So Tay Oto Xe May

Alfa Romeo ra i nh th no?
Alfa Romeo l mt cng ty sn xut xe

hi ni ting ca Italia, do Cavaliere Ugo
Stella, mt nh qu tc Milan lin kt
vi nh sn xut xe hi Alexandre
Darracq sng lp vo nm 1907, ly tn
l "Darracq Italiana". Ban u, nh my
sn xut c t Naples nhng sau
, Stella di xng v vng ngoi
Milan v i tn thnh ALFA (Anonima
Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili).

Chic 1910 24HP do Giuseppe Merosi thit k l chic xe u tin khng cn
mang nhn hiu Darracq. Sau Merosi cng tip tc thit k nhiu mu xe
ALFA mi c trang b ng c mnh m hn (40-60hp). ALFA cng tham
gia vo cc gii ua xe quc t tuy nhin do nh hng ca chin tranh th
gii th nht, ALFA phi ngng sn xut xe trong 3 nm.

ALFA bt u nm di s iu hnh ca
Nicola Romeo t nm 1916 v chuyn sang sn
xut v kh qun dng hng nng cho qun i
Italia v cc ng minh ca Italia. Trong sut
thi k chin tranh, ALFA sn xut v kh v
ng c cho my bay, my pht in v u
my xe la. Khi chin tranh kt thc, Nicola
Romeo hon ton tip qun ALFA v cng ty
tip tc sn xut xe hi tr li.

Nm 1920, ALFA i tn thnh Alfa Romeo v mu xe u tin ra mt l
chic Torpedo 20-30HP. Giuseppe Merosi vn l nh thit k chnh cho Alfa
Romeo v cng ty vn tip tc cho ra i nhng mu xe hi dn dng v xe
ua danh ting (trong c c chic 40-60HP v RL Targa Florio).

Nm 1923 Vittorio Jano b Fiat n u
qun cho Alfa Romeo, thay th v tr
thit k trng ca Merosi, mt phn l
nh s thuyt phc ca tay ua tr tui
Enzo Ferrari ca i Alfa Romeo. Chic
xe u tin do Jano thit k l chic P2
Grand Prix, chic xe ginh gii v ch
th gii nm 1925. Jano cng pht
trin hng lot nhng chic xe dn
dng, t nhng chic xe c dung tch xi
lanh ln/nh vi ng c I4, I6 hay I8
da trn ng c P2. Nm 1928, sau khi

http://kimcokynhan.wordpress.com
hp ng v kh quc phng ht hiu lc, Alfa Romeo gn nh ng bn b
vc ph sn. Alfa Romeo bt u nm di s kim sot ca Chnh ph Italy
vo nm 1933. K t , Alfa Romeo cn ni ting vi nhng mu xe thit k
dnh ring cho cnh st ("Panthers" Carabinieri, Giulia Super, hay 2600 Sprint
GT).

Sau Th chin II, Alfa Romeo
c gng khi phc sn xut t
ng nt do chin tranh
gy ra. Nhng chic xe hi
sang trng v nhng chic xe
c nh bt u c sn xut
hng lot cc nh my ca
Alfa Romeo.

Trn ng ua, cc xe Alfa
Romeo ginh c rt
nhiu chin thng vinh quang
trong nhiu gii u, t gii
Formula 1, Prototypes, Touring n gii Fast Touring.

Tuy nhin, u nhng nm 1970, Alfa li mt ln na gp kh khn v ti
chnh. Chnh ph Italia buc phi bn Alfa Romeo cho Fiat, tp on Alfa
Lancia Spa ra i, m u cho k nguyn ca Alfa v Lancia. Cho n nay,
Alfa Romeo vn thuc s hu ca Fiat.

Audi AG ra i nh th no?

Him nh sn xut xe hi no li c lch s pht trin ho hng hay
s hu mt b su tp nhng chic xe danh ting th gii nh Audi.
Khng ch i u trong lnh vc nghin cu, pht trin cng ngh
mi cho xe hi, Audi cn xng ng l "b ch" trn cc ng ua
ng trng.
K nguyn ca Auto Union AG
Nm 1932, Audi st nhp vi Horch,
DKW v Wanderer thnh lp nn Auto
Union AG. Bt u mt k nguyn mi
ca tp on xe hi hng sang.

Nm 1933, ln u tin Auto Union AG
tham gia German Automobile Exhibition.
Audi em n trin lm mt bt ng
ln vi mt chic xe c va dn ng cu
trc. Chic xe concept ny c
pht trin v n 1938, Audi 920 chnh thc c mt trn th trng. Vi thit
k hin i, ng c OHC 75hp mnh m, chic xe c th t vn tc ti a
140km/h. Audi 920 thc s tr thnh nim m c ca nhng ngi nng
ng, a mo him lun khao kht c
mt chic xe nh nhng mnh m.
Trong khi , DKW ch yu c bit
n l mt trong nhng nh sn xut xe
my ln nht th gii. Nm 1933, DKW
ra mt mu xe mi s dng 8 ng c
175-600cc v nm 1934, chic RT 100
xut hin trn th trng v nhanh chng
tr thnh chic xe bn chy nht mi
thi i. V th ca DKW cng c cng
c hn vi s ra i ca 200 Class v NZ
(1938). t c nh ca DKW c sn
xut Berlin-Spandau v Zwickau. Cc
mu xe 4WD ca DKW, bao gm cc mu F2, F4, F5, F7 v F8, c phn
chia lm 2 hng: hng Reichsklasse (Rich class - ng c 600cc 18hp) v
Meisterklasse (Master class - ng c 700cc 20hp). Ngoi ra, DKW cn gii
thiu mu xe mui xp Front Luxus. Xe DKW Front vn tip tc dn u
trong s cc xe c nh bn chy nht c: Vo nhng nm 1930, 250.000
chic DKW Front c tiu th c.

Nm 1933, Horch gii thiu hng lot ng c V8 vi dung tch xi lanh 3,0L,
3,5L v 3,8L (cng sut cc i 70-92hp). Nm 1935, Horch gii thiu chic
Logo ca Audi
Audi 920 - Mt trong nhng mu
xe kinh in
xe th thao mui xp Type 853 s dng ng c I8. Nm 1937, Horch chim
ti hn 50% th phn xe trn 4.0L.
T trc khi st nhp vi Audi, Horch v
DKW thnh Auto Union AG, Wanderer
s dng ng c OHC do Gio s
Porsche thit k. Wanderer ln lt gii
thiu model W21 v W22 (1933), W40,
W45 v W50 (1935). ng c Horch V8
dn c thay th bng ng c I6. Auto
Union ngy cng t c nhiu tin b
vt bc trong vic pht trin hp s t
ng v tm kim vt liu mi sn
xut thn xe.

Hn na, nhn thy vic sn xut khung gm bng g v ni tht bc da qu
tn km, Auto Union AG hp tc vi Dynamit AG (Troisdorf) nghin cu,
pht trin thn xe bng plastic. Ln u tin trong lch s ngnh cng nghip
t c ngi ta tin hnh mt chng trnh kim tra cng ca g,
thp tm v plastic.
Auto Union AG m rng kh nhanh trong giai on 1933-1939 vi doanh thu
tng t 65 triu ln 276 triu (Reichsmark) v 23,000 nhn cng. Sn lng
hng nm ca Auto Union cng tng vt: Xe my t 12,000 xe/nm ln
59.000 xe/nm v t t 17.000 xe/nm ln 67.000xe/nm. So vi nm
1932 (nm thnh lp Auto Union), nm 1938, sn lng ca Horch tng gp
i, Wanderer tng gp 5 ln cn DKW tng ti 10 ln.

S tm dng v bc khi u mi
Sau khi chin tranh kt thc, ton b nh
xng, thit b sn xut ca Auto Union
AG b qun i Lin X c tip qun.
Nm 1949, Ban Gim c ca Auto Union
AG di cng ty v Bavaria v thnh
lp tr s mi ti Ingolstadt.

Nm 1954, cng ty t c mc siu li
nhun (400.000 DM) nhng thng
08/1954 Bavaria n ra mt cuc
nh cng ln v Auto Union phi chi
khong 920.000 DM cho v ny. Cng trong nm ny, Friedrich Flick, c ng
ln nht ca tp on St thp Maxhutte, u t vo Auto Union.
Nm 1957, Daimler-Benz t mun thu tm Auto Union m rng sn
xut v tng th phn. K hoch ny c Flick hon ton ng h. Khi ,
Flick nm gi trong tay 41% c phn ca Auto Union v 25% c phn ca
Daimler-Benz. Ngoi ra, Flick cn c nh t bn ngi Thu S Ernst
Ghner, ngi cng nm gi ti 41% c phn ca Auto Union, hu thun.
Thit k tinh t
Ni tht sang trng
Ngy 24/04/1958, Daimler-Benz mua vo
88% c phn ca Auto Union ch vi gi
41 triu DM. Cha y mt nm sau,
Daimler-Benz thu tm ton b Auto
Union. Mt nh my mi c xy dng
Ettinger Strasse v bt u i vo sn
xut vo thng 07/1958. Lc lng lao
ng sn xut ca Auto Union
Ingolstadt tng ln 3.700 ngi (1958)
v 5.700 ngi (1959).

Nm 1962, doanh thu ca Auto Union bt
u gim st, trong khi Daimler-Benz
ngy cng pht trin mnh m. n nm
1964, Auto Union i mt vi kh khn
nghim trng v ti chnh. Daimler-Benz nhn thy khng th tip tc gnh
vc thua l cho Auto Union bn tm cch bn cng ty ny cho Volkswagen.

K nguyn mi ca Audi

S chuyn giao quyn s hu Auto Union t du chm ht cho k nguyn
ng c hai k. Gn 30.000 chic t mang nhn hiu DKW b tiu hu. Nh
my ca Auto Union c dng lm ni lp rp VW Beetle. Cui nm 1965,
Auto Union phc hi i cht nh c s ra i ca nhng chic xe Audi bn
k mi. Ngy 10/03/1969, Auto Union GmbH st nhp vi NSU Motorenwerke
AG, v ngy 01/01/1969i tn l Audi NSU Union AG. Sn lng ca c NSU
v Audi tng u n n cui 1973 nhng n nm 1974, do nh hng ca
cuc khng hong du m, sn lng ca Audi NSU Union AG gim mnh, t
400.000 xe (1973) xung
cn 330.000 xe (1974).
Cui nm 1975, ngnh cng
nghip t c bt u hi
phc tr li. Thng 3/1977,
chic xe mang nhn hiu
NSU cui cng xut xng.
K t , mi chic xe do
cng ty sn xut u mang
nhn hiu Audi. S ra i
ca chic xe th thao 4WD
Audi Quattro nm 1980 thc
s lm chn ng ngnh sn
xut t th gii, a Audi
ln v tr hng u v cng
ng c mnh m
Xng danh ng hong xe hi
ngh. y l chic xe thng mi u tin c trang b h thng dn ng
ch ng bn bnh.

Ngy 01/01/1985, Audi NSU Union AG c i tn thnh AUDI AG. Tr s
ca cng ty ng thi cng c chuyn v Ingolstadt. Cng trong nm
1985, ln u tin cng ty dt tng vn u t ln ti 1 t DM. Ma thu nm
1986, Audi gii thiu Audi 80 mi vi thn xe m km. n nm 1986, khi
Audi 80 tr nn lc hu, Audi cho ra mt chic Audi 89 v mu xe ny nhanh
chng c a chung rng ri. Nm 1987, Audi gii thiu Audi 90 mi v
trang nh vi hng lot nhng tnh nng mi.

Nm 1988, Audi tung ra th trng chic xe hng sang u tin, chic Audi V8
trang b ng c V8 3,6L - 4 van. Nm 1992, chic xe Audi 80 TDI du hnh
mt vng quanh th gii, vt qua qung ng 40.273km vi vn tc trung
bnh 85,8km/h v mc tiu hao nhin liu 3,78L/100km (74,7mpg). Nm
1991, Audi t mc doanh thu k lc 14,8 t DM. S ra i ca Audi A4
em li thnh cng rc r cho Audi: Nm 1995, 120.000 chic Audi A4 c
tiu th c.
Cui nm 1995, danh ting ca Audi
cng c cng c hn khi hai chic
concept TT Coup v TT Roadster ra i.
Tip , Audi gii thiu chic compact 2
ca Audi A3 (1996) v Audi A6 (1997).

Hin nay, doanh s xe bn ra ca Audi
trn th trng chu u lin tc tng
nhanh. Nm 2004, 779,441 chic Audi
c tiu th trn ton th gii, trong
, doanh s xe bn ra ca Audi tng
mnh nht Trung ng (tng 58,5%), ng u (tng 19,3%) v chu Phi
(tng 17,2%).

Mc d khng thng dng nh xe ca Mercedes-Benz hay BMW, nhng t
ca Audi vn lun l biu tng ca cng ngh cao v thit k tinh t.
Audi Quattro - mu xe huyn thoi
Thng hiu Toyota ra i nh th no?

Nhng ngi a thch tm hiu
lch s cc nh sn xut xe hi
hn qu bit v ngi sng
lp ra tp on sn xut xe hi
hng u hin nay Toyota
Motors Company chnh l ngi
th mc ti hoa Sakichi Toyoda.
Khng ch c vy, khi mi c
thnh lp, nh sn xut xe hi
ny li mang tn Toyoda
Automatic Loom Works Ltd. Vy
th ci tn Toyota thc cht c
t bao gi?

Quay ngc thi gian tr v vi nm 1936, chn cho s kin chic xe du
lch u tin ra i, Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd. t chc mt cuc
thi thit k biu trng nhm qung b hnh nh ca cng ty. Yu cu t ra
i vi biu trng ny l phi khi gi cm gic hng phn ging nh
ang ngi trn mt chic xe chy vi vn tc cao. 27.000 th sinh hng
ng cuc thi ny.

Ngi thng cuc l mt chng trai
sng to v mnh dn xut tng
i tn cng ty v nhng chic xe hi
ny thnh "Toyota". Con trai ca Sakichi
Toyoda - Kichiro Toyoda gn nh ngay
lp tc b n tng bi ci tn mi ny
v tuyn b i tn Toyoda thnh
Toyota."Toyota" trong ting Nht r
rng c cch vit bay bm hn rt
nhiu so vi t "Toyoda". Hn na,
vit c t "Toyota", ngi ta phi vit 8 nt con s ny trong vn ho
Nht vn l mt biu tng cho s may mn v thnh vng. Cch pht m
ca Toyota cng rn ri v mnh m hn hn so vi Toyoda. Thng 4/1937,
Toyota chnh thc c ng k bn quyn thng mi. Mu xe Model AA,
chic xe du lch u tin ca Toyota cng chnh l chic xe u tin mang
thng hiu Toyota .

Tuy nhin, y vn cha th coi l thnh
cng thc s ca Toyota. Do cha th
nh hng c thng hiu cng nh
cch qung b thng hiu mt cch
hiu qu, rng khp, thng hiu Toyota
c mi quc gia, mi vng lnh th
hiu theo mt cch khc nhau. iu
c ngha l, cng mt thng hiu
nhng li mang qu nhiu cch din t,
khin cho hnh nh v thng ip ca
cng ty khng nht qun.

Nm 1989, nhm to ra mt hnh nh v mt thng ip nht qun v
thng hiu Toyota, v cng tch bit Toyota khi thng hiu xe hi
hng sang Lexus, Toyota thit k mu logo mi chnh l logo hin nay
ca Toyota.

Logo mi ny gm 3 hnh elp lng vo
nhau. Hai hnh elp nh gia, lng
vung gc vi nhau tng trng cho mi
quan h gn kt, s tin tng ln nhau
gia khch hng v Toyota, ng thi
to thnh ch T trong t "Toyota". Hnh
elp th ba to thnh nn ca logo, hm
s pht trin khng ngng ca Toyota
trong lnh vc cng ngh xe hi cng
nh s pht trin vt bc ca cng ty
trong tng lai.

Khng ch c vy, ngy nay, khi thng hiu Toyota tr nn ni ting ton
th gii v l la chn hng u ca ngi tiu dng, 3 hnh elp ny cn
biu hin nhng c tnh rt ring ca Toyota. l cht lng, s tin cy v
tinh thn khng ngng i mi.

BMW c lch s pht trin nh th no?

Ta nh "tng hnh dinh" ca BMW c xy dng m
phng theo hnh dng ca bn chic xi-lanh
Trc Th chin II

BMW c Karl Friedrich Rapp thnh lp vo thng 10/1913. Ban u, thc
cht y l mt nh my sn xut ng c my bay (Bayerische Flugzeug-
Werke) c tr s ti Milbertshofen, Munich. Do gp kh khn v ti chnh,
Rapp phi cu vin tr gip t Camillo Castiglioni v Max Friz v cng ty c
c cu li thnh Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH (BMW GmbH).
Nm 1918, Franz Josef Popp, mt nh t bn
ngi o, chnh thc tip qun BMW t nm
1917 v i tn cng ty thnh BMW AG. Sau
Th chin I, Hip cVersailles (1919) nghim
cm sn xut my bay ti c. Otto ng ca
nh my v chuyn sang sn xut phanh hi
cho tu ho.
Chic t u tin do BMW ch to l chic
BMW 3/15 (1928) song mi n tn 1933 chic
xe thc s "BMW", trang b ng c I6, mi ra i. Trc Th chin II, c hai
chic sedan 327 v chic roadster 328 ca BMW u hin i v tn tin
hn rt nhiu so vi nhng chic xe cng thi khc.
Th chin II

BMW l nh cung cp chnh v ng c cho
Luftwaffe v Wehrmacht, trong c c ng
c 801. BMW cng sn xut c ng c my
bay phn lc, ng c BMW 003 v v kh tn
la. Cui Th chin II, nh my BMW Munich
b bom tn ph nng n cn cc nh my Eisenach, Drrerhof, Basdorf v
Zhlsdorf th b Lin X c chim ng.
Sau Th chin II, BMW b qun ng Minh cm mi hot ng sn xut cho
n tn nm 1952. min ng, nh my ca BMW Eisenach chu s qun
l ca Tp on Awtowelo, mt doanh nghip quc doanh. K t , cc xe
ca BMW mang thng hiu EMW n tn nm 1955. min ng, nh sn
xut my bay Bristol BAC qun l cc nh my ca BMW, sau em cc
mu 326, 327 v 328 v Anh di danh ngha bi thng thit hi chin
tranh.
Thi k sau chin tranh

Nm 1952, ln u tin sau Chin tranh th gii th 2 BMW ti sn xut xe
du lch song mu xe ny khng th len chn vo th trng xe hng nht.
Nm 1959, BMW d nh st nhp vi Daimler-Benz song Ch tch Hi ng
Qun tr ca BMW - Kurt Golda thuyt phc c c ng ln nht
Herbert Quandt thay i quyt nh.
Vn ra ngoi lnh th nc c BMW bt u
sn xut xe hi Spartanburg, South Carolina
nm 1994. Nh my ny hot ng 6 ngy mt
tun, ngha l ch to xe hi lin tc trong
110h/tun, s dng 4.700 nhn cng v sn
lng ln ti 500 chic mi ngy. Hin nay, nh
my ny hng nm xut khu hn 50,000 chic
BMW 3 Series, ch yu sang th trng M,
Nht, c, chu Phi v Trung ng. Xe hi ca
BMW cng bt u c sn xut Shenyang, Trung Quc vo thng
10/2003, thng qua mt lin doanh ca BMW vi nh sn xut xe hi Trung
Quc Brilliance nhm sn xut BMW 3 Series v 5 Series cho th trng ni
a.
Tip qun Rover & Rolls-Royce
T nm 1994 n 2000, di s lnh o ca
Bernd Pischetsrieder, BMW mua li Rover Group
ca British Group vi mc ch a xe vo sn
xut hng lot. K t hng lot mu xe du
lch danh ting ca Rover nh Mini, Land Rover
v Ranger Rover v c mu xe lch s Triumph
u thuc s hu ca BMW. Tuy nhin, cng vic kinh doanh khng c
sun s. Trong nhiu nm, xe Rover cnh tranh gay gt vi BMW trong sn
xut, ginh git th phn v thm ch l c chin lc tip th. Nhn thy
kh khn trong vic pht trin Rover song song vi BMW, BMW lin tip thay
i chin lc marketing cho b phn Rover. Nm 2000, sau 6 nm thua l
lin tip, BMW bn Rover cho Phoenix Consortium vi gi r mt, ng thi
bn Land Rover v Range Rover cho Ford Motors.
u nhng nm 1990, BMW bt u hp tc
vi Rolls-Royce. K t , Rolls-Royce Silver
Seraph v Bentley Arnage s dng dng c ca
BMW. Nm 1998, BMW mua li thng hiu
Rolls-Royce vi gi 40 triu la.
"Chin binh" Jeep ra i nh th no?

Hin nay l thng hiu xe hi ca DaimlerChrysler nhng ban u, "jeep"
c dng ch chic Bantam BRC - mt chic xe qun s. Mu xe ny
cng c Willys-Overland v Ford Motor Company tham gia sn xut trong
thi k Chin tranh Th gii ln th II. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng t "jeep"
ch dng xe SUV - xe th thao a dng.
Chic xe jeep u tin chnh l chic Bantam
BRC do American Bantam sn xut theo n
t hng ca qun i Hoa K. Chic xe ny
thc s p ng c mi yu cu ca qun
i, nhng ng tic American Bantam Car
Company li l mt cng ty "v danh tiu tt".
Qun i Hoa K cho rng cng ty ny khng
th cung ng c s lng ln xe Jeep. Chnh
v vy, Willys-Overland v Ford Motor Company
th sn xut xe jeep, sau khi quan st chic xe jeep ca American
Bantam. Nhiu ngi cho rng Willys v Ford tham kho cc bn k thut
ca Bantam ch to th h jeep th hai ny.
C 3 mu xe ny (mi mu 1500 chic) c em i th nghim, cui
cng Willys, do tr thu thp nht, trng thu hp ng ch to xe jeep
u tin. Cng ty ny
ch to ra mu xe c coi l mu jeep tiu
chun - mu xe jeep qun i MB. Tuy nhin,
cng ging American Bantam, Willys cng ch l
mt hng sn xut xe hi nho nh, v qun i
Hoa K khng th khng lo ngi v kh nng
cung ng xe jeep ca hng. Hn na, v Willys
ch c mt xng sn xut duy nht, nn nguy
c ngun cung ng b gin on hoc ct t

Bantam BRC-40

Willys MB (1941-1945)
rt d xy ra nu xng sn xut ny b ph hu. y l l do khin chnh
ph Hoa K yu cu Ford tham gia sn xut xe jeep, ly nhn hiu l GPW
(G = xe ca chnh ph, P = chiu di c s, W = thit k ca Willys). Nh
vy l, di s ch o ca Charles E. Sorensen (Ph Ch tch Ford trong thi
k Chin tranh th gii ln th 2) sn xut ti hn 600.000 chic xe jeep.
Xe jeep nhanh chng c nhn bn trn hu khp th gii, vi nhiu phin
bn khc nhau. Mu xe ny thm ch cn phc v Hng qun Lin X trong
sut Chin tranh Th gii ln th 2)
Thng hiu Jeep i ch khng t ln. Jeep
thuc quyn s hu ca Willys vo nm 1941,
sau Willys c bn cho Kaiser nm 1953,
i tn thnh Kaiser-Jeep. Sau , Jeep hot
ng khng hiu qu, American Motors (AMC)
mua li thng hiu Jeep t tay Kaiser vo
nm 1970. Sau , Chrysler Corporation
mua li AMC nm 1987, ch mt thi gian ngn
sau khi mu Jeep CJ c thay th bi mu
Jeep Wrangler (YJ) do AMC thit k. Cui cng, khi Chrysler st nhp vi
Daimler-Benz, nm 1998, thng hiu Jeep li thuc quyn s hu ca
DaimlerChrysler.
Cc dng xe Jeep
Jeep qun s
Bantam pht trin mu thit k th nghim thnh model BRC-40 - y l mt
chic xe nh, d iu khin. Tri ngc hn vi BRC-40 l mu MA - chc
chn v mnh m. y chnh l dng xe phc v Hng qun Lin X.
Trong khi , model MB (1942-1945) li ginh c s tn nhim tuyt i t
pha qun i Hoa K. "Ngi hng" ca cuc Chin tranh Th gii ln th 2
thay i hon ton cch nhn ca ngi M v xe hi. Ci tn Jeep cng ra
i trong thi im lch s ny.

M422 l mu xe AMC ch to dnh ring cho lnh thu nh b Hoa K - y
l mu xe s dng ng c V4 lm mt bng khng kh. Mt chic Jeep kh
quen thuc na chnh l dng xe Humvee hin nay c qun i Hoa K ht
sc a chung - HMMWW (Highly Mobile Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle).
T thnh cng ca dng MB, Willys pht trin nhng chic xe jeep dn s
(civillian jeep). Hu ht cc dng xe jeep dn s c sn xut vi s lng
rt hn ch (vi chc chic), ngoi tr mu CJ-5 vi hn 600.000 chic c
sn xut lin tc trong gn 30 nm. Willys cng pht trin chic DJ
(Dispatcher Jeep) thnh nhng chic jeep mui cng. Sau ny, vo khong
gia thp nin 80, AMC li tung ra th trng mu Jeep Wrangler (doanh s

CJ-3B
khong 623.000 chic).
Jeep dn s
Biu tng Ford ra i t bao gi?

Sut hn 100 nm lch s nghin cu, ch to v pht trin xe hi,
Ford khng t ln thay i mu m biu
trng ca mnh.
Nm 1903, ln u tin thng hiu Ford Motor
Company c dng trong cc giao dch thng
mi. Sau , khi mu xe Model A c sn xut
hng lot, Ford c nhng ci tin c bit
bin tn cng ty tr thnh biu tng ca hng
bng cch lng tn cng ty vo mt khung vin
cc k thi trang vo thi .
Cng vi s ra i ca hng lot mu xe mi
cng nh nhng thun li him c trong cng vic kinh doanh, Ford nhn
thy s cn thit trong vic n gin ho biu tng ca mnh. Nm 1906,
Ford trnh lng mt mu biu trng hon ton mi. Ch Ford vit nghing 45
o

c cch iu ch F v ch D vi ui vt xung tht di nhng cng tht
mm mi, bay bng v tinh t. Mu biu trng ny c ng k bn quyn
ti vn phng pht minh sng ch M nm
1909.
Bn cnh logo c ng k ti M, biu
tng Ford hnh -van ln u tin c cc cng
ty Perry, Thornton v Schreiber a vo Anh nm
1907. (y cng chnh l nhng ngi tin phong
trong vic a Ford vo nc Anh v thnh lp
Ford Ltd. ti Anh sau ny). Biu tng hnh -van
ny c dng qung co cho cc sn phm
ca Ford - Du chng nhn cho lng tin v s tit kim .
Bng vic kt hp ch Ford cch iu vi kiu dng hnh -van, nm 1911,
Ford a ra logo v s dng thng nht ti cc i l Anh. Tuy nhin, trn
cc sn phm v trong cc giao dch thng mi, Ford vn dng logo u
tin cho n tn thp nin 1920.
c thi gian Ford thay th hon ton logo hnh -van bng logo cnh chim
hnh tam gic trn cc sn phm ca mnh. Logo ny c thit k tng
trng cho tc , s nh nhng, s duyn dng v n nh. Logo c hai mu,
vng v xanh sm, trn mang dng ch Universal Car. Henry Ford khng
thch biu tng ny, chnh v vy chng bao lu sau ngi ta khng cn thy
n trn cc sn phm ca Ford.

Model A 1927 l mu xe u
tin c gn logo hnh oval
trn li tn nhit. Vi nn
mu xanh hong gia thm
tng t vi logo ngy nay
ca Ford, logo ny c s
dng trong hu ht cc mu
xe Ford cho n cui thp
nin 1950. Mc d logo hnh
-van vn c s dng
thng nht trong ton b
cc giao dch thng mi,
nhng mi n gia thp nin 1970, ngi ta mi li thy biu trng hnh -
van ny xut hin tr li trn cc xe Ford.
Nm 1976, logo Ford hnh -van vi hai gam mu xanh v bc tr thnh du
hiu chng nhn thng hiu ca Ford Motor Company, nhm th hin mt
hnh nh nht qun v cng ty, cc nh my, c s vt cht cng nh cc
mu xe v tt c nhng ti sn thuc Ford Motor Company.
Ngy 17/06/2003, k nim 100 nm thnh lp, Ford Motor Company a
ra mt phin bn mi ca logo hnh -van c i cht thay i, nhng khng
nhiu v khng d nhn thy. Logo hon ton mi ny c tn l "Logo K
nim 100 nm ngy thnh lp" (Ford Centennial Logo).

S mnh trng tn ca Ford: sn phm tuyt vi, cng ty
hng mnh v v mt th gii ti p hn.

Biu tng ca Audi c ngha nh th no?

Nm 1932, Auto Union quyt nh chn biu tng 4 hnh trn xp lng vo
nhau, tng trng cho 4 cng ty tin thn ca tp on sn xut xe hi ny.
Tt c cc hnh trn c kch thc hon ton bng nhau, nm bnh ng trn
mt ng ngang, lng vo nhau, th hin s on kt v tn trng ln
nhau.
Horch
August Horch, mt trong nhng ngi tin
phong ca ngnh cng nghip t c, chnh l
ngi sng lp ra Horch Werke. Horch
tng gi nhng chc v cao nht nh my
sn xut ng c Carl Benz ( Mannheim). Nm
1899, Horch quyt nh thnh lp cng ty sn xut t ring Cologne, ly
tn l Horch & Cie. ng di cng ty v Reichenbach (1902) v Zwickau
(1904), v bt u sn xut
t s dng ng c 4 xilanh.
Tuy nhin, do bt ng quan
im vi Hi ng Gim st v
Hi ng Qun tr ca cng ty,
August Horch ri khi Horch &
Cie. Nm 1931, Horch-Werke
gii thiu mu xe mi ti Paris
Motor Show: Mt chic mui
xp th thao vi ng c 12
xilanh, mu vng ti, mui xp
mu nu nht, ni tht bc da.
Trong phn khc xe hng
sang, Horch lun dn u vi
doanh s bn ra lun cao hn cc i th ca mnh khong 30%. Tuy nhin,
sau cng ty gp kh khn v ti chnh, ch yu l do chi tiu qu tay
cho cc hot ng bn hng.
Audi
Sau khi ri khi Horch & Cie., Horch thnh lp mt cng ty t khc v vn
tip tc s dng nhn hiu Horch. Horch & Cie. kin ng v vi phm bn
quyn thng hiu. Do , Horch phi tm thng hiu mi cho cng ty ca
mnh. Theo ting c c, t "horch" c ngha l "lng nghe", v Horch s
dng mt t Latin ng ngha vi t "horch", l t "audi", t tn cho
nhng chic t ca ng. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu ngi li cho rng Audi l t
vit tt ca "Auto Union Deutschland Ingolstadt" (Ingolstadt Auto
Corporation, Germany).


Chic xe mang nhn hiu Audi ln u tin xut hin trn th trng nm
1910. Sau Th chin I, Audi m u trang s mi cho ngnh cng nghip
t th gii: Ln u tin xe thng mi v lng c t bn tri v cn s
c t gia xe, gip cho vic li xe tr nn d dng hn rt nhiu. Audi
bt u sn xut t s dng ng c 2612cc, v sau l ng c 4 xi
lanh 3564 cc, 4680 cc v 5720 cc.
Nm 1923, Audi ra mt mu xe u tin s dng ng c 6 xilanh 4655 cc.
Bn cnh Audi cng thit k v sn xut h thng phanh hi. Nm 1927,
ln u tin ng c 8 xilanh ca Audi (cn c gi l Imperator - K thng
tr) xut hin trn th trng. Tuy nhin, vo thi im ny phn khc xe
hng sang trn ton th gii tt dc nghim trng. T nm 1928 Audi thuc
s hu ca Jrgen Skafte Rasmussen, ch s hu tp on DKW.
DKW
Nm 1904, Jrgen Skafte Rasmussen thnh lp
cng ty c kh ch to my Chemnitz. Nm
1916, ng bt u nghin cu xe s dng ng
c hi nc. Mc d cc th nghim ny khng
thnh cng song Rasmussen vn quyt nh t
tn cng ty l DKW - Dampf Kraft Wagen
(Steam-Driven Vehicle). Nm 1919, Rasmussen
mua thit k ng c mini hai k ca Hugo Ruppe v pht trin thnh ng
c xe my "Das Kleine Wunder" (The Little Miracle).
Vo nhng nm 1920, DKW tr thnh nh sn xut xe my v ng c ln
nht trn th gii. Nm 1929, ng c 8 xy lanh c s dng trong mu
Audi Zwickau v Audi Dresden. Cng vo nm , nhng mu xe s dng
ng c 4 xi lanh (theo bn quyn ca Peugoet) v 6 xi lanh cng c gii
thiu.
Tuy nhin, nm bt c nhu cu ca th
trng, Rasmussen nhanh chng nh hng
sang t c nh. Chic xe thc s "DKW"
u tin c sn xut Berlin-Spandau v
l xe dn ng cu sau. Cui thp nin 1930,
nh my Zwickau bt u pht trin mu
xe mi vi nhng tnh nng: ng c xe my

<>

600cc, 2 xilanh, 2 k, ni tht bc da v dn ng cu trc. Chic xe ny do
hai nh thit k ca Audi Walter Haustein v Oskar Arlt - pht trin v c
t tn l DKW Front. Ln u tin ra mt cng chng vo nm 1931 ti
Berlin Motor Show, DKW Front nhanh chng tr thnh chic xe c nh c
yu thch nht v bn chy nht.
Wanderer
Wanderer ban u l mt cng ty sn xut xe
p c thnh lp nm 1885 Chemnitz.
Wanderer bt u ch to nhng chic t u
tin vo nm 1904. Mi n nm 1913, cng ty
mi i vo sn xut hng lot, khi u l mu
xe c nh "Puppchen".
Nm 1926, chic xe Wanderer Type W10 s
dng ng c 1.5L 30hp xut xng v nhanh chng c th trng n
nhn bi n l s kt hp ca nhng cng ngh
hin i nht lc by gi.
p ng nhu cu tng vt ca th trng,
Wanderer xy dng mt xng sn xut
Siegmar ngoi Chemnitz vi cng sut 25
xe/ngy. Tuy nhin, n cui thp nin 1920,
Wanderer cng lm vo khng hong.
nh audi.com

t ra i nh th no?

Khng phi l pht minh trong ngy mt ngy hai, cng khng phi ca mt
nh pht minh no , lch s ca xe hi l mt cuc cch mng trn ton
cu. Theo c tnh th c khong 100 nghn bng sng ch c cp cho
nhng ngi pht minh ra nhng chic t hin i ngy nay. Tuy nhin,
chng ta hy ngc dng thi gian tm hiu v chic t t nhng ngy s
khai nht.

Vo nm 1769, chic xe t hnh u tin c
mt k s c kh ngi Php tn l Nicolas Joseph
Cugnot (1725-1804) pht minh nhm phc v cho
mc ch qun s. Chic xe ny s dng ng c
hi nc do k s Brezin thuc xng qun kh Paris
ch to. V cu to, n c 3 bnh ln v c th
chuyn ng vi tc ti a 2 dm ri mt gi.
H thng ng c hi nc v bnh hi tch bit vi nhau v c t vo
pha u mi xe. Vi tc v cng sut ln, chic xe hi nc ny c
qun i Php s dng ko nhng khu pho khng l. Tuy nhin, nhc
im ca n l c 10 hoc 15 pht li phi dng tip nc v khi ng
li ng c. Nm 1770, Cugnot cho sn xut chic xe hi nc 3 bnh ch
khch u tin vi sc cha 4 ngi cho mi ln ch.

Nm 1771, Cugnot l ngi u tin trn th gii gp tai nn khi li xe t.
Chic xe m vo mt bc tng trn ng di chuyn. Tip l mt
lot nhng iu khng may xy ra vi nh pht minh ny: mt trong nhng
nh ti tr ca Cugnot qua i trong khi nhng ngi khc th b lu vong
nc ngoi do nhng bin ng chnh tr. iu ny khin cho cng vic
ca Cugnot phi dng li do khng cn tin trang tri cho mi chi ph.

Sau Cugnot cng c nhiu ngi tip tc sng ch v ci tin xe hi nc
v n tr thnh mt phng tin di chuyn ph bin nhiu nc trong
nhng nm sau .

Vo gia nhng nm 1832-1839, Robert Anderson,
mt nh pht minh ngi Scotland cho ra i
chic xe ch khch chy bng in th s u tin
trn th gii. Nm 1835, mt gio s ngi H Lan
tn l Stratingh thit k mt chic xe chy bng
in c cng sut nh, v n c tr l ca ng l
Christopher Becker lp rp chy th. Nm 1842, hai
nh pht minh Thomas Davenport ngi M v Robert Davidson ngi
Scotland cho ra i bi nhng chic xe in hon thin hn. Tuy
nhin, loi xe ca h li s dng pin in khng sc li nn rt tn km v chi
ph s dng.

Chic xe hi nc ca
Cugnot

Php v Anh l nhng quc gia u tin ng h cho vic pht trin xe t
chy bng in. Tuy nhin, mi ti nm 1895 M mi bt u ti loi
phng tin ny, sau khi vo nm 1891, nh pht minh A. L. Ryker cho ra i
chic xe in ba bnh u tin ti nc ny. Sau , mt nh pht minh khc
l William Morrison sn xut chic xe in c th ch c 6 hnh khch. Vo
khong gia nhng nm 1890-1900, nhiu ci tin v chic xe in din
ra t nc ny v iu ny khin cho ngnh cng nghip sn xut v
dch v ca loi xe ny rt pht trin. Chng hn, vo nm 1897, mt i taxi
ca thnh ph New York c thnh lp bi Cng ty chuyn ch hng ha
v hnh khch bng xe in ca Philadelphia.
Bn cnh v c th gi l song song vi s pht
trin ca xe chy bng in l s pht minh v pht
trin ca xe t chy bng ng c du. V c l,
thnh cng v ni ting nht l nhng chic xe do
Gottlieb Daimler v Karl Benz pht minh bi chng
c nguyn tc hot ng v hnh dng ging vi
nhng chic xe hin i ngy nay.

Tuy nhin, trc khi ni v nhng pht minh ca
Daimler hay Benz, khng th khng nhc n
Nicolaus Otto, ngi pht minh ra ng c t
trong. ng c t trong bn k c Otto pht
minh vo nm 1876 v n tr thnh mt trong
nhng pht minh v i nht trong lnh vc ng c
xe my. u tin n c p dng cho nhng chic
xe gn my, nhng sau , cng vi s pht trin
ca t, loi ng c ny c ci tin v p dng
cho c nhng chic xe t s dng nhin liu lng.

Tr li vi nhng chic xe chy bng ng c du. Nm 1885, k s c kh
ngi c Karl Benz thit k v cho ra i chic xe t chy bng ng c
t trong u tin trn th gii. Ban u n c thit k vi ba bnh, nhng
n nm 1891, Benz ci tin v bin n tr thnh chic xe -t bn bnh.

Cng vo nm 1885, Gottlieb Daimler cng vi ng
s ca mnh l Wihelm Mayback ci tin ng c
ca Otto tr thnh loi ng c c th s dng cho
xe t. ng c Daimler-Maybach c kch thc
nh, trng lng nh v s dng mt b ch ha kh
phun du, ngoi ra, n cn c mt xi-lanh ng.
Chnh thit k c tnh ng dng cao gip cho
cc nh sn xut -t ni chung v Daimler ni ring
to ra mt cuc cch mng trong thit k kiu dng
xe -t. Thng 8 nm 1886, Daimler ng dng
ng c ny vo mt chic xe but thng dng v bin n tr thnh chic xe
-t bn bnh u tin trn th gii c kiu dng nh nhng chic xe hin
i ngy nay.

Mt chic xe chy bng
ng c t trong
Chic xe u tin ca
Daimler
Fiat c lch s pht trin nh th no?

FIAT (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) c thnh lp ngy 11/07/1899)
ti Turin, Italy. Ngi ng u tp on ny l Giovanni Agnelli, ngi sng
lp v ng thi l Ch tch kim Gim c iu hnh u tin ca Fiat. Nm
1900 nh du s ra i ca nh my Fiat u tin ti Carso Dante vi 150
nhn cng. Bn nm sau, nm 1904, c th gii c bit n logo hnh ovan
mu xanh ca Fiat.

Nm 1908, Fiat khnh thnh nh my sn xut
xe hi u tin ca mnh ti hoa K. Cng vic
ca cng ty pht trin nhanh chng ti t
nc c coi l ng t ca ngnh xe hi ny.
p ng c nhu cu ca th trng Hoa
K cng nh tc sn xut ca nh my, Fiat
xy dng thm mt s nh my chuyn sn
xut linh kin, ph tng xe hi.

Ch mt vi nm sau , Fiat bt tay vo vic
ci t cng ngh. Chnh nhng n lc ny ca
Fiat khin n tr thnh mt trong nhng nh
sn xut xe hi ng gm nht, ng thi
nhng chic xe ca Fiat lun dn u trong
vic ph cc k lc ca ngnh cng nghip xe
hi, khng ch trong lnh vc cng ngh m cn
c trn cc ng ua.

Nm 1916, Fiat khi cng xy dng xng ch
to xe hi mang tn Lingotto. Vic xy dng v trang b din ra sut 6 nm
tri. Nh my cao 5 tng ny khng ch l xng sn xut xe hi ln nht
chu u m cn nhanh chng tr thnh biu tng ca ngnh cng nghip
xe hi Italy. Cng trong thi gian ny, Fiat bt tay vo nhng lnh vc mi
xe ng c in, xe thng mi, xe la v thm ch l thp. Cng ty tip tc
vn ti th trng Lin X.

Nhng biu tng u tin
ca tp on Fiat
Trong thi k Chin tranh Th gii th 1, sn
xut ca Fiat ch yu phc v mc ch qun
s. Fiat lm vo khng hong trm trng khi
chin tranh kt thc nhng nh sn xut xe hi
ny nhanh chng phc hi v ly li c v th
ca mnh l nh chnh sch ct gim chi
ph sn xut c pht ng nm 1923, khi
Giovanni Agnelli c bt l Tng Gim
c iu hnh ca Fiat. Fiat quyt nh tin mt
bc xa hn: sn xut xe hi trn quy m ln
ct gim chi ph ti da, nh h gi thnh
sn phm. Thi gian ny Fiat cn c bit n
vi nhng chng trnh chm sc sc khe, cu
lc b th thao v cc trng k thut.

Di chnh sch ca nh cm quyn Mussolini,
Fiat buc phi thu hp quy m hot ng ca
mnh v nhm vo th trng ni a. Cng ngh s dng trn nhng mu xe
thng mi v xe ti nhanh chng c ci tin v thay i p ng nhu
cu ca ngi tiu dng trong nc.

Chin tranh Th gii th 2 nh hng khng nh ti c cu v quy m sn
xut ca Fiat. Nhiu nh my, xng sn xut b ph hy. Nm 1945,
Giovanni Agnelli qua i. Ngi ln nm quyn thay ng l Vittorio Valletta
ra k hoch ti thit vo nm 1948. Nm 1958, Fiat u t vo c hai lnh
vc: xe hi v my nng nghip. Trong thi gian ny, Italy tr thnh trung
tm pht trin kinh t hng u chu u v chnh ngnh cng nghip xe hi
nc nh l ngun ng lc thit yu dn n s pht trin vt bc v kinh
t .

Chu ni Giovanni Agnelli ngi c cng tn
vi ng ni tip tc lm rng danh dng h
Agnelli khi tr thnh ch tch Fiat nm 1966.
Giovanni chu tp trung ton b ngun lc ca
cng ty vo pht trin cng ngh t ng trong
sn xut xe hi. Nh , Fiat khng ch i ph
c vi cuc khng hong nhin liu din ra
trong thi gian m cn tr thnh mt i th
ng gm trong lnh vc cng ngh sn xut xe
hi. Nhng nm 70, xe Fiat chim ti 80-90%
th phn ti t nc mnh. Chnh nh nhng chnh sch ca Fiat m t l s
hu xe hi ca Italy tng ln ng k, t 96 ngi/ xe ln 28 ngi/ xe.

Nm 1978, Fiat gii thiu h thng lp rp t ng s dng h thng robot
(Robogate). Nm 1979, b phn ch to xe hi c tch ra thnh mt cng
ty c lp c tn l Fiat Auto S.P.A, vi quyn s hu cc thng hiu Fiat,
Lancia, Autobianchi, Abarth, Ferrari. Ban u, Fiat ch s hu 50% c phn
ca Ferrari, nhng sau , con s ny nhanh chng tng ln thnh 87%.
Giovanni Agnelli, ng t ca
tp on Fiat
Bravo, mt tc phm mi
ca Fiat
Nm 1984, Fiat tip qun Alfa Romeo v n nm 1993 l thng hiu
Maserati danh ting.

Cuc khng hong u thp nin 1990 khin
cho cng ty chuyn hng mc tiu sang th
trng th gii, vi 60% doanh s thu c t
th trng nc ngoi. Nm 1996, Cesare Romiti
thay th v tr ca Giovanni, nhng Giovanni vn
gi chc v Ch tch Danh d. Tng hnh dinh
ca Fiat c chuyn t Corsi Marconi v
Palazzina Fiat, Lingotto nm 1997. Nm 1999,
k nim 100 nm ngy thnh lp cng ty, Fiat
thit k mu logo mi vn mang mu xanh
truyn thng, nhng vi dng v mi hnh
trn.

K t nm 2000 n nay, Fiat hu nh khng tri qua nhiu thay i ng
k, ngoi nhng mu xe mi vn ln lt ra mt ngi tiu dng v mt mc
tiu nht qun s i mi v cng ngh vt tri vng bc trong th
k 21.
Logo th 14, k nim 100
nm ca tp on Fiat
Acura ra i nh th no?

Cho d khng nh c v th ca mnh trn t M, Honda vn quyt
nh to ra mt bc ngot ln trong lch s pht trin ca mnh khi thnh
lp nhn hiu Acura cho ring th trng Bc M. Vy l t thng 3/1986,
Acura c Honda s dng nh mt nhn hiu c lp cho cc dng xe hng
sang M, Canada, Mexico v Hng Kng, bao gm xe a dng, xe gia nh
v xe th thao.

Ch mt nm sau khi ra i, Acura nhanh
chng khng nh v th ca mnh khi chic
Acura Legend ot danh hiu Xe nhp khu ca
nm (Import Car of the Year) v mu Integra
c bu chn vo top 10 ca tp ch Car and
Driver.
Nm 1990, ch vi nm sau khi ra mt th
trng Bc M, i l ca Acura 5 nm lin tip
ng u bng xp hng Ch s Hi lng ca
Khch hng. Mt nm sau, chic Acura Legend ginh gii "Xe nhp khu Uy
tn nht ca nm" ca Motor Trend. Tip n, nm 1997, Honda gii thiu
mu Integra Type-R. y l mu xe c t s cng sut: dung tch xi lanh hp/l
cao nht lc by gi (108hp/l). Chic xe th thao NSX c xut xng vo
cui thp nin 1990 c coi l ph v mi cng thc ton hc v khoa hc.
Ngay Motor Trend cng tng nhn nh y l chic xe th thao hng u
ca mi thi i. Chic siu xe vi thn xe bng nhm ny l s kt hp hon
ho gia s thoi mi hon ho v an ton ti a cho ngi s dng.

Mt chic Acura NSX
Thnh cng tip ni thnh cng, Acura tip tc tn cng vo th trng xe
th thao a dng vi mu xe huyn thoi MDX. Nm u tin ca th k 21
chng kin chic MDX ginh danh hiu Xe th thao a dng uy tn nht nm
2001 do tp ch Motor Trend bnh chn.
Logo ca thng hiu Acura
Nm 2003, Acura khin cho nhng v khch hng kh tnh nht cng phi hi
lng khi trang b cho mu xe mi TL vi nhng tin nghi nh Bluetooth v
u DVD. Ngay lp tc mu xe ny tr thnh chic xe hng sang bn chy
nht Hoa K vo nm 2004.
Khng t mn vi nhng g mnh t c, sau tin nghi v an ton l
nhng ci tin v sc mnh ca ng c. Nm 2004, chic Acura RL 2005 tr
thnh chic xe c mong i nhiu nht vi ng c mnh m v h thng
dn ng bn bnh ch ng SH-AWD c coi l cuc cch mng v ng
c Bc M.
Trong 5 nm t 2000 n 2005, Acura xp v tr th 3 n th 8 trong bng
phn hng mc hi lng ca khch hng ti M. Nm 2005, doanh s ton
cu ca Acura t 743.000 chic v 11 thng u nm 2006 l 661.500.
T nm 2004-2006, chic TSX trong sut 3 nm lin c bnh chn vo top
10 ca Car and Driver. Acura RDX cng khng chu km phn khi ginh c
danh hiu "Xe An ton nht" do Vin An ton giao thng Quc gia M (IIHS)
bnh chn cho xe SUV hng trung.

Acura RDX
Sau gn hai thp k nghin cu v pht trin, s ra i ca Acura l bng
chng cho s n lc khng ngng ca Honda trong vic chinh phc nhng
thng kh tnh ti th trng Bc M. Acura khng ch n thun l
thng hiu xe hi c lp ca Honda, m hn th na n cn l thng hiu
xe hi hng sang u tin ca Nht Bn. C th ni, Acura l k tin phong
t nhng vin gch u tin, l k dn ng cho nhng chic xe quc tch
Nht Bn trong con ng xm chim th trng Bc M. Theo chn Acura,
Lexus (Toyota) v Infiniti (Nissan) mi bit tm ng sang Bc M.
Khi tn tui ca Acura c chng nhn bi nhng ngi M kh tnh,
Honda quyt nh a a con ti nng ca mnh sang chinh phc th trng
Mexico (2004) v Trung Quc (2006). Gn y, Honda Motor cng thng bo
s bt u bn cc sn phm mang nhn hiu Acura ti qu hng vo nm
2008. Honda d tnh thit lp 2.400 i l Acura trn ton quc v doanh s
khong 800.000 xe/nm. Hin ti, cc sn phm ca Acura c bn Nht
di tn khc nh mu RL l Honda Legend, Acura TL l Inspire cn mu xe
th thao a dng MDX l Accord.

Mt chic Legend
Nh vy, khng phi n gin m Acura c vinh d ng trong hng ng
nhng dng xe hng sang. Thnh cng , bn cnh s tip sc ca cng ty
m thng qua nhng nn tng ban u, phn ln l nh c nhng n lc ca
bn thn. Gi y, Acura c th t ho khi c ngnh cng nghip xe hi
ton th gii coi l mt trong nhng thng hiu chuyn sn xut nhng
chic xe vi thit k tinh t y sc tr v sng to, ng c mnh m, v
c sn xut ht sc tinh xo.
Citroen ra i nh th no?

Tp on sn xut t Citroen ngy nay khng
cn na do n b tp on sn xut lp xe
Michelin mua li t trc chin tranh th gii
th II. Tuy nhin, ci tn Citroen cn tn ti v
hin vn ang l mt trong nhng thng hiu
t quen thuc vi nhiu ngi. Vo nhng
nm 20, 30 ca th k XX, t Citroen trn
ngp Php v c chu u. Vo thi im nh
cao, th phn ca t Citroen ti Php ln ti
gn 50%, con s m nhiu i gia ln nht th gii cng khng dm m ti.

A.G.Citroen v nim am m c kh

Andr Gustave Citroen sinh ngy 5/2/1878 ti Paris, c ni ca Andr Gustave
Citroen vn l ngi x Amsterdam (H Lan) chuyn sng bng ngh bun
bn hoa qu. Nm 1870, trong ln i m ca hng kinh doanh ti Warzava,
ng Levie Citroen quen v ci b Amalia, mt ph n ngi Balan. Andr
Gustave Citroen l con th ba ca ng b Levie Citroen. Andr Gustave
Citroen c gia nh cho nhp hc ti trng Lycee Condorcet ni ting ch
dnh cho gii thng lu v giu c. Chnh ti ngi trng ny Andr
Gustave Citroen hc cng v lm quen vi cu b Louis Renault cng tui
v sau ny tr thnh i th cnh tranh ln nht ca ng trong lnh vc xe
hi.

Hc ht ph thng, nm 1898 Citroen c
tuyn chn vo trng i hc bch khoa
Polytechnique Paris. Sau khi tt nghip, Andr
Gustave Citroen c nh lm cng chc ti c
quan Nh nc chnh quyn nhng khng
c. ng lang thang i tm vic v trong cy
vo ngi ch gi ly chng v sng ti Balan.
Andr Gustave Citroen lm vic ti mt xng
c kh ca ngi anh r ti Glowno.

Vn l con nh th kim hon, li hc bch khoa
nn Andr Gustave Citroen t ra rt kho tay v thng minh vi lnh vc c
kh. Andr Gustave Citroen thy rng cc bnh rng bng g tuy d lm
nhng rt chng hng.V vy ng tm ti ngh cch sn xut bnh rng
chuyn dng t kim loi v l ngi u tin pht minh cc loi bnh rng
kim loi chuyn dng. Ngay lp tc ng ng k bn quyn sng ch v bt
u i vo con ng sn xut ch to hng c kh.

n vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut xe hi

Biu tng ca Citroen
A.G.Citroen
Nm 1907, Andr Gustave Citroen n vi
ngnh sn xut xe hi kh tnh c, thng qua
ngi ch rut, ng bit c mt nh my
chuyn sn xut ph tng v ng c t b
ph sn. Andr Gustave Citroen quyt nh
dng phn ln ti sn c tha k u t
vo nh my sn xut c kh ny. S nghip
sn xut v kinh doanh trong ngnh cng
nghip xe hi ca Andr Gustave Citroen bt
u t . T nm 1908, Andr Gustave Citroen trc tip lm Gim c cng
ty ph tng t Mors ny.

Nm 1924, cng ty c kh t Mors c chuyn i thnh cng ty c phn
v Andr Gustave Citroen l ngi nm gi a s c phn. ng cng l ngi
trc tip iu hnh sn xut v kinh doanh ca cng ty. Bt u t y l
nhng nm hong kim ca xe t Citroen. ng ch Andr Gustave Citroen tr
thnh ni danh trong gii cng nghip t chu u v th gii.

Ch trong vng 10 nm, t nm 1919 n 1929, cng ty xe hi Citroen
pht trin vi mt tc chng mt. Mt bng sn xut v lp rp ca cng
ty tng t 198.000 m
2
ln 850.000 m
2
. S lng nhn cng tng t 4.000
ln hn 32.000 ngi. Thay v mi nm xut xng vi nghn xe th 10 nm
sau, nng lc sn xut ca Citroen l 102.891 chic. V iu k diu l
Citroen sn xut xe no l bn c ngay xe .

Thnh cng nh ti marketing

Cho n u nhng nm 1930, Citroen bn
c gn 1 triu chic xe. Mc d vy Andr
Gustave Citroen cn cho rng tim nng vn rt
ln. ng ch trng phi tng cng marketing
v qung co "nh thc s ch ca c 40
triu ngi dn nc Php".

Andr Gustave Citroen khng ch nhm vo mt
i tng khch hng, nhng ngi giu c,
kh gi. Vi ng, ton dn u l i tng
thu ht, qung co. Nu khng l khch hng trc tip th cng l khch
hng tim nng. Thng hiu xe hi Citroen phi i vo tim thc ca mi
ngi dn, bt k gi tr, l mong c l mc tiu thng hiu ca ng
ch y tham vng.

Andr Gustave Citroen qung co nhiu nhng khng hn l nhm vo mt
loi xe, mt sn phm c th. ng qung b thng hiu Citroen. Nhng g
m cc doanh nghip ln ngy nay vn lm v gi l quan h cng chng th
Andr Gustave Citroen thc hin cch y gn 90 nm.

Andr Gustave Citroen c bit nng ng v sng to vi nhng tng
Mt trong nhng sn phm
u tin ca Citroen
Citroen C-Airlounge
mi qung b thng hiu. Ngy nay trong nhiu nghin cu cng nh
sch gio khoa v Marketing v thng hiu, nhng g m Andr Gustave
Citroen lm lun c coi l mu mc. Citroen l mt trong rt t doanh
nghip lc c c mt b phn qung co chuyn nghip. Andr Gustave
Citroen thu Pierre Eugene Louys, mt nh bo, mt chuyn gia thng tin
lm gim c qung co cho mnh.

S dng c thp Eiffel k v qung co
Andr Gustave Citroen dng mi hnh thc
v phng tin qung co xy dng v
qung b thng hiu xe t Citroen ca mnh.
ng c bit ch n qung co trn cc t
bo ni ting nh Le Figaro, Le Petit Parisien,
Le Temps, Le Matin hay LIllustration. S liu
thng k cho thy tng s t bo c pht
hnh ln ti con s 15 triu bn.

qung b thng hiu, Andr Gustave
Citroen c bit quan tm n hnh nh ca cc
chi nhnh, i l bn xe. ng s dng kin trc
s ni ting Georges Wyho chuyn thit k hnh
nh ca cc to nh chi nhnh, ca hng bn
xe Citroen. Mi ln khai trng mt Citroen -
Automobilsalon, Andr Gustave Citroen u coi
l s kin quan trng v l c hi qung
b thng hiu tht rm r. ng cn xut bn
t tin ring ca hng mang tn Le Citroen in
tht p v sang trng pht tng cho khch
n thm quan xe Citroen.

Andr Gustave Citroen cng t to ra cc s kin, t chc Trin lm xe
Citroen nm 1931 trn khu t rng hn 15.000 m
2
gia qung trng Place
de l Europa.Andr Gustave Citroen rt ch chm sc h thng i l bn
hng. V ng c tng thng xuyn t chc cc chuyn tham quan xng
sn xut v xng lp rp xe Citroen dnh cho i l v khch hng rut.

Cng vi cch ngh , Andr Gustave Citroen cn t chc nhng chuyn
thm him chu Phi, nhng cuc chinh phc sa mc Sahara vi hng nghn
cy s. ng nhin ng ch dng xe t Citroen phc v cho cc on
i.ng to bo s dng c thp Eiffel k v phc v cho mc ch
qung co thng hiu Citroen.

Vo mt ti thng 7 nm 1925 c thnh Paris t nhin sng rc bi nh n
t thp Eiffel vi dng ch Citroen khng l cao ti 25 m. Andr Gustave
Citroen phi dng ti gn 250.000 chic bng n cc mu, gn 600 km
dy in cc loi. Tng din tch c chiu sng l khong 1.200 m2.

T tr i cho ti nm 1936, Citroen vn thng xuyn s dng n trang
Thp Eiffel v dng ch
Citroen rc sng
tr ti thp Eiffel qung co cho thng hiu v cc dng xe mi ra ca
hng. Nm 1989, k nim thp Eiffel trn 100 tui, ngi dn Paris v khch
du lch khp mi ni trn th gii li c dp xem li hnh nh thng hiu
Citroen c qung co bng n theo mu c trc kia ca Gustave Citroen,
ngi khai sinh ra n.
Bo m Jaguar ra i nh th no?

Ngy 04/09/1922, ti mt th trn pha nam b bin vng Blackpool (Anh),
hai thanh nin tr tui nhng rt say m motor William Lyons v William
Walmsley thnh lp nn Swallow Sidecar vi tham vng sn xut
nhng chic xe 3 bnh (sidecar). Lc u, Swallow Sidecar Company ch c
hai tng gc ti Blackpool lm tr s v xng. Ton b cng vic c
thc hin bng tay. Nhc n Jaguar khng th khng nhc n Arthur
Whittaker, ngi gip nhng chic xe u tin ca Swallow Sidecar n
vi khch hng mt cch nhanh chng v n tng nht.

Nm 1926, do nhu cu pht trin kinh doanh,
Swallow Sidecar i tn thnh Swallow
Sidecar and Coachbuilding Co. v tm kim
mt xng sn xut mi. Ti y, hng sn
xut thn xe cho rt nhiu nh sn xut xe hi
khc, trong c Morris, Fiat, Wolseley, Swift,
v Standard.

Bng cch dng nhm dp sn xut v
sidecar, Swallow Sidecar nhanh chng tr nn
ni ting vi doanh s khng ngng tng vt.
Nm 1927, khi Herbert Austin cho ra i chic
xe hng nh Austin Seven gi r, d li v tin
dng nhng thiu c tnh, Lyons ch to mt chic xe 2 ch, gn thn
Swallow Sidecar trn khung gm ca Austin Seven. Ngay lp tc, mt n t
hng 500 chic c t ln bn Arthur Whittaker.

y cng l im khi u cho mi lin minh mi gia Lyons v Bertie Henly,
ngi iu hnh garage ni ting nc Anh, Henlys. Vi gi 175 bng hay
185 bng cho phin bn mui cng, Austin Seven Swallow lun chy hng.
Khng dng li , Lyons cn tip tc cho ra mt mu xe c v Swallow
gn trn khung gm ln hn, mang tn Morris Cowley. nh hng ca
Swallow ngy cng ln khi Austin Seven Swallow Saloon trnh lng nm 1928
v tip tc gt hi thnh cng.

Mt chic SS1
Sir William Lyons (1901-
1985)
Sau mt thi gian lin kt sn xut vi cc hng xe khc, Lyons khng mun
ch to v xe ca mnh trn khung gm ca mu xe khc na: ng mun
nhm ti nhng chic xe c tnh ch khng n thun ch sn xut xe th
thao. Lyons khn ngoan lin kt vi Standard Motor Company ch to
chic xe hon chnh u tin - chic SS1, c ch to a trn ng c 6
Standard xi lanh v s tha hng y sng to ca thn xe Standard. Chic
xe ny c ra mt cng chng nm 1931 ti trin lm xe hi London.

Nm 1933, tn ca cng ty mt ln na li c
i thnh SS Cars Ltd di s iu hnh ca
Gim c Lyons. Nm 1936, SS Cars hon ton
thuc s hu ca Lyons.

Nm 1935, ln u tin cm t "Jaguar" c
bit n trn cc mu xe ca hng. SS Cars bt
tay vo ch to nhiu hng xe khc nhau, bao
gm limousine, xe mui trn, xe th thao, vi
ng c 1.5l, 2.5l v 3.5l, ng thi n lc nng
cng sut ng c t 75hp ln 105hp. Khng ch
c vy, Lyons cn tp trung thit k v xe sao
cho tht n tng, khc bit hon ton so vi cc mu trc .

Chin tranh Th gii th 2 n ra, SS Cars tp trung cho chin tranh v quay
tr v sn xut dng xe sidecar. Khi chin tranh kt thc, Lyons quyt nh
i tn SS Cars thnh Jaguar Cars Ltd do tn vit tt ca hng trng vi
tn gi ca lc lng pht xt c.

Jaguar l tn gi loi bo m ni ting chu M, biu tng ca sc mnh
v quyn lc trong vn ha cc nc Nam M. Ngi dn y tin rng,
Jaguar l im ni gia s sng v ci cht. Jaguar sinh ra bo v cc
hong . D Lyons khng thc s thch nhng cui cng, ci tn "Jaguar"
vn c thng qua. Ngay sau khi ra mt ti khch sn Mayfair, London, SS
Jaguar nhn hng lot n t hng bi n c gi ch bng mt phn t
Bentley d khng h thua km v cht lng. Th nhng, mi 11 nm sau,
Lyons mi chnh thc a biu tng ch bo m Bc M ang v mi ln
chic Jaguar Mark VIII 1956. Biu tng i theo Jaguar 30 nm sau v
l hnh mu cc k s thit k theo ng vc dng mnh m, trn tr
nha sng v hoang d ca loi vt c mnh
danh l cha t rng xanh.
Nm 1966, William Lyons gi chc Gim c
iu hnh kim Ch tch v Tng Gim c.
Ngy 11/07/1966, Jaguar Cars Ltd. tuyn b
hp nht vi British Motor Corporation Ltd. Ch 2
nm sau , s st nhp ca Jaguar vi Leylang
bin nh sn xut xe hi ny tr thnh tp on
sn xut xe hi ln nht nc Anh.

Nm 1972, Lyons ngh hu, khin cho c mt
Biu tng ca Jaguar Cars
Bo m Jaguar
thi gian di sau hng gp kh nhiu sng gi vi nhng chin lc
khng r rng. Mi n thng 04/1980, v cu tinh ca Jaguar mi xut
hin, l John Egan ngi c coi l hi sinh Jaguar. V gim c 40
tui ny thc s em li hi th mi cho hng sn xut xe hi Jaguar. Bi
vy, nm 1985, vic Jaguar n nh v pht trin tr li khng h khin
ngnh cng nghip xe hi ngc nhin.

Cui nm 1989 u nm 1990, Ford mua li Jaguar v n nm 1999, hng
tr thnh mt trong nhng nhn hiu xe c lp ca Ford Motors, ging nh
Aston Martin v Volvo.

Trong sut 84 nm lch s nghin cu v ch to, Jaguar cng hin cho
ngnh sn xut xe hi hng lot mu xe cng nh cc sn phm khc nhau.
n nay, Jaguar vn lun t ho vi trit l ch to nhng chic xe p nht,
nhanh nht trn c s kt hp gia tr thng minh cng ngh vi s sang
trng ng i.

"Chin binh" Ural ra i nh th no?

Ngay t thi chin tranh th gii th nht, qun i cc nc chu u
dng n mt. Khi , mt khng phi ch l mt phng tin giao thng,
m cn l mt loi xe tc chin. Trong thi gian gia hai cuc th chin, k
thut mt qun s c tip tc hon thin Anh, M, Php. Th nhng,
vt tri hn c trong lnh vc ny l nc c. n nm 1939, trong trang
b ca qun i ch c c nhng chic mt mnh m v chc chn
mang nhn hiu BMW, DKW, Zundapp. Mt c tnh nng chy mi a hnh
khng ti v trn thng xe thng c t khu ci c nhn hoc sng trung
lin.

Lin x, trc chin tranh th gii
th hai, ngnh ch to mt khng
c quan tm nhiu nh ngnh t.
Mt c xut xng ri rc t
nhng c s Ijevsk, Taganrora,
ngoi Podolsk v Serpukhov, vi s
lng kh khim tn: ch khong 6
nghn chic mt nm. Mt X-vit tin
chin i khi khng c bn. Tnh
cht khin chng t ph hp vi
cng tc qun s. Ban lnh o t
nc sm nhn ra vn ny.

Vo cui nm 1930, Hi ng Dn y
Quc phng Lin X c cuc hp b mt, lin quan n vic thnh lp i
qun mt hng nng chuyn dng, quyt nh ly chic mt c BMW
R71 lm mu. phanh phui nhng b quyt kt cu bn trong ca loi xe
ny, c 5 chic mt c mua thng qua nc th ba. V cc k s, cn
b k thut u t nht ca ngnh cng nghip t Lin X khn trng
nghin cu chng mt cch k lng. Kt qu l, trong mt thi gian kh
ngn ngi, Lin X c th ch ra loi xe ging nh chic BMWR71.

Tuy nhin, xe mt X-vit khng phi l
bn sao y nguyn ca xe c BMW. Chng
hn, khung v h thng treo n hi
c ci tin mt cch nghim tc, tr nn
linh hot hn ca xe c. Trn thc t,
ng c bn k hai xilanh nm ngang
c ch to mi. Vi dung tch 750cc v
cng sut 22 m lc, n c d tr dng
c loi xng c cht lng thp hn ng
c ca xe c, v thm na, t gy ting n
hn.

u nm 1941, nhng chic xe mt hng nng M-72 c trnh ra vi
cc nh qun s, xe c chm im u a vo sn xut hng lot
BMW-R71 ca qun c trong th
chin II
URAL M -72
ngay lp tc ti mt s cng xng. Qun i nhn c mt phng tin
giao thng mi, a nng v kh bn chc. Cng nh ngi anh em c ca
n, M-72 l phng n xe mt thuyn, c th trang b sng ci c nhn.

Thng 10 nm 1941, khi th Nga nm trong tnh th b bao vy, xng
mt Matxcva c s tn v Ural, thnh ph Irbit. n s, thiu thn l
tnh cnh ti c s th nht chuyn sn xut mt hng nng ca Lin x.
Nhng ch n thng 2 nm 1942, xng mt Irbit cho i ra lot sn
phm u tin. Tnh chung, nhng nm chin tranh, ch ring t Irbit cung
cp cho qun i 9800 chic xe. Ngoi ra, cc mt M-72 cn c sn xut
ti Tiumen v thnh ph Gorki (nay l Nijni Novgorod).

Trung on mt ca Hng qun X-vit
Nhng chic Ural M-72 c s dng rng ri phc v cc chin s trinh st,
b binh, c gii, xe tng, lin lc, cc n v sa cha my mc qun dng.
Thm ch cc chin s pho binh cn dng n chuyn ch nhng khu i
bc hng nh. Cc chin s mt trn nh gi xng ng bn vng v tnh
d s dng, cng nh cht lng, tc ca n. Vi mt ngi li v hai
hnh khch, Ural M-72 ba bnh c trng ti hn mt tn ri, nhng cng
sut vn mnh y n chy vi tc ti a n 85km/gi. Mt n
th nh hn v chy nhanh hn, n 105km/gi, nhng nhng chic nh th
t c lm ra.

T sau khi kt thc chin tranh th gii th
hai, loi hnh xe mt nhiu cng hin ny
tip tc c xut xng cho n nm
1956. Cn mu xe ci tin, th ra i nm
1960. Khung v h thng treo n hi ca
M-72 c dng ch ra cc xe mt
Irbit mi, dn dng cng nh qun dng.
T nm 1953, nhng chic xe mt hai
bnh v ba bnh t Ural c em xut
khu ra nc ngoi. Chng tr nn ni
ting khng ch cc nc ng u m c
Vit Nam vi tn gi "Xt--ca". Xe mt
Nga hng nng c bit n Php, Anh, Ty Ban Nha, Thy in, c, H
Lan, Chil, Columbia, Argentina. Xng mt Irbit l mt trong s khng
nhiu x nghip ch to my ca Nga, c sn phm c cp chng ch M.

Th h "Gear-Up"

Ngy nay, x nghip Irbit cn c loi mt thuyn qun dng Gear-Up. y
vn l loi hnh xe dn dng hai ch, c trang b ng c cng sut 32 m
lc, dn ng bnh sau v bnh thuyn xe, tay n khung treo pha trc.
Trn xe mt ny c th t sng ci hay tn la chng tng, v n tr
thnh c xe nh binh kh l hm h: chy nhanh, xoay chuyn nh nhng
v thm na, cng chc chn, d s dng khi vn hnh, y nh cc tin bi
ca n thi chin tranh th gii th hai.
Ai l ngi sng lp ra huyn thoi Bugatti?

Ngi c mnh danh l "Ngh nhn Ch to Xe hi"
Ngi sng lp Bugatti huyn thoi khng phi ai khc chnh l Ettore
Bugatti, sinh ngy 15 thng 9 nm 1881 ti Milan, , trong mt gia nh
ngh s m tn tui ca ngi cha vt qua nhng danh gii a l ca
nc , nh iu khc Carlo Buggatti. Sau khi tt nghip Trung hc ng theo
hc ti Vin hn lm Ngh thut (Milan), nhng sc cun ht ca ngh thut
cng khng gi chn ng c bao lu. ng ri Vin Hn Lm theo hc
ngh ti xng sn xut xe p Prinetti & Stucchi. Nm 17 tui ng ch
to nhng chic xe 3 bnh gn ng c, vo nhng nm cui ca th k 18
ng tham d mt gii ua xe vi chic xe u tin ca ng.
Nm 1901 ti trin lm quc t Milan, ng gii
thiu chic xe t to vi s gip ca anh em
nh Gulinelli v ginh c gii thng do
Cu Lc B t Php trao tng. Do cha n
tui hp php ng tn trong cc hp ng,
thn ph ng phi ng tn trong cc hp
ng lm vic cho Dietrich. ng tic l Dietrich
khng th p ng nim am m nghin cu
v ch to xe ua ca Ettore. ng nhanh chng chm dt hp ng v
chuyn sang lm vic cho Emil Mathis, ti y ng ch to chic xe hi vi
ng c 4 xi lanh nhng vn khng qun tip tc nim am m ch to xe
ua ca mnh.
Sau gn mi nm lm vic cho nhiu hng sn xut xe hi, Ettore Bugatti
thnh lp hng ring ca mnh ti Molsheim, gn Strasbourg vo nm 1909.
ng thuyt phc c mt ngn hng cho vay tin ch to 10 chic xe

hi v 5 ng c my bay.
ng khi nghip bng vic ch to ng c
1327cc, 4 xi lanh mang s hiu Type 13. Mt
trong nhng thnh cng ca ng l mu "Bb"
do Peugeot sn xut trn thit k ca ng.
Trc thi chin, ng cng ch to 4 mu
ng c 1368cc, 8 van v 5027cc, 16 van. Nm
1913 ng ch to ng c 2906cc, 8 xi lanh
thng hng. Nm 1921, sau chin thng lng
ly ti cuc ua Grand Prix Brescia vi 4 th hng cao nht u thuc v
Bugatti, tt c cc ng c 16 van c sn xut sau ny u mang tn
Brescia k nim chin thng ny.
Vo nm 1924, Bugatti gii thiu mu xe ua Model 35 vi ng c 2 lt 8 xi
lanh v y cng l chic xe trang b lazng c u tin . Vi hn 2000
chin thng chic Model 35 tr thnh chic xe ua thnh cng nht mi thi
i.
Nm 1926, Bugatti quyt nh bin gic m sn
xut mt chic xe hi sang trng tt bc tr
thnh hin thc vi mu xe Royales ng c 8
my, 12762cc, cng sut 300 m lc! Oi om
thay, chic xe huyn thoi ny ra i khng
ng lc: ngay trc thi im th gii bc
vo cuc i suy thoi. Ch c 3 chic xe t
nht trong lch s xe hi th gii l tm c
ch nhn v chnh chic xe huyn thoi ny lm cho cng ty ca Bugatti
khnh kit.
Trong giai on ai suy thoi, my mn thay, Bugatti ginh c hp ng
xy dng mt loi tu siu tc cho chnh ph Php, vi nhng kinh nghim
tch lu lu nm ng khng nhng lm hi lng chnh ph m cn gip
cng ty ca mnh vt qua cn sng gi.
Ettore Bugatti cng thit k thnh cng mt chic
t chy trn ng ray, chic Autorail. ng cn
th sc sang c lnh vc my bay, song khng
thnh cng, Jean Bugatti, con trai ng t nn ngy
11/08/1939 khi ang li th chic xe ua Type 57
gn nh my Molsheim. K t , xui xo bt u
p n. Th chin II tn ph nh my
Molsheim. Trong thi k chin tranh, Bugatti cng
xy dng mt nh my mi Levallois, Paris.
n khi Th chin II kt thc th Bugatti li lm vo cnh tng qun do khng
cn kh nng khi phc li sn xut nh my Molsheim v vo ngy 21 thng
8 nm 1947, ng qua i ti Qun Y vin Paris do nhim bnh phi.

Mc d ch c 7900 chic xe c sn xut trong giai
on Bugatti iu hnh cng ty, nhng vn c rt
nhiu chic xe trong vn cn cho n ngy nay-
mt minh chng cho ti nng cng nh cng hin
ca Bugatti cho lch s pht trin t th gii. Vi
nhng ng gp to ln ca mnh cho ngnh cng
nghip xe hi th gii, Ettore Bugatti tht xng ng
nhn danh hiu "Ngh nhn Ch to Xe hi" - Automobile Artist.

Thunderbird ra i nh th no?

Trong na th k tn ti v pht trin, Thunderbird (T-bird) c coi nh mt
trong nhng chic xe biu tng cho ngnh cng nghip t M. N cng l
yu t gip Ford Motor Company to dng v duy tr danh ting hng u ti
nc M.

S ra i ca T-bird nm 1954

Khong thi gian Th chin II din ra, khng h c mt s sng to no
cc cng ty t. n cui thp k 40, nhu cu v xe hi bng n v mt
trong nhng dng xe c a chung nht chnh l nhng chic t th thao.
Tr v t chu u, nhng ngi lnh M mang theo cc mu xe th thao
danh ting ca Italy, c, Php v Anh. Cng lc , mn ua t tr nn
ph bin vi cc trng ua c xy mi, cc cuc ua c t chc khp
ni.

Cng thm tc ng ca mt nn
kinh t pht trin mnh, khng c
g ngc nhin khi chic
Thunderbird xut hin v lp tc
gt hi thnh cng d dng ti
M. Chic xe ln u tin c
trnh lng vo nm 1954 ti Trin
lm t Detroit. l mt chic
roadster (xe hai ch mui trn)
mang tin nghi hin i, s tin
li cng nh sc mnh v kh
nng iu khin d dng. Ch
trong 10 ngy u tin, Ford
bn c 3.500 xe trong khi mc
tiu c nm ch l 10.000 xe.

Thunderbird thc s l cu tr li m Ford dnh cho chic roadster Corvette
ca Chevrolet. Nhng trong khi chic Corvette ch trung thnh vi mt kiu
dng duy nht th Thunderbird xut hin vi rt nhiu phin bn khc
nhau, t nhng chic coupe hardtop (hardtop l thut ng ch xe mui cng
khng c thanh chng gia) v xe 4 ca. D hiu v sao Thunderbird li
c yu thch. N kt hp c nhng phm cht ca mt chic xe th thao
sang trng vi nhng c im m ngi M rt chung. Ch c hai ch ngi
nhng T-bird nm 1972 l chic xe u tin di ti hn 5 m, trong khi mu
Thunderbird 2005 cng c chiu di hn 4,7 m. Trong bt c giai on no,
Thunderbird cng lun c trang b nhng tin nghi hng u v ng c
mnh m nht, ngay c vo thi k khng hong du la thp k 70. C th
chia 50 nm ca Thunderbird ra lm 4 giai on, 1955-1963, 1964-1975,
1976-1997, 1998-2004.

Mt chic T-bird 1954
Ngay t nhng chic xe u tin, nh sn xut la chn lp cho n mt
ng c V8. T 1958 n 1960, xe Thunderbird gn ng c dung tch 5,8 lt,
cng sut 300 m lc. Tuy vy, khch hng c th la chn chic xe vi ng
c ti 7 lt v sc mnh tng ng 350 m lc. Nm 1961, ln u tin
Thunderbird c nhng ci tin ng k v dng v bn ngoi, b i nhng
vy nhn pha trn hai n ui hnh trn, n pha vung, v nht l c thm
mt phin bn mui xp (convertible). T nm 1961 n 1963, trang b tiu
chun cho xe Thunderbird l ng c V8 dung tch 6,4 lt, cng sut 300-340
m lc.

Chic xe T-bird Turbo

Mu xe sn xut nm 1964 c bit n vi
bit danh Jet Bird. Khong cch trc c
ko di ti 2.870 mm, khin chic xe di ti
5.207 mm. im ni bt ca chic xe l mui
ngn hn, trong khi np ca-p v phn thng
sau c ko di, ton b phn ui xe c
thit k li. Nm 1965, ln u tin phanh a
tr thnh trang b tiu chun cho hai bnh
trc.

Mi nm, i ng k s thit k ca Ford u thc hin nhng cng vic lm
mi chic xe ca h, khi th ni tht, khi th vut li cc ng nt bn
ngoi. Tuy nhin, mu xe nm 1967 mi thc s c nhiu im khc vi
nhng i trc. Khung gm c thit k hon ton mi, phn mt trc xe
n gin hn, n pha giu bn di np ca-p, ch nh ln khi ngi iu
khin xe bm nt khi ng. V th cho n nm 1971, mi ci tin ch l
vi chi tit ti mt trc v sau xe.

T-bird Super Coupe sn xut nm 1994

Cho n nm 1972, Thunderbird m u cho
s xut hin ca mt th h nhng xe sang
trng. Ch c duy nht phin bn hardtop 2
ca, chic xe gy ch vi kiu dng mnh
m v ni tht sang trng hn hn so vi
quan nim trc y v mt chic
Thunderbird. ng c ca xe nng 2.085 kg
ny c dung tch 7 lt. Nm 1973,
Thunderbird c lp n pha kp mi
bn.

Chic xe nm 1976 c th coi l chic Thunderbird ln nht v sang trng
nht. Nhng dng nh iu khng mang li nhiu hiu qu v mt kinh
t nn phin bn ra sau , nh sn xut thu hp cc kch thc ca xe
li, d ton b tin nghi khng thay i, nh th gim c 450 kg trng
lng. Thn xe Thunderbird 1980 c chuyn thnh dng unibody (gm cc
T-bird Turbo
Coupe T-bird turbo
tm thp gn vi nhau), nh hn 360 kg so vi xe trc , v cng ngn
hn 431 mm.

Nm 1983 l mt trong nhng nm thnh cng ca Ford Thunderbird. Thng
2 nm , chic coupe Thunderbird Turbo c trnh lng v gy s ch ti
bt k ni u n xut hin. Chic xe ch c trang b mt ng c
turbocharged 2,3 lt, hp s sn 5 cp. T u thp k 80, phn thng sau xe
dn c thu gn li nhng kiu np ca-p vn di v pha trc y ngo
ngh vn l kiu cch m ngi M a thch. Phin bn 1989 gy nn mt
cn st. Chic xe Super Coupe ny c trc c s di hn, b ngang cng rng
hn, h thng treo c lp pha sau, phanh a c 4 bnh vi ng c
supercharged V6.

T-bird 2002 ot gii ca tp ch Motor Trend

Bc sang thp k 90, lng tiu th xe
Thunderbird chng dn li v ngi ta bt
u x xm v vic Ford chun b thi sn
xut chic roadster ny sau 40 nm. Tin tc
ny cng c khng nh vo nm 1998, khi
Ford khng cn trng by Thunderbird ti cc
showroom. Gii chuyn mn cn khng nh
sang thin nin k mi, s c mt mu xe
hon ton mi thay th.

Tuy nhin, phin bn ca nm 2002 mt ln na gip Thunderbird ginh
danh hiu Xe ca nm do tp ch Motor Trend trao. Thnh cng ny c th
d bo c khi chic Thunderbird 2001 (xe concept) thu ht nhiu s
quan tm khi c Ford gii thiu ti khp cc trin lm t ln trn th gii.
Du vy, nh gi ca cc nh chuyn mn khng phi bao gi cng ng
vi nhng nhu cu ca khch hng. C s lng bn ra khng nh nhng
Thunderbird 2002 khng t c mc tiu m hng sn xut ra. Ford hy
vng phin bn 2005, tung ra vo na sau ca nm 2006 thc s l mt
chic xe chc mng sinh nht 50 tui ca Thunderbird.
T-bird 2002
Cadillac ra i nh th no?

Ci tn Cadillac
u th k 20 nh du mt bc ngot quan trng
ca nn cng nghip xe hi th gii khi Henry Leland
sng lp ra mt cng ty ch to xe hi v t tn l
Cadillac - theo tn nh sng lp ra Detrioit huyn
thoi Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. cho mng
s kin ny, Herald thit k biu trng ca cng ty
da trn huy hiu ca dng h Cadillac danh ting.
Chic xe u tin ca cng ty Model A Runabout l
chic xe u tin vinh d c mang biu trng ny.

Chinh phc th gii

Nm 1908, tc l ch vi nm sau khi sn xut c ng c 4 xi lanh u
tin, Cadillac li khin c nn cng nghip xe hi sng st khi trnh din
nhng b phn xe hi d dng lp t nhiu v tr khc nhau. y chnh l
s kin t nn mng cho sn xut xe hi trn quy m ln trn th gii, ng
thi gip Cadillac ginh c danh hiu cao qu Dewar Trophy ca CLB Xe
hi Hong Gia - Royal Automobile Club (Anh). Cng t thi im ny, biu
trng ca cng ty t ho c gn thm slogan Tiu chun ca Th gii.

Tuy nhin, Cadillac dng nh c tnh i ngc li trt t ca cng nghip
xe hi ton cu khi t ra mc tiu Cht lng phi i trc S lng v
dn ton b ngun lc vo thit k mt chic xe tuyt vi nht c th.
Nm 1910, Model Thirty ca Cadillac l chic xe u tin gi t h thng khi
ng bng tay nh c h thng khi ng in v b phn nh la. y
c coi l mt pht minh tuyt vi bi khng t li xe b gy tay hoc v
xng hm bi h thng khi ng bng tay. Mt ln na danh hiu Dewar
Trophy li c trao cho Detroit, v Cadillac tr thnh nh ch to xe hi
duy nht t c danh hiu cao qu ny 2 ln.

n nm 1915, Cadillac chuyn hng
sang ng c V-8 lm mt bng nc,
mc d lc by gi ng c 4 xi lanh vn
c a chung. Trong thi k Th chin
ln th nht (1916-1918), h thng lm
mt nhit tnh v h thng n pha rt
hiu qu khi s dng ban m khin
Cadillac tr thnh la chn s 1 i vi
qun i Hoa K.

Thp nin 20 cng khng nh v th v s tn nhim ca gii xe hi i vi
Cadillac khi Cadillac gii thiu chic cn gt nc v knh chiu hu, ng thi
tho mn nhng khch hng kh tnh nht bng cch thay i thit k thn
xe phong cch hn v sang trng hn.
Biu trng hin nay
ca Cadillac
Mt mu xe Cadillac thp nin 30

Nm 1927, ln u tin mi lin h gia hnh dng v chc nng ca mt
chic xe c mt nh ch to xe hi thc s mt n. Chic mui trn
LaSalle tr thnh chic xe u tin c to dng bi mt nh thit k, ch
khng phi bi mt k s t nh trc y.

Cui thp nin 20, Cadillac ng ngha vi s to dng p mt v sang
trng. Cadillac khi ng thp nin 30 bng vic ra mt ng c V-16
trang b cho xe du lch, cng vi n l nhng mu biu trng khch nhau cho
ng c V-8, V-12 v V-16. n nm 1936, Cadillac s hu khong 68
mu thn xe khc nhau. Nm 1938, Cadillac ginh thm mt ci nht
na trong lch s pht trin ca mnh bng cch a t sunroof (ca s
tri) vo t in Hoa K.

Chin tranh Th gii ln th 2 em li cho
Cadillac khng t c hi c th hin ti nng v
tim lc. Vi ng c V-8 c dng cho xe tng
M-5 v M-8 Howitzer, Cadillac t ho ging cao
khu hiu Ni ting trong Thi bnh
Khng nh s vt tri trong Thi chin.

Nm 1950 khng ch nh du doanh s 100.000
xe/ nm (gn gp i so vi trc Th chin II)
m cn l nm gt hi ca Cadillac trn ng
ua 24 Hours of Le Mans - mt trong nhng
ng ua khc lit nht trn th gii - vi cc v
tr xp hng th 3, th 10 v 11.

Thp k 60 tip tc ghi du nhng thnh tu cng ngh ca Cadillac vi h
thng phanh t iu chnh, h thng iu ha nhit , thng kh v lm
nng nhit tnh, tip theo l s ra i ca b n pha bt tt t ng, dy
an ton cho gh trc, tm si in cho cc gh ngi v h thng m thanh
stereo.

Cadillac cho mng thp nin 70 vi dy chuyn sn xut xe du lch ln nht
th gii chic Eldorado 8.2L - 400hp. T nm 1975-1978, Cadillac tip tc
dn u ngnh cng nghip xe hi vi nhng ci tin khng ngng: h
thng ti kh v thit b trung ha kh thi tin tin.

Bng vic thit k li nhng mu xe c in ca thp nin 30 v 40, ngay t
u nhng nm 1980, Cadillac dy ln phong tro hoi c c nh hng
ln n ton b ngnh cng nghip xe hi th gii. Khng ng qun vi
nhng thnh cng lin tip, Cadillac tip tc u t vo cng ngh v tr
thnh nh ch to xe hi u tin s dng b vi x l tch hp kim sot
h thng nh la, np nhin liu v hot ng tng th ca c chic xe.

Nm 1984, H thng Phn phi Cha kha vng t ra nhng tiu chun
mi cho vic bn xe, bao gm vic tm hiu thng s k thut v tnh nng
Cadillac Sixty Special
1948
ca xe v chy th xe. Chnh nh nhng n lc ny m ch vi nm sau ,
Cadillac c J.D.Power bnh chn l nh sn xut xe hi hng u v vic
tha mn khch hng mua xe.
Nm 1992, chic Cadillac Seville vinh d t
danh hiu Chic xe ca Nm nh nhng
tnh nng tuyt ho nh h thng kim sot
bm ng ca xe, h thng chng b
cng phanh v h thng treo cm bin tc
.

Nm 2000-2001, Cadillac khng nh li
ng cp trn ng ua m hng lng
qun, nh vic tp trung vo nhng cng
ngh tin tin nht nhm nng cao kh
nng vn hnh ca xe. Cadillac tr li ng ua Presidental Inaugural
Parade vo nm 2001.

n nay, tri qua hn 100 nm khng ngng n lc v pht trin, Cadillac
vn lun t ho vi nhng danh hiu u tin v s mt lm rng
danh dng h Cadillac m n mang tn.
Pebble Beach Concours
d'Elegance
Mercedes-Benz ni ting vi nhng dng xe no?

A-Class

Chic Mercedes-Benz A-Class thuc dng
supermini thng c bit n vi nick-name
Baby Benz. Xut hin ln u vo nm 1997,
sau 7 nm c mt trn th trng, s xe A-Class
bn ra l 1,1 triu chic. Th h th 2 ca A-
Class c gii thiu vo ma thu 2004 c
trang b thm nhiu cng ngh mi nh hp s
t ng v cp Autotronic, h thng n nh
in t ESP v h thng treo mi lm tng n nh cho xe, ng thi khc
phc kh nng b lt xe khi chy zc zc. Xe c gii thiu vi hai phin bn
thn xe 3 ca, 5 ca v 7 loi ng c la chn (3 ng c diesel v 4
xng).

C-Class

Ln u tin xut xng vo thng 6/1993, dng C-Class c coi l mt
trong nhng chic xe Mercedes-Benz c gi d chu nht. Phin bn th hai
ca dng xe ny c gii thiu ra th trng vo thng 7/ 2000 (hin sn
xut c trn 1,5 triu chic) v ngi tiu dng trn ton th gii ang
n ch phin bn th 3 ca C-Class - c thng bo l s xut hin vo
nm 2007 ny. Nhng yu t lm nn thnh cng ca chic xe l cng ngh
cao kt hp vi nhu cu s dng a dng. Chic xe mi ca nm 2005 c
trang b thm mt s cng ngh mi nh sn chng try xc s dng cng
ngh Nano, n Bi-xenon vi hng chiu sng thay i theo gc li, h
thng truyn ng 4 bnh 4Matic

E-Class

E trong E-Class l t vit tt ca Einspritzung,
mt t ting c c ngha l h thng phun
nhin liu. H thng ny tng c coi l
mt trong nhng thnh tu mi ca ngnh cng
nghip xe hi thp nin 50. Mercedes-Benz E-
Class l mt chic xe hng sang hin c gii
thiu vi hai phin bn sedan 4 ca v estate 5
ca c trang b ng c xng v diesel (ty
phin bn), ng c 4 xi-lanh thng hng cho
n V8, 3 kiu hp s (s tay 6 cp, t ng 5 cp v t ng 7 cp 7G-
Tronic). Mt s cng ngh ni bt trn chic E-class l h thng treo kh nn
Airmatic DC (tu chn), phanh in thu lc SBC, Cruiser Control Distronic,
iu ho 4 vng Thermotronic E-Class cng l dng xe bn chy nht ca
Mercedes-Benz trn ton th gii nh s a dng ca n: nu mt s quc
gia dng E-Class c coi l nhng chic xe sang trng th mt s ni khc,
n li c mt s cng ty taxi khai thc (c, B o Nha, Singapore).
"Baby Benz"
E-Class
Cnh st c cng ht sc tn nhim chic xe ny v s dng n vo cng
vic tun tiu v bt ti phm.

CLS-Class

Mercedes-Benz CLS l mt thnh vin ca i gia nh xe du lch Mercedes.
c bn ra th trng chu u ma thu nm 2004, CLS- Class di hn dng
E-Class khong 15,2cm, bo m cho 2 ch ngi pha sau ca xe c c s
tin nghi v thoi mi. Dng xe ny l s dung ho gia dng E-Class v S-
Class, c coi l i th ng gm ca BMW 6-series, Cadillac STS v Lexus
GS. Chnh v s thng dng ca dng xe ny m mt s mu xe ra i sau
ca cc hng khc nh Audi A7, Porsche Panamera v Aston Martin Rapide
u b coi l n theo mu xe ny. c thit k vi phong cch th thao, xe
c 4 ch ngi nh trn nhng chic coup 2 ca c ln nhng khng phi l
2+2 m l 4 ch thc th v chic xe c 4 ca v chiu di 4,913m, nm gia
khong chiu di 4,818m ca E-class v 5,163m ca S-class c trc c s di
(long wheelbase).

CLK-Class

Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class l dng xe hng sang
c trung dn ng cu sau, c th l xe coupe
hoc converrtible. CLK-Class ni bt cng
ngh cao nhng phong cch li rt n gin v
trang nh. C hai mu xe CLK coup v CLK
convertible u c 4 ch ngi v 2 ca. Phin
bn CLK 2005 c chau chut li ni tht theo
phong cch th thao hn v nng cp h thng
li mi nhy hn. n nay, c rt nhiu mu xe khc nhau thuc dng
CLK c sn xut, nh CLK350, CLK550, v CLK63 AMG, trong CLK63
AMG c coi l chic xe tiu biu nht, vi ng c V8 v cng sut 481
bhp. Mt iu t ngi bit n l, vi CLK, mt ln na E-Class li tr
thnh k khi ngun cm hng cho Mercedes-Benz.

M-Class

Mt trong nhng chic SUV tiu biu ca Mercedes-Benz l dng M-Class,
dng SUV u tin c trang b h thng kim sot n nh (stability
control). H thng 4-ETS (Four Electronic Traction Support) khng ch phn
chia lc ko ti bnh xe tt hn, m cn h tr ti x khi dc. 4-ETS t
ng gim st hot ng phun nhin liu cho xi-lanh v phn phi lc phanh
n tng bnh xe, gip xe xung dc n nh v an ton. c bit, h thng
Headlamp Assist t ng bt pha xenon khi tri ti hay chy vo cc ng
hm. Bn cnh , h thng ti kh trc v ti kh bn cho hnh khch
hng gh trc, kt hp vi cc h thng an ton hon ho khc ca
Mercedes, gip M-Class c gii bo him nh gi l c an ton gn
nh tuyt i.

CLK-Class
S-Class

Mercedes-Benz S-Class c coi l l c u ca nhng chic xe sedan hng
sang c ln vi s tng hp tt c tinh hoa v cng ngh t c Mercedes
trang b trn cc xe sedan ca mnh. Nu khng k n chic limousine
Mercedes-Benz 600 th y c th coi l chic xe hng sang ln nht ca
Mercedes-Benz. Ci tn S-Class bt ngun t ting c - "Sonderklasse", c
ngha l hng c bit. C c li th S-Class v hng th nhng tin
nghi, thoi mi n em li mi cm nhn ht c s sng sut ca
Mercedes-Benz khi t cho chic xe ny ci tn .

S-Class
Mt s ngi snh v xe cn cho rng S y cn c th l t vit tt ca
super v chic xe ny qu thc c t s nn tng i cao v ng c mnh
m n hon ho. Xe S-Class cng ngy cng hon thin hn v chng t
kh nng thch hp cao cho mi i tng phc v v yu cu v nhin liu
vi cc loi ng c mi c trang b trn xe nh V6-245hp, V8
Kompressor-500hp, V12-500hp, diesel V6-204hp ... Ngoi ra, S-Class cn ni
bt bi s tin nghi v an ton cao, vi h thng treo kh nn ton phn
ch ng ABC (Active Body Control) vi chc nng chng lc ngang.

SL-Class

Mercedes-Benz SL-Class l mt i din hng u ca dng roadster made-
in-Mercedes. Tng t nhng dng xe khc ca nh sn xut xe hi c
ny, SL l t vit tt ca Sport Leicht, ngha l Sport Light - nhng chic
xe th thao nh v trng lng rt nh. Ln u ra mt vo nm 1954, chic
300SL nhanh chng hp dn ngi tiu dng bi loi ca m ngc ln
pha trn - tng trng cho i cnh i bng dang rng. K ln u tin ra
mt nm 1954, Mercedes-Benz SL-Class tri qua 5 th h. Sut hn 50
nm qua, nhng chic xe thuc gia nh SL-Class vn l c m ca hu ht
ngi dn trn th gii. Tnh n nay c hn 600.000 chic SL c bn
ra. Vi tng s 100.000 sn phm v chim hn 40% th trng, SL-Class
ang ng u th phn Roadster trn th gii.

SLK-Class

Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class ra i nm 1997 l
hin thn cho nhng tham vng ngt tri ca
nhng ngi thit k v ch to ra n l
Sportlich (th thao), Leicht (nh) v Kurz
(ngn). S ni ting ca SLK mt phn c l l
do nhng chic mui cng c th ng m d
dng tr thnh xe mui trn. Mc d khng
phi l ngi tin phong trong lnh vc ny,
nhng Mercedes-Benz c th coi l ngi ti
sinh nhng chic mui cng ng m c. Ch
trong vng 3 nm xut hin trn th trng, c ti 100.000 chic SLK-Class
ti tay khch hng. SLK kt hp s tin dng, th thao v nhng tin ch m
khng mt mu xe no cng ng cp c c. SLK-Class c xy dng
trn nn tng thit k ca F1 vi mui di, ca rng v ui ngn. Nhng "tn
" ca SLK-Class cho rng "mi chi tit ca SLK hon ho v thng nht ti
mc bt c thay i no cng tr nn tha thi".

Siu xe SLR McLaren

Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren l mt siu xe th thao c lin kt sn xut
gia DaimlerChrysler v McLaren Cars - l s kt tinh nhng kinh nghim ch
to v pht trin xe ua ca hai hng trong thi gian di. ng c V8
supercharged do AMG sn xut t cng sut 626 m lc, m-men xon
780Nm. Chic xe mt 3,8 giy tng tc t 0 n 100km/h v vn tc ti
a c th ln n 334km/h. y l mt trong nhng chic xe s t ng c
vn tc ln trn th gii c lp rp ti McLaren Technology Centre, Anh.

Mercedes SLR McLaren/
Mt s ngi cho rng SLR l vit tt ca "Sportlich, Leicht, Rennsport"
(ngha l th thao, nh v thuc dng xe ua"), nhng thc cht, SLR li c
ngha l "Super-leicht, Rennsport" (xe ua siu nh). n tng u tin khi
th nghim chic xe hot ng l ting gm trm ca ng c pht ra t cc
ng dn kh hai bn, st vi bnh trc, c so snh ging nh ting
go ca nhng phi c trong Th chin II..Hp s t ng 5 cp cho php
ngi li ty chn gia 3 ch : Comfort (tin nghi), Sport (th thao) v
Manual. SLR l chic xe u tin trn th gii (khng tnh cc xe ua) c h
thng chng va p pha trc hon ton bng si carbon. Xe c trang b
SLK-Class
cc ti kh bao trm c u gi, ti kh hai bn, h thng phanh kh (airbrake)
t ng t pha sau, trn np khoang hnh l.

Chic xe ny c gi 443.066 (tng ng 300.000 bng Anh hoc 450.000
la M), nhng nhng ngi b tin mua SLR McLaren cho rng s tin
chng thm vo u so vi nhng g m n mang li.
Mitsubishi Motors ra i nh th no?

Mitsubishi, thnh vin tim nng ca cng
nghip t th gii
Trong sut hai thp k u tin ca th k XX,
lch s ca tp on Mitsubishi ghi du s khng
ngng n lc sng to trong thit k v ch to
xe hi, khi u l chic xe du lch Model-A.
Chnh mu xe ny nh du mt bc ngot
ln trong lch s pht trin ca Mitsubishi
c chnh thc cng nhn l mt thnh vin
tim nng ca ngnh cng nghip xe hi th
gii. n nm 1918, Mitsubishi thnh cng trong
vic ch to chic xe ti u tin - chic T1 prototype, chic xe xut sc
vt qua cuc th nghim n nh v tin cy tri di 1.000km.
Nm 1931, nn cng nghip Nht Bn chng kin mt cuc tiu cch mng
trong ngnh c kh khi ng c diesel ln u tin c pht trin v ng
dng trong cc phng tin i li chnh l ng c 450AD phun nhin
liu trc tip. Ch mt nm sau , Mitsubishi tip tc xut xng chic xe
but u tin chic B46 to nht v c cng sut ln nht thi by
gi. Thp nin 30 c coi l thi i vng ca Mitsubishi khi hng ln lt
gii thiu nhng tng v sn phm u tin khng ch i vi chnh
hng m cn i vi ngnh cng nghip xe hi Nht Bn.

Nm 1946, di nh hng ca qun ng
minh, hu ht cc tp on cng nghip ca
Nht Bn u b gii th, trong c c
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries cng ty m ca b
phn sn xut xe hi Mitsubishi. Vic Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries b tch thnh 3 cng ty nh c
nh hng ng k n hot ng ch to xe
hi. Chnh trong nm ny, Mizushima ra i.
y l mt chic xe hi 3 bnh nh, gn, rt
ph hp cho vic i li gn, li ht sc tit kim
nhin liu. Ch vi thng sau , Silver Pigeon c ch to da trn nguyn
tc thit thc v tit kim nhin liu, cng xut xng. C th ni, chnh
chic xe ny to nn cn st phng tin i li c nhn ti Nht Bn.
Thi gian ny, vi nhng hu qu do chin tranh li, nhu cu v xe
thng mi Nht tng cao, nhng nhin liu vn l mt bi ton nan gii.
Chic xe but B1 ca Mitsubishi thc s l nn tng l tng cho xe cu ho
v cc xe chuyn dng khc. Nm 1947, Mitsubishi tip tc trnh lng chic
Biu tng ton cu ca
Mitsubishi Mortos
Chic Model -A u tin
xe but ng c in MB46 v chic R1 xe but c ng c t sau u
tin ca Nht Bn.

T nhng chic xe gia nh...
u thp nin 1960, nn kinh t Nht Bn pht
trin mnh m, i sng ca ngi dn c ci
thin dn v vic s hu phng tin c nhn
cng tr thnh mt nhu cu tt yu. c m
c s hu mt chic xe cho c gia nh tr
thnh hin thc vi Mitsubishi 500 - mu xe
khng ch khng nh v tr ca Mitsubishi trong
lng ngi tiu dng trong nc m cn c
nng nhit cho n ti Macau Grand Prix.
Nm 1962, Mitsubishi gii thiu Minica - chic compact 4 ch siu nh ng
c xng 2 k, 359cc khng ch gip ngi tiu dng tit kim dc mt
khong thu kha kh m cn rt tit kim nhin liu v hot ng ht sc
bn b. Nm 1969, chic Colt Galant vi thit k kh ng hc v ng c
Saturn SOHC gip Mitsubishi mt ln na c ngng cao u vi hng lot
nhng gii thng do ngi tiu dng bnh chn. Bn cnh nhng thnh
cng ny, Mitsubishi cng khng qun nghin cu ch to xe thng mi,
in hnh l chic xe but Rosa hay xe ti Canter.

n cui thp nin 1960, hot ng b phn nghin cu v ch to xe hi
t n nh cao v y l l do khin cho cc nh lnh o ca Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries khng th chn ch trong vic tch b phn ny thnh mt
cng ty c lp. Nm 1970, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) ra i.
Mt trong nhng trng tm ca MMC l pht trin hn na c s vt cht
ti Nht Bn, tin hnh cc hot ng t nghin cu v pht trin, sn xut
v phn phi cho n dch v hu mi. Tuy nhin, chnh ti x s Kangaroo
MMC khng nh s vt tri v tin cy trong cc sn phm ca mnh khi
chic Galant 16GLS ginh chin thng ti gii ua ng trng Southern
Cross Rally. Tip Lancer 1600GSR lin tip chin thng ti Southern Cross
Rally v East Africa Safari Rally (1974 v 1976).
Mitsubishi 500

Lancer 1600GSR
Kt thc thp nin 70 l hai gii thng dnh cho chic Colt 1400 GLX - Xe
ca Nm (do tp ch Japan's Motor Fan magazine bnh chn) v chic L200 -
"Xe bn ti ca Nm" (do to ch Pickup, Van & 4WD magazinetrao tng).
Khng cn nghi ng g na, vic sn phm ca MMC c tn nhim v a
chung trn ton th gii ch cn l vn thi gian. Thng qua vic ti tr
xe cho cc s kin th gii nh Olympics 1984 ti Sarajevo v Universiade
Games 1987 ti Zagreb, Mitsubishi qung b sn phm ca mnh n vi
hng triu khn gi trn ton th gii .
...n b ch ng ua Dakar
Nm 1985, vi chin thng ti Dakar - mt trong
nhng ng ua khc lit nht trn th gii,
chic Pajero nhanh chng tr thnh chic xe
c a chung nht trn th gii. Mt nm sau
, tp ch What car? phong Pajero l
Chic 4 x 4 ca nm. n nm 1989, MMC
ph trin c mt mng li nh my ch to
v lp rp xe hi ti nhiu quc gia trn ton
th gii, trong phi k n nh my ca
Diamond Star Motors Corporation - lin doanh gia MMC v Chrysler.
Hirokazu Nakamura tr thnh ch tch MMC nm 1989 v iu hnh cng ty
theo mt chin lc hon ton mi. Chic xe Pajero tr nn ph bin khp
mi ni, k c nhng con ph cht chi nht Tokyo. Vo thi im ny mc
d doanh s bn ra ca dng SUV v xe ti khng ngng tng trng ti th
trng Hoa K, nhng cc nh sn xut xe hi Nht Bn vn ht sc lo ngi
v cho rng iu k diu mi mi vn ch l mt gic m xa vi i vi th
trng trong nc. Tri vi xu hng ny, Nakamura vn u t mt khon
kh ln vo vic pht trin dng SUV. Cc nh sn xut xe hi Nht Bn
ch ci Nakamura, cho rng ng nh mt canh bc mo him. Th
nhng, canh bc ny Nakamura l ngi chin thng. Hng lot nhng
chic xe dn ng 4 bnh nh Pajero, Delica Space Gear... lm dy ln
mt ln sng ca dng xe SUV ti Nht Bn vo gia thp k 90.
Mitsubishi Pajero
Nm 1991, Chrysler bn dn c phn ca mnh
trong Mitsubishi, ch gi li khong 3%. K t
, Mitsubishi tr thnh mt nh sn xut xe hi
tng i c lp v giao dch gia Mitsubishi
vi Chrysler ch cn trn phng din giy t.
n nm 1993 th ton b c phn Mitsubishi
cn li ca Chrysler c bn ra th trng
m, nhng Chrysler vn cung cp mt s ng
c v h thng treo cho Mitsubishi Hoa K. i
ngc li, Mitsubishi cng tham gia qung b sn phm ca Chrysler.
Cuc khng hong ti chnh chu din ra nm 1997 gn nh nh qu
MMC khi doanh s ca tp on lin tc suy gim hu ht cc th trng.
Phi mt nhiu nm MMC mi khi phc li v th ca mnh trn cc th
trng. D kin trong nm 2007 ny, MMC s t doanh s hn 1,5 triu
chic trn ton cu. Ti Vit Nam, Mitsubishi c bit n vi nhng chic
xe SUV nh Pajero, Jolie hay chic van Grandis sang trng.
Mitsubishi Grandis
Ti sao Rolls-Royce c mnh danh l dng xe "hong gia"?

T xa xa, chu u l mnh t khai sinh nhng thng hiu danh ting
v qu tc. Rolls-Royce l mt trong s t nhng thng hiu . Trong sut
hn 100 nm lch s nghin cu, ch to v pht trin, Rolls-Royce lun l
la chn hng u ca nhng nh qu tc, nhng ngi giu sang bc nht
x hi v nhng ngi ng u b my qun l nh nc. Tht vy, Rolls-
Royce l nim am m kht khao chy bng khng ch bi s vt tri v
ng c, tin cy v an ton t gn n mc hon ho m cn bi nhng
ng nt tinh t v ni tht sang trng n ngng m.

Nhng tn ca dng xe hong
gia ny hn u bit tin thn ca
hng sn xut xe hi Rolls-Royce vn
l mt cng ty chuyn sn xut
in t v c kh - Royce Ltd (hin
chnh l tp on Rolls-Royce ni ting
v ng c my bay). Thng 5/1904,
Royce Ltd ch to c chic xe hi
u tin v n thng 5 nm ,
Royce - ng ch ca hng gp
Charles Rolls, gim c mt cng ty
kinh doanh xe hi. H nhanh chng
t c tho thun rng CS Rolls &
Co s c quyn bn gii thiu v bn
nhng chic xe ca Royce ra th
trng.

Thng 03/1906, hai ng ch quyt
nh phi tin thm mt bc na
trong vic thit lp mi rng buc cht
ch gia hai bn, l thnh lp mt
cng ty chung ly tn l Rolls-Royce.
Chic xe mang thng hiu Rolls-
Royce u tin Silver Ghost (ng c 7.0l, 6 xi-lanh nhng vn m n rn
ngi) ra i nm 1907 nhanh chng c bnh chn l chic xe tt nht
th gii.

Ng qun trn chin thng, nh hng ca Th chin th nht, v mt phn
l do Rolls bt ng qua i trong mt v tai nn my bay (1910), mi n
nm 1922, Rolls-Royce mi xut xng chic xe th hai - chic Phantom I.
Cui thp nin 1920, dng xe Phantom (I, II v III) to ra mt cuc cch
mnh v h thng treo, gip Rolls-Royce vt xa cc i th khc trong ch
to ng c. Nm 1931, Rolls-Royce mua li ton b thng hiu Bentley -
mt trong nhng i th ng gm ca hng.

Biu tng kiu hnh ca Rolls-
Royce
Th chin th hai li l nhng nm thng di
tp trung mi ngun lc vo pht trin ng
c my bay. Sau khi chin tranh kt thc,
Rolls-Royce a ra mt chin lc sn xut
xe hi hon ton mi - chm dt qu trnh
ch to xe hi th cng. Thay vo l mt
dy chuyn dp thn xe tiu chun. Th
nhng trn thc t th nhng mu xe ra i
nm 1946 ca Rolls-Royce vn da trn
nhng thn xe c lm th cng, ch c
thn xe ca Bentley l theo quy trnh tiu
chun mi.

Thp nin 1950 m ra mt trang s mi cho Rolls-Royce khi hng nhn c
hp ng ch to v cung cp xe hi cho cc v nguyn th quc gia, trong
phi k n mu Phantom IV dnh cho Cng cha Elizabeth v Cng tc
x Edinburgh, chic xe ca quc vng Iran, v 3 chic xe chng n ca
Tng t lnh Ty Ban Nha Franco. Xe Rolls-Royce cn vinh d c phc v
hai v lnh t Lin X nh Lenin v Stalin. Mi chic xe mt dng v, mt
cch trang b hon ton khc nhau, nhng li rt va ch nhn ca chng
bi s tin nghi, an ton v thoi mi n hon ho. Nm 1959, ln u tin
Rolls-Royce ch to mt thn xe hon chnh. Trc y, hng ch sn xut
khung gm, sau thu mt cng ty khc hon thnh nt phn thn xe.

Rolls-Royce Phantom, s la chn hng u ca hong
gia Anh

Sau hng lot nhng thnh cng vang di v nhng thnh tu rc r v hng
khng, ng b v ng thu, nm 1966, Rolls-Royce thu tm ton b
ngun lc hng khng ca Anh quc. Nm 1971, mt s rc ri vi ng c
do chnh hng ch to khin Rolls-Roce b quc hu ha v tch thnh hai
cng ty c lp: mt chuyn sn xut ng c my bay v mt tp trung vo
ch to xe hi. Nm 1973, Rolls-Royce Motors c thnh lp v n nm
1980 th c bn li cho Vickers - mt i gia trong ngnh cng nghip.

Nm 1998, Volkswagen mua li Rolls-Royce Motors, vi quyn s hu ton b
thng hiu Bentley v nh my ca Rolls-Royce ti Crewe, Anh. Tuy nhin,
Chic Sliver-Ghost u tin
ca RR
do nhng thiu st khng ng c, cui cng thng hiu Rolls-Royce li v
tay ca BMW. Mu xe mi nht ca Rolls-Royce v cng l mu xe u tin
do BMW qung b l chic Phantom c trang b ng c 6.75l - xut xng
thng 01/2003.

Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coup

Mt l do na khng nh s "qu v him" ca Rolls-Royce l mi nm
hng ny ch sn xut mt s lng xe t i: khng qu 1000 chic v hin
nay, ton b qu trnh ch to xe Rolls-Royce vn c thc hin ti mt nh
my duy nht ca Rolls-Royce Anh.

Trong nm 2007 ny, Rolls-Royce d nh sn xut 3 mu xe l Phantom,
Phantom Extended Wheelbase v Phantom Drophead Coup.
Tp on Rolls-Royce ra i nh th no?

Henry Royce thnh lp mt doanh nghip
chuyn sn xut in t v c kh vo nm
1884, ly tn l Royce Ltd. n nm 1904,
cng ty ny ch to c chic xe hi u
tin. Thng 5 nm , Royce gp Charles Rolls,
ch mt cng ty kinh doanh xe hi ti Lun
n. H nhanh chng t c tho thun
rng Royce s sn xut ra nhng chic xe hi
c cht lng cao v CS Rolls & Co ca Rolls s
c c quyn bn gii thiu v bn nhng
chic xe ra th trng.

Thnh cng bc u khin cho hai ng ch quyt nh phi tin thm
mt bc na trong vic thit lp mt mi rng buc cht ch gia hai bn,
l thnh lp mt cng ty chung vo thng 3/1906 ly tn l Rolls-Royce.
Chic xe mang thng hiu Rolls-Royce u tin Silver Ghost ra i nm
1907 nhanh chng c bnh chn l chic xe tt nht th gii.

Chin tranh Th gii th nht n ra. p li li
ku gi ca T quc, Rolls-Royce thit k ng
c my bay u tin - chic Eagle - c coi l
ch lc ca khng qun ng minh. Nh c s
ra i ca Eagle, ln u tin con ngi c th
bay vt bin i Ty Dng, ng thi m
c ng bay thng t Anh n Australia.

Cui thp nin 1920, Rolls-Royce pht trin
ng c R, gip Anh tham d cuc thi thu
phi c quc t International Schneider Trophy.
Ngay lp tc, ng c R lp mt k lc th gii mi v vn tc my bay:
hn 650 dm/ gi (1931), tip theo l hng lot nhng k lc c trn mt
t ln i dng.

Quan trng hn c l nhng thnh tu ny chnh l bn p gip Rolls-Royce
pht trin ng c my bay Merlin. Chin tranh Th gii th 2 n ra vi nhu
cu khng l v Merlin khin cho Rolls-Royce t mt cng ty v danh tr
thnh mt i gia trong lnh vc ng c my bay.

Hemry Royce v Charles
Roll
Silver Ghost chic xe u
tin ca RR
Bn cnh , Rolls-Royce cng bt tay vo pht
trin tua bin my bay chy bng kh t. Thnh
cng ny gip Rolls-Royce c c s t tin
khng nh mnh trong vic ch to tua bin
chy bng kh t v nhanh chng dn u lnh
vc ny. Nm 1953, Rolls-Royce tham gia vo
th trng hng khng dn dng v ch mt vi
nm sau ginh c 2 ci nht: Comet
tr thnh chic my bay phn lc tua bin u
tin phc v nhng chuyn bay vt i Ty
Dng nm 1960 v ng c Conway trong
chic Boeing 707 l chic ng c phn lc
cnh qut u tin c s dng trong hng khng dn dng.

Cui thp nin 50, Anh c 4 i gia v ng c my bay l Armstrong
Siddeley, Blackburn, Bristol, de Havilland v Napier. Nm 1959, Bristol st
nhp vi Armstrong Siddeley, thnh lp cng ty Bristol Siddeley. Nm 1961,
Blackburn, de Havilland v Napier st nhp vi Rolls-Royce. Nhng cui cng,
ton b ngun lc hng khng ca Anh cng c hp nht khi Rolls-Royce
v Bristol Siddeley st nhp nm 1966.

Cui thp nin 60, Rolls-Royce gii thiu ng c RB211 trang b cho chic
Lockheed L-1011 Tri-Star nhng chnh nhng vn do RB211 gy ra
khin Rolls-Roce b quc hu ha nm 1971. Rolls-Royce li c tr v cho
khu vc t nhn nm 1987. Tri qua mt vi st nhp nho nh, Rolls-Royce
tr thnh cng ty duy nht ca Anh c kh nng cung ng ng c cho c
ng khng, ng thu v ng b.

ng c my bay ca RR ni ting trn ton th
gii

Nm 1990, Rolls-Royce thnh lp mt lin doanh ch to ng c my bay
vi BMW. Nm 1998, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars c bn cho Volkswagen, mc
d BMW li s hu tn v nhn hiu ca Rolls-Royce. n nm 2000 Rolls-
Royce nm ton b quyn s hu lin doanh vi BMW v chnh thc i tn
thnh Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG nhng ch 3 nm sau BMW
mua li ton b Rolls-Royce.
Mt trong nhng chic
ng c my bay u tin
ca RR

Ngy nay, Rolls-Royce vn gi vng v tr th hai v sn xut ng c my
bay dn dng, ng c my bay phng khng v l mt trong nhng tn tui
tiu biu cho ngnh ch to ng c tu bin v gii php nng lng th
gii.
Thng hiu Lincoln ra i nh th no?

L mt trong nhng nhn hiu xe hi ca Ford Motors, Lincoln ra i kh
mun mn so vi ngi anh em Ford, nhng nhng thnh cng m Lincoln
t c lm rng danh dng h Ford trn ton th gii.

Lincoln lun l s la chn ca nhng ngi ni
ting

S khi u mnh m

Thp k 1920 nh du s ra i ca Lincoln nh sn
xut xe hi c vinh d mang tn ca c Tng thng
Hoa K Abraham Lincoln. Ngay t khi mi c thnh
lp, Lincoln to c cho mnh mt v th hon ton
tch bit so vi cc i th khi cho ra mt nhng dng
xe sang trng. Mt trong nhng chic xe ni ting nht
l chic Lincoln Town Car 1922, chic xe c sn
xut dnh ring cho Henry Ford (Ch tch sng lp ca
tp on Ford Motors).

Ch trong vng 2 nm sau , Lincoln tr thnh la
chn hng u ca nhng ngi ni ting v nhng gia
nh qu tc, trong phi k n Thomas Edison, W.C. Fields v Herbert
Hoover.

Thnh cng ni tip thnh cng

Thp nin 30, ti Hoa K, ci tn Lincoln c rt nhiu ngi tiu dng
a chung bi thit k trang nh, ni tht sang trng v s uy tn hng u.
Th nhng, ch n khi mu Zephyr xut xng th Lincoln mi thc s c
coi l thnh cng, t nht l v mt ti chnh. Mc d c dng v tng i
chy theo mt ca thi i, l nhng chic xe di c dng thun v hi
c phn iu nhng Zephyr khin c ngnh cng nghip xe hi n phc
bi y chnh l mt trong nhng chic xe u tin thc s theo cc nguyn
l kh ng hc.

Biu tng ca
Lincoln
Chic Zephyr (1937)
Cui thp nin ny, tc l khong nm 1938, Edsel Ford quyt nh gii thiu
mt dng xe mi ra th trng - chic Continental. Edsel t mnh li th
chic xe ny, th nghim tnh hon ho ca n, ng thi cng l
qung b v tip th chic xe n vi cng chng. Chnh nhng ng cong
c o, quyt on ca Continental em li mt hnh nh ti mi, sng
ng v l bn p cho s pht trin ca Lincoln. Frank Lloyd Wright gi
chic Continental l chic xe p nht mi thi i.

"Tt c v T quc"

Chin tranh Th gii ln th 2 n ra ng ngha vi vic Lincoln, ging nh
bao nh sn xut xe hi khc, phi tm dng cng cuc ch to v thit k
xe hi. Tt c v T quc Lincoln huy ng mi ngun lc k vai st
cnh cng c nc M trong cuc chin ny. Chnh nh nhng c s vt cht
hin i ca Lincoln m Ford mi c th sn xut thnh cng v cung cp
mt s lng khng l ng c xe tng cho qun ng minh, thn xe tng li
nc v hn 140.000 thn xe jeep. Bi vy m sau chin tranh, Lincoln v
cc nh sn xt xe hi khc, ch yu thit k da trn vic khai thc cc mu
xe trc .

Thay i din mo

Nhng nm 1950, chng kin s thay i vt bc ca Lincoln v mi mt.
Hng lot nhng pht minh v ci tin mi t v-lng, h thng phanh, cho
n b lp khng sm v gh iu chnh t ng - tt c u c mt trn
chic Lincoln Premier. Bn cnh , chic Continental Mark II cng em li
din mo mi cho Lincoln v tr thnh mt trong nhng chic xe p nht v
gi cm hng nht ca thp nin ny.

Chic Continental ca tng thng Ronal
Reagan

Bc sang thp k mi, Lincoln gii thiu Continental phin bn mi - mt
chic xe c c gii xe hi ngng m bi n khng ch n thun l mt
chic xe hon ton mi m thc s l mt cuc tiu cch mng v phong
cch. Nu nhng phin bn trc y l i din cho ch ngha n tng vi
s trau chut n cu k v tng ng nt th nay, Continental hp dn v
quyn r bi s gin n v tinh t. Ngoi ra, ngi tiu dng c thm la
chn l dng xe mui trn. c coi l chic xe thay i din mo Lincoln
ch trong mt m, Continental phin bn mi l chic xe u tin c phng
danh hiu Thit k ca nm bi Vin Thit k Cng nghip.

Xu hng thi trang

n cho thp k 70 vi nhng chic xe sang trng bc nht. Ni tht bn
trong khng ch tinh xo n kinh ngc m khng gian rng ri to cho ngi
ngi trong xe cm gic nh ang hon ton th gin trong chnh cn phng
ca mnh. Cng trong khong thi gian ny Lincoln to nn mt xu hng
thi trang hon ton mi. Bng vic k kt vi nhng nh to mu hng u
th gii nh Givenchy, Gucci, Cartier tn tui ca nhng nh thit k ny
tr nn cc k ni ting v gn lin vi nhng chic xe mang thng hiu
Lincoln.

Ngay t u thp nin 1990 cc nh kinh t hc d on rng Lincoln s
phi i mt vi th thch khng nh khi phi chia s th phn vi cc i th
Nht v chu u. Kh khn khng lm Lincoln li bc. Nm 1990, chic
Town Car ot danh hiu Chic xe ca nm . Nm 1993, chic Mark VIII
khng ch hp dn ngi tiu dng bi nhng ng nt tuyt ho bn ngoi
m cn chinh phc c nhng ngi li xe - nhng ngi thc s lm ch n -
bi thit k ni tht em li s thoi mi ti u. Nm 1998, Lincoln Navigator
ra mt, c coi l chic SUV siu hng c ln thc s.

Mt chic Town Car

Hin ti, mc tiu ca Lincoln khng ch l tng lp trung nin giu sang. Nh
sn xut xe hi ny ang nhm n nhng khch hng tr tui hn. "M
hng" cho th k 21 l chic xe th thao 2000 LS - mt ch th ng gm
ca nhiu nh sn xut xe hi trong phn khc xe th thao sang trng. Ngoi
ra, Lincoln cn tung ra phin bn Navigator 2003 mi hng lot nhng tnh
nng tuyt ho hn hn so vi cc dng xe cng phn hng. Cng l mt
thiu st ln nu khng k n chic Aviator 2002, mu SUV mi nht ca
Lincoln c ng o gii chi xe ngng m - chic xe ny lm thay i
hon ton quan nim v dng xe SUV.
Logo ca Cadillac c lch s nh th no?

Nm 1902, chic logo u tin ca Cadillac c thit
k v ra mt ng vo dp thnh lp cng ty. Chic
logo ny c to dng da trn chic huy hiu truyn
thng ca dng h Cadillac, bao gm mt vng min
nh pha trn v huy hiu ca dng h Cadilac nm
chnh gia, bao quanh l vng nguyt qu c cch
iu bng vng hoa tulip.

Logo ny ln u tin xut hin trn chic xe u tin
ca Cadillac - chic Model A Runabout - chic xe c
coi l k tin phong trong lnh vc cng ngh thi im . Mc d c a
vo s dng t thng 09/1902 nhng mi n nm 1905 th logo ca Cadillac
mi c ng k v n thng 8/1906 mi tr thnh thng hiu chnh
thc.

Ch hai nm sau, cng vi vic c nhn danh hiu
Dewar Trophy, Cadillac t ho gii thiu slogan mi
ca cng ty Tiu chun ca th gii. Chnh v vy m
dng ch La Mothe Cadillac trn logo cng nhanh
chng c thay th bng slogan mi ny. Chic
vng min c hnh tng ho v c nhiu chi tit
hn, ng thi s tng phn mu sc trn chic huy
hiu cng tr nn r nt hn. Thm vo , s gin
lc vng nguyt qu v thay th vo l mt vng
trn khin cho logo ca Cadillac tr nn sc nt hn,
hin i v tr trung hn.

T nm 1916 n nm 1918, vng hoa tulip li xut hin trong logo Cadillac
v n nm 1920 th chic vng min nhp hn vo vi chic huy hiu.

n thp nin 1930, tn vinh v tr ca dng ng c c xi-lanh xp thnh
hnh ch V (V-8, V12, V16), cc nh thit k ca Cadillac thay th vng
trn nguyt qu ngoi bng i cnh - biu tng cho ng c ch V.

Theo thi gian, tri qua mt s bin i nh, i cnh
lng bn ngoi huy hiu Cadillac c n gin ho
cho mnh hn, nhng ngy cng si rng hn. Thit
k mi ny khng ch c o v n tng m hn th
na cn rt ph hp vi thit k kh ng hc ca
nhng chic xe xut xng trong thi k ny.

Sau khi Chin tranh Th gii ln th 2 kt thc, i
cnh c thay th bng biu tng hnh ch V, m
the Cadillac, l s tn vinh s mnh m ca ng c
Cadillac.

Logo Cadillac u
tin
Logo Cadillac 1908
Logo Cadillac 1920
n nm 1957, ch V c thit k li i cht cho ph hp vi xu hng
thit k ca cc mu xe Cadillac trong thp nin 50 ny, l di hn, rng
hn nhng thn xe li thp hn tot ln v sang trng, qu phi v khng
nh ng cp ca ch nhn ca chng.

n thp nin 1970, s ra i ca chic Eldorado 8.2L
400hp vi s thay i hon ton trong thit k trc
xe khin cho thit k ng c hnh ch V tr nn lu
m. Nm 1970 nh du s bin mt ca biu tng
ch V trn logo ca Cadillac.

Gia thp k 70, vng hoa bao quanh chic huy hiu
c hnh tng ho nhiu hn v cng khng cn
mang hnh nh trng hoa tulip na. Tuy nhin, cc nh
thit k Cadillac vn cha hi lng v vo nm 1975,
trn np ca-po ca xe Cadillac ch cn thy chic huy hiu mang hnh nh ca
dng h Cadillac kiu hnh, c bao quanh bi mt vng nguyt qu bng
crm.

Nm 1998-1999, mt ln na nhng thay i trong chin lc pht trin v
thit k ca Cadillac li c th hin thng qua logo ca h.

Ly tng v ngun cm hng t chic phi c chin
u, qu v nhng nh hng t nh thit k
ngi chu u Piet Mondriaan, logo mi ca Cadillac
mang tn Biu tng ca s tuyt ho hon ho v
sc nt ti mc trng c nh c tc t mt ming
kim loi.

Biu tng hon ton mi ny mang nhng mu sc
ch o v truyn thng ca Cadillac, l , en,
xanh nc bin, bc v vng trn nn platin. Tuy
nhin, thay i r nt nht l chic vng min c cch iu thnh hnh
chp ca chic huy hiu, ng thi hnh nh nhng ch thin nga truyn
thng trn chic huy hiu ca dng h Cadillac cng b lc b.
Logo Cadillac 1970
Logo hin nay ca
Cadillac
Nhng con s c ngha th no trn bin kim sot?

B Cng an quy nh (hin hnh) tn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung
ng c thay bng k hiu s phc v cng tc ng k qun l phng
tin giao thng c gii ng b. K hiu ca mi a phng dng chung
cho c ng k xe t, xe mt, xe gn my.

Theo quy nh, trn bin s xe t, xe mt sau k hiu (s) tn ca a
phng l ch (phn s-ri ng k) c th hin th t t A - Z. Ring
mt, xe my v s lng ng k qu ln nn trong k hiu s-ri cn c c
s ng sau ch cng xp theo th t.

Theo n v hnh chnh tnh/ thnh ph:

Quy nh bin s ca 64 tnh, thnh ph

Theo n v hnh chnh qun/ huyn

Ch ring thnh ph H Ch Minh, do phm vi
hnh chnh rng v s lng xe ng k qu ln
nn ngoi s phn bit v k hiu s cn cn
n s phn bit v k hiu ch. Cc ch ci c
th c phn bit nh sau:

A: Q.1 (c); B: Q.3 (c); C: Q.4 (c); D: Q.10
(c); E: Nh B; T: Q1; F: Q3; Z: chn l Q4; l
l Q7; H: Q5; K: Q6; L: Q8; M: Q11; N: Bnh
Chnh; P: Tn Bnh; R: Ph Nhun; S: Bnh
Thnh; U: Q10; V: G Vp; X: Th c, Q2,Q9; Y: Q12, Hc Mn v C Chi

Mt chic xe ng k ti Q3
-Tp HCM
Nhng xe no c mang bin 80?

Cn c thng t s 01/2002/ th trng - BCA (C11) ngy 04/01/2002 ca B
Cng an (thay th thng t s 15/2000/TT - BCA ngy 8/12/2000) hng dn
t chc ng k, cp bin s phng tin giao thng c gii ng b. Theo
, Thng t c quy nh, ban hnh km theo "Danh mc cc c quan, n
v ng k xe t ti Cc Cnh st Giao thng ng b-ng st, B Cng
an, mang bin s ng k k hiu 80"; c th l cc c quan n v sau y:

- Cc Ban ca Trung ng ng
- Vn phng Ch tch nc
- Vn phng Quc hi
- Vn phng Chnh ph
- B Cng an
- B Ngoi giao
- Vin kim st nhn dn ti cao
- To n nhn dn ti cao
- i truyn hnh Vit Nam
- i ting ni Vit Nam
- Thng tn x Vit Nam
- Bo Nhn dn
- Thanh tra Nh nc
- Hc vin Chnh tr quc gia
- Ban qun l Lng, Bo tng, khu Di tch lch s
H Ch Minh
- Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia
- y ban Dn s k hoch ho gia nh
- Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam
- Cc i s qun, t chc quc t v nhn vin
- Ngi nc ngoi
- y ban Chng khon Nh nc
- Cc Hng khng dn dng Vit Nam
- Kim ton nh nc
- Xe phc v cc ng ch u vin Trung ng
ng cng tc ti H Ni v cc thnh vin
Chnh ph.
Xe mang bin s 80B
Xe ca ngi nc ngoi
mang bin 80
K hiu ch trn bin s xe c ngha nh th no?

Thng 1/2007, B Cng an ban hnh Thng t s 01/2007/TT-BCA-C11
quy nh v vic t chc ng k, cp bin s, phng tin giao thng c gii
ng b. Vn bn ny c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 08/02/2007.

Bin s xe ca cc t chc, c nhn trong nc

- Xe khng lm kinh doanh ca c quan hnh chnh nh nc; c quan quyn
lc nh nc; c quan xt x, kim st; lc lng Cng an nhn dn; cc c
quan ca ng; t chc chnh tr - x hi: Bin s nn mu xanh, ch v s
mu trng. S-ri bin s s dng 1 trong 5 ch ci sau y: A, B, C, D, E.

- Xe ca cc doanh nghip; xe lm kinh t ca c quan qun l nh nc; t
chc s nghip; s nghip c thu; xe c nhn: Bin s nn mu trng, ch v
s mu en. S-ri bin s s dng 1 trong 15 ch ci sau y: F, H, K, L, M,
N, P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z.

- Xe ca cc lin doanh nc ngoi, doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi, xe
thu ca nc ngoi c k hiu "LD".

- Xe ca cc d n c k hiu "DA".

- R-moc, s-mi r-moc c k hiu "R".

- Cc xe mang bin kim sot mu : K hiu ch gm 2 ch ci i lin
nhau, trong ch ci u tin c ngha l:

A = Qun on, v d AA l Qun on 1, AB l Qun on 2.
B = B T lnh hoc Binh chng, v d BT l B T lnh Tng thit gip, BD
B T lnh c cng, BH B T lnh Ha hc, BC Binh chng Cng Binh, BT
Binh chng Thng tin lin lc, BP B t lnh bin phng
H = Hc vin (HB l Hc vin lc qun, HH l Hc vin qun y)
K = Qun khu, v d KA Qun khu 1, KB Qun khu 2, KC Qun khu 3, KD
Qun khu 4, KV Qun khu 5, KP Qun khu 7, KK Qun khu 9, KT Qun khu
Th ,
Q = Qun chng, QP Qun chng Phng khng, QK Qun chng khng qun,
QH Qun chng hi qun
T = Tng cc, TC Tng cc Chnh tr, TH Tng cc Hu cn, TK Tng cc
Cng nghip quc phng, TT Tng cc k thut, TM B Tng Tham mu
Xe Qun i lm kinh t c k hiu KT.

Bin s xe c quan, t chc v c nhn nc ngoi

Vit Nam, bin xe mu trng vi k hiu s, 2 ch v nm s (m quc tch
v dy s th t), tt c c phn bit vi nhau bng du gch ngang (VD:
80-NG-269-01) c cp cho cc i tng c yu t nc ngoi.

Trong , k hiu s bao gm 2 ch s ch ra ni ng k ca phng tin
giao thng . Nu chic xe cng k ti Cc Cnh st giao thng ng
b - ng st, n s mang bin 80-NN hoc 80-NG. Ngc li, nu chic
xe thuc s qun l ca c quan Cnh st Giao thng a phng ni n
thng tr th s mang k hiu s ca tnh, thnh (29-NN, 29-NG...).

Xe ca c quan i din ngoi giao; c quan lnh s v nhn vin nc ngoi
c thn phn ngoi giao lm vic cho cc c quan : bin s nn mu trng,
ch v s mu en; c s-ri k hiu "NG" mu . Ring bin s xe ca i
s v Tng Lnh s c thm gch mu ngang ln gia cc ch s ch
quc tch v th t ng k.

Xe ca t chc quc t v nhn vin nc ngoi c thn phn ngoi giao lm
vic cho cc t chc : bin s nn mu trng, ch v s mu en; c s-ri
k hiu "QT" mu . Ring bin s xe ca ngi ng u c quan i din
cc t chc ca Lin hp quc, c thm gch mu ngang ln gia cc
ch s ch quc tch v th t ng k.

Xe ca t chc; vn phng i din; c nhn ngi nc ngoi (k c lu hc
sinh): bin s nn mu trng, ch v s mu en, c k hiu "NN".
Giy php li xe c phn hng nh th no?

H thng giy php li xe (GPLX) Vit Nam gm 10 hng, xy dng trn c
s cu hnh, ti trng v mc ch thit k phng tin c gii. Ngoi ra cn
c cc quy nh c th v thi hn, i tng s dng xe v chuyn i bng
li.
iu kin d thi ly GPLX
i tng d thi ly GPLX cn phi c
cc iu kin sau:
- Giy chng minh nhn dn.
- T 18 tui tr ln (tnh theo ngy,
thng, nm sinh).
- C sc khe (theo quyt nh
4132/Q-BYT).
- Np h s th tc, l ph hc, thi
v cp GPLX.
- Vi ngi nc ngoi, cn thm giy
php c tr hoc ang lm vic, hc tp ti Vit Nam v phi c, hiu v
vit c ting Vit.
Cc loi giy php li xe ti Vit Nam
Ngy 18/12/2001, B Giao thng Vn ti ban hnh "Quy ch qun l st hch
cp giy php li xe c gii ng b". Trong , vic h thng ho, hiu lc
v phn hng bng li c quy nh nh sau:
Hng A1: Cho php iu khin xe mt 2 bnh c dung tch xi-lanh t 50cc
n di 175cc.
Hng A2: Cho php iu khin xe mt 2 bnh ni chung, khng gii hn
dung tch xi-lanh.
Hng A3: Cho php iu khin mt 3 bnh, xe lam, xch l my v cc loi
xe hng A1, khng p dng vi phng tin hng A2.
Hng A4: Cho php iu khin cc loi my ko c ti trng n 1.000 kg.
Mt trc ca GPLX

Mt sau ca giy php li xe hng A1
Hng B1: Dng cho li xe khng chuyn nghip, c quyn iu khin:

- t di 9 ch, k c ngi li.
- Xe ti, xe chuyn dng c trng ti thit k di 3.500 kg.
- My ko 1 r-moc c trng ti thit k di 3.500 kg.
Hng B2: Cp cho li xe chuyn nghip, quy nh quyn iu khin cc
phng tin hng B1 v cc xe cu bnh lp c sc nng thit k di 3.500
kg.
Hng C: Cp cho li xe chuyn nghip, quy nh quyn iu khin:

- t ti v xe chuyn dng c ti trng thit k t 3.500 kg tr ln.
- u ko, my ko 1 r-moc hoc s-mi r-moc c ti trng thit k t
3.500 kg tr ln.
- Cn cu bnh lp c sc nng thit k t 3.500 kg tr ln.
Hng D: Cp cho li xe chuyn nghip, quy nh quyn iu khin:

- t ch ngi t 10-30 ch, tnh c gh li.
- Cc loi xe quy nh trong hng B1, B2, C.
Hng E: Cp cho li xe chuyn nghip, quy nh quyn iu khin:

- t ch ngi trn 30 ch ngi, tnh c gh li.
- Cc loi xe quy nh trong hng B1, B2, C, D.
Hng F: Cp cho ngi c giy php li xe hng B2, C, D, E iu khin
cc loi xe tng ng c ko r-moc trng ti thit k ln hn 750 kg.

Mt sau ca GPLX hng B1 v B2
Thi hn ca giy php li xe

- Cc hng A1, A2, A3 khng c thi hn.
- Khi c giy php li xe hng A2 phi tun th quy nh ca Chnh ph v i
tng c s dng loi xe 2 bnh t 175 cc tr ln.
- Hng B1: 5 nm.
- Hng A4, B2, C, D, E, F: 3 nm.
Trong vng 30 ngy trc khi giy php li xe ht hn, ngi c giy php
ny phi lm n xin i km theo giy chng nhn sc khe, gi n c
quan c thm quyn cp li bng li.
GPLX ca nc ngoi hoc Quc t c hiu
lc ti Vit Nam khng?
mt s nc, nhng ngi c bng li xe
c th xin cp bng li Quc t s dng ti
mt vi nc khc. Vit Nam cha tham gia vo
cam kt Quc t no v giy php iu khin
phng tin c gii, nn ngi c bng li xe
nc ngoi, bng Quc t mun iu khin t,
xe my 70cc tr ln Vit Nam phi xin cp i
giy php. Theo quy nh ca B Giao thng
Vn ti Vit Nam, nhng ngi c giy php li
xe ca nc ngoi hoc Quc t u d dng
xin cp bng li ca Vit Nam m khng cn
phi hc li k thut v thi st hch.
Thi hn c ghi r trn
mt trc ca GPLX
Vic cp i GPLX ch c xt khi GPLX Quc t cn gi tr s dng. Giy
php mi do Vit Nam cp c thi hn s dng ph hp vi hn s dng ca
GPLX nc ngoi nhng khng vt qu giy php cng loi ca Vit Nam,
khng vt qu thi hn ngi nc ngoi hoc ngi Vit Nam lu tr ti
Vit Nam.
GPLX mi tng ng vi nhng hng giy php m ngi xin cp c
cp nc ngoi. V d, GPLX nc ngoi c c hng t, xe my th bng li
c i cng c hng tng ng. Tr trng hp mt t 175cc tr ln,
trc y do chnh sch hn ch trong nc m ngi nc ngoi cng
khng c cp.
Sau khi nhn h s y hp l, vi ngi nc ngoi, GPLX c giao vo
th su hng tun, thi hn ti a l 10 ngy. Vi ngi Vit Nam, theo quy
nh ca S Giao thng Cng chnh H Ni, c 11 ngy sau th ngi xin cp
ti nhn giy php mi.
Giy php li xe ca Vit Nam c c cng nhn nc ngoi?
Hin nay, Vit Nam k tha thun vi cc nc trong khi ASEAN v vic
cng nhn GPLX ln nhau. Theo , cng dn Vit Nam khi n lm vic
cc nc ASEAN c th i GPLX c li xe ti cc nc . Cn vi cc
nc cha c tha thun v th tc ngoi giao trong vic i GPLX nn vic
chp nhn i GPLX ca Vit Nam hay khng l ty tng nc. Vi mi quan
h mt thit vi Vit Nam, Php chp thun i GPLX ca Vit Nam ra
GPLX ti Php theo ng hng bng li xe c cp.
M VIN c ngha nh th no?

VIN l t vit tt ca Vehicle Identification Number (s nhn dng xe),
bao gm 17 k t v c nh s theo nhiu cch khc nhau. VIN c coi
nh chng minh th ca mt chic xe v cc nh sn xut thng ghi ln
nhng phn d b bin dng v thay i nht ca xe nh: ca, ng c hoc
thn pha gc.

Tiu chun ca m VIN c ban hnh chnh thc theo chun ISO 3779 vo
thng 2 nm 1977 v sa ln cui vo nm 1983.

M VIN c ngha nh th no?

S VIN c tiu chun ha cha 17 k t. H thng s VIN chu u
khc Bc M v khc vi k hiu VIN quc t. Tuy nhin, chng vn c mt
vi im chung nh k t u tin ca VIN cho bit nc sn xut nh M
(s 1 hoc 4), Nht Bn (J). Bn cnh , k t th 10 ca tt c cc hng xe
u ch nm sn xut.

- K t th nht: cho bit nc sn xut chic
xe. iu ny rt quan trng khi bn mua xe v
cng mt loi xe nhng c th c lp rp
nhng nc khc nhau v d nhin l cht lng
xe cng ph thuc. (1 hoc 4: M; S: Anh; J:
Nht; K Hn Quc; W: c... )
- K t th 2: th hin hng sn xut.(A: Audi-
Jaguar, B: BMW; H: Honda; D: Mercedes; N:
Nissan; T: Toyota; G: GM...
- K t th 3: ch loi xe
- K t th 4 n th 8: th hin c im ca xe: nh loi thn xe, loi
ng c, i xe, kiu dng, ...
- K t th 9: kim tra s chnh xc ca s VIN
- K t th 10: th hin nm ch to xe
- K t th 11: th hin ni lp rp xe
- K t th 12 n 17: th hin dy chuyn sn xut xe, cc cng on sn
xut. Bn k t cui lun l cc con s.

V tr ca m VIN

M VIN ca mt chic BMW
Ni ghi m VIN l mt trong nhng "b quyt"
cc nh sn xut trnh gian ln khi chng
c bn li cho ngi khc. Nhng tn trm
thng "c" li s VIN theo m VIN ca mt
chic xe m chng n trm c trong khi cc
i l li hay "i" bng m VIN ca nhng
chic xe bn trc .

m bo cho khch hng, cc hng xe ngh
ra phng php ghi mVIN ln nhng phn d
hng nht khi xe b va chm nh ca, ng c,
thn pha gc. Khi gp tai nn, nu ngi ch
i ng c, ca ly t nhng chic xe n trm
khc hoc t nh sn xut khng chnh hng,
khch hng c th d dng nhn ra.

M VIN ca xe thng c th tm thy mt vi
v tr khc nhau ca xe, nhng hu ht thng
t nhng ni nh:

- Trn thn ca hoc khung ca trc (thng pha ca ti x, i khi ca
hnh khch)
- Pha trn bng ng h di knh trc.
- c gn trn ng c (ming nhm pha trc ng c)
- Trn vch ngn gia ng c v salon xe.
- Trn nhn hiu xe, giy ng k, sch hng dn bo qun xe hoc trn t
khai bo him xe

Trong 17 s/k t, m nm sn xut ca cc nm sn xut xe u l s th
10. y l mt trong nhng thng tin quan trng nht m ngi mua cn
bit khi kim tra xe c. K t th 10 c ghi theo nguyn tc sau: trc
nm 2000 l ch ci cn sau l ch s. V d, 1990(L), 1991(M), 1992(N),
1993(P), 1994(R), 1995(S), 1996(T),1997(V), 1998(W), 1999(X), 2000(Y),
2001(1), 2002(2), 2003(3)....
Cc v tr thng thng ca
m VIN
Nhng loi xe no c quyn u tin?

Lut Giao thng ng b ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam
c ph chun nm 2002 quy nh quyn u tin v cp u tin ca mt
s loi xe nh sau:

+ Xe cha chy i lm nhim v.
+ Xe qun s, xe cng an i lm nhim v khn cp.
+ Xe cu thng ang thc hin nhim v cp cu.
+ Xe h , xe ang lm nhim v khc phc s c thin tai hoc tnh trng
khn cp theo quy nh ca php lut.
+ on xe c xe cnh st dn ng.
+ on xe tang.
+ Cc xe khc theo quy nh ca php lut.

Xe cha chy i lm nhim v
Ngoi tr on xe tang, cc loi xe u tin i lm nhim v khn cp phi c
tn hiu ci, c, n theo quy nh. Nhng loi xe ny khng b hn ch tc
, c php i vo ng ngc chiu, cc ng khc c th i c, k
c khi c tn hiu n v ch phi tun theo ch dn ca ngi iu khin
giao thng.

Khi c tn hiu ca xe u tin, mi ngi tham gia giao thng phi nhanh
chng gim tc . Trnh hoc dng li st l ng bn phi nhng
ng. Nghim cm cc hnh vi gy cn tr xe u tin.

Tn hiu c th ca cc loi xe u tin

- Tn hiu ca xe cha chy: Xe cha chy c n quay trn nc xe pht sng
mu hoc xanh v c ci pht tn hiu u tin.

- Tn hiu ca xe qun s, xe cng an i lm nhim v khn cp:
+ Xe qun s c n quay trn nc xe pht sng mu , c hiu qun s
cm u xe pha bn tri ngi li v c ci pht tn hiu u tin.
+ Xe cng an c n quay trn nc xe pht sng mu xanh hoc , c hiu
cng an cm u xe pha bn tri ngi li v c ci pht tn hiu u tin.

- Tn hiu ca xe cu thng: Xe cu thng c du ch thp mu trn
thnh xe, n quay trn nc xe pht sng mu v c ci pht tn hiu u
tin.

Xe cu thng
- Tn hiu ca xe h , xe ang lm nhim v khc phc s c thin tai khn
cp:
+ Xe lm nhim v cu h c bin "xe h " gn knh pha trc ca
xe v c c hiu h .
+ Xe ang lm nhim v khc phc s c thin tai hoc tnh trng khn cp
v xe cu nn giao thng : c n quay trn nc xe pht sng mu vng v
c ci pht tn hiu u tin.

- Tn hiu ca xe cnh st dn ng:
+ Xe t c n quay trn nc xe pht sng mu xanh - , c hiu Cng an
cm u xe pha bn tri ngi li v c ci pht tn hiu u tin.
+ Xe m t c n pht sng mu xanh hoc gn cng xe pha trc
hoc pha sau, c hiu cng an cm pha trc u xe v c ci pht tn
hiu u tin.

Xe cnh st
Xe u tin ch c s dng tn hiu ca xe u tin khi i thc hin nhim v
khn cp. Cc B qun l xe u tin phi hp vi B Khoa hc v Cng ngh
quy nh c th v tiu chun ci, n ca xe u tin v c trch nhim kim
tra vic s dng tn hiu ca xe u tin thuc ngnh mnh qun l. Tt c cc
phng tin giao thng c gii ng b khng thuc loi xe u tin s dng
ci, c, n, bin hiu ca xe u tin l hnh vi vi phm php lut.
Autogas l g?

Autogas v nhin liu LPG

Autogas nu hiu theo ngha thng thng c ngha l t dng nhin liu
th kh. Autogas s dng kh t thin nhin thng thng NG (natural gas)
hoc gaz nn CNG (compressed natural gas) c p sut t 50 200 kg/cm
2
,
vi thnh phn ch yu l kh methal. Loi hnh Autogas ny c t nhng
nm 50 ca th k trc v cho n nay trn th gii c hn 1 triu xe
Autogas dng gaz nn NGV (natural gas for vehiche).

u im ca nhin liu CNG l d s dng
chuyn i cho xng v diesel m khng gy
nhim mi trng. S dng nhin liu NG v
CNG t hiu qu kinh t cao v ko di tui th
ng c. Tuy nhin, s dng nhin liu gaz nn
CNG kt cu cng knh v vic ng dng cho
nhng dng xe hin i gp khng t kh khn.
V vy ngy nay ngi ta dng kh ha lng
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) lm nhin liu
thay th cho xng v diesel ca tt c cc loi t hin i. Nhin liu LPG
ang pht trin rt nhanh, Autogas LPG c hn 4 triu chic 38 nc
trn th gii, nht l cc nc ang pht trin.

Kh ha lng LPG l sn phm ph ca nh my ch bin du m v nh my
tch kh. Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG l Butal v Propal hn hp theo t l
nht nh v c cha trong bnh vi p sut di 20 kg/cm
2
. LPG c t
trng t 0,5 0,25, khng mu, khng mi v khng c tnh c. LPG chnh
l mt sn phm du m c dng rt ph bin t lu trong cc ngnh kinh
t quc dn nh l mt nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip ch to ha
cht, ch to phn bn, tng hp cc cht m phm...

LPG dng lm nhin liu cho Autogas c nhng u im sau:

- L nhin liu sch khng gy nhim mi trng.

- C tr s octan rt cao (95 100) rt c li cho vic chng kch n, tng
hiu sut nhit ca ng c, c th dng t s nn cao (10 12).

- S dng nhin liu LPG t hao mn xp-pp, xi-lanh, sc-mng. Tng tui
th ca ng c. Bi nhin liu LPG d chy v chy hon ton, khi chy
khng to mui, khng khi.

- ng c s dng nhin liu LPG khng gy tc ng xu i vi du nhn,
nn qu trnh lo ha du nhn ko di.

Cng ngh chuyn i thnh Autogas

Autogas
Theo nguyn l ca ng c t trong, tt c cc xe t dng xng v diesel
u c th s dng kh ha lng LPG lm nhin liu vi nhng thay i kt
cu ph hp. Cng ngh chuyn i thnh Autogas c nhng dng sau:

- Chuyn i song song nhin liu: phng tin
trang b ng c xng sau khi chuyn i c th
ng thi chy bng c xng v kh.

- Chuyn i n nhin liu: p tin lp ng c
diesel sau khi chuyn i ch c th s dng
nhin liu kh.

- Chuyn i ng nhin liu: xe lp ng c
diesel sau khi chuyn i s dng c diesel v
nhin liu kh, trong diesel ng vai tr lm
mi.

Ty thuc tng kiu xe, bnh cha kh s nh hng mc khc nhau n
th tch khoang xe. V d nh dng xe sedan s mt khong 10 - 15% th
tch khoang cha . Tuy nhin, vi mt s loi xe, c th lp bnh cha bn
ngoi hoc lp vo hc ng bnh d phng.

Autogas hot ng theo nguyn l sau:

- LPG lng t bnh cha cao p, t khoang sau xe, i qua van cch ly u
bnh ti van solenoid LPG bng ng ng dn. Van solenoid ny s ng khi
cng tc nhin liu bt sang v tr xng hoc khi xe khng hot ng.

- LPG c ha hi v gim p xung xp x p
sut kh tri nh b iu p ha hi. B iu p
ny c nhim v tit lu lng LPG ha hi i
vo b trn ph hp vi mi ch ti ca
ng c.

- Sau khi c gim p, LPG dng hi i ti b
trn (lp pha trc van tit lu thng khng
kh) v i vo bung t.

- Trong qu trnh gim p, nhit b gim p ho hi gim rt nhiu. b
nhit, nc t h thng lm mt s c dn qua thit b ny.

- Qu trnh hot ng ca h thng nhin liu LPG c kim sot mt cch
cht ch nh mt h thng iu khin in t v hng lot cc cm bin p
sut, nhit , nng , kh thi.

Ti nc ta nm 1983 chuyn i xe Zin 130 chy bng gaz nn (CNG),
nm 1997 Cng ty Si Gn Petro cho chy 20 xe taxi tp H Ch Minh s
Cc chi tit chuyn i
Autogas
B trn h hp ca Autogas
dng gaz ha lng LPG v xy dng trm cp LPG cho xe taxi. T nm 2001
ti nay, vic chuyn i bt u cho nhiu loi xe t Lada n Nissan...
AMG c lch s nh th no?

AMG, vinh quang t nhng ng ua

Mercedes-AMG GmbH l mt b phn ca Daimler Chrysler AG, c tr s ti
Affalterbach (c). Mercedes-AMG chuyn pht trin v ci tin cc loi xe
ua v dn dng. Ci tn AMG bt ngun t nhng ch ci u ca cc nh
sng lp: Werner Aufrecht v Erheard Melcher, kt hp vi Grossasphach (tn
qu hng ca Aufrecht) ni 2 ngi khi nghip vo nm 1967.

AMG p ng v tha mn mi am m

Nhng ngy u mi khai sinh Old Mill, quy m ca AMG ch l 2 chic ga-
ra. K t n nay, lch s cng ty c rt nhiu thay i. tuy nhin, iu
m hu nh khng th thay i chnh l bu nhit huyt ca AMG i vi tnh
nng ca nhng chic xe. Cht lng, s an ton cng nh nim am m v
s tn ty trong cng vic ca cc k s, tt c ch nhm to mc ch to ra
nhng chic Mercedes c th p ng v tha mn mi am m ca ngi
hm m.

Nm 1971, AMG ginh c thnh cng vi
chic xe th thao u tin khi ci tin v gip
chic Mercedes 300 SEL v nht trong cuc ua
24 gi ti trng ua Spa -Francorchamps (B).
Nm 1989, sau by ln v nht ti cc chng
ua, Klaus Ludwig v Johnny Cecotto gip hng
v ch gii Touring Car ton nc c. K t
ngy , AMG gt hi 11 danh hiu v ch,
trong c 5 danh hiu dnh cho c nhn v 6
danh hiu dnh cho nh sn xut. i ua ca Mercedes-AMG l i ua
thnh cng nht trong lch s ca gii ua German Touring Car
Championship.

C mt iu c bit, cc mu xe AMG t xa n nay ch c sn xut vi
s lng hn ch. Nm 2000, s lng xe AMG tiu th trn ton th gii ch
khong 10.000 chic. Trong c khong 40% c tiu th ti th trng
M. Cng ti th trng tim nng nhng kh tnh ny, AMG c mt ti hn
Biu tng ca AMG
300 nh cung cp xe Mercedes, i th ca AMG chnh l nhng mu xe hng
sang ca cc hng: BMW, Audi, Ford, Jaguar...

S khc bit dnh cho nim am m

Vi tnh nng y n tng, nhng thit k sc so v tiu chun an ton l
hng u, mi chic Mercedes l mt kic tc c kh. Mercedes-AMG nng
nhng c im ln mt tm cao mi vi thit k th thao hn, hp dn
hn v c nhng tnh nng ng n hn. Ngoi nng cp ng c v ci tin
mt s chi tit lin quan n tnh nng vn hnh ca chic xe, AMG cn quan
tm n nhu cu ca khch hng tng khu vc khc nhau. chnh l l
do khin cc mu xe AMG M c nhng tnh nng khc bit nht nh so vi
cc mu xe c. Do quy nh tiu chun an ton ti M, nhng khc bit
ny c th hin nhng v tr b tr ti kh hay h thng iu khin ng
c.

SLK 55 AMG

ng c c AMG thit k v sn xut bng cc cht liu hng u, nhng
im khc bit ln nht chnh l qu trnh lp rp t chi tit ri c lm
hon ton bng tay bi chnh cc k s. Mi ng c ca AMG u c
trang b h thng phun nhin liu in t ca Bosch.

Khng ch ng c, trn c s cc thit k ca Mercedes-Benz, nhng chic
xe qua "l" AMG c ci tin ph hp vi cng hot ng nh mt
xe ua chuyn nghip. n c h thng phanh a ln vi 8 hoc 4 piston
cho bnh trc, 4 hoc 2 piston cho bnh sau, ch to bng ceramic hoc
hp kim nh c kh nng chu nhit cao. H thng treo th thao vi kh nng
chnh th ng v ch ng, vnh hp kim, lp xe bn rng. Phn thn xe
cng c ci tin nhm lm gim ch s cn gi, tng kh nng lm mt
ng c, vi cc cnh lt gi v cc rnh lun chuyn dng khng kh xung
quanh xe.


CL 65 AMG

Hp s trn xe AMG mi nht u l hp s t ng th thao vi kh nng
chuyn s tay, c bit l hp s AMG Speed Shift c trang b trn cc xe
E55, S55, CL55, SL55 v CLK55 vi nt chuyn s ngay trn v lng nh cc
xe Cng thc1, rt ngn thi gian chuyn s ti 35%. Cc h thng in t
tng t nh cc xe cng loi ca Mercedes nhng c hiu chnh li cho
ph hp vi ng c mi. Ni tht sang trng truyn thng ca Mercedes ha
trn cng phong cch th thao AMG, vi cc chi tit trang tr m, p g. S
hu nhng chic AMG lun l m c ca mi tay li snh si trn th gii.

Bo tr, bo dng hp s t ng nh th no?

Ti sao hp s t ng trc trc
Cc l ly hp hay dy ai kim loi (trong hp s t ng) l cc thit b
chuyn ng thng qua h thng thy lc hay ma st, chng b mn i theo
thi gian nh cc l cn (ly hp) ca hp s tay. Cc van trong h thng van
cng c th khng cn hot ng ng chc nng bi phi lin tc thc hin
cc thao tc ng m.

Khi l cn b mi mn, cc mt kim loi b trn ln trong du hp s dn n
s tc nghn trong h thng thy lc khin hp s cht yu do hin tng
mt tun hon ca h thng thy lc. S tng nhit ca du hp s cng l
k th ca hp s t ng. Hin tng ny xut hin khi xe vn hnh lin tc
trong trng thi: dng - vn hnh - dng hay ch qu ti hay leo dc thng
xuyn. Khi du hp s qu nhit, nht ca du gim dn, n tr nn long
hn v do bo v cc l cn cng nh cc thit b chuyn ng khc km
hn dn ti gia tng s mi mn.

Cc triu chng ca s trc trc:
- Triu chng thng gp v d nhn thy nht l cc m thanh bt thng
pht ra t hp s ngay c khi dng xe hay ang chuyn ng cc s khc
nhau. c th l cc m thanh vi m tn cao hay cc ting kim loi nghin
vo nhau.
- Ly hp i khi ng m rt chm hay thm ch khng nhc nhch khi
chuyn s sang D hay R
- Vng quay ca ng c khng gim khi chuyn sang D hay R
- C hin tng git mnh trong thao tc tng s
- Ch ln s khi vng tua ln ngay c khi nhn chn ga nh nhng
- Vng quay ca ng c tng vt mi khi chuyn s
- Khi leo dc, tc ng c tng nhng vn tc xe khng tng

Bo tr, bo dng hp s t ng
*Bo dng du hp s t ng
Cc hp s t ng s dng du truyn ng
ring c tn gi ATF (Automatic Transmission
Fluid), ng vai tr to lc nn thy lc, gii
nhit v ty ra cc cht bn trong h thng.
Vic kim tra mc du, b sung, thay du ng
lc s gp phn gip hp s t ng hot ng
hiu qu, gim tiu hao nhin liu cng nh
tng tui th. Vi iu kin giao thng c th
nh Vit Nam, cc hng xe thng khuyn
co ngi s dng nn thay du hp s sau 2
nm s dng hoc 50.000 km i c (ty theo
iu kin no n trc).

Trn a s cc mu xe, vic kim tra du ATF
ht sc n gin bi que th c nh du bng ming kim loi ghi ch
Kim tra du hp s t
ng (nh Rac.com)
ATF. C hai loi que th, mt c mu vng th du ng c cn que mu
th du hp s. Tuy nhin, khng phi xe no cng trang b 2 loi que
th trn nn bn cn t vn ca k thut vin trc khi s dng. Thng
thng, que th du hp s t ngay pha sau hoc bn cnh ng c.

Du hp s trong hn du ng c nn rt kh c trn que th. V vy, cch
tt nht l bn t que th ln mt ming vi trng, sch. Cc k hiu trn
que th gm Add v Full. Nu mc du thp hn vch Add, hy thm
mt phn t lng du nh mc, ch 2-3 pht v th li ln na. Nu du
c mu en hay mi chy, hy kim tra c cu hot ng v thm du nu
cn thit.

La chn du hp s t ng cn phi ng
chng loi v khng th ty tin nh du ng
c. C s chn du hp s ATF ph hp l
nht cng nh cc thnh phn ha hc. Nu
dng sai chng loi, trn ln cc loi du khc
nhau c th gy nn hin tng ng cn, ph
v cc tnh cht c bn. V vy, cc hng xe
thng a ra khuyn co s dng du nht
cho tng loi hp s ca mnh.

Nhng iu cn lu :
1- Lun lun m bo xe dng hn trc khi
chuyn t D sang R hay ngc li. Trong thao tc u xe, nhiu ngi
c thi quen chuyn s khi xe cha dng hn, xin ni rng l cch hu
hiu ph hng hp s ca xe.
2- Khi dng n , hy gi cn s D bi cc h thng ng m thy lc
u c tui th ca n. Mi ln ta chuyn t D sang N khi dng v t
N sang D khi cho xe chy tip, ta lm gim tui th ca h thng van,
b tua-bin (trong b bin m) v cc l cn. Hp s t ng khng vn hnh
nh hp s tay do vy khng hng li t vic chuyn sang N mi khi
dng n . Tuy nhin khi dng li lu, bn c th chuyn sang N.
3- Nhng chuyn leo i lin tc s lm gim tui th ca hp s t ng.
Trong nhng chuyn i nh vy, lu dng xe ngh cho hp s ngui bt
trc khi tip tc cuc hnh trnh l cc bo v hp s hu hiu.
La chn du cn ng
chng loi
Quy trnh bo dng t c thc hin nh th no?

Mt chic xe hi c ti hn 5.000 chi tit
my khc nhau, trong qu trnh s dng,
tnh nng ca cc chi tit chc nng (bao
gm c h thng bi trn) gim do mi
mn, h hi, n mn. S thay i ny
xy ra t t vi rt nhiu chi tit trong
qu trnh hot ng ca xe. Do , nh
sn xut quy nh thi hn kim tra nh
k nht nh cng nh thi hn iu
chnh hay thay th cc chi tit v cm chi
tit m c th bit trc c cc chi tit
ny s b thay i theo thi gian hay
qung ng xe chy.

Mc ch ca bo dng l lun m bo
cc tnh nng ca xe trng thi tt nht c th, trnh nhng h hng
nh tr ln ln hn trong tng lai, m bo s an ton ca xe v ch xe.
Nu chic xe c bo dng ng tiu chun, tui th ca xe c th tng,
tnh kinh t nhin liu tt hn, hot ng tin cy hn.

Bo dng gm cc cng vic: Lm sch, chn on, kim tra, iu chnh,
xit cht, thay du, m, b sung nc lm mt, dung dch c quy. Cn c vo
chu k bo dng v ni dung cng vic. Bo dng k thut t c chia
lm hai cp:
- Bo dng hng ngy
- Bo dng nh k

Ni dung quy trnh bo dng t:

Bo dng hng ngy
1. Vic kim tra, chn on t c tin hnh trng thi tnh (khng n
my) hoc trng thi ng (n my, c th ln bnh).
2. Quan st ton b bn ngoi v bn trong t, pht hin cc khim khuyt
ca bung li, thng xe, knh chn gi, gng chiu hu, bin s, c cu
nng h knh, ca ln xung, np ng c, khung, nhp, lp v p sut hi
lp, c cu nng h (nu c) v trang b ko moc...
3. Kim tra h thng in: c qui, s lm vic n nh ca cc ng h trong
bung li, n tn hiu, n pha, ct, n phanh, ci, gt nc, c cu ra
knh, h thng qut gi...
4. Kim tra h thng li: Hnh trnh t do ca vnh tay li, trng thi lm vic
ca b tr lc tay li, hnh thang li.
5. Kim tra h thng phanh: Hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh, trng thi
lm vic v kn ca tng phanh, cc ng dn hi, du, hiu lc ca h
thng phanh...
6. Kim tra s lm vic n nh ca ng c, cc cm, tng thnh v cc h
thng khc (h thng cung cp nhin liu, bi trn, lm mt, truyn lc
Bo dng nhm mc ch lun
m bo
cc tnh nng ca xe trng thi
tt nht.
chnh, c cu nng h...)
7. Kim tra mc du bi trn ca ng c, truyn lc chnh, hp tay li. Nu
thiu phi b sung.
8. Kim tra mc nc lm mt, dung dch c qui...
9. Kim tra bnh cha kh nn, thng cha nhin liu, bu lc nhin liu, bu
lc du.
10. i vi ng c Diesel cn kim tra mc du trong bm cao p, b iu
tc.
11. Lm sch ton b t, bung li, m v gh ngi, thng xe. Lau sch
knh chn gi, gng chiu hu, n pha, ct, n phanh, bin s.

Bo dng nh k:
*Kim tra, chn on, xit cht v iu
chnh cc cm, tng thnh, h thng trn
t. Bao gm cc tng thnh, h thng
sau: ng c, h thng lm mt, h thng
bi trn, h thng cung cp nhin liu, h
thng phi kh.
1. Kim tra, chn on trng thi k thut
ca ng c v cc h thng lin quan.
2. Tho bu lc du th, x cn, ra sch.
Tho v kim tra ra bu lc du li tm.
Thay du bi trn cho ng c, my nn
kh theo chu k, bm m vo bi ca bm
nc. Kim tra p sut du bi trn.
3. Kim tra, sc ra thng cha nhin liu. Ra sch bu lc th, thay li lc
tinh.
4. Kim tra, xit cht cc bulng, gudng np my, bm hi, chn my, v ly
hp, ng ht, ng x v cc mi ghp khc.
5. Tho, kim tra bu lc khng kh. Ra bu lc khng kh ca my nn kh
v b tr lc chn khng. Kim tra h thng thng gi cacte.
6. Thay du bi trn cm bm cao p v b iu tc ca ng c Diesel.
7. Lm sch b mt kt nc, qut gi, cnh
tn nhit, b mt ngoi ca ng c, v ly hp,
hp s, xc ra kt nc.
8. Kim tra tm chn qut gi kt nc lm
mt, tnh trng ca h thng lm mt, s r r
ca kt nc, cc u ni trong h thng, van
bng nhit, ca chn song kt nc.
9. Kim tra, iu chnh khe h nhit supap;
cng dy ai dn ng qut gi, bm nc,
bm hi.
10. Kim tra r trc bm nc, puli dn ng...
11. Kim tra p sut xi lanh ng c. Nu cn phi kim tra kn kht ca
supp, nhm pittng v xi lanh.
12. Kim tra r ca bc lt thanh truyn, trc khuu nu cn.
13. Kim tra h thng cung cp nhin liu; kim tra cc ng ng dn;
thng cha nhin liu; xit cht cc u ni, gi ; kim tra s r r ca
Bo dng nh k xe hi ti mt
ga-ra
H thng lm mt t
ton h thng; kim tra s lin kt v tnh trng hot ng ca cc c cu
iu khin h thng cung cp nhin liu; kim tra p sut lm vic ca bm
cung cp nhin liu..
14. Kim tra ton b h thng in. Bt cht cc u ni gic cm ti my
khi ng, my pht, b chia in, bng iu khin, ng h v cc b phn
khc.
15. Lm sch mt ngoi c quy, thng l thng hi. Kim tra in th, kim
tra mc, nng dung dch nu thiu phi b sung, nu cn phi sc, np c
quy. Bt cht u cc, gi c quy.
16. Kim tra, lm sch bn ngoi b tit ch, my pht, b khi ng, b chia
in, b nh la bng bn dn, dy cao p, b bin, nn nh la, gt ma,
qut gi. Tra du m theo quy nh.
17. Kim tra khe h m vt, lm sch, iu chnh khe h theo quy nh.
18. Kim tra, lm sch in cc, iu chnh khe h gia hai in cc ca nn
nh la.
19. iu chnh cng dy ai dn ng my pht, kim tra, iu chnh s
lm vic ca r le .
20. Kim tra hp cu ch, ton b cc n, nu chy, h hng phi b sung.
iu chnh chiu sng ca n pha, ct cho ph hp theo quy nh.
21. Kim tra ci, bt cht gi ci, iu chnh ci nu cn.
22. Kim tra cc cng tc, u tip xc m bo h thng in hot ng n
nh
23. Kim tra, iu chnh bn p ly hp, l xo hi v v hnh trnh t do ca
bn p.
24. Kim tra cc khp ni, c cu dn ng v h thng truyn ng ly hp.
i vi ly hp thu lc phi kim tra kn ca h thng v tc dng ca h
truyn ng, xit cht gi bn p ly hp.
25. Kim tra mn ca ly hp. Nu cn phi thay
26. Kim tra xit cht bulng np hp s, cc bu lng ni ghp ly hp hp s,
trc cc ng. Lm sch b mt hp s, ly hp, cc ng.
27. Kim tra r trc then hoa, bi cc ng v bi trung gian.
28. Kim tra tng th s lm vic bnh thng ca ly hp, hp s, cc ng.
Nu cn khim khuyt phi iu chnh li. Cc vng chn du, m phi m
bo kn kht.
29. Kim tra lng du trong hp s, c cu dn ng ly hp. Nu thiu phi
b sung.
30. Bm m vo cc v tr theo s quy nh ca nh ch to.
31. Kim tra r tng cng ca truyn lc chnh. Nu cn phi iu chnh
li.
32. Kim tra kn kht ca cc b mt lp ghp. Xit cht cc bulng bt
gi. Kim tra lng du v cu ch ng. Nu thiu phi b sung.
33. Kim tra chm ca cc bnh xe dn hng, mn cc lp. Nu cn
phi o v tr ca lp theo quy nh.
34. X du khung, bi trn cht nhp, cc ngng chuyn hng, b t. Bi
m phn ch cho khe nhp.
35. Bm m bi trn theo s quy nh ca nh ch to.
36. Kim tra dm trc trc hoc cc trc ca bnh trc, r ca vng bi
moay , thay m, iu chnh theo quy nh.
37. i vi t, s dng h thng treo c lp phi kim tra trng thi ca l
xo, thanh xon v cc cao su , gi treo.
38. Kim tra kn kht ca hp tay li, gi trc, cc ng tay li, h
thng tr lc tay li thu lc. Nu r r phi lm kn, nu thiu phi b sung.
39. Kim tra r cc ng tay li. Hnh trnh t do vnh tay li. Nu vt
qu tiu chun cho php phi iu chnh li.
40. Kim tra ton b s lm vic ca h thng li, m bo an ton v n
nh.
41. Kim tra p sut kh nn, trng thi lm vic
ca my nn kh, van tit lu, van an ton,
cng ca dy ai my nn kh.
42. Kim tra, b sung du phanh.
43. Kim tra, xit cht cc u ni ca ng
ng dn hi, du. m bo kn, khng r r
trong ton b h thng.
44. Kim tra trng thi lm vic b tr lc
phanh ca h thng phanh du c tr lc bng
kh nn hoc chn khng.
45. Kim tra, xit cht ai gi bnh kh nn, gi tng bm phanh v bn
p phanh.
46. Tho tang trng, kim tra tang trng, guc v m phanh, a phanh, l xo
hi v, mm phanh, gi bu phanh, cht qu o, ta mm phanh. Nu
lng phi xit cht li. Nu mn qu tiu chun phi thay.
47. Kim tra kn kht ca bu phanh trong h thng phanh hi hoc xy
lanh phanh chnh trong h thng phanh du. Kim tra mc du bu cha
ca xy lanh phanh chnh
48. iu chnh khe h gia tang trng, a phanh v m phanh, hnh trnh v
hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh.
49. Kim tra hiu qu ca phanh tay, xit cht cc gi . Nu cn phi iu
chnh li.
50. Kim tra, nh gi hiu qu ca h thng phanh.
Phanh tang trng
C bao nhiu loi dn ng trn xe hi?

ng c truyn lc ti cc bnh xe khin chng quay, nhng chic xe cn
phi c c cu dn ng. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc bnh u trc tip
nhn lc t ng c, ty thuc yu cu vn hnh gia cc loi xe v ti tng
thi im m ngi ta c nhng phng php truyn ng khc nhau.

H dn ng cu sau RWD

Thi k u ca ngnh cng nghip t th
gii, tt c nhng chic xe u s dng h dn
ng cu sau (RWD - Rear-wheel drive). Nhng
chic xe ny nht thit phi c trc truyn
chuyn ng v mt b vi sai truyn cng
sut t ng c xung trc sau. Thit b ny
lm tng gi thnh sn xut v lm trng lng
xe tng ln.

Xe c h dn ng cu sau khng c s h tr
ca c cu chng trt th xe rt d b trt
ngang hay sa ly xung nhng h, rnh. V vy RWD thc s khng hiu qu.
Tuy nhin, loi xe ny, tnh nng kim sot xe cc tt v cp bnh sau chu
trch nhim ca vic tng tc, khin cho cp bnh trc chuyn bit vi
nhim v dn hng. iu ny c ngha l khi bn "nhn" ga, ti trng xe
dn vo ng ni mong mun l cu sau.

H dn ng cu trc FWD

Gn nh tt c cc xe ngy nay u s dng h
dn ng cu trc (FWD - Front-wheel drive),
nguyn nhn chnh nm ch cc xe hin i
u c ng c t trc thay v t sau nh
trc kia. V vy, loi b c cu truyn ng
t trc ra sau v tiu hao nhiu nng lng,
cng sut truyn ti ngay bnh trc l gii
php kh thi nht. Ngoi ra, p dng FWD ng
ngha vi vic cc nh sn xut c th gim bt
cc chi tit, h thp chi ph. ng thi, khi
lng xe gim i cng khin n "n" t xng hn.

u im quan trng na ca h dn ng FWD l do ng c t pha trn
trc trc nn trng lng ca n c truyn thng xung bnh dn ng
khin bm ng tng ln, gip xe hot ng tt cc mt ng trn
trt.

Cc h thng dn ng 4 bnh (4WD - Four-wheel drive)

Mecerdes vn lun trung
thnh vi h dn ng cu
sau
Gn nh tt c cc xe hi
i mi u s dng FWD
1 - H thng 4WD bn thi gian (PART-TIME
4WD)

y l h thng c bn nht, n c kch hot
khi ti x hoc ci cu bng cn s ph hoc
nhn mt nt bm trong xe. Nu khng ch
ng gi cu, th xe s vn hnh vi 2 bnh dn
ng v trong hu ht cc trng hp 2 bnh
dn ng s l 2 bnh sau.

y l h thng n gin nht nn khng phc tp v gi thnh ch to r.
iu ny gii thch cho s ph bin ca h thng trn trn cc xe 2 cu bnh
dn. c im ca h thng ny l:
- Trong iu kin thng thng, xe s s dng dn ng 2 bnh.
- Ti x phi ch ng gi cu v nh cu
- Sau khi gi cu th lc ko s c phn b u cho 4 bnh.
- Trong iu kin ng cc xu, ti x c th la chn cu thp hay "Low"
ci thin bm ng. Hu ht xe a hnh tm trung bnh dng loi ny
v n gin v chi ph thp nhng hot ng tt trong a hnh xu. Cc loi
xe in hnh :Vitara, Trooper, Patrol v Land Cruiser...

2 - H thng 4WD c nh (FULL-TIME 4WD)

Xe vi h thng ny khng th chuyn sang ch
dn ng 2 bnh c. N lun lun vn
hnh vi lc ko ca ng c c truyn ti 4
bnh v vy ngi li c hng cc u im
v bm ng ca h thng dn ng 4
bnh v khng cn phi gi cu. c im ca
h thng ny l:
- Tt c 4 bnh u c dn ng
- Ti x khng th chuyn sang ch dn
ng 2 bnh
- Trong iu kin ng cc xu, ti x c th ci cu thp chng trt
bnh hoc vt qua ng g gh. Cc loi xe in hnh: Terios, Toyota
RAV4...

3 - H thng 4WD t ng (AUTOMATIC 4WD)

H thng ny c thit k nhm t ng la
chn thi im phn b lc kp cho cc bnh xe
khi c tnh trng trt bnh xy ra. c tip th
vi nhiu tn khc nhau, h thng ny hat
ng thng qua mt vi sai trung tm hoc mt
trong nhiu c cu ly hp chuyn lc ko
n cc bnh khi h thng pht hin c s trt
bnh. Cc c im phn bit:
- Ti x sau khi kch hot ch auto 4WD
Nissan Patrol
Toyota RAV4
Nissan Murano
(thng thng qua mt nt trn bng iu khin) th xe s t ng ci cu
khi cn thit v ti x khng cn phi quan tm n h thng ny na.
- Khi h thng kch hot, n s kim sot v chuyn lc ko khi cn thit n
c hai cu trc v sau hoc ch cc bnh khng b trt.
- Ti x cng c th chn ch cu thp ci thin kh nng vn hnh khi
iu kin ng s rt xu. Cc loi xe in hnh: Honda CRV, Nissan
Murano...

4- H thng AWD (All-wheel drive)

H thng AWD vn hnh gn ging vi 4WD ton thi gian ch lc ko lin
tc c phn b ti cu trc v cu sau, khng th tc ng ch quan ti
vic gi cu hay khng. c im phn bit:
- Cu trc v sau u dn ng.
- Ti x khng th chn ch dn ng mt cu c.
- Ti x khng th chn ch cu thp ci thin kh nng vn hnh khi
iu kin ng x rt xu. Cc loi xe in hnh: Land Cruiser VX hay Pajero
Supreme...
Nhng du hiu trn ng h v n bo ca xe cho bit iu g?

Cc ng h trn xe

1-Vn k; 2 Cng-t mt; 3-ng h o vng quay ca my; 4-ng
h o nhit nc lm mt; 5- ng h xng; 6-ng h o p
sut du

ng h o nhit nc lm mt

ng h ny o nhit nc lm mt my. Khi my
nng, nhit c th ln ti khong 83-94
o
C, nu
ang phi dng xe ch n , nhit c th tng
mt cht. Nhit cng s tng ln mt cht ngay sau
khi bn tt my v nc lm mt khng c lm ngui
ngay, nhng s tr li bnh thng khi bn khi ng
my tr li.

Nhit thay i trn ng h l du hiu khng bnh
thng nu nh lc khng phi ch xe qu lu. Nu
nhit xung qu thp, b n nhit c th c vn .
Nu nhit ln qu cao, c th nc lm mt cn qu
t, cc ng ng c th b r r, np ca b si c
th b h, thi gian nh la t sai, hoc c th cc
dy ai b trt... Nhit nc lm mt c k hiu bng F hoc C
hay dng ch Cold-Hot

ng h o p sut du

ng h o p sut du c th cho bit ng
c ca xe c c bi trn tt khng. Khi xe
ch nng, c th thy ng h ny tng ln
mt cht, khi gim tc c th p sut du
li gim xung. Khi p sut du xung thp c
th do lng du cn t, dng loi du khng
ng nhn, my nng qu, lc du b tc
ng h o nhit
nc lm mt
ng h o p sut du
hoc c trc trc vi ng c ca xe. p sut du c th c o bng
n v psi hoc cng c th c k hiu bng Low-High.

ng h o in (Ampe k)

ng h o in s cho bit tnh trng np in ca h thng in trn xe.
Trn ng h s hin du (+) khi c-qui ang sc, hoc du (-) nu c-qui
ang s dng. Ch sau khi khi ng my, ng h o in s cho bit tnh
trng np in ca c-qui khi n v cc thit b khc tt. Khi phn nng
lng c s dng khi ng my c np li vo trong c-qui, kim s
dn dn ch vo vch gia trn bng ng h v s hi nghing v pha bn
ang np in (+). Nu c-qui yu, ng h s ch trng thi np in cho
n khi in.

Nu ng h bo c-qui np nhanh v s dng in cng nhanh, c th c-
qui sp hng, nu c-qui np in lu hn bnh thng, c th dy ai b
trt hoc my pht in gp s c. ng h o in cho bit trng thi ca
c-qui ang sc (C) hay ang s dng in (D).

Vn k

Vn k c th c dng thay cho ampe k, vn k
cho bit tnh trng hot ng ca c-qui r hn. Mc
d h thng in trn xe l 12V nhng trong thc
t, xe hot ng vi hiu in th ln hn 13V mt
cht. Nu sau khi my chy c mt lc lu m
vn thy vn k ch di 13V, bn nn kim tra xem
c dy ai no b trt khng.

ng h o vng quay ca my

ng h o vng quay ca my (1000 vng/pht)
cho php theo di v li xe t hiu sut cao nht vi s vng quay ca my
t c l ti a.

Cc n cnh bo trn xe

1-Hng h thng iu chnh khong sng gm xe

Thy n cnh bo ny trn cng-t-mt sng, cn dng xe kim tra, nu ch
do ch qu nng th c th chy tip mt cch cn thn v tay li b gh hn.
ng h Vn k
Nu xe khng ch nng hoc trt ht ti m n vn bo, nn n trm
sa cha ngay khi c th.
2-Hng h thng h tr phanh ABS

Tn hiu bo hng ABS (thng do hng ng h o tc quay ca bnh
xe) ng ngha vi vic h thng in t s khng can thip vo qu trnh
phanh xe. Ch , khi bt kha in, n bo ABS s sng ln, nhng ch l
test, nu mi vic bnh thng, my giy sau n s t tt i. Vi cnh bo
ny, vn c th tip tc chy xe, nhng nn thn trng, v khng c ABS,
phanh trn ng cua hay trn trt nguy him hn rt nhiu.
3-Mn m phanh

Trn mt s xe i c, n ny sng khi h thng phanh ni chung c vn
hoc phanh tay ang b ci. dng xe hin i hn, n bo dy ca m
phanh ch cn 2-3 mm, xe ch chy c khong 2.000-3.000 km na l ti
ct kim loi. Kh nng cch nhit rt km, cn thay ngay m phanh mi.

4-p sut du my thp

Ngay khi thy n bo, cn lp tc tt my. Nh vy mi cn hy vng bo
ton c ng c. Nu n ch sng khi vo cua hay khi phanh gp, nn kim
tra mc du my. Nu sau khc cua, n tt, c th tip tc chy theo ch
gim ga v trnh cc x l t ngt, ti trm sa cha gn nht. Ngoi ra,
hin tng ny cng c th do vng bi trc khuu mn.
5-Hng ti kh hoc dy an ton

n bo s test sng ln khi bt cha kha in v t tt sau my giy, nu
h thng an ton hot ng bnh thng. Trong trng hp n ny khng
tt sau khi test hoc t nhin sng ln khi xe ang chy, nn n trm sa
cha ngay khi c th.
6- C nc trong b vi lc

Khi n bo c nc trong b vi lc bt sng, hy nhanh chng a xe n
trm sa cha gn nht.
S dng loi du no cho xe tay ga?

Tc dng v tnh cht ca du nhn

Trong ng c, du nhn c nhiu tc
dng nh gim ma st gia hai b
phn tip xc trc tip vi nhau, gii
nhit lm mt, lm kn, chng n mn.
Tuy nhin, tc dng c bn nht ca
n vn l gim ma st nn nht l
ch tiu c nh hng quan trng nht
n cht lng ca mt sn phm du
nhn thng mi.

nht ca du thay i theo nhit
. Khi nhit cao, nht gim
v ngc li. Du c nht thp d
di chuyn hn so vi du c nht
cao. Ngoi ra, do trng lng ca cc
phn t cu thnh nn du nhn c
lin quan trc tip n nht ca n
nn ngi ta thng gi thnh du
nng hay du nh. Du nh dng ch loi c nht thp, du nng ch
du c nht cao.

Trn thc t, du nh d bm v lun chuyn qua ng c nhanh hn.
Ngc li, du nng thng c nht cao, di chuyn chm hn nn c p
sut cao hn nhng lu lng du qua bm li thp hn.

c im ng c ca xe tay ga

-V c im cu to v tnh thm m,
ng c ca xe tay ga c thit k nh
gn hn, cng sut ring ln hn v c
t kn pha sau. Chnh v th, ng c xe
tay ga c nhit cao hn hn ng c xe
my khc do d b bn t bm, khut/kn.
-Ch vn hnh ca ng c xe tay ga
cao hn, tc vng quay cao hn (8000-
10.000v/p) so vi xe my thng thng
(5000-6000v/p). y cng l nguyn nhn
khin nhit lm vic ca du ng c
cng cao hn, khong 150
o
-170
o
C.

-Xe tay ga t khi b tr h thng cn (ly hp) nm chung trong cacte. Do vy
du bi trn cn c h s ma st tht thp nng cao hiu sut ng c.

nht l ch tiu quan trng ca
du....
Xe tay ga c nhng c im
khc bit
-Mt s xe tay ga ch c b phn khi ng bng in ch khng c cn p
khi ng, dng du khng ng chng loi trong thi tit lnh s kh khi
ng.

Du ng c cho xe tay ga

Nhng khc bit ca ng c xe tay ga so vi cc
loi xe thng thng dn n yu cu dn n
du ng c dnh cho xe tay ga cng khc hn.
Du cho xe tay ga cn c kh nng chu nhit
cao, bn nhit tt, nht thch hp d
khi ng v bo v ng c tc cao v c
bit phi c phm cp cht lng phi cao hn
du ng c thng thng. S dng du bi trn
ng c cho xe tay ga cn ch :

-S dng du ng chng loi, ch s yu cu ca
nh sn xut.

-S dng du c ch cho xe tay ga, du c thnh phn tng hp (synthetic)
hoc bn tng hp (semi synthetic), ngha l s c ch s nht cao vt
tri (VI>140) m bo nht du lun n nh khi nhit lm vic ca
ng c ln cao, gim h s ma st v tng bn ca mng bi trn gip
ng c hot ng lun n nh.

-Du c phm cp cht lng cao (API SL...) m bo du c kh nng
chng li s -xy ho nhit cao, gi cc chi tit ng c lun sch khin
tui th ng c s tng ng k.

-Du c nht a cp thp hn ca xe s (SAE 10W-40) s gip ng c d
dng khi ng ngay c khi nhit xung thp, bo v ng c ngay t ban
u hay khi vng quay ng c hot ng n tc ti a.

Cc loi du khc ca xe tay ga

-Du hp s (bnh rng): Xe tay ga c hp bnh rng tch ri ng c nn
c loi du bi trn ring. Tu theo loi xe, cc nh sn xut s yu cu
chng loi cng nh thi gian thay th.

-Du phanh: Cc xe tay ga u s dng phanh a, du phanh s l cht lng
truyn lc phanh. Thng thng du phanh c 2 loi vi k hiu (DOT3-
DOT4), b sung v thay mi du phanh nn theo quy nh ca nh sn xut.
Du cho xe tay ga cn c
kh nng chu nhit
cao
S dng xe hi nh th no tit kim nhin liu?

Cc chuyn vin k thut ca nhng hng xe hi hng u th gii cho rng
li xe v bo qun xe ng k thut chnh l cch tit kim nhin liu ti u
nht.

Li xe ng k thut

Vn tc v gia tc ng vai tr ng k
trong vic gim lng tiu hao nhin
liu. Bn cng nhn ga th ng c
cng "kht" nhin liu. Khi vn tc ln
n 100km/h, lc ko tng thm 10%
cho mi ln tng thm 10km/h. Li xe
vi vn tc cng cao th lng nhin
liu tiu hao cng nhiu.

Vn hnh tc thp, s thp cng
nh tc cao u tiu hao nhin
liu nhiu hn so vi mc trung bnh.
Tng t, tng tc t ngt cng tiu hao nhin liu gp 4 ln so vi mc
bnh thng. Phanh nhiu cng lm chic xe ung xng nhiu hn do bn
s phi tng tc sau khi phanh, v vy hy gi khong cch an ton vi xe
pha trc qu trnh phanh xy ra khng qu t ngt.

Xe ch cng nng th cng hao nhin liu. Nn dn dp cc th trn xe v b
i nhng th khng cn thit. Gim trng lng khong 40kg, s tit kim
c 3% nhin liu. Mt ngi li xe nhiu kinh nghim l bit cch tnh ton
qung ng i th no thun li nht. Nu bn c mt l trnh lin kt cc
a ch vi nhau, bn khng ch tit kim c nhin liu m cn mt thi
gian. Nn nh ng phanh gp nhiu ln, v mi ln nh vy, chic xe phi
"-pa" tr li vn tc c v lng nhin liu tiu tn nhiu hn.

Chm sc ng c

Cn s dng v bo dng ng c theo ng
hng dn k thut ca nh sn xut. C nhiu
yu t nh hng ti hot ng ca ng c
nh lc gi, mc du bi trn, tui th ca bu-
gi... mt ci lc du bn c th lm hao nhin
liu thm 4%. Khi thy n bo check engine,
bn phi mang xe i kim tra ngay.

Nh sn xut khuyn co dng loi nhin liu
no, du nhn no th bn dng ng loi y.
Hy cnh gic vi cc loi nhin liu c qung
co l tit kim, c th chng s khng ph hp
Tng tc t ngt, tiu hao nhin
liu gp 4 ln bnh thng.
S dng v bo dng
ng c theo ng yu cu
k thut (nh VNE)
vi ng c xe bn. Cng khng nn tin tng vo li qung co cc loi
ph gia lm h thng my mc vn hnh trn tru.

Chn lp xe

Lun gi p sut lp ng tiu chun, bnh xe
khng hi khin vic iu khin tay li cng
kh v lm lp xe mau mn. Bn cnh , ma
st cn lm tng nhit v trong trng hp
ln, n s lm chy cao su. Do bm
ng tng ln cng vi ma st nn ng c s
phi lm vic nhiu hn. Ngc li, mt vi loi
lp li mn nhanh khi bm qu cng, bi vy,
bn hy c gng m bo p sut lp lun nm
trong ch dn k thut ca nh sn xut. Nn
kim tra nh k h thng li ca xe, iu ny gip hn ch hao mn lp xe,
gim tiu hao nhin liu.

S dng iu ho nhit hp l cng l mt cch tit kim nhin liu. Khi
tri nng, cy s u bn nn h tt c cc ca xung nhit trong xe
gim dn nh gi thi vo xe, sau mi bt iu ha, lm gim sc ko
ca compressor. Chy trn ng cao tc, bn ch cn vn my lnh s nh.
Yu t thi tit cng nh hng n mc tit kim nhin liu ca xe. Vic
khi ng xe trong iu kin thi tit qu m nh hng khng ch n s
vn hnh ca ng c m cn n tiu th nhin liu. iu kin ng min
ni v gi mnh cng lm xe tiu hao nhin liu nhiu hn.

Khi bn chun b mua xe hy tnh ton mt cch tng i xem n s ngn
bao nhiu nhin liu. Khi bn s hnh dung c c nn mua chic xe
ng c dung tch ln v tiu hao nhiu nhin liu hay khng.
Lun gi p sut lp ng
tiu chun (nh VNE)
Cn ch nhng g khi s dng n pha?

Theo chc nng lm vic n pha thuc h thng tn hiu v chiu sng trn
t, xe my. Yu cu chiu sng tiu chun ca n pha phi gip cho ngi
li xe quan st r mt ng (100 -120 m pha trc i vi t v 60 m i
vi xe my). Khi gp ngi i ngc chiu, n ct lm nhim v chiu sng
gn vi khong sng t 50-75 m v hng nh sng phi i xung 30
0
.

Cc loi n pha, n ct

Tnh cht chiu sng ca n h thng n ph
thuc vo kt cu ca phn t quang hc v kt
cu ca bng n (bng n, pha n v knh
khuych tn nh sng). Dy tc bng n pha
(chiu xa) t ng tiu im parabol pha n
cn dy tc n ct (chiu gn) t ngoi tiu
im ca parabol pha n. Knh khuych tn c
tc dng phn b li chm tia nh sng ca n
cho ph hp vi yu cu chiu sng.

H n pha chu u thng dng 2 n, cng
sut n pha 50W; cng sut n ct 40W. H
n pha chu M thng dng 4 n vi cng sut n pha 50-60W; cng
sut n ct 40-50W, khi chiu xa 4 n pha cng lm vic nhng khi chiu
gn ch cn 2 n ct lm vic.

Chm tia sng chiu gn ca n ct trn xe
chu u v xe chu M khc nhau. Cc n pha
trn xe chu u khi lm vic ch chiu sng
gn (n ct), chm tia sng chiu khng i
xng v c hng v pha bn phi khong
150 ngi li nhn r hn phn ng bn
phi ca mnh v gim bt kh nng lm lo mt
ngi li xe i ngc chiu. Cc n pha h chu
M khi chiu gn vn gi nguyn dng chm tia
i xng do tm nhn bn phi ca ngi li
s km hn. n pha, ct thng phn loi theo
kiu bng n v loi dy tc bng n thnh cc
loi sau:

- n Wolfram: Do c tnh ca wolfram nn khi lm vic, loi n ny hay b
en mt bng n khin sng b gim nhanh.

- n Halogen: L loi n c np kh halogen hay hn hp ca halogen
vi brom, n halogen nh gn, cng sng ln (gp i n wolfram) v
c kh nng chu nhit cao.

n pha c coi l "mt"
ca chic xe
Bng n halogen
-n Xenon: L loi n c np kh xenon, c u im ln l c chm tia
sng vi quang ph gn nh nh sng mt tri nn to thun li cho ngi
li quan st trong m. n xenon thng c lp trn cc dng xe cao
cp, vi gi thnh t gp 5 ln loi n thng dng.

n halogen v n xenon

S dng n xe nh th no?

- V tm quan st ch ct l 45 m so vi 100-120m ca nh sng n
pha, v vy cn s dng n pha khi tng tm quan st trong m. Ngoi ra,
tng thm tnh hiu qu khi s dng n pha cn gim nh sng ti a
trong khoang li (khng nn bt n trong xe v iu chnh cc thit b nh
sng ch m hoc tt).

- Nn s dng n ct khi c sng m hoc
ma s quan st r ng hn.

- Lun c bng n sng m d phng. n
sng m c thit k s dng trong iu
kin thi tit c nhiu sng m nhm tng
sng trn mt ng. Ch nn s dng n sng
m khi cn thit v khng nn s dng thng
xuyn vi n pha v c loi n sng m s
lm lch nh sng n pha v lm cho ngi iu
khin phng tin ngc chiu gim tm quan
st.

- Nn kim tra n thng xuyn v cn chnh pha n ri ng hng, tm
nh sng lch i 1
0
cng lm nh hng ti hiu qu chiu sng ca n xe
rt nhiu.

- Lun gi cho n pha sch s. Cht bn hay bi bm vo n xe s lm
gim sng ca n n 60%. Ngoi vic gi cho n pha sch s, bn
cng phi nn gi cho knh xe sch s bng cch lau chi thng xuyn, hoc
s dng h thng ra knh xe khi knh xe c nhiu bi bm vo.

S dng n pha tng
tm quan st trong m
- Thay th ngay nhng bng n b chy v nn c bng n d phng trn
xe. Hu ht cc h thng n xe u thuc loi bng halogen c th d dng
thay th m khng cn bt k dng c no. Nn c hng dn k thut ca
xe thao tc chnh xc, khi thay bng n mi khng nn chm tay vo
bng ngoi tr phn ui n.

- Nn s dng pha khi li mt mnh trong m, sau chuyn sang ct khi c
xe i ngc chiu trong vng 150 m (khong 3 giy tc 90 km/gi).
Khng nn s dng n pha khi cua xe, v nu xe i din cng qun tt pha
th hai xe bt pha cng mt lc s lm cho ngi li khng thy ng, rt
nguy him. Khi vt xe, khng nn s dng n pha, nn duy tr khong
cch an ton v nhy n ra hiu xin vt.
Quy trnh bo dng xe gn my c thc hin nh th no?

Mc ch ca bo dng l lun m bo cc tnh nng ca xe trng thi
tt nht c th, trnh nhng h hng nh tr ln ln hn trong tng lai,
m bo s an ton ca xe v ch xe. Nu chic xe c bo dng ng
tiu chun, tui th ca xe c th tng, tnh kinh t nhin liu tt hn, hot
ng tin cy hn. Quy trnh bo dng xe gn my c thc hin theo cc
bc sau:

-Lp xe:
Lp trc v lp sau cn c s dng ng
theo quy nh, tui th ca mt chic lp ph
thuc rt nhiu vo cch s dng v qu trnh
vn hnh. Lun gi p sut lp ng theo tiu
chun ca nh sn xut. Kim tra chn chng
ng, chn chng nghing, ch chn m
bo lun vng vng v c bi trn tt.

-ng c:
Kim tra ting ng pht ra t ng c nhm
pht hin v ngn chn cc hng hc trong
ng c. Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca bu-gi, ng c hot ng tt bu-
gi lun c mu gch; nu bu-gi c mu en, hoc trng sng cho thy ng
c hot ng khng t hiu qu ti u. Khi thi ng c mu en, c th
nhin liu khng chy ht. Khi thi mu trng, c th du bi trn lt vo
bung t, nhng hin tng ny u biu hin cc hng hc ca ng c,
cn iu chnh, sa cha kp thi trnh ko theo nhng hng hc ln hn.

-Du my:
Du my c nhim v bi trn v lm mt ng
c, s dng du bi trn cn ng ch dn ca
nh sn xut. Du cn c kim tra thng
xuyn m bo ng c lun c ch vn
hnh tt nht.

-H thng in:
Theo thi gian, h thng in ca xe s km
dn do sc nng ca ng c, hoc do cc tc
nhn bn ngoi (nc, -xy ha). Vic kim
tra h thng in nhm bo m kh nng np
in cho c-quy, kh nng khi ng ca ng
c, h thng in nh la hot ng trng
thi tt nht, gip duy tr kh nng tit kim
nhin liu ca ng c.

-c-qui:
c-quy c nhim v cung cp in cho b phn khi ng () v h thng
n tn hiu. Kim tra, bo dng c-quy lun m bo lng dung dch,
Lun gi p sut lp ng
tiu chun
Du my cn c kim tra
thng xuyn
in th ca bnh theo tiu chun. c-quy s hot ng n nh v c tui
th cao hn.

-Nhng-xch:
Kim tra h thng xch truyn ng. Xch l b phn d b t ct bm vo,
dn ti lm mn nhanh chng a v nhng. Lun m bo cng, bi
trn tiu chun ca xch, kn ca hp xch.

-Phanh:
Kim tra h thng phanh xe. Sau mt thi gian
s dng, cn v sinh bn trong m xe trnh
bi bm qu dy, gim hiu qu khi phanh. i
vi phanh a, b xung du ng theo quy nh
ca nh sn xut. H thng bi cng cn c
kim tra thng xuyn, b sung m bi trn
ph hp khi cn thit.

-Ch ha kh:
Kim tra v v sinh (ra) ch ha kh duy tr
kh nng ch ha kh ti u, gp phn khng nh trong vic gim lng
nhin liu tiu hao. V sinh bnh xng trnh hin tng ng nc trong
bnh lu ngy c th dn ti bnh xng b thng do g st. V sinh h thng
lc gi, m bo kh nng cung cp khng kh cho ng c, gip ng c
t tiu hao nhin liu.

-Khung xe:
Kim tra v chng g st khung xe, sn xe, vnh xe. Cng vic ny nn thc
hin ngay sau khi ma ma mi bt u hoc va kt thc. Kim tra v bo
dng h thng li, cc loi dy (phanh, ng h tc ).

Tuy nhin m bo an ton, trc mi chuyn i xa hoc sau mi ln i
qua cc con ng ngp nc, nn bo dng ton b xe. Mi khi pht hin
ra cc triu chng bt thng ca xe, cn cho k thut vin kim tra ngay
nhm trnh cc hng hc ln hn.
B ch ha kh
Bo dng gim xc xe my nh th no?

Do c im cu to, b gim xc sau hot ng kh n nh v t c trc
trc, nhng trc trc thng thng hay xut hin b gim xc trc. Du
hiu nhn bit khi gim xc b hng l xe b xc khi li, kh iu khin, lp
mn nhanh, xe i qua ch xc pht ra nhng ting ku lc cc.

Gim xc c nhim v hp th v trit
tiu nhng chn ng t mt ng,
em li s cn bng, thoi mi v an
ton khi li xe. Thng thng xe my c
hai b gim xc trc v sau. Trong mi
ng gm l xo, pt-tng, xi-lanh thy lc
v cc chi tit ph nh ng bc l xo,
ng che bi, m cao su gim chn...

B phn quan trng nht ca gim xc
xe my l l xo v cp pt-tng thy lc
(ti gim xc). L xo c tc dng n hi,
bin dao ng va p bnh xe thnh
dao ng iu ha m i cho phn khung xe. Ti gim xc c tc dng dp
tt nhanh cc dao ng ca khung xe, bo m tnh bn vng ca xe cng
nh ngi trn xe. Trong qu trnh s dng, cn ch n hot ng (
nhn) ca gim xc bo dng sa cha ngay khi c s c.

Du hiu trc trc v cch khc phc

- Khi xe ch nng, tay li khng cn bng: Gim xc trc ca xe c th b
gy mt bn l xo, hoc l xo hai bn c cng khng u nhau hoc mt
bn pt-tng b cong. Ty theo nguyn nhn m thay l xo hoc nn li pt-
tng.

- Khi i, gim xc c ting ku ct kt: C
th ng gim xc b mo, l xo b g c
xt vo ng bc v thn xi-lanh. khc
phc hin tng ny, cn tho gim xc,
co ht g l xo bi m lm trn. Nn
thng li ti thy lc bng dng c chuyn
dng.

- thn gim xc c vt du bm: Pht
du ca gim xc b rch (h) do s dng
lu ngy, pht du lo ha gy nn hin
tng chy du gim xc. Lng du gim xc b thiu ht, khi xe i qua ch
xc s nghe thy nhng ting lc cc kh chu. khc phc hin tng ny
cn thay pht, b xung hoc thay mi du gim xc. Khi thay mi hay b
xung du gim xc cn ch chn ng chng loi du v ng quy nh
ca nh sn xut.
Gim xc c nhim v hp thu
chn ng t mt ng
Vt du trn thn gim xc

Sau khi thay du m gim xc vn cng, xe vn hnh khng m i c ngha
l lng du vt qu mc quy nh, cn x bt du qua c x cui
gim xc. Thng thng, chu k thay du ca gim xc trc t 10.000
20.000 km.

Kim tra b gim xc trc bng cch bp cht phanh trc v nhn mnh,
gim xc cn tt l mt pt-tng phi sng bng sut chiu di, pt-tng v xi-
lanh khng c c r. Khi hot ng, gim xc khng c c mng
du bm trn b mt.
Cn chun b nhng g trc khi i xa?

Chun b cho mt chuyn i xa

- Cc giy t cn thit trn xe: Giy php li xe hp l, ng kim v bo
him cn hiu lc, ng k xe, cc giy php c bit khc ty loi xe, hng
ho v cung ng ca xe.
- Cc vt dng cn thit: Ti cu thng, n pin, bn , b sa xe, lp
d phng, bnh cu ho, tin, giy bt, nc ung, giy v sinh. in thoi
phi lu cc s ca Bo him, Cu h, T vn k thut
- Cc dng c k thut: Dy cu in, b kch in c-quy; dng c v sm
xe; bng n pha v n tn hiu d phng; mt chai du my 1 lt; n pin,
hp ng dng c thng dng (tuc-n-vt, km, ba...)

Kim tra xe trc khi i xa

- Kim tra du my: Rt nhiu ng c gp
s c do thiu du bi trn hay du khng c
thay kp thi. K c khi mi thay du, bn cng
cn c bc kim tra ny. o mc du ng
c, trc ht, bn a xe ti vng rng, bng
phng v my ngui. Sau khi tt ng c vi
pht bn mi o mc du bi nu o ngay, du
cha v cc-te ht khin kt qu khng chnh
xc.

- Kim tra nc lm mt: Mc nc trong kt nc lm mt c th nhn
c t bn ngoi. Mc nc ny phi lun gia mc thp nht v mc
cao nht. Khng nn tho np b si lc ang nng. Nu mc nc cn t
qu th c th c r r, kim tra k, nu c th phi i sa ngay.

- c-quy: Bn hy kim tra xem c r r, vt nt hay c du hiu no ca s
n mn hay khng. Nu c bn nn thay bnh mi. Kim tra li cc u in
cc, nu cc u cc b n mn th c quy s rt d b hng, nht khi i trn
ng.

- m bo p sut lp: Khi i xa, lp khng cng to nn sng
c hc mi mn lp v gy nguy him khi iu khin xe do khng th tng
tc nh mun. Hn na, cng khng ng u gia cc bnh s lm
mt cn bng v khng an ton khi li.

Kim tra du my
- B phn treo v tay li: Khi i xa, hnh
trnh ca bn phi ph thuc rt nhiu vo b
phn treo v tay li. Nhng kim tra cc b
phn ny mt cch chnh xc, bn phi em xe
ra ngoi gara. Kim tra bng mt thng bn
thanh gim xc ( gn cc bnh xe), nu nh c
vt du r ra, bn nn thay. Nu gim xc b
thiu du, chic xe rt kh khn khi i qua
nhng on ng xu.

- Lp s cua, kch: Kim tra p sut ca lp xe d phng khi bn kim tra
p sut ca cc lp xe khc (m bo chng c cng p sut v phi ng
theo quy nh ca nh sn xut), bn c th xem trong sch hng dn s
dng xe hoc c th tm trn thnh lp. Kim tra xem kch nng c cn tt
khng, nu bn c lp kha bnh xe, nh l phi lun c cha kha v c-l
tho con c ra.

- Kim tra n v cc thit b khc: Ngoi nhng chi tit trn, hot ng
ca n pha, cn gt nc cng quan trng khng km. Bn nn th sng
ca n pha c th thay nu thy cn thit. Cn gt nc phi hot ng
tt, khng b mn, bnh nc ra phi y. H thng in n nh, ci hot
ng tt l nhng yu cu khc cn chun b cho mt chuyn i tht an ton
v sun s.

Mt s kinh nghim khi li xe

- Li xe trn ng o dc: Kim tra xe cn
thn trc khi ln v xung o: nhit my,
p sut du bi trn, p sut kh nn, phanh,
du phanh, cc-ng, vt chn lp. Cht lng
phanh v li tt l iu kin an ton bt buc
khi qua o, ghi nh nguyn tc ln o s no
th xung o bng s y. Nn hm tc bng s
v ng c, khng lm dng phanh, ch ng
h vng tua v nhit my. Ch cc bin
bo, gng cu khi xe vo cc khc cua, con
dc - lun l cm by, hn ch vt, ch vt
khi tht an ton. Bp ci trc khi vo cua, lun phi i ng phn ng.

- Li xe khi ma - gi: Khi c ma lun phi bt n v gim tc , nn
chy tc bng mt na so vi bnh thng. ng mi t s trn hn
nn phi x l: phanh, li, xi-nhan sm hn. Lun gi khong cch ln hn
vi xe cng chiu, s dng gt ma, sy knh ng ch c tm nhn tt
nht. Nu ma to, khng c chy qu 90 km/h v hiu ng trt lt s
xy ra, nu thy xe trng trnh, phi gi li v gim ga, tuyt i khng
phanh. Khng cho xe chy nhanh qua nhng vng nc v xe s b lch
hng ng k. Khi b t cc m phanh s n lch hoc khng n s rt
nguy him nu phanh gp, nn t nh vo chn phanh sy chng kh tr
Kim tra cc thit b in
Ch bin bo, gng cu
khi xe vo cua
li. Nu tri bo hoc gi to tt nht tm ch tr v s c nhiu cy , dy
in chng vng, tai nn bt ng rnh rp.

- Li xe m: Li xe m nguy him hn ban
ngy rt nhiu bi tm nhn b thu hp. Ban
m, dng tn hiu n l chnh khi trnh, vt,
gp xe ngc chiu. Khng i nu h thng n
pha, n tn hiu khng m bo. Khi gp xe
ngc chiu, bt n ct, khng nhn trc tip
vo n pha xe , m nhn cho sang phi vo
cnh ng, vch sn trng hoc hng cc tiu
cn li, khi n ngang nhau bt ngay n
pha quan st ng (khc phc khong "m"
ca mt ngi). Ch dng xe khi tht cn thit,
nh tt n pha, ch n ng-tc v xi-nhan i thng.

- Li xe khi b nng chi: Nng chi thng gp khi sng sm hoc chiu
mun. Cn lau knh trc sch, dng knh rm, chn nng. Nu xe ngc
chiu hoc xe sau bn b chi nng th cn thn trc khi r v h kh pht
hin ra bn ang bt n xi-nhan. Nn i vi tc va phi v tm nhn b
hn ch.

- Li xe trong sng m: Trong sng m
kinh nghim tt nht l khng li, nu phi li
nn bt c n ct, ng-tc, n sng m, xi-
nhan i thng. Nn i theo on, cch nhau mt
tm nhn, kin nhn v i vi tc chm,
khng dng radio, in thoi. Dng gt ma,
sy knh ng ch c tm nhn tt nht.
Nu xe b hng, c gng a xe vo bn phi l
ng, cng mi ngi ri xe cng sm cng
tt trnh nguy him, ch n khi tri quang
hy sa xe. Ch vi nhng qung ng
sng m hoc khi xut hin theo tng on cch nhau, phi gim tc ngay
v s cc k nguy him nu trong m m l chng ngi vt, ngi i b
hoc hng i thay i, ng s nht l mt v tai nn nm t trc.

- Li xe trn ng trn ly: Chuyn v s thp, gi v-lng thng, i ga
nh, trnh lm bnh xe b trt (patine), cho xe di chuyn u cng xa cng
tt. Nu b trt th nh nhng li li mt qung n ch ng bm tt ri
li tin ln, li li, tin ln n khi xe vt qua c ch ly. Dng cc mnh
vn, cnh cy, ct lt di bnh xe b trt tng ma st hoc dng si
xch, thng qun vo lp vt qua qung ly. Nu khng c th tm xe
khc ko hoc nh ngi h tr.

Ngoi ra m bo an ton bn cn ch : t th li ng, chnh gh li
ph hp, iu chnh gng chun v hiu bit v chic xe mnh ang li.
Li xe trong sng m v
cng nguy him
Chuyn s thp khi i qua
ly
Khng li xe khi sc kho yu, ang dng thuc an thn, xc ng hay c
th ang b nh hng ca ru cho d t ngy hm trc.
Chn mua xe my c nh th no?

Thc t, vic chn mua mt chic xe
c va khng d. Thng thng
ngi mua ch nhn vo gi c theo
chng loi, c hay mi, cn c theo
cng-t-mt, bin s, giy ng k,
nhng trn thc t nhng thng s
ny thng khng chnh xc. Tt
nht, ch nn mua xe s dng
khng qu 3 nm, bi vi thi gian
ny, ng c ca xe vn cn hot
ng tt.

Thun li nht trong vic mua xe my
c l bit r chic xe cng nh ngi
s dng, qua cng bit c u v nhc im ca chic xe tin li
cho vic vn hnh, chm sc bo dng sau ny. Nu bt buc phi mua mt
chic xe l, ngi tiu dng nn lu mt s im sau:

Kinh nghim chn mua xe my c

- Tng th chic xe: nh gi chnh xc tng th mt chic xe qua
s dng, cch chnh xc nht l chic xe phi c ra sch s v quan st
di nh sng ban ngy. Theo kinh nghim chn xe c, mt chic xe cn tt
l phi u xe, ngha l tt c cc chi tit, ph tng trn xe c mi/c
ng u nhau. Mt chic xe vn hnh bnh thng, n nh khng th c
nhng chi tit qu mi hoc qu c so vi tng th chic xe.

- Giy t: Cn kim tra ng k ca xe v
i chiu vi bin kim sot. Kim tra r
rng s khung, s my, y l cng on
m rt nhiu ngi mua xe ngi lm bi
nhng hng s ny di v i khi nm
nhng khu vc rt kh nhn. Ch mt
nhm ln nh trn giy t vi nhng con
s cng em li rt nhiu iu
phin toi cho ngi s dng.

- Sn xe: Quan st mu sc ca sn
nhng ch khut ri so snh vi nhng
ni khc, nhn theo chiu nghing ca thn xe c th d dng nhn thy
nhng khu vc c tt li bi mu sn v bng s khng u nhau.
Nc sn gin, c sn xut trn dy chuyn cng nghip thng khng
th b bong trc, theo thi gian s dng, b mt sn ch mn dn i.

- ng c: ng c l phn quan trng nht ca chic xe v cng l ni kh
kim tra nht, ng c xe cn tt s c nhng c im sau:
Nhng con s trn cng-t-mt
thng khng chnh xc
Kim tra r rng s my, s
khung

+ B mt, hnh dng nhng con c trn ng c khng mp mo hay try
xc.
+ D khi ng, ting n chm, u (khi garanti) v n nh. Bt c mt
trc trc no ca cc b phn trong ng c (ly hp, xch cam, xp-pp, tay
bin) u c nhng ting ng khc l c trng khi ng c vn hnh.
+ Vn ht ga m khng thy khi ng x
+ Sang s nh nhng (xe s). ng c hot ng ngay khi ko ga (xe ga).
+ Kim tra du bi trn sau khi ng c lm vic (khng c qu t so vi
quy nh, khng c c nh kim loi trong du)

- in, c quy: Nn yu cu ngi bn
tho cp, m yn kim tra k h
thng in, c quy, IC, i-t np. Mt
chic c-qui cn tt th hin vic khi
ng xe d dng, n xi-nhan/ci hot
ng n nh khi xe khng n my.

- Gim xc: kim tra gim xc trc
cn bp cht phanh trc ri nhn mnh
nu thy ting ku lc cc l gim xc
km hoc b chy du, gim xc trc
cn tt c nhn su v m i, b mt
ng nhn bng sng khng c t vt hay
vt du loang. Vi gim xc sau, c th kim tra bng cch ti nng (2 - 3
ngi) nu khng c ting ku l, xe cn bng, m i chng t cht lng
cn tt.

- Cm gic khi li: Mt chic xe tt phi to cm gic an ton, m i khi
vn hnh. My xe hot ng n nh khi ti nng, xe i qua ch xc khng c
ting ku l. Nn kim tra h thng li ti nhng on ng tht phng
nh gi cn bng ca xe. Nhng chic xe tng b m mnh hay c
li k thut s khng th c cn chun ca xe.

Tm mua mt chic xe c cn tt v gi c hp l l vic lm rt kh. Nhng
nu bit c chnh xc cht lng ca chic xe, t ta c th nh gi xe
mt cch chun nht.
Nc sn tt khng th b bong,
trc nh th ny
M-t, xe my c cu to nh th no?

S pht trin ca m-t 2 bnh

Nm 1885, lch s th gii ghi nhn
chic m-t u tin ra i do Gotthieb
Daimler (1834 - 1900 ) sng ch, thi
gian u xe m-t 2 bnh pht trin
chm do iu khin kh khn v tc
qu chm. n th k XX m-t 2 bnh
mi c s dng rng ri chu u.

Thi k u, ng c ca xe c t
ngay trc bnh xe, xe khng c gim
xc. Dn dn, sau nhiu ci tin, ng
c c a vo gia khung xe m bo cn bng. Cc b phn khc nh
khung, li hp (cn), hp s, phanh, gim xc cng pht trin v hon thin
xe d iu khin v c tc ti u.

Phn loi m-t, xe my: M-t, xe my c phn loi ch yu da vo
ng c:

- Nguyn l hot ng: 2 k hoc 4 k.

- Kt cu v cch lp t ng c:
+ ng c t ng
+ ng c t ngang
+ ng c hnh ch V

- Dung tch xi-lanh: C nhiu loi vi dung
tch xi-lanh thng thng t 50 1500 cm3

Ngoi ra, m-t/xe my cn c phn loi
theo nm sn xut, h thng nh la, xe
nam/n/tay ga hay cc xe chuyn dng
nh: th thao, vit d, a hnh...

Cu to c bn ca m-t/xe my

- ng c: L b my gm nhiu chi tit, lin quan mt thit vi nhau. y
l ni t chy nhin liu, nhit nng bin thnh c nng v sinh ra ng lc
truyn sang h thng truyn ng lm cho xe chy. ng c gm c cc h
thng chnh:

+ H thng trc khuu, thanh truyn
+ H thng nhin liu
+ H thng nh la
+ H thng bi trn, lm mt
hnh nh ca chic m-t u tin
(1885)
ng c hnh ch V
+ H thng phn phi kh

- H thng in: Ty theo loi xe h
thng in c th l h thng nh la
in t hay h thng nh la bn
dn. H thng in trn m-t/xe my
c nhim v sau:

+ To tia la in cao p vo ng
thi im nht nh t chy hn
hp nhin liu trong xi-lanh ng c.
+ Cung cp in nng c in p n
nh cho h thng n, ci tn hiu.
+ Khi ng ng c ()
+ Theo di mc nhin liu bnh cha

- H thng truyn ng: C nhim v truyn chuyn ng t ng c n
bnh xe ch ng, thay i m-men cho ph hp vi ti trng v h thng
ng s. H thng ny gm: B li hp, hp s, nhng trc, nhng sau v
xch. mt s loi xe dng trc cc-ng hoc dy cu-roa (Vespa) truyn
ng.

- H thng chuyn ng: C tc dng
bin chuyn ng quay ca h truyn ng
thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca xe, n cn
c tc dng lm cho xe chuyn ng m
hn trn mt ng khng bng phng. H
thng ny gm: bnh trc, bnh sau v
gim xc.

- H thng iu khin: H thng ny c
tc dng thay i hng chuyn ng ca
xe, cho xe chy chm hay dng hn. H
thng ny gm tay li, cc cn iu khin v
h thng phanh.

- H thng chiu sng v tn hiu: H thng ny c tc dng chiu sng,
to tn hiu ci hay n khi phanh xe, khi quay xe m bo an ton giao
thng cho ngi s dng. H thng ny gm: cc n pha, ct, n phanh,
n xi-nhan, cc n bo s v ci.

Ngoi nhng h thng trn, m-t/xe my cn c nhng b phn khc nh
ng x gim ting n, cn khi ng, bn p phanh, tay phanh, cn s,
yn xe...

H thng nh la bn dn
Gim xc

So Tay Oto Xe May

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

So Tay Oto Xe May

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Alfa Romeo ra i nh th no?

Alfa Romeo l mt cng ty sn xut xe

You might also like