Chapter 02

ANTEN
&
CC THIT B PH TR
2
Mc tiu
Nhim v ca anten
cp n cc loi anten c s dng trong WLAN.
Cc thuc tnh ca tng loi anten.
Cc thit b ph tr trong WLAN
B khuch i.
B gim tn hiu.
B tch.
Ni dung
Nguyn l hot ng ca anten.
Anten v tuyn
Cc thit b cp ngun
Cc thit b ph tr trong WLAN.
Tnh ton cng sut ca anten.

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Nguyn l hot ng ca
anten
Anten chuyn i nng lng in sang sng v tuyn i
vi anten pht hay chuyn i sng v tuyn sang nng
lng in i vi anten nhn.
Kch thc vt l (hay chiu di) ca anten lin quan trc
tip n tn s m anten c th thu hay pht sng.
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Line of Sight (LOS)
L s bin thin ca khc x, nhiu x, phn x, l
nguyn nhn ch yu dn n hin tng truyn dn a
ng m kt qu ca n l tn hao tn hiu sng.
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Fresnel Zone
Min Fresnel l min gm c cc hnh elip ng tm xung
quanh ng LOS.
Cc i tng trong min Fresnel nh cy, nh i, v cc
ta nh c th nhiu x hoc phn x cc tn hiu chnh t
cc thit b nhn v lm thay i RF LOS.
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khuch i ca anten
khuch i anten l kt qu vic tp trung pht sng v
tuyn vo mt chm hp hn.
Bng vic gii hn rng chm (beamwidth) tnh theo
ngang (horizontal) v dc (vertical) m vn gi nguyn
cng sut pht s cho mt sng v tuyn c pht i xa
hn.
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Dng bc x (Radiator)
L s khc nhau v gc bc x mt khong cch c nh
t anten.
Anten thng c vng bc x chnh (main lobe) hay chm
bc x (beam) chnh l hng c khuch i ln nht.
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Bp sng (Beamwidth)
Bp sng l rng ca tia tn hiu RF m anten pht ra.
Bp sng dc c o theo v vung gc vi mt t,
cn bp sng ngang cng c o theo v song song
vi mt t.
Vic lm hp hay tp trung cc bp sng ca anten s lm
tng li (gain) ca anten.
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S phn cc (Polarization)
S phn cc l hung vt l ca anten theo phng ngang
(horizotal) hay dc (vertical).
Phn cc dc thng c s dng trong mng Wi-Fi
(WLAN) l vung gc vi mt phng ca tri t. Phn
cc ngang l song song vi mt t.
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Tr khng (Impedance)
Tr khng l t s ca tng cng sut pht ra bi anten so
vi cng sut t trm pht (ni vi anten) c chp nhn
bi anten.
Tt c cc thit b RF, ng truyn (cp), anten u c tr
khng, chnh l t s gia in p v dng in.
Khi anten c kt ni vi mt on cp, nu tr khng
u vo ca anten trng khp vi tr khng ca radio v
ng truyn th tng cng sut c truyn t radio n
anten l ti a.

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Anten v tuyn.
Anten l thit b c s dng chuyn i tn hiu tn
s cao (RF) trn ng truyn dn sang dng sng pht
vo khng kh.
C 3 loi anten chnh:
ng hng v hng (Omni-directional).
nh hng c hng (Semi-directional).
nh hng cao (Highly-directional).
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Anten ng Hng
(Omni-directional)
Anten ng hng truyn tn hiu RF theo tt c cc
hng theo trc ngang (song song mt t) nhng b gii
hn trc dc (vung gc vi mt t).
Anten ng hng c li (gain) trong khong 6dB,
thng c dng trong cc ta nh cao tng.
Anten ng hng cung cp vng ph sng rng nht.
Cc loi anten ng hng: Rubber Duck, Omni-
directional, Celing Dome, Small Desktop, Mobile Vertical,
Ceiling Dome...

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14
Anten ng Hng
(Omni/Dipole-directional)




Phn cc dc 25 Phn cc ngang 360
Anten Rubber Duck
th bc x ca anten Rubber Duck ( li (gain) 9dBi, phn cc dc, tr khng 50Ohm,
VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a 100W)

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Phn cc dc 8 Phn cc ngang 360
Anten Omni-
directional
th bc x ca anten Vertical Omni-directional ( li (gain) 12dBi, phn cc dc, tr khng
50Ohm, VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a 100W)

Anten ng Hng
(Omni/Dipole-directional)
Anten nh hng
(Semi-directional).
Anten nh hng (directional) c hng pht sng rt
hp, thit b thu sng cn nm chnh xc trong phm vi
pht sng hp ny ca anten nh hng mi c th thu
c sng pht t anten.
Anten nh hng c li ln hn anten ng hng, t
12dBi hoc cao hn.
Anten nh hng c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc khc
nhau, in hnh c cc loi anten: Yagi, Patch, Backfire,
Dish...
Cc loi anten nh hng ny rt l tng cho khong
cch xa, kt ni khng dy im-im.
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Anten Yagi l loi anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng d ch to (do 2
ngi Nht l Hidetsugu Yagi v Shintaro Uda ch to vo nm 1926)
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Anten nh hng
(Semi-directional).
Anten nh hng- Anten Patch

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19
Usage of semi-directional
antenna

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Anten nh hng cao l anten truyn ti vi mt chm tia
rt hp. Nhng loi ng-ten ny thng ging nh cc a v
tinh. Chng thng c gi l anten parabol hoc anten li.
Chng ch yu s dng cho kt ni PtP hoc PtMP.
nh hng cao
(Highly-directional).

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nh hng cao
(Highly-directional).
22
Anten hnh cnh qut (sectorized)
Anten cnh qut l anten hot ng theo hng back to back vi
mt anten hnh cnh qut khc.

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MIMO Antenna Systems
- H thng anten MIMO
(Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output) l h
thng gm nhiu anten
c hai u thc
hin truyn v nhn d
liu ng thi.
- Cng ngh MIMO c
tch hp trong chun
802.11n cho tc 300
Mbps.
Cc thit b ph tr trong
WLAN
B khuch i: Tn hiu t Anten a vo b khuch i
c b khuch i lc nhiu, ti to li tn hiu v a ra
u ra.
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Cc thit b ph tr trong
WLAN
B gim tn hiu: l thit b lm gim bin ca tn hiu
v tuyn nhng khng lm mo dng sng, ngc li vi
b khuch i.
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Cc thit b ph tr trong
WLAN
B thu li: B thu li c s dng chuyn hng
dng in gy ra bi st xung mt t. N cng c s
dng bo v phn cng WLAN nh AP, Bridge hay
Wireless Workgroup Bridge c kt ni vo ng
truyn ng trc. ng truyn ng trc rt d b nh
hng bi st nh cc vng ln cn.
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Cc thit b ph tr trong
WLAN
B tch sng: Mt b tch RF l mt thit b c mt u input v
nhiu output. N c s dng nhm mc ch chia mt tn hiu thnh
nhiu tn hiu c lp. Vic s dng b tch thng xuyn trong mng
WLAN l khng c khuyn khch.
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C 4 thng s cn tnh trong mng WLAN gm :
Cng sut ti b pht sng
suy hao v khuch i ca cc thit b kt ni
gia b pht sng v angten nh cp, u ni, b
khuch i , b suy hao v b tch.
Cng sut ti u ni cui cng trc khi vo angten
(b bc x nh hng).
Cng sut ti thnh phn angten (EIRP).

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Tnh ton cng sut
Gii thiu n v o u tin
W (Watt) n v o c bn ca cng sut l Watt (W).
1W = 1V * 1A
FCC ch cho php cng sut 4 W c pht ra t
Angten trong kt ni WLAN. ( im ni im )hot
ng trong bng tn 2.4 GHz v vi cng sut ny mt
tn hiu sng c th truyn i xa m 1,6 km
Miliwatt (mW)
1 W= 1000 mW
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Tnh ton cng sut
Tnh ton cng sut
n v dB hoc dBm
n v o lng khuch i v suy hao chng ta
phi s dng n n v dB hoc dBm (decibel) l
mt n v tng i. (ch m ch l tham chiu n 1
mW).
1mW = 0 dBm.
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Tnh ton cng sut
tnh ton nhanh chng v d dng, chng ta cn bit
qui lut sau:
Qui lut 3:
-3 dB = 1/2* cng sut (mW)
+3 dB = 2* cng sut (mW)
Qui lut 10:
- 10 dB = 1/10 cng sut (mW)
+ 10 dB = 10* cng sut (mW)

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Ta c bng n v chuyn i nh sau:
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Tnh ton cng sut
Vy th t biu trn ta c th nhn thy rng + 10 c
ngha l nhn vi 10 cn +3 c ngha l nhn vi 2.

Tnh ton cng sut
V d1 : Chuyn t n v dBm sang W: +43 dBm = ? W
Ta c: 43 = 0 + 10 + 10 + 10 +10 + 3
Vy suy ra:
10 dBm u tin da vo bng s l 10 mW
Tip theo, ta c nhn tip tc v n tip tc + 10, suy ra:
1 mW x 10 = 10 mW
10mW x 10 = 100 mW
100 mW x10 = 1000mW
1000mW x 10 = 10,000 mW
10,000mW x2 = 20,000 mW = 20 W
Vy ta c +43 dBm l tng mt lng cng sut l 20 W

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Tnh ton cng sut

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Tnh ton cng sut
V d 3: chng hn, AP c cng sut 50mw v s dng
anten 3dB (loi Rubber Duck) th cng sut pht thc s
ca AP l:
50*2 (3dB bng gp i cng sut) = 100mw.
Anten c li (gain) cng cao th khong cch sng di
cng xa. Vic tp trung cng sut pht ca chng cht ch
hn lm cho nhiu nng lng c truyn n ch hn,
khong cch xa hn.

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