52

CHNG III

THIT B PH V MCH O LNG

3.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
phc v cho vic o m in nng, bn cnh cng t in cn s dng cc
loi thit b ph l my bin dng v bin p o lng.
My bin dng v bin p o lng gi tt l TI v TU l nhng dng c bin
i dng in v in p cn o thnh nhng dng in v in p c gi tr tng ng
theo mt t l nht nh c tiu chun ha phc v cho nhu cu o v m rng
gii hn cc phng tin o, m bo an ton cho ngi s dng v cc trang thit b
khc. Ngoi ra chng cn c s dng trong cc mch bo v
TI v TU thng dng loi c mt h s bin i thng c cu to n gin gm
2 cun dy cch in vi nhau v t chung trn mt li st t. Nh vy khi ng in
s c chung mt dng t thng |
o
chy qua. Cun s cp vi s vng dy w
1
cn cun
th cp vi s vng dy w
2
( hnh 3.1)



53


























Hnh 3.1 S cu to v cch u TI, TU
phc v ring cho mch in 3 pha, ngi ta cn ch to loi TU 3 pha gm
3 cun dy s cp v 3 cun dy th cp ( hnh 3.2 ). tng cch in v gim
tng nhit nhng loi TU c in p s cp trn 1 kV ngi ta s dng du bin th.
nhng TI c dng s cp ln hn dng th cp th w
1
< w
2
(v I
1
w
1
= I
2
w
2
).
Tit din dy cun s cp cng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo gi tr dng danh
nh s cp. Nhng TI c dng s cp t 100 A tr ln, tin cho khu lp t v s
dng, ngi ta thng ch to li st t c dng hnh xuyn v s vng dy ca cun
s cp l mt vng, nh vy khi lp t ch cn xuyn thanh ci qua l hnh xuyn m
khng cn phi ngt mch ni vo TI. Dng th cp thng c tiu chun ha l
5A v tit din dy thng l nh nhau cho cc loi.
TU, in p s cp U
1
ln hn in p th cp U
2
v v

U
1
U
2
=
w
1
w
2




V
A
X
x
A
a
A
x
A
w
1
w
2
U
2
U
1

V
w
1
w
2
U
1
U
2
A
X
x
A
a
A
x
A



A
K
L
x
A
S
1
w
1
w
2
I
2

A
w
1
w
2
I
1
I
2
K
L
x
A
S
1



O

O

I
1

54
nn w
1
> w
2
. C hai cun dy u c tit din nh ( tit din dy s cp nh hn ).
Cch u dy trong mch o lng v iu kin lm vic ca TI v TU c nhiu
im khc nhau, di y lit k mt s im khc nhau c bn:
1. Cun s cp ca TI mc ni tip trong mch o lng cn cun s cp ca
TU mc song song.
2. TI lm vic trong ch gn nh ngn mch v l ch bnh thng, cn
TU ngn mch l khng c php v ch c th gy ph hy TU. TU h
mch th cp l ch bnh thng, trong khi h mch th cp TI l khng c
php v khi mch th cp s c in p cao, gy nguy him cho ngi v hng cch
in ca thit b.
3. Cm ng t TI lun thay i cn TU l khng i (khi in p n nh).
4. Dng in trong cun th cp ca TI gii hn qui nh (v d 5A) khng
ph thuc gi tr tng in tr ca ti trong mch th cp, nhng li ph thuc vo
dng s cp. Cn TU dng in trong cun th cp ph thuc vo tng in tr ca
ti v khi dng th cp thay i ko theo s thay i ca dng s cp.
5. Sai s ca TI lin quan n ti trong cun th cp, nhng gi tr khc nhau
ca ti s c nhng gi tr sai s cho php khc nhau.
Cc phng tin o lng c mc trong mch th cp ca TI v TU v mi
loi u c qui nh h s bin i.
i vi TI K
i
=
I
1
I
2

i vi TU K
u
=
U
1
U
2

Nh vy cn c vo ch s ca phng tin o mc trong mch th cp v h s
bin i ca TI v TU ta c th bit c cc gi tr ca i lng cn o mch s
cp.
I
1
= K
1
I
2
v U
1
= K
u
U
2

Thng thng mi TI v TU c ch to c mt hoc nhiu h s bin i, ty
thuc vo chc nng s dng, trong cu to ca chng cn c nhng cun ph phc v
cho mch rle bo v.
Ngoi cc gi tr dng in v in p danh nh, h s bin i danh ngha, TI
v TU cn c nhng thng s quan trng khc nh dung lng (tng tr mch ngoi
c th mc vo TI v TU), sai s(cp chnh xc) chng lin quan rt cht ch vi nhau.
Khc vi cc loi my bin i, sai s ca TI v TU c trng bi hai thnh
phn:
a) Sai s ca h s bin i dng in hoc in p tnh theo % i lng bin
i, thng gi l sai s dng (TI) hoc sai s in p (TU). Sai s ny c biu th
bng cng thc:
f
I
%=
KI
2
- I
1
I
1
.100 (i vi TI)

55
f
U
% =
KU
2
- U
1
U
1
100 (i vi TU)
Dng tng qut:
f % =
K - K
t
K
t
.100, K
t
=
I
1
I
2
(TI) K
t
=
U
1
U
2
(TU)
Trong : I
1
(U
1
) cng dng in (in p) s cp
I
2
(U
2
) cng dng in (in p) th cp
K h s bin i danh ngha ca TI (TU)
K
t
h s bin i thc t ca TI (TU)
b) Sai s gc ca TI(TU) c trng cho gc lch pha gia vct dng in(in
p) s cp vi vct dng in(in p) th cp. Sai s gc s dng nu vct dng
in(in p) th cp vt trc vct dng in(in p) s cp v ngc li, sai s
s m nu vct dng in(in p) th cp chm pha so vi vct dng in(in p)
s cp.
Sai s gc biu th bng pht hoc radian.
C hai thnh phn sai s u do tn hao nng lng trong li st t v cc cun
dy gy ra, chng ph thuc ch yu vo dng in(in p) s cp ca ti v ca
mch th cp.
i vi cc php o cng sut v nng lng in, ngoi sai s h bin i ca
TI v TU, thnh phn sai s gc cng ng vai tr quan trng v chng c nh hng
n thnh phn gc lch pha.
S ph thuc gia sai s ca TI v TU vo ti trong mch th cp v c tnh
ca ti c trnh by trn cc hnh 3.3 v 3.4. Trn hnh 3.3 l th sai s dng in
I
1
v sai s gc o
1
nhng gi tr khc nhau ca ti Z mc trong mch th cp (trng
hp ti 1,8 m v 0.6 m) cc ch dng th cp khc nhau v nhng c tnh
khc nhau ca ti, y trnh by 2 trng hp in hnh khi cos = 1 v cos = 0,6.














56



Hnh 3.3 Sai s dng v sai s gc ca TI
Tng t nh vy i vi TU trn hnh 3.4 l th sai s in p f
u
v sai s
gc o
u
nhng gi tr khc nhau ca ti Y mc trong mch th cp (trng hp cc
gi tr ca ti Y t 0 n 50VA) v nhng c tnh khc nhau ca ti, y trnh by
3 trng hp in hnh khi cos = 1 , cos = 0,8 v cos = 0.5.
Hnh 3.4 Sai s in p v sai s gc ca TU

TI v TU c ch to thnh hai loi chnh vi cc chc nng khc nhau:
- Loi dng trong phng th nghim
- Lai lp t tnh ti .
Loi dng trong phng th nghim thng c cp chnh xc cao v c nhiu h
s bin i , chng c dng thc hin cc php o m , th nghim , ngai ra
cn dng lm chun kim nh cc loi TI (TU) c cp chnh xc thp hn .
Loi lp t tnh ti thng c cp chnh xc thp hn , c s dng trong cc
t, bng in cc trm in phc v cho khu o m cc l ngun ti in v cp
in cho cc ngnh kinh t quc dn . Ring loi TI v TU dng trong mch o lng
cao th thng c cu to theo c th ring gm c 2 cun th cp : cun chnh dng
cho mch o lng c cp chnh xc cao hn nhng cng sut chu ti (dung lng )
nh , cn cun ph dng cho mch bo v c cp chnh xc thp hn nhng cng sut
chu ti (dung lng ) li ln hn .

3.2. MY BIN DNG O LNG

57
3.2.1 My bin dng o lng dng trong phng th nghim c ch to theo
dy cp chnh xc 0,01, 0,02, 0,05, 0,1, 0,2.
Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca my v trong phm vi thay i ca
dng s cp (I) t 0 n 120% dng s cp danh ngha I
n
cc thng s k thut ca TI
c quy nh trong bng 3.1
Bng 3.1
Cp chnh
xc TI
I/I
n
(%) Gii hn sai s cho php Ti mch th
cp (%)
Dng in (%) Gc (pht) cos = 0,8L1
0,01 0-120 0,01 + 0,002(In/I -
1)
1 + 0,1(In/I - 1) 95-100
0,02 0-120 0,02 + 0,004(In/I -1) 1,5 + 0,15(In/I -1) 50-100
0,05 0-120 0,05 + 0,005(In/I- 1) 3 + 0,3(In/I-1) 50-100
0,1 0-120 0,1 + 0,02(In/I-1) 5 + 0,5(In/I-1) 25-100
0.2 0-120 0,2 + 0,04(In/I-1) 10 + 1(In/I-1) 25-100

TI dng trong phng th nghim thng c nhiu h s bin i, ngi ta thc
hin bng cch n gin l thay i s vng dy cun s cp. Loi TI ny thng c
nhiu gi tr dng s cp, nhng gi tr ny c chn trong dy s t 0,1 - 800 A v
t 1 - 60 KA.
Gi tr dng th cp c nh mc l 5A tuy nhin cng c mt s loi c
ch to cc nc khc, cng dng th cp ny l 1 hoc 2A tn s 50 hoc
60Hz.
Ti ca mch th cp hay cn gi l dung lng thng nm trong gii: 2,5, 5,
10, 15VA.
in p danh nh hay in p lm vic ca TI l in p cun s cp so vi
cun th cp v v do nh my ch to qui nh cho tng loi c th v nhng gi tr
in p ny nm trong gii hn: 0,66, 3, 10, 35KV

3.2.2 My bin dng o lng lp t tnh ti
Theo TCVN 5928 - 1995 my bin dng (IEC 185 - 1986)TI c cp chnh xc:
0,1, 0,2, 0,5, 1, 3, 10 v 5P, 10P (loi cp chnh xc k hiu 5P, 10P ch dng cho
mch bo v).
Cng dng s cp nm trong dy s t 1 n 40.000A, cng dng th
cp l 5A hoc 1 v 2A. Ti mch th cp nm trong dy s: 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30VA,
ngoi ra cn c loi TI c ch to vi ti mch th cp nm trong dy s (40), (50),
(60), (75), (100)VA h s cng sut cos = 0,8.(S trong ngoc l nhng gi tr ti
mang tnh in cm).

58
TI tnh ti thng c ch to vi mt h s bin i lm vic tn s 50 hoc
60Hz.
Ngi ta thng phn bit TI cao th v TI h th m im khc nhau c bn l
cch in gia cc cun dy vi nhau v vi v my v in p danh nh ca my.
Gi tr in p ny nm trong dy s t 0,66 n 750KV.
Cc thng s k thut qui nh trong bng 3.2
Bng 3.2
Cp chnh
xc TI
I
In
(%)

Gii hn sai s cho php
Ti mch th
cp (%)
Dng in Gc cos = 0,8L-1
% Pht Radian
0,1 10
20
100 - 120
0,25
0,2
0,1
10
8
5
0,30
0,24
0,15

25-100
0,2 10
20
100 - 120
0,50
0,35
0,2
20
15
100
0,60
0,45
0,3
25-100
0,2S 1
5
20
100
120
0,75
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
10
0,9
0,45
0,3
0,3
0,3
25-100
0,5 10
20
100 - 120
1,0
0,75
0,5
60
45
30
1,8
1,35
0,9
25-100
0,5s 1
5
20
100
120
1,5
0,75
0,5
0,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
30
2,7
1,35
0,9
0,9
0.9
25-100
1 10
20
100 - 120
2
1,5
1
120
90
60
3,6
2,7
1,8
25-100
3 50 - 120 3 Khng qui nh 50 - 100
5 50 - 120 5 Khng qui nh 50 - 100
5P 100 1(5) 60 1,8 100

59
10P 100 3(10) Khng qui nh 100

Ch thch : - Loi TI c cp chnh xc k hiu 0,2S v 0,5S l loi c bit c
dng th cp 5A dng trong mch o m in nng .
- i vi loi TI c cp chnh xc k hiu 5P v 10P , s trong
ngoc l sai s hn hp gii hn dng in s cp .
Khng phn bit TI cao th hay TI h th, khi kim nh u theo nhng quy
nh nu bng trn , ngoi ra cn c bit ch i vi TI cao th l in tr cch
in v bn cch in gia cun s cp vi cun th cp v gia cun s cp vi v





















3.3. MY BIN P O LNG
3.3.1. My bin p o lng dng trong phng th nghim :
Lm vic li in c tn s t 25 n 1.000 Hz. in p cun s cp nm
trong dy s t 220V n 35kV . in p cun th cp thng c tiu chun ha vi
nhng gi tr sau : 100V,100/3V, 150V.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng TU c ch to vi din p th cp danh nh l 110V ,
120V, hoc 115V. Cng sut ti danh nh cun th cp Pn quy nh nhng gi tr
5,10,15,25VA h s cng sut t 0,8 n 1,0 .







A

A

A

A
I
2
A
I
2
B
I
2
C
I
2
N
I
1
C
I
1
A
I
1
B
I
1
N
*
*
*





A

A

A
I
2
A
I
2
C
I
2B
=I
2A
+I
2
C
I
1
C
I
1
A
I
1
B
*
*
S u TI hnh sao

S u TI hnh sao thiu

60
Trong phm vi thay i in p cun s cp (U) t 0 n 100% so vi in p s
cp danh nh (Un), gii hn sai s cho php ca hai thnh phn sai s v in p v
gc c quy nh bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3.
CP CHNH
XC
GII HN SAI S CHO PHP CNG SUT TI
MCH TH
CP(%)
TU IN P (%) GC (PHT) cos=0,8L
0,05
0,05
U
n
U
3
U
n
U

5 n 10 (cos=1)
25 100
0,1
0,1
U
n
U
5
U
n
U

25 100
0,2
0,2
U
n
U
10
U
n
U

25 100
My bin p dng trong phng th nghim cng c nhiu h s bin i v c t
mt hoc mt vi gi tr in p th cp danh nh do nh my ch to thit k ty theo
s u dy v c quy nh c th trong thuyt minh k thut ca tng loi my .
3.3.2. My bin p o lng lp t tnh ti - theo TCVN6097 -1996 (My bin
in p) (IEC 186- 1987)
c tnh k thut ca TU quy nh nh sau :
Lm vic li in c tn s 50,60Hz
in p s cp danh nh nm trong gii t 0,38 n 750kV.
in p th cp danh nh thng theo quy nh nhnggi tr sau (ty thuc
vo thc t ni s dng ):
- 100V i vi nhng TU mt pha mc in p dy
- 100/ 3 V i vi nhng TU mt pha mc in p pha
Tng t nh vy cn c cc gi tr in p th cp danh nh .
- 110V, 110/3 v 110/ 3 V
- 115V, 115/3 v 115/ 3 V
- 120V, 120/3 v 120/ 3 V
- 200V, 220/3 v 200/ 3 V
- 220V, 220/3 v 220/ 3 V
V mt cu to , TU c hai loi : mt pha v 3 pha . Ring loi 3 pha c phn
bit loi 3 pha 2 cun dy vi 1 cun th cp v loi 3 pha 3 cun dy vi 2 cun th
cp trong c mt cun chnh v mt cun ph .
Cng sut danh nh ca ti mch th cp quy nh nm trong dy s : (10), 15,
(25), 30, (50), 75, (100), 150, (200), 300, 400, (500)VA. S trong ngoc l nhng gi
tr u tin.

61
TU thng c nhng cp chnh xc 0,1, 0,2, 0,5, 1v 3.Ring loi my bin p
o lng dng chc nng mch rle bo v cn c k hiu cp chnh xc 3P v 6P.
Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca my bin p o lng , khi gi tr in
p s cp thay i trong phm vi t 0,8 n 1,2 ln so vi in p s cp danh nh
(i vi TU dng trong mch o lng ) v t 0,02 hoc 0,05 n 1,2, 1,5 hoc 1,9 ln
so vi in p s cp danh nh (i vi TU dng trong bo v ) gii hn sai s cho
php c quy nh bng 3.4 .
Bng 3.4.

CP
CHNH
XC
GII HN SAI S CHO PHP
CNG SUT TI
MCH TH CP
(%) cos=0,8L
IN P
(%)
GC
(PHT)
GC
(RADIAN)
0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
5
10
20
40
0,15
0,3
0,6
0,12
25 100
25 100
25 100
25 100
3,0 3,0 Khng qui nh 25 100
3P
6P
3,0
6,0
120
140
3,5
7,0
25 100
25 100

3.3.3 S u dy ca bin in p:
1/ Ba bin in p mt pha u Y
o
/Y
o - 12
(Hnh 3-5)
Cun s u sao c im trung tnh ni t. Cun th cng u sao c dy trung
tnh. Vi s ny, ta c th o c in p pha v do cho php kim tra c
cch in ca li.







2/ Bin in p ba pha nm tr u Y
o
/Y
o
/A
h
(hnh 3-6)
A B C
a b c


a
b
c
X Y Z
x
y
z
A B C

62

Cun tam gic h th cp c qun hai tr ph, khi c chm t mt pha, t thng
ba pha mt cn bng s xut hin t thng i qua hai tr ph v cm ng ra sc in
ng trong cun tam gic h.
3/ Hai bin in p mt pha u theo s V/V (hnh 3-5)
Nu khng cn o in p pha, ngi ta dng TU 3 pha u theo s V/V









3.4 CHN BIN P O LNG
3.4.1 Chn bin in p:
Bin in p c chn theo cc iu kin sau y:
1. S u dy v kiu bin in p: S u dy v kiu bin in p phi
ph hp vi nhim v ca n.
2. iu kin v in p: in p nh mc ca bin in p phi ph hp vi
in p nh mc ca mng
3. Cp chnh xc: cp chnh xc chn ph hp vi nhim v ca bin in p.
4. Cng sut nh mc: Tng ph ti ni vo bin in p S
2
phi b hn hay
bng cng sut nh mc ca bin in p vi cp chnh xc chn.
S
2
s S
mBU

A B C
a b c
a b c
a
g
x
g


a
b
c
X Y
Z
x
y
z
a
g
x
g
A B C

63
Khi tnh S
2
c th ch tnh ph ti cc dng c o lng, khng cn tnh tng
tr dy dn v nh hng ca n khng ng k
5. Chn dy dn ni gia bin in p v dng c o lng:
Tit din dy dn c chn sao cho tn tht in p trn n khng vt qu
0,5% in p nh mc th cp khi c cng t v 3% khi khng c cng t. Theo iu
kin sc bn c, tit din ti thiu i vi ng l 1,5 mm
2
, i vi nhm l 2,5 mm
2

3.4.2 Chn bin dng in
Bin dng in c chn theo cc iu kin sau:
1. S ni dy v kiu my: S ni dy c th l c ba pha, hai pha
hay mt pha ty thuc vo nhim v ca bin dng. Kiu bin dng ph thuc vo v
tr ca chng.
2. in p nh mc: U
mBI
> U
mHT

3. Dng in nh mc s cp: I
mBI
> I
mHT

4. Cp chnh xc : cp chnh xc ca bin dng in chn ph hp vi yu cu
ca dng c ni vo pha th cp
5. Ph ti th cp: Tng ng vi mi cp chnh xc, bin dng c mt ph ti
nh mc Z
mBI
. m bo chnh xc yu cu, tng ph ti th cp Z
2

ca n (k c dy dn) khng c vt qu ph ti nh mc:
Z
2
= Z
dc
+ Z
dd
s Z
mBI

Trong :
Z
dc
: tng ph ti ca dng c o
Z
dd
: tng tr ca dy dn ni bin dng vi dng c o
Trng hp gii hn ta c:
Z
mBI
- Z
dc
= Z
dd
~ r
dd
=
l
tt
S
dd

Suy ra tit din dy dn:

S
dd
>
l
tt
Z
mBI
- Z
dc

y: - in tr sut vt liu dy dn
l
tt
- Chiu di tnh ton ca dy dn, ph thuc vo s ni dy
ca bin dng v chiu di thc t bin dng in n dng c o lng l.
S dng 3 bin dng trn 3 pha ni hnh sao: l
tt
= l
S dng 2 bin dng trn 2 pha : l
tt
= 3 l
S dng 1 bin dng trn 1 pha: l
tt
= 2l
Theo bn c, tit din ti thiu ca dy dn khng c nh hn 1,5mm
2
i
vi ng v 2,5 mm
2
i vi nhm .
6. Kim tra n nh ng theo iu kin:
2 k
d
I
mSC
> i
xk

Trong o: K
d
: bi s n nh ca bin dng

64
I
mSC
: dng nh mc s cp ca bin dng
Ring i vi bin dng kiu s , iu kin n nh ng l:
F
cp
> F
tt

Trong : F
cp
: lc tc ng cho php ln cc u s
F
tt
: lc tnh ton t ln u s ca bin dng.
7.Kim tra n nh nhit:
(I
mSC
k
nh.m
)
2
.t
nh
> B
N

Trong : k
nh.m
: bi s n nh nhit nh mc ng vi thi gian n nh
nhit t
nh

i vi bin dng c I
mSC
trn 1000A th khng cn phi kim tra n nh
nhit.
V d: Chn my bin p o lng cho mch my pht c U
m
= 10,5 kV, I
cb
=
3610A.
1.Chn bin in p:
a. Dng c o pha th cp l cng t nn dng 2 bin in p 1 pha ni dy theo V/V
loi HOM-10.
b. Bin in p c U
mSC
= 10 kV.
c. Chn bin in p c cp chnh xc 0,5 v cp in cho cng t.
d. Ph ti ca bin in p: Phn b cc ng h o lng pha th cp ng u cho
hai bin in p nh trn hnh 3-7 tng ng vi bng di y.

Tn ng h K hiu Ph ti bin in p
AB
Ph ti bin in p
BC
W VAR W VAR
Vn k
Ot k
Ot k phn khng
Ot k t ghi
Tn s k
Cng t
Cng t phn
khng
Tng
B-2
341
342/1
33
340
670
WT-
672
7,2
1,8
1,8
8,3

0,66
0,66
20,4





1,62
1,62
3,24

1,8
1,8
8,3
6,5
0,66
0,66
19,72





1,62
1,62
3,24

Ph ti bin in p BC:
S
2
= 19.72
2
+ 3.24
2
= 19,9 VA
Cos =
19.72
19.9
= 0,99
Ph ti bin in p AB:

65
S
2
= 20.4
2
+ 3.24
2
= 20,7 VA
Cos =
20.4
20.7
= 0,98
Vy chn 2 bin in p mt pha HOM-10, mi ci c cng sut nh mc 50VA
e. Chn dy dn ni t bin in p n cc ng h o.
Xc nh dng trong cc dy dn a,b,c.
I
a
=
S
ab
U
ab
=
20.7
100
= 0,207A
I
c
=
S
bc
U
bc
=
19.9
100
= 0,199A
n gin coi I
a
= I
c
= 0,2 A v cos
tb
= 1, nh vy dng I
b
= 3 0,2 = 0,34
in p ging trn dy a v b bng:
AU = (I
a
+ I
c
)r = (I
a
+ I
c
)
l
S

Gi s khong cch t bin in p n cc ng h l 50m. n gin b qua
gc lch gia I
a
v I
b
. V y c cng t, nn AU = 0,5%. Vy tit din ca dy dn
l:
S >
(I
a
+ I
b
) l
AU
=
(0.34 + 0.2). 0.0175.50
0.5
= 0,945mm
2

Theo yu cu bn c chn dy dn ng tit din 1,5mm
2
.
2. Chn bin dng in
a. Bin dng in trn c 3 pha, mc hnh sao.
b. Chn bin dng in kiu thanh dn c:
U
mBI
= 10 kV, I
mSC
= 4000A
c. Cp chnh xc: V c cng t chn cp chnh xc 0,5. Vi cp chnh xc ny bin
dng in c z
mBI
= 1,2 m.
d. Cng sut tiu th ca cc cun dng ca cc ng h o lng cho trong bng sau.
Pha A v C mang ti nhiu nht S = 26 VA.
Tng tr cc dng c o mc vo pha A (hay pha C) l:
Z
A
=
S
I
m
2 =
26
5
2 = 1,04 m

Tn ng h

Ph ti (VA)
Pha A Pha B Pha C
Ampe k
Ot k
Ot k phn khng

1
5
5
10
1
0
0
0
1
5
5
10

66
Ot k t ghi
Cng t tc dng
Cng t phn khng
2,5
2,5
0
5
2,5
2,5
Tng 26 6 26
Chn dy dn bng ng v gi s chiu di t bin dng in n cc ng h o
l= 30m.
Trong trng hp c bin dng c 3 pha: l
tt
= l = 30m
Tit din ca dy dn l: S >
l
tt

Z
m
- Z
A
=
30. 0.0175
1.2 - 1.04
= 3,27mm
2

Chn dy dn bng ng c tit din S = 4mm
2

e.Bin dng in kiu ny khng cn kim tra n nh dng v n quyt nh bi
iu kin n nh ng ca thanh dn mch my pht
f.Bin dng in kiu ny khng cn kim tra n nh nhit v n c dng nh mc
trn 1000A.

3.5 MCH O LNG
3.5.Tng qut
Mch o lng l mt trong 3 yu t quyt nh m bo cho khu o m in
nng ng n v chnh xc
Thng thng nhng im o pha h th ( sau cc my bin p in lc)
ngi ta t s dng cac thit b ph , nu c , ch yu l cc my bin dng o lng.
y mch o lng n gin, d kim tra v pht hin sai xt do t b nhm ln.
Vic kim tra y ch yu l th t pha in p a vo cc phn t ca cng
t o m in nng , nu th tr pha sai c th sai s ph n 1,5% . Khi kim tra
cn ch n cc tnh ca TI v cc cc im u , im tip xc cc u ni, nu
im u c tip xc km c th dn n h mch TI gy chy v chp mch o lng
. nhng im o t pha cao th (trn 1kV) , ngi ta thng s dng nhiu thit
b ph l cc TI v TU cao th thng t ngoi trm , cch xa cc t , bng in
ni c lp t cng t cc loi ng h o in v cc loi mch bo v . Mch in
y rt phc tp , d c nhng sai st nhm ln trong mch u dy , ngoi ra phi
m bo cp in lin tc , cc thit b lun trng thi vn hnh nn kh tip cn
mch s cp ca cc TI v TU .
3.5.2 Cc tnh ca TI v TU trong mch o lng
Nh cp trn , TI v TU c s dng m rng phm vi o cho cc
phng tin o . Ngoi nhng ch tiu nh : gii hn o, t l bin i, cng sut chi
ti v cc thnh phn sai s vv... khi u TI v TU trong mch o lng th iu phi
quan tm hng u l cc tnh ca cc cun dy . iu ny c ngha rt quan
trng khi u TI v TU vi cc loi cng t o in nng tc dng v phn khng .

67
Trn cc cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI v TU bao gi cng c k hiu quy
nh cc tnh .
Cc tnh ca TI v TU l nhng u cc u tin , xut pht t cun dy
c cun theo mt hng nht nh trn li st t . Nu u ng cc tnh quy nh
th khi u cc u ca cun s cp vo ngun pht v cc cui n ph ti th hng
ca dng in mch th cp - mch ngoi TI ( dng in qua ti R
n
- Xem hnh 3.8)
s cng hng vi dng in trong mch s cp . iu c ngha l dng s cp I
1
v
dng th cp I
2
trng pha , sai s gc pha c loi tr (khng tnh n sai s gc ca
chnh TI gy ra ) .
Trong lnh vc in xoay chiu , khi nim hng ca dng in ch l khi
nim tng trng, n xc nh hng truyn ti in nng .
hiu r thm, ta xem xt cc th vect trn hnh 3.8 . Nu ch thay i u
du dy cun th cp ( hnh 3.8c) hoc cun s cp ( hnh 3.8e) s lm thay i
hng ca dng th cp so vi hng ca dng s cp . Trong trng hp ny, gc
lch pha ca dng th cp s quay 180
0
so vi hng ban u .Nu ta thay i cng
mt lc u u dy c hai cun s v th cp th hng ca dng in v gc lch
pha ca dng th cp vn khng thay i (hnh 3.8g).
Cng tng t nh vy khi thay i cc u cc tnh ca TU (hnh 3.8b,d,f,h) .
Cn lu rng cc k hiu u v cui cc tnh ch mang ngha quy c tng
trng. iu quan trng v cn nm vng u l nhng u cc c cng cc tnh ca
cun s cp v cun th cp . T s c cch u ng trong mch o lng . Trn
hnh 3.8b,h v c hai phng n u TU trn hnh 3.8k u ng c .
Trn y l nhng c s gip chng ta u ng mch o lng c bit
nhng im o phc tp ni c s dng phi hp c TI, TU v cc loi cng t in v
vic u sai cc tnh ca TI,TU khng th pht hin ra ngay bng mt thng khi
cng t ang vn hnh trn li in.
Ngoi nhng im cn lu trnh by trn , cn ch :
1. Khng nhm ln gia cun th cp dng cho mch o lng v cun th cp
dng cho mch bo v ca TI v TU .
2. Khi mi lp t xong hoc trong trng hp c nghi ng v ti mch th cp,
nn dng cc phng tin o in tr ( cu o in tr, mmt vv...) kim tra gi
tr tng tr ti ca mch th cp.

68

Hnh 3.8

69
3.5.3 Phn tch mch v s b kim tra mch o lng.
Nhng ngun cp in c in p trn 1000V thng l loi mch 3pha 4 dy
hoc 3 pha 3 dy . o in nng tc dng , ngi ta thng s dng loi cng t 3
pha 3 phn t hoc 3 pha 2 phn t . y chng ta ch cp n nhng s mch
o lng phc tp c th c v phng php pht hin cc li trong mch o lng
loi 3 pha 3 dy . Trng hp nu di y l tng i ph cp trong h thng o
m in nng Vit Nam .
Loi cng t 3 pha hai phn t thng c 7 u u dy , 4 u cho cc mch
dng in v 3 u cho mch in p . Nu khng k n trng hp u nhm ln
TI V TU v dy dn b t th ch ni ring vic chuyn i ca cc t hp dy dn
n 7 u u dy v mt l thuyt c 5040 s du . Trong thc tin s s
u thc t l c hn nhng cng t n con s hng vi chc s .
Cng cn ch rng vic pht hin sai st trong s u dy khi cng t ang
vn hnh l iu rt kh khn v trong phn ln cc trng hp u sai mch o lng
th da cng t vn quay v quay ng hng qui nh , trong khi th sai s phm
phi li rt ln , c khi ti hng trm phn trm .
nh gi c s lng cc s u c th c , ta cho rng cc dy dn t
TI v TU n cng t xc nh v cc dy dn t TU n ng cc u u in p
trn cng t (c s c th s b khng nh l da theo ng h ch th cc in p
t TU ) v cng loi tr cc trng hp u sai cc cun dy th cp ca TI hay ni
cch khc l mt phn t o trong cng t ch u vo cun th cp ca 1 TI .
Trn cng t , 4 u u dy ca mch dng c u n 2 TI v 3 u u dy
ca mch p c u n 2 TU ( u theo s tam gic h ) . Trong mch dng
in c th c 8 t hp u , c xc nh theo s ln chuyn i 4 v 2 , c th nh
sau .
1. V
A
- R
A,
V
C
- R
C

1. V
A
- R
A,
R
C
- V
C

1. R
A
- V
A,
V
C
- R
C

1. R
A
- V
A,
R
C
- V
C

1. V
C
- R
C,
V
A
- R
A

1. V
C
- R
C,
R
A
- V
A

1. R
C
- V
C,
V
A
- R
A

1. R
C
- V
C,
R
A
- V
A

K hiu : A v C ch pha ca dng in
V (Vo) ng vi u vo cc tnh (* ) trn u cc tnh ca TI
R (Ra) ng vi u ra trn u cc tnh ca TI
Trong mch in p c th c 6 t hp u dy :
3 khi thun pha: A-B - C , B -C -A , C - A - B .
v 3 khi ngc pha: A-C -B , C -B- A , B - A - C .

70
Khi u TU xt v cc tnh c 4 trng hp u cun th cp theo mi tng
quan vi cun s cp ( xem hnh 3.8 d,f,h )
Nh vy khi u cng t vi TI v TU s s mch o lng c th c l :
8 x 6 x 4 = 192
loi b dn c nhng s u mch o lng sai , bng nhng dng c
o n gin , chng ta c th loi b nhng sai st trc ht trong mch in p
lm c vic vic u tin phi xc nh c pha gia l pha phi
ni t trong cc cun th cp ca TU ( thng nht , thng qui c pha B v cn
lu thm l ch p dng khi u TU theo s tam gic h ) . Ta dng vn mt c
thang o t 100 - 250 V, mt u u vo im tip t (v ca t , bng in ), u
ka ln lt o in p trn cc trn cc u du dy in p ca cng t , c dn t
cc cun th cp ca TU n . in p ca dy tip t ni vi v phi bng khng ,
dy ny c ni vi u u dy ca pha B trn cng t . Sau khi xc nh c pha
gia ca mch in p, s s u c th c s gim xung cn 8 x 2 x 4 = 64, trong
s ny c 32 s theo chiu thun th t pha A - B - C v 32 s theo chiu ngc
th t pha C- B -A .
Tng hp ton b s mch o lng c th c khi u cng t trong trng
hp thun th t pha v th vc t ca chng c trnh by trn cc hnh t 8.1 -
8.8 ( tin cho vic trnh by trn hnh v v trnh nhm ln ta qui c A-B-C bng 1-
2-3 ) v:
Cc tnh ca TI
- Cun s cp L
1
u vo (*) - Lun pha bn tri
L
2
u ra - Lun pha bn phi
- Cun th cp I
1
u vo (*)
I
2
u ra
Cc tnh ca TU
- Cun s cp A - u vo (*)
X - u ra
- Cun th cp a - u vo (*)
x - u ra
Cho rng dng in v in p ph ti n nh v i xng , trn c s th
vect ta c hm lng gic ng vi gc lch pha vo tng phn t o ca tng s
u dy c trnh by trong bng 8.1 (s th t tng ng vi s s ) . Chng t
l thun vi m men quay ca a cng t .
Trong 32 s mch o lng c th c theo chiu thun, ch c 4 s ng ,
l cc s 8.1.1, 8.2.6 ,8.3.11 v 8.4.16.
Tng hp 32 s mch o lng theo chiu ngc th t pha cng tng t nh
trn n thay i k hiu in p thnh C - B - A ( t trn xung ) ng thi thay i
lun c k hiu cc vec t in p tng cc. Tuy nhin, 32 s ny ch cp

71
hiu bit v l thuyt, trong thc t khi u mch bng cch dng ng h kim tra th
t pha ta d dng loi b ngay c 32 s sai ny .
Tip n dng vn mt o in p cc u cc u dy in p :A-B,B-C,A-C.
Nu in p gia cc pha bng nhau khong 100- 110 V th t nhng s
cp n, ta loi b tip c 16 s c o cc tnh ca cc TU ( l cc s
hnh 8.2 -5, 6, 7, 8, hnh 8.3 -9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 8.6 -21, 22, 23, 24, hnh 8.7 -25, 26, 27,
28) chi tit c th trnh by pha di ( hnh 8.11a v b)
Trn bng 8.1 ch gi tr hm lng gic gc lch pha ca ti ca cc hnh t
8.1n 8.8 ( tin cho khu bin i ta s dng cng thc
cos ( +) = cos .cos sin.sin ).

Bng 8.1 GI TR GC LCH PHA

S S GI TR GC LCH PHA
1
Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (30
0
- ) = 3 cos
2 Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (30
0
- ) = + sin
3 Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = -sin
4
Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = - 3 cos
5 Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (30
0
- ) = +sin
6
Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (30
0
- ) = 3 cos
7
Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = - 3 cos
8 Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = -sin
9 Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = -sin
10
Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = - 3 cos
11
Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (30
0
- ) = 3 cos
12 Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (30
0
- ) = +sin
13
Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = - 3 cos
14 Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (150
0
+ ) = -sin
15 Cos (150
0
- ) + cos (30
0
- ) = +sin
16
Cos (30
0
+ ) + cos (30
0
- ) = 3 cos
17 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
- ) = 0
18 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
- ) = +sin
19 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = +sin
20 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = 0
21 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = +sin
22 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = 0
23 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
- ) = 0

72
24 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
- ) = +2sin
25 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
- ) = +2sin
26 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = 0
27 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = 0
28 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = -2sin
29 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = 0
30 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
+ ) = -2sin
31 Cos (90
0
- ) + cos (90
0
- ) = +2sin
32 Cos (90
0
+ ) + cos (90
0
- ) = 0

Thng thng khi c ti , a cng t quay theo chiu mi tn quy c trn mt
s cng t , t y ta loi thm 10 s na l nhng s to ra m mem quay cc
tnh m (trong trng hp ny a cng t s quay ngc chiu quy c ) v nhng s
khng to ra mmem quay, hay ni cch khc l mmem quay c to ra bng
khng (a cng t khng quay ) l cc s 8.1 - 3,4 , 8.4 - 13 , 14 v 8.5 - 17, 19
,20 v 8.8 - 29,30,32.
Nh vy s s c th gim xung 6. l cc s 8.1- 1, 2 ; 8.4 -15, 16;
8.5 - 18 v 8.8 -31 . Trong s ny ch c 2 s ng l 8.1-1 v 8.4 - 16.
tip tc phn tch v kim tra s mch u , ta lm mt php chuyn i
v tr in p pha u v cui cng t ( pha A v C ) . Nu s ni ng th trng
thi cn bng ti cc pha , a cng t phi ngng quay , php chuyn i trn y
c minh ha trn hnh 8.9 v ta tin hnh xy dng th vct , ta thy m mem
quay ca phn t o th nht t l thun vi cng sut :
P
1
= U
CB
I
A
cos (90
0
+ )
v ca phn t o th hai :
P
2
= U
AB
I
C
cos (90
0
- )
Khi cn bng ti v in p pha i xng I
A
= I
C
= I
v U
AB
= U
BC
= U
d
iu ny c ngha cc mmen quay bng nhau v ngc chiu quay vi nhau.
C th tin hnh thm mt php kim tra na m khng cn dng c o bng
cch m s vng quay ca a cng t trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Khong
thi gian ny c xc nh bng ng h bm giy hoc ng h eo tay , cn s
vng quay ty chn nhng l mt s chn. Sau ngt in p pha gia (pha B - pha
ni t vo cng t ) ri tip tc m s vng quay ca a cng t trong cng mt
khong thi gian nh m trn . Khi in p pha i xng v khng c dao ng
ph ti, nu s mch u ng th s vng quay m c ln sau phi bng mt
na so vi ln trc .
Php kim tra trn y c th hin qua th vc t trnh by hnh 8.10.

73
Hnh 8-9 Kim tra mch bng cch o cc pha in p vo u v cui cng t

Hnh 8-10 Kim tra mch bng cch ngt in p pha gia.
Khi ngt in p pha gia ( pha B) , in p dy U
AC
t trn cc cun dy in
p trn c hai phn t o, cc cun dy ny ni tip vi nhau v mi cun gnh chu
mt na in p dy .
T th vc t , ta thy mmen quay ca cc phn t t l thun vi cng sut :
P
1
= 0,5 U
AC
I
A
cos ( 30
0
- )
P
2
= 0,5 U
CA
I
C
cos ( 30
0
+ )
Khi ti cn bng , mmen quay tng s t l thun :
P = 0,5 U
d
I (cos30
0
.cos + sin 30
0
. sin + cos 30
0
. cos - sin30
0
. sin )

74
=
2
3 Cos I U
d d

Nh vy trong trng hp ngt in p pha gia ( pha B ) mmen quay tng ca
cng t s ch bng mt na so vi trng hp bnh thng ( pha B khng b ngt)
Khi o in p trn cc u u dy in p pha A,B,C ca cng t , nu mt
in p , thng thng l gia cc pha u v cui khong 173V ( 3 .100V) iu
chng t mt trong cc TU c cc tnh ca cun th cp khng cn ph hp vi cc
tnh cun s cp . iu ny cng thy r qua th vc t trn hnh 8.11- a v 8.11 -b.
S mch u cng t ca nhng trng hp kiu ny c th hin trong cc hnh
8.2, 8.3,8.6v 8.7 , trong tt cc nhng s ny ch c 2 s ng l 8.2 - 6 v 8.3 -
11. Cho nn phi ch thay i li cc tnh cun th cp ca cc TU cho ph hp
cc tnh cc TI ca s mch thc t v phi kim tra li ton b mch o

Hnh 8-11 th vec t in p u theo s tam gic h
a. u ng cc tnh b. o cc tnh mt TU
.
Trn y chng ta kho st ton b s mch o lng c th c trong thc
t .y l c s chng ta so snh , i chiu v sa i li cho ng vi mch c
bn trong qu trnh u mch v kim tra mch . ng thi cng l c s gip chng ta
tnh ton nhng tn tht trong qa trnh s dng cng t mc sai mch o lng .
Nu bng nhng phng tin o n gin (ng h ch th t pha, Vn mt,
ng h bm giy ) v bng nhng phng php n gin ( ngt pha gia , o pha
u , cui vv...) vn khng khng nh c mc ng ca mch o lng , t bit

75
nhng im o c ph ti cc pha khng cn bng v bin ng phc tp , chng ta
phi s dng nhng phng tin o chuyn dng xy dng c th vc t trc
tip khi cng t ang vn hnh trn li in .

3.6 . XY DNG TH VCT
Xy dng th vc t l phng php c bn xc nh mc ng n ca
mch o lng t TI , TU n cc phng tin o otmt , cos mt , cng t o in
nng tc dng v phn khng vv...
Chng ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng tin o sau y xy dng
th vc t :
- Hp b o lng VAF - 85M
- Otmt mt pha hoc ng h o gc lch pha kiu F - 5781 loi c 4 min o
.Di y s trnh by cc phng php xy dng th vc t.
3.6.1 Dng ot mt 1 pha hoc cos mt .
Ot mt mt trong mch o cng sut ph ti trnh by trn hnh 8.12 . Nu
mc mch ng , cc u cc dng v p cng cc tnh ca ot mt ( c nh du * )
u u vo pha ngun cp in . Cng sut o c s bng :
P = UI cos
Hnh 8-12
Trong thnh phn I.cos l hnh chiu vc t dng in I trn vc t in p U
i vi cc gc t 90
0
n -90
0
cos s dng v s ch ca ot mt cng dng .
iu ng cho c trng hp ph ti mang c tnh in cm hoc in dung .i
vi cc gc = 90
0
v = - 90
0
s ch ca ot mt s bng khng . Nu gc ln hn
90
0
th cos s m v ch s ca ot mt s m ( kim ch ca ot mt s quay ngc
chiu im 0 trn thang o , sang bn tri ) trong trng hp ny , phi i li cc tnh
ca oat mt mi c c s ch .
Nu in p v dng in n nh th ch s ca ot mt s t l thun vi gi tr ca
cos ca ph ti hoc hnh chiu ca vc t dng in trn vec t in p . S ch m
ca ot mt tng ng vi trng hp ga tr m ( ngc chiu ) hnh chiu ca vc t

76
dng in hoc qui i thnh gi tr dng ( thun chiu ) ca hnh chiu vc t dng
in nu quay vc t ny mt gc 180
0
. Cn c vo s thay i ch th ca ot mt khi
thay i gc lch pha ch dng v in p n nh , ngi ta t c s cho
phng php dng ot mt ly th vc t , nh m xc nh v tr vc t dng
in ( pha ca n ) vi vc t in p c .
Hnh 8-13 S u otmet vo mch ly th vect

lm c iu ny , trc ht dng ng h ch th t pha xc nh th t pha trn
cc u du dy in p ca cng t .
Sau u mch in theo s hnh 8.13
Khi u mch cn ch n cc tnh ca cun dy dng in v in p trn ot mt (
u vo c k hiu * ) phi ph hp vi u vo v u ra ca tng phn t o trn
cng t v cc tnh cun th cp ca TI , TU . Cng tt chuyn i cc tnh ca ot
mt phi v tr cc tnh thun (+) . Vic u ot mt vo mch o dng in thc
hin ngay trn cc u kp dy c sn trong cc t bng in m khng cn ngt mch
th cp ca TI .
Theo nguyn tc cun dy dng in u ni tip v cun dy in p u song
song theo ng cc tnh , ln lc u ot mt vo tng phn t o ca cng t .

77
Trc ht u vo phn t o th nht, sau khi u ng cun dng in, cun
in p ca ot mt ln lc u vo cc pha in p AB ri BC trn cc u u dy
in p ca cng t . Nh vy ta a in p U
AB
U
BC
vo otmt , v ghi nhn s
ch ca ot mt trong tng trng hp . Xy dng th vc t trn giy k li , vi cc
vec t in p U
A
,U
B
, U
C
, U
AB
,U
BC
,U
CA
v cc vc t in p ngc chiu
U
BA
,U
CB
,U
AC
(theo hnh 8.14)
Trn cc trc vc t in p tng ng a vo ot mt vi im gc l im
O ca cc trc v im cui l cc s ch ca ot mt , ta c c hnh chiu ca mt
vc t dng in trn cc vc t in p tng ng . T cc im cui ta k nhng
ng vung gc vi vc t in p . im ct ca cc ng thng vung gc ny s
xc nh v tr ca vc t dng in .
V d : Khi u ot mt vo phn t o th nht ca cng t , vi in p U
AB
s
ch l 80 vch chia vi in p U
BC
s ch l 40 vch chia . Ta ln lt t on oa ( 80
vch ) trn vc t in p U
AB
v t on ob ( 40 vch ) trn vc t in p U
BC
.
im ct ca 2 ng thng vung gc k t nhng im cui ( 80 vch v 40 vch )
s xc nh v tr vc t dng in I
A
. Chng ta lm thm mt php kim tra na bng
cch a vo ot mt in p U
CA
, trong trng hp ny s ch ca otmet s m nn
phi o cng tc chuyn cc tnh t (+) sang (-). Hoc nu khng o cng tc, phi
o li u u dy in p vo otmet, c ngha l ta chuyn in p U
CA
thnh
U
AC
. (Ghi nhn rng trong trng hp ny s ch ca otmet s m nu tnh theo U
CA

v dng nu tnh theoU
AC
).




Hnh 8-14 Xy dng th vec t theo s ch ca otmet

78

V d otmet ch 120 vch, ta t tip on oc (120 vch) trn vect in p U
AC
.
ng thng vung gc vi vect U
CA
t im cui oc s ri ng vo im ct ca
hai ng thng vung gc trc.
phn t o th nht, dng in I
A
khng i vi in p U
AB
, trn th vect ta
gn lin vect I
A
vi vect in p U
AB
v gc gia cc vect ny phi l o = 30
0
+ .
Tip n ta u otmet vo phn t o th hai ca cng t v lm tng t nh trn, ta
s xc nh c gc pha ca dng in I
C
vi in p U
CB
.
So snh th vect nhn c vi cc th vect nu trn cc hnh t 8.1 n 8.8.
S mch u cng t s ng nu th vect ph hp vi 1 trong cc s hnh
8.1-1, hnh 8.2-6, hnh 8.3-11 hoc hnh 8.4-16.
Nu khng ph hp trn c s phn tch mch, da vo th vect nhn c v i
chiu vi nhng th vect trn cc hnh t 8.1 n 8.8 tm ra ch sai st ri khi
phc mch li cho ng.
3.6.2 Dng hp b o lng BA| - 85 hoc 4303
y l phng tin o chuyn dng ly th vect trc tip trn cng t
ang vn hnh m khng cn ngt mch in. Thao tc n gin v nhanh.
Nu s dng BA|-85 , trc ht phi xc nh im gc o ca trc ta ly
th vect bng cch a cng mt in p, c cng cc tnh, ri iu chnh v t im
0 a chia ng vi v tr 0 ca kim ch th.
Tip n phi xc nh th t pha ca in p a vo cng t, ri sau dng
km o dng in i km xc nh v tr ca vect dng in ca tng phn t o
tng ng vi vect in p U
AB
.
Cn c theo s ch v min c tnh L,C, ta s xy dng c th vect.
V d 1. Ti mang tnh in cm (hnh 8-15a)

I
a
(5A) 45
0
L
I
b
(4A) 165
0
L
I
c
(5A) 75
0
C




79






Hnh 8-15a


V d 2: ti mang tnh in dung (Hnh 8-15b)

I
a
(5A) 20
0
C
I
b
(4A) 100
0
L
I
c
(5A) 140
0
C







H

nh 8-15b
3.6.3 Cc trng hp c bit.
Nh cp trn, nu s mch o lng sai s dn n hu qu l mt
s trng hp mmen quay s m v a cng t s quay ngc chiu qui nh.
y chng ta xt n trng hp rt t xy ra nhng c trong thc t l s
mch ng nhng a cng t vn quay ngc chiu qui nh.
i vi cng t 3 pha o in nng tc dng, hng quay ca a cng t c
xc nh bi thnh phn gc lch pha (cos) cc ph ti.
Trong gii hn thay i gc lch pha t 90
0
n - 90
0
cos s dng, chiu quay
ca a cng t ng hng qui nh v khng thay i hng cho d c s thay i
c tnh ca ti t hon ton mang tnh in cm sang hon ton mang tnh in dung.
Gi tr m ca cos, tc l khi > 90
0
tng ng vi s chuyn i hng
truyn in nng. Do vy i vi cng t 3 pha o in nng tc dng, trng hp a
cng t quay ngc ch c khi c s chuyn i hng truyn in nng i vi cc
h s dng khng c ngun pht ph, trng hp ny c loi tr.
S thay i hng truyn ti in nngvn c nhng h thng mng li
truyn ti in khi c lin kt bi nhiu ngun cp in. Khi c s thay i ngun

80
cp in nng hoc khi c s c dn n trng hp phi i ngun cp in nhng
h thng mng kiu lin kt ny (v d im u ngun ranh gii gia cc in lc
hoc gia cc chi nhnh), ngi ta u d phng vic cp in theo hai hng phc
v cho vic o m chnh xc. phi lp t hai cng t c b phn chng quay
ngc o m c ring r lng in nng t mi hng.
i vi cng t o m in nng mng li in 3 pha 3 dy, hin tng a
cng t quay ngc khi hng truyn in nng vn ng, ch c th xy ra trong
trng hp cos ph ti nh hn 0,5, ng thi vi vic t mch in p vt pha
U
BC
( thep th t A, B, C) v d chy cu ch TU hoc ti ch c pha in p U
AB

v cos li nh hn 0,5.
T th vect hnh 8-16 ta thy rng gc lch pha o gia vect in p U
AB
v
dng in I
A
ca phn t o chm pha s ln hn 90
0
, cos s b m.
i vi cng t o in nng tc dng mch 3 pha 4 dy trng hp ny c loi
tr.
i vi nhng cng t o in nng phn khng, hng quay ca a cng t
ph thuc vo du sin ti v khi gc lch pha thay i t +90
0
n - 90
0
du ca
sin s t dng (+) sang m (-), nn khi c tnh ca ti thay i t in cm sang
in dung th hng quay ca a cng t s thay i theo hng ngc li.
Hnh 8-16 th vect ca trng hp ti ch c 1 pha,
cos nh hn 0,5 (a cng t quay ngc)

V vy nhng ni c lp t cng t o in nng phn khng c bit i vi
cc h tiu th in c lp t t b cos (nhng ni khng c mch t ng bu, phi
thao tc bng tay) th cc cng t o in nng phn khng phi c b phn chng
quay ngc, bi l trong thi im thp (m khuya) khi khng c ti, h thng t b
in cm s vt qu lng b cn thit nn ti s mang tnh in dung do vy a
cng t s bt u quay theo hng ngc chiu.

81
Khi gc lch pha thay i t 0 n 180
0
, sin s dng nn khi thay i hng
truyn ti in nng, ph ti mang tnh in cm, hng quay ca a cng t o
in nng phn khng vn khng thay i.