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B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP. HCM

N TT NGHIP

NGHIN CU QUY TRNH SN XUT
TNG T

Ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM
Chuyn ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM

Ging vin hng dn : GS.TSKH NGUYN TRNG CN
Sinh vin thc hin : PHM CNG CNG
MSSV: 1091100013 Lp: 10HTP2

TP. H Ch Minh, 2012
n Tt Nghip GVHD: GS.TSKH Nguyn Trng Cn

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng i

LI CM N
Li u tin em xin chn thnh gi li cm n n
Ban Gim Hiu trng i Hc K Thut Cng
Ngh TP. H Ch Minh, qu thy c Khoa Cng
Ngh Thc Phm ging dy, truyn th nhng
kin thc v kinh nghim thc tin cho em trong
sut thi gian theo hc ti trng.
Em xin c bit gi li cm n n thy Nguyn
Trng Cn, thy tn tnh hng dn, ch dn
cho em trong sut thi gian thc hin n tt
nghip.
ng thi em xin cm n cc thy c ph trch
phng th nghim, cc thy c trong khoa to
iu kin thun li, hng dn cho em hon thnh
nhng th nghim trong n.
Sau cng em xin cm n mi s ng vin, h tr
t gia nh v bn b gip em hon thnh tt
nhim v.


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng ii

MC LC
mc Trang
Phiu giao ti
Li cm n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Mc lc ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Danh mc bng ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
Danh mc hnh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vi
i
M u --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU --------------------------------------- 1
1.1. Gii thiu v cy t ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.1.1. Ngun gc cy t ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.1.2. Cc ging t c trng nc ta v trn th gii --------------------------- 3
1.1.2.1. Cc ging t c trng nc ta ---------------------------------------- 3
1.1.2.2. Mt s ging t c trng trn th gii --------------------------------- 5
1.1.3. Gi tr dinh dng ca t --------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.1.4. c im thc vt ca tri t ---------------------------------------------------- 12
1.1.5. Thi v trng t ------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
1.1.6. Cng dng v phng thuc ----------------------------------------------------- 13
1.1.7. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th t Vit Nam --------------------------------- 14
1.1.8. Cc sn phm t t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 16
1.1.9. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th tng t Vit nam -------------------------- 18

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng iii

1.2. Cc loi nguyn liu ph ----------------------------------------------------------- 24
1.2.1. ng ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
1.2.2. Mui -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
1.2.3. Ti ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
1.2.4. M vng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
1.2.5. inh hng------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Chng 2: I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ------------------- 32
2.1. Nguyn liu s dng trong nghin cu --------------------------------------------- 33
2.1.1. t ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
2.1.2. Cc gia v v hng liu ---------------------------------------------------------- 33
2.2. Phng php nghin cu ------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.2.1. D kin qu trnh nghin cu --------------------------------------------------- 35
2.2.1.1. S nghin cu ------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.2.1.2. Quy trnh d kin ------------------------------------------------------------- 37
2.2.2. B tr th nghim ------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.2.2.1. Xc nh khi lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t ------------------ 38
2.2.2.2. Xc nh s bin i khi lng ca t khi p --------------------------- 38
2.2.2.3. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n n nh dch t ---- 38
2.2.2.4. Xc nh t l ng b sung v trong tng t -------------------------- 38
2.2.2.5. Xc nh t l mui b sung v tng t ---------------------------------- 39
2.2.2.6. Kho st ch gia nhit ---------------------------------------------------- 39

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng iv

2.2.2.7. Xc nh liu lng ca cc loi gia v ------------------------------------ 40
2.2.3. Phng php kim nghim nguyn liu v sn phm -------------------------- 41
2.2.3.1. Phng php xc nh hm lng cht kh ha tan ---------------------- 41
2.2.3.2. Phng php xc nh hm lng m -------------------------------------- 42
2.2.3.3. Phng php xc nh hm lng tro ton phn -------------------------- 42
2.2.3.4. Phng php xc nh Ph ---------------------------------------------------- 44
2.2.4. Phng php cm qun sn phm ------------------------------------------------ 44
2.2.4.1. Php th so hng th hiu ---------------------------------------------------- 45
2.2.4.2. Php th cho im sn phm ------------------------------------------------ 46
Chng 3 : KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN -------------------------- 52
3.1. Xc nh khi lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t ------------------------- 53
3.2. Xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca t ------------------------------------------------ 55
3.3. Xc nh s bin i khi lng ca t khi p mui --------------------------- 56
3.4. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n n nh dch t ----------- 59
3.5. Xc nh t l ng b sung v tng t ----------------------------------------- 60
3.6. Xc nh t l mui b sung vo tng t ----------------------------------------- 63
3.7. Kho st ch gia nhit ------------------------------------------------------------- 63
3.8. nh hng cc loi gia v n cht lng tng t ------------------------------ 66
3.9. Xy dng quy trnh sn xut tng t ---------------------------------------------- 68

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng v

3.9.1. S quy trnh ------------------------------------------------------------------ 68
3.9.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh ---------------------------------------------------------- 69
3.10. Kim tra cht lng sn phm ----------------------------------------------------- 71
3.10.1. Kt qu nh gi cm quan sn phm --------------------------------------- 71
3.10.2. Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu ha l ca sn phm ----------------------- 72
3.10.3. Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm ---------------------- 73
Kt lun v kin ngh ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
Ti liu tham kho -------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
Ph lc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng vi

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1. Ga tr dinh dng trong 100g t ti --------------------------------------- 9
Bng 1.2. Tham kho mt s doanh nghip xut khu t trong 15 ngy u thng
09/2007 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Bng 1.3. Ch tiu ha l ng dng trong sn xut --------------------------------- 24
Bng 1.4. Bng thnh phn ha hc chnh trong 100g ti ---------------------------- 27
Bng 1.5. Bng hm lng mui khong v vitamin trong 100g ti ---------------- 27
Bng 2.1. Cc ch tiu ca ng RE ---------------------------------------------------- 33
Bng 2.3. Hm lng ng b sung vo tng t ------------------------------------ 39
Bng 2.4. Hm lng mui b sung vo tng t ------------------------------------- 39
Bng 2.5. Bng cng thc cc gia v phi ch ------------------------------------------ 41
Bng 2.6. Cc cp cht lng i vi cc sn phm thc phm --------------------- 47
Bng 2.7. im nh gi cm quan cho sn phm tng t -------------------------- 48
Bng 2.8. Bng im tng kt ca sn phm tng t -------------------------------- 50
Bng 3.1. Trng lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t ---------------------------- 53
Bng 3.2. Thnh phn ha l ca nguyn liu t --------------------------------------- 55
Bng 3.3. S bin i khi lng ca t khi p mui ------------------------------- 56
Bng 3.4. T l gim ca t sau khi p mui ----------------------------------------- 56
Bng 3.5. nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n cht lng dch t--------------- 60

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng vii

Bng 3.6. Kt qu sau qu trnh cm quan v khi phi thm ng ----------------- 61
Bng 3.7. Kt qu sau qu trnh cm quan v khi phi thm mui ------------------- 63
Bng 3.8. nh hng nhit n thi gian gia nhit tng t --------------------- 64
Bng 3.9. Kt qu nh gi cm quan v nh hng ca nhit rim ln mu sc
ca sn phm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Bng 3.10. Kt qu nh gi cm quan v mc a thch ca sn phm --------- 65
Bng 3.11. Th hin mc a thch ca sn phm ----------------------------------- 65
Bng 3.12. Cng thc cc gia v phi ch ----------------------------------------------- 67
Bng 3.13. nh gi cht lng cm quan khi b sung gia v vo tng t ------- 67
Bng 3.14. Bng kt qu nh gi cm quan ca sn phm tng t --------------- 72
Bng 3.15. Bng kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu ha l -------------------------------- 72
Bng 3.16. Bng kt qu kim tra vi sinh ----------------------------------------------- 73
Bng 3.17. Tnh ton s b ca 1 thnh phm c trng lng 200g ---------------- 73


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng viii

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1. t sng tru --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Hnh 1.2. t ch thin ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Hnh 1.3. t him -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Hnh 1.4. t Capsicum Annuum --------------------------------------------------------- 6
Hnh 1.5. t Capsicum Chinense --------------------------------------------------------- 6
Hnh 1.6. t Capicum Baccatu ----------------------------------------------------------- 7
Hnh 1.7. t Capsicum Frutescens ------------------------------------------------------- 8
Hnh 1.8. t Capsicum Pubescens ------------------------------------------------------- 9
Hnh 1.9. Hnh thi ca tri t ------------------------------------------------------------ 12
Hnh 1.10. t ti -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Hnh 1.11. t sy --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Hnh 1.12. t bt -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Hnh 1.13. Tng t ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Hnh 1.14. Mt s sn phm tng t trn th trng --------------------------------- 19
Hnh 1.15. Mui ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Hnh 1.16. Ti v tm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Hnh 1.17. Ti v trng -------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Hnh 1.18. M vng ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng ix

Hnh 2.1. t ti nguyn liu ------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Hnh 3.1. Tri t ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Hnh 3.2. th biu th thnh phn khi lng ca tri t -------------------------- 54
Hnh 3.3. th th hin khi lng t gim sau 12h --------------------------------- 57
Hnh 3.6. th th hin mc a thch v mu sc ca sn phm --------------- 66


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng x

M u
t c ngun gc t rt lu i vng Nam M, n nay t c mt hu ht cc
ni trn th gii vi din tch trng ln, cho sn lng hng nm ln. t em li
ngun thu nhp cao cho nng dn, v l sn phm c ch bin ch yu trong cc
nh my ch bin rau qu Vit Nam v trn th gii.
Nc ta, cc loi rau qu rt phong ph v a dng vi sn lng hng nm rt
ln. Tuy nhin rau qu ch yu c dng n ti, s rt t c dng ch bin, do
hiu qu kinh t khng cao. Trong , cy t l mt v d in hnh. Hng nm
sn lng t rt ln, tuy nhin ch yu c dng n ti, mt s t c dng
ch bin cc loi tng c chua, ri t sy. Tuy nhin cc sn phm t ch bin
cn rt t vi cht lng khng cao, do gp nhiu kh khn c trn th trng
ni a ln xut khu.
Tng t l mt loi sn phm rt c a chung trn th gii. Dng trn
vo cc mn n ch bin sn, ch bin cc mn n khc nhau, rt tin li v n
gin. Sn phm tng t c nhiu nc trn th gii sn xut t lu i, vi
quy trnh ch bin hon ho cho sn phm c cht lng rt tt.
nc ta, vic sn xut tng t cn rt mi m, cht lng ca sn phm cha
cao. Do cha c quan tm nghin cu v cng ngh ch bin. Vic nghin cu
xy dng quy trnh cng ngh l iu cn thit. Chnh v vy ti : " Nghin cu
quy trnh sn xut tng t gia v " nhm to ra sn phm c cht lng cao
phc v cho ngi tiu dng v xut khu.


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng xi

Mc ch ca ti:
Xy dng c quy trnh sn xut tng t gia v lm phong ph thm sn
phm tng t trn th trng.
ngha khoa hc v ngha thc tin:
Thnh cng ca ti s xc nh c cc thng s thch hp cho quy trnh sn
xut nhm tin ti nng cao quy trnh p dng vo sn xut vi quy m cng
nghip, to ra sn phm mi, lm a dng ha sn phm tng t.

n Tt Nghip GS.TSKH Nguyn Trng Cn

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng Trang 1

CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU



1.1. Gii thiu v cy t
1.1.1. Ngun gc cy t [ 7, 8 ]
- Cy t c tn khoa hc Capsium frutescens L; Capsium annuum L. thuc h
C Solanaceae. Cy t l cy gia v, thn tho, thn di ha g, c th sng vi
nm, c nhiu cnh, nhn, l mc so le, hnh thun di, u nhn, hoa mc n
c k l. Qu t c nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh Lt tiu, Lt t, Ngu gic
tiu, Hi tiu. Qu t mc r xung t, ch ring cy t ch thin th qu li
quay ln tri. Cc b phn ca cy t nh qu, r v l cn c dng lm thuc
cha nhiu bnh.
- Cy t c ngun gc Nam M, bt ngun t mt s loi hoang di, c thun
ha v trng Chu u, n cch y hn 500 nm.
- Ngi ta cho rng t c thun ha t nht nm ln bi nhng c dn tin
s cc khu vc khc nhau ca Nam v Bc M, t Peru pha nam n
Mexico pha bc v mt s vng ca cc bang Colorado v New Mexico bi
Cc dn tc Pueblo C i).

Trong cun sch xut bn Svensk Botanisk
Tidskrift (1995), Gio s Hakon Hjelmqvist xut bn mt bi vit v t trong
thi k tin - Columbia chu u. Trong mt ni khai qut kho c ca St.
Botulf Lund, cc nh kho c tuyn b tm thy mt Capsicum frutescens
trong mt lp c nin i th k 13. Hjelmqvist cng tuyn b rng Capsicum
c miu t bi Therophrasteus ngi Hy Lp (370 - 286 BC). ng cng
cp n cc ngun c khc. Nh th La M Martialis (khong th k 1) m t
"Pipervee crudum" (t ti) c hnh di v c nhiu ht. Cc m t ny khng
ph hp vi tiu en (Piper nigrum), cy khng mc tt trong iu kin kh hu
chu u


1.1.2. Cc ging t c trng nc ta v trn th gii
1.1.2.1. Cc ging t c trng nc ta [ 7 ]
Hin nay nhiu ni trng t vn canh tc ging a phng l chnh. Ging trng
ph bin ng bng sng Cu Long c ging Sng Tru, Ch Thin, t Bng,
t Him, min Trung c ging t Sng B, Cha Vi. Ngoi ra Vin Nghin
Cu Nng Nghip H Ni cng b b su tp vi 117 ging ni a (1987), iu
ny chng minh ngun ging t phong ph, a dng cha c bit n nc
ta. Tuy nhin ging a phng b lai tp nn thoi ha, qun th khng ng
u v cho nng sut km, trong khi cc ging F1 c kh nng cho nng sut
vt tri trong iu kin thm canh cao nn bt u c a chung v ang
thay th dn cc ging a phng.
Ging lai F1:
- Ging Chili (cng ty Trang Nng phn phi): Tri to, di 12-13 cm, ng
knh tri 1,2-1,4cm; trng lng trung bnh tri 15-16 gram, dng tri ch a, tri
chn , cng, cay trung bnh, ph hp th hiu ngi tiu dng. Cy cao trung
bnh 75-85 cm, sinh trng mnh, chng chu bnh tt v cho nng sut cao.
- Ging s 20 (cng ty Ging Min Nam phn phi): sinh trng mnh, phn tn
ln, ra nhiu hoa, d u tri, bt u cho thu hoch 85-90 ngy sau khi cy, cho
thu hoch di ngy v chng chu tt bnh virus. Tri t ch a di 14-16 cm,
thng, t cay, tri cng nn gi c lu sau thu hoch, nng sut 2-3
tn/1.000m
2
.
- Ging TN 16 (cng ty Trang Nng phn phi): Cho thu hoch 70-75 ngy sau
khi gieo, tri ch thin khi chn ti, rt cay, di 4-5 cm, ng knh 0,5-
0,6cm, trng lng trung bnh 3-4g/tri, u nhiu tri v chng chu kh vi
bnh thi tri, sinh trng tt quanh nm. - Ging Him lai 207 (cng ty Hai


Mi Tn phn phi): Ging cho tri ch thin, di 2-3 cm, tri rt cay v
thm, nng sut 2-3 kg tri/cy, chng chu kh bnh thn th.
Ging a phng:
- Ging Sng Tru: Bt u cho thu hoch 60-80 ngy sau khi cy. Tri mu
khi chn, di 12-15 cm, hi cong u, hng xung. Nng sut 8-10 tn/ha, d
nhim bnh virus v thn th trn tri.

Hnh 1.1. t sng tru
- Ging Ch Thin: Bt u cho tri 85-90 ngy sau khi cy. Tri thng, bng
lng, di 7-10 cm, hng ln, nng sut tng ng vi t Sng nhng tri cay
hn nn c a chung hn.

Hnh 1.2. t ch thin


- Ging t Him: Cy cao, tr hoa v cho tri chm hn 2 ging trn nhng cho
thu hoch di ngy hn nh chng chu bnh tt. Tri nh 3-4 cm nn thu hoch
tn cng, tri rt cay v khng bnh n tri tt nn trng c trong ma ma.

Hnh 1.3. t him
1.1.2.2. Mt s ging t c trng nc ngoi [ 7,10]
Capsicum Annuum (ANN-you-um)
Annuum ngha l cy trng mt nm trn thc t l mt tn gi sai v t l cy
lu nm nhng iu kin trng thch hp. Loi ny l ph bin nht v c
trng rng ri nht trong s nm loi t thun ha v bao gm t Ancho, t
Chung, t Cayenne, t Anh o, t Cuba, t Arbol, t Jalapeno, t Mirasol, t
Cnh, t New Mexico, t Paprika, t Pimiento, t Pequin, t Serrano, t Squash
v cc loi t qu Sp.
t Annuum tng c chia thnh hai loi, t ngt (hoc du) v t cay. Tuy
nhin, k thut gy ging thc vt hin i xa b s phn bit ny v cc loi
t chung cay v t ngt Jalapenos by gi c gy ging.



Hnh 1.4. t Capsicum Annuum
Capsicum Chinense (chi-NEN-see)
Chinense c ngha l 't Trung Hoa' cn l s nhm ln v tn gi v loi ny c
ngun gc t lu vc sng Amazon v by gi c mt ph bin khp vng
Caribbe, Trung v Nam M v cc nc nhit i. Loi ny bao gm nhiu
ging t cay nht th gii bao gm t Habanero, t M B-r Xcot-len v t
Savina huyn thoi. Cc loi qu, cng nh cy t rt khc nhau trong loi ny
mc d chng c c im chung l c mt hng v hoa qu c trng thng
c m t l ging mi qu m.
t Chinense l mt loi nhit i c xu hng sng tt nht nhng khu vc c
m cao. Chng l nhng cy trng tng i pht trin chm, c ma v
trng lu hn nhiu loi khc v ht t cn thi gian lu hn ny mm.

Hnh 1.5. t Capsicum Chinense


Capsicum Baccatum (bah-COT-tum hoc bah-KAY-tum)
Baccatum c ngha l 'ging qu trng c' gm cc ging cy t ca Nam M
cn gi l Aji. Nhiu ging t baccatum gn nh ging vi t annuum vi qu
t t khng cay n rt cay.
Loi baccatum thng c c trng vi nhng loi khc bi nhng m vng
hoc mu rm nng trn trng hoa v bi nhng bao phn mu vng. Nhiu
ging t thuc loi baccatum pht trin ln cao, thng t ti 5 pht chiu cao
v qu thng thng ln ri cong xung khi chn.

Hnh 1.6. t Capsicum Baccatu

Capsicum Frutescens (fru-TES-enz)
Frutescens c ngha l 'cy bi' hoc 'rm rp' khng c trng rng ri ngoi
tr t Tabasco, l ging t c s dng sn xut loi tng t ni ting th
gii t nm 1848. Mt ging ni ting khc l t Malagueta, c trng lu
vc sng Amazon Brazil ni loi ny bt ngun.
Cc cy t Frutescens c tnh cht pht trin dy c, nhiu thn v pht trin
cao t 1 n 4 pht ty vo cc iu kin a phng. Hoa t c trng mu
trng pht xanh khng c m v ti phn mu ta. Cc loi qu t a dng nh


nhng loi t khc (ngoi tr loi Pubescens) v thng nh, nhn u v dng
ng trn cy. Loi ny c bit thch hp cho vic trng cy trong chu v mt
cy c th to ra 100 qu tr ln.

Hnh 1.7. t Capsicum Frutescens

Capsicum Pubescens (pew-BES-enz)
Pubescens c ngha l 'c lng' c l l loi t ph bin nht trong s nm loi t
thun ha v l loi t thun ha duy nht khng c dng cy di. Tuy nhin, hai
loi cy t di 'Cardenasii' v 'Eximium' c tin l c quan h gn gi vi n.
Pubescens c tp tnh mc dy v thng (i khi b v ging cy nho) v c th
pht trin cao ti 8 pht, tuy nhin thng l 2 pht. Hoa t c cc trng mu ta,
ti phn mu ta v mu trng v mc thng ng trn l. Qu t thng c hnh
qu l hoc to.
Mt im th v nn nh l loi ny b 'c lp' vi cc loi t thun ha khc v
n khng th th phn cho vi chng. Mt c im c trng khc ca loi t
ny l qu c ht mu en. Cc ging thuc loi ny gm t Peru 'Rocoto' v t


Mexico 'Manzano'. C l y l loi t thun ha kh trng nht trong s nm
loi ni trn.

Hnh 1.8. t Capsicum Pubescens

1.1.3. Ga tr dinh dng ca t [ 8, 9]
- t cha mt hn hp alkaloid c ch cho sc khe, capsaicin mang li v cay
hng mnh m. Cc nghin cu th nghim trc y trn cc ng vt c v th
nghim cho thy capsaicin c cc tnh cht khng khun, chng ung th, gim
au v chng tiu ng. N cn c pht hin l lm gim mc LDL
cholesterol cc c th bo ph.
- Chng cn c cc cht chng xi ha khc nh vitamin A, v cc cht
flavonoid nh sc t vng beta, alpha, lutein, zeaxanthin, v cryptoxanthins. Cc
cht chng xi ha trong t gip bo v c th khi cc tc ng gy tn thng
ca cc nguyn t t do ny sinh trong cc iu kin stress, bnh tt.
Bng 1.1. Gi tr dinh dng trong 100g t ti
Cht Gi tr dinh dng T l %
Nng lng 40kcal 2%
Carbohydrate 8.81g 7%


m 1.87g 3%
Tng lng cht bo 0.44 2%
Cht x 1.5g 3%
Cc Vitamin
Folates 23 mcg 6%
Niacin 1.244 mg 8%
Pantothenic acid 0.201 mg 4%
Pyridoxine 0.506 mg 39%
Ribofavin 0.086 mg 6.5%
Thiamin 0.72 mg 6%
Vitamin A 952 IU 32%
Vitamin C 143.7 mg 240%
Vitamin E 0.69 mg 4.5%
Vitamin K 14 mcg 11.5%
Cht in phn
Natri 9 mg 0.5%
Kali 322 mg 7%
Cc cht khong
Canxi 14 mg 1.5 %
ng 0.129 mg 14%
St 1.03 mg 13%
Magi 23 mg 6%
Mangan 0.187 mg 8%
Pht-pho 43 mg 6%


Selen 0.5 mcg 1%
Km 0.26 mg 2%

Phyto-nutrients
Carotene- 534 mcg -
Carotene- 36 mcg -
Cryptoxanthin- 40 mcg -



1.1.4. c im thc vt ca tri t [ 7 ]

Hnh 1.9. Hnh thi ca tri t



1.1.5. Thi v trng t [ 8 ]

t c th trng c 3 v trong nm:
- V sm: Gieo ht thng 8 - 9, trng thng 9 - 10, bt u thu hoch t thng 12
- 1.
- V chnh (ng Xun): Gieo ht thng 10 - 11, trng thng 11-12, bt u thu
hoch thng 2-3 .
- V H Thu: Gieo thng 4 - 5 trng thng 5-6 thu hoch 8-9.
1.1.6. Cng dng v phng thuc [ 9,11 ]
- Theo y hc c truyn, t v cay, nng, c tc dng tn hn, kin t, tiu thc,
ch thng, thng c dng cha au bng do lnh, tiu ha km, cha au
khp. Nghin cu ca y hc hin i cho thy, trong t c cha mt s hot cht
nh capsicain, cht ny bc hi nhit cao, gy ht hi mnh.
- Cht capsaicin trong t l hot cht gy v nng, ch c khi qu t chn.
Cht ny c tc dng kch thch no b sn xut ra cht edorphin - c tc dng
gim au, c bit c ch cho nhng bnh nhn b vim khp mn tnh v bnh
au u do thn kinh.
- Qua nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc cho bit, khi chng ta cn mt ming t cay,
v cay kch thch mnh, khin no b bi tit ra cht ha hc lm gim bt au
n v sinh ra mt cht khoi cm. Trong t cn cha mt s cht gip mu lu
thng tt, trnh c tnh trng ng vn tiu cu, dn n bnh nhi mu c
tim. t cn c tc dng ngn nga huyt p cao v gim bo.
- Qua nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc chng minh, thnh phn cht cay ca t
c tc dng lan ta v t chy cc cht bo. Khi c th hp thu cht cay t t,
no s tng cng hot ng, thc y s chuyn ti ca h thn kinh, lm cho


thn tit ra cc dch th. Khi thn tit ra cc dch th s t chy cht bo, v vy
c tc dng gim bo. t cng cha mt s vitamin v cht khong. Trong 100g
t c cha 198mg viatmin C, v cc vitamin B1, B2, bta caroten (tin vitamin
A), canxi, st, axit citric, axit malic. Lng vitamin C phong ph trong t c th
khng ch x cng ng mch v lm gim cholesterol.
- Nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc M cho thy, t c tc dng st trng, chng
i thiu, chng lnh v cha mt s dng cht nn gip con ngi phng v
cha mt s bnh. Ch cn mt qu t cay nh cng mang li cm gic ngon
ming cho nhiu ngi, v th t tr thnh mn gia v khng th thiu c
trong mt s mn n.
1.1.7. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th t Vit Nam [ 7 ]
- Cy t l cy rau quan trng ca nhiu vng chuyn canh, cho hiu qu kinh t
cao. Ty theo c im ca tng vng sinh thi, ty theo thi v, t c th cho
thu nhp mt so t 4 5 triu ng tnh chi ph. Mc thu nhp ny cao hn
nhiu sao vi trng cc loi rau mu khc.
- Mt khc, t c th ch bin ra rt nhiu loi sn phm v c s dng di
nhiu hnh thc v loi sn phm thong dng khp cc nc trn th gii, nn
n l loi cy trng trin vng cho xut khu.
- Vit Nam l nc sn xut nng nghip, c iu kin kh hu, t ai ph hp
vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca nhiu loi rau qu. Trong cy t c
trng hu ht cc tnh v c trng nhiu v trong nm. Nh cc tin b v
ging, k thut canh tc, hin nay t c trng v sn xut gn nh quanh nm.
- Trong nhng nm gn y, vi s hi nhp kinh t khu vc v quc t, vic
giao lu bun bn hang ha gia cc nc c t do ha, cy t cng th


hin tim nng to ln trong xut khu dng ti v cc sn phm qua ch
bin. ng thi cy t l cy trng c tim nng do tnh a dng v d dng
canh tc. Hng nm nc ta din tch trng t u tng ln.
Bng 1.2. Tham kho mt s doanh nghip xut khu t trong 15 ngy u

thng 09/2007
Doanh nghip xut khu Th trng xut
khu
Kim
ngch
(USD)
Cty C phn Nng thu sn t Doan Trung Quc 165.500
Cty C phn XNK Rau qu i Loan 68.040
Cty TNHH AGRI DEVELOPMENT Singapore 51.995
Chi nhnh Cty C phn XNK Than Vit Nam
ti TP.HCM
Singapore 46.511
Cty TNHH Thc phm Asuzac Nht Bn 22.848
Cty Hu hn Ch bin Gia v Nedspice Vit
Nam
H Lan 22.250
Cty TNHH Thng mi DV Vn ti Si Gn Malayxia,
i Loan
19.656
Cty TNHH Thc phm Vn c Phc i Loan 16.537
Cty TNHH Thng mi Chu H Slovakia
(Slovak Rep.)
15.360
Cty C phn Thnh Tng Trung Quc 15.162
DNTN Ngc T Singapore 15.077



- Nng sut sn xut t ca Vit Nam cn thp v khng n nh. Nhng
nguyn nhn lm cho nng sut t ca nc ta cn thp l do: cha c ngun
ging tt, cha c u t thch ng vo vng sn xut, cha lm tt cng tc
phng tr su bnh, cha p dng cc bin php k thut sn xut t nng sut
cao.
- Song song vi vic u t pht trin vng nguyn liu t, th cc d n sn
xut t phc v cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu v ang c y
mnh. Bn cnh cc nh my mi c xy dng vi cng ngh, thit b hin i
th cc nh my c vn tip tc hot ng ch bin cc sn phm c chua phc
v tiu dung v xut khu.
1.1.8. Cc sn phm t t [ 7, 8, 12]
- t ti l thnh phm t n gin nht c th s dng ngay sau khi hai khi
cy. t ti c mua bn hng ngy ti tt c cc ch v siu th nh mt loi
gia v kh thiu c cho ba n ca hu ht mi ngi.

Hnh 1.10. t ti
- Cng ngh sy t c th c th i din chung cho cng ngh sy rau. Sn
phm t sy l t nguyn qu, cn nguyn hnh dng qu ban u, hm lng m


khng ch sao cho vi sinh vt (c bit l nm mc) khng th mc c v do
kh nng bo qun c tng cng gp nhiu ln.

Hnh 1.11. t sy
- Bt t (hay t xay bt) d dng qu t kh c tn bt, i khi c trn thm
cc gia v khc (to thnh hn hp bt t). Bt t c s dng nh mt loi gia
v c a thch trn th gii b sung hng v v cay hng vo cc mn n.

Hnh 1.12. t bt



- Tng t l th nc chm cay c dng c st nh nc st v c mu ,
c lm t nguyn liu chnh l t xay nhuyn kt hp vi mt s gia v khc.
Nhng nc trng c t u c tp qun lm tng t.

Hnh 1.13. Tng t

1.1.9. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th tng t Vit Nam [ 7,10]
Vit Nam, sn phm tng t ni ring v cc sn phm t t ni chung u
tiu th rt chm trong nc, m ch yu l xut khu. iu ny do cc nguyn
nhn sau:
- Nc ta lun c sn ngun nguyn liu t ti quanh nm vi gi r.
- Ngi dn Vit Nam cha c thi quen s dng thc phm ch bin sn.
- Ga sn phm tng t cn cao hn so vi t ti.
Vit Nam, tng t cha c ch trng u t sn xut, c v trang thit b
v cng ngh. C mt s nh my ch bin tng t nhng cht lng cha cao.
Trn th trng c mt vi sn phm tng t do cc cng ty Vit Nam sn xut
c ngi tiu dung quan tm nh:



Hnh 1.14. Mt s sn phm tng t trn th trng

- Vic nghin cu xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut tng t ph
hp vi iu kin trong nc r rng l mt hng u t hp l hiu qu.
Trc ht, sn xut tng t trong nc gp phn khai thc tim nng nguyn
liu t nc ta. Sn phm thu c p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut
khu.
- Vi mc tiu v trong phm vi ca ti ny, nhim v t ra l nghin
cu c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut tng t c b sung cc loi gia v
nhm to ra sn phm c cht lng tt hn, ph hp vi iu kin sn xut
Vit Nam.



Mt s quy trnh sn xut tng t trn th trng [ 12 ]
- Quy trnh 1:

T KHOAI
TY
C CHUA
CN
XAY NHUYN
THI NH
RA
X L S B
CN
RA
LUC
CN
RA
CHN
TH ST
BC V, B HT
CH
PHI TRN
THM GIA V
BT KHOAI TY
UN SI
CH
Bt bp,
nc
ng,
mui, dm


LM NGUI
RT CHAI
UN SI
SN PHM


- Quy trnh 2:

T TI C CHUA
LA CHN LA CHN BC V
X L LA CHN X L
LM SCH LM SCH LM SCH
NGHIN
CHN CHN NGHIN
NGHIN
CH
CH
PHI TRN
C C
RT CHAI
SN PHM


Thuyt minh quy trnh
- Chun b nguyn liu: Loi b qu thi, ct b cung, v nhng thnh phn
hng, vt en, khuyt tt. C chua to qu nn b nh d nghin ch.
- Chn: Nu khng c my nghin, cn luc hoc hp t, c chua qu mm
d tch v v ht. Nu c my nghin th khng cn lm chn nguyn liu.
- Xay ch tch v ht: C chua, t c xay nhuyn, ch qua r tre, hoc ry c
kch thc l nh thu c tht qu nhuyn, loi b ht, v.
- Phi trn v c c: Trn u phn tht qu nhuyn ca c chua, t, ti vi
ng v mui sau gia nhit hn hp n nhit si v gi nhit trong
khong 5 - 10 pht. Cc ph gia khc ln lt cho vo hn hp. Trong qu trnh
c c phi khuy lin tc trnh bn ni.
- Rt chai: Khi hn hp t c c mong mun, nhanh chng rt sn phm
vo nhng dng c cha ng sch c thanh trng trc, y np kn ngay
khi sn phm cn nng.



1.2. Cc loi nguyn liu ph
1.2. 1. ng
S dng ng sacharose kt tinh cht lng cao, t TCVN 7968-2008.
C tc dng:
- ng s lm tng v ngt cho sn phm, nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca thc
phm.
- Tham gia vo qu trnh bo qun ca sn phm.
Bng 1.3. Ch tiu ha l ng dng trong sn xut
Tn ch tiu n v tnh Gi tr
pol (
0
Z)

99.8
Hm lng ng kh % 0.03
Tro dn nhit % 0.03
D lng sunfua dioxit ppm 7
Asen mg/kg 1
ng mg/kg 2
Ch mg/kg 0.05
(Ngun: TCVN dnh cho ng dng trong sn xut)

1.2.2. Mui [ 3 ]
C tc dng:
- To v cho sn phm tng t
- Hn ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt tng thi gian bo qun sn phm
Tiu chun
i vi mui yu cu c tinh khit cao :



Hm lng: NaCl > 90%
Hm lng: Mg
2+
0,1%
Hm lng: Ca
2+
0,6%
Hm lng ct sn 0,5%
Hm lng K
+
0,1%

Hnh 1.15. Mui

1.2.3.Ti [ 9 ]
C 2 loi l ti v tm v ti v trng
- Ti v tm:
Tn dn gian : ti lo, kiu , cau nht. V ngoi c mu tm , tp ti my, s
tp tng i t ( 6 8 tp). Nc ti c dnh, l ti cay, thn c to khe, ti
non c mi thm. Ti v tm chu rt, chn sm.



Hnh 1.16. Ti v tm

- Ti v trng:
Ti c v ngoi mu trng, v cay nht, tp gy v s tp nhu hn 8 -12 tp
mi c. So vi ti v tm, ti v trng chu rt, chn mun, v non trng, v
cay nht.

Hnh 1.17. Ti v trng



Thnh phn ha hc trong 100g ti

- Thnh phn chnh

Bng 1.4. Bng thnh phn ha hc chnh trong 100g ti

Tn
Nng
lng
Nc protein lipid Glucid cellulose tro
Kcal %
Ti v
trng
118 67.7 4.4 0.2 23 0.7 1.3
Ti v
tm
29 90 1.4 - 5.9 1.5 1.2

- Mui khong v vitamin
Bng 1.5. Bng hm lng mui khng v vitamin trong 100g ti

Tn
Mui khong Vitamin
Ca

P Fe -
caroten
B1 B2 PP C
% %mg
Ti
v
trng
24 181 1.5 - 0.24 0.03 0.9 10
Ti
v tm
80 58 2 10 0.06 0.04 0.5 20



Cng dng ca ti
- Gia v: l loi rau gia v, dung nu tht b, tht ln, c v thm ngon. Ti l
mt mn n gia v c bit trong ba n ca cc gia nh.
- Thuc
Tc dng phng chng ung th
Ti c tc dng chng li tin trnh pht trin khi u v ung th ca nhiu
loi ung th khc nhau nh: ung th d dy, ung th ct sng ung th
phi, ung th v v mng trong t cung, ung th kt trng, ung th thanh
qun. Nu bnh c pht hin v iu tr sm (n ti thng xuyn hng
ngy t 5 n 20 gam ti ti ty bnh) ng thi ngi bnh tun th
nghim ngt cc iu king k nh t b thuc l; bia ru; thc n
nng - quay - chin rn. Hn ch n cht bo ng vt, ci da, du c,
mui, cc loi tht c mu .
Tc dng phng chng cc bnh tim mch
Ti lm gim triglycerid v cholesterol trong mu tng t clofibrat.- Ti
lm tng hm lng cholesterol tt (HDL) v gim hm lng cholesterol
xu (LDL) do lm gim cc ri lon chuyn ha m trong mu, chng
x cng ng mch vnh, ng mch no, ng mch ngoi vi.- Ti c
th lm h huyt p tm thu t 20 -30mmHg v h huyt p tm trng t
10 - 20mmHg.- Ti chng sinh huyt khi tng ng vi aspirin nhng
khng c tc dng ph c hi nh aspirin.Do dng ti ti hoc ch
phm ti thng xuyn hng ngy s c tc dng iu ha huyt p, chng
bnh tng huyt p; bo v tim mch chng nhi mu c tim v chng tai


bin mch mu no; ng thi ngi bnh phi thc hin tt cc iu
king k nh vi bnh ung th ni trn.
Tc dng gim ng huyt
(khng c hi v chng ch nh nh cc thuc cha tiu ng Ty y).-
Ti c tc dng gia tng s phng thch Insulin t do trong mu, tng
cng chuyn ha glucose trong gan - gim lng ng trong mu v
trong nc tiu (tc dng tng ng vi Tolbutamid, mt loi sunfamid
cha tiu ng type II). Do dng ti thng xuyn hng ngy c th
cha bnh tiu ng type II cho ngi mc bnh t 3 - 10 nm; ng thi
ngi bnh phi tun th nghim ngt cc iu cm k vi ngi bnh
tiu ng (t b cc cht ngt c cha ng; thuc l; bia ru; thc n
chin rn, quay, nng; cht bo ng vt, ci da, du c. Hn ch n
mui, tht c mu , ng cc v.v.).
Tc dng tng cng h min dch
Ti c tc dng ng k ln h min dch; tng hot tnh cc thc bo
lymph cyte nht l vi thc bo CD4 gip c th bo v mng t bo
chng tn thng nhim sc th ADN; khng virus; phng chng nhim
trng.

1.2.4. M vng [ 8 ]
C tc dng:
- To cm quan cho sn phm.
- Tng cht lng ca sn phm tng t.


- M vng l mn n b v v thuc qu. Theo y hc c truyn, m vng c v
ngt, tnh bnh, c tc dng dng huyt, nhun to, b ng tng, h nhc, ch
kh lc, bn gn ct, sng mt, thm thng minh, dng ngoi p tr sng ty, vt
bng v lm cao dn nht.
- Ngoi ra, ht m v du ht m c dng cha to bn, tng cng dinh
dng,khng c vo 4 kinh: ph, t, gan v thn,c tc dng b gan v b thn,
tng hng cu,nhun gan mt v li tiu.

Hnh 1.18. M vng

1.2.5. inh hng [ 2,8 ]
- inh hng l cy thng xanh c th cao ti 10-20 m, c cc l hnh bu dc
ln v cc hoa mu thm mc thnh cm u cnh. Cc chi hoa ban u c
mu nht v dn dn tr thnh mu lc, sau chng pht trin thnh mu
ti, l khi chng c th thu hoch. Cc hoa c thu hoch khi chng di
khong 1,5-2 cm, bao gm i hoa di, cng ra thnh bn l i hoa v bn cnh
hoa khng n to thnh vin trn nh trung tm.
- Tinh du inh hng c cc tnh cht gy t v khng vi trng, v n i khi
c dng kh mi hi ca hi th hay ci thin tnh trng au rng. N


hoc thnh phn chnh ca n, Eugenol , c cc nha s s dng lm du cn
au sau khi nh rng su v n l mi c trng trong cc phng mch nha khoa.



CHNG 2
I TNG V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU



2.1. Nguyn liu s dng trong nghin cu
2.1.1. t

Hnh 3.1. t trc khi loi cung

Hnh 2.1. t ti nguyn liu
- Nguyn liu t c dng y l t Qung Nam.
- Nguyn liu i hi cao v mu sc, bng ca lp v, mu ti
- Khng b dp ng, mm v khng b mt nc qu nhiu s gy hin tng
ho, khng bng.
2.1.2. Cc gia v v hng liu
a. ng
- S dng ng RE to v ngt cho sn phm.
Bng 2.1. Cc ch tiu ca ng RE
Ch tiu Gi tr
saccharose 99,8 %
ng kh ( Reducing sugars) 0,03 %
m ( moisture ) 0,05 %
Tro ( Ash ) 0,03 %
mu ( color value ) 20 ICUMSA



b. Mui
- S dng mui NaCl tinh khit to v cho sn phm tng t.
c. Cc loi hng liu
- Ti, m, inh hng, du n.
- Vai tr: To hng v c trng cho sn phm tng t.



2.2. Phng php nghin cu
2.2.1. D kin qu trnh nghin cu
2.2.1.1. S nghin cu

Bc 4
Kt lun v kin ngh
Bc 1
Tng quan v nguyn liu
Bc 3
Phn tch nh gi cht
lng sn phm
Bc 2
Nguyn liu v
phng php nghin cu
- Kt lun v quy trnh cng ngh.
- Tnh kh thi ca ti.
- Kin ngh.
- La chn nguyn liu
- Kho st cc thnh phn khi lng,
chiu di, kch thc ca nguyn liu.
- Thit lp quy trnh cng ngh d kin.
- La chn cc qu trnh kho st.

- nh gi cm quan sn phm
- Xy dng ch tiu cho sn phm
- Tng quan v ti liu
- Tm hiu nguyn liu chnh, nguyn liu
ph v tnh cht cng ngh ca nguyn
liu.


2.2.1.2. Quy trnh d kin

Tp cht

Cung

Nc

La chn, phn loi
Xay
Ra
Ngm dm
X l
t bn thnh
phm
Gia nhit

Phi trn
Mui
ng
Mui
Nc
t


Lm ngui
Thm gia v ln 1
cn
Thm gia v ln 2
Sn phm
Ti
inh hng
ng np
M
du n
Chai


2.2.2. B tr th nghim
2.2.2.1. Xc nh khi lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t
Cc ch tiu c l ca tri t c xc nh chn hon ton c th s
dng ch bin.
Ly ngu nhin 10 tri t tin hnh o chiu di ca tri t. Sau xc nh kch
thc, trng lng ban u v trng lng sau khi b cung.

2.2.2.2. Xc nh s bin i khi lng ca t khi p mui
- t sau khi c x l s b, s c p mui vi cc t l: 4%; 6%; 8%;
10%.
- Mi mu ngm c khi lng t l: 500g.
- Thi gian tin hnh ngm: 12h, 18h, 24h.
- Xc nh khi lng t sau qu trnh p

2.2.2.3. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n n nh dch t
Chun b mu:
- t sau c lm nh s b.
- Cho vo my xay sinh t, trong thi gian ln lt l: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 pht
ch tiu cn xc nh:
- mn ca ht.
2.2.2.4. Xc nh hm lng ng b sung vo tng t
Chun b mu:
- Chun b mu pure t, mi mu 200g t xay.
- Phi trn ng vo pure t theo cc t l khc nhau nh sau: 4; 6;
8;10;12 %.


Ch tiu nh gi:
- nh gi cm quan v cc mu theo phng php cho im

Bng 2.3. Hm lng ng b sung vo tng t

2.2.2.5. Xc nh hm lng mui b sung vo tng t
Chun b mu:
- Chun b mu pure t, mi mu 200g t xay.
- B sung ng theo t l chn.
- Phi trn mui n vo pure t theo cc t l khc nhau nh sau: 1; 2; 3; 4;
5%.
Ch tiu nh gi:
- nh gi cm quan v cc mu theo phng php cho im.
Bng 2.4. Hm lng mui b sung vo tng t

2.2.2.6. Kho st ch gia nhit ( rim )

Mc ch:
V sn phm c hm lng ng rt d gy hin tng caramen ha khi gp
nhit cao lm nh hng n mu sc v hng v ca sn phm.V vy, ta
Nng ng ( % )
4 6 8 10 12
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Nng mui ( % )
1 2 3 4 5
M2 M3 M4 M5 M6


cn xem xt nh hng t cc thng s ca qu trnh gia nhit n cm quan sn
phm m c bit l hai thng s thi gian v nhit ln mu sc hng v ca
sn phm.
Yu cu:
Phi kho st nhiu ch nhit khc nhau thy s thay i v mu sc
cng nh hng v ca sn phm sau qu trnh gia nhit.
Phng php thc hin:
- Chun b mu:
+ Chun b 3 mu, mi mu 400g t.
+ B sung hm lng ng, mui chn cc th nghim trn.
+ Trn u n khi to thnh mt th thng nht.
- Thc hin:
+ Gia nhit cc ch : 80
0
C; 85
0
C; 90
0
C.
+ Mi mu s c thc hin 3 ch gia nhit .
+ Tin hnh lm th nghim 3 ln ly gi tr trung bnh.
2.2.2.7. Xc nh liu lng ca cc loi gia v
- Cc loi gia v c dng: ti, inh hng, th l.
- Hm lng cc gia v ln lt c cho vo dch l:
Ti
inh hng
M
Du n



Bng 2.5. Bng cng thc cc gia v phi ch [ 8,12]

Chun b mu:
- Cc loi gia v c cn theo t l, sau nghin nh.
- B sung ng, mui theo t l chn.
Ch tiu nh gi: Mi, v ca gia v. Dng php th cho im nh gi cht
lng ca tng cng thc gia v.

2.2.3. Phng php kim nghim nguyn liu v sn phm
2.2.3.1. Phng php xc nh hm lng cht kh ha tan(
0
Brix) [ 5 ]
Dng c:
Brix k ca phng th nghim
a khuy
Khn giy
Bnh tia nc ct
Cch tin hnh:
Cng thc 1
( g )
Cng thc 2 ( g ) Cng thc 3 ( g )
Ti 2 Ti 3 Ti 4
inh hng 1,5 inh hng 1 inh hng 0,5
M 0,5 M 1,5 M 0,5
Du n 2 Du n 0,5 Du n 1


Dng a khuy khuy nh dung dch cn o nng cht ha tan, ly 1 git
cho ln mt knh ca Brix k, y np knh li. Quan st v c kt qu bng
vch phn chia vng sng ti trn thang o. C th hng knh v pha nh
sng hy c r hn vng phn chia. Sau ra mt knh bng nc ct
v dng khn giy lau sch nh nhng.
2.2.3.2. Phng php xc nh hm lng m
c xc nh bng my o m hiu IIAXIS ( Poland ).
Cho nguyn liu c ct nh vo vi lng khong 0,3 1,5 gram.
Nhn nt F1 tin hnh sy v theo di tin trnh cho ti khi khi lng mu
khng i th ghi li cc thng s v hm m.
2.2.3.3. Phng php xc nh hm lng tro ton phn [ 5 ]
Nguyn tc:
Dng nhit cao ( 550 600
0
C) nung chy hon ton cc cht hu c, phn
cn li em cn v tnh ra phn trm c trong thc phm cn xc nh ch
yu cc khong cht dng oxit hoc dng mui.
Dng c:
- Chn s
- Bp in
- Cn k thut


- Bnh ht m
- T sy
- L nung ( 550 600
0
C )
Cch tin hnh:
Nung chn s nhit 550 600
0
C trong vng 2 gi, sau h nhit
chn s t t bng cch cho vo t sy 120
0
C, ngui bnh ht m v
cn bng cn phn tch chnh xc n 0,0001g.
Cho mt lng mu nht nh vo chn s, cn chnh xc khi lng ca
mu ln chn. Cho chn vo l nung 550 600
0
C. Nung n khi mu ha tro
trng ngha l loi ht cc cht hu c. Tip tc nung thm 30 pht ri
ngui trong t sy v bnh ht m.
Tnh kt qu theo cng thc:

Trong :
m
1
: Khi lng chn sy 550 600
0
C n khi lng khng i ( g ).
m
2
: Khi lng ca chn v tro trng sau khi nung n khi lng khng i
( g ). m : khi lng ca mu ( g )
m
1
m
2

X ( % ) = x 100%
m


2.2.3.4. Phng php xc nh pH [ 6 ]
Dng c:
My o pH ca phng th nghim, bnh nc ct, giy cun, cc thy tinh.
Tin hnh:
- Ra sch in cc bng nc ct, dng giy mm thm kh u in cc.
- t in cc vo dung dch cn o, bm nt Start.
- Ch cho mn hnh hin ln du hiu bo ch s pH khng thay i na th
ghi nhn kt qu. Sau nhn Stop.
- Ly in cc ra khi dung dch cn o, trnh ra in cc bng nc ct,
thm kh bng giy mm.
- Ngm in cc vo dung dch KCl 3M bo qun.
2.2.4. Phng php cm quan sn phm
Trong cht lng thc phm, ngoi cc ch tiu ha l th cht lng cm quan
l mt yu t v cng quan trong. Cht lng cm quan cng bao hm cht
lng qua cc ch tiu. Cht lng cm quan th hin c th hiu ca ngi
tiu dng sn phm.
i vi thc phm, phng php cm quan tr thnh phng php chnh
thc, khng th thiu trong vic nh gi cht lng sn phm v y l phng
php khoa hc c s dng gi ln, o c, phn tch v gii thch nhng
cu tr li ca ngi th v tnh cm quan vn c ca sn phm thc phm (
mu sc, hnh thi, mi v v trng thi ).


Trong thc t, mt sn phm thc phm c ch tiu v dinh dng rt tt
nhng hnh thc bn ngoi v mi v khc thng s kh c ngi tiu dng
chp nhn.
Do ngi ta cn dng khi nim nh gi cm quan l vic phn tch cc
tnh cht cm quan thng thng khng ch da trn tnh cht vn c ca thc
phm m cn da trn mc a thch ca ngi th i vi sn phm hay
tnh cht .
2.2.4.1. Php th so hng th hiu
Trong qu trnh hon thin, ti dng phng php so hng th hiu ly
kin ca ngi tiu dng v mc a thch i vi sn phm nhm tm ra cc
t l phi trn tng ng.
Php th tin hnh hng lot mu, ngi th c yu cu sp xp cc mu
ny theo cng hay mc ca mt tnh cht cm quan no . Mu c a
thch nht xp v tr s 1 v xp ln lt 2, 3 cho n v tr cui cng.
V hnh thc th cc mu c gii thiu phi hon ton ging nhau v v tr
ca tng mu trong dy l ngu nhin.
Quy trnh th mu:
Mi thnh vin tham gia nhn c 5 mu c sp xp ngu nhin v c
m ha, mt cc nc trng thanh v, trc khi th mu cn thanh v bng
nc trng c c cm nhn tt nht v mi v ca sn phm.
Tin hnh th ln lt cc mu theo th t t tri sang phi, c th thanh v bt
c lc no bng nc trng v nm li cc mu nu bn cha nhn thy s khc
bit gia chng. Sau khi th ht cc mu, sp xp theo th t a thch nht n
km thch nht t tri sang phi.


Lp phiu nh gi cm quan:

PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th so hng: Tng t gia v
H v Tn: Ngy th:
C 5 mu tng t gia v (A, B, C, D, E ). Bn hy nm v sp xp chng
theo th t mc a thch v mi v sn phm t cao n thp. Mu
thch nht xp v tr 1 v mu km thch nht xp v tr 5.
Lu : bn hy c k quy trnh th mu trc khi tin hnh cm quan.
Kt qu:
Th t: 1 2 3 4 5

Mu:

Nhn xt: .
Cm n s tham gia ca bn!

2.2.4.2. Php th cho im sn phm ( TCVN 3215 79 )
Trong phn nh gi cm quan sn phm cui cng, ti dng phng php
cho im cm quan theo TCVN 3215 79. Phng php ny c s dng
nh gi tng qut mc cht lng ca mt sn phm so vi tiu chun hoc so
vi mt sn phm cng loi trn tt c cc ch tiu cm quan: mu sc, mi v,
trng thi Tnh trng cht lng ca mi ch tiu c nh gi bng im.
Ga tr im tng theo mc cht lng. Do cc ch tiu c vai tr i vi cht
lng chung ca sn phm mc khc nhau nn cc gi tr cho c i vi



mi ch tiu c nhn thm mt gi tr tng ng gi l h s trng lng. Cc
ch tiu c vai tr ln hn th c h s trng lng cao hn.
Khi nh gi cm quan cc sn phm thc phm bng phng php cho im
theo TCVN 3215 79, th tt c cc ch tiu cm quan hay tng ch tiu ring
bit cho sn phm ta dng h im 20 xy dng trn mt thang thng nht 6 bc
5 im ( t 0 n 5 ) trong im 0 l ng vi cht lng sn phm " b hng "
cn t 1 n 5 ng vi mc khuyt tt gim dn. im 5 sn phm coi nh
khng c sai li v khuyt tt no, trong tnh cht ang xt, sn phm c tnh tt
c trng v r nt cho ch tiu . Tng h s trng lng ca tt c cc ch tiu
c nh gi cho mt sn phm bng 4.
im trung bnh c trng lng ca mt ch tiu l tch ca im trung bnh
cha c trng lng vi h s quan trng ca ch tiu .
im chung l tng s im c trng lng ca tt c cc ch tiu cm quan.
TCVN 3215 79 quy nh cc cp cht lng i vi cc sn phm thc phm
c c im chung v cc im trung bnh cha c trng lng i vi mt s
ch tiu tng ng nh sau:
Bng 2.6. Cc cp cht lng i vi cc sn phm thc phm

Cp cht lng

im chung
Yu cu v im trung bnh cha
c trng lng i vi cc ch tiu
Loi tt 18,6 20,0 Cc ch tiu quan trng nht 4,7
Loi kh 15,2 18,5 Cc ch tiu quan trng nht 3,8
Loi trung bnh 11,2 15,1 Mi ch tiu 2,8


Loi km ( khng t mc
cht lng quy nh trong
tiu chun nhng cn kh
nng bn c )

7,2 11,1
Mi ch tiu 1,8
Loi rt km ( khng c kh
nng bn c nhng sau
khi ti ch thch hp cn s
dng c )

4,0 7,1
Mi ch tiu 1,0
Loi hng ( khng cn s
dng c )
0 3,9 -

Nu c mt ch tiu no 0 im th im chung bng 0 v sn phm coi nh
hng. Nu thnh vin no cho lch im qu 1,5 im trung bnh cha c trng
lng ca hi ng, th im ca thnh vin b loi.
Bng 2.7. im nh gi cm quan cho sn phm tng t

Ch tiu
H s
quan
trng
Yu cu im
Mu sc 1,2
Sn phm c mu ti, c trng ca t 5
Sn phm c mu ti nhng hi nht so vi t 4
Sn phm c mu nht 3
Sn phm c mu qu nht 2
Sn phm c mu khc l 1


Sn phm b bin mu do b h hng 0
Mi 1,0
Mi thm hi ha ca t v cc gia v hng liu 5
Mi thm ca t v cc gia v hng liu nhng km
hi ha
4
Sn phm c mi qu m ca t v cc gia v hng
liu
3
Sn phm c mi thm khng c trng 2

Sn phm c mi khc l 1
Sn phm c mi h hng 0
V 1,0
V ngt, mn, cay, bo c trng hi ha 5
V ngt, mn, cay, bo c trng nhng t hi ha 4
Sn phm c v ngt, mn, qu cay 3
Sn phm c v ngt, mn, cay 2
Sn phm c v ngt, mn t cay 1
Sn phm c v l, biu hin ca h hng 0
Trng
thi
0,8
Trng thi ng nht, c trng cho sn phm 5
Trng thi ng nht, nhng c phn lp 4
Sn phm qu c 3
Sn phm c biu hin chy nc do li ng 2
Sn phm c nhiu nc do hin tng li ng 1
C biu hin ca s h hng 0



Lp hi ng nh gi: gm 10 thnh vin v tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn
phm tng t theo bng im. Sau , tng kt theo bng 2.8:
Bng 2.8: Bng im tng kt ca sn phm tng t

Ch tiu
cht lng
im cc thnh vin
Tng
s
im
im
trung
bnh
H
s
quan
trng
im
c
trng
lng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mu sc
Mi
V
Trng thi
Tng im



Lp phiu nh nh cm quan

PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th cho im cht lng sn phm
Tn sn phm: Tng t gia v
H v tn:
Ngy th mu:
Lu : Bn hy c k bng tnh im cho sn phm Tng t gia v trc khi
tin hnh th nm v cho im vo mc tng ng.
Tn ch tiu H s quan trng
im cha c
trng lng
Mu sc 1,2
Mi 1,0
V 1,0
Trng thi 0,8

Nhn xt:

Cm n s tham gia ca cc bn!



CHNG 3
KT QU NGHIN CU
V THO LUN



3.1. Xc nh khi lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t
Cht lng nguyn liu l yu t u tin v quyt nh n cht lng ca sn
phm ch bin. Trong ti ny nguyn liu chnh c s dng l t Qung
Nam. Cc tnh cht cng ngh ca ging t ny nh sau:

Hnh 3.1. Tri t
Kt qu:
Bng 3.1. Trng lng v chiu di trung bnh ca tri t

STT
Kch thc ca
t
( cm )
Trng lng ca
t
( g )
Trng lng t
sau khi b cung
( g )
1 13 18 17,8
2 12,8 18,2 18,1
3 12,7 18,1 18,0
4 13,1 18 17,9
5 12,4 18 17,87


6 12.5 18,3 18,21
7 12,9 18,4 18,32
8 13 18,3 18,22
9 13 18,4 18,33
10 12,6 18 17,9
Gi tr trung
bnh
12,8 18,2 18,065

Hnh 3.2. Biu biu th thnh phn khi lng ca tri t

Nhn xt:
- Qua kt qu bng 3.1, ta thy khi lng v chiu di ca t l c s
chnh lch.
cung, 2%
phn n c,
98%


- T hnh 3.2 ta thy phn th qu chim n 98% v phn cung chim ch
2% so vi nguyn liu ban u. Do vy vic chn t Qung Nam lm
nguyn liu sn xut tng t l thch hp v to iu kin cho gi
thnh sn phm thp.
3.2. Xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca t
Mc ch ca vic xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu:
- Cht lng nguyn liu l yu t quan trng quyt nh n cht lng
sn phm.
- bit gi tr dinh dng thnh phn ca nguyn liu.
- c cc bin php x l nguyn liu, cc cng on ch bin ph hp,
trnh tn tht cc cht dinh dng trong nguyn liu.
V vy trc khi ch bin, vic xc nh cc thng s ha hc ca nguyn
liu l rt cn thit. Tin hnh th nghim kho st thnh phn ca t, mi th
nghim tin hnh ba ln, kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng cc kt qu thu
c.
Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu t c trnh by
bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Bng thnh phn ha l ca nguyn liu t
Ch tiu Hm lng
m ( % ) 90,5
tro ( % ) 0,274
pH 6,87
Hm lng cht kh ha tan (
0
Bx ) 1,2



3.3. Xc nh s bin i khi lng ca t khi p mui
Phng php th nghim c trnh by mc 2.2.2.2.
Kt qu th nghim c trnh by bng 3.3 v 3.4
Bng 3.3. S bin i khi lng ca t khi p mui
( Mu th nghim 500g t )

Mu
T l mui so
vi t ( % )
Khi lng t sau thi gian p ( g )
Sau p 12h Sau p 18h Sau p 24h
1 4
462,3 451,3 435,2
2 6
461,1 449,1 432,2
3 8
460,2 440,2 417,1
4 10
459,6 447,6 428,2

Bng 3.4. T l gim ca t sau khi p mui
Mu
T l
mui so
vi t
( % )
Sau p 12h Sau p 18h Sau p 24h
Khi
lng
gim
( g )
T l
( % )
Khi
lng
gim
( g )
T l
( % )
Khi
lng
gim
( g )
T l
( % )
1 4 37,7 7,54 48,7 9,74 64,8 12,96
2 6 38,9 7,78 50,9 10,18 67,8 13,56
3 8 40,1 8,02 59,8 11,96 82,9 16,58
4 10 43,4 8,68 52,8 10,56 71,8 14,36



Hnh 3.3: th th hin khi lng t gim sau 12h

Hnh 3.4. th th hin khi lng t gim sau 18h

20
30
40
50
37.7
38.9
40.1
43.4
1 2 3 4
hm lng mui khi lng t gim
20
30
40
50
48.7
50.9
59.8
52.8
1 2 3 4


Hnh 3.5. th th hin khi lng t gim sau 24h

Nhn xt:
- Mc ch ca p mui :
Da vo s chnh lch nng mui lm cho nc bn trong nguyn
liu thot ra.
Di tc dng ca mui s hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt tng
thi gian bo qun ca sn phm.
- Qua kt qu bng 3.2 v 3.3 ta thy:
Vi t l mui thch hp th kh nng gim khi lng ca t cng
nhanh. Lc u, do mi p nn phi i mt thi gian cho dung
dch mui c hnh thnh. V vy, nguyn liu t b bin i v khi
lng. Cng v sau thi gian p tng ln ta thy c s bin i r rt
v trng lng ca t.
20
30
40
50
64.8
67.8
82.9
71.8
1 2 3 4


mu s 1 v s 2 s thay i v khi lng ca t tng theo thi
gian p nhng khng c s bin i ng k.
mu s 3 ta thy c s bin i r rt hin tng gim khi lng
ca t. Khi lng t gim t l thun vi thi gian p.
Mu s 4 tuy c p vi t l mui cao nhng kh nng lm gim
trng lng t chm.
Nh vy, qua kt qu trn ta thy vi t l mui p ph hp s lm cho lng
nc trong nguyn liu thot ra nhanh hn v khi lng gim ng k.
Vy, ta chn t l mui em i p l 8% v thi gian p l 24h
3.4. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n n nh dch t
V kch thc ca cc phn t tht qu c nh hng ln n mn ca tng
t nn cn kho st mc ng ha dch t cc thi gian khc nhau. Th
nghim c tin hnh nh sau:
- ng ha bng my xay sinh t.
- Thi gian ng ha ln lt l 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 pht.
V y l sn phm c nghin cu da trn th hiu ca ngi dn Min Trung
nn t khi c em i ng ha khng c qu mn to cm quan cho
ngi tiu dng.
Chun b 5 mu em i ng ha, mi mu c khi lng 500g.



Bng 3.4. nh hng ca thi gian ng ha n cht lng dch t

Kt qu bng 3.4 cho thy:
- Thi gian ng ha cng tng th kch thc tht qu cng gim.
- T l cc ht c kch thc < 1mm tng dn theo thi gian.
- Ta thy kch thc ht mu ng ha trong thi gian 3 pht thay i t.
Vy chn thi gian ng ha l 3 pht trong cc th nghim tip theo ca qu
trnh.

3.5. Xc nh hm lng ng b sung vo tng t
ng c dng to v ngt cho sn phm thc phm ni chung. Mt khc
ng cn c kh nng to nht rt cao. Do vy tin hnh kho st nh hng

Thi gian
ng ha
( Pht )

mn
Kch thc ht
< 1mm
( % )
1 mm < KTH < 3mm

( % )
Kch thc ht
>3mm
( % )
1 0,92 97,95 1,13
2 0,55 98,80 0,65
3 0,48 99,05 0,51
4 0.40 99,10 0,46
5 0,38 99,15 0,40


ca hm lng ng b sung vo tng t sn phm c v tt nht v n
nh trng thi cao nht.
ng to nn gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm khi c hp th vo c th
ng s sinh nng lng cung cp cho hot ng ca c th. B sung ng
vo sn phm nhm to v cho sn phm. Nu lng ng qu cao sn phm s
ngt gt, mt hng v c trng, chi ph nguyn liu cao dn ti gi thnh sn
phm cao, hiu qu kinh t thp. Nu lng ng b sung qu thp, sn phm
c v nht, hng v khng hi ha, v th cn xc nh t l ng b sung hp
l.
- Chun b 5 mu, mi mu c khi lng dch t l 200g
- Phi trn ng vo dch t theo cc t l khc nhau nh sau : 4, 6, 8, 10,
12 %.
- T nh gi cm quan v gm 5 thnh vin c hun luyn k cng.
Cc mu sau khi phi trn, kt qu thu c vi gi tr trung bnh ca 3
ln th nh bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5. Kt qu sau qu trnh cm quan v khi phi thm ng
HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14
Ln th
Ln 1 2,4 3,0 4,6 4,4 4,2
Ln 2 2,6 3,4 4,4 4,8 4,2
Ln 3 2,8 3,6 4,6 4,2 4,0
Tng cng 7,8 10,0 13,6 13,4 12,4
Trung bnh 2,6 3,33 4,53 4,46 4,13



Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu bng 3.5, ta nhn thy mu c t l ng 10% v mu c t l
ng 12% c ch s trung bnh cao nht trong 5 mu em i cm quan. S
chnh lch gia 2 mu ny 0,07.
t l ng 6% v 8% mu sc sn phm khng c a chung v nng
ng ny qu thp, khng gp phn hnh thnh cu trc mong mun cng
nh cho phn ng to mu sn phm.
t l ng 12% v 14% mi v ca t b ln t bi v ngt ca ng.
nng ng cao s lm cho phn ng caramen phn ng xy ra mnh m khi
gia nhit.
t l ng 10%, mu sc v mi v ca sn phm hi ha. t l ng
ny tuy gi tr cm quan cha phi l cao nht nhng nhn chung l tng i
ng u v mu sc v v ca sn phm.
Da trn kt qu thu c, ta chn mu c b sung 10% lng ng vo
tng t.
Cc th nghim tip theo c b sung 10% ng.

3.6. Xc nh hm lng mui b sung vo tng t
Mui n c tc dng to v mn. Do sn phm tng t thng c s dng
ch bin cc mn n. Vy lng mui b sung vo tng t bao nhiu l ph
hp. Xc nh hm lng mui b sung vo tng t tng t c v mn tt
nht. Cc mu th nghim c tin hnh nh sau:
- Chun b 5 mu, mi mu c trng lng t l 200g.
- B sung ng vi hm lng 10%.
- B sung mui vi tng hm lng l : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %.


- Tin hnh nh gi cm quan cc mu 2 ln th.
- T nh gi cm quan v gm 5 thnh vin c hun luyn k cng.
Cc mu sau khi phi trn, kt qu thu c vi gi tr trung bnh ca 2
ln th nh bng 3.6:
Bng 3.6. Kt qu sau qu trnh cm quan v khi phi thm mui
HL mui ( % )
1

2

3

4

5
Ln th
Ln 1 2,2 2,8 4,2 3,6 3,4
Ln 2 2,1 2,6 4,4 4,2 4,0
Tng cng 4,3 5,4 8,6 7,8 7,4
Trung bnh 2,15 2,7 4,3 3,9 3,7

Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu bng 3.6, ta thy mu c t l mui 1% v 2% khng c a
chung v khng th hin r v ca mui em li.
T l 4% v 5% tuy th hin r v ca mui, nhng v qu gt.
T l 3% tuy cha phi l hon ho nht, nhng th hin s hi ha gia ng
v mui khi ta phi trn vi nhau.
Mu b sung 3% mui c im trung bnh cao nht. Vy chn b sung 3%
mui vo tng t.
Cc th nghim tip theo c b sung 3% mui n.

3.7. Kho st ch gia nhit ( rim )
- Chun b 3 mu, mi mu c 400g dch t xay.
- B sung hm lng ng 10% vo trong dch t.


- B sung hm lng mui 3% vo trong dch t.
- Tin hnh gia nhit cc ch nhit khc nhau l: 80
0
C; 85
0
C; 90
0
C. Ta
gia nhit n khi sn phm t c c nh mong mun. Cc kt qu th
nghim c trnh by bng 3.7:
Bng 3.7. nh hng nhit n thi gian nhit tng t.
Mu 1 2 3
Nhit (
0
C ) 80
0
C 85
0
C 90
0
C
Thi gian ( pht ) 32 24 18

Nhn xt:
Kt qu cho thy nhit rim cng cao th thi gian rim cng c rt ngn.
Mu ca sn phm cng thay i m hn l do hin tng ng b caramen
ha.
Kim tra c c bng phng php:
- Ly mt t dch cho vo chn nc, nu dch cn pha long ta tip tc gia
nhit.
- Nu dch khng pha long khi cho vo nc th ta dng qu trnh gia
nhit.
em ba mu i cm quan v mc a thch ta c kt qu sau:
Bng 3.8. Kt qu nh gi cm quan v nh hng ca nhit rim ln mu sc
sn phm.
Mu
1

2

3 Thnh vin
1 4 4 4


2 3 4 5
3 4 5 3
4 3 4 4
5 3 5 4
Tng cng 17 22 20
Trung bnh 3.4 4.4 4.0

Bng 3.9. Kt qu nh gi cm quan v mc a thch ca sn phm
Mu
1

2

3 Thnh vin
1 2 4 4
2 3 4 3
3 3 4 3
4 2 3 4
5 4 4 3
Tng cng 14 19 17
Trung bnh 2.8 3.8 3.4

Qua 2 kt qu cm quan 2 bng 3.18 v 3.19 ta c kt qu th hin bng
3.10:
Bng 3.10. Th hin mc a thch ca sn phm
Mu 1 2 3
Mu sc 3.4 4.4 4.0
a thch 2.8 3.8 3.4


Hnh 3.6. th th hin mc a thch v mu sc ca sn phm
Qua th ta thy mu s 2 l mu c a thch nht. Ta chn mu s 2 vi
nhit rim l 85
0
C.
3.8. nh hng ca cc loi gia v n cht lng tng t
B sung gia v nhm mc ch to v c trng cho sn phm. Nghin cu s s
dng cc loi gia v khc nhau nhm tm ra c cng thc b sung to ra sn
phm c hng v thm nht.
Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau:
- Chun b mu c 400g t.
- Phi trn thm ng 10%.
- Phi trn thm mui 3%.
- Tin hnh gia nhit nhit 85
0
C trong vng 24 pht.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1 2 3
mu sc
a thch


- Gn kt thc qu trnh gia nhit ta b sung cc loi gia v theo cng thc nh
sau:
Bng 3.11. Cng thc cc gia v phi ch

Sau khi thm cc loi gia v ta c kt qu nh gi cm quan nh sau:
Bng 3.12. nh gi cht lng cm quan khi b sung gia v vo tng t
Mu Cng thc 1 Cng thc 2 Cng thc 3
Thnh vin
1 4 5 4
2 3 4 5
3 4 4 4
4 4 5 4
5 4 4 4
Tng 19 22 21
Trung bnh 3.8 4.4 4.2

Qua kt qu cm quan ta thy cng thc 2 c im trung bnh cao nht.
Vy chn cng thc 2 b sung vo tng t.

Cng thc 1
( g )
Cng thc 2 ( g ) Cng thc 3 ( g )
Ti 2 Ti 3 Ti 4
inh hng 1,5 inh hng 1 inh hng 0,5
M 0,5 M 1,5 M 0,5
Du n 2 Du n 0,5 Du n 1


3.9. Xy dng quy trnh sn xut tng t
3.9.1. S quy trnh

Tp cht

Cung

Nc

t
La chn, phn loi
Xay
Ra
Ngm dm
X l
t bn thnh
phm
Gia nhit

Phi trn
Mui : 8%
ng : 10%
Mui : 3%
Nc
Nhit : 85
0
C
Thi gian : 24
pht


3.9.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh
La chn phn loi:
- Mc ch cng ngh: chun b
La chn t c chin ph hp, b i nhng qu h hng nng.
- Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu s ng u v chn.
Ra x l:
Qu trnh ra s lm sch t ct, bi bn, vi sinh vt bm ngoi v
nguyn liu.
Lm ngui
Thm gia v ln 1
cn
Thm gia v ln 2
Sn phm
Ti: 3g
inh hng: 1g
ng np
M: 1,5g
du n: 0,5g
Chai
Np


Loi b cung v nhng phn h hng ca t.
+ Nguyn liu sch v gim bt lng vi sinh vt.
+ Khi lng nguyn liu gim.
Ngm dm:
- Mc ch cng ngh:
+ Lm gim lng nc ca t.
+ Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, tng thi gian bo qun sn phm.
+ t gim trng lng v mt nc.
Xay:
+ Xay nghin s ct nh tht qu, ph v lp v t bo tng hiu sut cho
qu trnh phi trn.
+ Nguyn liu thay i kch thc, v t bo b x rch, dch bo v cc
loi enzyme ni bo thot ra, cc phn ng ha sinh xy ra d dng hn.
+ t sau khi xay nghin cng l mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin, t
lm h hng nguyn liu.
Phi trn:
- Mc ch cng ngh: ch bin
+ Qa trnh ny s iu chnh thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm.
- Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: nguyn liu chnh s c phi trn vi
nguyn liu ph, cc loi hng liu gia v, do thnh phn ha hc ca
hn hp sau khi phi trn s thay i so vi nguyn liu ban u.


Gia nhit:
- Mc ch cng ngh: ch bin, bo qun, to cm quan cho ngi tiu
dng.
+ Di tc dng ca nhit , sn phm s c mu sc c trng.
+ Sn phm c v c trng ca tng t.
+ Mi hng ca t s gim khi ta gia nhit.
Thm gia v:
- Mc ch cng ngh: tng cht lng sn phm, to cm quan cho ngi
tiu dng.
Cn :
- Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin phn chia sn phm vo cc hp, to
cc n v sn phm.
- Thit b: s dng cn c mc chia ty thuc vo yu cu ca khch
hng.

3.10. Kim tra cht lng sn phm
Sn phm c bo n trong 1 tun, sau em i phn tch cc ch tiu cm
quan, ha l v vi sinh.
3.10.1. Kt qu nh gi cm quan sn phm
Kt qu nh gi cht lng cm quan sn phm bng phng php cho im
sn phm theo TCVN 3215 79.
Kt qu cm quan c trnh by bng 3.13



Bng 3.13. Bng kt qu nh gi cm quan ca sn phm tng t
Ch tiu
cht lng
im ca cc kim nghim vin Tng
s
im
im
trung
bnh
H
s
quan
trng
im
c
trng
lng
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mu sc 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 39 3,9 1,2 4,68
Mi 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 36 3,6 1,0 3,6
V 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 36 3,6 1,0 3,6
Trng thi 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 44 4,4 0,8 3,52
Tng im 15,4

T bng 3.13 ta thy sn phm c im s trng lng l 15,4 thuc khong
(15,2 18,5). Theo bng xp loi cht lng sn phm th sn phm t loi kh.

3.10.2. Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu ha l ca sn phm
Bng 3.14. Bng kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu ha l
Ch tiu Hm lng
m ( % ) 18,5
tro ( % ) 0,115
pH 6,9
Hm lng cht kh ha tan (
0
Bx ) 11,6

T kt qu bng 3.15 cho thy, mt s thnh phn ha l thay i, c bit l
hm lng m v Brix.


3.10.3. Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm
Sau khi bo n 7 ngy sn phm c gi n Trung Tm Y T D Phng. a
ch 315 Phan Chu Trinh, nng kim tra vi sinh. Thu c kt qu nh sau:
Bng 3.15. Bng kt qu kim tra vi sinh
TT Ch tiu kim nghim Phng php th Kt qu/g
01 TSVSHK TCVN 4884 : 2005 1,1 x 10
2
CFU
02 Escherichia coli TCVN 6846 : 2007 < 0,3 MPN
03 TSBTNM - NM TCVN 8275-1:2010 5,5 x 10
1
CFU
Ghi ch: CFU : n v hnh thnh khun lc
MPN: Most Probable Numbers ( s c xc xut ln nht )
< 0,3 MPN: khng pht hin
3.11. Tnh ton chi ph nguyn liu
Bng 3.16. Tnh ton s b ca 1 thnh phm c trng lng 200g
STT Nguyn ph liu S lng n gi Thnh tin
1 t 178,5 g 8.000/ kg 1.428
2 ng 20 g 24.000/ kg 480
3 Mui 6 g 5.000/kg 30
4 M vng 1,5 g 60.000/kg 90
5 Du n 0,5 ml 20.000/lit 10
6 inh hng 1 g 60.000/kg 60
7 Ti 3 g 25.000/kg 75
8 chai 1 chai 700/ ci 700
9 Np 1 np 20/ci 20
Tng cng 2.893



Kt lun v kin ngh
Kt lun
Qua thi gian nghin cu, em rt ra c cc thng s k thut cn thit cho
quy trnh sn xut tng t nh sau:
- T l mui so vi t trong qu trnh p l 8%.
- Thi gian p l 24h
- ng ha bng my xay sinh t trong vng 3 pht.
- T l ng b sung l 10%.
- T l mui n b sung l 3%.
- Nhit rim l 85
0
C, thi gian gia nhit l 24 pht.
- Thm gia v dng bt nghin mn.
+ Ti : 3 g
+ M : 1 g
+ inh hng: 1 g
+ Du n: 0,5 ml
- s b xc nh quy trnh sn xut tng t.
Kin ngh
Sau 12 tun thc hin n ti phng th nghim cng ngh - Khoa cng ngh
thc phm Trng i hc K Thut Cng Ngh TP. H Ch Minh, do thi
gian v iu kin nn em c mt s kin ngh sau y:
- Trc khi a vo sn xut i tr phi tin hnh thm d th hiu ngi
tiu dng v phi tip tc nghin cu vi thit b sn xut quy m cng
nghip.
- Trong ti ch nghin cu loi bao b nha Pet, trn th trng c rt
nhiu loi bao b khc nhau nn phi nghin cu th nghim thm nhiu


loi bao b cha dng khc nh lon nhm, hp giy, l thy tinh
thun tin cho vic s dng.
- Nghin cu s bin i ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun thi gian
di hn.
- Cn thi gian nghin cu thm v nh hng ca nhit n cc thnh
phn c trong sn phm trong qu trnh ch bin.


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng I

TI LIU THAM KHO
Ti liu ting vit

1. Nguyn Trng Cn. Cng Ngh Hp Rau Qu. i hc Thy Sn Nha Trang.
Nm xut bn 2001.
2. Nguyn Trng Cn, Minh Phng, Nguyn Anh Tun. Cng Ngh Ch Bin
Thc Phm Thy Sn tp 1, Nguyn Liu Thy Sn. NXB Nng Nghip,
TP.HCM. Nm xut bn 2006.
3. Nguyn Trng Cn, Minh Phng, Nguyn Vit Dng, Nguyn Anh Tun.
Cng Ngh Ch Bin Thc Phm Thy Sn tp 2. NXB Khoa hc v k thut.
Nm xut bn 2011.
4. Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Thoa. Bo qun v ch bin rau qu.
NXB Khoa Hc K Thut. Nm xut bn 2008.
5. Hunh Quang Phc, Ng i Nghip, Trn Th Ngc Mai. Ti liu thc hnh
Phn Tch Thc Phm. i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp. H Ch Minh. Nm
xut bn 2008.
6. Trn Bch Lam, Tn N Minh Nguyt, inh Trn Nht Thu. Th Nghim Ha
Sinh Thc Phm. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh. Nm xut
bn 2004.
Cc trang web
7. http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn
8. http://vi.wikipedia.org
9. http://ykhoa.net
10. http://www.ctu.edu.vn
11. http://thuocnam.vn/
12. http://community.h2vn.com


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng II

PH LC
PH LC A
Bng A1: Kt qu phn tch hm lng m ca t
Mu Khi lng mu ( g ) Hm lng m ( % )
1 1,273 90,1
2 1,221 91,2
3 1,307 90,3
Trung bnh 90.5

Bng A2: Kt qu phn tch hm lng khong ( tro ton phn ) ca t
Mu Khi lng mu Hm lng khong ( % )
1 3,753 0,279
2 3,496 0,274
3 3,067 0,269
Trung bnh 0,274

Bng A3: Kt qu phn tch gi tr pH ca t
Mu Khi lng mu pH
1 5,073 6,92
2 5,104 6,83
3 5,273 6,87
Trung bnh 6,87


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng III

Bng A4: Kt qu phn tch hm lng cht kh ha tan (
0
Bx ) ca t
Mu Khi lng mu ( g ) Hm lng cht kh ha tan
1 5,073 1,2
2 5,104 1,2
3 5,273 1,2
Trung bnh 1,2

PH LC B:
Bng 1. nh hng ca t l ng n v ca tng t ln th 1
HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14 Thnh vin
1 2 3 5 4 5
2 2 3 5 4 4
3 3 4 4 5 4
4 3 3 5 4 5
5 2 2 4 5 3
Tng 12 15 23 22 21
Trung bnh 2.4 3.0 4.6 4.4 4.2

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng IV

Bng B2: nh hng ca t l ng n v ca tng t ln th 2
HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14 Thnh vin
1 3 3 4 5 5
2 2 3 5 5 4
3 3 4 4 5 4
4 3 3 5 4 5
5 2 4 4 5 3
Tng 13 17 22 24 21
Trung bnh 2.6 3.4 4.4 4.8 4.2

Bng B3. nh hng ca t l ng n v ca tng t ln th 3

HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14 Thnh vin
1 4 4 5 4 3
2 2 3 5 3 5
3 3 4 4 5 4
4 3 3 5 4 5
5 2 4 4 5 3
Tng 13 18 23 24 20
Trung bnh 2.8 3.6 4.6 4.2 4.0

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng V

Bng B4. nh hng ca t l mui n v ca tng t ln th 1
HL mui ( % )
1

2

3

4

5 Thnh vin
1 2 3 4 4 4
2 3 4 5 4 5
3 2 2 3 3 3
4 2 2 4 4 2
5 2 3 5 3 3
Tng 11 14 21 18 17
Trung bnh 2.2 2.8 4.2 3.6 3.4

Bng B5. nh hng ca t l mui n v ca tng t ln th 2
HL mui ( % )
1

2

3

4

5 Thnh vin
1 2 2 4 4 4
2 3 3 5 5 3
3 2 3 4 3 4
4 3 2 4 5 4
5 2 3 5 4 5
Tng 12 13 22 21 20
Trung bnh 2.4 2.6 4.4 4.2 4.0


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng VI

PH LC C:
C1/ X l kt qu php th so hng cho ph lc B, bng B1.

Cc bc phn tch phng sai
1. Tnh h s hiu chnh = ( tng )
2
/ s cu tr li = 93
2
/ 25 = 345,96
2. Tnh tng bnh phng
TBP
m
= [ ( 12
2
+ 15
2
+ 23
2
+ 22
2
+ 21
2
) / 5 ] 345,96 = 18,64
TBP
tv
= [ ( 19
2
+ 18
2
+ 20
2
+ 20
2
+ 16
2
) / 5 ] 345,96 = 2,24
TBP
tp
= ( 2
2
+ 2
2
+.+ 5
2
+ 3
2
) 345,96 = 21,44
TBP
ss
= TBP
m
TBP
tv
TBP
tp
= 21,44 18,64 2,24 = 0,56

HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14

Tng
Thnh vin
1 2 3 5 4 5 19
2 2 3 5 4 4 18
3 3 4 4 5 4 20
4 3 3 5 4 5 20
5 2 2 4 5 3 16
Tng 12 15 23 22 21 93
Trung bnh 2.4 3.0 4.6 4.4 4.2

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng VII

C2/ X l kt qu php th so hng cho ph lc B, bng B2

HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14

Tng
Thnh vin
1 3 3 4 5 5 20
2 2 3 5 5 4 19
3 3 4 4 5 4 20
4 3 3 5 4 5 20
5 2 4 4 5 3 18
Tng 13 17 22 24 21 97
Trung bnh 2.6 3.4 4.4 4.8 4.2

2
/ s cu tr li = 97
2
/ 25 = 376,36
2. Tnh tng bnh phng
TBP
m
= [ ( 13
2
+ 17
2
+ 22
2
+ 24
2
+ 21
2
) / 5 ] 376,36= 15,44
TBP
tv
= [ ( 20
2
+ 19
2
+ 20
2
+ 20
2
+ 18
2
) / 5 ] 376,36 = 0,64
TBP
tp
= ( 3
2
+ 2
2
+.+ 5
2
+ 3
2
) 376,36 = 18,54
TBP
ss
= TBP
m
TBP
tv
TBP
tp
= 18,54 0,64 15,44 = 2,46


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng VIII


2
/ s cu tr li = 96
2
/ 25 = 368,64
2. Tnh tng bnh phng
TBP
m
= [ ( 13
2
+ 18
2
+ 23
2
+ 21
2
+ 20
2
) / 5 ] 368,64 = 3,96
TBP
tv
= [ ( 20
2
+ 18
2
+ 20
2
+ 20
2
+ 18
2
) / 5 ] 368,64 = 0,96
TBP
tp
= ( 4
2
+ 2
2
+.+ 5
2
+ 3
2
) 376,36 = 16,54
TBP
ss
= TBP
m
TBP
tv
TBP
tp
=16,54 0,64 3,96 = 11,64

HL ng ( % )
6

8

10

12

14

Tng
Thnh vin
1 4 4 5 4 3 20
2 2 3 5 3 5 18
3 3 4 4 5 4 20
4 3 3 5 4 5 20
5 2 4 4 5 3 18
Tng 13 18 23 21 20 96
Trung bnh 2.8 3.6 4.6 4.2 4.0

SVTH: Phm Cng Cng IX

HL mui ( % )
1

2

3

4

5

Tng
Thnh vin
1 2 3 4 4 4 17
2 3 4 5 4 5 21
3 2 2 3 3 3 13
4 2 2 4 4 2 14
5 2 3 5 3 3 16
Tng 11 14 21 18 17 81
Trung bnh 2.2 2.8 4.2 3.6 3.4

2
/ s cu tr li = 81
2
/ 25 = 262,44
2. Tnh tng bnh phng
TBP
m
= [ ( 11
2
+ 14
2
+ 21
2
+ 18
2
+ 17
2
) / 5 ] 262,44 = 11,76
TBP
tv
= [ ( 17
2
+ 21
2
+ 13
2
+ 14
2
+ 16
2
) / 5 ] 262,44 = 7,76
TBP
tp
= ( 2
2
+ 3
2
+.+ 2
2
+ 3
2
) 262,44 = 20,16
TBP
ss
= TBP
m
TBP
tv
TBP
tp
=20,16 7,76 11,76 = 0,64


SVTH: Phm Cng Cng X


2
/ s cu tr li = 88
2
/ 25 = 309,76
2. Tnh tng bnh phng
TBP
m
= [ ( 12
2
+ 13
2
+ 22
2
+ 21
2
+ 20
2
) / 5 ] 309,76 = 17,84
TBP
tv
= [ ( 16
2
+ 19
2
+ 16
2
+ 18
2
+ 19
2
) / 5 ] 309,76 = 1,84
TBP
tp
= ( 2
2
+ 3
2
+.+ 4
2
+ 5
2
) 309,76 = 20,24
TBP
ss
= TBP
m
TBP
tv
TBP
tp
=20,24 1,84 17, 84 = 0,56

HL mui ( % )
1

2

3

4

5

Tng
Thnh vin
1 2 2 4 4 4 16
2 3 3 5 5 3 19
3 2 3 4 3 4 16
4 3 2 4 5 4 18
5 2 3 5 4 5 19
Tng 12 13 22 21 20 88
Trung bnh 2.4 2.6 4.4 4.2 4.0

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