Biology-Unit 2

Cells:-
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Complete, definite nucleus Neucleoid and/or plasmids
ER, GB, other membrane-bound
organelles
Ribosomes, enzymes and storage
granules only
Chloroplasts (optional !hotosynthetic membranes
Respiration in mitochondria Respiration on mesosomes
The rER has ribosomes and membranes. Also membranes are !resent in sER "A
#esi$les.
Any $ell lining in animals is made o% e!ithelial $ells.
"ametes:-
Ada!tations o% human o#um:
&a!loid nu$leus so that $hromosome no. is restored a%ter %ertili'ation.
&as li!id dro!lets that su!!ly energy %or di#ision.
(arge $ell sur%a$e area so that %ertili'ation is more likely.
Corti$al granules and 'ona !ellu$ida !resent to !re#ent !olys!ermy.
Release $hemi$als to attra$t s!erm )$hemota*is+.
,embrane has -s!erm-re$e!tors. to allo/ s!erm to bind.
(ots o% mR0A !resent to allo/ early translation o% trans$ri!tion en'ymes.
1ertili'ation:-
Tail o% s!erm is $alled %lagellum.
2ona !ellu$ida is hydroly'ed by digesti#e en'ymes o% s!erm. )digestion3hydrolysis+
Both s!erm and !ollen tube mo#e to/ards the embryo4mi$ro!yle due to $hemi$al
attra$tants.
Cloning:-
0atural and arti%i$ial $loning o$$urs in both animals and !lants.
5tem $ells:-
Toti!otent $ell are the kind o% stem )undi%%erentiated+ $ells that $an di%%erentiate
into all ty!es o% $ells in$luding e*tra-embryoni$ $ells and $an kee! di#iding.
5tem $ells ha#e re6e$tion !roblems in the re$i!ient and are also more likely to get
$an$erous.
7rug testing:-
Testing on animals like rats to see e%%e$ts o% medi$ines.
Phase 8 : 7rug is tested on a small number o% healthy indi#iduals to see i% there are
any ad#erse e%%e$ts.
Phase 2 : 7rug is tested on a small number o% !atients to monitor e%%e$ti#eness o%
treatment.
7ouble-blind trials
9ylem:-
Ada!tations %or trans!ort and su!!ort:
7ead and hollo/ /ith broken end-/alls to allo/ $olumn o% /ater to !ass
through.
:ater!roo% material kee!s /ater inside the $olumn.
Pores allo/ side/ays mo#ement o% /ater.
(ignin and e*tra $ellulose !resent to !ro#ide strength.
Rings and s!irals gi#e strength and %le*ibility.
Best of Luck for Biology!!