•

GS. TSKH. NGUYEN VAN M~U (Ch u bien)

K 2, /

BAT DANG THUC

va mot s6 van de lien quan

(Tai Ii~u dung cho lap boi dlf6'ng giao vi€m THPT Chuyen - He 2005)

•

Ml)C Ll)C

L" ,. d' 3

or nOI au .

Bat d~ng thirc gifra cac dai hrong trung binh,

NguyJn Van Mt;u 5

Ham tva dan dieu, tva loi, 16m,

Nguyen. Van Mt;u 18

v ~ bat phirong trinh ham CO' ban,

NguyJn Van Mt;u 33

Mot phuong phap lam chat bat dang thirc,

Trinh Dao Chien 39

Mixing variables,

Tran Nam Diing, Gabriel Dospinescu .41i

\,

Chung minh cac bat d~ng thuc CO' ban bang dao ham, ,

Le Dinh. Thinh. \ 54

"-,--

Mot s6 bat d~ng thirc lien quan den tfch phan xac dinh,

ts Dinli Thinh 69

Xay dung bat d~ng thirc mot bien nho bat d~ng thirc gifra trung blnh cong va nhan va ap dungbat d~ng thirc,

NguyJn Vil Luang 74

Mot s6 plurong phap xay dung bat d~ng thirc bac hai,

NguyJn Vil Luang 81

Mot each chtrng minh bat d~ng thirc dang phan thirc,

Pham. Van Hung 102

2

Phuong phap don bien, -",

Nguyin Van Thong 114 \

\.""

Bai to an C\!C tri trong hinh hoc,

Diing Huy Rudn. ~ 120

Mot so d[mg thirc va bat d~ng thirc lien quan,

Duong Cluiu. Dinh 134'

Si't dung Dinh ly Lagrange trong bat d~ng thtrc va C\!C tri cua ham so va day so,

DB Th] H6ng Anh 140

Bat d~ng thirc hinh hoc,

DB Thanh San. 146

Nguyen ly Dirichlet va bat d~ng thuc hinh hoc,

va Dinh HoiL 149

z

•

•

LOi noi daD

z:

Chuang trinh dao tao va b6i h9C sinh nang khieu toan bac phd thong hien dii btroc sang nam thii 40. B6n muoi nam d5. qua la mot chu trmh d~c biet gan voi su khoi d~u, tnrong thanh va ngay cang hoan thien mot mo hinh dao tao nang khieu dac bier. Do la huang dao tao mfii nhon co tfnh dot pha, dao tao cac the he hoc sinh co nang khieu trong Iinh vue toan h9C, tin hoc va khoa h9C nr nhien: V~t ly, Hoa h9C va Sinh h9C. Trong dieu kien thieu thon va d~y thach thirc, chung ta dii dung cam tim huang di phu hop, dii di len diroc trong tim toi, tich luy kinh nghiem va sang tao. Cac the he TMy va Tro d5. dinh hmh va tiep can voi tM gioi van minh tien tien va khoa h9C hien dai, cap nhat thong tin, sang tao phuong phap va tap dirot nghien ctru. Gan voi viec tich eire d6i moi phuong phap day va h9C, chuong trlnh dao t<;10 chuyen Toan dang huang tai xay dung he thong chuyen d~, dang n6 lIJC va tfch eire khoi dong chuan bi cho viec t6 chirc Ky thi Olympic Toan quoc te nam 2007 tai Viet Nam, ky niem 40 narn cac H~ dao tao nang khieu toan hoc phd thong.

Sau 40 nam, co the noi, giao due mfii nhon pho thong (giao due nang khieu) dii thu duoc nhimg thanh nru nrc ra, diroc Nha mroc d~u nr co hieu qua, xii hoi thira nhan va ban be qu6c te kham phuc. Cac d¢i tuyen qu6c gia tharn du cac ky thi Olympic qu6c te co b~ day thanh tfch mang tfnh 6n dinh va co tinh ke thira, Dac biet, nam nay, cac Doi tuyen Toan va Tin quoc gia tham du thi Olympic qu6c te dii dat duoc thanh tfch n6i bat.

Tir nhieu nam nay, Cac H~ nang khieu Toan hQC va cac Truong THPT Chuyen thuong su dung song song cac sach giao khoa dai tra ker hop voi sach giao khoa chuyen biet va sach chuyen d~ cho cac H~ THPT Chuyen. H9C sinh cac lap nang khieu dii tiep thu tot cac kien thirc co ban theo thai Iirong hien hanh do B¢ GD va DT ban hanh,

Hien nay, chuang trinh cai each giao due dang buoc vao giai doan hoan chinh b¢ SGK moi. Thai hrong kien thtrc cting nhir trat nr kien thirc co ban co nhtrng thay c16i dang ke. Cac kien thirc nay dang duoc can nhac de no van nam trong khuon khd hien hanh cua cac kien thirc nang cao d6i voi cac lap chuyen toano VI Ie do, viec tien hanh viet he thong cac sach chuyen d~ cho cac lap nang khieu can duoc tien hanh khan tnrong va diroc xem xet toan dien tir phfa cac chuyen gia giao due va cac co giao, thay giao dang tnrc tiep giang day cac lap chuyen.

Duoc sir cho phep cua B¢ GD va DT, Tnrong Dai H9C Khoa HQc Tu Nhien, DHQGHN phoi hop cung voi cac chuyen gia, cac nha khoa h9C, cac co giao, thay giao thuoc DHSPHN, DHQG TpHCM, DH Vinh, Vien Toan H9C, H¢i Toan H9C Ha N¢i, NXBGD, T~p Chi Toan HQc va Tu6i Tn~, cac Tnrong THPT Chuyen, Cac

3

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Sa GD va DT, ... tel chirc b6i dirong cac chuyen de sau dai h9C nham b6i du6ng h9C sinh gioi cac mon Toan h9C va kh6i kien thirc khoa h9C t\l nhien nhu la mot tu sach d~c biet phuc vu boi dirong h9C sinh gioi.

Chung toi xin gioi thieu cu6n sach cua nhom cac chuyen gia, cac thay giao vai s\l tham gia dong dao ciia cac dong nghiep tham du Tnrong he 2005 ve chuyen de "Bat dAng thtrc va cac bai toan eire tri".

Cu6n sach nay nham cung cap mot s6 kien thirc chuyen de bat dang thirc a mire dQ kh6 ve dai so, s6 h9C, hinh h9C va giai tfch. Day cling la chuyen de va bai giang rna cac tac gia dii giang day cho h9C sinh cac dQi tuyen thi Olympic Toan h9C quoc gia va quoc teo

Chung tol cling xin chan thanh cam an cac ban d9C cho nhtrng y kien dong gop de cu6n sach ngay cang hoan chinh,

TIM Tap the tac gia

GS TSKH Nguyen Van Mau

4

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Trong bai nay chung ta d~ cap d~n mot s6 phuong phap chtrng minh truyen thong B§.t dAng thtrc giua cac gia trj trung binh cong va trung blnh nhan theo y tirdng cua cac toan hQC n5i tieng va mot s6 each chrrng minh dira ra trong thoi gian g§.n day.

Dinh Iy 1. Giii S'l1 Xl, X2, ... ,Xn la cdc s6 khOng am. Khi do

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn ~--=-----.:..:. ~ y'XIX2 ···Xn· n

(0)

BAT DANG TRUC GIVA cAc D~I LUQNG TRUNG BINH

Nguyen Van M~u

Truong DQ,i H9C Khoa H9c TV Nhien, DHQGHN

Dfiu diing th-{tc xiiy ra khi va chi khi Xl = X2 = ... = Xn

1 Quy nap kieu Cauchy

Day la ki~u quy nap theo cap lnrong (len-xueng) do Cauchy d~ xu§.t vao narn 1821 (Cauchy A.L., Cours d'Analyse de l'Ecole Royale Poly technique, rre partie, Analyse alge'brique, Paris, Debure, 1821) d~ chirng minh Dinh Iy 1. MQt s6 ngiroi da loi dung tinh huong nay d@ goi ten b§.t dAng thirc (0) la B§.t dAng thirc Cauchy. Tuy nhien, cho d~n nay, theo thong It;! quoc t~ va theo cac goi cua cac nha toan hoc thi (0) la B§.t dAng tlnrc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong (trung blnh s6 hoc) va trung binh nhan (trung binh hlnh hoc).

Tir M tlnrc bac hai

ta suy ra

(1)

5

(3)

Th I;>. 1 b' , bi ».» XI+X2 ,X3+X4 t' (1) h-

ay Xl, X2 an U<;1t ang cac len moi 2 va 2 ,11 ta n an

dU<;1c

1

Xl + X2 + X3 + X4 >.: [Xl + X2 X3 + X4] 2 >.:

4 s-: 2 2 s-:

1 1 1

~ [(XIX2) 2 (X3X4) 2]2 = V'XIX2X3X4.

(2)

u Ti~p tuc qua trlnh nhir tren ta th§.y b§.t ding tlnrc (0) dung vdi n = 1,2.4, ... va noi chung, dung voi n la luy thfra ciia 2. Day chinh la quy nap theo huang len tren.

Bay gio ta thirc hien quy trinh quy nap theo huang xuong phia dtroi, Ta chang minh r!lng, khi b§.t ding thirc (0) dung vdi n (n > 1) thi no cling dung voi n - 1. Thay Xn trong (0) bdi

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l n-1

va gilt nguyen cac bi~n Xi khac, tir (0) ta thu dU<;1C

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l + ~---=-----~-=n-1

-------------~~---- ~

n

1

( ).l(XI+X2+"'+Xn-l)n

~ XIX2'" Xn-l n

n-1

hay

Xl +X2 + ... +Xn-l ( )_l_(XI +X2 + ... +xn-l)*

--------- ~ XIX2'" Xn-l n-l •

n-l n-1

Rut gon bi@u thtrc tren, ta thu diroc

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l

------:---- ~ n-~XIX2'" Xn-l. n-1

Tir k~t qua da chang minh thea cap huang (Ien-xuong}, ta thu diroc phep chang minh quy nap cua Dinh Iy 1.

Ti~p theo, theo dung each chang minh quy nap ki@u Cauchy, ta d~ dang chang minh B§.t . ding thtrc Ky Fan sau day.

Dinh ly 2. Cia s'li Xl, X2, ... ,Xn lii. cae s8 dU(fng trong (0, ~). Khi d6

6

PI

(2)

Dau dilng tluic xiiy ra khi va chi khi Xl = X2 = ... = Xn

2 MQt s6 dang da t htrc d6i ximg so c§.p Vieete

Da thirc P(XI,X2, ... ,xn) vdi b9 n bien 86 thirc xI,x2, ... ,Xn dU<;1C hi~u Ill. ham 86 (bi~u thuc) c6 dang

N

P(XI' X2,··· ,xn) = L Mk(XI, X2, ... , xn), k=O

trong d6

Mk(XI, ... , x~) =

'""' a . . xjl ... xjn

Z:: }I"'}n In'

il+·+jn=k

i, EN (i = 1,2, ... ,n). (1)

•

Trong muc nay ta quan tam chu y~u d~n cac dang da tlnrc d6ng bac (1) bien 86 tlnrc va nhan gia tri thirc, dac biet Ill. cac da thtrc d6i xirng 8C1 dp quen bi~t lien quan d~n cac hang ding thuc dang nho trong chuong trinh toan trung hoc phd thong.

Tnroc h@t, ta nhac lai cong tlnrc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton:

(x + aj" ~ tv (~)an-'xk

Neu ta coi (x + a)n nhir Ill. tfch cua n thira 86: (x + a)(x + a) ... (x + a), thl khi d6 tfch

(x + al)(x + a2) ... (x + an)

ciing c6 th~ viet dirdi dang mot bi~u thirc ttrong tu nhir cong thtrc khai tri~n nhi thtrc Newton nhir sau:

(x + al)(x + a2)··· (x + an) = t (~)pj-kxk,

}=O

trong d6

7

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PI

_ a) +a2+··+an

- n '

L: aiaj l:>;i<j:>;n

(;)

(3)

Vf),y nen, n@u cac 86 aI, a2, ... , an d~u duong (hoac kh6ng am va kh6ng d6ng thai bang 0) thl khong m§.t tinh t6ng quat, ta co tM coi cac 86 PI,P2, ... ,Pn d~u la 86 dirong (khong am). Ttl (2), ta thu diroc

P2

Ta th§.y, PI chinh la trung blnh cong, Pn la trung blnh nhan, va do d6, cac Pj khac cling la cac dai hrong trung bmh d.n d~t ten cho chung nhir la nhiing d6i tirong co ban d.n tf),p trung nghien ciru.

Dinh nghia 1. Cho ala b9 n s6 dU(lng {al,a2,oo. ,an} (n 2: 1, n EN). Khi do

f(x) = (x +al)(x + a2) ... (x + an)

= xn + EI(a)xn-1 + E2(a)xn-2 + ... + En (a) ,

trong do

n

EI(a) = L ai, E2(a) = L aiaj,oo., En(a) = ala2 00. an·

i=l

l~i<j~n

Dij.t Eo (a) = 1. Ta gQi Er(a) (r E {1, ... ,n}) la oic ham (da ihssc) d6i xung sa ca.p thu r (Er(a) la tang cua ta.t cd ciic ticli r s6 khac nhau cua b9 s6 a).

Ky hieu

D (-) _ r!(n - r)!E (-)

rr a . - , r a .

n.

Dinh nghia 2. Gid su Xl, X2, ... xn la b9 n cac s6 ilvuc .khOng am (ky hi~u biii (x)) va Yl, Y2, ... ,Yn 10. b9 cac s6 thvc khOng am khac (du(1c ky hi~u biii

(Y)).

Hai day (x) va (17) duac qoi 10. dang dr;mg (va ky hi~u (x) "" (Y) n€u tan tai ); E IR (.x i= 0) sao cho ta co Xj = .xYj (j = 1,00' ,n).

8

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Bai toan 1. Cho a to, bi} (al ... an) cac 86 th'ljc dUdng. Diit Po = 1, Pk = Pk(a); E; = Er(a). Chung minh rfing

Pk-l.Pk+l ~ Pf (k = 1,2, ... n - 1).

(N~u cac ai d€u dUdng va kh8ng d6ng thiJi bfing nhau th'i ta co dau Mt diing thuc thuc 8'1j).

ChUng minh.

Gia S11

f(x, y) = (x + alY)(x + a2Y) ... (x + anY) = Eoxn + Elxn-1y + ... + Enyn, E; la t6ng t§.t ca cac tich i s6 khac nhau,

p _ k!(n - k)! E

k - , k·

n.

•

x

VI t§.t ca cac ai > 0 va - = 0 kh6ng phai la nghiem ciia phirong trlnh y

x

f(x, y) = 0 nen - = 0 kh6ng phai la nghiem boi trong cac phirong trlnh y

nhan tu dao ham cua no.

T'ir do ta co th~ k@t luan r~ng cac s6 Pi dirong, tac la phirong trlnh

Pk_1x2 + 2Pkxy + Pk+ly2 = 0

nhan diroc tu f(x, y) = 0 b~ng each l§.y vi phan lien ti@p theo x va y. Do phucng trlnh nay co nghiem tlnrc nen Pk-lPk+l ~ Pf.

Bai toan 2. Chung minh Mt diing tMtc

Er-1Er+l ~ E;'.

Chirng minh.

Tu b§.t ding thirc trong Bai toan 3 ta co

Pk-1Pk+1 ~ Pf·

Suy ra

(k - 1)!(n - k + 1)! (k + 1)!(n - k + 1)! (k!(n - k)!) 2

~-...:.._;__,--~Ek-l , EX+l ~ , e;

n. n. n.

hay

9

1 1 1

PI > Pl' > pl > ... > pJ.

(4)

Bai toan 3. Oho cac 86 ai > 0 (i E {1, ... , n}) va khOng dang thiJi bang nhau. CMlng minh bii.t ddng th{Jc

ChUng minh. Theo b§.t ding thtrc trong Bai toan 1, ta co POP2 < Pf

(PIPa)2 < pi

Suy ra

1 1

r: < r::' pr > pr+l

=> r-l-I r => r r-l-I .

Nhan xet 1. Ta de dang ch{Jng minh Pr-lPr+l < P; biing phuong phap qui nap,

That v~y, gia S11 b§.t ding thirc dung voi n - 1 s6 dirong ai, a2,·· . ,an-l va di=).t E~, P: Ill. cac Er, P; tao bdi n - 1 s6 §.y va gia S11 t§.t ca cac s6 do kh6ng d6ng thai bang nhau.

Khi do E~ = anE~_l => P; = '!__P: + '!__anP~_l· n n

Tit do suy ra

trong do

A ={ (n - r)2 - 1 }P~-l P~+l - (n - r)2 P~

B =(n - r + 1)(r + 1).P~-lP~+l + (n - r - 1)(r - 1)P~-2P~+l- 2(r - 1)P~-2P~+1

C =(r2 - 1)P~-2P~ - r2 P;-l.

10

•

(1)

VI cac ai kh6ng d6ng thai bang nhau nen theo giii thi~t ta c6

P:-IP:+I < P:P:-2 - P: < P~-l

P:-2P:+I < P:-IP: =} A < -P:, B < 2P:_IP:, C < P:-I n2(Pr_IPr+1 - P~) < -(P: - anP:_d ~ o.

Dieu nay van dung khi al = a2 = ... = an-I. Khi d6 an t= al. Tir b!t ding thirc (2), ta thu dl1<;1C b!t ding thrrc sau:

H~ qua 1.

PI ;;::: P2 ;;::: . .. ;;::: Pn,

trong d6

Pn = y'ala2··· an.

D(ic biet, PI ;;::: Pn· D6 chinh la B fit diing tMtc giita gia tri irunq binh. ci)ng va trung binh. nhan.

P2

=

PI

_ al +a2+··+an

- n ,

L: aiaj l~i<j~n

(~)

3 Quy nap ki~u Ehlers

Ta chirng minh Dinh 1:9' 1 d6i voi bi? 86 dtrong xl, X2, ... , Xn rna

Khi d6 (0) c6 dang

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn ;;::: n.

(2)

Giii thiet (2) dung voi bi? n 86 thoa man (1). Giii thi~t r~ng ta c6 bi? n + 1 86 dirong thoa man di~u kien:

Giii thiet r~ng (kh6ng m!t t6ng quat) Xl va X2 la hai 86 tu bi? n + 1 86 tren c6 tfnh chat:

11

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XlX2 + 1 ~ Xl + X2.

Tu (3) va do bo n s6 XlX2, X3, ... ,Xn+l c6 tinh chAt

(3)

Khi d6

hay

suy ra

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn + Xn+l ~ 1 + XlX2 + X3 + X4 + ... + Xn + Xn+l ~ 1 + n.

Dinh Iy diroc chirng minh.

4 D6ng nhat t htrc Hurwitz

Xet ham s6 n bien thuc f(Xl, X2, ... ,xn). Ky hieu P f(Xl, X2,' .. ,xn) Ia tang cac f thea tAt cii n! hoan vi cua cac d6i s6 Xi. Vdi quy iroc nhu vf),y, ta c6

{

PXf = (n - l)!(xf + x~ + ... + x~),

PXlX2 ... Xn = n!xlx2 ... Xn.

Xet cac bi~u thirc 9k xac dinh thea c6ng thrrc sau day

91 = p[(x?-l - x~-l)(Xl - X2)],

92 = p[(x?-2 - x~-2)(XI - X2)X3],

93 = p[(x~-3 - x~-3)(XI - X2)X3X4],

Nhan xet d.ng khi cac xi (i = 1, 2, ... , n) d~u kh6ng am thi cac bi~u thtrc 9i (i = 1,2, ... ,n), thea dinh nghia, cting nhan gia tri kh6ng am. That vf),y, ta c6

12

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gl + g2 + ... + gn-l = 2Pxf - 2PXlX2 •.. Xn·

(1)

luon luon la mot 86 khong am khi cac Xi ;:?: O.

MM khac ta lai co

P n P n P n-l P n-l

gl = Xl + X2 - Xl X2 - X2 Xl

= 2Pxf - 2px~-lX2.

Roan toan tirong tu, ta ciing co

g2 g3

L~y t6ng cac gi, ta thu duoc

•

Theo dinh nghia thl (1) chinh la

Xf + x~ + ... + xn 1

--.!.._--!::.. ---=.::.n - XlX2 ... Xn = -2 I (gl + g2 + ... + gn-l) ;:?: 0.

n n.

5 Phuong trtnh ham

Xet bai toan xac dinh gia tri 16n nh~t cua bi@u thtrc

voi di@u kien

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn = a, Xi ;:?: 0, i = 1,2, ... ,n.

Ky hieu gia tri Ian nhat ciia M la fn(a) ling vdi n E N va a > 0.

Ta c6 dinh Xn va nhu vay c§.n chon Xl, X2, ... , Xn-l thoa man di@u kien

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l = a - Xn

13

•

t" + n - 1 ~ nt, Vt ~ 0, n E N*.

(1)

Tit day suy ra

trong d6 11 (a) = a.

Thirc hien d6i bien Xi = aYi, i = 1,2, ... ,n, ta thu diroc

Tit day suy ra

fn(1) = fn-l(l)[o~:0 y(l - yt-1] = fn-l(l)~n - l)n-l. 1

Tit h~ thirc 11(1) = 1 ta thu diroc fn(1) = n' chinh la di@u phai chimg n

minh ciia Dinh Iy 1.

6 D6ng nhat thtrc Jacobsthal

S11 dung hang dg,ng thirc quen bi~t

tn - nt + n - 1 = (t - 1)[tn-1 + tn-1 + ... + t - (n - 1)], n E N*,

ta suy ra

Ky hieu

Khi d6 ta c6 dCing nhat thirc (Jacobsthal) sau:

An = Gn-1 [(n_1)An-1 + (~)n].

n Gn-1 Gn-1

(2)

Thea (1) thl

( a; )n c;

-- ~n--+1-n.

Gn-1 Gn-1

(3)

14

•

•

Tl't (3) va (2) ta thu diroc

Gn-l [ ) An-l ) c; ]

An~-- (n-l---(n-l +n--

n Gn-l Gn-l

hay

n-l

An - Gn ~ --(An-l - Gn-l, n > 1. n

Tl't day suy ra An ~ a;

7

,

Ctrc tri cua ham s6

Nhu ta da th[y, phuong phap quy nap "tiE~n-lui" cua Cauchy cho ta thuat toan hiru hieu d~ chimg minh b[t ding thirc gitta gia tri trung binh cong va trung binh nhan. Phai chang, ta c6 th~ chirng minh b[t ding thirc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong va trung binh nhan theo phirong phap quy nap thong thirong? Di~u nay thirc hien diroc thong qua cac dang nh[t thtrc nhir da th[y a cac muc tren, Sau day, ta S11 dung phtrong phap khao sat ham s6 mot bien d~ thuc hien phep chimg minh quy nap b[t ding thirc C\!C tren.

Xet day s6 dirong Xl, X2,· ... Vai m6i n E N (n > 1), c6 dinh, ta ky hieu

Xet ham s6

n-l n-l

fn(t) := ~ (Xn + t + LXi) - n (xn + t) II Xi

i=l i=l

trong khoang (-Xn, +(0). Ta c6 fn(O) = An - Gn va

w-

I 1 1 I-n

fn(t) == - - -(xn + t)---n .

n n

I

Giai phtrong trinh f~(t) = 0, ta thu dU<;1C nghiem duy nhat

n-l 1

t« = (II Xi) n-l - Xn, i=l

15

•

nen

fn(tn) = minfn(t) va hi~n nhien, fn(O) ~ fn(tn).

SV dung gia thiet quy nap: An-1 - Gn-l ~ 0, ta th§.y

n-l n-l

fn(tn)=~(Xn+tn+LXi)- n (Xn+tn) II Xi

n i=l i=l

_ Gn-1 + (n - 1)An-1 _ G _ n - 1 (A _ G )

- n-l - n-l n-l .

n n

Vf),y nen

8 Ham exponent tv nhien

MQt trong nhtmg tinh ch§.t eire ky quan trong cua ham mii (exponent) tt;C nhien f(x) = e" la tinh b§.t bien ( dirng] cua no d6i vdi toan tv vi phan

(e")' = eX.

Tit do de dang ki~m chimg b§.t ding thirc quen thuoc

eX ~ 1 + x Vx E IR, dau " = " {:} x = O.

Tit do, ta nhan diroc M qua Bai toan 4.

ex-1 ~ x Vx E IR, dau" = " {:} x = O.

CQi An la trung binh cong ciia cac s6 Xj (j = 1, ... ,n). Cia sv Xi > 0 Vi, khi do ta co

16

•

Suy ra

hay

, Xl Xn

Dau " = " {:} - = ... = - = 1 hay Xl = X2 = ... = Xn.

An An

9 Hoan v;

Nhan xet r~ng, neu bl, b2, ... , bn la mot hoan vi ciia bO 86 dirong aI, a2,··· , an, thi

bl b2 bn

-+-+···+-~n.

al a2 an

That vay, khong giiim t6ng quat, ta eoi

Khi do, hi~n nhien r~ng

Vi vi;l.y

bl b2 i; al a2 an

- + - + ... + - ~ - + - + ... + - = n.

al a2 an al a2 an

Ti~p theo, ta d~t

Khi do, theo nhan xet a tren, thl

hay

Xl +X2 + ... + Xn -------- ~ y!XIX2··· Xn· n

17

sinA ~ sinB {:} A ~ B.

(1)

HAM TVA DdN DI~U, TVA LOI, LOM

Nguyen Van M~u

Truong Dg,i Hoc Khoa Hoc TV Nhien, DHQGHN

Ta nhac lai dinh nghla:

Gia sit ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va don dieu tang tren J(a, b) thl khi do ling vdi moi Xl, X2 E J(a, b), ta d~u co

va ngiroc lai, ta co

f(xt} ;;?: f(x2) {:} Xl ~ X2; 'v'XI, X2 E J(a, b), khi f (x) la mot ham don dieu giam tren J ( a, b).

Tuy nhien, trong ling dung, co nhieu ham s6 chi doi hoi co tinh chat y@u hen, chang han nhir:

f(xI) ~ f(x2) {:} Xl ~ X2, 'v'XI, X2 > ° rna Xl + X2 ~ 1, thl khong nhat thiet f(x) phai la mot ham don dieu tang tren (0,1).

Vi du, voi ham s6 f(x) = sin 7fX, ta luon co khang dinh sau day.

Bai toan 1. N€u A, B, C La cac goe eua b.ABC th'i

Nhir v~y, m~c du ham f(x) = sin 7fX khong dang bien trong (0,1), ta van co b§.t ding tlnrc (suy tit (1)), tuong tu nhu d6i voi ham s6 dang bien trong (0,1):

sin 7fXI ~ sin 7fX2 {:} Xl ~ X2, 'v'XI, X2 > ° rna Xl + X2 < 1. (2)

Ta di d@n dinh nghia sau day.

Dinh nghia 1. Ham 86 f(x) xae dinh. trong (0, b) C (0, +oo) duoc gQi La ham 86 iua dang bien trong khoang do, n€u

18

•

(5)

Tuong tu, ta cling c6 dinh nghia ham tira nghich bi~n trong mot khoang cho trudc,

Dinh nghia 2. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) dU(jc qoi to. ham s8 iua nghich bien trong khoang d6, n€u

f(XI) < f(X2) ¢:} Xl > X2, 'v'XI, X2 > ° ma Xl + X2 < b. (4)

Bai toan 2. MQi ham f(x) tua d6ng bien trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) d€u d6ng bien trong khoang (0, ~) .

ChUng minh diroc suy true ti~p tit Dinh nghia 1. That vay, khi Xl, X2 E ( 0, ~) thl hien nhien, Xl + X2 < b va ta thu duoc

H~ thrrc (5) ~ho ta dieu c~n chirng minh.

Bai toan 3. cu thi€t r6.ng ham h(x) d6ng bien trong khoang (o,~]. Khi

d6 ham s6

{ h(x), khi X E (0, -2b] ,

f(x) = b

h(b-x), khixEb,b),

to. ham s8 tua d6ng bien trong (0, b).

Dinh ly 1. De ham f(x) xtic dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) 10, ham tua d6ng bien trong khoang d6, di€u ki~n can va du to. cac di€u ki~n sau day d6ng thi'Ji duac thoa man:

. (i) f(x) d6ng bien trong khoang (0, ~)

(ii) f(x) ~ f(b - x), 'v'x E [~, b).

Chirng minh.

ou« ki~n can. Khi ham f(x) tua dang bi~n trong (0, b) thi theo Bai

toan 1, ham f(x) dang bien trong khoang «o Xet X E [~, b). Khi d6,

d~ Xl E (0, b) sao cho dang thai Xl < X va Xl +x < b, ta c~n chon Xl E (o,~) va Xl < b - X E (0, ~). Do v~y, moi X2 E [~,b) ta d@u c6 Xl < X2 va d~

19

•

•

Xl +X2 < b thl d@ th§.y X2 E (~, b- Xl)' Vi theo giii thiet, thl f(XI) < f(X2) voi moi X2 E (~, b - Xl)' nen f(X2) > f(x) (do Xl < X)

1 Ham tva 16i va ham tva 16m

Ta nh~c lai cac tieu chuan don gian d~ nhan biet tinh 16i (16m) cua mot ham

s6.

Giii S11 f(x) co dao ham dp hai trong khoiing (a, b). Khi do (i) di@u kien d,n va dii d~ ham s6 f(x) 16i tren (a, b) la

f"(x) ~ 0, Vx E (a, b).

(ii) di@u kien d,n va dii d~ ham s6 f(x) 16m tren (a, b) la f"(X) ~ 0, Vx E (a, b).

Tuy nhien, trong ling dung, ta nhan thay, do dac thu ciia dang toan, c6 khi chi doi hoi ham s6 da cho c6 tinh chat y~u hen tinh 16i (16m), ching han nhir:

(Xl + X2) f(XI) + f(X2) ,

f 2 ~ 2 VXI, X2 > ° rna Xl + X2 ~ 1,

thl khong nh§.t thi~t f(x) phai la mot ham 16i tren (0,1).

Cung v~y, d6i vdi ham s6 f (x) rna

(XI+X2) f(xd+f(X2) ,

f 2 ~ 2 VXI, X2 > ° rna Xl + X2 ~ 1,

thl khong nh§.t thi~t doi hoi f(x) phai la mot ham 16m tren (0,1).

Vi du, voi ham s6 f(x) = cos 7rX, ta luon c6 khang dinh sau day.

Bai toan 1. N€u A, B, C La cdc g6c cua i::J.ABC th1.

cos A + cos B + cos C A + B + C

3 ~ cos 3 (1)

Nhu vay, mac du ham f(x) = cos(7rx) khong la ham 16m trong (0,1), ta van c6 b§.t ding thirc ( suy tir (1)), tirong tv nhu d6i voi ham s6 16m trong (0,1):

cos(7rxd + COS(7rX2) (X2 + X2)7r (2)

2 ~ cos 2 rna Xl + X2 < 1.

Ta di d~n dinh nghla sau day.

20

(3)

Dinh nghia 3. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d'l1(jc gQi to, ham iua t6i trong khoang d6, n€u

TUC1ng tv, ta cfing co dinh nghla ham tva 16m trong illQt khoang cho truck.

Dinh nghia 4. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d'l1(jc qoi to, ham iua lom trong khoang d6, n€u

(4)

Tit dinh nghia, ta co ngay khang dinh:

Nhan xet 1. MQi ham J(x) l6i [lom} trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d€u la ham tua l6i (lom) trong khoang d6.

Nhan xet 2. N€u ham f(x) iua 16i trong (0, b) C (0,+00) th'i n6 la ham tua 16i trong moi khoang (0, a) vdi ° < a ::; b.

Nhan xet 3. MQi ham f(x) iua 16i [liim} trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d€u La

b ham l6i (lOm) trong khoiing (0, a) vdi 0< a ::; 2".

ChUng minh. Th~t vay, gia Stl f(x) tva 16i trong (0, b). Khi Xl, x2 E (o,~) thi hi~n nhien, Xl + x2 < b va ta thu diroc

H~ thirc nay chtrng to f(x) la mot ham 16itrong khoang (0, ~).

Dinh 1:9' 2. Giii thi€t rling ham h(x) c6 dao ham cap hai va 16i tren (0, ~]. Khi d6 ham s8

f(x) = {

h(x), khi x E (0, ~l' h(b-x), khi xE [2",b),

se la mi)t ham tua 16i trong ( 0, b).

21

•

•

Chimg minh. 'I'hat v~y, theo giii thiet thl f(x) co dao ham bac hai tren (0, b) va do h"(x) ~ ° tren (o,~], nen

J"(x) ~ {

h"(x) ~ 0, khi x E (0, ~l'

h" (b - x) ~ 0, khi x E b ' b) .

V~y nen f(x) la mot ham tva 16i tren (0, b).

Nhan xet 4. Ktt lUQ,n eua nhQ,n xit tren van dung d6i vdi ham h(x) 18i tuy

y tren (0, ~] .

Dinh ly 3. Cha ham s6 h(x) lien tuc 'va 18i trong (0, ~]. x« ham s6 f(x) xae djnh thea djng tMte sau:

{h(X)' khi x E (o,~]

f(x) = b b

2h(2) - h(b - x), khi x E (2' b).

Khi do, f(x) 10, mijt ham tva 16i tren (0, b). ChUng minh.

Theo giii thiet, h(x) 16i trong khoang «: va f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc trong (0, b).

Ta c§.n chtrng minh b~t ding thtrc (3):

f (Xl; X2) ~ f(XI) ; f(X2) 'Ix!, x2 E (0, b) voi Xl + x2 < b.

B~t ding thirc nay tirong dirong voi

h(XI;X2) ~ f(xd;f(x2) VXI,X2 E (0, b) voi XI+X2<b. (5)

Coi Xl < X2. Khi do, neu X2 < ~ thl (5) co dang

h(XI ;X2) ~ h(xd ;h(X2) VXI,X2 E (O,b) vdi Xl +X2 < b.

Di~u nay la hi@n nhien.

22

( ) (XI+X2)

f Xl + X2 - d ~ 2f 2 - f (d).

(8) va (9) cho ta

(Xl + X2)

f(d) + f(XI) ~ 2f 2 - f(d) + f(b - X2),

(9)

x« trirong hop X2 > ~. D~t ~ = d. Khi d6, (5) c6 dang h(XI ; X2) ~ h(XI) + 2h(d~ - h(b - X2).

De dang suy ra

b - X2, Xl + X2 - d E (0, d), (b - X2) + (Xl + X2 ~ d) = Xl + d.

Kh6ng m§.t tang quat, coi Xl + X2 - ~ ~ b - X2. Khi d6 b

Xl ~ Xl + X2 - 2" ~ b - X2 ~ d

va theo Dinh ly Lagrange, ta c6

h(d)-h(b-X2)=h'(u)(d--X2), UE(b-X2,d) (6)

va

h(XI + X2 - d) - h(XI) = h'(v)(d - X2), v E (Xl, Xl + X2 - d). (7)

VI v ~ u nen h'(v) ~ h'(u), tlt (6) va (7), ta thu dU<;IC

h(d) + h(xd ~ h(XI + X2 - d) + h(b - X2). (8)

Do

nen

hay

(Xl + X2)

2f(d) - f(b -X2) ~ 2f 2 - f(XI).

M~t khac, theo gia thiet, ta c6

(10)

hay

2f(d) - f(b - X2) ~ f(X2).

H~ thirc nay va (10) cho ta (5).

23

•

•

Dinh ly 4. De ham f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) la m¢t ham tua l6i trong khodng do, di€u ki~n can va du la cac di€u ki~n sau day d6ng thai duoc thod man:

(i) f(x) l6i trong (o,~],

(ii) f(x) + f(b - x) ~ 2f(~), \ix E (0, ~).

Chung minh.

Di€u kien can la hi~n nhien.

Di€u ki~n duo Gia 811 f(x) Ibi trong khoang (o,~] va

f(x)+f(b-X)~2f(~), \ixE (o,~).

Ta d.n chimg minh b§.t dllng thuc

f(XI;X2) ~ f(Xl);f(X2) \ixI,X2E(0,b) voi XI+X2<b. (11)

? b, b () ?

Coi Xl < X2· Khi do, hien nhien X2 < 2' Neu X2 ~ 2 thi 11 la hien nhien,

Xet X2 > ~. Khi do, de dang 8Uy ra

b ( b) b b

b - X2, Xl + X2 - 2 E 0, 2 ' (b - X2) + (Xl + X2 - 2) = Xl + 2'

, ? b

Khong mat tong quat, coi Xl + X2 - 2 ~ b - X2. Khi do

va theo Dinh ly Lagrange, ta co

va

f(XI + X2 -~) - f(XI) = f'(v)(~ - X2), v E (XI'XI + X2 - ~). (13) VI v ~ u nen f'(v) ~ f'(u), tu (12) va (13), ta thu diroc

f(~) + f(XI) ~ f(XI + X2 -~) + f(b - X2). (14)

24

f(XI+X2-~) ~2f(XI;X2) -f(~).

(14) va (15) cho ta

f(~) + f(XI) ~2f(XI; X2) - f(~) + f(b - X2),

(15)

Do

( Xl +X2 - Q. ( b) )

(Xl + X2) = (Xl + X2 - ~ + ~) ~ f 2 2 + f 2"

f 2 f 2 '" 2 '

nen

hay

2f(~) - f(b - X2) ~ 2f(XI; X2) - f(XI).

Mat khac, theo giii thiet, ta co

f(X2) + f(b - X2) ~ 2f(~),

(16)

hay

•

2f (~) - f(b - X2) ~ f(X2) .

H~ thirc (16) va (17) cho ta dieu c§.n chang minh.

(17)

TU<:1ng tv, ta co tieu chudn d~ nhan bi~t ham tva 16m tren mot khoang cho trirdc.

Djnh ly 5. De ham f(x) xac djnh trong (0, b) la m9t ham iua 10m trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va dil 10, ctic di€u ki~n sau day d8ng th?Ji d'l1c;Jc thoa man:

(i) f(x) 10m trong (o,~],

(ii) f(x)+f(b-x) ~2f(~), VxE (o,~).

Tu Dinh ly 3 va 4, ta co thu duoc phirong phap dung cac ham tva 16i tren (0, b) nhu sau.

H~ qua 1. De ham f(x) xac djnh trong (0, b) la m9t ham tua l8i trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va dil 10, t8n tci ham s8 ho(x) lien t'I,LC va 18i trong

( O,~] sao cho

{hO(X)' khi X E (O,~]

f(x) = b

hl(x), khi X E (2",b),

25

•

•

trong do

hl(X) ~ 2h(~) -h(b-x), Vx E (~,b).

Tirong t\!, ta eo each xay dung ham tua lorn tren mot khoang cho trirdc.

H~ qua 2. Di ham f(x) ztic dinh trong (0, b) 10, m9t ham t'l,ta 10m trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va du 10, tBn t(l.i ham s6 ho(x) lien t1J.C va 10m trong

( O,~] sao cho

{hO(X)' khi x E (0, ~]

f(x) = b

h1(x), khixE (2",b),

trong do

hl(X) ~2h(~) -h(b-x), VxE (~,b).

Cac dinh ly sau day cho ta m6i lien M chat che gitra ham cac ttra d6ng bien (nghich bien) voi ham tua l6i (tua lorn).

Dinh ly 6. Ham khii vi f(x) 10, iua dBng bien tren tQ,p (0, b) khi va chi khi moi nguyen ham F(x) cua no d€u 10, ham tuo 18i tren tQ,p do.

Dinh ly 7. Ham klui vi f(x) to, iua tiqhich. bien tren. tQ,p (0, b) khi va chi khi moi nguyen ham F(x) cua no d€u 10, ham iua 10m tren. tQ,p do.

2 S~p thu tv cac trung binh Mh(X,o:)

Nhtr da th~y a phan tren, b~t b~t ding thirc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong va trung blnh nhan chi la su s~p dtroc ciia hai phan tit trong mi)t day 'bi~u thtrc s~p diroc thu W. Cac bi~u thirc nay la nhiing ham d6i xirng Sd d,p. Ti~p theo, ta xet mot s6 rna rong cac dang trung binh sinh bdi cac da tlnrc d6i xirng. Cac rna rong nay, chii y@u dua tren cac tinh ch~t cua ham s6 nhu tfnh don dieu (tua don dieu) d@ so sanh , tinh l6i, lorn (tua l6i, lorn) d@ s~p thir W theo cac dac trung cho tnrcc,

Xet bi) n s6 dirong tuy y

26

Tu day, de dang 8Uy ra (1).

Bai toan 2. Vai m8i b9 n 86 d'l1C1ng (x) tr9ng (a), ta d€u co

D

va bQ M 86 dirong (thtrong duoc goi la trong don vi)

n

(a) := (aI, a2,···, an), L ai = 1. i=l

Dinh nghia 5. Xet cdc 86 th'llc h =1= O. Khi do t6ng Mh(X, a) xac dinh theo cong tMtc

n 1

Mh(x,a) = (LaiX?) ",

i=l

d'l1r/c 99i la trung binh. b(i,c h (theo iroru; (a)).

Nhan xet rang, irng vdi h = -I, h = 1 va h = 2, ta l§.n IU<;1t nhan diroc cac trung binh dieu hoa, trung binh cong va trung binh nhan,

Bai toan 1. Vai m8i b9 n 86 d'l1C1ng (x) va tr9ng (a), ta d€u co

(1)

tile lii, giai liati la m9t trung b'inh nMn 8Uy r9ng.

Chung minh. Tnrdc Mt, ta tinh gioi han

n

In L aixf lim In(Mh(x, a)) = lim --=i_=.::..l __

h~O h~O h

Theo quy tilc L'Hospital, ta tinh duoc

n n

= L ai ln z, = In (II Xfi).

i=l i=l

lim Mh(x,a)=max{xi; i=I,2, ... ,n}. h~+oo

(2)

27

•

Tl1 day, chuyen qua gioi han ta c6 ngay (3).

Tl1 cac k@t qua tren, ta quy uoc:

o

Chung minh. 'I'hat vay, n@u dat

xs=max{Xi; i=I,2, ... ,n},

thi voi moi h > 0, ta c6

1

a; Xs :::;; Mh(X, a) :::;; Xs'

Tl1 day, chuyen qua gioi han ta thu diroc (2).

o

Roan toan tirong tir, bang each d~t chuyen qua gidi han khi h -7 -00, ta c6

Bai toan 3. Vai m8i b9 n s6 dUdng (x) trotu; (a), ta d€u co lim Mh(x,a)=min{xi; i=I,2, ... ,n}. h--+-oo

(3)

Chung minh. That vay, d@ y r[ng

1

'rIh < 0.

n

Mo(x, a) = II Xfi,

i=l

M-oo(x, a) = min{xi; i = 1,2, , n},

M+oo(x, a) = max{xi; i = 1,2, , n}.

Tl1 thtr tu slip diroc

n

min{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n} :::;; II Xfi :::;; max{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n}, i=l

ta c6 tlnr tu slip diroc

M-oo(x, a) :::;; Mo(x, a) :::;; M+oo(x, a), ling voi su slip thtr tu tir nhien thea chi~u tang d§.n

-00, 0, +00.

Bay gid ta c6 thil clnrng minh mot k@t qua manh hon r[ng, day Mh(X, a) la slip diroc thea h nhu la mot ham dbng bien ciia ham s6 bien hER

28

•

va dAu ding thtrc xay ra khi va chi khi Xl = x2 = '" = xn.

o

Bai toan 4. Vai m8i bi) n 88 d'l1C1ng (x) tr9ng (a), ta d€u c6

dMh(x, a) 0 vt. lR\{O}

dh ~,v E .

D6.u diing thiic xiiy ra khi va chi khi Xl = X2 = ... = Xn. Ch'l1ng minh. That vay, d~ y ding

n n n

= I: aix? In x? - (I:aix?) In (I:aix?).

i=l i=l i=l

(4)

M~t khac, de dang kiem tra tfnh 16i cua ham s6 g(x) := X Inx trong (0, +00). That vay, ta co g"{x) = .!:. > 0 img vdi moi x > O. Do v~y, voi g(x) (la ham x

16i), ta thu diroc

g(Xi) ~ f{x) + (Xi - x)g'(x), \/X,Xi > O.

n

Tir day, chon x = 2: aiXi, ta diroc i=l

n n

I: aig(xd ~ g( I: aixi)

i=l i=l

hay

n n n

L aixi In Xi ~. ( I: aixi) In ( I: aixi) .

i=l i=l i=l

(5)

DAu ding thirc trong (5) xay ra khi va chi khi cac s6 Xi d~u nhan gi.i tri bang nhau. 'I'ir (4) va (5) ta suy ra

dMh(X, a) >- 0 \/h lR \ {O}

dh ~,E ,

Nhir vay, neu cac 86 Xi kh6ng nhan gia trj bang nhau thi Mh(x, a) Ia mQt ham d6ng bien theo bi~n h E lR. D6 thi ciia ham y = Mh{x, a) co hai tiem can ngang y = min{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n} va y = max{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n}.

29

•

nen keo thea f"(h) ~ O.

o

Bai toan 5. Vdi m8i b¢ n sfJ dUdng (x) tn;mg (a), ta d€u c6

f(h) = h1nMh(X,a)

la m¢t ham l6i tren R

Ch'l1ng minh. VI f(h) la ham khii vi, nen ta ki~m tra tinh 16i true ti@p thong qua tinh dao ham cua ham 86

n

f(h) = In (L: aixf)).

i=l

Ta c6

n

2: aixf ln z,

f' (h) = :._i=.....:l:"_n _

2: aixf

i=l

( t aixf) (t aixf(lnxi)2) - (t aixf Inxir

f"(h) = t=l t=l ~=1

(t aixfr

~=1

Theo b§.t ding thirc Cauchy, thl

TiI day, ta nhan duoc k@t qua cua mot bai toan tim gia tri nho nh§.t lien quan d@n dang trung blnh bac h c6 trong,

Bai toan 6. Vdi m8i b¢ n sfJ dUdng (x) trr;mg (a), zet b¢ cdc sfJ hi (i = 1,2, ... ,n) vdi uJng

n

L:aihi = S, i=l

khOng d6i. Khi d6'

n

II M~iihi ~ M~.

i=l

(6)

30

•

Tlt day, ta e6 ngay (6), dpem.

D

CMtng minh. Theo Bai toan 5 thl ham s6

n

f(h) = In (I: aix?))

i=l

la ham l6i kha vi bac hai nen

n n

I:ai!(xi) ~ f(I:aiXi).

i=l i=l

Xet bo n s6 dirong tuy y

Cling tirong tl,t nhu d6i voi trung binh Mh(X, a) trong muc trtroc, ta xet t6ng bac h d6i voi bo (x).

Dinh nghia 6. Xet aic s6 th7jc h i= O. Khi d6 tJng Sh(X) auu: dinh theo cong tMtc

n 1

Sh(X) = (I:xnh,

i=l

(1)

duac qoi to. tJng bQ,c h ciia b(j s6 (X).

'I'Inh don dieu cua t6ng Sh(X) diroc phat bi~u diroi dang sau.

Bai toan 1. Vai m6i b(j n s6 d'l1dng (x), tJng Sh(X) nghich bi€n trong (-00,0) va trong (0, +00). Ngoai ra,

lim Sh(x)=min{xi; i=1,2, ... ,n} h-+-oo

va

lim Sh(X) =max{xi; i = l,2, ... ,n}. h-++oo

31

•

•

Chung minh. VI Sh(X) kha vi trong cac khoang (-00,0) va (0, +00), nen ta kiem tra tinh don dieu true ti~p bang tinh dao ham va xet d§.u ciia no trong cac khoang tirong img. Sfr dung ding thirc

n

h1nSh(x) = 2: x?

i=I

d~ tinh dao ham hai v~ thea h, ta d~ dang suy ra k~t luan cua bai toano 0 Bai toan 2. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x), ham s8 sau: f(h) := h1nSh(x), la m9t ham l8i theo h.

Chung minh. Chung minh duoc suy ra tit tfnh chat 16i cua ham s6 (xem Bai toan 5 d muc tren) l1F(h) := h 1nMh(x, a). 0

Tuong tu, d~ dang kiem tra tinh 16i cua cac ham s6 gI(h) = Sh(X) va g2(h) := 1nSh(x) trong (0, +00). Tit day, ta thu dl1<;1C

H~ qua 3. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x) va b9 s8 dU(Jng (a), xet cac b9 s8 (h) = hI, h2,.'" ti« sao cho Ufng

khOng d6i. Khi d6

n

2: aiS~: ~ SM(X),

i=I

H~ qua 4. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x) va b9 s8 dU(Jng (a), xet ccc b9 s8 (h) = hI, h2, ... ,hn sao cho t6ng

khOng d6i. Khi d6

n

II S~: ~ SM(X),

i=I

32

•

VE BAT PHU'dNG TRINH HAM co BAN

Nguyen Van M~u

Truong Dq,i H9C Khoa H9C TV Nhien, DHQGHN

Hien nay, nhieu bai toan ciia Dai 86 va Giai tich trong chtrong trinh ph6 thong da biit dilu ti~p can d~n cac d~c trung CO ban ciia ham 86 giin voi cac phep bien hlnh SO d,p nhir tinh ti~n, phan xa, d6ng dang, phep quay va phep nghich dao. MOt s6 dang toan khac lien quan d~n cac khai niem CO ban ciia hinh hoc nhu khoang each, chu vi, dien tich, ... Xin phep diroc gioi thieu voi cac ban mot s6 ham s6 co tinh chat tuong tu nhir ham khoang each, chu VI, ...

1 Ham khoang each

Voi moi s6 thirc x E lR ta dat tirong ling mot di~m A(x, 0) tren true hoanh cua mat phang toa dO De-cac, Nhan xet r~ng phep tirong irng do Ia motmot va khoang each til A d~n g6c toa dO 0(0,0) diroc tinh bang cong tlnrc p(OA) = p(x) = Ixl. Khi do, ham p(x) co cac tinh ch~t sau:

(i) p(x) ~ 0, \Ix E R, p(x) = ° {:} x = 0, (ii) p(x + y) ~ p(x) + p(y), \Ix E R

Trong muc nay, ta se khao sat cac ham 86 co tinh ch~t nhu ham p(x) va mot s6 ham 86 lien quan.

Dinh nghia 1. Ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren lR dU<;1C goi la ham khoang each neu no thoa man d6ng thoi cac tinh ch~t sau:

(i) f(x) ~ 0, \Ix E lR, f(x) = ° {:} x = 0, (1)

(ii) f(x + y) ~ f(x) + f(y), \Ix E R (2)

Bai toan 1. Chirng minh rang ham s6 f(x) = Ixlo la ham khoang each khi va chi khi a E (0,1].

Bai giai. Nhan xet r~ng ham s6 f(x) = IxlQ thoa man di~u kien (1) khi va chi khi a > 0. Xet dieu kien (2). Vdi x + y = ° thl (2) luon luon thoa man.

33

•

Xet truong hop x + y > o. Khi do

I x I I y I

--+---1

x+y x+y - .

VI vf),y

l_x_IO< + I-y-IO< ~ 1, 'Va E (0,1]

x+y x+y

va

l_x_IO< + I-y-IO< :::; 1, 'Va E (1, +00).

x+y x+y

Vf),y, khi a > 1 tht ham 86 f(x) =' IxlO< khong thoa man di~u kien (2).

Xet trirong hop x + y < O. Khi do

Ix + yl :::; max{lxl, Iyl}

nen

Ix + ylO< :::; IxlO< + lylO<, 'Va> o.

Vf),y, ham 86 f(x) = Ixlo< Ill. ham khoang each khi va chi khi a E (0,1]. Tuong tv, d6i vdi truong hop hai chien, ling vdi m6i 86 thuc x E lR ta d~t tirong irng mot di@m A(x,y) tren mat phl1ng toa dQ De-cac (Oxy). Nhan xet r~ng phep tirong ling do Ill. mot-mot va khoang each tit A d@n di@m B(Xl' vi) duoc tinh bang cong thirc

Truong hop rieng, khoang each tit A d@n g6c toa dQ 0(0,0) duoc tinh b~ng cong thirc

p(OA) = p(x,y) = ';x2 + y2. Khi do, ham p(x) co cac tinh ch~t sau:

(i) p(x, y) ~ 0, 'Vx, y E lR, p(x, y) = 0 <=> (x, y) = (0,0), (ii) p(AC) :::; p(AB) + p(BA), 'VA, B, C.

Ti@p theo, ta 8e khao sat cac ham 86 co tinh chat tirong tl,t nhu ham p(x, y) va mot 86 ham 86 lien quan.

Dinh nghia 2. Ham 86 f(x, y) xac dinh va lien tuc tren lR x lR diroc goi Ill. ham khoang each n@u no thoa man dang thai cac tinh ch~t sau:

f(x, y) = f(y, x), f(x, y) ~ 0 'Vx, y E lR, f(x, y) = 0 {:} (x, y) = (0,0), (3)

34

f(x, x) = X2 f(1, 1), f(y, y) = y2 f(1, 1). 'I'ir (1) va (2), ta thu duoc

If(x,y)12 = f(x,x)f(y,y) voi moi X,y E R

(2)

f(XI-X3,Yl-Y3) ~ f(XI-X2,YI-Y2)+f(X2-X3,Y2-Y3), VXl,X2,X3;Yl,Y2,Y3 E R

(4)

Bai toan 2. Cho f : JR2 --+ JR thoa man cac di~u kien (i) f(x, y) = f(y, x) voi moi x, Y E JR,

(ii) f(x, kYI + Y2) = k(J(x, Yl) + f(x, Y2) vCli moi k, x, Yl, Y2 E JR,

(iii) f(x, x) ~ 0 voi moi x E JR va f(x, x) = 0 khi va chi khi x = O.

Chung minh r~ng ham 86 f(x, y) thoa man di~u kien

a) If(x, Y)12 = f(x, x)f(y, y) vCli moi x, Y E JR,

b) v'f(x+y,x+y) ~ v'f(x,x)+v'f(y,y) vClimQix,yER

Bai giai. Tu dieu kien (ii) voi Yl = Y2 = y, ta dtroc

f(x, (k + 1)y) = (k + 1)f(x, y)

hay

f(x, ky) = kf(x, y), Vk, x, y E R

Tir do 8Uy ra

f(x, y) = f(x, y1) = yf(x, 1) = yf(1, x) = xyf(1, 1). (1)

Vf).y nen

'I'Ir (1) ta diroc

f(x+y,x+y) = (x+y)2f(1,1).

Tir (2) va (3) ta co ngay dpcm.

Bai toan 3. Cho p > 1. Chimg minh rang ham 86

(3)

n 1

f(x) = f(Xl, ... ,Xn) = (2::IxiIP)p

i=l

thoa man di~u kien

f(x + y) ~ f(x) + f(y), VXI,"., Xn; Yl, ... , Yn E R (5)

35

•

•

Bai giai. Nhan xet ding (5) chinh 180 M qua cua M.t diing thtrc Mincovski. That vay, ta c6

1 1

n _ n _

f(x+y) = [:L(lxi +Yil)p]p ~ [:L(IXil + IYiI)P]P

i=l i=l

Theo bilt ding thirc Mincovski thl

1 1 1

n _ n _ n _

[:L(IXil + IYiI)P] P ~ (:L IXiIP) P + (:L IYiIP) P = f(x) + f(y).

i=l i=l i=l

V~y nen

f(x + y) ~ f(x) + f(y).

1

Bai toan 4. Chirng minh rang ham s6 f(x, y) = (lxlP + lyIP)P 180 ham khoang each khi va chi khi P ~ 1.

1

Bai giai. Nhan xet r~ng ham s6 f(x, y) = (lxlP + lyIP)P thoa man di@u kien (3) khi va chi khi P > O. Xet di@u kien (4).

Vci P = 1 thl (4) hien nhien thoa man. Xet tntbng hop P > 1. Khi d6,

ap dung bilt ding thirc Holder cho cap s6 (p, q) vdi ~ + ~ = 1, ta thu dU<;IC P q

(IXI - x31P + IYI - Y3IP) = (I(XI - X2) + (X2 - x3)IP + I(YI - Y2) + (Y2 - Y3)IP)

2 B§.t phirong trlnh ham vdi cap bien t\l' do

Bai toan 1. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thoa man d6ng thci cac di@u kien sau:

(i) f(x) ~ 0, \Ix E R,

(ii) f(x + y) ~ f(x) + f(y), \Ix, Y E R

Bai giai. Thay x = 0 vao di@u kien dAu bai, ta thu diroc

{ f(O) ~ 0 h ( )

f(O) ~ 2f(0) ay f 0 = O.

36

•

VfJ.,y nen

f(O) = f(x + (-x)) ~ f(x) + f( -x) ~ o.

Suy ra f(x) == O. Thu lai, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x) == 0 thoa man di@u kien bai ra.

Bai toan 2. Cho truce ham s6 h(x) = ax, a E R Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thoa man d6ng thai cac di@u kien sau:

(i) f(x) ~ ax, "Ix E JR,

(ii) f(x + y) ~ f(x) + f(y), "Ix, y E R

Bai giai. D@ Y r~ng h(x + y) = h(x) + h(y). Di;it f(x) = h(x) + g(x). Khi do ta thu diroc cac dieu kien (i) g(x) ~ 0, "Ix E JR,

(ii) g(x + y) ~ g(x) + g(y), "Ix, y E R

Lap lai each giai Bai toan 1. Thay x = 0 vao di@u kien d§.u bai, ta thu dl1<;1c

{ g(O) ~ 0 ha (0) = o.

g(O) :::; 0 y 9

VfJ.,y nen

g(O) = g(x + (-x)) ~ g(x) + g(-x) ~ o.

Di@u nay keo theo g(x) == 0 hay f(x) = ax. Thu lai, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x) = ax thoa man dieu kien bai ra.

Bai toan 3. Cho s6 dirong a. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thoa man d6ng thai cac dieu kien sau:

(i) f(x) ~ aX, "Ix E JR,

(ii) f(x + y) ~ f(x)f(y), "Ix, y E JR.

Bai giai, D@ y ding f(x) > 0 voi moi x E R VfJ.,y ta co tM logarit hoa hai v~ cac b§.t ding thirc cua di@u kien da cho.

(i) Inf(x) ~ (lna)x, "Ix E JR,

(ii) Inf(x + y) ~ Inf(x) Inf(y), Vx,y E R

Dat Inf(x) = cp(x), ta thu diroc

(i) cp(x) ~ (lna)x, "Ix E JR,

(ii) cp(x + y) ~ cp(x)cp(y), Vx,y E R

Ta nhan dircc Bai toan 2. Bang each di;it cp(x) = g(x) + (lna)x, ta thu diroc cac di@u kien

(i) g(x) ~ 0, "Ix E JR,

(ii) g(x + y) ~ g(x) + g(y), "Ix, y E JR

37

Bai giai. D~t f(O) = a va f(x) - a = g(x). Khi do (~) co dang

g( )>-0 (X + Y) >- g(x) + g(y) Vx,y E IR

x:;..-,g 2:;"- 2 '

(2)

va g(x) == 0 hay cp(x) = (lna)x. Suy ra f(x) = aX Th1111;J,i, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x) = aX thoa man di~u kien bai ra.

Bai toan 4. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thoa man cac di~u kien sau:

f(x) ~ f(O), f (X; Y) ~ f(x) ; f(Y), "Ix, Y E R (1)

vdi g(O) = O.

Thay Y = 0 vao (2), ta thu diroc

g(~) ~ g~x) hay g(x) ~ 29(~), "Ix E R

Ttr (2) va (3), ta suy ra

(3)

hay

g(O) = 0, g(x) ~ 0, g(x + y) ~ g(x) + g(y), "Ix, y E R (4)

Ti~p thea, ta nhan duoc Bai toan 1. Suy ra g(x) == 0 va f(x) = canst.

Th1111;J,i, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x) == c thoa man dieu kien bai ra.

38

•

J(xd; J(xz) ~ J(XI; X2).

tu« diing tMtc xiiy ra khi va chi khi Xl = x2.

(1)

MOT PHlJdNG PHAp LAM II CHAT" BAT DANG THUC

Trinh Dao Chien

Sa Ciao due va Dao tao Cia Lai

B§.t d~ng thirc la mot trong nhirng noi dung quan trong trong chirong trlnh toan ph6 thong. Viec sang tao cac b§.t d~ng tlnrc la mot viec lam d.n thi~t trong qua trinh day va hoc toano Diroi day la mot trong nhimg phirong phap sang tao d6: phuong phap lam "chat" b§.t d~ng thirc,

Gici sit ta c6 b§.t d~ng thirc dang A < B. Neu c6 C sao cho A < C < B, thl ta n6i rang b§.t d~ng thtrc thir nh§.t da diroc lam "chat'' hen bdi b§.t d~ng thirc thtr hai. Di~u nay dmroc tucnrng tv d6i voi dang b§.t d~ng thtrc A ~ C~ B.

Trude het, ta nhac lai nhirng dinh nghia sau v~ ham s6 l6i, 16m, trong chirong trlnh toan ph6 thong:

Dinh nghia 1. Cho ham 86 J(x) auic dinh tren khaiing (a, b).

- Ham 86 J(x) duac gQi to. 16i iren khaiing do n€u vdi moi XI,X2 E (a, b), ta d€u co:

, Ham s6 J (x) diroc goi la 16m tren khoang d6 n~u vdi moi Xl, X2 E (a, b), ta d~u c6:

J(XI) + J(X2) >- J (Xl + X2)

2 ~ 2 '

D§.u d~ng thirc xay ra khi va chi khi Xl = X2.

Ti't d6 thi cua cac ham s6 16i, 16m ta th§.y r~ng , c6 th~ lam "chat" hen nfra cac b§.t d~ng thuc (1) va (2) boi b§.t d~ng thirc dirdi day, chang han:

(2)

39

•

o

voi € duong va dli nho.

Cu th~ hon, ta c6 dinh li sau:

Dinh ly 1. Cho ham s6 f(x) xac djnh va lien iuc tren khoang (a; b). Cia sit di.ng f" (x) > 0 vai moi x E (a, b). The thi vai Xl, X2 E ( a, b) xtu: djnh trttac va Xl < X2, ta co:

trong do 0 ~ € ~ X2 - Xl.

Chung minh. a) N~u 0 ~ € ~ X2 ; Xl thi Xl ~ Xl + € ~ X2 - € ~ X2. Theo Dinh ly Lagrange thl

f(XI + €) - f(XI) = !'((h)€, vdi fh E (Xl, Xl + E), f(X2) - f(X2 - €) = !'(()2)€, voi ()2 E (X2 - €, X2).

VI ()l < ()2 va f"(x) > 0 nen f'(()t} < !'(()2).

Mat khac, do € ~ 0 nen

hay

f(XI) + f(X2) ~ f(XI + €) + f(X2 - E).

)' X2 - Xl ,

b Neu ~ 2 ~ € < X2 - Xl thi Xl ~ X2 - € ~ Xl + € ::;; X2·

Theo Dinh ly Lagrange thl

f(X2 - €) - f(XI) = !'(()3)(X2 - Xl - E), voi ()3 E (Xl, X2 - E), f(X2) - f(XI - €) = f'(04)(X2 - Xl - E), vdi 04 E (Xl + €, X2).

VI ()3 < 04 va f"(x) > 0 nen f'(()3) < !'(04).

Mi;i.t khac, do X2 - Xl - e ~ 0 nen

hay

f(XI) + f(X2) ~ f(XI + €) + f(X2 - E).

Dinh ly dU<;IC chirng minh.

40

•

•

Ttrong tu, ta c6 k@t qua sau:

Dinh ly 2. Cho ham 86 f(x) xac dinh va lien iuc iren khoiing (aj b). Giii 8'li rling f"(x) < 0 uoi moi x E (a, b). The thi vrJi Xl, X2 E (a, b) ztic dinh truac va Xl < X2, ta co:

trong do 0 ~ f. < X2 - Xl.

Cu th@ h6a cac k@t qua tren, ta c6 th@ lam "chat" mot s6 b§.t ding thirc va tir d6 c6 th@ sang tac ra mot s6 bai t~p v~ b§.t ding thirc.

Gia sli f(x) la ham 16m tren khoang (a, b). Vdi m6i cap Xl, X2 E (a, b) voi Xl ~ X2, ta dM

f.r = r(X2 - Xl), 0 < r < 1.

R6 rang f.r ~ o.

Nhan xet r~ng, voi Xl, X2 XaC dinh, f.r la ham tang theo r . Ngoai ra, f.r -+ 0 khi r -+ 0 va f.r -+ X2 - Xl khi r -+ 1.

Dl;i.t

F(r) = f(XI + f.r) + f(X2 - f.r).

Khi d6, de dang kiem tra diroc rang:

1- N@u rl,r2 E [0, ~], rl ~ r2 thl F(rt) ~ F(r2)j

2- N@u rl,r2 E [~,1], rl ~ r2 thi F(rl) ~ F(r2)j

. 2

3- N@u rl E [0, ~], r2 E G,l], thl

F(rl) ~ F(r2) n@u rl ~ 1 - r2, F(rt) ~ F(r2) n@u rl ~ 1 - r2,.

Tirong tu, ta ciing thu diroc k@t qua voi f(x) la ham I6i tren khoang (a, b).

Bay giG ta thli minh hoa cac y tirong tren d6i vdi mot ham don gian, ching han vdi ham f (x) = x2, ham 16m tren khoang (- 00, +00 ).

C ' 1 1 1 ,

- ho r Ian 111Qt nhan cac gia tri 5' 3' 2' theo trirong hop 1, ta c6 bat

ding thiic sau:

(4Xl: X2) 2 + (4XI : X2) 2 ~ (2XI: X2) 2 + (2XI : X2) 2

41

•

(Xl +X2)2

~ 2 2 ' V'XI, X2 E R

- Cho r IAn IU<;Jt nhan cac gia tri ~, ~, ~, thea truong hop 2, ta c6 bAt ding thtrc sau:

(Xl: 2X2r + (2XI: X2r ~ eXI; 3X2r + (3XI; 2X2r

(XI+X2)2

~ 2 2 ' V'XI,X2 E JR.

- Cho r IAn IU<;Jt nhan cac gia tri ~, ~, theo truong hop 3, ta c6 bAt ding thirc sau:

(2XI: X2r + (Xl: 2X2r ~ (2XI ; 3X2r + eXI; 2X2r, V'XI,X2~E JR.

Bay gio, chang han, xet ham f{x) = ~, ham 16m tren khoang (O, +(0).

. yX

Trnrng tu, voi nhtrng gia tri cua IAn IU<;Jt nhu tren, ta diroc nhirng bAt ding thirc sau, voi moi Xl, X2 > 0:

a) v'5( 1 1) ~ J3( l 1)

v'4XI + X2 + v'XI + 4X2?' v'2XI + X2 + v'XI + 2X2

2

~v'2 ,

v'XI + X2

b) J3 (v' Xl ~ 2X2 + v'2XIl + X2) ~ v'5 (v'2XI1+ 3X2 + v'3XI ~ 2X2) 2

~v'2 ,

y'XI + X2

Tren day chi la nhtrng vi du minh hoa don giiin nhat. Ban doc c6 tM

ti~p tuc rna rong vAn d~ nay thea cac huang sau day:

- Xay dung M thong bai tap theo cac ham s6 khac nhau cho trirdc,

- T6ng quat h6a cho trirong hop n bien s6 Xl, X2, ... ,Xn.

- Thi~t lap cac bai toan tirong tu bang each thay Xl + E boi Xl + EI va

X2 - E bdi X2 - E2, vdi EI ~ 0, E2 ~ 0, EI ::I E2,'"

Tuy nhien, vAn d~ con la a cho, phai tim kiem cac each chung minh phu hop vdi chuong trinh ph6 thong, sau khi da dung cong cu "cao cap" d~ sang tac bai t~p v~ bAt ding thirc.

42

(1)

MIXING VARIABLES

Tran N am Dung (1) - Gabriel Dospinescu (2)

One of the main properties of most inequalities, especially polynomial ones is the fact that equality holds when all or some variables are equal. Mixing variables method is based on this property and its purpose is to decrease the number of variables, reducing the problem to an easier form, which can be proved using factorization, AM-GM, one-variable calculus or by mathematical induction.

To prove the inequality

we can try to show that

or that

(3)

And then, if we succeded in proving this, we reduce proving (1) to proving the inequality

(4)

which has one less variables. Of ,course, inequalities (2) and (3) can' be totally wrong or can be true only with some additional condition. In (2) and (3) we change only two variables, so usually it is not hard to verify them.

The following example will show that this technique can be used both for easy inequalities and hard ones.

Example 1 (Kwant). Let a, b, c > O. Show that we have following inequality:

Solution.

43

•

•

Let's consider the function

f(a, b, c) = 2(a2 + b2 + C2) + 3.y a2b2c2 - (a + b + C)2.

The expression of f itself suggests us to mix two variables into their geometric mean (to keep .ya2b2c2 unchanged). We have

f(a, b, c) - f(a, vbc, vbc) = 2(b2 + c2 - 2bc) + (a + 2vbc)2 - (a + b + c)2 = (v'b - yc)2[(v'b + yc)2 - 2a].

So, if a = min{a,b,c} (and we can obviously suppose that) then we have

f(a, b, c) ~ f(a, vbc, vbc).

Thus, to prove the initial inequality, it is sufficient to show that f(atb,_p~O

for all a and b. But this inequality is equivalent to " .... -

, _., .....

or

a2+3~~4ab,

which is true by AM-GM for a2, ~, ~, ~.

The following example is much more difficult.

Example 2 (Vietnamese IMO Team selection Test, 1996). Let a, b, c be arbitrary real numbers. Prove that

Solution

We will show that with some additional condition

F(a, b, c) ~ F(a, (b + c)/2, (b + c)/2).

Indeed, long but easy computations show that we have

F(a, b, c) - F(a, (b + c)/2, (b + c)/2) =

(a+b )4+(b+c)4+( c+a )4_( a4+b4+c4) -2( a+(b+c) /2)4 - (b+c)4+( a4+2( (b+c) /2)4) = (a + b)4 + (c + a)4 - 2(a + (b + c)/2)4 + c((b + c)4/8 - b4 - c4)

= a(4b3 + 4c3 - (b + c)3) + 3a2(2b2 + c2 - (b + c)2) + (b4 + c4 - (b + c)4/8)

44

•

= 3a(b + e)(b - e)2 + 3a2(b - e)2 + (3/56)(b - e)2[7b2 + 7e2 + lObe] = 3a(a + b + e)(b - e)2 + (b - e)2[7b2 +7~2 + lObe].

r (

The last term is nonnegative. If a, b, e have thes~~e sign, then the initial inequality is trivial. If a, b, e have different sizns then at least one from a, b, e

~"mH"""li~1-

has the same sign as a + b + e. WLOG, suppose that it is a. From the

last equality we have F(a, b, e) ~ F(a, (b + e)/2, (b + e)/2). Thus, it is now sufficient to show that F(a, b, b) ~ 0 for all a, b, or

Ifb = 0 then inequality is trivial. If b f= 0, then dividing the two sides of the inequality by b4 and putting x = alb, we reduce it to the equivalent form:

2(x + 1)4 + 16 - (x4 + 2) ~ O.

The last one can be proved by one-variable calculus. Consider f(x) = 2(x + 1)4 + 16 - (x4 + 2). We have f'(x) = 8(x + 1)3 - x3• f'(x) = 0 <=>

x + 1 = y1x <=> x = ~2.9294. Thus

fmin = f(-2.9294) = 2(-1.9294)4 + 16 - (4/7)(-2.9294)4 - 8/7 = 0.4924.

For free of conditions inequalities in general we can mix variables into whatever we want: arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, quadratic mean ... and in some cases, we can even define special means. A beautiful example is the following famous (due to its difficulty) problem.

Example 3 (Iranian Mathematical Olympiad 1996). Let a, b, e be positive reals. Prove that

( 1 1 1) 9

(ab+be+ea) (a+b)2 + (b+e)2 + (e+a)2 ~ 4'

Analysis: We can mix a, b into (a + b)/2, but then both terms in L.S.H will be changed and the ~esyJt-~ITi__beyery··b1Jlky. ~,,',

Naturally, we want to keep one telm~ll!l;c.;hanged. For example, we will keep ab + be + ea unc.ll_9.!lged. F~rthis gQ_a!t we mi~ band e into t such that ab + be + ea = at + t2 + ta.----~,

If we solve this equation (in t) we get

t = -a + J(a + e)((a + b).

45

f(a, b, e) = l/(a + b)2 + l/(b + e)2 + l/(e + a)2.

Our goal is to show that f(a, b, e) ~ f(a, t, t). Investigating this inequality, we see that it holds only with some assumption, for example for a = min{ a, b, e}.

Solution.

WLOG, we can assume that a'= min{a, b, e}. Let t = -a+J(a + e)((a + b), g(a, b, e) = ab + be + ea and

Let

f(a, b, e) = l/(a + b)2 + l/(b + e)2 + l/(e + a)2.

Then g(a, b, e) = g(a, t, t). We will show that

f(a, b, e) ~ f(a, t, t).

Note that a+t = J(a + e)(a + b), J(a + e)(a + b) ~ t ~ (b+e)/2. Also, ( *) is equivalent to

(l/(a + b) - l/(a + e))2 ~ 1/4t2 - l/(b + e)2,

which can also be written

Now,

b + e - 2t = (a + b) + (a + e) - 2 J (a + e) (a + b) = = (v'a+b- v'a+e)2 = (b-e)2/(v'a+b+ v'a+e)2

and it sufficient to show that

But this is trivial because J(a + e)(a + b) ~ t ~ 2t ~ b + e.

Thus, all we have to do now is to prove that

g(a, t, t)f(a, t, t) ~ 9/4.

This can be done by easy computation:

g(a, t, t)f(a, t, t) ~ 9/4 ¢:> 4(2at + t2)(2/(a + t)2 + 1/4t2) ~ 9 ¢:> (2at + t2)(St2 + (a + t)2) ~ 9t2(a + t)2

46

•

2(x+y+z)-xyz < 2(x+y+z) ~ 2x+2y'2(y2 + Z2) = 2x+2y'2(9 - X2) = g(X).

¢:> (2at + t2)(9t2 + a2 + 2at) ~ 9t2(a2 + 2at + t2) ¢:> at(a - t)2 ~ o.

Mixing variables can be used not only for free of conditions inequalities, but also for inequalities with additional conditions. In these cases, when we mix variables, we have to be sure that the conditions still hold. So, we have less variants to choose.

Example 4 (Vietnamese Mathematical Olympiad 2002). Prove that for arbitrary real numbers x, y, z, satisfying

the inequality

2(x + y + z) ~ xyz + 10

holds.

Solution.

Let f(x, y, z) = 2(x + y + z) - xyz. We have to show that f(x, y, z) ~ 10 when x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.

To leave the condition x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 unchanged, we will mix two variables into their quadratic mean.;

Consider

f(x, y'(y2 + z2)/2, y'(y2 + z2)/2) - f(x, y, z) =

= 2(x + 2y'(y2 + z2)/2) - x(y2 + z2)/2 - 2(x + y + z) + xyz = = 2( -y - z) - x(y - z)2/2 = (y - z)2[2/( +y +~) - x/2].

If x, y, z > 0, we consider two cases. The first one: 1 ~ x ~ y ~ z, Then

'<1 '~l' 'V~ H':'"

2(x + y + z) - xyz ~ 2y'3(x2 + y2 + z2) - 1 = 6V3 - 1 < 10.

The second one: 0 < x ~ 1. Then

We have g'(x) = 2 - 2~> 0, so it follows that g(x) ~ g(l) = 10.

If among numbers x, y, z there is a negative number, WLOG, suppose that x < O. Then

f(x, y'(y2 + z2)/2, y'(y2 + z2)/2) - f(x, u, z) ~ 0

47

•

and we reduce our problem to proving that f(x, J(y2 + z2)/2, J(y2 + z2)/2) ~ 10, or

/

I

or

h(x) = x3 - 5x + 4J2(9 - x2) ~ 20.

We have: h'(x) = 3x2-5-4xJ2/(9 - x2). Solving the equation h'(x) = 0 (where x < 0), we get x = -1. It is maximal point of h, thus h(x) ~ h( -1) = 20.

Example 5 (Gabriel Dospinescu).

Prove that if a, b, c > 0 verify a2 + b2 + c2 = 3 , then

Solution.

Again, the purpose it to preserve the relation given in the problem. That is why we study the difference

f(a, b, c) - f(a, t, t),

~

wheret= V~.

It is easy to compute the difference. It is

Let us take a = min{a,b,c}. Then

b3+c3_2t3 = (b+c)(b2-bc+c2)-2t3)+t2 ~ 2t(b2-bc+c2)-2t3 = t(b-c)2.

So, the difference is at most

since 2t - b - c ~ 0 and a ~ t. Thus, it remains to prove that if a2 + 2t2 = 3 , then f(a, t, t) ~ 6. This can be written

a3t + at3 + t4 ~ 3 ¢:} at(3 - t2) ~ 3 _ t4 ¢:} (3 - 2t2)t2(3 - t2)2 ~ (3 _ t4)2

and this one is true since it is equivalent to

48

•

•

Thus, it isn't always trivial to show the inequality for two numbers. We will see that there is an easier solution for this problem, thought this is the most natural solution.

We finish with an inequality proposed for the final round of the Romanian mathematical olympiad in 2003:

Example 6 (Mircea Lascu and Marian Tetiva).

Prove that if a, b, e > 0 have .product 1, then the following inequality

holds: '/I'~ "" .

a2 + b2 + e2 + 3 ~ a + b + e + ab + be + ca.

Solution.

Now it's obvious that we should consider the function:

f(a, b, c) = a2 + b2 + e2 + 3 - a - b - e - ab - be - ca.

It is also easy to deduce that

L.

f(a, b, c) - f(a,~, Vk) = (Vb - y'C)2((Vb + y'C)2 - 1 - a).

So, we would like to have the last term positive. Naturally, we choose a = min{a,b,e}. By AM-GM we have that

(Vb + y'C)2 ~ 4Vk = ~ ~ 4 ~ 1 + a,

since a ~ 1. Thus, it is enough to prove that f (a, VbC, VbC) ~ 0 and this is in fact

a2 + (.:a - 1) 2 + 2 ~ a + 2va and it is obviously true since a + 2va ~ 2a + 1 ~ a2 + 2.

In considered examples, we mix variables into their means. We do so, because equality holds when these two variables are equal. But for some inequalities, this property does not hold, and we have to choose other expression to mix into, rather means. Usually, in these cases we use boundary values (look at the ends priciple).

Example 7 (Gabriel Dospinescu, Gheorghe Vranceanu Contest, 2003). Let n be a natural number, n ~ 2. Find the greatest value of the expres-

sion

(ab)n (be)n (ea)n

--+ +--

1 - ab 1 - b - e 1 - ea '

49

•

when a, b, e are arbitrary nonnegative reals satisfying a + b + e = 1.

Analysis:

The investigation of the easiest case (n = 2) shows that the maximum value is not achieved in the point (1/3, 1/3, 1/3), but in the point (1/2,1/2,0). This fact suggests that we should mix a and b into a + band O. But in additional condition that e = max{ a, b, e}. When one variable is

equal to 0, the function becomes a simple one-variable function. .

Solution.

Let's assume that a ::;; b ::;; e. Put

I( b ) _ (ab)n (be)n (ea)n

a, ,e ---+ +--.

1 - ab 1 - b - e 1 - ea

We will show that

I(a, b, c) ::;; I{O, a + b, c).

This is equivalent to

(ab)n (be)n (cc)" (a + b)nen

--+ +--::;; .

1 - ab 1 - b - e 1 - ea 1 - ae - be

We write consequently

(a + b)nen (an + nabn-1 + bn)en anen anbn bnen

----'--- ~ ~ + +----

1 - ae - be 1 - ab - be 1 - ae - be 1 - ae - be 1 - ae - be

and we get (*).

All we have to do now is to find the maximum value of 1(0, b, c) = (be)n , 1- be where b + e = 1. This is an easy exercise, since the function h (x) = z" / (1- x)

is an increasing function on (0, 1) and be ::;; (b + e)2/4 = 1/4, so

..

max 1 = h(1/4) = 1/(3.4n - 1).

This is the answer to the problem, since the value is attained for example 1

when a = b = - and e = O. 2

As it can be easily deduced from the above, mixing variables is most

useful for 3-variable inequalities. The reason is simple: if we can mix variables for a 3-variable inequality, then we get 2-variable one, which, in most of

50

Example 8 (Gabriel Dospinescu). Prove that for positive reals Xl, X2, ... , Xn, whose product is 1 we have

1 1 1 ./ Xl + x2 + ... + xn + n

--+--+ ... +--""

1 + Xl 1 + X2 1 + Xn "" 4

Analysis.

Let

cases can easily reduce to I-variable (for example, a homogenus 2-variable is equivalent to I-variable inequality).

When the expression which needs to be evaluated has more than 3 variables, using this method meets more difficulty, because every mixing does the expression more complicated. Especially in the case of a general inequality (with n variables), the difficulties are more than obvious: mixing variables change the general form and we cannot use induction, which is the most appropriate approach. Mixing variables will be more effective if we use it together with other arguments, for example, the properties of continuous

functions on a compact. .

f(x) = x+ 1 __ 1_. 4 x+I

We have to show that if XI.X2 ... Xn = 1 then

f(Xd + f(X2) + ... + f(xn) ~ o. \

.... /

The conditi~xl.X2···Xn =i")forces us to mix XI,X2 into ..jXIX2,y'X1X2. But after that?-We can mix some pairs of variables, but if the number of variables is odd? More detailed consideration shows that mixing variables brings us to result iff n = 2k. What' we-can do in other cases? We can work backward!

If min{J(xI) + f(X2) + + f(xn)} = f(xi) + f(x'2) + ... + f(x~), we

will show that xi = x'2 = = x~ = 1, and we get that min = O. It is

trivial if we can prove that if x,i =1= x'2 then f(xi) + f(x'2) > 2f( ~). But why does this minimum exist? Sometimes, we ignore this fact, considering it trivial. But it is one 'of main question in this problem. Some properties of continuous functions will help us.

Solution. Let

f(x) = x+ 1 __ 1_.

4 X+ 1

We will show that if Xl, X2, ... , Xn = 1 then f(XI) + f(X2) + ... + f(xn) ~ O. First, we will show that there exists a minimal value of S(XI, ... , xn) =

51

•

r-

'/ t

f(Xl) + f(X2) + .... + f(xn) on the surface

{(Xl, ... ,Xn) E (IR+tIXl.X2···Xn = I}.

Note that f(I)+···+ f(l) = 0 and 1/(I+XI)+I/(I+X2)+' ·+I/(I+xn) < n.

So, if Xi > 3n for some i then S(XI, , xn) > O.

Similarly, if Xi < 1/(3n)n then Xl Xn/Xi > (3n)n, and

Xl + ... + Xn - Xi > (n - I)(XI ... xn/xdl/n-l > 3n

and S(Xl, ... , xn) > O.

Thus, we can find the minimal value in the compact:

S(Xl, ... , xn) is continuous on C, so the first thing is done.

Secondly, let

We will show that xi = xi = .... = x~ = 1. Indeed, if it is not so, then we can find xi =F xi. We will show that if X =F y then

f(x) + f(y) > 2f(ffy)

/,y

'/

which leads to a contradiction. But .'

(*) {:> (x + Y - 2)/4> 2/(1+) -1/(1 + x) -1/(1 + y) .. '

{:> 02> [2(1 + x)(1 + y) - (1+)(2 + x + y)]/(I+)(1 + x)(1 + y) {:> 02/4> 02(1- )/(1+)(1 + x)(1 + y)

which is true. Finally, we conclude that

f(XI) + f(X2) + ... + f(xn) ~ f(l) + '" + f(l) = O.

Problems for self-study

1 (After Kvant problem).

Prove that for arbitrary real numbers Xl, X2, ... , Xn we have

52

•

•

2 (Talented Team selection test 2002).

Find all positive integer k such that inequality

2(ak + bk + ck) + 3~ ~ 9

holds for all positive reals a, b, c satisfying a + b + c = 3. 3 (Vasile Cartoaje, Gazeta Matematica A).

Let x, y, z be positive reals satisfying x3 + y3 + z3 = 3. Show that x4y4 + y4z4 + z4x4 ~ 3.

4(Proposed for 2000 Moscow Olympiad). Prove that if x, y, z > 0 have product 1 then:

"--_

x2 + y2 + z2 + X + y + z ~ 2(xy + yz + zx).

5 (1993 Imo Shortlist, proposed by Vietnam).

Prove that if a, b, c, d are nonnegative reals which add up to 1, then

1 + 176abcd

abc + bed + cda + abd ~ 27

6. Prove that for all a, b, c > 0 we have the following inequality: a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 + abc ~ a + b + c + ab + be + ca.

7. For positive real numbers a, b, c prove that

(a2 + b2)(b2 + c2)(c2 + a2)(ab + be + ca)2 ~ 8a2b2c2(a2 + b2 + c2)2. 8 (Vietnamese Team selection test 2005).

For positive real numbers a, b, c prove that

a3 b3 c3 3

(a + b)3 + (b + c)3 + (c + a)3 ~ S·

9 (Gabriel Dospinescu, After Vietnamese 1996 problem). For arbitrary real numbers a, b, c, show that

16 (a+b)6+(b+c)6+(c+a)6 ~ 63(a6+b6+c6).

(1) Lecturer of Mathematics and Informatics department, Hochiminh city University of natural science

(2) Romanian student, from 2004 does his study in France

53

•

CHUNG MINH cAc BAT DANG THUC co BAN BANG DAO HAM

Le Dinh Thinh

Truong D(li Hoc Khoa Hoc TV Nhien, DHQGHN

B§,t ding thirc co ban Cauchy (B§,t ding thrrc giira trung binh cong va trung binhnhan ) va Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki dl1<;1C su dung r§,t rong rai trong nha truong, khi do thi va su dung r§,t thuan tien d~ giai cac bai toan tlnrc tien. Rieng b§,t ding thirc Cauchy (B§,t ding thirc giira trung binh cong va trung bmh nhan) da co nhieu each khac nhau d~ chirng minh. Diroi day la mot each chirng minh b§,t ding thirc Cauchy bi§,ng dao ham r§,t dep va clnrng minh b~,t ding tlnrc Cauchy suy rong ciing dt dep bang dao ham va tir do suy ra cac b§,t ding thirc tlnrong gap nhir b§,t ding thirc Ienxen, Ienxen suy rong, b§,tding thirc Honde va b§,t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki.

Trude het ta chirng minh.

B5 d~ 1. N€u f'(x) > 0 Vx ;? Xo f(xo) = 0 thi f(x) > 0 Vx > Xo.

Chung minh.

Do f'(x) > 0 Vx ;? Xo nen f(x) d6ng bien khi x ;? Xo

:::} fmin = f(O) = 0 :::} f(x) ;? f(O) = 0 :::} f(x) > 0 Vx > Xo.

Bai toan 1. Chung minh rling ex-I;? x Vx, dfiu ={:} x = 1.

Giai.

Xet f(x) = ex-1 - x, ta eo f'(x) = ee-l - 1 = 0 {:} x-I = 0 {:} x = 1.

VI f'(x) < 0 khi x < 1, f'(x) > 0 khi x > 1 :::} fmin = f(l) = O. :::} f(x) = ex-1 - x ;? f(l) = 0 {:} ex-I;? x. Dau ={:} x = 1.

54

•

Suy ra

Suy ra

, Xl Xn

Dau ={::} - = ... = - = 1 {::} Xl = ... = Xn.

S S

Thi du 1. (D@ thi hoc sinh gioi Mien B~c nam 1976).

Cho k va n la nhirng s6 ttr nhien va Xl, X2, ... ,Xn la nhirng s6 thirc duong sao cho Xl + X2 + ... + Xk = 1. Chang minh r~ng

Gicii.

Vi Xi > 0 =} xin > 0 'tin =}

k k

~ -n _ ~ 1 k k 1

z: xi - 0 n ~ k 7l"i=1 n'

X z:

i=l i=l t t

(Xl + X.2 +k ... + X k) k __ ("k1) k Hen 1l11a XIX2 ... Xk ~

Suy ra

1 kri

-k- ~ k .

7l"i=l

Tv (*) va (**), ta co

I:7=1 xin ~ k ifkT!k = k . kn = kn+l.

, 1

Dau ={::} Xl = X2 = ... = Xk = -

k

Thi du 2. (D@ thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1976).

Xac dinh dang cua tlABC, neu,

a cos A + b cos B + c cos C a + b + c

=

a cos A + b cos B + c cos C 9R

56

•

trong d6 a, b, c la de? dai 3 canh, RIa ban kfnh duong tron ngoai ti~p 6.ABG.

Gilli.

Ta bien d6i tli s6 d v~ trai 'thanh

R(sin2A + sin2B + sin2G) = 4RsinAsinBsinC

(da sli dung dinh If ham sin). Mau s6 d v~ trai.

~ 3..yabcsinAsinBsinG = 6R{!(sinAsinBsinG)2::;.

::;. v~ trai ( ~,ysinAsinBsinG.C6 si (*)

Mat khac, v~ phai bang.

2R(sinA + sinB + sinG) 2

9R ~ 9" 3..ysinAsinBsinC =

2

= 3"' ..ysinAsinBsinC '(**)

TIt (*) va (**) ::;. 6.ABG d~u .

Thi du 3. Chimg minh rang Va, b > 0 ta d~u c6 2 a+.y a2b . b2a ( a2 + b2.

Giai.

Bat ding thuc da cho tirong dirong voi

( 2ab ) 2 a2 + b2

= -- ({vIab)2 (Cauchy) = ab ( --

a+b 2

Thi du 4.

1/ Chirng minh r~ng day Xn = (1 + ~r. tang thuc su, 2/ Chirng minh rang day (1 + ~r < 3 Vn E Z+.

Giai.

57

•

1/ Theo b!t diing thiic Cauchy suy rong ta c6.

D§.u ={::} 1 + ~ = 1 => khong dat d!u ==> Xn < xn+l, ttrc la day Xn tang n

thirc su,

2/ Theo cong thtrc nhi thirc Niuton ta c6.

(1 + ~)n = CO +C1. ~ + e2. ~ + ... + cr . ~ + ...

n n n n n n2 n nk

, 1 n(n-l) .. ·(n-k+l)

VI e~· k = k' k =

n .

= (1-~) ... (1- k -1) . 1 < _1 .

n n 1 . 2· .. k 2k-l

=> (1 + ~) n = CO + c: . ~ + ... + en . ~ < 1 + 1 + ~ + _!_ + ... + _1_' <

n n n n n n2 2 22 2n-1

1 1 1 1 1

< 1+1+-+-+"'+--+-+ .. ·=1+--=3

2 22 2n-1 2n 1 _ 1

2

( ? , , 1)

ap dung cong thirc tong cap so nhan lui vo tan voi a = 2' .

Tu 1/ va 2/ suy ra day Xn = (1 + ~r hoi tu, c6 gioi han la

lim (1 + ~) n = e = 2,718281828459045 ....

n--7OO n

Giai han nay goi la gioi han tuyet dieu thir hai.

Thi du 5. Chrrng minh rAng \/0 < x < 2 ta d~u c6 (1 - i) ~ < ~. Giai. Ta viEit b!t ding thirc da cho dirci dang

58

,

1 1 1 1 ,

D~t P = -, q = - => "i > 0, T2 > 0, - + - = p + q = O. ap dung

Tl T2 Tl T2

(4) voi x = tgx, Y = eotgx, ta diroc.

xr1 r2 1 1

- + '!j__ ~ xy ¢:} - tgr1x + - eotgr2x;;:: tgx eotgx = 1.

Tl T2 Tl T2

(3). BAt dAng thtrc Honde,

C·• • ' 0 0 0' 1 1 1

lasurangxl,x2,···,Xn;Yl,Y2,···,Yn> ,p> ,q> va-+-=,

p q

khi d6 ta e6 b!t ding thirc Honde.

n

LXiYi :::;; i=l

Chung minh.

Di;l.t

A = (t xf) * , B = (t Y;) ~

1=1 1=1

P q

Khi d6 ttl (4) => Xi . Yi ~ Xi + J!.L i = 1 ... n

, A B '" pAP qBq' , ,.

L!y t6ng theo i ttl 1 d@n n va chu y :L~l xf = AP , :L~l Y; = B" ta diroc.

n ~TI P ~n q 1 1

L ~~ :::;; 6;A~Xi + 6~Bl/i = ;; + q = 1.

1=1

(4). Khi p = q = 2 ta diroc b!t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki.

( )2 (2 2 2) (2 2 2)

XIYl + X2Y2 + ... + xnYn :::;; Xl + x2 + ... + xn . Yl + Y2 + ... + Yn

(5). BAt dAng thirc Mincopxki .

Cia S11 aI, a2,··· , an ;;:: 0; bl, b2,··· ,bTl ;;:: 0, s6 p > 1 khi d6 ta c6 .

Chung minh.

Ta c6 ding thirc hi~u nhien.

11 11 11

L(ai + bdP = L ai(ai + bdP-l + L bi(ai + bi)P-l.

i=l

i=l

i=i

60

ap dung b§.t ding Honde cho moi ti5ng CJ v@ phai. Neu

,p-1 1 p-1 •. _

1, q > 1 thl -- = p, - = --. Bell v<).y

q q p

1 1

- + - = 1, p >

p q

e=.!.

Chia 2 v@ cho [ I:~=l (ai + b;)P 1 ' ta diroc hiit ding thirc cAn chirng minh.

Thi du 7. D~ do viet ta viet 2: c6 nghia Iii. 2:~I' Cho 3n s6 thuc,

al,'" ,an; bl,'" ,bn; Xl,'" ,Xn thoa man cac dieu kien sau.

Chung minh rang.

Gilli. Ttr gii thiet => 2: aixit = 0 Vt E R => 2:(ait + bi)x = 1. ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

( L xi) ( Ltait + bi))' ~ ( L xi(ait Hi))' =>

"'"' x2 >- 1 _ 1

D i s-: (2: al)t2 + (2: aibdt + 2: b; - At2 + 2Bt + C'

B ' d • h ' d ' \./ b ' d • h ' d ' " k 2: ai bi B at ang t ire ung vt => at ang t trc ung Val = - 2: a; = - A

_ B2 1

Mau = A A2 + 2B· -BA + C = A (AC - B2) =>

"'"' 2 >- 2: a;

D Xi s-: 0:: a;)(2: bl) - (2: aibi)2 (dpcm).

61

•

•

1 1 1 1 ,

D~t P = - , q = - => "i > 0, r2 > 0, - + - = p + q = O. ap dung

rl r2 rl r2

(4) voi x = tgx, Y = eotgx, ta diroc.

xTt T2 1 1

- + ¥__ ~ xy <=> - tgTlx + - eotgT2x ~ tgx eotgx = 1.

rl r2 rr r2

(3). B§.t d~ng thuc H6nde.

G·• • ' 0 0 0' 1 1 1

ia su fang Xl, X2,' .. ,xn; Yl, Y2,'" ,Yn > ,p > ,q > va -+- = ,

P q

khi do ta co b~t ding thirc Honde,

n

LXiYi :::;;

i=l

Chung minh.

D~t

A = (t Xf) * , B = (' i: Y;) ~

l=l l=l

P q

Khi de '(4) Xi u. ~ Xi Yi· 1

I 0, tl1 => A . B "" pAp + qBq ,2 = ,"', n.

L~y ti5ng theo i tit 1 d~n n va chu y 2:7=1 xf = AP , 2:~1 Y; = B" ta diroc.

n ~n p ~n q 1 1

L ~~ :::;; L.,;A~ xi + L.,;=Sl/i = p + q = 1.

l=l

(4). Khi p = q = 2 ta diroc b~t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac8pxki.

( )2 (2 2 2) (2 2 2)

XlYl + X2Y2 + ... + xnYn :::;; Xl + x2 + . " + xn . Yl + Y2 + ... + Yn

(5). B§.t d~ng t htrc Minc6pxki .

G ii S11 aI, a2, . .. ,an ~ 0; bl, bz, . " .o« ~ 0, s6 p > 1 khi do ta co .

Chung minh.

Ta co ding thirc hi~u nhien,

n n n

L(ai + bi)P = L ai(ai + bi)P-l + L bi(ai + bi)P-l.

i=l

i=l

i=i

60

ap dung b~t ding Honde cho moi ttSng a v~ phai, Neu

p-1 1 p-1

1, q > 1 thi -- = p, - = --. Bdi vf}.y

q q p

1 1

- + - = 1, p > p q

e=..!.

Chia 2 v, cho [ L:~=l (a, + b,)P 1 ' ta diroc bAt ding thtrc din chirng minh:

Thi d1,1 7. D~ dB viet ta viet L c6 nghiala L7=1' Cho 3n s6 thirc. ai, ... , an ; b1, ... , bn ; Xl, ... , Xn thea man cac dieu kien sau.

Chung minh dng.

Giai. Tir giii thiet => L aixit = 0 Vt E R => L(ait + bi)x = 1. ap dung b~t ding thirc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

1 1

L x; ~ (L a;)t2 + (L aibi)t + L b; = At2 + 2Bt + C'

B' d? hti du \..I b' d? hii d' ,. k L aibi B at ang t ire ung vt => at ang t ire ung val = - La; = - A

_ B2 1

Mau = A A2 + 2B . -BA + C = A (AC - B2) =>

'" 2 >- La;

c: Xi s-: (L a;)(L bn - (L aibi)2 (dpcm).

61

•

•

Thi du 8. Chirng minh rang Val, a2, ... ,an> 0 ta c6 bat d;1ng thtrc,

(al+a2+···+an)2 al a2 an

~-;;---;;------;;:-:- ~ + + ... + ---

2(ai + a~ + ... + a~) "" a2 + a3 a3 + a4 al + a2

Giai.

Sit dung bat ding thtrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

I: XiYi ~ vI: xJ I: YJ {=} (I: XiYi)2 ~ I: x; ... I: Y;

Xk = J ak (ak+l + ak+2), Yk = Vak+1c;ak+2' ta diroc

voi

3 Md rorig pham vi ling durig bfit d~ng t htrc

Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki .

Sau day la mot trong cac htrongmo Tong bat d;1ng tlnrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki. Xet hai day 86 ai, a2, ... ,an va Cl, C2, ... ,en c6 cac 86 hang khac O. Thea bat ding thtrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki ta c6.

(L: a,)2 ~ ( L: a;c;~)' .; (L:a!c;)' ( L: c~)'

" 1 ()2 2 2

Dat c: c2 = en ta dl1<;JC L ai ~ en L ai ci .

l

DAu = Q9-t dtroc {=} cac day {aicd va {:J tl 1~.

62

Dat AB = a1 > 0, AG = a2 > 0(a1 i= a2). Khi d6.

AE (canh huyen Ian hen canh g6c vuong), rna

~ (La.)' <i(tp+~Q) Vt>O.

Liiy t = Ii :::} tP + ~Q = 2..jP(J, ta duoc biit dling thirc CaCXC1n.

(La;) 4 < ~,( La;) (Dia.)')

4 Cac dai hrong trung binh

Gia sir ai > 0, i = 1,2"" ,n. Trong thuc tien thirong dung cac dai hrong trung blnh sau.

1

(1). Trung blnh congo M1 = - 2:::7=1 ai,

n~_

(2). Trung binh nhan, M2 = y'IIi=lai,

n (3). Trung binh dieu hoa . M3 = 2:::n ..1'

!=lr-a..:....i --_

~ 2:::~1 aT,

n -

(4). Trung blnh blrih phirong. lv14 = .

Ta e6 M thirc sau gitra cac dai hrong trung blnh,

Dinh ly 1. M3 ~ M2 ~ M1 ~ M4.

Trong truong hop n = 2, Y nghia hlnh hoc ciia dinh ly nhir sau.

Xet 1l11a dirong tron dirong kinh BG, tam O. Gia su OD .L BG tai O.

Tir di@rn E biit ky i= D, B, G ta ke ti@p tuyen voi duong tron, ctBG keo dai a A. Ke EF j_ BG, F E BG.

AE = V A02 - OE2 = V(AO + OE)(AO - OE) = JAB· AC = y'ala2. :::} M3 = AO > AE = M2. hoac AE2 = AG . AB :::} AE = JAB· AG (M thirc hrong trong vong tron ) .

64

•

(1)

Thea cong thtrc 2(x2 + y2) = (x + y)2 + (x - y)2 ta e6

AD = J A02 + OD2+j(AO - OD)2; (AO + OD)2 = jAC2; AB2 = jar; a2 = Thea M thirc hrong trong tam giac vuong. AF· AO = AE2 =>

AF = AE2 = ala2 = 2_!_ + _!_ = M3

AO al !a2 al a2

VI AD > AO > AE > AF => M4 > MI > M2 > M3.

Chtrng minh dinh IY.

(I). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy.

(2). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki.

~ai = L l·ai ~ JL 12JLa; = FnJLar => ~ 2::ai = Nh ~ j~ La; = M4

(3). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy. M2 ~ M,

Thi du 9. (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1980)

Giai.

65

•

(1)

1 (T2 k2)

Boi vay 2: m[ + 2: m; ;;:: k k2 + T2 (dpcm) .

Bai t~p

(1). (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1976).

Chung minh ding, voi bit ky di~m M nao n5.m trong tam giac ABC ta d~u co

trong do da, db, de 1a khoang each tit M l§.n hrot d@n cac canh BG, GA, AB; a, b, c la dO dai cac canh va S la dien tich cua tam giac. Hay rna rong (1) cho tu dien trong kh6ng gian.

(2). (D~ thi hoc sinh gi6i Lien X6 nam 1976).

Cho Xl = 2; xn+l = x; + 1 , n = 1,2", '. Chung minh ding 'tin > 1 ta 5~

, 1 2

co 5" :::; Xn < .

(3). Chung minh r~ng Va, b, x > 0 ta d'u c6 ( ~:~ ) 1+, ;, ali' ( 4). Chang minh r~ng day S5 Vn ~ (1 _ ~ ) n thuc $\1 tang.

(5). Chung minh rang, neu Xi > 0 va 2:~1 Xi = p, ri E Z+

66

•

•

thi L:~l ?'xi+I ~ n + 1 .

(6). Chung minh rang Ifa > I, b » 0 ta d~u co (1- ~)". (I-~ r ,;; I. (7). (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi Hungari).

Chimg minh r5.ng neu a 130 g6c nhon thi

(1 + _.1 ) (1 + _1 ) > 5.

sin o cos a

(8). Chung minh ding, neu a 130 g6c nhon thl

( 1)( 1)

1+-- 1+--

sm o cos a

dau = dat diroc ¢:} a = 45°.

(9). Cho al,· .. ,an; b1,· .. ,bn 130 cac s6 thuc, Chung minh rang

1/ jf;.i + Ifb'i ~ JL:(ai + bi)2. 2/ jf;.i -Ifb'i ~ L: lai + bil·

1k 2k 3k lOOk

(10). Giii sit mk = - + - + - + ... + -- k k = 1 2 ...

2 3 4 101 ' , ,

Chung minh rang m~ ~ mk+1 . mk-l.

,? " 1 k 2k 3k nk

Chu y. Bat dang thrrc dung '\Imk = - + - + - + ... + --'\In E Z+.

2 3 4 n+1

( 11) Chii . h r] W 0' W Z+ d" ,,,n "n 1

. img mm rang VXi > va vn E ta eu co L..,i==l Xi L..,i==l - ~

Xi

(12). (D~ thi hoc sinh gi6i nam 1981).

Cho n s6 thuc tI, t2, ... .t« sao cho 0 < p ~ tk ~ q voi k = 1,2,· .. ,n.

B·<. ~ A 1 "n . 'B 1 "n 2 Chu . h' A2

let rang = - L..,i==l tk va = - L..,i==l tk· 11Irg min rang -B ~

n n

67

,

( 4pq )2 va tim di@u kien d.n va dii dJ c6 d§.u ding thtrc, p+q

Chi dan

(1). S = ~(ada + bdb + cdc). Ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy. 81 V4

Ma rong dAdBdCdD ~ 256SASBSCSD'

(2). Ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy cho v@ trai, V@ phai, Tim di@u kien don dieu cua Xn .

(3); Apd\lng b§.t ding tlnrc Cauchy morong, cho al = a, a2 = b, PI = 1, P2 = X.

(4). Sit dung k@t qua bai 3, hoac lam nhir thf du 4.

(5). Ap d\lng b§.t ding thirc Cauchy rna rong voi chu y f/xi + 1 = ,j(Xi+1)~.

V p-I

B§.t ding thirc Cauchy

(6). Sit dung bat ding tlnrc Cauchy rna rong, cho ta al = 1-a-1 , ,a2 = 1 + b-I

PI = a, P2 = b.

(7). Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy.

(8). Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki.

(9). Binh phircng hai v@ r6i ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy _ Bunhiacopxki,

(11). Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki.

(12). Chuy 0 < P ~ tk ~ q {:} (tk-P)(tk-q) ~ 0 {:} tk-(P-q)tk+pq ~ O. L.§.y t6ng theo k tu 1 d@n n. Liru y A = MI , B = M] .

68

•

MOT SO BAT DANG TRUC LIEN QUAN DEN TicR PRAN xAc DINR

Le Dinh Thinh

Truatu; DQ,i H9C Khoa H9C Tv Nhieti, DHQGHN

Ngay nay tich phan xac dinh diroc dung ph6 bi@n ij bac ph6 thong, ta nen c6 mot s6 bai toan lien quan d@n tich phan xac dinh.

Thi du 1. (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi Belarutsia, 1994).

Tren d6 thi ham y = ax3 ,(a> 0) cho cac di~m AI, A2,'" ,An (vdi hoanh do duong). N6i cac di~m nay vdi g6c tea do. Ke cac dirong vuong g6c Aixj vdi Ox. To mau tr~ng den theo quy t~c ban co. Chung minh ding dien tfch cac 6 tr~ng bang dien tich cac 6 den.

Giai.

Ta chtrng minh r[ng dien tich tam giac cong OAjAj+1 bang dien tich hinh thang cong XiAjAj+lxj+l. Ky hieu S, la dien tich gioi han boi cung OXj va day cung OXj, T; la dien tich tam giac cong OXjAi ; R; la dien tich tam giac thing OxjAi, khi do

Ta c6:

S, +Ti = R;

1 1 3 1 4

~ = 2"0Xi . XiAj = 2"Xj' aXj = 2"aXj

Xi

J 3 1 4 1 4

T; = ax dx = 4"aXi => S, = R; - T; = 4"aXI = Ti.

D

Thi du 2. (D~ 106 cau IVa, BQ d~ thi D;:J.i hoc) .

Chung minh rling, neu f(x) va g(x) la hai ham lien tuc, xac dinh tren [a, b] thi ta c6:

69

•

b 2 b b

(J f(X)9(X)dX) ::; J f2(X)dx . J g2(x)dx.

a a a

(B~t ding tlnrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki).

Giai.

"It E lR ta c6 0 ::; [tf(x) + g(x)] 2 = t2 f2(x) + 2tf(x)g(x) + g2(x)

b b b

=} 0 ::; t2 J f2(x)dx + 2t J f(x)g(x)dx + J g2(x)dx.

a a a

V§ phai la tam thirc bac hai khOng am "It =} biet thirc thu gon D,_' ::; 0 =}

b 2 b b

(J f(X)9(X)dX) -1 f2(x)dx·1 g2(x)dx::; 0 =} (dpcm).

a

Thi du 3. (B~t ding thirc Honde ) .

Gia s11 f(x) va g(x) la hai ham tuy y, kha tfch tren doan [a, b]. Gia sft p va

, 1 1 , .

q la hai so Ion hon 1 sao cho - + - = 1. Khi d6 ta co bat dang thirc Honde: p q

b b 1 b 1

/ J f(X)9(X)dX/ ::; (J If(xWdX) p . (J 19(XWdX) -.

a a a

ChUng minh. Do tfnh thuan nhat cua b~t ding thirc, Wc la neu b~t ding thirc dung voi f(x), g(x) thl cling dung voi tf(x), kg (x) =} xet trtrong hop

b b

.f if(x)g(x)dxi ::; 1 va J ig(x)iqdx ::; 1 1a du, va ta chtrng minh b~t ding

a a

thirc

b

/ J f(X)9(X)dX/ ::; 1.

a

Ta viet b~t ding thirc Ienxen tai diiim x b~t ky E [a, b] d5i vdi f(x) va g(x) :

Tich phan hai v§

70

b b b

/ f(x)g(x)dx :S b ~ a / f(x)dx / g(x)dx

(1)

VI If f(x)g(X)dxl :S flf(X)9(X)dXI ~ (dpcm).

Chu y: Khi p = q = 2 ta nhan duoc b!t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki.

Thf du 4 (B!t ding thirc Trebirsep). Nhac 19-i b!t ding thirc Trebirsep dbi voi cac day s6 0 < Yl :S Y2 :S ... :S Yn ; ,Zl ~ Z2 ~ ... ~i> 0 la :

n 1 n n

L YiZi :S - LYi L Zi·

i=l n i=l i=l

B!t ding thirc Trebusep d6i voi tich phan:

Neu f(x) va g(x) xac dinh lien tuc tren [a, b], f(x) d6ng bien, g(x) nghich bien, thl

a

a

a

ChUng minh.

Chia [a, bj thanh n phan bang nhau boi cac di~m chia Xi; d~t

lb b n

f(Xi) = Yi ,g(Xi) = Zi -+ f(x)dx = lim ~ '" Yi;

a 'n-r+oo n 6

i=l

b n b n

/ b-aL / b-aL

g(x)dx = lim -- Zi; f(x)g(x)dx = lim -- YiZj

n-+ooty n . n-+ooty n .

a ~=l a 1=1

Bay gio (1) nhan diroc tit b!t ding thirc Trebrisep bang each chuyen qua gioi han. T6i d@ xu!t sang tac cac bai toan b!t ding thirc dua vao y nghia hinh hoc cua tich phan xac dinh vaphuong phap tinh g§.n dung tfch phan xac dinh nhir sau:

b

Bi@t J f(x)dx = S(x) 180 dien tfch hlnh thang cong gioi han bdi

a

y = f(x) , Y = 0, X = a, X = b (voi gia. thiet f(x) ~ 0 tren [a , b j ).

Chia dean [a, bj thanh n doan nho bang nhau c6 dQ dai b - a = h boi cac n

di~m Xo = a < Xl < ... < Xn = b khi do:

71

•

Cong t huc hinh chfr nhat:

Sl = h[f(xo) + f(xt} + + f(xn-1)]

S2 = h[J(Xl) + f(x2) + + f(xn)].

Cong thrrc thang:

(1). N~u ta chon f (x) lien tuc, la ham 16i, dong bien thi:

b

S3 < J f(x)dx < S2·

a

(2). N~u ta chon f(x) lien tuc, 180 ham lien tuc , 16i, nghich bien thi:

b

S2 < J f(x)dx < SI·

a

(3). N ~u ta chon f (x) lien tuc, 180 ham 16m, d6ng bi~n thi:

b

s, < J f(x)dx < S3·

a

(4). N~u ta chon f(x) lien tuc, 180 ham 16m, nghich bien thi:

b

S2 < J f(x)dx < S3·

a

Thi du 5. Chung minh rang

2 4n+ 3

3nv'n < 1 + h + J3 + ... + v'n < 6 v'n, '<In E Z+ '.

Giai.

72

,

(1) (2)

(3)

•

Xet ham y = ..;x tren [0, n] (la ham 16i, lien tuc, don dieu tang)

n

=> 8 = J y'xdx = ~nv'n o

83 = VI + v'2 + + vn=I + V; = (VI + v'2 + ... + vn=I + v'n) - V;,

82 = VI + v'2 + + v'n

Do f(x) = ..;x la ham lien tuc, 16i va d6ng bien => S.3~nVn < 82 (x . 1. trang 2)

=> 1 + v'2 + ... + v'n' - fo < ~nv'n < 1 + v'2 + ... + v'n 23'

fo fo 2 4n + 3

82 - 2 < 8 => 82 < 2 + 3nv'n = 6 v'n.

2 4n + 3

-nv'n < 1 + v'2 + ... + v'n < v'n.

3 . 6

V~y

Thi du 6. Chung minh rang

1

n+ -

n!<n 2·e-n+1,VnEZ+.

Giai.

Xet ham y = lnx tren doan [1, n]lien tuc, la ham 16i, d6ng bien .

Suy ra

n

83 < J lnxdx = nlriri - n + 1 < 82 . 1

ln1 + lnri

83 = 2' + ln2 + ln3 + '" + In(n - 1)

1

=ln1 + ln2 + ... + lriti - 2"lnn(do lnl = 0)

1

=nn! - 2"lnn < nlnn - n + 1

1

=>lnn! < (n + 2")lnn + lne-n+1

=lnnn+l + lne-n+1 = lnnn+l . e-n+1 =>n! < nn+! . e-n+1

73

1 abc(l - a)(l - b)(l - c) > 64

(1)

XAy D1JNG BAT DANG THue MOT BIEN NHO BAT DANG THue GIVA TRUNG BINH eONG vA TRUNG BINH NHAN vA Ap DVNG

Nguyen Vii Luong

Truong Dr;,i Hoc Khoa Hoc Tv: Nliien, DHQGHN

Bai 1. V6i 0 ~ a ~ 1 , chrrng minh rang: a(l - a) ~ ~

Ghii.

Ta c6: a2 + ~ ;;::: a +-+ a(l - a) ~ ~, dau ding thirc xay ra khi a = ~.

1 M9t 56 ap dung

Bai 2. V6i 0 < a, b, c < 1, chirng minh trong ba ding thrrc

1 a(l - b) > 4"

1 b(l - c) > 4"

1 c(l - a) > 4"

c6 it nhat mot bAt ding thtrc sai.

Gilti. Giii S11 3 bAt ding tlnrc d~u dung. Suy ra:

74

•

1 abe(l - a)(l - b)(l - e) ::; 64

(2)

M~t khac ta c6:

1 a(l - a) ::; 4

1 b(l - b) ::; 4

1 e(l - e) ::; 4

Nhan cac b§.t ding tlnrc tren ta thu duoc:

Tir (1), (2) suy ra mau thuan, bai toan duoc chtmg minh.

Bai 3. V6i 0 ::; a ::; 1, chirng minh ding:

1)

( 2 2

a1-a)<- 3V3

a(l _ a3) < _3_ -4if,1

n

a(l - an) < -----:== - (n+1)ytn+1

2) 3)

Ghii.

1) Ta c6 :

3 1 1 1 1

a +-+-~3·a·-·-=a

3V3 3V3 s-: V3 V3

Suy ra:

2 2

a(l- a ) <- 3V3

2) Ta c6:

411 1

a +-+-+-~a 4if,1 4if,1 4if,1 s-:

Suy ra:

3 3

a(l- a) <-4if,1

3) Ta c6:

1 1

an+1 + . + ... + ~ a

(n + 1) vn+T (n + 1) vn+T

n s6 hang

75

•

•

Suy ra:

ti

a(1 - an) < ----== - (n+1)ytn+1

Mot so bai t~p ap dung

Bai 4. Voi a, b, c > 0 thoa man di~u kien a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Chirng minh ding:

Gilii.

Bit diing thirc da cho ttrong dirong voi:

abc 3..)3 2 2 2

1 - a2 + 1- b2 + 1 _ c2 ~ -2-(a + b + c )

V~y ta chi d.n chirng minh:

a 3..)3 2

-->--a 1 - a2 C?' 2

2 2

H a(l - a ) ~ 3..)3 (da clnrng minh )

Bai 5. Voi a, b, c, d 13. cac s6 thuc dirong thea man di~u kien

Chung minh r~ng:

a2 b2 c2 d2 4 3"4

-:-::------::-_-.:- + + + >- V ':I: ( :3 )

b3 + c3 + d3 c3 + d3 + a3 d3 + a3 + b3 a3 + b3 + c3 s-: -3-

Gicli. Ta co:

V~y ta chi d.n chimg minh:

a2 4~ 3 3 3

-- >- -a H a(l - a ) < -- 1 - a3 C?' 3 - 4~

76

•

,? ? b d 1

Dau dang thirc xay ra ++ a = = c = = W

Bai 6. V6i a > 0, chimg minh r~ng:

a2(1 - 2a) < ~ - 27

1)

2)

3 1

a (1- 3a) < - - 256

Giai.

1) Ta co:

1 1

a3 + a3 + - >- a2 ++ a2(1 - 2a) < -

27 7 - 27

,;., ,;? 1

Dau dang thirc xay ra ++ a = 3"

2) Ta co:

a4 + a4 + a4 + _1_. >- a3 ++ a3(1 _ 3a) < _1_

256 7 - 256

, d? h'? 1

Dau ang t ire xay ra ++ a = 4

Mot 86 hili t~p ap dung

Bai 7. V6i 0 < a, b, c < ~ thoa man dieu kien a + b + c = 1. Chung minh rang:

1 1 1

P = + + ~ 27

a(2b+2c-1) b(2c+2a-1) c(2a+2b-1)

Giai. Ta co:

2 1

a (1 - 2a) < - - 27

1

++ 2( ) ~ 27

a 1- 2a

1

++ ~ 27a

a(2b + 2c - 1)

(dpcm)

Suy ra:

1

++ ( ) ~ 27a

a 1- 2a

p ~ 27(a + b + c) = 27

77

•

Bai 8. Vci 0 < a, b, c, d ~ ~ thoa man di@u kien a + b + c + d = 1. Chtrng minh rang:

1 1

p= +. +

a2(3b + 3c + 3d - 2) b2(3c + 3d + 3a - 2)

1 1

+ + ~ 256

c2(3d+3a+3b-2) d2(3a+3b+3c-2)

Giai. Ta co:

3 1

a (1 - 3a) < - - 256

+-+ a3(1 _ 3a) ~ 256

+-+ a2(1 ~ 3a) ~ 256a +-+ a2(3b + 3: + 3d _ 2) ~ 256a

Suyra: P~256(a+b+c+d)=256

Bai 9. Chirng minh rang:

1)

J2a -1 < 1

a -

~~1

a

2)

3)

yfna - n + 1 _:__--- < 1

a -

Giai.

1) Ta co:

2) Ta co:

J2a - 1 2a - 1 + 1

~--< =1

a - 2a

(D~u ding tlnrc xay ra +-+ a = 1)

3) Ta co:

~3a - 2 3a - 2 + 1 + 1

---< =1

a - 3a

(D~u d.ing thirc xay ra +-+ a = 1)

na - (n - 1) + 1 + 1 + ... + 1

v' na - (n - 1) n - 1 86

~ _ ___:~. _......:... < = 1

a

na

78

Cong t§.t ca cac ding thirc tren suy ra:

p ~ 3

(dpem)

(D§.u ding thirc xay ra ++ a = 1)

Bai 10. Voi a, b, c >~; a + b + c = 3. Chirng minh r~ng:

a2 b2 c2

p= + + ~3

}5 - 2(b + c) }5 - 2(c + a) }5 - 2(a + b)

Giili. Ta e6:

..j2a -1 < 1

a -

a

++ <1

..j2a - 1 -

a2

++ ~a

J5 - 2(b + c)

Suy ra : P ~ a + b + c = 3

Bai 11. Voi a, b, c ~ ~, chtrng minh rang:

P ..j2a - 1 ij3b - 2 .y 4c - 3 3

= + + <

abc -

Giili. Ta e6:

..j2a - 1 ~ 1

a

~<1

b -

V'4C=3 < 1

c -

79

•

2 1

a (1 - 2b) > - 27'

2 1

b (1 - 2c) > 27'

2 1

c (1- 2a) >"- 27

MQt s6 bai t~p va h liang dan

Bai 1. Voi 0 < a, b, c < ~, chirng minh rang trong 3 b§.t ding thirc:

c6 it nhat mot ding thirc sai.

Huang d§.n. N~u ca ba b§.t ding tlnrc tren dung, suy ra:

a2b2c2(1 - 2a)(1 - 2b)(1 - 2c) > (2~)3

MM khac: a2b2c2(1 - 2a)(1- 2b)(1 - 2c) S (2~)3 suy ra mau thuan.

Bai 2. Vai 0 < a, b, c S ~, a3 + b3 + c3 = 634' Chung minh rang:

. 1 1 1

P = -- + -- + -- ~ 12

1 - 3a 1 - 3b 1 - 3c

- 3 1 1 3

Huang dan. Tu a (1 - 3a) S -6 H -- ~ 256a

25 1 - 3a

3

Thu diroc: P ~ 256· (a3 + b3 + c3) = 256 . - = 12

64

Bai 3. Vdi a, b, c ~ ~,abc = 1. Chung minh r~ng:

v'2a - 1 . ~3b - 2 . V' 4c - 3 < 1

Huang d§.n. Suy ra tlr: ..j2a - 1 S a, ~3b - 2 S b, V'4c - 3 S c

Bai 4. Voi a, b, c, d > 0, thea man di@u kien a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 + e4 = 1. Chung minh dng:

80

•

81

MOT so PHudNG PHAp xAy DlJNG BAT DANG THue BAc 2

Nguyen Vii Luong

Truong Dr;,i Hoc Khoa Hoc T'I/ Nhien, DHQGHN

Me dftu

B~t ding thtrc Bunhiacopski la b~t d£ng thirc diroc xay dung nho tfnh chat ciia tam thirc bac 2. Kha nhieu bai t~p hay trong cac ky thi hoc sinh gioi quoc gia va quoc t@ diroc xay dung nho b~t ding tlurc nay. Thy nhien do phirc tap cua cac bai t~p phu thuoc nhieu VaG cac phep bien d6i d~c biet. Cac phep bien d6i bac 2 khac nhau se thu dircc cac dang bai t~p khac nhau. Cac b~t ding thirc thu diroc cluing ta goi la cac bat ding thirc bac 2. Trong bai viet nay chung toi trinh bay mot s6 dang C\! th~ nhu sau:

1. B~t ding thiro bac 2 trong tam giac,

2. Binh phuong mot b~t ding thirc,

3. Phep bien d6i thuan Bunhiacopski,

4. Phep bien d6i nghich Bunhiacopski,

5. B~t ding thirc thu tv xay dung tit b~t ding thirc Bunhiacopski,

6. H~ng ding thirc va b~t ding thirc Bunhiacopski,

Bai viet chi quan tam d@n mot pham vi nho rna chung Wi t6ng k@t hay xay dung duoc nen cac k@t qua thu diroc la bUGC d§.u, d.t mong cac y kien g6p y tit cac ban doc.

1 Harig d~ng t htrc va mot dang h~ qua cua bftt d~ng t htrc Bunhiacopski

Tit hang ding thtrc:

(2x + 2y - z)2 + (2y + 2z - x)2 + (2z + 2x _ y)2 = 9(x2 + y2 + z2) Ta xay dung b~t ding thirc

•

Vi du 1.1. V6i a, b, c, x, y, z E JR., chimg minh ding

Bdi giiii.

Ta c6 c(2x + 2y - z) + a(2y + 2z - x) + b(2z + 2x - y)

= c(2x + 2y + 2z - 3z) + a(2y + 2z + 2x - 3x) + b(2z + 2x + 2y - 3y) = 2 (a + b + c) (x + y + z) - 3 (ax + by + cz)

Suy ra:

(2(a + b + c)(x + y + z) - 3(ax + by + cz) r ~ 9(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) +-t 2(a+b+c)(x+y+z)-3(ax+by+cz) ~ 3J(a2 +b2 +c2)(x2 +y2 +z2)

2

+-t '3(a + b + c)(x + y + z) ~ J(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) + (ax + by + cz)

(dpcm)

Tv hang diing thirc:

(x + y + z - t)2 + (y + z + t - x)2 + (z + t + x - y)2 + (t + x + y - z)2 = 4(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2)

Ta xay dung biit diing thirc:

Vi du 1.2. V6i a, b, c, d, x, y, z, t E R Chung minh r5.ng:

(ax + by + cz + dt) + J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2) 1

~ '2(a + b + c + d)(x + y + z + t).

Bai giiii.

Ta c6: d(x+y +z -t) +a(y +z+t -x) +b(z +t+x -y) +c(t+x +y - z) = = d(x+y+z+t-2t)+a(y+z+t+x-2x)+b(z+x+t+y-2y)+c(t+x+y+z-2z) = (a + b + c + d)( x + y + z + t) - 2 (ax + by + cz + dt)

suy ra:

( (a + b + c + d) (x + y + z + t) - 2 (ax + by + cz + dt) r ~ 4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2)

+-t (a + b + c + d)(x + y + z + t) - 2(ax + by + cz + dt) +-t 2J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2)

+-t J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2) + (ax + by + cz + dt) 1

~ '2 (a + b + c + d) (x + y + z + t)

82

•

S11 dung cac b§.t ding thirc thu diroc chung ta chirng minh mot s6 b§.t ding tlnrc sau:

Vi du 1.3. Vci a, b, c, d, E JR, chirng minh rang:

a + d + be + 3 J (1 + a 2 + b2) (1 + e2 + d2) ~ 2 (1 + c + d) + 2 (ac + ad + bd)

Bdi giai.

B~t ding thtrc da cho vi~t lai diroi dang CO ban.

(1, a, d) (a,b,l)

2

nhu sau: a+bc+d+J(1+a2+b2)(1+c2+d2) ~ '3(l+a+b)(l+c+d)

(suy ra tu vi du 1.1). D§.u ding thirc xay ra khi a = b = c = d = 1.

Vi du 1.4. Voi a, b, e, d, E JR, chtrng minh r~ng:

(a + 2b + 3c + 4d) + J30(a2 + b2 + e2 + d2) ~ 5(a + b + c + d) (suy ra tu vi du 1.2).

Vi du 1.5. Voi A, B, C la 3 g6c cua mQt tam giac, chirng minh rang:

(3sinA+4sinB+5sinC)+5V2(sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C) ~ 8(sinA+sinB+sinC)

2 Bat d~ng t htrc bac 2 trong tam giac

Ta xet phirong phap S11 dung tam thirc bac 2 d§ cluing minh mot b§.t ding thuc dan gian sau:

Ta c6:

3 F = cos A + cos B + cos C t-t 2"

A . A B-C

F = 1- 2sin2"2 + 2sm "2 cos 2

. A B-C. A

t-t 2 sm2 "2 - 2 cos 2 sm"2 + F - 1 = O.

6.' = cos2 B - C _ 2F + 2 > 0

2 -

cos2 B-C 3

-1- F < 1 + 2 <_.

- 2 - 2

Suy ra:

83

•

Dau ding thirc xay ra khi va chi khi

{:n=t= ~

Roan toan tirong t\1 chung ta clnrng minh diroc cac b§.t ding tlnrc sau:

Vi du 2.1. A, B, C 130 3 g6c ciia mot tam giac, chung minh rang:

b/

. A . B . C 3

SIll- + SIll- + SIll- <-

2 2 2 - 2

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C < ~ - 2

. A . B . C 3 SIll - + SIll - + SIll - < -

2 2 2 - 2

a/

c/

Nhan xet 1. Phuong pluip tam thsic b(ic 2 cho phep chUng ta thu duoc cac Mt dii,ng thitc ttuuih. han.

Vi du 2.2. A, B, C 130 3 g6c cua mot tam giac, chung minh rFl.ng:

COS2 A-B + cos2 B-C + cos2 C-A

cos A + cos B + cos C < 1 + 2 2 2

- 6

Bai giai. Cong ba b§.t ding thirc:

COS2 B-C

cos A + cos B + cos C ~ 1 + 2 2

COS2 C-A

COS A + cos B + cos C ~ 1 + 2 2

COS2 A-B

COS A + cos B + cos C ~ 1 + 2 2

Vi du 2.3. A, B, C 130 3 g6c ciia mot tam giac, chimg minh rl1ng:

.2A .2B .2C 2 cos2(A-B)+cos2(B-C)+cos2(C-A)

SIll + SIll + SIll < + .

- 12

84

•

Biii giai. Cong ba b[t ding tlnrc:

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 + ~ cos2(A - B) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 + ~ cos2(B - C) 1

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 + 4" cos2(C - A)

Vi du 2.4. A, B, C la 3 g6c cua mot tam giac, chtrng minh rling:

. A . B . C 1 2B-C

sm - + sm - + sm - < - cos

2 2 2-8 2

Nhan xet 2. Sit d'l,tng m¢t 88 dilng thsic:

B-C b;

cos 2 --

- Za

r cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + R

. A . B . C r

sm- +sm- +sm- =-

2 2 2 4R

Chung ta thu diroc mot s6 b[t ding thirc cua cac y§u t6 dQ dai sau:

Vi du 2.5. Chirng minh rling :

h2 h2 h2 6r

Z; + Z~ + Z; ~ R'

abc

Vi du 2.6. Chung minh rang :

h2 2r _!!>z2 - R'

a

Nhan xet 3. Ta co m¢t Mt dilng tMtc don gian:

85

IA-BI IA-BI

-a- 2: -(3-; 1 < a < (3.

---7 cos I A : B I ~ cos I A ~ B I

A-B A-B

+-+ cos -- < cos --

a - (3

Sli dung iroc 111<;1ng don gian tren chung ta thu dl1<;1C mot s6 b§.t d!ng thirc

sau:

Vi d1,l 2.7. Chung minh ding:

(a2+b2+c2) h2 h2 h2

3 R2 ~ 24 + [; + l~ + lr

abc

Bai giiii. Ta co

. 2A . 2B .2C 2 co.s2(A-B) +cos2(B-C) +cos2(C-A)

sm + sm + sm < + ~_;_--~--~-_...:.--____:--....:.

- 12

cos2 A-B + cos2 B-C + cos2 C-A

<2+ 2 2 '2

- 12

a2 + b2 + c2 1 (h~ h~ h~)

suy ra: 4R2 ~ 2 + 12 [f + [2 + r .

abc

Vi du 2.8. Chung minh rang:

cos2 A-B + cos2 B-C + cos2 C-A

cos A + cos B + cos C < 1 + 2 3 4

- 6

Vi du 2.9. Chung minh r~ng:

1 ( A - B V B - C ~ C - A)

cos A + cos B + cos C ~ 1 + 6' cos -2- + cos'' 3 + cos -2- .

h ' ,? B-C ,

N ~n xet 4. Thay the biU dang tluic cos 2 ~ 1 trong cccli giiii bang

btit dilng thitc C05( aB - ,C) ~ 1 chUng ta thu duac mot 58 Mt dilng tiuic:

86

•

•

Vi du 2.10. Clnrng minh di.ng:

C 3C 3

cos A + cos (B - 2) + cos 2 :::; 2".

Bai giiii. Ta c6

C 3C . A B - 2C

cos A + cos (B - 2) + cos 2 = cos A + 2 sin 2 cos 2 .

. A 3 A

:::; cos A + 2 sin 2 :::; 2" (d~t t = sin 2).

D~u diing thirc xay ra +-+ {sin ~ = ~ B=2C

Vi du 2.11. Chung minh rhg:

. A . (B C). 3C 1

F = sm - sm - - - sm - < -.

2 22 4-8

Bai giiii. Ta co:

1. ( B - 2C . A) 1. A ( . A) 1

F = - sm A2 cos - sm - < - sm - 1 - sm _ < _.

2 2 2 -2 2 2-4

Nhan xet 5. Dua tham 88 vaa cdc Mt diing tMtc b¢.c 2 chung ta thu dUr;fC ctic Mt diing tluic:

Vi du 2.12. Clnrng minh r~ng:

Ba; giiii. Ta c6:

F = cos A + 2msinA2 cos (B ; C) :::; cos A·+ 2m sin ~.

F .2A . A m2

:::; - 2 sin 2 + 2m sin 2 + 1 :::; 1 + 2.

Roan toan ttrong tv :

Vi du 2.13. Chung minh di.ng:

. A ( . B . C) 1 m2

sm2 +m sm2 +sm2 :::; + 2.

87

A (B - C)

F = cos A + 2 sin 2 cos -2-

( .• • A 7r)

gra Sl1 ~ 2'

Vi du 2.14. Chirng minh di.ng:

ABC 1 2 A . A (B C)

sin - + cos - + cos - < 1 + - cos - + sm - cos - + cos - .

2 2 2- 2 2 2 2 2

Bai giiii.

. A (. A + C . A C)

B sm - + sm -- - sm - cos -

2 2 2 2

(. A + B . A B) 1 A

+ sm( ) - sm - cos - < 1 + - cos2 -.

2 2 2 - 2 2

A A ( . B . C)

B sin 2 + cos 2 sin 2 + sin 2

cos2 A. A

~ 1 + T' (ChQn m = cos 2)'

Nhan xet 6. Xet aic di€u ki~n hr;m cM d8i viii g6c A chung ta thu dUr;Jc ccc Mt diing thuc.

Vi du 2.15. V6i A, B, C lao ba goc cua mot tam giac kh6ng nhon, hay tim gia tri Ion nhat ciia bieu thirc:

F = cos A + cos B + cos C

Bdi g'iiii. Ta co :

. A . A

---)0 F < - 2 sin - + 2 sin - + 1

- 2 2

AA tt 1 ,A

dat t = sin -, - > - ---)0 M < t = sm - < 1

. 2 2 - 4 v2 - 2

Ta co F ~ - 2t2 + 2t + 1 = f ( t)

1 1

J2 ~ t < 1 ---)0 f(t) ~ f( J2) = J2.

{B=C

V~y F max = J2 khi . A 1

Sln- =-

2 J2

Nhan xet 7. Chuyin cac Mt diing thsic trong tam giac thanh cac Mt diing thssc dr;ti sB chUng ta thu duac m9t s8 Mt diing thuc sau:

88

•

Vi du 2.16. Voi a, b, e > 0, ab + be + ea = I, clnrng minh dng:

(1-a2) (1-b2) (1-e2) 9

.2 1 + a2 + 1 + b2 + 1 + e2 ~ S·

Biii giai. T'ir di@u kien suy ra c6 t6n tai 3 g6c ciia mot tam giac sao cho:

ABC a = tg - b = tg - e = tg-

2 ' 2 ' 2

va b!t ding thirc tren ttrong dirong voi

9 2 cos A + cos B + cos C ~ S.

Vi du 2.17. Voi a, b, c la cac s6 thuc dirong thea man cac di@u kien:

ab + be + ea = 1 , a + b + e + abc;::: 2.

Chung minh rAng:

1 - a2 1 - b2 1 - e2 In --+--+--<v2 1 + a2 1 + b2 1 + e2 -

Bai giai. Tu dieu kien a, b, e > 0, ab + be + ea = 1 suy ra c6 t6n tai cac g6c A, B, C sao cho :

Tir di@u kien suy ra:

(1 - a)(l - b)(l - c) ~ 0 1 - a2 1 - b2 1 - e2

+7-- .. --. -- = cosAcosBcosC < 0

1 + a2 1 + b2 1 + e2 -

Vay tam giac kh6ng nhon tren thu dircc:

cos A cos B cos C ~ h (vi du 2.15).

3 Binh phu'dng mot b~t d~ng thirc

Trong cac d@ thi cho hoc sinh gioi cua nhieu quoc gia tren tM gioi c6 xuat hien mot s6 dang b!t ding thirc thu diroc bang each blnh phirong mot b!t

89

•

ding tlnrc rna each giai kha hay va kh6. Trang muc nay chung ta xay dung mot s6 bat ding thirc dang nay.

Vi du 3.1. (Rumani) Chung minh ding:

. A . B . C . 17 . r

sm - + sm- + sm- < sm- + sm-.

2 2 2 - 12 6R

Bai giiii. Xu§.t phat tu b~t ding thirc rna chung ta coi nhu bac 1:

,A ,B ,C ,3

sm - + sm - + sm - < sm -

2 2 2 - 2

Ta xet: [2(sin ~ + sin ~ + sin ~) - 3] 2 ~ 0

H 4( sin ~ + sin ~ + sin ~r + 9 ~ 12( sin ~ + sin ~ + sin ~)

(1)

Dieu dang quan tam la xay dung iroc hroc:

(,A . B . C)2 2 A 2 B 2 C

sm '2 + sm 2 + sin 2 :::; cos '2 + cos 2 + cos 2'

Ta chung minh:

A. tg-smB + 2

B , C tg 2sm +

C'A tg '2 sm +

tg ~ sin A ~ J tg ~ sin A + C'B 4·B,C tg - sm > sm - sm -

2 - 2 2

A,C 4,C.A tg - sm > sm - sm -

2 - 2 2

B 'B . A B

tg 2 sm = 4 sm '2 sin 2

Cong cac b§.t ding thirc ta thu duoc:

tg ~ (sinB + sinC) + tg ~ (sinC + sinA) + tg ~ (sin A + sinB) ~

4( . A ,B ,B, C . C . A)

~ sin '2 sm 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + sm '2 sin '2 '

Ta c6

A. , sin A ,B + C B - C

tg '2 (sin B + sin C) = cos A . 2 sin 2 cos 2 =

2

B+C B-C

= 2 cos 2 cos 2· = cos B + cos C.

90

•

2 A 2 B 2 C (. A . B . C)2

+-+ cos "2 + cos "2 + cos "2 2: sin "2 + sin "2 + sm "2 .

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

4(cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C) + 9> 12(sin A2 + sin B + sin C)

2 2 2 - 2 2

+-+ 2 (3 + cos A + cos B + cos C) + 9 2: 12 ( sin ~ + sin ~ + sin ~)

2( r) ( . A . B . C)

+-+ 4 + R + 9 2: 12 sm"2 + sin "2 + sin "2

A B. C 17 r

+-+ sin "2 + sin "2 + sm"2 :::; 12 + 6R (dpcm).

(2)

Ta thu diroc:

A B C 2(· A . B . B . C . C . A)

cos + cos + cos 2: sin "2 sin "2 + sin "2 sm"2 + sin "2 sm"2 .

Vi du 3.2. Clnrngminh r~ng:

1

p(r + 4R) :::; 6y'3r2 (6.ABC - nhon ).

Boi giiii. Ta c6 b.§.t ding thirc:

(A B C· In) 2

tg "2 + tg"2 + tg"2 - V 3 2: 0

(A B C)2

+-+ tg "2 + tg"2 + tg"2 + 3 2:

(A B C)

2: 2V3 tg"2 + tg"2 + tg"2 .

Ta c6 ding thtrc: tg a + 2 cotg 2a = cotg a.

suy ra:

(1)

ABC

cotg"2 + cotg"2 + cotg"2 = 2( cotg A + cotg B + cotg C)+

+tg~+ tg~ + tg~ 23( tg~+ tg~ + tg~). (2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

2V3( tg ~ + tg ~ + tg ~) :::; 3 + ~ ( cotg ~ + cotg ~ + cotg ~r.

91

•

( . A . B . C)2 (r)

4 sm'2 + sin '2 + sin '2 + 9 2: 6 1 + R

( dpcm ).

r + 4R r2 r2

B 2V3 < 3-2 B r + 4R < ;;; ( dpcm).

p - 9p - 6v3p

Vi du 3.3. Chung minh ding:

(A. B . C)2 6r

4 sin 2" + sin '2 + sin '2 + 3 2: R

Bai giai. Ta c6

4(cos A + cos B + cos C)2 + 9 2: 6(cosA + cos B + cos C).

Suy ra:

Vi du 3.4. Chung minh rcing:

A B 2C (1 1 1)

15 + cotg2_2 +. cotg2_2 + cotg - > 4 --A + --B + --c .

2 - sin 2' sin 2' sin 2'

Bai giai. Ta c6

( 1 1 1)2 (1 1 1)

-- + -- + -- + 36 > 12 -- + -- + -- .

sin A. sin !i sin Q - sin A. sin !i sin Q

2 2 2 2 2 2

Suy ra:

(1 1 1) (1 1 1)

3 --+--+-- +36>12 --+--+-- .

sirr' A. sin2 !i sin2 Q - sin A. sin !i sin Q 22222 2

(A B C) (1 1 1)

B 3 3 + cotg 2 - + cotg 2 - + cotg 2 - + 36 2: 12 -:-:::r + --:-y:r + ---:--c

2 2 2 sin 2' sm 2' sin 2'

suy ra (dpcm),

4 Phep bien d6i t.huan Bunhiac6pski

Kha nhieu b§.t d~ng thirc trong cac ky thi quoc t~, vo dich quoc gia cua nhieu mrdc tren th~ gioi. Tuy nhien neu xu§.t phap tit (a + b + c)2 chung ta thu diroc cac b§.t d~ng thirc co ban. Nhung cac bai toan v~ dang nay trong

92

•

nhirng nam g~n day thirong kh6 hen VI xuat phat tu cac bi~u thirc d6i xtmg khac nhir:

(~+~+~)2; (~+~+~)2; (~+~+:')2; ....

abe ab be ea b e a

Trong muc nay cluing ta chrrng minh mot s6 ba.t ding thtrc trong cac ky thi quoc gia cac mroc, quoc t@ va xay dung phuong phap chirng minh va xay dung cac ba.t ding tlnrc dang nay.

Vi du 4.1. (the 14th Japanese Math Olympiad. 2004 ). Voi a, b, e >

0, a + b + e = 1. Chung minh rang:

l+a l+b l+e 2(b e a)

--+--+--< -+-+I-a I-b l-c- abe

Bai giiii. Chung ta trinh bay mot each giai holm toan khac vdi dap an da c6 nhu sau:

2a 2b 2e ( b e a)

+-f3+--+--+--<2 -+-+-

I-a I-b l-c- abe

H 2a(~ - _1_) + 2b(~ __ 1_) + 2e(~ __ 1_) > 3

a I-a a I-b b 1-b -

H a(~ __ 1_) + b(~ __ 1_) + e(~ __ 1_) > ~

e b+e a e+a b a-s-b - 2

P ab be ca 3

H = + + >_.

e(b+e) a(e+a) b(a+b) - 2

ap dung ba.t ding thirc bunhiacopski, suy ra :

(I¥ + I¥ + f{-r ~ p. 2(a + b + c).

M~t khac ta c6: ( ap dung: (a + b + e)2 ~ 3(ab + be + ea))

( lab ~ Jca)2

V --;; + V;; + V b ~ 3(b + e + a).

93

(1 1 1)2 (1 1 1) 3(a+b+e)

- + - + - ~ 3 - + - + - = = 3(a + b + c).

abc ab be ea abc

(2)

3

Thu dircc P ~ 2" (dpcm).

Vi du 4.2. (Romanian Math Competitions. 2004 ). Voi a, b, e > O. Clnrng minh ding:

P abc 27

= . + + > -.,----.....,-::-

be(e + a) ea(a + b) ab(b + c) - 2(a + b + e)2

(Petre Batranetu).

Bai giii:i. (trong tai lieu khong co lei giai). Ta co

( [§"_ + (b + ~) 2 _ YbZ Y~ Y-;;b

= (J bc(c: a) .;c+a + V ca(ab+ b) Va +b + J ca(ac+b) va+b) 2 ~

~ P . 2(a + b + c). (1)

Mat khac ta co

( fa +/b + fc)2 > 3(~ + ~ + ~) > 27 .

Y bZ Y ~ Y -;;b - abc - (a + b + c)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

(2)

P > 27 ( dpcm ).

- 2(a + b + e)2

Vi du 4.3. (USA). VCli a, b, c > 0, abc = 1, hay tim gia tri nho nh~t cua biJu thirc:

111

p= + + .

a2(b + c) b2(c + a) c2(a + b)

Bai gidi. Ta co

(~ + ~ + ~)2 =

abc

= ( ~~+ ~JC+a+ ~Va+b)2 ~

a b+c b c+a c a+b

~P·2(a+b+c). (1)

Mat khac ta co:

94

•

:s: p. 2(ab + be + ea).

(1)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

3

P 2:: 2" = P rnin (Khi a = b = e = 1).

Tir cac bai giai rnau tren chung ta xay dung phirong phap giai cho cac b.§.t dl1ng thuc dang nay nhu sau:

Bircc 1: Cach nhirng thira s6 dang t6ng trong b.§.t dl1ng thrrc d@ tim bi@u thirc xu.§.t phat.

Biroc 2:Tu bi@u tlnrc xu.§.t phat rna ta bunhiacopski bi@u thirc chfnh c6 mot trong b.§.t ding thirc.

Budc 3: S11 dung mot s6 b.§.t ding thirc trung gian quen thuoc chtrng minh b.§.t ding thirc,

Sau day chung ta xet mot s6 vi d1,1 minh hoa:

Vi du 4.4. Vdi a, b, e > 0, abc = 1, Chung minh rang:

1 1 1 1

P = a3(b + c) + b3{c + a) + e3(a + b) 2:: 2"(ab + be + ea).

Bai giai. Ta c6

(~+~+~)2=

abe

( 1 1 1 )2

= Ja(b+e)+ Jb(e+a)+ Je(a+b) <

aJa(b+e) bJb(e+a) eJe(a+b)'-

Mat khac:

(1 1 1)2

~ + b + ~ = (ab + be + ea).

1

Tir (1), (2) suy ra: P 2:: 2"(ab + be + ea).

Vi du 4.5. Voi a, b, e > 0, Chung minh rhg:

~ ~ ~ 1

P = b2 ( c + a) + e2 (a + b) + a 2 (b + c) 2:: 2" (a + b + c)

(2)

Bai gia·i. Ta c6

( a2 + b2 + e2) 2 =

b e a

( a2 b2 C2) 2

= v'c+'CL ve+a + v'a+b vIa+b + Jb+C ~ :s:

b e+a e a+b a b+c

95

•

~P·2(a+b+c).

Mat khac ta c6:

(1 1 1)2

;;: + b + -;; = (ab + be + ea).

1

Tit (1), (2) suy ra: P 2: 2"(~b + be + ea).

Vi du 4.5. Voi a, b, e > 0, Chimg minh ding:

a4 b4 e4 1

p= + + >-(a+b+e).

b2(e + a) e2(a + b) a2(b + e) - 2

(1)

(2)

Bai giai. Ta c6

( a 2 + b2 + e2) 2 =

b e a

( a2 b2 e2) 2

= ~ve+a+ ra+bVa+b+ Jb+Cv'b+C ~

b e+a e a+b a b+e

~P·2(a+b+c). (1)

MM khac ta c6:

(a2 b2 e2)2

b + -;- + -; 2: (a + b + e)2.

1

Tit (1), (2) suy ra: P 2: 2" (a + b + e).

Vi du 4.6. Voi a, b, e > 0, Chung minh rang:

a6 b6 e6 1

P= b3(a+e) + e3(a+b) + a3(b+e) 2: 2"(a+b+e).

(2)

Biii giiii. Ta c6

(a3 b3 e3) 2 -+-+- =

b e a

( a3 b3 e3 ) 2

= Vbe + ba + V ca + eb + vab + ae <

bvbe + ba evea + eb aJab + ae -

~ P . 2 (ab + be + ea). (1)

Mat khac ta c6:

Tit (1), (2) suy ra:

(a3 b3 e3) 2

b + -;- + -; 2: (ab + be + ca) 2.

1

P 2: 2"(ab + be + ea). (dpcm)

96

•

(2)

y+z-x x+z-y x+y-z

Vi du 5.2. Voi a, b, C la cac canh cua mot tam giac, x, y, z E lR.. Chirng minh rang:

--- = --- = ----

p

q

r

5 Phep bien d6i nghich Bunhiacopski

Nhieu b§.t ding thirc xoay vong hay diroc xay dung tu cac phep bi@n d6i nghich bunhiacopski rna chung ta se trinh bay trong muc nay.

Vi du 5.1. (M.S Klam Kin). Voi p, q, r va x, y, z la cac s6 thirc kh6ng am, clnrng minh ding:

p = _P_x2 + _Q_y2 + _r_z2 2:: (xy + yz + zx) _ ~(x2 + y2 + z2).

q+r r+p p+q 2

Biii giai.

D@ nhanh ch6ng xay dung each giai cho cac b§.t ding thirc dang nay chung ta trinh bay cac biroc giai cu th@ nhu sau:

Biroc 1: Them vao cac s6 hang d@ rut (p + q + r) lam thira 86 chung, ta c6:

Biroc 2: Bi@u dien duoi dang bunhiacopski, p = ~((y'q+r)2 + (y'r+p)2 + (y'p+q)2}

(( X )2 + Y )2 + z )2) _ (x2 + y2 + z2) .

..;q+r vir + p vip + q

Suy ra:

D§.u ding thirc xay ra +-t:

(b C ) 2 (C a ) 2 (a b ) 2

~+b-1 x + ~+~-1 y + b+~-:-l z 2::

( b + C) ( C + a) ( a + b)

2:: 3 - -a- yz + 3 - -b- zx + 3 - -c- xy.

97

•

•

Khi x, y, z nhan cac gia tr] cu th~ chung ta thu diroc cac b§.t ding tlnrc sau:

Vi du 5.3. Voi a, b, c > 0, tim gia tri nho nhat cua bi~u thirc.

P = ~ + __£:_ +~,

b+c c+a a+b

Biii giai. Ta c6

V~y Pmin = ~(-/3 + 2 + /5)2 -12, khi:

b+c c+a a+b

=

-/3 2 yI5'

6 Bfit d~ng t hirc t hir tlj xay dtrng tu bfit d~ng

t htrc Bunhiacopski

Nho b§.t ding tlnrc bunhiacopski chung ta chuyen mot s6 b§.t ding thirc thu tl,t don giiin thanh nhirng b§.t ding thtrc thu tu bac 2.

Vi du 6.1. Voi a ~ b ~ c > 0, ChUng minh ding:

a2b b2c c2a

-+-+- >a+b+c

c2 a2 b2-

Bili giai. Ta c6

98

•

Ta chtrng minh:

a2b b2c c2a ab2 bc2 ca2

-2 +-2 +-b2 ~-2 +-2 +-b2'

cae a

H~~+~2+~a3~a3~+~~+2~

Ha3b3(a - b) + b3c3(b - c) + c3a3(c - a) ~ 0

Ha3(b3 - c3 + c3)(a - b) + b3c3(b - c) + c3a3(c - a) ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3 [a3(a - b) + b3(b - c) + a3(c - a)] ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3 [a3(c - b) + b3(b - c)] ~ 0

Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3(b - c)(b3 - a3) ~ 0

( Hi@n nhien dung)

Suy ra:

Vi du 6.2. V6i a ~ b ~ c > O. Chung minh ding:

a2 b2 c2 1 1 1

- + - + - > -_ + - + -.

c3 a3 b3 - a v1JC yea

Boi giiii. Ta co

Ta chimg minh bit ding thtrc:

99

•

b2 c2 a 2 a 2 b2 c2 3" + b3 + 3" ~b3 + 3" + 3"

ace a

t-tb5c3 + c5a3 + a5b3 ~ a5c3 + b5a3 + c5b3

t-ta3b3(a2 _ b2) + b3c3(b2 - c2) + c3a3(c2 - a2) ~ 0

+-ta3(b3 _ c3 + c3)(a2 _ b2) + b3c3(b2 - c2) + c3a3(c2 - a2) ~ 0 +-ta3(b3 _ c3)(a2 _ b2) + c3(b2 - c2)(a3 - b3) ~ O.

( Ri~n nhien dung ).

Suy ra:

Roan toan tirong tv ta chang minh dl1QC b§.t ding tlnrc:

Vi du 6.3. Vai a ~ b ~ c > O. Chirng minh r~ng:

a3b b3c c3a .

~+~+ b3 ~(a+b+c).

100