9
10
Li gii. S: f ( x ) =
7 2 17
x + x + 1.
6
6
Bi tp 1.10. Cho f ( x ) =
1 x
(a + a x ), a > 0. Chng minh rng :
2
f ( x + y ) + f ( x y ) = 2 f ( x ) f ( y ).
Bi tp 1.11. Gi s f ( x ) + f (y) = f (z). Xc nh z nu:

a. f ( x ) = ax, a 6= 0.
1
c. f ( x ) =
x
b. f ( x ) = arctan x
1+x
d. f ( x ) = lg
1x
Li gii.
x+y
1 xy
x+y
d. S: z =
1 + xy
a. S: z = x + y
c. S: z =
b. S: z =
xy
x+y
4. DY S
nh ngha dy s, cc khi nim v dy n iu, b chn, gii hn v cc php ton.
Cc tiu chun tn ti gii hn (tiu chun kp, tiu chun n iu, tiu chun Cauchy).
1. Nhc li nh ngha dy s v cc khi nim v dy b chn, n iu
2. nh ngha gii hn dy s v nu mt v d. Cc khi nim v dy s hi t, phn
k. Nu tnh cht gii hn nu c l duy nht, mi dy hi t u b chn.
3. Cc php ton
4. tng v gii hn
5. Cc tiu chun hi t
(a) n iu b chn, v d m t s e.
(b) Tiu chun kp
(c) nh ngha dy Cauchy, tiu chun Cauchy. Nu v d dy (an ):
an = 1 +
1
1 1
+ + + phn k.
2 3
n
10
4. Dy s
11
4.1 Bi tp
Bi tp 1.12. Tm gii hn ca cc dy s sau:
q
p
2
a. xn = n n n
b. xn = n(n + a) n
d. xn =
Li gii.
n
n
sin
2
2
a. S:
e. xn =
1
2
b. S:
a
2
Bi tp 1.13. Xt dy s xn = xn1 +
c. xn = n +
sin2 n cos3 n
n
c. S: 0
1
x n 1
d. S: phn k
p
3
1 n3
e. S: 0
, x0 = 1.
a. Chng minh rng dy { xn } khng c gii hn hu hn.

b. Chng minh rng lim xn = +.
n
Bi tp 1.14. Xt un = (1 +
1 n
) .Chng minh rng {un } l mt dy s tng v b chn.
n
Li gii. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c :

r
1
1
1
n +1
(1 + ) n .
1 + (1 + ) + . . . + (1 + ) ( n + 1 )
n
n
n
(1 +
Hn na ta c
1
1 n +1
)
(1 + ) n
n+1
n
1
u n = (1 + ) n =
n
Cnk . nk
k=0
k! = 1.2 . . . k 2k1 k 2
Cnk .
1
1
n.(n 1) . . . (n k + 1) 1
1
.
=
<
k!
k!
nk
nk
2k 1
1
1
1
un < 1 + 1 + + 2 + . . . + k1 < 3.
2 2
2
Bi tp 1.15. Cho sn = 1 +
1
1
+ . . . + .Chng minh rng {sn } tng v b chn.
1!
n!
Li gii. Ch : lim un = lim sn = e.

n +
n +
1 + a + . . . + an
; | a| < 1, |b| < 1.
n + 1 + b + . . . + bn
Bi tp 1.16. Tnh lim
11
12
Li gii.
1 + a + . . . + an
1b
1 an +1 1 b
=
=
lim
.
n
n + 1 + b + . . . + b
n + 1 a
1a
1 bn +1
lim
Bi tp 1.17. Tnh lim
n +
2+
2+...+
2 (n du cn).
Li gii. t un = 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 ta c u2n+1 = 2 + un . Trc ht chng minh {un }

l mt dy s tng v b chn, 0 un 2. Theo tiu chun n iu b chn, {un } l mt
dy s hi t. Gi s lim un = a, 0 < a < 2 th t phng trnh u2n+1 = 2 + un , cho n
n
ta c
a2 = a + 2
q
p
2+ 2+...+ 2 = 2
Vy a = 2 hay lim
n +
Bi tp 1.18. Tnh lim (n

n +
Li gii.
lim (n
n +
n2 1) sin n.
sin n
= 0 (theo tiu chun kp)

n + n + n2 1
n2 1) sin n = lim
Bi tp 1.19. Tnh lim [cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1))].

n +
Li gii. Ta c

ln n ln(n + 1)
ln n + ln(n + 1)
. sin
cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1)) = 2 sin
2
2
n
ln
ln n(n + 1)
= 2 sin
sin n+1
2
2

nn
Mt khc lim sin

n

n

ln n+
1

0 |cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1))| 2 sin
2
n
ln n+
1
= 0 nn theo nguyn l gii hn kp
2
lim [cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1))] = 0
n +
n
= 0.
n + 2n
Bi tp 1.20. Chng minh rng lim

Li gii.
2 n = (1 + 1 ) n >
n ( n 1)
n
2
0 < n <
.
2
2
n1
Dng nguyn l kp ta c iu phi chng minh.

12
5. Gii hn hm s
13
2n
= 0.
n + n!

Li gii. Ta c
0<
2 2 2
2
2
2n
= . . . . . < 2. n 2
n!
1 2 3
n
n
Bi tp 1.22. Tnh
a.
1
n
1
lim ( + 2 + . . . + n )
n + 2
2
2
b.
1
1
n
lim ( + 2 + . . . + n )
n + 3
3
3
Li gii. Gi :
1
a. Tnh Sn Sn lim Sn = 2.
n +
2
1
3
b. Tnh Sn Sn lim Sn = .
n +
3
4
n +
n = 1; lim
n +
a = 1, a > 0.
n ( n 1) 2
2
n 1 n = (1 + n ) n >
n 2n <
. p dng nguyn
2
n1
l gii hn kp ta c lim n = 0. Vy lim n n = 1.

Li gii.
t n =
1. Nu a = 1, xong.
2. Nu a > 1, 1
3. Nu a < 1, t a0 =
n n > a lim
n +
a=1
1
lim n a0 = 1 lim n a = 1.
n +
a
1
1
Bi tp 1.24. Dng tiu chun Cauchy chng minh rng dy s un = 1 + + . . . +
2
n
phn k.
a1 + a2 + . . . a n
= a.
n +
n
Bi tp 1.25. Chng minh rng nu lim an = a th lim

n +
Bi tp 1.26. Chng minh rng nu lim an = a, an > 0n th lim

n +
n +
13
a1 .a2 . . . an = a.
14
5. G II HN HM S
1. nh ngha gii hn hm s
(a) Nu cc nh ngha: lim f ( x ) trong qu trnh
x xo , x xo+ , x xo , x
(b) Tnh duy nht ca gii hn
2. Cc php ton
3. Gii hn ca hm hp:
Nu c lim u( x ) = uo , lim f (u) = f (uo ) v c hm hp f (u( x )) th lim f (u( x )) =
f ( u o ).
x xo
uuo
x xo
lim B ( x ) ln A( x )
p dng lim A( x )B(x) = e x xo

x xo
4. Gii hn v cng
Bi tp 1.27. Tnh
x100 2x + 1
a. lim 50
x 1 x 2x + 1

0
0
( x n an ) nan1 ( x a)
b. lim
xa
( x a )2

0
0
TQ : Pn (x0 ) = Qm (x0 ) = 0. lim
x x 0
Li gii. a. S :
(x x0 ).Pn1 (x)
P (x)
Pn (x)
= lim
= lim n1
.
xx0 (x x0 ).Qm1 (x)
xx0 Qm1 (x)
Qm (x)
49
24
b. S:
n ( n 1) n 2
.a
2
Bi tp 1.28. Tm gii hn
q
p
x + x + x
a. lim
x +
x+1
3
b. lim ( x3 + x2 1 x ) ( )
x +
Li gii.
a.
lim
x +
x
S : = 1
x
x+ x+ x
x
= lim = 1
x
x+1
b.
lim (
x +
p
3
x3 + x2 1 x ) = lim p
3
x
x2 1
1
=
3
3
( x 3 + x 2 1 )2 + x x 3 + x 2 1 + x 2
14
6. V cng ln, v cng b
15
6. V CNG LN , V CNG B
6.1 V cng b (VCB)
1. nh ngha; nu mi lin h
lim f ( x ) = ` f ( x ) = ` + ( x );
xa
trong ( x ) VCB trong qu trnh x a. Phn bit vi khi nim rt b.

2. Mt s tnh cht:
(a) Tng hai VCB (i vi mt VCB ngi ta khng quan tm n du ca n).
(b) Tch ca VCB vi mt i lng b chn.
(c) Tch cc VCB.
3. So snh cc VCB trong cng mt qu trnh
(a) VCB cng bc, VCB tng ng
Nu cc cng thc thay tng ng hay dng trong qu trnh x 0
x sin x tan x arcsin x arctan x
ax 1
ln(a + x )
ex 1
ln a
1
x
m
m
1 + x 1 ln 1 + x = ln (1 + x )
m
m
2
x
1 cos x .
2
(b) V cng b bc cao
i. nh ngha
ii. Hiu hai VCB tng ng
iii. Tch hai VCB
4. Qui tc ngt b cc VCB v qui tc thay tng ng
(a) Nu , th
lim
= lim ;
(b) Nu 1 = o () , 1 = o ( ) th lim
lim (.) = lim (.)
+ 1
= lim
+ 1
15
16

5. ng dng kh mt s dng v nh
Ch : Hc sinh hay nhm
Thay tng ng khi c hiu hai VCB
Nu f l mt hm, 6= f () f ( ).
6.2 V cng ln (VCL)

1. nh ngha
2. Mi lin h gia VCB v VCL. T suy ra cc kt qu tng t nh i vi cc
VCB.
3. Qui tc thay tng ng v ngt b VCL.

.
4. ng dng kh dng
Ch : Cn tn ng mt s dng v nh, v d
x sin x
;
x 0
x3
lim
lim xsin x ; . . .
x 0+
6.3 Bi tp
p

m
1 + x n 1 + x 0
a. lim
x 0
x
0
p

m
1 + x. n 1 + x 1 0
b. lim
x 0
x
0
Li gii.
a.
p
p
m
n
1 + x n 1 + x
1 + x 1
1 + x 1
=
x
x
x
V m 1 + x 1 x, n 1 + x 1 x, nn
m
n
p
m
1 + x n 1 + x
=
lim
x
m n
x 0
b.
lim
x 0
p
1 + x. n 1 + x 1
= lim
x
x 0
1 + x.
16
p
n
1 + x 1
+
x
1 + x 1
x
+
m n
6. V cng ln, v cng b
17

sin x sin a 0
a. lim
xa
xa
0

3
cos x cos x 0
c. lim
0
x 0
sin2 x
a. S : cos a
Li gii.
b. lim (sin
x)

1 cos x cos 2x cos 3x 0
d. lim
x 0
1 cos x
0
x +
b. S : 0
c. S :
x + 1 sin
1
12
d. S : 14
a. lim
x2 1
x2 + 1
xx+11
1
b. lim (cos x ) x (1 )
x 0+
d. lim n2 ( n x n+1 x ), x > 0
c. lim [sin(ln( x + 1)) sin(ln x )]

x
Li gii.
a) y khng phi l dng v nh, lim
x2 1
x2 + 1
b) p dng cng thc lim A( x )B(x) = e x x0

x x0
nn
1
ln cos
lim ln cos x x = lim
x
x 0+
x 0+
c) S: 0.
1x
1
x = e 2
d)
lim n2 ( n x
n +1
x ), x > 0
= lim n2 ( x n x n+1 )
n
= lim n2 x n+1 ( x n(n+1) 1)

n
= lim n2 x
n
1
n +1
1
x n ( n +1) 1
.
.
1
n ( n + 1)
n ( n + 1)
1
1
x n ( n +1) 1
n
.x n+1 .
= lim
1
n n + 1
n ( n + 1)
= ln x
17
= 1.
sin x
1
= lim
=
2
2 x
x 0+
lim ln cos
x 0+
xx+11
(LHospital)
18
Bi tp 1.32. Khi x 0 cp VCB sau c tng ng khng ?

q
( x ) = x + x v ( x ) = esin x cos x
Li gii. S : ( x ) = o(( x ))
p dng lim A( x )B(x) = e x x0

x x0
b. lim (sin x )tg x (1 )
a. lim (1 2x ) x (1 )
x 0+
c. lim
x 0
1 + tg x
1 + sin x
1
sin x
x 2
d. lim
(1 )
x 0
sin x
x
sin x
x sin x
(1 )
Thay tng ng :

ex e x 0
e. lim
x
0
x 0

x
a
0
a x
g. lim
xa x a
0
ex e x
f. lim
x 0 sin x sin x

0
0
Li gii.
a. S: e2
b. S: 1
c. S: 1
e. S:
f. S: 1
g. S: aa (ln a 1)
d. S: e
7. HM S LIN TC
1. nh ngha: Cho f ( x ) xc nh trong mt ln cn no ca xo (xc nh c ti xo )
nu c lim = f ( xo )
x xo
( > 0, (, xo ) > 0 : x, | x xo | < ta c | f ( x ) f ( xo )| < ) .

2. Lin tc mt pha v mi quan h vi lin tc.
3. Cc khi nim hm lin tc trn mt khong, mt on. Hnh nh hnh hc.
4. Cc php ton s hc i vi cc hm s cng lin tc (ti xo , bn phi xo , bn tri
xo ).
5. S lin tc ca hm ngc
18
7. Hm s lin tc
19
nh l 1.1. (S lin tc ca hm ngc)

Nu X l mt khong, y = f ( x ) ng bin (nghch bin) lin tc trn X. Khi c
hm ngc y = g( x ) cng ng bin (nghch bin) v lin tc trn f ( X ).
V d: Cc hm s lng gic ngc l lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng.
6. S lin tc ca hm hp
Suy ra kt qu: X-khong, on, na on.
Mi hm s s cp xc nh trn X th lin tc trn X.
7. Cc nh l v hm lin tc
nh l 1.2. Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn khong (a, b) m gi tr f ( xo ), xo (a, b) dng
(hay m) th tn ti mt ln cn U ( xo ) sao cho x U ( xo ), f ( x ) cng dng hay m.
Hnh nh hnh hc.
nh l 1.3. Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn on [ a, b] th n b chn trn on . Hnh nh
hnh hc.
nh l 1.4. Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn on [ a, b] th n t c GTLN, NN trn on
ny. Hnh nh hnh hc.
* Lin tc u, hnh nh hnh hc ca lin tc u.
nh l 1.5. (nh l Cantor)
Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] th n lin tc u trn (thay [ a, b] bng khong ( a, b)
th nh l khng cn ng). M t hnh hc.
nh l 1.6. (nh l Cauchy)
Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn on [ a, b] v c f (a). f (b) < 0 th ( a, b) f () = 0.
Nu mt v d, nu ng dng dng thu hp khong nghim ca phng trnh.
Hnh nh hnh hc.
H qu 1.1. Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn on [ a, b] , A = f (a) 6= B = f (b) th n nhn
mi gi tr trung gian gia A v B.
H qu 1.2. Cho f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] , m, M ln lt l cc GTNN, LN ca hm s
trn on ny th [ m; M] l tp gi tr ca hm s.
8. im gin on ca hm s
19
20

(a) nh ngha: Nu hm s khng lin tc ti im xo th ta ni n gin on ti
xo ; xo gi l im gin on ca hm s. Hnh nh hnh hc ( th khng lin
nt ti im gin on).
Nh vy nu xo l im gin on ca f ( x ) th hoc xo 6 MX hoc xo MX
nhng khng xy ra lim f ( x ) = f ( xo ), x xo theo ngha (c hai pha hay mt
x xo
pha). y ta quan tm n X nh l mt khong, na khong hay mt on.

Do xo 6 MX ca f ( x ) nn c th c rt nhiu im gin on, ta ch quan tm
n nhng im gin on thuc tp xc nh hay l nhng im u mt ca
khong xc nh.
(b) Phn loi im gin on

Gi s xo l im gin on ca f ( x )
i. im gin on loi 1:
Nu lim f ( x ) = f ( xo+ ) v lim f ( x ) = f ( xo ) th xo c gi l im gin
x xo+
x xo
on loi 1 ca hm s f ( x ). Gi tr | f ( xo+ ) f ( xo )| gi l bc nhy ca

hm s.
c bit: nu f ( xo+ ) = f ( xo ) th xo c gi l im gin on b c ca
hm s. Khi nu hm s cha xc nh ti xo th ta c th b sung thm
gi tr ca hm s ti xo hm s lin tc ti im xo . Cn nu hm s xc
nh ti im xo th ta c th thay i gi tr ca hm s ti im ny
hm s lin tc ti xo .
ii. im gin on loi 2:

Nu xo khng l im gin on loi 1 th ta ni n l im gin on loi
2.
(c) Ch : Vi quan im xem im gin on b c l trng hp c bit ca
im gin on loi 1 vi xo l im gin on (u mt ca khong hay on)
ca f ( x ), m c lim f ( x ) hu hn th ta cng xem xo l im gin on b c
ca hm s.
x xo
(d) Cc v d.
7.1 Bi tp
Bi tp 1.34. Tm a hm s lin tc ti x = 0
a/
f (x) =
1cos x
x
20
nu x 6= 0
nu x = 0
7. Hm s lin tc
S : a =
21
1
2
b/
g( x ) =
S : a = 1
ax2 + bx + 1
a cos x + b sin x
nu x 0
nu x < 0
Bi tp 1.35. im x = 0 l im gin on loi g ca hm s

8
a. y =
1 2cotg x
b. y =
sin 1x
e ax ebx
c. y =
x
ex 1
Gi & p s.
a. S: Loi I
b. S: Loi II
Bi tp 1.36. Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s sau

a/
f (x) =
S : lin tc.
x sin 1
x
nu x 6= 0
nu x = 0
b/
f (x) =
S : lin tc.
1
e x2
nu x 6= 0
nu x = 0
sin x
nu x v t
c/
f (x) =
S : gin on.
21
nu x hu t
c. S: b c
22
Bi tp 1.37. Chng minh rng nu f , g l cc hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] v f ( x ) = g( x )

vi mi x l s hu t trong [ a, b] th f ( x ) = g( x ) x [ a, b].
Bi tp 1.38. Chng minh rng phng trnh x5 3x 1 c t nht mt nghim trong
(1, 2).
Bi tp 1.39. Cho f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c, bit 2a + 3b + 6c = 0. Chng minh rng f ( x ) c t
nht mt nghim trong (0, 1).
Bi tp 1.40. Chng minh rng nu f : [0, 1][0, 1] lin tc th tn ti x0 [0, 1] sao cho
f ( x0 ) = x0 .
Bi tp 1.41. Chng minh rng mi a thc bc l vi h s thc u c t nht mt
nghim thc.
8. O HM V VI PHN
1. nh ngha o hm
(a) Nu li nh ngha o hm, ngha hnh hc, c hc
(b) o hm mt pha, mi quan h gia o hm v o hm tri, phi, mi quan
h gia o hm v lin tc.
2. Cc php ton
3. o hm ca hm hp: c chng minh [ f (u( x ))]0 = f u0 .u0x .
tng chng minh: ta c
0
u ( xo + x ) = u ( xo ) + u ( xo ) x + o (x )

0
0
f [u ( xo + x )] f [ u ( xo )] = f uo + u ( xo )x + o (x ) f ( xo ) = f u (uo ) .y + o y
|
{z
}
y
= lim
x 0
f [u ( xo + x )] f [ u ( xo )]
x
4. o hm ca hm ngc:
Dng 1 trong 2 nh l sau (c chng minh)
nh l 1.7. Nu x = (y) c o hm ti yo v (yo ) 6= 0, c hm ngc y = f ( x )
v hm ngc ny lin tc ti xo = (yo ), suy ra n c o hm ti im xo v
1
0
f ( xo ) = 0
.
(yo )
0
22
8. o hm v vi phn
23
nh l 1.8. Nu x = (y) c o hm v yo v (yo ) 6= 0, bin thin n iu

trong ln cn im yo th n s tn ti hm ngc y = f ( x ) v hm ny cng c o
1
0
hm ti im xo , f ( xo ) = 0
.
(yo )
T xy dng cng thc o hm ca cc hm s lng gic ngc.
0
5. Bng o hm c bn
Nu tng tnh o ca cc hm s s cp v cc hm s cho di dng nhiu biu
thc gii tch.
6. Vi phn ca hm s
(a) nh ngha
i. Nu nh ngha f = A.x + o (x )
ii. Nu ngha: biu thc d f ( xo ) = A.x l tuyn tnh vi x nn tnh n n
gin.
(b) Mi lin h gia o hm v vi phn, t suy ra d f ( xo ) = f ( xo ) .x.
0
Lp lun suy ra x = dx = d f ( xo ) = f ( xo )dx.
0
(c) Tnh bt bin ca dng thc vi phn (cp 1)

d
x3 2x6 x9 .
V d: Tnh
3
d (x )
(d) ngha hnh hc ca vi phn
yo + y
y = f (x)
T
d f ( xo ) = MT
yo
O
Mo
b
xo
M
xo + x x
(e) ng dng tnh gn ng, nu mt v d.

(f) Qui tc ly vi phn
7. o hm v vi phn cp cao:
(a) o hm cp cao:
nh ngha, ngha c hc ca o hm cp 2;
23
24

Cc php ton (Cng thc Leibniz ch ni phng php chng minh).
(u + v )(n ) = u(n ) + v (n )
(u.v)(n) =
Ckn .u(nk) .v(k)
k=0
Cc v d v o hm cp cao ca cc hm:
1
, y = sin ( ax + b) ,
x+a

y = cos ( ax + b) , y = e ax , y = x2 + 1 e x , y = e x sin x.
y = x , y =
o hm cp cao ca mt s hm s c bn:
( x ) ( n ) = ( 1) . . . ( n + 1) x n
[(1 + x ) ](n) = ( 1) . . . ( n + 1).(1 + x )n

(n )

n!
1
= (1)(n) .
1+x
(1 + x ) n + 1
(n )

n!
1
=
1x
(1 x ) n + 1

(sin x )(n) = sin x + n
2

(cos x )(n) = cos x + n
2
(ax )(n) = ax . (ln a) n
(ln x )(n) = (1)n1 .
( n 1) !
xn
(b) Vi phn cp cao:

nh ngha
Biu thc ca vi phn cp cao

Cc php ton
Dng thc ca vi phn cp cao khng cn ng i vi hm hp.
8.1 Bi tp
Bi tp 1.42. Tm o hm ca hm s
1 x
f ( x ) = (1 x )(2 x )
x 2
24
khi x < 1
khi 1 x 2
khi x > 2
8. o hm v vi phn
25
Bi tp 1.43. Vi iu kin no th hm s
x n . sin 1
x
f (x) =
0
a. lin tc ti x = 0
khi x 6= 0
khi x = 0
b. kh vi ti x = 0
c. c o hm lin tc ti x = 0
b. S: n > 1
c. S: n > 2
Gi & p s.
a. S: n > 0
Bi tp 1.44. Chng minh rng hm s f ( x ) = | x a|.( x ), trong ( x ) l mt hm s

lin tc v (a) 6= 0, khng kh vi ti im x = a.
Li gii.
f +0 (a) = (a) 6= f 0 (a) = (a)
Bi tp 1.45. Tm vi phn ca hm s
x
1
arctg (a 6= 0)
a
a
xa
1
| ( a 6 = 0)
c. y = . ln |
2a
x+a
x
b. y = arcsin (a 6= 0)
a
p
d. y = ln | x + x2 + a|
a. y =
Gi & p s.
dx
+ x2
dx
c. dy = 2
x a2
a. dy =
b. dy =
a2
d. dy =
dx
a2 x 2
dx
.(sign a)
x2 + a
Bi tp 1.46. Tm
a. I =
d
d
sin x
( x3 2x6 x9 ) b. J =
(
)
3
2
d( x )
d( x ) x
c. K =
d(sin x )
d(cos x )
Gi & p s.
a. I = 3x 4x + 1
6
1
b. J = 2
2x
sin x
cos x
x
Bi tp 1.47. Tnh gn ng gi tr ca biu

r thc
2 0, 02
a. lg 11
b. 7
2 + 0, 02
25
c. K = cotg x, x 6= k, k Z
26

a) Xt f ( x ) = lg x, x0 = 10, 4 x = 1, ta c lg 11 lg 10 +
Li gii.
1
= 1, 043
10 ln 10
r
4
4
1. Xt f ( x ) = 7 1, x0 = 2, 4 x = 0, 02
2 + 0, 02
x
r
6 4
1 4
1
7 4
f (x + 4x) =
1 + 0, 02. .( 1) 7 . 2 = 1 0, 02. = ...
2
7 2
2
7
2 0, 02
b)
=
2 + 0, 02
Ta c
7
r
7
Bi tp 1.48. Tm o hm cp cao ca hm s
a. y =
x2
, tnh y(8)
1x
1+x
b. y =
, tnh y(100)
1x
c. y = x2 .e x , tnh y(10)
d. y = x2 . sin x, tnh y(50)
Gi & p s
a. y(8) =
8!
, x 6= 1
(1 x )9
c. y(10) = 210 e2x ( x2 + 10x +
b. y(100) =
45
)
2
197!
(399 x ), x < 1
2100 (1 x )100 1 x
d. y(50) = x2 sin x + 100x cos x + 2450 sin x
Bi tp 1.49. Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s
1
x
b. y = 2
1
x 3x + 2
x
c. y =
d. y = e ax . sin(bx + c)
3
1+x

1
1
(1)n
(
n
)
n!
+
Li gii. a. y =
2
( x 1) n +1 ( x + 1) n +1

1
1
(
n
)
b. y = n!
(1 x ) n + 1 (2 x ) n + 1
a. y =
c.
y(n )
x2
3n + 2x
(1)n1
(1.4 . . . (3n 5))
=
1 , n 2, x 6 = 1
n
3
(1 + x ) n + 3
d Tnh y0 ri d on v chng minh bng quy np

n
y(n) = (a2 + b2 ) 2 e ax sin(bx + c + n), , sin =

Bi tp 1.50. Tnh o hm cp n ca hm s
26
b
a2 + b2
, cos =
a
a2 + b2
9. Cc nh l v hm kh vi v ng dng
1. y =
6. y = sin3 x
3/ y =
4/ y =
8. y = sin ax. cos bx
13. y = ln
9. y = sin4 x + cos4 x
1/ y(n) =
x2
12. y = x2 sin ax
ax + b
cx + d
2/ y(n) =
11. y = x2 cos ax
7. y = sin ax. sin bx;
1
3. y = 2
;
x a2
Li gii.
10. y = x cos ax
5. y = sin2 x
1
;
a + bx
1
;
2. y =
a + bx
4. y =
27
(1)n .n!bn
(a + bx )n+1
a + bx
a bx
(1)n .(2n 1)!!bn
2n n a + bx
1
1
1
= (
2
a
2a x a
ax + b
a 1
b
= +
cx + d
c
c
1
x+ a )
ad
c
nn y(n) =
1
x+
d
c
(1)n .n!
nn y(n)
"
1 1
cos 2x nn y(n) = 2n1 cos 2x +
2 2
6/ y = sin3 x =
3
4
3
4
1
1
2a
xa
x+a

1
ad
(1)n .n!
=
b

n +1
c
c
x + dc
5/ y = sin2 x =
sin x 14 sin 3x nn y(n) =
n +1
sin x +
n
2
n
2
41 3n sin 3x +
n
2
n +1 #
7/ y = sin ax. sin bx = 21 [cos(a b) x cos(a + b) x ] nn

h
h
1
n i 1
n i
(n )
n
n
y = (a b) cos (a b) x +
(a + b) cos (a + b) x +
2
2
2
2
cos bx 1
4 [cos(2a + b) x + cos(2a b) x ] nn
2

h
h
1 n
n 1
n i 1
n i
(n )
n
n
y = b cos bx +
(2a + b) cos (2a + b) x +
(2a b) cos (2a b) x +
2
2
4
2
4
2

9/ y = sin4 x + cos4 x = 34 + 14 cos 4x nn y(n) = 4n1 cos 4x + n
2

n 1 cos ax + (n 1)
+
na
10/ y(n) = an x cos ax + n
2
2
8/ y = sin2 ax. cos bx =

+ 2nan1 x sin ax + (n21) + n(n 1)an2 sin ax + (n22)

( n 2)
( n 1)
n
n
2
n
2
n
1
= a x cos ax + 2 + 2na x cos ax + 2
+ n ( n 1) a
cos ax + 2
11/ y(n) = an x2 sin ax +

12/ y(n)
13/ y(n) =
n
2
(n 1)!bn
. [(a + bx )n + (1)n (a bx )n ]
( a2 b2 x 2 ) n
27
28
9. CC NH L V HM KH VI V NG DNG
9.1 Cc nh l v hm kh vi
1. Cc tr ca hm s: Nn dng nh ngha sau:
nh ngha 1.1. Cho hm s f ( x ) lin tc trn (a, b), ta ni hm s t cc tr
ti im xo (a, b) nu U ( xo ) (a, b) sao cho f ( x ) f ( xo ) khng i du x
U ( xo ) \ { xo }.
Nu f ( x ) f ( xo ) < 0 th ta ni hm s t cc tiu ti xo .
Nu f ( x ) f ( xo ) > 0 th ta ni hm s t cc i ti xo .
2. nh l Fermat (c chng minh)

nh l 1.9. Cho f ( x ) lin tc trn khong (a, b), nu hm s t cc tr ti im
0
xo (a, b) v c o hm ti xo th f ( xo ) = 0.
C chng minh v m t hnh hc, ch gi thit lin tc y l do nh ngha cc
tr.
3. nh l Rolle: c chng minh v m t hnh nh hnh hc
4. nh l Lagrange: C chng minh v m t hnh nh hnh hc
5. nh l Cauchy
Ch :
(a) nh l Rolle l trng hp ring ca nh l Lagrange, nh l Lagrange l
trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy. Cc gi thit trong cc nh l ny l cn
thit.
(b) Nu dng khc ca nh l Lagrange:
0
f = f ( xo + x ) , (0, 1).
(c) Nn tm mt v d hp dn v nh l Lagrange.
9.2 Qui tc LHospital

Qui c ni mt qu trnh no l hiu
x xo , x xo+ , x xo , x +, x , x .
28
29

0
1. Qui tc 1 kh dng
.
0
Nu f ( x ) v g( x ) l cc VCB trong cng mt qu trnh no v trong chnh qu
0
f (x)
trnh y ta c lim 0
= A hu hn hay v hn th trong qu trnh y ta c
g (x)
f (x)
lim
= A. tng chng minh:
g( x )
(a) Nu f ( x ) v g( x ) lin tc trong ln cn im xo , g ( xo ) 6= 0, x 6= xo ,
f ( xo ) = g( xo ) = 0.
Vi x 6= xo ta c
0
f ( x ) f ( xo ) (Cauchy) f (c)
f (x)
=
=
,
0
g( x )
g( x ) g( xo )
g (c )
0
c nm gia x v xo .
f (x)
Khi x xo th c xo . Do lim 0
= A, suy ra
x xo g ( x )
0
f (c )
f (x)
= lim 0
lim
= A.
c xo g (c )
x xo g ( x )
(b) Nu ch c lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = 0 m cc hm s cha chc xc nh ti
x xo
x xo
xo . Ta xy dng
0,
F( x) =
f ( x ),
(c) Nu x , t y =
x = xo
x 6= xo
1
.
x
0,
G(x) =
g ( x ),

.
(Thay VCB bng VCL trong qui tc 1.)
2. Qui tc 2
kh dng
3. V d
ax
(d) lim
;
x x
(e)
x sin x
;
(a) lim
x 0 arcsin3 x
(b) lim x x ;
x 0+
(c) lim x ln x;
x 0+
Ch
29
x = xo
x 6= xo
30

Hai qui tc trn ch l iu kin tm lim
C th nu v d lim
x 0
x2 sin
f (x)
.
g( x )
1
x
sin x
Trong qu trnh tm gii hn c dng v nh, nn kt hp c thay tng ng vi

dng qui tc LHospital. C th dng qui tc LHospital nhiu ln.
Bi tp 1.51. Chng minh rng phng trnh x n + px + q vi n nguyn dng khng th
c qu 2 nghim thc nu n chn v khng th c qu 3 nghim thc nu n l.
Li gii. Xt n chn, gi s phng trnh c 3 nghim thc x1 < x2 < x3 , khi tn ti
p
c1 ( x1 , x2 ), c2 ( x2 , x3 ) sao cho f 0 (c1 ) = f 0 (c2 ) = 0. Tc l phng trnh x n1 = n c 2
nghim thc, iu ny mu thun do n chn.
Xt n l, gi s phng trnh c 4 nghim thc x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 , khi theo nh l
p
Rolle, phng trnh x n1 + n = 0 c 3 nghim thc, trong khi theo trn ta va chng minh
th n khng th c qu 2 nghim thc do n 1 chn.
Bi tp 1.52. Gii thch ti sao cng thc Cauchy dng
dng c vi cc hm s f ( x ) = x2 , g( x ) = x3 , 1 x 1
f 0 (c )
f (b) f ( a)
= 0
khng p
g(b) g( a)
g (c )
Bi tp 1.53. Chng minh cc bt ng thc

a
ab
ab
< ln <
,0 b a
a. | sin x sin y| | x y|
b.
a
b
b
Li gii.
a. Xt hm s f (t) = sin t, tho mn iu kin ca nh l Lagrange trong
khong [ x, y] bt k. Khi c [ x, y] sao cho
sin x sin y = f 0 (c).( x y) = cos c.( x y)| sin x sin y| | x y|
b. Xt hm s f ( x ) = ln x, tho mn iu kin ca nh l Lagrange trong khong [b, a]
nn
b
1
a
ab
ln a ln b = f 0 (c)(a b) ln = (b a) ln =
a
c
b
c
Vy
a
ab
ab
< ln <
, do b < c < a.
a
b
b
30
r
q
a. lim
x + x + x x ( )
x +
e x cos x1
q
c. lim
x
1 1 x12

0
0
x
e. lim tg
ln(2 x ) (.0)
2
x 1
g. lim xsin x (00 )

x 0+
i. lim (1 cos x )
tg x
x 0
31
b. lim
x 1
1
x
x 1 ln x
( )
e x sin x x (1 + x )
d. lim
x 0
x3

0
0

tg x
2
f. lim
x 1 ln(1 x )
1
h. lim (1 a tg2 x ) x sin x (1 )

x 0
k. lim (sin x )tg x (1 )
(0 )
x 2
Gi & p s.
a. nhn lin hp, S:
1
2
b. quy ng, LHospital, S:
c. Dng khai trin Taylor, S:
1
2
d. khai trin Taylor hoc LHospital, S:
1
3
2
f. LHospital, S:
g. Ad lim A( x )B(x) = elim B(x) ln A(x) , S: 1 h. Ad lim A( x )B(x) = elim B(x) ln A(x) , S: e a
e. LHospital, S:
i. Ad lim A( x )B(x) = elim B(x) ln A(x) , S: 1
k. Ad lim A( x )B(x) = elim B(x) ln A(x) , S: 1
Bi tp 1.55. Tnh cc gii hn sau

1
a. lim [ x x ln( x + )]
x
x
1
b. lim
x 0 x
c. lim x 5 [sin(sin x ) x.
x 0
2
x2
p
3
1 x2 ]
cos x e
x 0
x4

1
sin x x
1
g. lim
=
x 0 x
sin x
x sin x

2
1 cos x
i. lim
x sin 2x
x 0
2
k. lim ( arctg x )x
x +
ln x
m. lim
+
x 0 1 + 2 ln(sin x )
x2
o. lim
x 0
1 + x sin x cos x
e. lim
1
cotg x
x
1
d. lim [ln(1 + x ) x2
x 0
j.
l.
n.
p.
31
sin x x cos x
x2 sin x
ex
]
x
x ln(1 + x )
x 0
x2

tg x x
lim
x 0 x sin x

1
1
lim
x
x 0 x
e 1
arctg x
lim
x 0 sin x x
sin x x cos x
lim
x 0
x3
ln(cos ax )
lim
, a 6= 0, b 6= 0
x 0 ln(cos bx )
f. lim
h.
32
Gi & p s.
1
2
7
c. S:
45
a. S:
b. Ad khai trin Taylor, S:
1
3
d. Ad khai trin Taylor, S:
3
2
1
1
f. Khai trin Taylor, hoc LHospital, S:
12
2
g. Khai trin Taylor, hoc LHospital, S: 0 h. LHospital, S: 2
1
1
j. quy ng, ad LHospital, S:
i. LHospital, S:
2
2
2
l. LHospital, S:
k. S: e
1
1
m. LHospital, S:
n. LHospital, S:
2
3
a2
4
p. LHospital, thay tng ng, S: 2
o. Nhn lin hp, S:
3
b
e. Ad khai trin Taylor, S:
bng quy tc LHospital.
x sin x
tn ti v bng 1 nhng khng tnh c
x + cos x
Li gii.
lim
1 sinx x
x sin x
=1
= lim
x 1 + cos x
x + cos x
x
Nu p dng quy tc LHospital mt cch hnh thc th ta c

lim
x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
x
x + cos x
1 sin x
Tuy nhin gii hn v phi khng tn ti, c th kim tra bng cch chn 2 dy xk =
2k v yk = 2 = 2k
Bi tp 1.57. Xc nh a, b sao cho biu thc sau y c gii hn hu hn khi x 0
f (x) =
1
x3 sin3 x (1 + ax + bx2 )
1
a
b
=
sin3 x x3 x2 x
x3 sin3 x
Li gii. Ti ln cn ca x = 0, ta c th vit
sin x = x
do
MS = x3 [ x
x3
+ o( x3 )
3!
x3
+ o( x3 )]3 = x6 + o( x6 )
3!
32
10. Cc lc kho st hm s
v
33
1
TS = x3 sin3 x (1 + ax + bx2 ) = x3 [ x3 + ax4 + (b ) x5 + cx6 + o( x6 )]
2
1 5
4
6
ax + (b 2 ) x + cx + o( x6 )
f (x) =
x6 + o( x6 )
Do tn ti gii hn hu hn ca f ( x ) khi x 0, ta phi c a = 0, b =
1
2
Bi tp 1.58. Cho f l mt hm s thc, kh vi trn [ a, b] v c o hm f ( x ) trn (a, b),

chng minh rng x (a, b) c th tm c t nht 1 im c (a, b) sao cho
f ( x ) f ( a)
Li gii. Ly x0 (a, b) bt k.
( x a)( x b)
f (b) f ( a)
( x a) =
f ( c )
ba
2
t ( x ) := f ( x ) f (a)
( x a)( x b)
f (b) f ( a)
( x a)
.
ba
2
Trong c xc nh bi iu kin :
( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) f ( a )
f (b) f ( a)
( x a)( x0 b)
( x0 a ) 0
. = 0
ba
2
Khi ta c ( x0 ) = (a) = (b) = 0

Ta c hm lin tc, kh vi trn [ a, x0 ], o tho mn cc iu kin trong nh l
Rolle, suy ra tn ti c1 (a, x0 ) sao cho 0 (c1 ) = 0. Tng t nh th, tn ti c2 ( x0 , b)
sao cho 0 (c2 ) = 0. Mt khc,
0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x )
a+b
f (b) f ( a)
( x
)
ba
2
Theo gi thit, f c o hm cp 2, do cng c o hm cp 2, v (c1 ) = (c2 ) = 0,

nn theo nh l Rolle ta c tn ti c (c1 , c2 ) sao cho (c) = f (c) = 0 = f (c),
v ta c :
f (b) f ( a)
( x a)( x b)
f ( x ) f ( a)
( x a) =
f ( c )
ba
2
10. CC LC KHO ST HM S
10.1 Kho st v v th ca hm s y = f ( x )
Mc ny hc sinh c nghin cu tng i k trong chng trnh ph thng nn
ch nhn mnh cho sinh vin nhng im cn ch trong qu trnh kho st hm s v
kho st mt s hm s khc vi chng trnh ph thng nh hm s c cha cn thc, ...
S kho st
33
34

1. Tm MX ca hm s, nhn xt tnh chn, l, tun hon ca hm s (nu c).
2. Xc nh chiu bin thin: tm cc khong tng, gim ca hm s.
3. Tm cc tr (nu c).
4. Xt tnh li, lm (nu cn thit), im un (nu c).
5. Tm cc tim cn ca hm s (nu c).
6. Lp bng bin thin.
7. Tm mt s im c bit m hm s i qua (v d nh giao im vi cc trc to ,
....) v v th ca hm s.
10.2 Kho st v v ng cong cho di dng tham s
x = x (t)
Gi s cn kho st v v ng cong cho di dng tham s
y = y(t)
1. Tm MX, nhn xt tnh chn, l, tun hon ca cc hm s x (t), y(t) (nu c).
2. Xc nh chiu bin thin ca cc hm s x (t), y(t) theo bin t bng cch xt du cc
o hm ca n.
3. Tm cc tim cn ca ng cong
(a) Tim cn ng: Nu
lim y(t) = v
t t0 ( )
cn ng ca ng cong.
(b) Tim cn ngang: Nu
lim x (t) = x0 th x = x0 l mt tim
t t0 ( )
lim x (t) = v
lim y(t) = y0 th y = y0 l mt tim
t t0 ( )
t t0 ( )
cn ngang ca ng cong.
(c) Tim cn xin: Nu
tim cn xin. Nu
lim y(t) = v
t t0 ( )
a=
y(t)
,
t t0 ( ) x ( t )
lim
lim x (t) = th ng cong c th c
t t0 ( )
b=
lim [y(t) ax (t)]
t t0 ( )
th y = ax + b l mt tim cn xin ca th hm s.
4. v ng cong c chnh xc hn, ta xc nh tip tuyn ca ng cong ti cc
im c bit. H s gc ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti mi im bng
y0
dy
= t0
dx
xt
34
10. Cc lc kho st hm s
35
Ngoi ra c th kho st tnh li lm v im un (nu cn thit) bng cch tnh cc

o hm cp hai
0
yt
d
2
xt0
d y
ytt xt0 y0t xt
=
=
dx
dx2
xt03
5. Xc nh mt s im c bit m th hm s i qua v v th hm s.
10.3 Kho st v v ng cong trong h to cc

10.4 Bi tp
Bi tp 1.59. Kho st tnh n iu ca hm s
a. y = x3 + x
S : hm s tng vi mi x
b. y = arctg x x
S : hm s gim vi mi x
Bi tp 1.60. Chng minh cc bt ng thc

a. 2x arctg x ln(1 + x2 )
b. x
Li gii.
x2
2
x R
ln(1 + x ) x x 0
a. Xt hm s f ( x ) = 2x arctg x ln(1 + x2 ) f 0 ( x ) = 2 arctg x.
Nu x 0, f 0 ( x ) 0 f ( x ) f (0) = 0
Nu x 0, f 0 ( x ) 0 f ( x ) f (0) = 0
b. Tng t, xt g( x ) = x
g0 ( x ) =
x2
2
ln(1 + x ), h( x ) = ln(1 + x ) x
x2
x
< 0, h0 ( x ) =
< 0 g( x ) g(0) = 0, h( x ) h(0) = 0.
1+x
1+x
Bi tp 1.61. Tm cc tr ca hm s
a. y =
3x2 + 4x + 4
x+1
=
3
+
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
b. y = x ln(1 + x )
p
c. y = 3 (1 x )( x 2)2
Li gii.
a)
y0 =
8
x ( x + 2)
, ymax = y(0) = 4
,
y
=
y
(
2
)
=
min
3
( x 2 + x + 1 )2
35
36
b)
y0 =
c)
x
, ymin = y(0) = 0
1+x
4
1 3 ( x 2 )2 2 3 1 x
3x
p
+
y = p
=
3
3 3 (1 x )2 3 3 x 2
(1 x )2 ( x 2 )
0
Xt x1 = 34 , ta c ymin = y( 43 ) =
Xt x2 = 1, y0 khng i du, hm s khng t cc tr ti x2 = 1

Xt x3 = 2, ta c ymax = y(2) = 0
Bi tp 1.62. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau
a. e x > 1 + x
b. x
x3
6
x 6= 0
< sin x < x x > 0
c. tg x > x +
x3
3
0 < x <
Bi tp 1.63. Chng minh rng vi mi x > 0 ta c

1
1+
x
x
<e<
1
1+
x
x +1
Bi tp 1.64. Tnh cc gii hn sau

1
[a.] lim [ x x ln( x + )]
x
x
1
[b.] lim
x 0 x
[c.] lim x 5 [sin(sin x ) x.

x 0
p
3
1 x2 ]
1
cotg x
x
1
[d.] lim [ln(1 + x ) x2

x 0
36
ex
]
x
sin x x cos x
x2 sin x
CHNG
PHP
TNH TCH PHN MT BIN S
1. T CH PHN BT NH
1.1 Nguyn hm ca hm s
Chng ny trnh by v php tnh tch phn, y l php ton ngc ca php tnh
o hm (vi phn) ca hm s. Nu ta cho trc mt hm s f ( x ) th c tn ti hay khng
mt hm s F( x ) c o hm bng f ( x )? Nu tn ti, hy tm tt c cc hm s F( x ) nh
vy.
nh ngha 2.2. Hm s F( x ) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f ( x ) trn mt tp
D nu F0 ( x ) = f ( x ), x D hay dF( x ) = f ( x )dx.
nh l sau y ni rng nguyn hm ca mt hm s cho trc khng phi l duy nht,
nu bit mt nguyn hm th ta c th miu t c tt c cc nguyn hm khc ca hm
s .
nh l 2.10. Nu F( x ) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f ( x ) trn khong D, th:
Hm s F( x ) + C cng l mt nguyn hm ca hm s f ( x ), vi C l mt hng s bt
k.
Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm s f ( x ) u vit c di dng F( x ) + C, trong
C l mt hng s.
Nh vy biu thc F( x ) + C biu din tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm s f ( x ), mi hng
s C tng ng cho ta mt nguyn hm.
37
38
Chng 2. Php tnh tch phn mt bin s
nh ngha 2.3. Tch phn bt nh ca mt hm s f ( x ) l h cc nguyn hm F( x ) + C,

vi x D, trong C l mt nguyn hm caZ hm s f ( x ) v C l mt hng s bt k.
Tch phn bt nh ca f ( x )dx c k hiu l
f ( x )dx. Biu thc f ( x )dx c gi l biu
thc di du tch phn v hm s f ( x ) c gi l hm s di du tch phn.

Vy
f ( x )dx = F( x ) + C, vi F( x ) l nguyn hm ca f ( x ).
Cc tnh cht ca tch phn bt nh
Z
0
= f ( x ) hay d
f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
F0 ( x ) dx = F( x ) + C hay
dF( x ) = F( x ) + C
f ( x )dx
a f ( x )dx = a
f ( x )dx (a l hng s khc 0)
[ f ( x ) g( x )] dx =
f ( x )dx
g( x )dx
Hai tnh cht cui cng l tnh cht tuyn tnh ca tch phn bt nh, ta c th vit
chung
Z
[ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx =
f ( x )dx +
g( x )dx
trong , l cc hng s khng ng thi bng 0.

Cc cng thc tch phn dng n gin
x +1
x dx =
+ C, ( 6= 1)
+1
Z
sin xdx = cos x + C
dx
= ln | x | + C
Z x
cos xdx = sin x + C
dx
= cotgx + C
sin2 x
ax
ax dx =
+ C, (a > 0, a 6= 1)
ln a

a + x
1
dx
+C

=
ln
a2 x 2
2a a x

p
dx

= ln x + x2 + + C
2
x +
p
1 p
a2
x
a2 x2 dx = x a2 x2 + arcsin + C
2
2
a

i
h p
p
p
1

x x2 + a + a ln x + x2 + a + C
x2 + adx =
2
38
dx
= tgx + C
cos2 x
e x dx = e x + C
dx
1
x
= arctg + C
2
+a
a
a
Z
dx
x
= arcsin + C
a
a2 x 2
x2
1. Tch phn bt nh
39
1.2 Cc phng php tnh tch phn bt nh

1. Phng php khai trin
tnh mt tch phn bt k, ta cn s dng cc phng php thch hp a v
cc tch phn c trong bng cc cng thc tch phn n gin trn. Mt phng
php n gin l phng php khai trin. Phng php ny da trn tnh cht tuyn
tnh ca tch phn bt nh:
Z
[ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx =
f ( x )dx +
g( x )dx
Ta phn tch hm s di du tch phn thnh tng (hiu) ca cc hm s n gin

m bit c nguyn hm ca chng, cc hng s c a ra bn ngoi du tch
phn.
Z
= 2 x dx 3 x2 dx = 54 x 2 x3 + C
V d 1.1.
(2x
Z
Z
Z
Z

x4
2 sin x + x3 x1 dx = 2 sin xdx + x3 dx dx
=
2
cos
x
+
x
4 ln | x | + C

Z
Z
1
1
1
dx
=
dx = + arctgx + C
2
2
2
2
x (1 + x )
x
1+x
x
x 3x2 )dx
3
2
2. Phng phpZbin i biu thc vi phn

Z
Nhn xt: nu
f ( x )dx = F( x ) + C th
f (u)du = F(u) + C , trong u = u( x ) l
mt hm s kh vi lin tc. Ta c th kim tra li bng cch o hm hai v theo x.

S dng tnh cht ny, ta bin i biu thc di du tch phn g( x )dx v dng
g( x )dx = f (u( x ))u0 ( x )dx,
trong f ( x ) l mt hm s m ta d dng tm c nguyn hm F( x ). Khi tch

phn cn tnh tr thnh
Z
g( x )dx =
f (u( x ))u ( x )dx =
f (u( x ))du = F(u( x )) + C
Trong trng hp n gin u( x ) = ax + b th du = adx, do nu

ta suy ra
Z
1
f (ax + b)dx = F(ax + b) + C
a
V d 1.2. (a)
(b)
e ax dx =
e ax
a
sin axdx = 1a cos ax + C
+C
39
f ( x )dx = F( x ) + C
40
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Z
Z
Z
esin x cos xdx =

dx
cos4 x
(1 + tg2 x )d(tgx ) =
x 1 + 3x2 dx =
I=
nn
esin x d(sin x ) = esin x + C
1
6
tg3 x
3
+ tgx + C
1 + 3x2 d(1 + 3x2 ) =
arccos x arcsin x
dx =
1 x2
I=
Z
1
9
1 + 3x2
3
+C

arcsin x arcsin xd(arcsin x )
arcsin2 x arcsin3 x + C
4
3
3. Phng php iZ bin

Xt tch phn I =
f ( x )dx, trong f ( x )l mt hm s lin tc. tnh tch phn
ny, ta tm cch chuyn sang tnh tch phn khc ca mt hm s khc bng mt
php i bin x = (t), sao cho biu thc di du tch phn i vi bin t c th tm
c nguyn hm mt cch n gin hn.
Php i bin th nht:
t x = (t), trong (t) l mt hm s n iu, v c o hm lin tc. Khi
ta c
Z
Z
I=
f ( x )dx =
f [(t)] 0 (t)dt
Gi s hm s g(t) = f [ (t)] 0 (t) c nguyn hm l hm G (t), v t = h( x ) l hm

s ngc ca hm s x = (t), ta c
Z
g(t)dt = G (t) + C I = G [h( x )] + C
Php i bin th hai:

t t = ( x ), trong ( x ) l mt hm s c o hm lin tc, v ta vit c hm
f ( x ) = g [( x )] 0 ( x ). Khi ta c
I=
f ( x )dx =
g [( x )] 0 ( x )dx
Gi s hm s g(t) c nguyn hm l hm s G (t), ta c

I = G [( x )] + C
Ch : Khi tnh tch phn bt nh bng phng php i bin s, sau khi tm c
nguyn hm theo bin s mi, phi i li thnh hm s ca bin s c.
40
1. Tch phn bt nh
41
Z r
x
dx
V d 1.3. (a) Tnh tch phn I1 =
2
x

t x = 2 sin2 t, t 0, 2 , ta tnh c
s
r
x
2 sin2 t
=
= tgt
dx = 4 sin t cos tdt,
2x
2(1 sin2 t)
Suy ra
Z r
x
dx = 4 sin2 tdt = 2t sin 2t + C
I1 =
2x
p
i li bin x, vi t = arcsin x2 , ta thu c
r
Z r
x
x p
dx = 2 arcsin
2x x2 + C
I1 =
2x
2
e2x
dx
ex + 1
t e x = t e x dx = dt, ta c
(b) Tnh tch phn I2 =
I2 =
t
dt =
t+1
Z
1
1
t+1
dt = t ln |t + 1| + C
i li bin x, ta c I2 = e x ln(e x + 1) + C.
Z
dx
(c) Tnh tch phn I3 =
1 + 4x
x
t t = 2 dt = 2 ln 2dx, tch phn tr thnh
I3 =
dt
1
=
ln 2
t ln 2 1 + t2
dt
t2 + 1
i li bin x, ta c:
I3 =
p
1
ln(t + t2 + 1) + C
ln 2
1
ln(2 x + 4 x + 1) + C
ln 2
4. Phng php tch phn tng phn

Gi s u = u( x ) v v = v( x ) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc. Theo quy tc ly vi
phn
Z
Z
Z
Suy ra
d(uv) = udv + vdu uv =
Xt tch phn I =
d(uv) =
udv = uv
udv +
vdu
f ( x )dx. Ta cn biu din

f ( x )dx = [ g( x )h( x )] dx = g( x ) [ h( x )dx ] = udv
41
vdu
42

v p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn vi cc hm s u = g( x ), v =
h( x )dx. Ta
thng s dng phng php ny khi biu thc di du tch phn cha mt trong
cc hm s sau y: ln x, ax , hm s lng gic, hm s lng gic ngc. C th:
Trong cc tch phn
x n ekx dx;
Trong cc tch phn
x lnn xdx, 6= 1 v n nguyn dng, ta thng chn
thng chn u = x n .
u = lnn x.
Trong tch phn
x n arctgkxdx;
x n sin kxdx;
x n cos kxdx , n nguyn dng, ta
x n arcsin kxdx, n nguyn dng, ta thng
chn u = arctgkx hoc u = arcsin kx; dv = x n dx.
V d 1.4. Tnh cc tch phn bt nh
(a) I1 =
(b) I2 =
Z
Z
ln xdx = x ln x
dx = x ln x x + C
x2 sin xdx
t u = x2 , dv = sin xdx v = cos x, ta c

2
I2 = x cos x + 2
x cos xdx
t u = x, dv = cos xdx v = sin x, ta c

Z
2
I2 = x cos x + 2 x sin x sin xdx = x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C
xe x dx
( x + 1 )2
t u = xe x ; dv =
(c) I3 =
dx
( x + 1)2
v = x+1 1 ; du = ( x + 1)e x dx, ta c
xe x
+
I3 =
x+1
xe x dx
1 + ex
t 1 + e x = t
(d) I4 =
x
e dx
1+ e x
e x dx =
xe x
ex
+ ex + C =
+C
x+1
x+1
= 2dt, ta c I4 = 2
[ln(t 1) + ln(t + 1)] dt = 2(t
1) ln(t 1) + 2(t + 1) ln(t + 1) 4t + C i li bin x ta c

Z

xe x dx
= 2( x 2) 1 + e x + 4 ln 1 + 1 + e x 2x + C
1 + ex
Z
x arcsin x
dx
1 x2
t u = arcsin x; dv =
(e) I5 =
= 1 x2 , ta c
Z
p
p
2
I5 = 1 x arcsin x + dx = 1 x2 arcsin x + x + C
xdx
1 x 2
du =
42
dx ; v
1 x 2
1. Tch phn bt nh
(f) I6 =
43
e x cos 2xdx
t u = cos 2x; dv = e x dx v = e x ; du = 2 sin 2xdx, ta c

x
I6 = e cos 2x + 2
e x sin 2xdx
t u = sin 2x; dv = e x dx v = e x ; du = 2 cos 2xdx, ta c

Z
x
x
x
I6 = e cos 2x + 2 e sin 2x 2 e cos 2xdx = e x cos 2x + 2e x sin 2x 4I6 + 5C
Vy I6 =
ex
5
(cos 2x + 2 sin 2x) + C.
Trong cc mc sau y chng ta s xt tch phn bt nh ca mt s dng hm c

bn: hm phn thc hu t, hm lng gic, hm cha cn thc; v trnh by mt
s phng php gii chung i vi tch phn cc hm ny.
1.3 Tch phn hm phn thc hu t

nh ngha 2.4. Mt hm phn thc hu t l mt hm s c dng f ( x ) =
P(x)
,
Q( x )
trong
P( x ), Q( x ) l cc a thc ca x. Mt phn thc hu t c bc ca a thc t s nh hn

bc ca a thc mu s l mt phn thc hu t thc s.
Bng php chia a thc, chia P( x ) cho Q( x ) ta lun a c mt hm phn thc hu t
v dng
r(x)
f (x) = H (x) +
Q( x)
trong H ( x ) l a thc thng, r ( x ) l phn d trong php chia. Khi Q(x) l mt phn
thc hu t thc s. Nguyn hm ca a thc c tm bi cng thc tch phn c bn.
r(x)
Ta s xt vic tm nguyn hm ca phn thc hu t cn li Q(x) trong hai trng hp c
r(x)
bit: mu s ca phn thc l a thc bc nht hoc a thc bc hai. Trong nhng trng
hp mu s phc tp hn, chng ta s dng phng php h s bt nh a v hai
trng hp trn.
Phng php h s bt nh
P(x)
Gi s chng ta mun phn tch mt phn thc hu t thc s Q(x) thnh tng (hiu)
ca cc phn thc hu t thc s c mu s l a thc bc nht hoc bc hai. Trc ht

ta phn tch a thc mu s Q( x ) thnh tch ca cc a thc bc nht hoc bc hai v
nghim
Q( x ) = ( x 1 )a1 ...( x m )am ( x2 + p1 x + q1 )b1 ...( x2 + pn x + qn )bn
trong i , p j , q j l cc hng s, ai , b j l cc s nguyn dng, 1 i m; 1 j n.
43
44

Nu trong phn tch ca Q( x ) xut hin n thc ( x )a , a l s nguyn dng th
P(x)
Ai
trong phn tch ca phn thc Q(x) xut hin cc hng t dng (x
, trong Ai l
)i
hng s v 1 i a.
Nu trong phn tch ca Q( x ) xut hin biu thc ( x2 + px + q)b , b l s nguyn

B x+C
P(x)
dng th trong phn tch ca phn thc Q(x) xut hin cc hng t dng (x2 +j px+jq) j ,
trong B j , Cj l cc hng s v 1 j b.
Sau khi vit c phn tch ca
P(x)
,
Q( x )
ta tm cc hng s Ai , B j , Cj bng cch quy ng mu
s hai v, ri ng nht h s ca x n , n R hai v. Nh vy vic dng phng php h

s bt nh dn chng ta ti vic tnh bn loi tch phn hu t c bn sau:
Z
Adx
( x a)k
Z
( Mx + N )dx
IV.
( x2 + px + q)m
Adx
I.
xa
Z
( Mx + N )dx
III.
x2 + px + q
II.
trong
1.
2.
3.
Adx
x a
= A ln | x a| + C
Adx
( x a)k
A
(k1)( x a)k1
( Mx + N )dx
=
x2 + px + q
+C
Mt + ( N Mp/2)
dt (a =
t2 + a2
Z
Z
( N Mp/2)dt
Mtdt
+
=
t2 + a2
t2 + a2
q p2 /4, i bin t = x + p/2)
t
+C
a
2N Mp
2x + p
= ln( x2 + px + q) + p
arctg p
+C
4q p2
4q p2
= ln(t2 + a2 ) + ( N Mp/2) arctg
4.
Z
( Mx + N )dx
=
( x2 + px + q)m
Tch phn th nht:
q
Mt + ( N Mp/2)
dt (a = q p2 /4, i bin t = x + p/2)
( t2 + a2 ) m
Z
Z
Mtdt
( N Mp/2)dt
=
+
( t2 + a2 ) m
( t2 + a2 ) m
Mtdt
( t 2 + a2 ) m
= 2(m1)(M
+C
t 2 + a2 ) m 1
Tch phn th hai c th tnh theo phng php tch phn tng phn nh v d
trong phn trc
44
1. Tch phn bt nh
45
a. I1 =
Ta c
x4 x3 + 2x2 2x + 1
dx
( x2 + 2)( x 1)
x4 x3 + 2x2 2x + 1
Bx + C
1
A
+ 2
= x+ 2
= x+
2
x1
( x + 2)( x 1)
( x + 2)( x 1)
x +2
Quy ng mu s hai v
3 = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C B + 2) x C
A+B =0
A=1
ng nht h s ca x2 , x v h s t do, ta c
CB+2 = 0
B = 1
C = 1
C = 1
Suy ra
x4 x3 + 2x2 2x + 3
1
1 2x
1
= x+
2
2
2
( x + 2)( x 1)
x1 2x +2 x +2
Vy tch phn bng
I=
b. I2 =
Ta vit
x2
ln( x2 + 2)
1
x
+ ln | x 1|
arctg + C
2
2
2
2
2x4 + 10x3 + 17x2 + 16x + 5

dx
( x + 1)2 ( x2 + 2x + 3)
2
4
2x4 + 10x3 + 17x2 + 16x + 5
1
= 2+
2
2
2
2
x + 1 ( x + 1)
( x + 1) ( x + 2x + 3)
x + 2x + 3
Suy ra
I = 2x + 2 ln | x + 1| +
1
x+1
2 2arctg + C
x+1
2
1.4 Tch phn hm lng gic

1. Phng phpZ chung
Xt tch phn R(sin x, cos x )dx, trong hm di du tch phn l mt biu thc
hu t i vi sin x, cos x. Ta c th s dng php i bin tng qut t = tg 2t , khi
sin x =
1 t2
2t
2dt
2t
;
cos
x
=
; tg x =
; dx =
2
2
2
1+t
1+t
1t
1 + t2
tch phn ang xt c a v tch phn ca hm s ca bin t.

45
46

V d 1.6. Tnh tch phn
Ta vit
Z
sin x cos x + 2
dx
1 + sin x + cos x
sin x cos x + 2
dx =
1 + sin x + cos x
t t = tg x2 , suy ra
Z
d(1 + sin x + cos x )

+2
1 + sin x + cos x
dx
=
1 + sin x + cos x
dx
1 + sin x + cos x
dt
= ln |1 + t| + C
1+t
Thay li bin c, ta c
Z

sin x cos x + 2

dx = ln |1 + sin x + cos x | + ln 1 + tg
1 + sin x + cos x
2. Tch phn dng
x
+C
2
sinm x cosn xdx, trong m, n l cc s nguyn
Nu m l s nguyn dng l, ta t t = cos x.

Nu n l s nguyn dng l, ta t t = sin x.
Nu m, n l cc s nguyn dng chn, ta s dng cng thc h bc:

sin2 x =
ri a v tch phn dng
1 cos 2x
1 + cos 2x
; cos2 x =
2
2
sink 2x cosl 2xdx.

I1 =
sin3 x cos2 xdx
t cos x = t sin xdx = dt ta c

Z
I2 =
sin x cos xdx =

Z
(1 t2 )t2 (dt) =
t5 t3
cos5 x cos3 x
+C =
+C
5
3
5
3
sin4 x cos2 xdx
S dng cng thc h bc ta c

Z

1
(1 cos 2x )2 1 + cos 2x
1 cos 2x cos2 2x + cos3 2x dx
dx =
4
2
8

Z
Z
1
sin 2x
1+cos 4x
2
1
I2 = 8 x 2
dx + 2 (1 sin 2x )d(sin 2x )
2
I2 =
Vy
1
I2 =
8
x sin 2x sin 4x sin 2x sin3 2x
2
2
8
2
6
46
+C
1. Tch phn bt nh
47
i vi tch phn I2 sau khi s dng cng thc h bc ln th nht ta cng c

th tip tc h bc ca biu thc lng gic di du tch phn bi cng thc
sin3 x =
3 sin x sin 3x
3 cos x + cos 3x
; cos3 x =
4
4
p dng vo tch phn I2 , ta c:

Z
1 + cos 4x 3 cos 2x + cos 6x
1
1 cos 2x
dx
+
I2 =
8
2
4

1 x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x
=
+C
+
8 2
8
8
24
3. Tch phn
R(sin x, cos x )dx c dng c bit
t t = cos x nu R( sin x, cos x ) = R(sin x, cos x ).
t t = sin x nu R(sin x, cos x ) = R(sin x, cos x ).

t t = tg x nu R( sin x, cos x ) = R(sin x, cos x ).
Z
dx
sin x cos4 x
t t = cos x dt = sin xdx, ta c
V d 1.8. Tnh tch phn
nn
dx
=
sin x cos4 x

1
1
1
1
dt
+ +
t4 t2 2 ( t 1 ) 2 ( t + 1 )

1
1 1 t 1
= 3 + ln
+C
t
2
t + 1
3t
dt
=
(1 t2 ) t4
Z
1
dx
1
1 1 cos x
=
+ ln
+C
3
4
cos x 2 1 + cos x
3 cos x
sin x cos x
1.5 Tch phn cc biu thc v t

Xt tch phn c dng
hm s hu t.
R( x,
t x = tg t i vi tch phn
x2 )dx,
R( x,
R( x,
x2 2 )dx, trong R(u, v) l cc
2 + x2 )dx.
t x = sin t hoc x = a cos t i vi tch phn
hoc x =
i vi tch phn
t x =
cos t
sin t
47
R( x,
R( x,
2 x2 )dx.
x2 2 )dx.
48
Ni chung vic tnh tch phn ca cc biu thc v t thng thng c a v vic tnh
bn loi tch phn c bn sau
Z

2 + + C
dx
x
+
=
ln
x

2
x +
dx
a2 x 2
= arcsin xa + C
a2 x2 dx = 12 x a2 x2 +
x2 + adx =
1
2
a2
2
arcsin xa + C

i
h

x x2 + a + a ln x + x2 + a + C
V d 1.9. Tnh cc tch phn sau
1.
(1 x2 ) 2 dx

t x = sin t, t 2 , 2 dx = cos tdt, 1 x2 = cos t, th
Z
2.
dx
x 2 1+ x 2
(1 x )
t x = tgt dx =
Z
2 23
dt
,
cos2 t
dx =
dt
= tg t + C = tg(arcsin x ) + C
cos2 t
ta c
dx
=
x2 1 + x2
Tnh cc tch phn c dng
1
1
cos tdt
+C =
+C
=
2
sin t
sin(arctgx )
sin t

R x,
ax + b
cx + d
m/n
, ...,
ax + b
cx + d
r/s
dx
ax + b
= tk, vi k l bi chung nh nht ca cc ch s cn, a v dng hu t vi t.
cx + d
(R l hm hu t)
t
48
2. T CH PHN XC NH
2.1 nh ngha tch phn xc nh
nh ngha 2.5. Gi s hm s f ( x ) xc nh v b chn trn [ a, b]. Chia [ a, b] thnh n
khong nh [ xi , xi +1 ] bi phn hoch a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b. Trong mi on [ xi , xi +1 ]
ta chn im i [ xi , xi +1 ] v thnh lp biu thc
Sn =
n 1
i =0
f ( i ) 4 xi vi 4 xi = xi +1 xi
(2.1)
Biu thc Sn c gi l tng tch phn. Gi = max 4 xi . Nu tn ti gii hn hu

1 i n
hn I = lim Sn khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [ a, b] v khng ph thuc vo cch

0
chn im i th I c gi l tch phn xc nh ca hm s f ( x ) trn [ a, b] v k hiu l

Z b
a
f ( x )dx. Trong trng hp ta ni hm s f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b].
Remark 2.1. Trong nh ngha trn ta xt hm s f ( x ) trong khong ng [ a, b] tc l
gi thit a < b. By gi nu b < a ta nh ngha

ta nh ngha
Z b
a
f ( x )dx = 0.
Z b
a
f ( x )dx :=
Z a
b
f ( x )dx v khi a = b
2.2 Cc tiu chun kh tch

nh l 2.11. iu kin cn v hm s b chn f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b] l lim (S
0
s) = 0, trong :
S=
Mi =
n +1
n +1
i =1
i =1
Mi 4 xi , s = mi 4 xi
sup
f ( x ), m i =
x [ xi ,xi+1 ]
inf
x [ xi ,xi+1 ]
f (x)
p dng nh l 2.11 chng ta c th chng minh c cc nh l sau:

nh l 2.12. Nu f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] th f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b].
nh l 2.13. Nu f ( x ) b chn trn [ a, b] v c mt s im gin on trn [ a, b] th f ( x )
kh tch trn [ a, b].
nh l 2.14. Nu f ( x ) b chn v n iu trn [ a, b] th f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b].
49
50
2.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh

Trong cc phn tip theo sau y, nu khng c ch thch g th khi vit
hiu l f ( x ) c gi thit l kh tch trn [ a, b].
Tnh cht 1.
Zb
[ f ( x ) + g( x )]dx =
Z b
Zb
f ( x )dx +
Zb
f ( x )dx ta
g( x )dx
Tnh cht 2.
Cho 3 khong ng [ a, b], [ a, c], [b, c], nu f ( x ) kh tch trn khong c di ln nht
th cng kh tch trn 2 on cn li, v
Zb
f ( x )dx =
Zc
f ( x )dx +
Zb
f ( x )dx
Tnh cht 3. Gi thit a < b. Khi :

(i) Nu f ( x ) 0, x [ a, b] th
Z b
a
(ii) Nu f ( x ) g( x ) x [ a, b] th
f ( x )dx 0
Z b
a
f ( x )dx
Z b
a
g( x )dx
(iii) Nu f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b] th | f ( x )| kh tch trn [ a, b] v:
Zb
a
f ( x )dx |
Zb
a
| f ( x ) | dx
(iv) Nu m f ( x ) M, f orallx [ a, b] th
m (b a)
.
Zb
a
f ( x )dx M(b a)
Tnh cht 4.(nh l trung bnh th nht)

Gi s f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b] v m f ( x ) M, x [ a, b], khi tn ti sao cho:
Zb
a
f ( x )dx = (b a), m M.
c bit, nu f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] th tn ti c [ a, b] sao cho:

Zb
a
f ( x )dx = f (c)(b a).

50
2. Tch phn xc nh
51
Tnh cht 5.(nh l trung bnh th hai)

Gi thit
(i) f ( x ) v f ( x ) g( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b].
(ii) m f ( x ) M, x [ a, b].
(iii) g( x ) khng i du trn [ a, b].

Khi
Zb
f ( x ) g( x )dx =
Zb
a
g( x )dx, m M.
c bit nu f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b] th tn ti c [ a, b] sao cho:

Zb
f ( x ) g( x )dx = f (c)
Zb
g( x )dx.
2.4 Tch phn vi cn trn thay i (hm tch phn)

Gi s f ( x ) l mt hm kh tch trn [ a, b], khi vi mi x [ a, b] th f cng kh tch
trn [ a, x ]. Ta xc nh hm s F( x ) =
Zx
f (t)dt.
nh l 2.15.
(1) Nu f (t) kh tch trn [ a, b] th F( x ) lin tc trn [ a, b].
(2) Nu f lin tc ti x0 [ a, b] th F( x ) c o hm ti x0 v F0 ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ).
nh l 2.16 (Cng thc Newton-Leibniz). Nu f ( x ) lin tc trong khong ng [ a, b]
v F( x ) l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x ) th
Zb
a
f ( x )dx = F(b) F(a).
2.5 Cc phng php tnh tch phn xc nh

1. S dng cng thc tch phn tng phn.
Gi s u( x ), v( x ) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc trong [ a, b]. Khi :
Zb
a
udv =
uv|ba
51
Zb
a
vdu
52

2. S dng cc php i bin s.
nh l 2.17 (i bin x := (t )). Xt I =
Zb
f ( x )dx vi f ( x ) lin tc trong [ a, b].
Thc hin php i bin x = (t) tho mn 3 iu kin sau:

(1) (t) c o hm lin tc trong [ a, b].
(2) (a) = ; (b) = .
(3) Khi t bin thin trong [, ] t n th x = (t) bin thin lin tc t a n
b.
Khi ta c cng thc:

Zb
f ( x )dx =
f [ (t)] 0 (t)dt.
nh l 2.18 (i bin t := ( x)). Gi s tch phn cn tnh c dng I =
Zb
f [ ( x )].0 ( x )dx.
Trong ( x ) bin thin n iu ngt v c o hm lin tc trn [ a, b]. Khi :

Zb
f [ ( x )].0 ( x )dx =
Z(b)
f (t)dt.
( a)
3. S dng cc php truy hi, quy np.
2.6 H thng bi tp
Dng 1. Tnh o hm ca hm tch phn.
Chng ta c cc cng thc sau:
Zx
= f (x)
(2.2)
= f ( g( x )).g0 ( x )
(2.3)
f (t)dt
gZ(x)
f (t)dt
0
0
Cng thc 2.2 chng ta bit trong nh l 2.15, cn cng thc 2.3 c suy ra t cng
thc o hm ca hm hp.
52
2. Tch phn xc nh
53
Bi tp 2.1. Tnh cc o hm:
a)
d
dx
Zy
et dt
b)
d
dy
Zy
et dt
c)
d
dx
Zx
x2
dt
1 + x4
Li gii:
a)
b)
c)
d
dx
Zy
2
et dt
d
dy
Zy
et dt = ey ( do x l hng s)
d
dx
Zx
Zx
d
=
dx
et dt = e x ( do y l hng s)
2
x2
Zx
dt
=
dx
1 + x4
dt
+
1 + x4 dx
Zx
a
3x2
2x
+
=
1 + x8
1 + 12x2
1 + x4
dt
Dng 2. Tnh gii hn ca hm s da vo cng thc LHospital v o hm ca

hm tch phn.
Bi tp 2.2. Tm gii hn:
sin
Z x
0
tg
x 0+ Z x
a) A = lim
tg tdt
b) B = lim
x +
sin tdt
Zx
0
(arctg t)2 dt
x2 + 1
Li gii:
a) Nhn xt: lim

c:
x 0+
sin
Z x
tg tdt = lim
x 0+
sin
Z x
lim
x 0+
0
tg
Z x
tg tdt
Ztg x
sin tdt = 0 nn p dng quy tc LHospital ta
!0
sin tdt
tg(sin x ). cos x
p
= 1 A = 1
! 0 = xlim
+
0
sin(tg x ). cos12 x
53
54
b) Nhn xt: lim

ta c:
x +
Zx
(arctg t)2 dt = lim
x +
Zx
0
lim
x +
(arctg t)2 dt
x2 + 1
!0
0
x2 + 1 = nn p dng quy tc LHospital
= lim
(arctg x )2
x
x2 +1
x +
2
2
B =
4
4
Dng 3. S dng cng thc tng tch phn tnh gii hn ca mt s dy s

c bit.
Xut pht t cng thc tnh tng tch phn 2.1
Sn =
n 1
i =0
f ( i ) 4 xi vi 4 xi = xi +1 xi
Nu chng ta chia on [ a, b] thnh n khong c di bng nhau bi phn hoch a =

x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b, trong xi = a + (b a) ni th:
Sn =
b a n 1
f ( i ) vi i [ xi , xi +1 ]
n i
=0
Khi nu hm f ( x ) kh tch trn [ a, b], v chn i = xi ta c cng thc:

ba
lim
n n
"
n 1
i =0
ba
f a+
.i
n
!#
Zb
f ( x )dx
(2.4)
Zb
f ( x )dx
(2.5)
Cn nu chn i = xi +1 ta c cng thc:

ba
lim
n n
"
ba
f a + n .i
i =1
!#
Bi tp 2.3. Dng nh ngha v cch tnh tch phn xc nh, tm cc gii hn:
h
i
1
a/ A = lim n
+ n1+ + n+1 2 + + n+(1n1)
n
b/ B = lim
1
n n
Li gii:
q
1+
1
n
1+
2
n
++
1+
54
n
n
2. Tch phn xc nh
a/ Vit
55
"
1 1
1
A = lim
+
n n
+
1
+
2
n
p dng cng thc 2.4 vi a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) =
A=
Z1
0
++
( n 1)
n
ta c:
1
+ x
1 +
1
dx = ln
+ x
Nu p dng cng thc 2.5 vi a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) =

A0 = lim
1
+ x
ta c:
i
1 +
1
1
1
= A = ln
+
++
n + n + 2
n + n
b/ p dng cng thc 2.5 vi a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) =

B=
Z1
1 + xdx =
1 + x ta c:
2
(2 2 1 )
3
Nu p dng cng thc 2.4 vi a = 0, b = 1, f ( x ) =
1 + x ta c:
!
r
r
2
1
n
1
1
1+ 1+ ++ 1+
= B = (2 2 1 )
B0 = lim
n n
n
n
3
Bi tp 2.4. Tnh lim
1
n
q
n
(2n )!
n!
Dng 3. Tnh tch phn xc nh (xem mc 2.5)

Bi tp 2.5. Tnh cc tch phn:
a.
Ze
1
b.
Ze
| ln x | ( x + 1)dx
d.
( x ln x ) dx
e.
c.
0
Z3
0
Z1
Z2
sin2 x cos x
dx
(1 + tg2 x )2
arcsin
x
dx
1+x
( x3 2x + 5)e
2x
dx
f.
Z2
0
Li gii:
55
cosn x cos nxdx
56

a/ Cc cu a, b, c d, gii bng phng php tch phn tng phn. p s nh sau:
Ia =
e2 + 5
,
4
Ib =
5e3 2
,
27
144
Ic = 98
e
d/
Z2
sin2 x cos x
dx
(1 + tg2 x )2
Z2
sin2 x. cos x. cos4 xdx
Z2
sin2 x.(1 sin2 x )d(sin x )
Id =
sin3 (2) 2 sin5 (2) sin7 (2)
+
3
5
7
e/
Ie =
Z3
arcsin
= x arcsin
1
2
1
=
2
Z3
x
dx
1+x
3
Z3
1
x
x. q
1 + x
1
0
x
dx
x+1
Z3
Z 3
0
t2
1
1
. q
.
dx
x
x ( x + 1 )2
1+ x 2
x +1
t
.2tdt (t x = t)
+1
1
1 2
dt
t +1
3 i

= (t arctg t)
0
4
3
=
3
h
56
2. Tch phn xc nh
57
f/
In =
Z2
cosn x cos nxdx
1
n
Z2
cosn xd sin nx
1 Z2
1
2
n
sin nx.n. cosn1 x. sin xdx
= cos x sin nx +
n
n
0
0
Z2
sin nx. cosn1 x. sin xdx
Suy ra
2In =
Z2
cosn x cos nxdx +
sin nx. cosn1 x. sin xdx
Z2
Z2
cosn1 x cos(n 1) xdx
= In1
Vy theo php truy hi ta c In =
Bi tp 2.6. Tnh In =
2n + 1
Z2

1 n
2 .I0
sinn xdx,
Jn =
Z2
cosn xdx
Dng 4. Chng minh cc ng thc tch phn

Bi tp 2.7. Chng minh rng nu f ( x ) lin tc trn [0, 1] th:
a/
Z2
f (sin x )dx =
Z2
f (sin x )dx,
b/
Li gii. y l bi tp d, cu a) t t =
x f (sin x )dx =
2
f (sin x )dx
x, cn cu b) t t = x.
Bi tp 2.8. p dng kt qu ca bi tp 2.7 hy chng minh
Z2
0
sin x
dx =
sin x + cos x
Z2
0
57
cos x
dx =
4
sin x + cos x
58
Bi tp 2.9. Gi s f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, a](a > 0), hy chng minh
nu f ( x ) l hm s l trn [ a, a]
Za
0
a
Z
I=
f ( x )dx =
2 f ( x )dx nu f ( x ) l hm s chn trn [ a, a]

a
0
Bi tp 2.10. Cho f ( x ) lin tc, chn trn [ a, a], chng minh

Za
p dng tnh
I1 =
Z1
f ( x )dx
=
1 + bx
Za
0
f ( x )dx vi 0 b 6= 1
1
dx,
( x2 + 1)(e x + 1)
Bi tp 2.11. Chng minh
Zb
a
p dng tnh In =
Z1
0
I2 =
Z2
2x cos 2x
dx,
2002x + 2x
x m (a + b x )n dx =
Zb
a
I3 =
Z2
x2 | sin x |
dx
1 + 2x
x n (a + b x )m dx
x2 (1 x )n dx v chng minh
n
(1)k Cnk . k + 3 = n + 1 n + 2 + n + 3
k=0
Dng 5. Chng minh cc bt ng thc tch phn

Bi tp 2.12. Cho f ( x ), g( x ) l hai hm s kh tch trn [ a, b]. Khi f 2 ( x ), g2 ( x ) cng
kh tch trn [ a, b]. Chng minh bt ng thc sau (a < b)
! Zb
!2
!
Zb
Zb
f ( x ) g( x )dx
f 2 ( x )dx .
g2 ( x )dx
(Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarzt)

Li gii. Xt 2 trng hp:
TH1. Nu
Zb
f 2 ( x )dx
Zb
g2 ( x )dx = 0 th:
Zb 2
Zb
Zb
f ( x ) + g2 ( x )

0 f ( x ) g( x )dx | f ( x ) g( x )|dx
dx = 0
2
a
Khi ta c du = xy ra.
58
3. Cc ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
TH2. Nu t nht mt trong hai tch phn
59
Zb
f 2 ( x )dx,
tng qut ta gi s
Zb
a
g2 ( x )dx khc 0, khng mt tnh
f 2 ( x )dx 6= 0
Khi [ f ( x ) + g( x )]2 0
Zb
Zb
Zb
a
[ f ( x ) + g( x )]2 0. Suy ra
Zb
Zb

f ( x )dx . + 2 f ( x ) g( x )dx . + g2 ( x )dx 0 R
(2.6)
Biu thc v tri l tam thc bc 2 i vi nn 2.6 ng vi mi R khi v ch

khi
! Zb
!2
!
Zb
Zb
40 =
f 2 ( x )dx .
f ( x ) g( x )dx
g2 ( x )dx 0.
a
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
3. CC NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH

3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
1. Trng hp bin ca hnh phng cho trong h to Descartes (tnh din tch "hnh
thang cong")
axb
y = f ( x)
Nu S gii hn bi
y = g( x )
f , g C[ a, b]
Nu S gii hn bi
cyd
x = (y)
x = (y)
, [c, d]
59
th S =
Zb
a
th S =
Zd
c
| f ( x ) g( x ) | dx
(2.7)
| (y) (y) | dy
(2.8)
60
axb
y = 0
Nu S gii hn bi
x = t
y = t
th S =
Zt2
t1
| (t) 0 (t) | dt
(2.9)
Trong gi thit rng phng trnh (t) = a, (t) = b c nghim duy nht l t1 , t2 v
, , 0 C[t1 , t2 ].
Bi tp 2.13. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi:
a/ ng parabol y = x2 + 4 v ng thng x y + 4 = 0.
b/ Parabol bc ba y = x3 v cc ng y = x, y = 2x.
c/ ng trn x2 + y2 = 2x v parabol y2 = x
d/ ng y2 = x2 x4
Li gii:
Cc cu a), b), c) c th v hnh v tnh ton d dng nh sau:
a. S =
Z1
b. S =
Z1
c. S = 2
[( x + 4) ( x2 + 4)]dx =
1
6
(2x x2 )dx +
Z2
0
Z2
2
( 4x x2 )
(2x x3 )dx =
2x )dx = 2
3
4
16
3
Ring cu d) nu kho st v th ng cong C : y2 = x2 x4 th khng thi gian

nn ta c th l lun nh sau: Trc ht ta c iu kin 0 x 1, v nhn xt rng
0
nu
M( x, y) C th M ( x, y) C . Do S = 4S( D ), trong D l min gii hn bi:
0 x 1
. Do min D nm hon ton trong hnh vung 0 x 1, 0 y 1, hn
y = x2 x4
na hm s y = x2 x4 lin tc, y(0) = y(1) = 0 nn th ca n trong [0, 1] phi c

hnh dng nh hnh v di y:
y
1
b
1 x
O
60
p dng cng thc 2.7 ta c S( D ) =
Z1
0
61
x2 x4 dx = 13 S =
61
4
3
62
2. Trng hp bin ca hnh phng cho trong h to cc (tnh din tch ca min c
dng hnh qut)
=
Nu S gii hn bi
r = r ( )
r ( ) C[, ]
1
th S =
2
r2 ( )d
(2.10)
Bi tp 2.14. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi ng hnh tim r2 = a2 cos 2
Li gii:
Kho st v v th ca ng cong trong to cc v nhn xt tnh i xng ca hnh
v ta c:
1
S = 4S( D ) = 4.
2
Z4
r2 ( )d = a2
3.2 Tnh di ng cong phng

Trng hp ng cong AB cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x )
Zb q
y = f ( x)
AB
axb
f C1 [ a, b]
th s =
1 + [ f 0 ( x )]2
Trng hp ng cong AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:
x = x (t)
Z q
y = y(t)
AB t
th s =
[ x 0 (t)]2 + [y0 (t)]2 dt
x (t), y(t) C1 [ a, b]
02
x (t) + y02 (t) > 0t [, ]
Trng hp ng cong AB cho bi phng trnh trong to cc:
Z q
r = r ( )
AB
r ( ) C1 [, ]
(2.11)
th s =
r2 ( ) + r 02 ( ) d
62
(2.12)
(2.13)
63
Bi tp 2.15. Tnh di ng cong

+1
a/ y = ln eex
1 khi x bin thin t 1 n 2.
x = a(cos t + ln tg t )
2
b/
khi t bin thin t
y = a sin t
x
Li gii:
a/ Ta c
ex
ex
ex + 1 ex 1
1 + y 02 ( x ) = 1 +
!2
Nn p dng cng thc 2.11 ta c:

s=
Z2 2x
e +1
1
e2x 1
dx
(t= e2x )
Ze
e2
e2x + 1
e2x 1
!2
t+1
e2 + 1
= ln 2
2t(t 1)
e
b/ p dng cng thc 2.12 ta c
x 02 ( t ) + y 02 ( t ) = a 2 .
cos2 t
2
sin t
s = a
Z2
cos2 t
dt = a ln
sin2 t
3.3 Tnh th tch vt th

Trng hp vt th c gii hn bi mt mt cong v hai mt phng x = a, x = b. Gi
thit ta bit rng din tch S ca thit din ca vt th khi ct bi mt phn x = x0 l
S( x0 ), v S( x ) l hm s xc nh, kh tch trn [ a, b]. Khi
V=
Zb
(2.14)
S( x )dx
Bi tp 2.16. Tnh th tch ca vt th l phn chung ca hai hnh tr x2 + y2 = a2 v y2 +

z2 = a2 ( a > 0 ).
Li gii: Do tnh i xng nn V = 8V 0 trong V 0 = V { x 0, y 0, z 0}. Mt
im M( x, 0, 0) Ox, qua M ta dng thit din ca V 0 vung gc vi Ox th c mt hnh
vung c cnh l a2 x2 , do S( x ) = a2 x2 . p dng cng thc 2.14 ta c

V=8
Za
0
(a2 x2 )dx =
63
16 3
a
3
64
Bi tp 2.17. Tm th tch vt th gii hn bi mt paraboloit z = 4 y2 , cc mt phng

to v mt phng x = a.
Li gii: Sau khi v hnh v p dng cng thc 2.14 ta c:
V=
Za
S( x )dx m S( x ) =
Z2
0
(4 y2 )dy =
16
16
nn V =
a
3
3
Trng hp vt th l vt th trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh thang cong

quanh trc Ox, trong f C[ a, b] th
V=
Zb
a x b
y=0
y = f ( x)
(2.15)
f 2 ( x )dx
Tng
t, n vt th l vt th trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh thang cong
c y d
quanh trc Oy, trong C[c, d] th
x=0
x = (y)
V=
Zd
(2.16)
2 (y)dy
Bi tp 2.18. Tnh th tch khi trn xoay to nn khi quay hnh gii hn bi cc ng
y = 2x x2 v y = 0.
a/ quanh trc Ox mt vng
b/ quanh trc Oy mt vng.
Li gii:
a/ p dng cng thc 2.15 ta c:
V=
Z2
0
(2x x2 )dx =
b/ p dng cng thc 2.16 ta c:

V=
Z1
0
1+
1y
2
dy
64
Z1
0
1y
2
dy =
65
3.4 Tnh din tch mt trn xoay
Cho hnh thang cong gii hn bi
a x b
y=0
y = f ( x)
vi f C1 [ a, b]. Quay hnh thang cong
ny quanh trc Ox th ta c mt vt th trn xoay. Khi din tch xung quanh ca vt

th c tnh theo cng thc:
S = 2
Zb
a
| f (x) |
c y d
Tng t nu quay hnh thang cong x = 0
x = (y)
S = 2
Zd
c
| (y) |
1 + f 02 ( x )dx
vi C1 [c, d], quanh trc Oy th:
1 + 02 (y)dy
Bi tp 2.19. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay to nn khi quay cc ng sau
a/ y = tg x, 0 < x
b/
x2
a2
y2
b2
quanh trc Ox.
= 1 quanh trc Oy(a > b)
c/ 9y2 = x (3 x )2 , 0 x 3 quanh trc Ox.

65
(2.17)
(2.18)
66
Li gii:
a/ p dng cng thc 2.17 ta c:
Z4
S = 2
tg x
Z1 q
= 2
0
1
Z
Z2
Z 5
= .
1 + (1 + tg2 x )dx
1 + (1 + t2 )2 .
dt
1 + t2
(t t = tg x )
1 + (1 + t2 )2
.d(t2 + 1)
2
1+t
1 + s2
ds
s
(t s = 1 + t2 )
1
1+ 2
du
u 1
i
51
5+1
2 + ln
ln
2
21
2+1
1h
b/ Nhn xt tnh i xng ca min v p dng cng thc 2.18 ta c:
S = 2.2
= 4
a
b
Zb
0
Zb
0
a
b
b2
1+
a
.p
y
b2 y 2
2
dy
b4 + (a2 b2 )y2 dy
ap 2
a b2
= 4
b
= 4
y2 .
ap 2
a b2
b
Zb
0
Zb q
y2 +
b4
dy
a2 b2
y2 + dy( t =
b4
)
a2 b2

ib

y2 + + ln | y + y2 + |

0
!
Z q
q
q
h
i
1
y2 + dy = y y2 + + ln | y + y2 + |
2
ap 2
1h
= 4
a b2 . y
b
2
66
4. Tch phn suy rng
67
c/ Trc ht
9y2 = x (3 x )2 18yy0 = 3(3 x )(1 x ) y0 =
(3 x )(1 x )
(1 x )2
y 02 =
6y
4x
Nn p dng cng thc 2.17 ta c:

S = 2
Z3
0
x (3 x )
.
3
1
(1 x )2
dx = 2.
1+
4x
6
Z3
0
(3 x )(1 + x )dx = 3
4. T CH PHN SUY RNG

Khi nh ngha tch phn xc nh, chng ta xt cc hm s xc nh trn mt on
hu hn [ a, b ] v b chn trn on . Trong phn ny chng ta s m rng khi nim
tch phn, t a vo khi nim tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn v tch phn ca
hm s khng b chn.
4.1 Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn

Gi s f ( x ) l hm s xc nh trn khong [ a, +)] v kh tch trn mi on hu
hn [ a, A ] , (a A < +).
nh ngha 2.6. Gii hn ca tch phn
ZA
a
f ( x )dx khi A + c gi l tch phn suy
rng ca hm s f ( x ) trn khong [ a, +) v k hiu nh sau

+
Z
f ( x )dx = lim
A+
ZA
f ( x )dx
Nu gii hn ny tn ti hu hn ta ni tch phn suy rng
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t. Ngc li,
nu khng tn ti gii hn ny hoc gii hn bng v cng ta ni tch phn phn k.

Tng t ta nh ngha tch phn ca mt hm s f ( x ) trn cc khong (, a] v
(, +) bi cc cng thc sau
Za
f ( x )dx = lim
Za
A
f ( x )dx v
+
Z
67
f ( x )dx =
lim
A+ ,A0
ZA
A0
f ( x )dx
68
Ta c th vit
+
Z
f ( x )dx =
+
Z
f ( x )dx +
Za
f ( x )dx
khi hai trong ba tch phn ni trn hi t.

Qua cc nh ngha trn ta thy rng tch phn suy rng l gii hn ca tch phn xc
nh (hiu theo ngha thng thng) khi cho cn tch phn dn ti v cng. Do c th
dng cng thc Leibniz tnh tch phn, sau cho cn tin ra v cng.
ZA
a
f ( x )dx = F( A) F(a)
k hiu
F(+) = lim F( A)
A
th c th vit
+
Z
a
V d 4.1.
f ( x )dx = F(+) F(a) = F( x )| +

a
1. Tnh tch phn
e2
Ta c
ZA
e2
+
Z
dx
x ln x (ln ln x )2

ZA
dx
dx
1
1
1 A
1
nn lim
=
=
=

2
2
ln ln x e2
ln 2 ln ln A
ln 2
x ln x (ln ln x )
x ln x (ln ln x )
A+
e2
Vy
+
Z
e2
2. Tnh tch phn
+
Z
Trc ht ta tnh
( x2
ZA
A0
ZA
A0
1
dx
=
2
ln 2
x ln x (ln ln x )
dx
+ 1 )2
dx
,
( x 2 + 1)2
t x = tg t
dx
=
2
( x + 1 )2
arctg
Z A
arctg A0
dx
(1+ x 2 )2
1 + cos 2t
dt =
2
68
= cos2 tdt,
dt
1+tg2 t

sin 2t arctgA
t
+

2
4
arctgA0
4. Tch phn suy rng
69
Khi A +, A0 th arctg A
+
Z
3.
Z0
x sin xdx = lim
Z0
A
2 ; arctg
dx
=
2
( x + 1 )2
A0 2 , suy ra
t
sin 2t 2
=
+

2
4
2
x sin xdx = lim ( x cos x + sin x )|0A = lim ( A cos A sin A)

A
Gii hn ny khng tn ti, do tch phn phn k.
4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn
I=
+
Z
1
dx
x
Tch phn suy rng I hi t khi v ch khi > 1, v phn k khi v ch khi 1.
4.2 Tch phn suy rng ca hm s khng b chn

Gi s f ( x ) l hm s xc nh trn khong [ a, b ) v kh tch trn mi on [ a, t ], (t < b
bt k), v lim f ( x ) = . im x = b c gi l im bt thng (im k d) ca hm s
f ( x ).
xb
nh ngha 2.7. Gii hn ca tch phn
Zt
a
f ( x )dx khi t b , c gi l tch phn suy
rng ca hm s f ( x ) trn khong [ a, b) v c k hiu nh sau:

Zb
f ( x )dx = lim
tb
Zt
f ( x )dx
Nu gii hn v phi tn ti, ta ni tch phn suy rng hi t. Ngc li nu khng tn

ti gii hn ny hoc gii hn bng v cng, ta ni tch phn phn k.
Tng t ta nh ngha tch phn suy rng ca hm s f ( x ) khng b chn trn khong
( a, b] v (a, b ) ln lt nhn x = a v x = b lm im bt thng.
Zb
a
f ( x )dx = lim
t a+
Zb
f ( x )dx v
Zb
f ( x )dx =
lim
t a+ ,t0 b
Zt
t
i vi tch phn c hai im bt thng x = a, x = b, ta c th vit

Zb
a
f ( x )dx =
Zc
f ( x )dx +
Zb
c
khi hai trong ba tch phn ni trn hi t.

69
f ( x )dx
f ( x )dx
70
V d 4.2.
1. Xt s hi t ca tch phn
Z0
Z1
dx
1 x2
dx
dx
= lim
= lim arcsin x = lim ( arcsin t) =
2
t1
t1
t1
1 x2
1 x2

t
t
t

Z1
Z1

dx
dx
= lim
= lim arcsin x = lim arcsin t =
2
t 1
t 1
t 1
1 x2
1 x2

0
0
Z0
nn
Z1
dx
1 x2
2. Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
Z0
Z1
0
dx
1 x2
Z1
0
dx
1 x2
dx
x
Tch phn suy rng I hi t khi v ch khi < 1, phn k khi v ch khi 1.
4.3 Tch phn suy rng hi t tuyt i v bn hi t

nh l 2.19.
Nu
+
Z
Nu
Zb
| f ( x )|dx hi t th
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t
| f ( x )|dx (c im bt thng l a hoc b) hi t th
+
Z
f ( x )dx cng hi t
nh ngha 2.8.
Nu
+
Z
a
nhng
| f ( x )|dx hi t th ta ni
+
Z
a
Nu
Zb
a
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t tuyt i, cn nu
| f ( x )|dx phn k th ta ni
| f ( x )|dx bn hi t.
| f ( x )|dx (c im bt thng l a hoc b) hi t th ta ni
tuyt i, cn nu
bn hi t.
Zb
f ( x )dx hi t
+
Z
a
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t nhng
Zb
a
70
Zb
f ( x )dx hi t
| f ( x )|dx phn k th ta ni
Zb
a
| f ( x )|dx
4. Tch phn suy rng
71
4.4 Cc tiu chun hi t

nh l 2.20 (Tiu chun so snh).
1. Cho hai hm s f ( x ) v g( x ) kh tch trn mi khong hu hn [ a, A](a A) v

0 f ( x ) g ( x ), x a
Khi
i) Nu
+
Z
+
Z
g( x )dx hi t th
ii) Nu
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t
f ( x )dx phn k th
+
Z
g( x )dx phn k
2. Gi s f ( x ) v g( x ) l hai hm s kh tch trn mi on hu hn [ a, A](a A) v

f (x)
lim
= k(0 < k < +). Khi cc tch phn
x + g( x )
hi t, hoc cng phn k.
+
Z
f ( x )dx v
+
Z
g( x )dx hoc cng
H qu 2.3. Cho f v g l hai hm s dng kh tch trn [ a, +). Khi

f (x)
1. Nu lim
= 0 v nu
x + g( x )
+
Z
g( x )dx hi t th
f (x)
2. Nu lim
= + v nu
x + g( x )
+
Z
f ( x )dx hi t.
+
Z
g( x )dx phn k th
+
Z
f ( x )dx phn k.
Tng t chng ta cng c cc tiu chun hi t cho trng hp tch phn suy rng ca
hm s khng b chn.
nh l 2.21 (Tiu chun so snh).
1. Cho hai hm s f ( x ) v g( x ) kh tch trn (a, b] v c cng im bt thng l x = a

sao cho
0 f ( x ) g( x ), x (a, b]
Khi
i) Nu
Zb
a
g( x )dx hi t th
Zb
f ( x )dx hi t
71
72
ii) Nu
Zb
f ( x )dx phn k th
Zb
g( x )dx phn k
2. Gi s f ( x ) v g( x ) l hai hm s dng kh tch trn (a, b] v c cng im bt

thng x = a. Nu tn ti gii hn
f (x)
lim
= k (0 < k < + )
x a+ g( x )
Khi cc tch phn
Zb
f ( x )dx v
Zb
g( x )dx hoc cng hi t, hoc cng phn k.
H qu 2.4. Cho f v g l hai hm s dng kh tch trn (a, b] v c cng im bt

thng x = a. Khi
f (x)
= 0 v nu
1. Nu lim
x a+ g( x )
Zb
g( x )dx hi t th
f (x)
= + v nu
2. Nu lim
x a+ g( x )
Zb
f ( x )dx hi t.
Zb
g( x )dx phn k th
Zb
f ( x )dx phn k.
Ch :
Khi xt n tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca mt tch phn suy rng, ni chung
chng ta ch "quan tm" ti dng iu ca hm s ti cc im bt thng.
Khi s dng tiu chun so snh chng ta thng hay so snh cc tch phn suy rng
cho vi hai loi tch phn suy rng sau:
Z +
>1
dx hi t nu
a) I1 =
x phn k nu 1
a
Z b
Z b
hi t nu < 1
hi
t
nu
<
1
dx
dx
0
b) I2 =
, I2 =
a ( x a) phn k nu 1
a (b x ) phn k nu 1
4.5 Bi tp
Bi tp 2.20. Xt s hi t v tnh (trong trng hp hi t) cc tch phn sau:
a.
c.
Z0
+
Z
b.
xe dx
( x2
dx
+ 1 )2
d.
+
Z
cos xdx
0
Z1
0
72
dx
p
x (1 x )
4. Tch phn suy rng
a.
Li gii.
Z0
73
0

xe x dx = e x ( x 1)

=1
+

b.
cos xdx = sin x . Do khng tn ti gii hn lim sin x nn tch phn cho
x +

0
0
phn k.
+
Z
c.
+
Z
d.
Z1
0
dx
=2
( x 2 + 1 )2
Z +
dx
. t x = tg t th I = 2
( x 2 + 1 )2
dx
p
x (1 x )
Z2
0
dx
p
x (1 x )
{z
}
I1
Z1
1
2
Z2
cos2 tdt =
dx
p
x (1 x )
{z
I2
Xt tch phn I1 c im bt thng l x = 0. Khi x 0, p

khc tch phn
Z1
0
1
. Mt
x
x (1 x )
dx
hi t nn I1 hi t.
x
Xt tch phn I2 c im bt thng l x = 1. Khi x 1, p

Mt khc tch phn
Z1
0
1
x (1 x )
1
.
1x
dx
hi t nn I2 hi t.
1x
Vy I = I1 + I2 hi t.
Trong trng hp tng qut, mun tnh I =
Zb
a
bin
dx
p
( x a)(b x )
x = a cos2 + b sin2
s chuyn I v tch phn xc nh
I=2
Z2
0
73
d =
ta thc hin php i
74
Bi tp 2.21. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau
a.
d.
Z1
dx
tg x x
0
+
Z
1
b.
ln(1 + x )dx
x
e.
Z1
xdx
sin
e x1
0
+
Z
1
c.
e x
dx
x2
f.
Z1
0
+
Z
0
xdx
1 x4
x2 dx
x4 x2 + 1
a. Tch phn cho c im bt thng l x = 0 v
Li gii.
1
1
1
: 3 =
3
x 0 tg x x x
lim
Mc khc
Z1
0
dx
phn k nn
x3
Z1
0
dx
cng phn k.
tg x x
b. Tch phn cho c im bt thng l x = 0 v khi x 0, esin x 1 sin x x nn
Z1
Z1
dx
x
xdx
1
. Do hi t nn
cng hi t.
sin
x
sin
e
1
e x1
x
x
0
c. Tch phn cho c im bt thng l x = v khi x 1 th
x
x
1
=p

2 1x
(1 x )(1 + x + x2 + x3 )
1 x4
Do
Z1
0
dx
hi t nn
1x
Z1
0
xdx
1 x4
cng hi t.
1
ln(1 + x )
> vi mi x > e 1. M
d. Ta c
x
x
phn k.
+
Z
1
dx
phn k nn
x
e. Ta c
2
e x
+
2
Z
e x
1
x2
+
Z
1
e x
1
< 1 vi mi x > 0 nn 2 < 2 vi mi x > 0. Mt khc
x
x
dx cng hi t.
f. Khi x + th
1
x2
nn tch phn cho hi t.

x2
x4 x2 + 1
74
ln(1 + x )dx
cng
x
+
Z
0
dx
hi t nn
x2
4. Tch phn suy rng

Bi tp 2.22. Nu
+
Z
a
Li gii.
+
Z
a
75
f ( x )dx hi t th c suy ra c f ( x ) 0 khi x + khng?
f ( x )dx hi t khng suy ra c f ( x ) 0 khi x +. V d nh
hi t (xem bi tp 2.24) nhng khng tn ti gii hn lim
x +
sin( x2 ).
+
Z
sin( x2 )dx
Bi tp 2.23. Cho hm s f ( x ) lin tc trn [ a, +) v lim f ( x ) = A 6= 0. Hi

x +
c hi t khng?
f (x)
= 1, m
Li gii. Theo gi thit lim
x + A
+
Z
Adx phn k nn
+
Z
+
Z
f ( x )dx
f ( x )dx cng phn k.
Bi tp 2.24. Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau
a.
+
Z
sin( x )dx
+
Z
b.
d.
g.
Z1
0
+
Z
(1
x 2 )5
x p1 e x dx
e.
Z2
h.
Z1
0
f.
(tg x ) dx
2
1 cos
x
dx
x p1 (1 x )q1 dx
f ( x )dx
( f C[0, 1])
1 x2
dt
t, dx = , a tch phn cho v dng
2 t
1
I=
2
Ta c th vit
Z1
0
a. Thc hin php i bin x =
+
Z
+
Z
1
Li gii.
c.
dx
x2 dx
p
3
x2
+
Z
0
sin tdt
=
t
sin tdt
t
+
Z
Z2
sin tdt
sin tdt
+
t
t
0
| {z } |2 {z }
I1
I2
sin t
V lim = 0 nn tch phn I1 thc cht l tch phn xc nh nn hi t, do ch
t 0
t
cn xt I2 .
+

+
+
+
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
cos t + 1
sin t
d(cos t)
cos t
cos t
dt =
dt
=
dt
=
I2 =
3/2
3/2
2
2
t
t
t
t
t
2
2
75
76

+
Z
cos t
cos t
1
V 3/2 3/2 nn
dt hi t. Vy ta c I2 cng hi t v tch phn cho
t
t
t3/2
hi t.
b. Ta c vi x > 1 th e
x2
< e x m
+
Z
+
Z
e x dx cng hi t.
e x dx = e1 hi t nn
2
1
2
c. Khi x +, 1 cos = 2 sin2 2 nn
x
x
x
+
Z
1
2
1 cos
x
dx hi t.
x2
x2
1
p
= p

nn
d. Khi x 1, p
3
3
3
3
(1 x 2 )5
[(1 x )(1 + x )]5
32. (1 x )5
hi t.
e. Trc ht ta c nhn xt rng I =
v x = khi p > 0.
2
cos x p
sin x
v phn k nu p 1.
, (tg x ) p =
2
sin x
cos x
p
Kt lun:
(1 x 2 )5
nn I hi t nu 1 < p < 0
x p
nn I hi t nu 0 < p < 1 v phn k nu p 1.

Z
x2 dx
p
3
(tg x ) p dx c im bt thng l x = 0 khi p < 0
Nu p < 0 th khi x 0, (tg x ) p =
Nu p > 0 th khi x
Z1
1
sin x

p
x
sin
x
2
2
(tg x ) p dx hi t khi | p| < 1 v phn k khi | p| 1.
f. Trc ht ta c nhn xt rng nu p < 1 th x = 0 l im bt thng, cn nu q < 1

th x = 1 l im bt thng. Phn tch
I=
Z1
0
p1
(1 x )
q 1
dx =
Z2
p1
(1 x )
{z
I1
q 1
dx +
Z1
1
2
x p1 (1 x )q1 dx
{z
I2
I1 ch hi t khi 1 p < 1, ngha l p > 0; cn I2 ch hi t khi 1 q < 1, ngha l

q > 0. Vy I ch hi t khi p > 0, q > 0.
g. Nu p 1 th tch phn cho ch c im bt thng ti + v
lim [ x p1 e x ] :
x +
1
x p+1
= lim
=0
x + e x
x2
76
4. Tch phn suy rng

Z
nn
77
x p1 e x dx hi t.
x +
Nu p < 1 th x = 0 cng l mt im bt thng. Ta c

+
Z
p1 x
dx =
Z1
p1 x
dx +
{z
x p1 e x dx
I1
+
Z
I2
Tch phn I1 hi t khi p > 0 v I2 hi t vi p bt k.

Vy
{z
+
Z
x p1 e x dx hi t nu p > 0.
h. Mc d tch phn cho l tch phn suy rng c im bt thng l x = 1 nhng ta

c th a I v tch phn thng bng cch i bin. t x = sin , trn [0, c] ta c
Z1
f ( x )dx
= lim
c 1
1 x2
Zc
f ( x )dx
= lim
c 1
1 x2
arcsin
Z c
Z2
f (sin )d =
f (sin )d
V f l mt hm
h si lin tc trn [0, 1] nn hm hp f (sin ) l mt hm s lin tc v
v tch phn cho l tch phn xc nh nn hi t.
b chn trn 0,
2
Bi tp 2.25. Tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau
a.
+
Z
ax
b.
sin bxdx
a.
Li gii.
ax
c.
cos bxdx
+
Z
e ax sin bxdx
b.
+
Z
+
Z
e ax cos bxdx
dx
1 + x4

b
a sin bx + b cos bx ax +
= 2
e
=
2
2
a +b
a + b2
0

b
b sin bx a cos bx ax +
= 2
=
e
2
2
a +b
a + b2
0
c. Thc hin php i bin x =

I=
1
ta c
t
+
Z
0
dx
=
1 + x4
+
Z
t2 dt
1 + t4
+
Z
0
x2 dx
1 + x4
Do
2I =
+
Z
+
Z
0
dx
+
1 + x4
+
Z
0
x2 dx
=
1 + x4
77
+
Z
0
(1 + x2 )dx
=
1 + x4
+
Z
0
1
1+ 2
x
x2 +
1
x2
dx
78

Li t z = x
1
ta c
x
1
I=
2
+
Z
z +
1
=
= arctg
2
z +2
2 2
2
2 2
78
CHNG
HM
S NHIU BIN S
1. G II HN CA HM S NHIU BIN S
1.1 Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s
Ta ni rng dy im { Mn ( xn , yn )} dn ti im M0 ( x0 , y0 ) trong R2 v vit Mn M0
khi n + nu lim d( Mn , M0 ) = 0 hay nu xn x0 , yn y0 .
n +
Gi s hm s z = f ( M) = f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt ln cn V no ca im
M0 ( x0 , y0 ), c th tr ti im M0 . Ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y) c gii hn l l khi M
dn n M0 nu vi mi dy im Mn ( xn , yn ) thuc ln cn V dn n M0 ta u c
lim f ( xn , yn ) = l
n +
Khi ta vit
lim
( x,y)( x0 ,y0 )
f ( x, y) = l hay
lim f ( M) = l
M M0
Khi nim gii hn v hn cng c nh ngha tng t nh i vi hm s mt

bin s.
Cc nh l v gii hn ca tng, hiu, tch, thng i vi hm s mt bin s cng
ng cho hm s nhiu bin s v c chng minh tng t.
Nhn xt:
Theo nh ngha trn, mun chng minh s tn ti ca gii hn ca hm s nhiu
bin s l vic rt kh khn v phi ch ra lim f ( xn , yn ) = l vi mi dy s { xn
n +
79
80
Chng 3. Hm s nhiu bin s

x0 }, {yn y0 }. Trong thc hnh, mun tm gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s,
phng php chng minh ch yu l nh gi hm s, dng nguyn l gii hn kp
a v gii hn ca hm s mt bin s.
Vi chiu ngc li, mun chng minh s khng tn ti gii hn ca hm s nhiu
bin s, ta ch cn ch ra tn ti hai dy { xn x0 , yn y0 } v { xn0 x0 , y0n y0 }
sao cho
lim f ( xn , yn ) 6= lim f ( xn0 , y0n )
n +
n +
hoc ch ra tn ti hai qu trnh ( x, y) ( x0 , y0 ) khc nhau m f ( x, y) tin ti hai

gii hn khc nhau.
1.2 Tnh lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s

Gi s hm s f ( M) xc nh trong min D, M0 l mt im thuc D. Ta ni rng
hm s f ( M) lin tc ti im M0 nu
lim f ( M) = f ( M0 )
M M0
Nu min D ng v M0 l im bin ca D th lim M M0 f ( M) c hiu l gii hn

ca f ( M) khi M dn ti M0 bn trong ca D.
Hm s f ( M) c gi l lin tc trong min D nu n lin tc ti mi im thuc
D.
Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc cng c nhng tnh cht nh hm s mt bin s lin
tc. Chng hn, nu hm s nhiu bin s lin tc trong mt min ng, b chn th
n lin tc u, b chn trong min y, t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trong
min .
1.3 Bi tp
Bi tp 3.1. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau
q
1
p
a. z =
b. z = ( x2 + y2 1)(4 x2 y2 )
x 2 + y2 1
p
y1
c. z = arcsin
d. z = x sin y
x
Bi tp 3.2. Tm gii hn (nu c) ca cc hm s sau

a. f ( x, y) =
x 2 y2
( x 0, y 0)
x 2 + y2
b. f ( x, y) = sin
80
x
( x , y )
2x + y
2. o hm v vi phn
Li gii.
81
a. Nu cho ( x, y) (0, 0 theo phng ca ng thng y = kx thi ta c

f ( x, kx ) =
x 2 k2 x 2
1 k2
1 k2
=
khi x 0
x 2 + k2 x 2
1 + k2
1 + k2
Vy khi ( x, y) (0, 0 theo nhng phng khc nhau th f ( x, y) dn ti nhng gii

hn khc nhau. Do khng tn ti
lim
f ( x, y).
( x,y)(0,0)
b. Nu cho ( x, y) (0, 0 theo phng ca ng thng y = kx thi ta c

f ( x, kx ) = sin
= sin
sin
khi x 0
2x + kx
2+k
2+k
Vy khi ( x, y) (0, 0 theo nhng phng khc nhau th f ( x, y) dn ti nhng gii

hn khc nhau. Do khng tn ti
lim
f ( x, y).
( x,y)(0,0)
2. O HM V VI PHN
2.1 o hm ring
Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt min D, im M( x0 , y0 ) D. Nu cho y = y0 ,
hm s mt bin s x 7 f ( x, y0 ) c o hm ti im x = x0 th o hm gi l
f
o hm ring ca f vi bin x ti M0 v c k hiu l

hay
f ( x, y).
x
x
f ( x0 + 4 x, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f
= lim
x
4x
4 x 0
Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt min D, im M( x0 , y0 ) D. Nu cho x = x0 ,
hm s mt bin s x 7 f ( x0 , y) c o hm ti im y = y0 th o hm gi l
f
o hm ring ca f vi bin x ti M0 v c k hiu l

hay
f ( x, y).
y
y
f ( x0 , y0 + 4 y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
f
= lim
y
4y
4 y 0
Ch : Cc o hm ring ca cc hm s n bin s (vi n 3) c nh ngha tng t.
Khi cn tnh o hm ring ca hm s theo bin s no, xem nh hm s ch ph thuc
vo bin , cn cc bin cn li l cc hng s v p dng cc quy tc tnh o hm nh
hm s mt bin s.
81
82
2.2 Vi phn ton phn

Cho hm s z = f ( x, y) xc nh trong min D. Ly cc im M0 ( x0 , y0 ) D, M( x0 +
4 x0 , y0 + 4y0 ) D. Biu thc 4 f = f ( x0 + 4 x0 , y0 + 4y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )( x0 , y0 ) c
gi l s gia ton phn ca f ti M0 . Nu nh c th biu din s gia ton phn di
dng
4 f = A. 4 x + B 4 y + 4 y + 4 y
trong A, B l cc hng s ch ph thuc x0 , y0 cn , 0 khi M M0 , th ta ni

hm s z kh vi ti M0 , cn biu thc A. 4 x + B 4 y + 4 y c gi l vi phn ton
phn ca z = f ( x, y) ti M0 v c k hiu l dz.
Hm s z = f ( x, y) c gi l kh vi trn min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca
min y.
i vi hm s mt bin s, s tn ti o hm ti im x0 tong ng vi s kh
vi ca n ti x0 . i vi hm s nhiu bin s, s tn ti ca cc o hm ring ti
M0 ( x0 , y0 ) cha n kh vi ti M0 (xem bi tp 3.3). nh l sau y cho ta iu
kin hm s z = f ( x, y) kh vi ti M0 .
nh l 3.22. Nu hm s f ( x, y) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn ca M0 v nu
cc o hm ring lin tc ti M0 th f ( x, y) kh vi ti M0 v
dz = f x0 4 x + f y0 4 y
2.3 o hm ca hm s hp
Cho D l mt tp hp trong R2 v cc hm s
D ( D ) R2 R
v F = f l hm s hp ca hai hm s f v :
F( x, y) = f (u( x, y), v( x, y))
f f
,
lin tc trong ( D ) v nu u, v c cc
x y
u u v v
F F
trong D th tn ti cc o hm ring
v
o hm ring
, , ,
,
x y x y
x y
f u f v
F
=
+
x
u x v x
(3.1)
F
f u f v
=
+
y
u y v y
nh l 3.23. Nu f c cc o hm ring
82
2. o hm v vi phn
83
Cng thc 3.1 c th c vit di dng ma trn nh sau
u
u

F F
f f
x y
=
x y
u v v v
x y
trong ma trn
u
x
v
x
u
y
v
y
c gi l ma trn Jacobi ca nh x , nh thc ca ma trn y c gi l nh thc

D (u, v)
.
Jacobi ca u, v vi x, y v c k hiu l
D ( x, y)
2.4 o hm v vi phn cp cao

Cho hm s hai bin s z = f ( x, y). Cc o hm ring f x0 , f y0 l nhng o hm ring
cp mt. Cc o hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp mt nu tn ti c gi l
nhng o hm ring cp hai. C bn o hm ring cp hai c k hiu nh sau:

2 f
f
=
= f xx ( x, y)
x x
x2
f
2 f
=
= f yx ( x, y)
y x yx
f
2 f
=
= f xy ( x, y)
x y
xy
2 f
f
= f yy ( x, y)
=
y y
y2
Cc o hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp hai, nu tn ti, c gi l cc o

hm ring cp ba, ...
nh l 3.24 (Schwarz). Nu trong mt ln cn U no ca im M0 ( x0 , y0 ) hm
s z = f ( x, y) c cc o hm ring f xy , f yx v nu cc o hm ring y lin tc ti
M0 th f xy = f yx ti M0 .
Xt hm s z = f ( x, y), vi phn ton phn ca n dz = f x0 dx + f y0 dy, nu tn ti, cng

l mt hm s vi hai bin s x, y. Vi phn ton phn ca dz, nu tn ti, c gi l
vi phn ton phn cp hai ca z v c k hiu l d2 z. Ta c cng thc
d2 z = f xx dx2 + 2 f xy dxdy + f yy dy2
83
84
2.5 o hm theo hng - Gradient

Cho f ( x, y, z) l mt hm s xc nh trong mt min D R3 v ~l = (l1 , l2 , l3 ) l mt
vct bt k trong R3 . Gii hn, nu c,
lim
t 0
f ( M0 + t~l ) f ( M)
t
f
( M0 ).
~l
Nu ~l trng vi vct n v i ca trc Ox th o hm theo hng ~l chnh l o hm
ring theo bin x ca hm f
f
f
( M0 ) =
( M0 )
x
~l
c gi l o hm ca hm s f theo hng ~l ti M0 v c k hiu l
Vy o hm ring theo bin x chnh l o hm theo hng ca trc Ox, cng nh

f f
,
l cc o hm ca f theo hng ca trc Oy v Oz. nh l sau y cho
vy,
y z
ta mi lin h gia o hm theo hng v o hm ring:
nh l 3.25. Nu hm s f ( x, y, z) kh vi ti im M0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) th ti M0 c o
hm theo mi hng ~l v ta c
f
f
f
f
( M0 ) =
( M0 ) cos + ( M0 ) cos + ( M0 ) cos
x
y
z
~l
trong (cos , cos , cos ) l cosin ch phng ca ~l .

Cho f ( x, y, z) l hm s c cc o hm ring ti M0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ). Ngi ta gi gradient
ca f ti M0 l vct

f
f
f
( M0 ), ( M0 ), ( M0 )
x
y
z
v c k hiu l grad f ( M0 ).
nh l 3.26. Nu hm s f ( x, y, z) kh vi ti M0 th ti ta c
f
( M0 ) = grad f .~l
~l
f
( M0 ) th hin tc bin thin ca hm s f ti M0 theo hng ~l. T cng thc
~
l

f

~
f
~

( M0 ) = grad f .l = grad f l . cos grad f ,~l ta c ( M0 ) t gi tr ln nht bng
~l
~l

~
grad f l nu ~l c cng phng vi grad f . C th
Ch :
84
2. o hm v vi phn
85
Theo hng ~l, hm s f tng nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng, cng hng
vi grad f .
Theo hng ~l, hm s f gim nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng, ngc hng
vi grad f .
2.6 Hm n - o hm ca hm s n
Cho phng trnh F( x, y) = 0 trong F : U R l mt hm s c cc o hm
ring lin tc trn tp m U R2 v Fy0 ( x0 , y0 ) 6= 0. Khi phng trnh F( x, y) = 0
xc nh mt hm s n y = y( x ) trong mt ln cn no ca x0 v c o hm
y0 ( x ) =
Fx0
Fy0
Tng t, cho phng trnh F( x, y, z) = 0 trong F : U R l mt hm s c cc

o hm ring lin tc trn tp m U R3 v Fz0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) 6= 0. Khi phng trnh
F( x, y, z) = 0 xc nh mt hm s n z = z( x, y) trong mt ln cn no ca ( x0 , y0 )
v c o hm
Fy0
Fx0 0
0
z x = 0 , zy = 0
Fz
Fz
2.7 Bi tp
Bi tp 3.3. Chng minh rng hm s
xy
2
2
f ( x, y) = x + y
nu ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)
nu ( x, y) = (0, 0)
c cc o hm ring ti (0, 0) nhng khng lin tc ti (0, 0) v do khng kh vi ti

(0, 0).
Bi tp 3.4. Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm s sau

q
x
a) z = ln x + x2 + y2
b) z = y2 sin
y
s
z
x 2 y2
e) u = x y , ( x, y, z > 0)
d) z = arctg
2
2
x +y
Li gii.
c) z = x y
f) u = e x2 +y2 +z2 , ( x, y, z > 0)
a.
2y 2
1 + 2x 2
1
x
+
y
x +y
p
p
=p
; z0y =
z0x =
x + x 2 + y2
x 2 + y2
x + x 2 + y2
85
86

b.
x
x
x
z0x = y cos ; z0y = 2y sin x cos .
y
y
y
c.
z0x = y3 x y
3 1
; z0y = 3y2 ln x.x y
d.
1
z0x =
x 2 y2
x 2 + y2
z0y =
+ 1 x
+ 1 y
1
x 2 y2
x 2 + y2
x 2 y2
x 2 + y2
x 2 y2
x 2 + y2
e.
u0x = yz x y
z 1
!
!
y2
= p
x x 4 y4
=p
y
x 4 y4
; u0y = x y zyz1 . ln x; u0z = x y yz ln y ln x
f.
1
u0x = e x2 +y2 +z2 .
2x
2y
( x 2 + y 2 + z2 )
; u0y = e x2 +y2 +z2

2
( x 2 + y 2 + z2 )
; u0z = e x2 +y2 +z2

2
2z
( x 2 + y 2 + z2 )
Bi tp 3.5. Kho st s lin tc v s tn ti, lin tc ca cc o hm ring ca cc

hm s f ( x, y) sau
a.
f ( x, y) =
b.
x arctg
0
y 2
x
x sin y y sin x
x 2 + y2
f ( x, y) =
0
86
nu x 6= 0
nu x = 0
nu ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)
nu ( x, y) = (0, 0) .
2. o hm v vi phn
87
Li gii.
a. Ta d
thy hm
s lin tc vi mi ( x, y) 6= (0, y).

y 2
y 2
Xt x = 0, v x arctg x 2 | x | nn lim x. arctg x = 0 = f (0, y) . Vy f ( x, y) lin
x 0
tc trn R2 .
Vi x 6= 0 cc o hm ring tn ti v lin tc:
z0x = arctg
y 2
x
2x2 y2 0
2x3 y
,
z
=
x 4 + y4 y
x 4 + y4
Xt ti x = 0,

2
0, y = 0
f (h, y) f (0, y)
f x0 (0, y) = lim
= arctg yh =
h
h 0
2 , y 6= 0
f (0, y + k) f (0, y)
f y0 (0, y) = lim
= lim 0 = 0
k
k 0
k 0
Vy ta thy f x0 ( x, y) lin tc trn R2 \ (0, 0) ; f y0 ( x, y) lin tc trn R2 .
b. Hm s lin tc trn R2 \ (0, 0), cn ti (0, 0) th

sin y sin x
x sin y ysinx xy

1
sin
y
sin
x

=

0
x 2 + y2

x 2 + y2
y
x
2 y
x
nn
Vy f ( x, y) lin tc trn R2 .

x sin y ysinx
=0
lim

x 0
x 2 + y2
y 0

Bi tp 3.6. Gi s z = y f x2 y2 , f l hm s kh vi. Chng minh rng i vi
hm s z h thc sau lun tho mn
1 0
1
z
zx + z0y = 2
x
y
y
Li gii. Ta c
nn

z0x = y f x2 y2 .2x, z0y = f x2 y2 + y. f x2 y2 . (2y)

f x 2 y2
1 0
z
1 0
z x + zy =
= 2
x
y
y
y
Bi tp 3.7. Tm o hm ca hm s hp sau y
p
2
2
a. z = eu 2v , u = cos x, v = x2 + y2 .
87
88

b. z = ln u2 + v2 , u = xy, v = yx .
c. z = arcsin ( x y ) , x = 3t, y = 4t3 .
Li gii.
a. Ta c
(
nn
u0x
u0y
v0x =
= sin x
x 2 + y2
;
;
v0y = y
=0
2
2
x +y
z0 = ecos x2 2(x2 +y2 ) [ sin 2x 4x ] .

x
z0 = ecos x2 2(x2 +y2 ) [4y] .
y
b. Ta c
u0x = y
;
u0y = x
z0x

2 y4 1
2 0
= , zy =
x
y ( y4 + 1)
nn
c. Ta c
nn
z0t = q
v0x =
v0y =
1
y
x
y2
xt0 = 3
y0t = 12t2
1
1 ( x y)2
3 12t2
Bi tp 3.8. Tm vi phn ton phn ca cc hm s

a. z = sin x2 + y2 .
c. z = arctg
Li gii.
b.
x+y
xy
b. z = ln tg
d. u = x y z .
2
a.

dz = cos x2 + y2 (2xdx + 2ydy)
dz =
2
sin
2y
x
88
xdy ydx
x2
y
x
(3.2)
2. o hm v vi phn
89
c.
( x y) dx + ( x + y ) dy
.
( x y)2 + ( x + y)2
dz =
d.
du = x
Bi tpq
3.9. Tnh gn ng
a. A =
y2 z

y2 z
2
dx + 2yz ln xdy + y ln xdz .
x
b. B = ln
(1, 02)2 + (0, 05)2
a. Xt hm f ( x, y) =
Li gii.
f x0 =
p
3
1, 03 +
0, 98 1
x2 + y2 , x = 0, 02; y = 0, 05; x = 1; y = 0. Ta c
1
3 ( x 2 + y2 )
2x; f y0 =
2/3
1
3 ( x 2 + y2 )
2/3
2y
Khi
2
f (1 + x, 0 + y ) f (1, 0) + f x0 (1, 0) x + f y0 (1, 0) y = 1 + .0, 02 + 0.0, 05 = 1, 013.
3
b. Xt hm
f ( x, y) = ln
x+
x+
Ta c
f x0 =
3
Khi

y 1 ; x = 1; y = 1; x = 0, 03; y = 0, 02
.
y 1 3x
2
3
; f y0 =
3
x+
y 1 3y 34
1
1
f (1 + x, 1 + y ) f (1, 1) + f x0 (1, 1) x + f y0 (1, 1) y = 0 + .0, 03 + (0, 02) = 0, 005.
3
4
Bi tp 3.10. Tm o hm ca cc hm s n xc nh bi cc phng trnh sau

a. x3 y y3 x = a4 ; tnh y0
c. x + y + z = ez ; tnh z0x , z0y
x+y
y
= ; tnh y0
a
a
3
3
3
d. x + y + z 3xyz = 0, tnh z0x , z0y
b. arctg
Li gii.
a. Xt hm s n F ( x, y) = x3 y y3 x a4 = 0, c Fx0 = 3x2 y y3 ; Fy0 = x3 3y2 x. Vy
y0 =
3x2 y y3
Fx0
=
Fy0
x3 3y2 x
89
90
b. Xt hm s n F ( x, y) = arctg
x+y
a
y
a
y0 =
Fx0 =
Fy0 =
1+ (
1
a
x +y 2
a
a
a2 +( x + y)2
( x + y )2
a
a2 +( x + y)2
1
a
a2 a2 (x + y)2
a( a2 +(x + y)2 )
nn
c. Xt hm s n F ( x, y, z) = x + y + z ez c Fx0 = 1; Fy0 = 1; Fz0 = 1 ez nn

z0x =
1
1
; z0y =
z
1e
1 ez
d. Xt hm s n F ( x, y) = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = 0 c Fx0 = 3x2 3yz; Fy0 = 3y2 3xz; Fz0 =

3z2 3xy nn
3xz 3y2
3yz 3x2 0
; zx = 2
z0x = 2
3z 3xy
3z 3xy
+z
0
0
Bi tp 3.11. Cho u = xy+
z , tnh u x , uy bit rng z l hm s n ca x, y xc nh bi
phng trnh z.ez = x.e x + y.ey
0
x
x
Fx = (e + xe )
Li gii. Xt hm s F ( x, y, z) = zez xe x yey = 0 c Fy0 = (ey + yey ) nn
F0 = ez + zez
z

x xe x
x xe x
( x + z) eez+
1 + eez+
0 ) . (y + z ) ( x + z ) ( z0 )
z
+
ze
+ zez
1
+
z
(
x
x
0
=
ux =
2
2
y y
(y + zy) y
(y +z)

e + ye
e + ye
0 (y + z) z0
y
+
z
x
+
z
.
1
+
x
+
z
.
1
+
z
(
)
(
)
(
)
y
y
ez + zez
ez + zez
=
uy =
(y + z)2
( y + z )2
Bi tp 3.12. Tm o hm ca cc hm s n y( x ), z( x ) xc nh bi h
x + y + z
=0
x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 1
Li gii. Ly o hm hai v ca cc phng trnh ca h ta c
1 + y 0 + z0
=0
x
x
2x + 2yy0 + 2zz0 = 0
x
nn
zx
y0x =
yz
xy
0
zx =
yz
90
2. o hm v vi phn
91
Bi tp 3.13. Phng trnh z2 +

rng x2 z0x + 1y z0y = 1z
2
x
Li gii. Xt hm s F ( x, y, z) = z2 +
T suy ra x2 z0x +
z0y
y
2
x
y2 z2 , xc nh hm n z = z ( x, y). Chng minh
Fx0 = x22
p
y
0
2
2
y z c Fy = y2 z2
Fz0 = 2z +
nn
z
y2 z2
x2
0
zx =
2z + 2z 2
y z
y
y2 z2
z0y =
2z + z
y2 z2
= 1z .
Bi tp 3.14. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca cc hm s sau

1
a. z =
3
Li gii.
( x 2 + y2 )
z0x
z0y
c. Ta c

b. z = x2 ln x2 + y2
z 0 = x p x 2 + y2
x
a. Ta c
p
z 0 = y x 2 + y2
y
b. Ta c
zx
zy
c. z = arctg
y
x
p
2x
2x2 + y2
00 =
2 + y2 + x p
p
x
z
=
xx
2 x 2 + y2
x 2 + y2
2
p
x + 2y2
2y
nn z00yy = x2 + y2 + y p
=p
2 x 2 + y2
x 2 + y2
xy
z00 = p2xy
=p
xy
2
2
2
2 x +y
x + y2
00 = 2 ln ( x + y) + 2x + 2x ( x + y) x
xx
x+y
x2
( x + y)2
= 2x ln ( x + y) +
x2
x+y
00 = 2x +
z
nn
xy
x2
x + y ( x + y)2
x2
x+y
z00yy =
( x + y)2
2xy
z00xx =
y
y
1
( x 2 + y2 )
.
=
=
2
2
y 2 x2
2
2
x 2 + y2
1+ x
00 = x + y + y.2y = y x
z
nn
xy
2
2
1
1
x
( x 2 + y2 )
( x 2 + y2 )
=
=

2
2
y 2x
x +y
2xy
1+ x
00
zyy = 2
2
( x + y2 )
91
92
Bi tp 3.15. Tnh vi phn cp hai ca cc hm s sau

a. z = xy2 x2 y
Li gii.
b. z =
2 ( x2
1
+ y2 )

a. Ta c dz = y2 2xy dx + 2xy x2 dy nn
d2 z = 2y (dx )2 + 4 (y x ) dxdy+ (2y) (dy )2
b. Ta c dz =
2
2( x 2 + y2 )
d2 z =
dx +
y
2
2( x 2 + y2 )
y2 3x2
( x2
+ y2 ) 3
dy nn
(dx )2
4xy
( x2
+ y2 )
dxdy +
3
x2 3y2
( x2
+ y2 ) 3
(dy)2
3. C C TR CA HM S NHIU BIN S
3.1 Cc tr t do
nh ngha 3.9. Cho hm s z = f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt min D v M0 ( x0 , y0 ) D.
Ts ni rng hm s f ( x, y) t cc tr ti M0 nu vi mi im M trong ln cn no ca
M0 nhng khc M0 , hiu s f ( M) f ( M0 ) c du khng i.
Nu f ( M) f ( M0 ) > 0 trong mt ln cn no ca M0 th M0 c gi l cc tiu
ca hm s f ti M0 .
Nu f ( M) f ( M0 ) < 0 trong mt ln cn no ca M0 th M0 c gi l cc i
ca hm s f ti M0 .
Trong phn tip theo chng ta s dng cc k hiu sau:
p = f x0 ( M), q = f y ( M), r = f xx ( M), s = f xy ( M), t = f yy ( M)
nh l 3.27. Nu hm s f ( x, y) t cc tr ti M v ti cc o hm ring p =
f x0 ( M), q = f y ( M) tn ti th cc o hm ring y bng khng.
nh l 3.28. Gi s hm s z = f ( x, y) c cc o hm ring n cp hai lin tc trong
mt ln cn no ca M0 ( x0 , y0 ). Gi s ti M0 ta c p = q = 0, khi
1. Nu s2 rt < 0 th f ( x, y) t cc tr ti M0 . l cc tiu nu r > 0, l cc i nu

r < 0.
92
3. Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s
93
2. Nu s2 rt > 0 th f ( x, y) khng t cc tr ti M0 .
Ch : Nu s2 rt = 0 th cha kt lun c iu g v im M0 , n c th l cc tr,
cng c th khng. Trong trng hp ta s dng nh ngha xt xem M0 c phi l
cc tr hay khng bng cch xt hiu f ( M) f ( M0 ), nu n xc nh du trong mt ln
cn no ca M0 th n l cc tr v ngc li.
Bi tp 3.16. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
a. z = x2 + xy + y2 + x y + 1
b. z = x + y x.ey
d. z = x2 + y2 e(x
c. z = 2x4 + y4 x2 2y2
Li gii.
p = z0 = 2x + y + 1 = 0
x
a. Xt h phng trnh
q = z0 = x + 2y 1 = 0
2 + y2
x = 1
y = 1
. Vy ta c
M (1, 1) l im ti hn duy nht.

Ta c A = z00xx ( M) = 2; B = z00xy ( M) = 1; C = z00yy ( M) = 2 nn B2 AC = 1 4 = 3 <
0. Vy hm s t cc tr ti M v do A > 0 nn M l im cc tiu.
b. Xt h phng trnh
p = 1 ey = 0
q = 1 xey = 0
x = 1
y = 0
Vy hm s c im ti hn duy nht M (1, 0). Ta c A = z00xx ( M) = 0; B = z00xy ( M) =

1; C = z00yy ( M) = 1 nn B2 AC = 1 > 0. Hm s cho khng c cc tr.
c. Xt
h phng trnh
z0 = 8x3 2x
x 4x2 1 = 0
x
z0 = 4y3 4y
y y 2 1 = 0
y
x = 0 x = 1 x = 1
2
2
y = 0 y = 1 y = 1
ti hn ca hm s l
M1 (0, 0) ;

1
M6
, 1 ;
2
M2 (0, 1) ;

1
M7 , 0 ;
2
M3 (0, 1) ;

1
M8 , 1 ;
2

1
,0 ;
M4
2

1
M9 , 1
2

Vy cc im
M5
1
,1
2
Ta c z00xx = 24x2 2; z00xy = 0; z00yy = 12y2 4.

Ti M1 (0, 0), A = 2; B = 0; C = 4; B2 AC = 8 < 0 nn M1 l im cc i
vi z = 0.
Ti M2 (0, 1) ; M3 (0, 1) ; A = 2; B = 0; C = 8; B2 AC = 16 > 0 nn M2 , M3
khng phi l im cc i vi z = 0.
93
94

Ti M4
1
2, 0
; M7
1
2 ,0
; A = 4; B = 0; C = 4; B2 AC = 16 > 0 nn M4 , M7
khng phi l im cc i vi z = 0.

Ti M5 21 , 1 ; M6 21 , 1 ; M8 12 , 1 ; M9 12 , 1 ; A = 4; B = 0; C = 8; B2
AC = 32 < 0 nn M5 , M6 , M8 , M9 l cc im cc tiu vi gi tr ti l
z = 98 .
p = z0 = 2x + e(x2 +y2 ) .2x = 0

x = 0
x
d. Xt h phng trnh
q = z0 = 2y + e(x2 +y2 ) .2y = 0

y = 0
y
Vy M(0, 0) l im ti hn duy nht. Xt
z00xx = 2 + 2.e(x +y ) 4x2 .e(x

2
2
z00 = 4xy.e(x +y )
2
xy
00
zyy
= 2 + 2.e(x
2 + y2
2 + y2
) 4y2 .e(x2 +y2 )
Ti M(0, 0) c A = 4; B = 0; C = 4; B2 AC = 16 < 0; A > 0 nn ti M hm s t

cc tiu.
3.2 Cc tr c iu kin
Cho tp m U R2 v hm s f : U R. Xt bi ton tm cc tr ca hm s f khi
cc bin x, y tho mn phng trnh
( x, y) = 0
Ta ni rng ti im ( x0 , y0 ) U tho mn iu kin ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 hm f c cc i tng
i (tng ng cc tiu tng i) nu tn ti mt ln cn V U sao cho f ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 )
(tng ng f ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 )) vi mi ( x, y) V tho mn iu kin ( x, y) = 0. im
( x0 , y0 ) c gi l cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f ( x, y), cn iu kin ( x, y) = 0 c
gi l iu kin rng buc ca bi ton. Nu trong mt ln cn ca ( x0 , y0 ) t h thc
( x, y) = 0 ta xc nh c hm s y = y( x ) th r rng ( x0 , y( x0 )) l cc tr a phng
ca hm s mt bin s g( x ) = f ( x, y( x )). Nh vy, trong trng hp ny bi ton tm cc
tr rng buc c a v bi ton tm cc tr t do ca hm s mt bin s. Ta xt bi
ton sau y
Bi tp 3.17. Tm cc tr c iu kin
a. z =
1
x
1
y
vi iu kin
1
x2
1
y2
1
a2
b. z = x.y vi iu kin x + y = 1
94
Li gii.
a. t x =
a
sin t ; y
95
a
cos t ,
ta c
z=
1
x2
1
y2
1
.
a2
Khi
sin t cos t
1 1
+ =
+
.
x y
a
a
Ta c

cos t sin t
5
2
=
=
sin
t = 0 t = t =
a
a
a
4
4
4
Vi t = 4 ta c x = 2a; y = 2a, hm s t cc tiu v zCT = a .
2
Vi t = 5
ta
c
x
=
2a;
y
=
2a,
hm
s
t
cc
i
v
z
=
C
4
a .
z0t
b. T iu kin x + y = 1 ta suy ra y = 1 x. Vy z = xy = x (1 x ). D dng nhn

thy hm s x = x (1 x ) t cc i ti x = 21 v zC = 14 .
Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng tm c hm s y = y( x ) t iu kin ( x, y) = 0. Do
bi ton tm cc tr iu kin khng phi lc no cng a c v bi ton tm cc tr
t do. Trong trng hp ta dng phng php Lagrange c trnh by di y.
nh l 3.29 (iu kin cn hm s t cc tr iu kin). Gi s U l mt tp
m trong R2 , f : U R v ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tr ca hm f vi iu kin ( x, y) = 0.
Hn na gi thit rng:
a. Cc hm f ( x, y), ( x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong mt ln cn ca ( x0 , y0 ).

b.
y ( x0 , y0 )
6 = 0.
Khi tn ti mt s 0 cng vi x0 , y0 to thnh nghim ca h phng trnh sau (i vi

, x, y)
xf ( x, y) +
=0
x ( x, y) = 0
f
y ( x, y) +
(3.3)
y = 0
y ( x, y) = 0
( x, y) = 0
= 0
vi ( x, y, ) = f ( x, y) + ( x, y) c gi l hm Lagrange.
nh l trn chnh l iu kin cn ca cc tr c rng buc. Gii h phng trnh 3.3 ta

s thu c cc im ti hn. Gi s M( x0 , y0 ) l mt im ti hn ng vi gi tr 0 . Ta
c
( x, y, 0 ) ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) = f ( x, y) + 0 ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 ) 0 ( x0 , y0 ) = f ( x, y) f ( x0 , y0 )
nn nu M l mt im cc tr ca hm s ( x, y, 0 ) th M cng l im cc tr ca hm
s f ( x, y) vi iu kin ( x, y) = 0. Mun xt xem M c phi l im cc tr ca hm s
( x, y, 0 ) hay khng ta c th quay li s dng nh l 3.28 hoc i tnh vi phn cp hai
d 2 ( x 0 , y 0 , 0 ) =
2
2
2
2
(
x
,
y
,
)
dx
+
2
(
x
,
y
,
)
dxdy
+
( x0 , y0 , 0 )dy2
0
0
0
0
0
0
x2
xy
y2
95
96
trong dx v dy lin h vi nhau bi h thc
( x0 , y0 )dx +
( x0 , y0 )dy = 0
x
y
hay
x
dy =
( x0 , y0 )
y ( x0 , y0 )
dx
Thay biu thc ny ca dy vo d2 ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) ta c

d2 ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) = G ( x0 , y0 , 0 )dx2
T suy ra
Nu G ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) > 0 th ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc tiu c iu kin.
Nu G ( x0 , y0 , 0 ) < 0 th ( x0 , y0 ) l im cc i c iu kin.
Bi tp 3.18. Tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm s z =
Li gii. Xt hm s Lagrange ( x, y, ) =
1
x
1
x
+ y1 + ( x12 +
1
y
1
y2
vi iu kin
1
).
a2
1
x2
1
y2
1
a2
T h phng trnh
= x12 2
x3
x
1
2
y = y2 y3
= 12 + 12 12 = 0
x
y
a
ta thu c cc im ti hn l M1 (a 2, a 2) ng vi 1 = a , M2 ( a 2, a 2) ng
2
vi 2 = a . Ta c
2
2
2
2
d = 2 dx2 + 2
dxdy + 2 dy2 =
xy
x
y
2
T iu kin
d2 ta c
1
x2
+ y12
1
a2
6
2
+ 4
3
x
x
dx +
2
6
+ 4
3
y
y
dy2
= 0 suy ra x23 dx y23 dy = 0 nn dy = yx3 dx, thay vo biu thc
Ti M1 , d2 ( M1 ) = 4a23 (dx2 + dy2 ) = 24a32 (dx2 ) < 0 nn M1 l im cc i c iu

kin.
M2 , d2 ( M2 )
Ti
kin.
2
(dx2
4a3
dy2 )
2 2
(dx2 )
4a3
96
> 0 nn M2 l im cc tiu c iu
97
3.3 Gi tr ln nht - Gi tr nh nht

Gi s f : A R l hm s lin tc trn tp hp ng A ca R2 . Khi , f t gi tr
ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn A. tm cc gi tr ny ta hy tm gi tr ca hm s
ti tt c cc im dng trong min A cng nh ti cc im o hm ring khng tn ti,
sau so snh cc gi tr ny vi cc gi tr ca hm trn bin A ca A (tc l ta phi
xt cc tr c iu kin).
Bi tp 3.19. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s:
a. z = x2 y(4 x y) trong hnh tam gic gii hn bi cc ng x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 6.
b. z = sin x + sin y + sin( x + y) trong hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng x = 0, x =
2 , y = 0, y = 2 .
97

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC

Chng 1 . Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s . . . . . . .

2. T R TUYT I V TNH CHT

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

3. nh ngha hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr v cc khi nim: hm chn, hm l, hm

b. MGT = {/2 y /2}

Bi tp 1.4. Tm hm ngc ca hm s (trn min m hm s c hm ngc)

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

Vy hm ngc trn min x 0 l y = ln( x +

Trn min x 0, tng t ta c hm ngc l y = ln( x x2 1), x 1.

Bi tp 1.7. Xt tnh tun hon v chu k ca hm s sau (nu c)

3. nh ngha hm s, tp xc nh, tp gi tr v cc khi nim: hm chn, hm l, hm

a) Gi s T > 0 l mt chu k ca hm s cho. Khi

A cos ( x + T ) + B sin ( x + T ) = A cos x + B sin x x R

A[cos x cos ( x + T )] + B[sin x sin ( x + T )] = 0 x R

Vy hm s cho tun hon vi chu k T =

b. Theo cu a) th hm s sin x tun hon vi chu k 2, hm s sin 2x tun hon vi

d. Gi s hm s cho tun hon vi chu k T > 0.Khi

2. Cho x = k l s chnh phng. Gi s k = l 2 , l Z, l > 0.

Bi tp 1.9. Cho f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c, f (2) = 0, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 5. Tm f ( x ).

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

Bi tp 1.11. Gi s f ( x ) + f (y) = f (z). Xc nh z nu:

a. Chng minh rng dy { xn } khng c gii hn hu hn.

Li gii. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c :

Li gii. Ch : lim un = lim sn = e.

Bi tp 1.16. Tnh lim

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

Bi tp 1.17. Tnh lim

Li gii. t un = 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 ta c u2n+1 = 2 + un . Trc ht chng minh {un }

Bi tp 1.18. Tnh lim (n

= 0 (theo tiu chun kp)

Bi tp 1.19. Tnh lim [cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1))].

Mt khc lim sin

lim [cos(ln n) cos(ln(n + 1))] = 0

Bi tp 1.20. Chng minh rng lim

Dng nguyn l kp ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 1.21. Chng minh rng lim

l gii hn kp ta c lim n = 0. Vy lim n n = 1.

Bi tp 1.25. Chng minh rng nu lim an = a th lim

Bi tp 1.26. Chng minh rng nu lim an = a, an > 0n th lim

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

p dng lim A( x )B(x) = e x xo

TQ : Pn (x0 ) = Qm (x0 ) = 0. lim

6. V cng ln, v cng b

trong ( x ) VCB trong qu trnh x a. Phn bit vi khi nim rt b.

lim (.) = lim (.)

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

6.2 V cng ln (VCL)

6. V cng ln, v cng b

d. lim n2 ( n x n+1 x ), x > 0

c. lim [sin(ln( x + 1)) sin(ln x )]

a) y khng phi l dng v nh, lim

b) p dng cng thc lim A( x )B(x) = e x x0

= lim n2 x n+1 ( x n(n+1) 1)

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)

Bi tp 1.32. Khi x 0 cp VCB sau c tng ng khng ?

p dng lim A( x )B(x) = e x x0

b. lim (sin x )tg x (1 )

( > 0, (, xo ) > 0 : x, | x xo | < ta c | f ( x ) f ( xo )| < ) .

nh l 1.1. (S lin tc ca hm ngc)

Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s (13LT+13BT)