1

CHNG 4
S VN CHUYN IN TCH
DN iN
2
Ni dung
4.1. Khi nim c bn
4.2. dn in
4.3. Linh ion v linh ion H
+
- OH
-
4.4. dn in ca dung dch in ly trong dung mi khc
4.5. S chuyn vn ca cc ion
4.6. Phng php o dn in v ng dng
4.7. Bi tp
3
Vt th cng loi
4.1. Khi nim c bn
4.1.1. Vn chuyn in tch
Ion ion
in t - in t
Thay i thnh phn ha hc
Khi dn in, ti b mt tip xc
Phn ng ha hc xy ra
Vt th khc loi
Ion in t
in t - ion
4
Nhng dung dch in ly,
cht in ly nng chy, cc
kh ion ha.
Dn in do s chuyn vn
ca cc ion.
4.1.2. Phn loi dy dn
Da vo bn cht dn in,
FARADAY chia thnh 2 loi
Dy dn loi 1 Dy dn loi 2
Nhng dy lm bng kim loi
(ng, bc, nhm) hay bn
dn.
Dn in do s dch chuyn ca
cc in t (electron) v l trng
4.1. Khi nim c bn
5
Cc m (Catod)
+ Electron chuyn t in cc (ni
cc M ngun in) n ion
(trong dung dch)
+ Phn ng kh xy ra
Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
Fe
3+
+ e = Fe2+
2H
2
O + 2e = H
2
+ 2OH
-

Cc dng (anod)
+ Electron chuyn t ion (trong
dung dch) n in cc (ni
cc DNG ngun in)
+ Phn ng kh xy ra
4OH
-
= O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
Fe
2+
= Fe
3+
+ e
Zn = Zn
2+
+ 2e
4.1.3. S in phn
4.1. Khi nim c bn
Tng
qu trnh
Dy dn loi 1
(ANOD)
Dy dn loi 2
Dy dn loi 2
(CATOD)
q
q
6
Trong :
q : in lng i qua dung dch cht in ly (culng)
I : cng dng in (A)
t : thi gian (s)
k
0
: h s t l = /F
Lng cht thot ra hay bm ln b mt in
cc khi in phn, t l thun vi in lng i
qua dung dch .
m = k
0
.I.t = k
0
.q
4.1.4. nh lut Faraday
4.1. Khi nim c bn
nh lut Faraday 1
7
nh lut Faraday 1
4.1.4. nh lut Faraday
4.1. Khi nim c bn
chuyn ha mt ng lng gam ca mt cht bt k bng
in phn cn mt in lng bng chnh s FARADAY.
Cho in lng 1F qua th thu c 1 lg
V k
0
= /F
Nn q = 1F m = k
0
x1F = ng lng in ha)

8
nh lut Faraday 1
4.1.4. nh lut Faraday
4.1. Khi nim c bn
Cu 179 183
Bi tp:
9
Khi cho cng mt in lng i qua cc dung
dch in ly khc nhau th lng cht thot ra
hay bm ln trn b mt in cc t l vi
ng lng in ha ca n.
nh lut Faraday 2
4.1.4. nh lut Faraday
4.1. Khi nim c bn
Cu 178 Bi tp:
10
1C (culong) = 1 ampe.giy
1F = 26,8 ampe.gi = 96484,520 ~ 96500 C
4.1.4. nh lut Faraday
4.1. Khi nim c bn
Mt s chuyn i n v
11
4.2. dn in
4.2.1. dn in ring _
dn in ring _ (O
-1
.cm
-1
)
L dn in ca mt dung dch c th tch
V = 1cm
3
, c t gia hai in cc phng song
song c din tch nh nhau (cm
2
) v cch nhau 1
cm.
- in tr ring, in tr
ca dy dn di 1cm, tit
din 1cm
2
.
1
=
12
s
R ;
R
1
L

= =
Mt s cng thc quan h
4.2. dn in
4.2.1. dn in ring _
t:
s
k

= : hng s bnh in cc.
L . k = _
13
L dn in ca mt th tch tnh theo cm
3

cha ng mt ng lng gam cht in ly
nm gia hai in cc phng song song cch
nhau 1cm.
dn in ng lng
(cm
2
/lg.O)
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
14
Trong :
C
N
: nng ng lng
: dn in ng lng (cm
2
. O
-1
.lg
-1
)
Cng thc tnh:
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
N
C
1000 .
=
15
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.1. Phng php o dn in

in tr ca dung dch KCl 0,02N 25
o
C trong mt bnh o
dn in o c l 457O . Bit dn in ring ca dung dch
l 0,0028 O
-1
.cm
-1
. Dng bnh ny o dn in ca dung dch
CaCl
2
cha 0,555g CaCl
2
trong 1 lt c gi tr l 1050O. Xc nh
dn in ng lng ca dung dch CaCl
2
?
V d 1
Cu 233 238 Bi tp:
16

: dn in ng lng gii hn (dung dch v cng long)

A : gi tr thc nghim. Ph thuc T, P, dung mi, cht in ly
i vi cht in ly mnh, thch hp PT thc nghim Kohlrausch:
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
Trong :
nh lut th nht
Kohlrausch
C A -

=
17
i vi cht in ly mnh ( = 1)


Vi cht in ly yu khi dung dch v cng long:
i vi cht in ly yu:

,
+
,
-
: dn in ng lng ti hn cc ion vi
dung dch v cng long (cm
2
/O.lg)
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
Trong :
nh lut th hai
Kohlrausch

= o
+
+ =
+
+ =
18
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
Bit dn in ng lng gii hn 25
0
C ca dung dch
HCl; CH
3
COONa v NaCl ln lt l 426,1; 91 v 126,5
cm
2
/O.lg. Tnh

ca CH
3
COOH nhit trn?
V d 2
Cu 160
19
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
dn in ng lng gii hn 25
0
C ca dung dch trong
nc C
2
H
5
COONa, NaCl v HCl ln lt l 85,9; 126,45 v
425,15 cm
2
/O.lg.
a. Tnh

ca axt propionic nhit trn?

b. Xc nh nng H
+
nu bit dn in ng lng ca
axt ny bng 41,3 cm
2
/O.lg?
V d 3
20
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng

= o i vi cht in ly yu:
Kho st qu trnh phn ly:
AB = A
+
+ B
-
Ta c hng s phn ly nh sau:
( )
C .
K
2

=

21
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
Quan h gia - C
Cht in ly mnh (PT thc nghim Kohlrausch):
Cht in ly yu (1 1), phng trnh nghim ng:
C A -

=
c
K .
1
2

.C

1

+ =
22
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
nh lut gii hn Debye - Huckel
nh lut gii hn Debye Huckel v h s hot (hay phng
trnh gn ng bc nht):
Phng trnh gii hn ca h s hot trung bnh c dng:
c
I . l
2
i i
Z . A g =
c
I . . l
+
= Z Z . A g
23
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
nh lut gii hn Debye - Huckel
c
I . l
2
i i
Z . A g =
Nu dng nng molan, khi dung dch long C
i
= m
i
.
o
c
I . . l
+
= Z Z . A g
m
I . l
2
i i
Z '. A g =
m
I . . l
+
= Z Z '. A g
25
0
C, A = 0,509
o
. A ' A =
24
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
nh lut gii hn Debye - Huckel
25
0
C, s gn ng bc hai c dng
I .B. 1
I
. l
a
Z . A g
2
i i
+
=
I .B. 1
I
. l
a
Z . Z . A g
+
=
+
I 1
I
. l
+
=
2
i i
Z . A g
I 1
I
. l
+
=
+
Z . Z . A g
25
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
nh lut gii hn Debye - Huckel
Khi nng dung dch ln hn, vt qu nng gii hn ca nh
lut gii hn (Pt gn ng bc hai):
25
0
C:
a ng knh hu hiu trung bnh ion
A = 0,509 mol
-1/2
.dm
-1/2
B = 0,329.10
7
dm
1/2
.mol
-1/2
.nm
-1
I .B. 1
I
. l
a
Z . A g
2
i i
+
=
I .B. 1
I
. l
a
Z . Z . A g
+
=
+
26
4.2. dn in
4.2.2. dn in ng lng
Phng trnh Onsager
i vi cht in ly 2 1 trong nc, PT Onsager c dng:
i vi cht in ly 1 1 trong nc, PT Debye Onsager:
( ) C . ,

23 0 + 60,20 =
( ) ( )
C
. T . T .
2 / 1 2 / 3
(
(

. 82,4.10
+
. 8,2.10
=

5

c - thm in mi; q - nht; c nng

27
Linh ion chnh l tc tuyt i ca cc ion, n v
cm
2
/von.giy.
Gi: u
+
, u
-
l tc chuyn ng cc ion
u
o+
, u
o-
l tc tuyt i cc ion
Ta c:
4.3. Linh ion Linh ion H
+
- OH
-
4.3.1. Khi nim
: Cng in trng
28
p dng nh lut Ohm v kt hp mt s biu thc khc, ta c
kt qu cui cng:
4.3. Linh ion Linh ion H
+
- OH
-
4.3.1. Khi nim
in ly mnh:
in ly yu:


29
Linh ca cc ion trong dung dch nc thng c cng
ln khong 6.10
-4
cm
2
/V.s
Ring linh ca H
+
v OH
-
rt ln:
+ H
+
: 36,3.10
-4
cm
2
/V.s
+ OH
-
: 20,5.10
-4
cm
2
/V.s
4.3. Linh ion Linh ion H
+
- OH
-
4.3.2. Linh ion ca cc ion H
+
v OH
-
Nguyn nhn
30
dn in ca cc dung dch khc dung mi nc c
xc nh qua cc i lng C
ion
, tc chuyn vn v bn
cht dung mi.
Thng thng dn in ca chng nh hn so vi trong
nc, l do phn ly thp. (ngoi l NH
3
trong HCN)
4.4. dn in trong cc dung mi khc
nc.

31
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
4.5.1. Khi nim

L t s gia in lng mang bi mt loi ion
no qua tit din ca cht in ly v tng
in lng i qua tit din dung dch in ly .
S chuyn vn cc ion (s ti)

=
i
i
i
q
q
t
32
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
4.5.1. Khi nim

Trong dung dch cha hai loi ion gm cation v anion th:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=


v v
v
v v
v
q q
q
t
o o
o
+

+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=


v v
v
v v
v
q q
q
t
o o
o
33
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
Anod
(+)
Catod
(-)
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
Vng I Vng II Vng III
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
(A)
(B)
(C)
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
+
_
+ + + + +
_ _ _ _ _
- -
- -
- -
+ +
+ +
+ +
Anolit
Catolit
4.5.2. Phng php Hittorf xc nh s chuyn vn

Ta c:
5

v
v
n
n
o
o
c
a
= = =
A
A

+
M hnh phng php Hittorf
34
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
4.5.2. Phng php Hittorf xc nh s chuyn vn

Tnh ton theo phng php Hittorf
c a
a
c a
a
o o
o
m m
m
n n
n


v v
v
t
A + A
A
=
A + A
A
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
S vn chuyn ca cc ion c xc nh theo quan h sau:
c a
c
c a
c
o o
o
m m
m
n n
n


v v
v
t
A + A
A
=
A + A
A
=
+
=
+
=
+

35
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
4.5.3. Phng php ranh gii di ng

M hnh phng php
MA
MA
x
b
b

+
MA cht in ly cn nghin cu
MA cht in ly ch th
M
z+
tc chuyn vn ln hn M
Z+
Dung dch khng mu o s di
chuyn bng ch s khc x.
36
4.5. S chuyn vn cc ion
4.5.3. Phng php ranh gii di ng

Tnh ton theo phng php ranh gii di ng
q
C F S x
t
. . .
=
+
S vn chuyn ca cation c xc nh theo quan h sau:
Trong :
x : ranh gii di ng, cm.
S : din tch tit din bnh, cm
2
.
C : s lg trong 1 cm
3
dung dch.
Khi dung dch c nng ln, chnh xc khng cao
t

= 1 t
+
37
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.1. Phng php o dn in

a
b
c
R
x
R
3
R
2 R
1
d
N
G
Phng php cu Wheatstone
a
b
c
R
x
R
3
R
2 R
1
d
N
G
Hiu chnh in dung
R
c
= 1/v.C
38
Ngi ta s dng cc bnh o o dn in, thay v o v S ca
in cc bnh th ngi ta o k = /S thng qua vic o in tr ca
cht bit chnh xc dn in ring. Sau , tnh _ nh sau:
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.1. Phng php o dn in

x
R
k
L . k = = _
Ngi ta thng dng dung dch in ly chun KCl
39
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.1. Phng php o dn in

in tr ca dung dch KCl 0,02N 25
o
C trong mt bnh o
dn in o c l 457O . Bit dn in ring ca dung dch
l 0,0028 O
-1
.cm
-1
. Dng bnh ny o dn in ca dung dch
CaCl
2
cha 0,555g CaCl
2
trong 1 lt c gi tr l 1050O. Xc nh
dn in ng lng ca dung dch CaCl
2
?
V d 1
40
Trong in phn, tit kim nng lng v nng cao
cht lng sn phm.
Hm lng mui trong cc dung dch.
Xc nh bc axt
Xc nh ha tan
Php nh phn in dn trong phn tch.
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.2. ng dng php o dn

41
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.2. ng dng php o dn
dn in ring ca dung dch AgCl bo ha 25
o
C bng
3,14.10
-6
O
-1
.cm
-1
; dn in ring ca nc cng nhit trn
l 1,60.10
-6
O
-1
.cm
-1
. Bit dn in gii hn ca Ag
+
v Cl
-
l
61,92 v 76,34 cm
2
/O.lg. Xc nh ho tan v tch s tan ca
AgCl 25
0
C.
V d
Hng dn
Tnh _
AgCl
; tnh
AgCl

N
C
1000 .
=
C
N
T
AgCl
= C
Ag
+.C
Cl
-

42
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.2. ng dng php o dn
Php nh phn in dn
H
+
OH
-
b
V
NaOH
_
a
c
Na
+
Cl
-
Chun HCl bng NaOH
43
4.6. PP o dn in - ng dng
4.6.2. ng dng php o dn
Php nh phn in dn
Chun KCl bng AgNO
3
Cl

b
_
a
c
NO
3

Ag
+
b'
K
+
44
4.7. BI TP