Phn m u

1. L do chn ti (b cc du 2 chm)
a. L do khch quan:
b. L do ch quan:
2. Mc !ch n"hi#n c$u:
%. &hi'm ( n"hi#n c$u:
). *+i t,-n" n"hi#n c$u:
.. /h,0n" 1h1 n"hi#n c$u:
Phn ni dung:
Chng I: C s l lun v c s php l ca i:
1. 20 34 5! 5u6n:
2. 20 34 1h1 5!:
Chng II: !h"c #$ng ca i g%p ph&i:
1. M7t 3+ thnh t8u:
2. M7t 3+ t9n t:i:
Chng III: '(! )* P+,-./ P+0P C1. 23./ P+4. 5./ +67 +8C
Phn 9: lun:
1. M7t 3+ k;t 5u6n:
2. M7t 3+ ki;n n"h<:
Phn m u
;< = d> ch?n i: @2A C0C BCD E C+C'F
a< = d> 9hch Guan:
=i t61 c>n 5 con ,?n" @u ti#n A 1 dn" ch!nh Bc ki;n th$c khoa hc (o cu7c 3+n". Con" th8c
t; cho thD hc 3inh EF/E (Gn c>n 3- khi "iHi cc bi t61 hIa khi c@n (i;t 1h,0n" tJKnh hoLc "L1 bi t61 cMn
bNn" cc 1hHn $n" hIa hcO Lc bi't 5 cc 1hHn $n" oBi hIa P khQ. Ro I c@n "iS1 cho hc 3inh bi;t ,-c
nhiu 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" A hc 3inh cI thA (6n dn" 5inh ho:t (o qu tJKnh 5m bi t61.
H< = d> ch Guan:
&hiu hc 3inh 1hT thUn" Jt 3- "iHi bi t61 ho hc hoLc c>n Jt 5Sn" tSn" tJon" (i'c cMn bNn" cc
1hHn $n" hIa hcO Lc bi't 5 cc 1hHn $n" oBi hIa P khQO do I "L1 nhiu khI khVn tJon" (i'c "iHi bi t61.
F0n nWa 3+ ti;t bi t61 ho hc 4 tJ#n 5X1 5:i Jt !tO n#n (i'c cn" c+O o 3Mu ( (6n dn" ki;n th$c ho hc
c>n h:n ch;. EJ,Xc tKnh tJ:n" I 5 m7t "io (i#n chuD#n n"nh hoO tJon" qu tJKnh "iHn" d:DO tUi th,?n"
BuD#n h' th+n" Y 1hMn 5o:i cc 1h,0n" tJKnh A h,Xn" dGn hc 3inh cMn bNn" 3ao cho nhanh ( Sn".
E< 'Ic ch nghiJn cKu:
Y ZI1 1h@n 1ht tJiAn t, duD ca hc 3inhO hKnh thnh ( 1ht tJiAn (Wn" ch[c k\ nVn" cMn bNn" cc 1hHn $n"
hIa hc.
Y *A "iHi Sn" ( nhanh cc bi ton hIa hcO ta c@n bi;t cMn bNn" Sn" ( nhanh cc 1hHn $n" cI tJon" bi
ton I.
Y Fc 3inh cI khH nVn" (6n dn" cc 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" nhanh tJon" (i'c "iHi cc bi ton tJ[c n"hi'm
tJon" kiAm tJa c]n" nh, tJon" thi hc 3inh "ii.
Y ZiS1 hc 3inh 3o 3nh ( JSt Ja 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" th!ch h-1 cho t^n" d:n" bi t61.
Y =9i d,_n" chuD#n mUn ( nMn" cao n"hi'1 (.
L< .hiMm vI nghiJn cKu:
Y &"hi#n c$u 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" 1hHn $n" hIa hc tJon" m7t ti;t hc.
Y Zio (i#n chu`n b< n"hi#n c$u bi "iHn"O chu`n b< mD chi;u cho bi "iHn" cVn c$ (o mc ti#u bi "iHn"O
cc ti 5i'u tham khHo.
Y &"hi#n c$u h' th+n" cMu hi 5o"icO n"[n "nO da hiAu ( 1ht huD khH nVn" t, duD ca hc 3inhO kh[c 3Mu
ki;n th$c.
N< OPi Qng nghiJn cKu:
Y Fc 3inh tJ,?n" EF/E &"uDan Ri#u.
Y b1 dn" ti cho tt cH cc kh+i 5X1O Lc bi't 5 kh+i 1c.
R< Phng php nghiJn cKu:
a< .hSm phng php nghiJn cKu l lun:
Y 2c ti 5i'u tham khHo bT tJ-.
Y &hi'm ( nVm hc 2c1% P 2c1).
H< .hSm phng php nghiJn cKu h"c iTn:
dut 1ht t^ +i t,-n"O nhi'm ( n"hi#n c$uO tUi e 3Q dn" cc 1h,0n" 1h1 n"hi#n c$u 3au:
Y /h,0n" 1h1 n"hi#n c$u ti 5i'u: tham khHo m7t 3+ 3ch t^ I tTn" h-1 cc 1h,0n" 1h1O JSt Ja ,uO nh,-c
iAm ca t^n" 1h,0n" 1h1.
Y /h,0n" 1h1 quan 3t: quan 3t hc 3inh cMn bNn" cc 1hHn $n" hIa hc A thD ,-c ,uO nh,-c iAm ca
(i'c cMn bNn" 1h,0n" tJKnh ca hc 3inh t^ I ,a Ja nhWn" 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" th!ch h-1.
Y /h,0n" 1h1 iu tJa "io dc: Zf tJ> chuD'nO tJao Ti (Xi hc 3inh A tKm Ja nhWn" khI khVnO (,Xn" m[c
tJon" (i'c cMn bNn" 1hHn $n" A "iHi cc bi t61 hIa hc A cI bi'n 1h1 kh[c 1hcO gm 5:i 38 h$n" thS
tJon" (i'c hc cho hc 3inh.
Y /h,0n" 1h1 th8c n"hi'm: 1 dn" "iHn" d:D tJon" t^n" ti;tO thgo dhi hc 3inh (6n dn" cc 1h,0n" 1h1
cMn bNn" (o (i'c "iHi bi t61. iua I nh "i nhWn" thnh cUn" ( h:n ch; tJon" t^n" 1h,0n" 1h1.
Phn ni dung
Chng I
C s l lun v c s php l ca i:
;< C s l lun: @HU dVu E chVmF
=i t61 c>n 5 con ,?n" @u ti#n A 1 dn" ch!nh Bc ki;n th$c khoa hc (o cu7c 3+n". Con" th8c
t; cho thD nhiu hc 3inh 1hT thUn" Jt 3- "iHi bi t61 ho hc (K thi;u k\ nVn" cMn bNn" 1hHn $n"O do I
"L1 nhiu khI khVn tJon" (i'c "iHi bi t61. F0n nWa 3+ ti;t bi t61 ho hc 4 tJ#n 5X1 5:i Jt !tO n#n (i'c cn"
c+O o 3Mu ( (6n dn" cc 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" c>n h:n ch;. EJ,Xc tKnh tJ:n" I 5 m7t "io (i#n chuD#n
n"nh hoO tJon" qu tJKnh "iHn" d:DO tUi th,?n" BuD#n h' th+n" cc 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" cho hc 3inh
O"I1 1h@n nMn" cao khH nVn" "iHi bi t61 ca hc 3inh O 1hc ( ki;n th$c cho hc 3inh Un thi (o cc tJ,?n"
:i hc ( cao jn" .
E< C s php l:
Y 2Vn c$ (o (i'c nMn" cao cht 5,-n" hc t61 ca hc 3inh tJ,?n" EF/E &"uDan Ri#u nIi Ji#n".
Y 2Vn c$ (o th8c t; ti;t d:D ( mUn hIa hc 4 tJ,?n" EF/EO nhKn chun" hc 3inh chk (6n dn" ,-c m7t 3+
1h,0n" 1h1 thUn" th,?n"O c>n m7t 3+ 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" nhanh cc gm ch,a n[m ,-c. &h, (6D (i'c
$n" dn" ti nD Jt quan tJn" ( c@n thi;t A t:o nim 3aD m# hc t61 cho hc 3inh khi "iHi cc bi t61
hIa.
Chng II: !h"c #$ng ca i g%p ph&i (3Qa t,0n" t8 nh, tJ#n)
;< ' sP hnh "u:
W fi'c (6n dn" ,-c nhiu 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" hIa hc tJon" cc 1hHn $n" 3l "iS1 hc 3inh chn ,-c
1h,0n" 1h1 th!ch h-1 cho t^n" d:n" 1h,0n" tJKnh ( bXt 1 58c tJon" khi "iHi cc bi t61.
Y ZiS1 hc 3inh kh[c 3Mu ki;n th$cO 1ht tJiAn t, duD tJon" (i'c hc ( "iHi bi t61 hIa.
E< ' sP Xn $i:
Y Fc 3inh ch,a 1hMn bi't ,-c t^n" 1h,0n" 1h1.
Y 2>n qugn 3Q dn" cc 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" ch6m.
Y *Lc bi't tJon" cMn bNn" 1hHn $n" oBi hIa P khQ hc 3inh c>n ch,a bi;t (i;t cc qu tJKnh oBi hIaO qu tJKnh
khQ n#n (i'c 1 dn" 1h,0n" 1h1 thVn" bNn" g5gctJon c>n "L1 khI khVn.
Chng III: '(! )* P+,-./ P+0P C1. 23./ P+4. 5./ +67 +8C
2I nhiu 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" 1hHn $n" hIa hc. EmD thgo tJKnh 7 ki;n th$c hIa hc 4 nhWn" "iai
o:n hc t61 hIa hc khc nhau m ta chn nhWn" 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" th!ch h-1. Cau MD 5 1 3+ 1h,0n"
1h1:
1. Phng php nguyn t nguyn t:
y l 1 phng php kh n gin. Khi cn bng ta c vit cng thc ca cc n ch!t kh" nh
#
$
% &
$
% 'l
$
% (
$
% ) *+i *,ng ng-y.n t/ 0i.ng bi1t 02i l3p l-3n 4-a 1 5 b+c.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": / n o
2
p /
2
o
.
Ea (i;t: / n o p /
2
o
.
.
*A t:o thnh 1 1hMn tQ /
2
o
.
c@n 2 n"uD#n tQ / ( . n"uD#n tQ o: 2/ n .o p /
2
o
.
. &h,n" 1hMn tQ oBi bao
"i? c]n" "9m 2 n"uD#n tQO nh, (6D n;u 5D . 1hMn tQ o
2
t$c 5 3+ n"uD#n tQ oBi tVn" "1 2 thK 3+ n"uD#n tQ
/ ( 3+ 1hMn tQ /
2
o
.
c]n" tVn" "1 2O t$c 5 ) n"uD#n tQ / ( 2 1hMn tQ /
2
o
.
.
Ro I: )/ n .o
2
p 2/
2
o
.
.
2. Phng php ha tr tc dng:
#9a t0: tc *7ng l h9a t0: ca ng-y.n t/ h;<c nh9= ng-y.n t/ ca cc ng-y.n t t0;ng cc ch!t
tha= gia v t,; thnh t0;ng phn ng h9a h>c.
b1 dn" 1h,0n" 1h1 nD c@n ti;n hnh cc b,Xc 3au:
Bc 1: ?c :nh h9a t0: tc *7ng8
@hi h9a t0: tc *7ng l.n ph"a t0.n cng thc cc ch!t8
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n" hIa hc 3au: =a25
2
n qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
p =aCo
)
n qg25
%
rr r rrr rr rr rr rrr r
=a25
2
n qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
p =aCo
)
n qg25
%
Bc 2: AB= bCi 5 ch-ng nhD nh!t ca cc h9a t0: ch!t tc *7ng.
=C2&& (1O2O%) s t
Bc 3: E!y FG'(( chia ch; cc h9a t0: ta Hc cc h1 58
t
t
u 2
t
u %
t
= = =
I III II
Bc 4: iJn h1 5 vKa tB= Hc v; phng t0Bnh8
%=a25
2
n qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
p %=aCo
)
n 2qg25
%
Rmn" 1h,0n" 1h1 nD 3l cn" c+ ,-c khi ni'm hIa tJ<O cch t!nh hIa tJ<O nhX ,-c hIa tJ< ca cc
n"uD#n t+ ( nhIm n"uD#n t+ th,?n" "L1.
3. Phng php dng h ! ph"n !:
<t h1 5 v; cc cng thc ca cc ch!t t0;ng phn ng khng phn bi1t 5 ng-y.n hay phn 5
5a; ch; 5 ng-y.n t/ ca =Li ng-y.n t M $ v J- bng nha-. Ga- 9 kh/ =N- 5 ch-ng ca t!t c cc h1
5 9.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": / n o
2
p /
2
o
.

n *Lt h' 3+ A cMn bNn": 2/ n .v2 o
2
p /
2
o
.
n &hMn cc h' 3+ (Xi mGu 3+ A khQ mGu 4 1hMn 3+: 2.2 / n 2.
2
.
o
2
p 2/
2
o
.
)/ n .o
2
p 2/
2
o
.
4. Phng php #ch$n % &'(:
OCt phn ng 5a- khi P cn bng thB 5 ng-y.n t/ ca 1 ng-y.n t M v t0i phi bng 5
ng-y.n t/ ca ng-y.n t 9 M v phi. 6B v3y n- 5 ng-y.n t/ ca =Ct ng-y.n t M 1 v l 5 chQn
thB M v kia n9 cRng phi l 5 chQn. (- M 1 cng thc n; 9% 5 ng-y.n t/ ca ng-y.n t 9 cSn
l 5 lT thB phi nhn i.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": qgC
2
n o
2
p qg
2
o
%
n Co
2
w (; tJi 3+ n"uD#n tQ oBi 5 chxn (Xi bt kK h' 3+ no. w (; 1hHi tJon" Co
2
O 3+ n"uD#n tQ o
5 chxn nh,n" tJon" qg
2
o
%
5:i 5 3+ 5y n#n 1hHi nhMn Ui. E^ I cMn bNn" ti;1 cc h' 3+ c>n 5:i. 2hW
3+ A tJon" du n"oLc chk th$ t8 cMn bNn".
(2) ()) (1) (%)
)qgC
2
n 11o
2
p 2qg
2
o
%
n zCo
2
FoLc cI thA biAu dian th$ t8 cMn bNn" thgo 30 9 3au: 2qg
2
o
%
p )qgC
2
pzCo
2
p 11o
2

). Phng php *u+t pht t, nguyn t chung nh+t:
'h>n ng-y.n t c9 =<t M nhiJ- hHp ch!t nh!t t0;ng phn ng U bVt W- cn bng h1 5 cc
phn t/.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": 2u n F&o
%
p 2u(&o
%
)
2
n &o n F
2
o
&"uD#n t+ cI mLt nhiu nht 5 oBiu 4 (; 1hHi cI z n"uD#n tQ oBi c>n 4 (; tJi cI % n#n b7i 3+
chun" nh nht ca z ( % 5 2). f6D h' 3+ ca F&o
%
5 2)v% s z.
Ea cI: zF&o
%
p )F
2
o p 2&o ((K 3+ n"uD#n tQ & 4 (; tJi 5 chxn) p %2u(&o
%
)
2
{(K (zY
2):2 s %) p %2u
f6D: %2u n zF&o
%
p %2u(&o
%
)
2
n 2&o n )F
2
o
-. Phng php c"n ./ng th01 #nguyn t t2u .23u(:
X(g-y.n t ti.- biU-Y l ng-y.n t c9 nhZng <c iU= 5a-8
[ '9 =<t "t nh!t t0;ng cc ch!t M phn ng 9.
[ Ei.n 4-an n nhiJ- ch!t nh!t t0;ng phn ng.
[ 'ha th\ng bng vJ 5 ng-y.n t/ M $ v.
/h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" nD tJHi qua % b,Xc:
]a^ 'h>n Xng-y.n t ti.- biU-Y.
]b^ 'n bng ng-y.n t ti.- biU-.
]c^ 'n bng cc ng-y.n t khc th_; ng-y.n t ny.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": |Mno
)
n F25 p |25 n Mn25
2
n 25
2
n F
2
o
(a) 2hn }n"uD#n t+ ti#u biAu~: o
(b) 2Mn bNn" n"uD#n t+ ti#u biAu: |Mno
)
p )F
2
o
(c) 2Mn bNn" cc n"uD#n t+ khc:
n 2Mn bNn" F: )F
2
o p zF25
n 2Mn bNn" 25: zF25 p |25 n Mn25
2
n .v2 25
2

Ea ,-c: |Mno
)
nz F25 p |25 n Mn25
2
n .v225
2
n )F
2
o
Cau cmn" nhMn tt cH cc h' 3+ (Xi mGu 3+ A chuDAn h' 3+ ( d:n" 3+ n"uD#nO ta cI 1h,0n" tJKnh
1hHn $n" hIa hc 5:
2|Mno
)
n 1tF25 p 2|25 n 2Mn25
2
n .25
2
n zF
2
o
4. Phng php c"n ./ng th01 tr5nh t6 728 &192 % ph2 728:
Ah_; phng php ny W- ti.n cn bng 5 ng-y.n t/ ki= l;,i% 5a- n phi ki= v c-i c`ng l #%
5a- c`ng a cc h1 5 P bit U cn bng ng-y.n t/ &.
6" *7 18 &F
%
n o
2
P &o n F
2
o
/hHn $n" nD khUn" cI kim 5o:iO n"uD#n tQ 1hi kim & e cMn bNn". f6D ta cMn bNn" 5uUn F:
2&F
%
P %F
2
o (E!nh =C2&&O 3au I 5D =C2&& chia cho cc chk 3+ A ,-c cc h' 3+)
n 2Mn bNn" &: 2&F
%
P 2&o
n 2Mn bNn" o ( thaD (o ta cI:
2&F
%
n .v2o
2
P 2&o n %F
2
o
2u+i cmn" nhMn cc h' 3+ (Xi mGu 3+ chun" nh nht:
)&F
%
n .o
2
P )&o n tF
2
o
6" *7 $8 2uqgC
2
n o
2
p 2uo n qg
2
o
%
n Co
2
Fon ton t,0n" t8 nh, tJ#n. Ro n"uD#n tQ 2u e cMn bNn"O @u ti#n ta cMn bNn" qgO ti;1 thgo cMn
bNn" thgo th$ t8:
2u p C p o J9i nhMn Ui cc h' 3+:
)2uqgC
2
n 1%o
2
p )2uo n 2qg
2
o
%
n zCo
2
:. Phng php c"n ./ng ph;n <ng chy c=a ch+t h>u c:
a. Ph;n <ng chy c=a h2dr1cac.1n:
(.n cn bng th_; t0Bnh ta 5a-8
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ #. E!y 5 ng-y.n t/ # ca hi*0;cacb;n chia ch; $% n- kt 4- lT thB nhn i
phn t/ hi*0;cacb;n% n- chQn thB U ng-y.n.
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ '.
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ &.
6" *7 18 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": 2
2
F
t
n o
2
p 2o
2
n F
2
o
n LD 3+ n"uD#n tQ F chia cho 2 ta ,-c %O 5 3+ 5y n#n 3+ 1hMn tQ 2
2
F
t
ta nhMn Ui 5#n ,-c:
22
2
F
t
p )2o
2
p t F
2
o p o
2

n Ea ,-c 1h,0n" tJKnh: 22
2
F
t
n o
2
p )2o
2
n tF
2
o
6" *7 $8 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": 2
%
F
z
n o
2
p 2o
2
n F
2
o
n LD 3+ n"uD#n tQ F chia cho 2 ta ,-c )O 5 3+ chxn n#n ta cMn bNn" thgo Sn" th$ t8:
2
%
F
z
p %2o
2
p )F
2
o p .o
2

n Ea ,-c 1h,0n" tJKnh: 2
%
F
z
n .o
2
p %2o
2
n )F
2
o
.. Ph;n <ng chy c=a h?p ch+t ch<a @:
'n bng th_; t0Bnh ta 5a-8
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ '.
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ #.
[ 'n bng 5 ng-y.n t/ & bng cch t"nh 5 ng-y.n t/ & M v phi 02i t0K i 5 ng-y.n t/ & c9 t0;ng hHp
ch!t. Kt 4- th- Hc _= chia i 5b 0a h1 5 ca phn t/ &
$
. (- h1 5 9 lT thB nhn i c $ v ca cA
U kh/ =N- 5.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": 2
2
F
.
oF n o
2
p 2o
2
n F
2
o
n 2
2
F
.
oF p 2 2o
2
p %F
2
o pv2 o
2
22
2
F
.
oF p ) 2o
2
p tF
2
o po
2
n Ea ,-c 1h,0n" tJKnh: 22
2
F
.
oF n o
2
p )2o
2
n tF
2
o
A. Phng php *u+t pht t, .;n ch+t ha hBc c=a ph;n <ng:
chng php ny l3p l-3n *aa v; bn ch!t ca phn ng U cn bng.
6" *78 qg
2
o
%
n 2o P qg n 2o
2
Ehgo 1hHn $n" tJ#nO khi 2o b< oBi hIa thnh 2o
2
nI 3l k;t h-1 th#m oBi. EJon" 1hMn tQ qg
2
o
%
cI %
n"uD#n tQ oBiO nh, (6D A bi;n % 1hMn tQ 2o thnh % 1hMn tQ 2o
2
. Ro I ta c@n Lt h' 3+ % tJ,Xc cUn"
th$c 2o ( 2o
2
3au I Lt h' 3+ 2 tJ,Xc qg:
qg
2
o
%
n %2o P 2qg n %2o
2
1C. Phng php c"n ./ng 0&0ctr1n h1Dc 21n % 0&0ctr1n:
*MD 5 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" 1 dn" cho cc 1hHn $n" oBi hIa khQ. =Hn cht ca 1h,0n" tJKnh nD
d8a tJ#n n"uD#n t[c: XA0;ng =Ct phn ng ;di h9a e kh/% 5 _l_ct0;n *; ch!t kh/ nhfng phi bng 5
_l_ct0;n *; ch!t ;di h9a th-Y.
fi'c cMn bNn" qua % b,Xc:
a. ?c :nh 5a thay gi 5 ;di h9a.
b. E3p th\ng bng _l_ct0;n.
c. <t cc h1 5 tB= Hc v; phn ng v t"nh cc h1 5 cSn l,i.
6" *78 2Mn bNn" 1hHn $n": qgC n F&o
%
P qg(&o
%
)
%
n &
2
o n F
2
Co
)
n F
2
o
a. dc <nh 38 thaD Ti 3+ oBi hIa: qg
n2
P qg
n%
u C
Y2
P C
nt
u &
n.
P &
n1
(fi;t 3+ oBi hIa nD 1h!a tJ#n cc n"uD#n t+ t,0n" $n")
b. L61 thVn" bNn" g5gctJon:
qg
n2
P qg
n%
n 1g
C
Y2
P C
nt
n zg
qgC P qg
n%
n C
nt
n g Bz
2&
n.
n zg P 2&
n1
B
2I zqgC ( &
2
o.
c. *Lt cc h' 3+ tKm ,-c (o 1hHn $n" ( t!nh cc h' 3+ c>n 5:i:
zqgC n )2F&o
%
P zqg(&o
%
)
%
n &
2
o n zF
2
Co
)
n 1%F
2
o
/h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" ion P g5gctJon c]n" "i+n" nh, 1h,0n" 1h1 cMn bNn" g5gctJon nh,n" khc 5
(i;t cc cht oBi hIa ( cht khQ d,Xi d:n" ionO thA hi'n Sn" 38 t9n t:i ca chSn" tJon" dun" d<ch.
E 3 trFng h?p c th3 *;y ra:
a. chn ng t0;ng *-ng *:ch adit% n- 4- t0Bnh ;di h9a h;<c kh/8
[ Ahi- ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc b` bng 1 phn t/ #
$
& v th.= $#
h
M v 5a-.
[ AhKa ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc ghi bng 1 phn t/ #
$
& v th.= $#
h
M v t0+c.
b. chn ng t0;ng *-ng *:ch bai% n- 4- t0Bnh ;di h9a h;<c kh/8
[ Ahi- ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc b` bng $&#
[
v th.= 1#
$
& M v 5a-.
[ AhKa ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc ghi bng $&#
[
v th.= 1#
$
& M v t0+c.
c. chn ng t0;ng *-ng *:ch c9 n+c tha= gia% n- 4- t0Bnh ;di h9a h;<c kh/8
[ Ahi- ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc b` bng 1 phn t/ #
$
& v th.= $#
h
M v 5a-.
[ AhKa ;di8 =Li &
[$
Hc ghi bng $&#
[
v th.= 1#
$
& M v t0+c.
6" *7 18 /hHn $n" tJon" dun" d<ch aBit:
n n% n2 n.
|Mno
)
n |&o
2
n F
2
Co
)
p MnCo
)
n |
2
Co
)
n |&o
%
n F
2
o
2B Mno
)
Y
n zF
n
n .g p Mn
2n
n )F
2
o
.B &o
2
Y
n F
2
o p &o
%
Y
n 2F
n
n 2g
27n" t^n" (; ca 2 1h,0n" tJKnh 5:i ta ,-c:
2Mno
)
Y
n 1tF
n
n .&o
2
Y
n .F
2
o p 2Mn
2n
n zF
2
o n .&o
%
Y
n 1cF
n

ZiHn ,Xc nhWn" ion cmn" 5o:i 4 2 (; ta cI:
2Mno
)
Y
n tF
n
n .&o
2
Y
p 2Mn
2n
n %F
2
o n .&o
%
Y

*Lt cc h' 3+ t,0n" $n" (o 1h,0n" tJKnh ta ,-c:
2|Mno
)
n .|&o
2
n %F
2
Co
)
p 2MnCo
)
n |
2
Co
)
n .|&o
%
n %F
2
o
6" *7 $8 /hHn $n" tJon" dun" d<ch ba0:
n% c nt Y1
&a2Jo
2
n =J
2
n &aoF P &a
2
2Jo
)
n &a=J
2Jo
2Y
n )oF
Y
P 2Jo
)
2Y
n 2F
2
o n %g B2
=J
2
n 2g P 2=J
Y
B%
/h,0n" tJKnh ion: 22Jo
2Y
n zoF
Y
n %=J
2
P 22Jo
)
2Y
n t=J
Y
n ) F
2
o
/h,0n" tJKnh 1hHn $n" 1hMn tQ: 2&a2Jo
2
n %=J
2
n z&aoF P 2&a
2
2Jo
)
n t&a=J n )F
2
o
6" *7 j8 /hHn $n" tJon" dun" d<ch cI F
2
o tham "ia:
n n) n) nt
|Mno
)
n |
2
Co
%
n F
2
o P Mno
2
n |
2
Co
)
Mno
)
Y
n %g n 2F
2
o P Mno
2
n )oF
Y
B2
Co
%
2Y
n F2o P Co
)
2Y
n 2F
n
n 2g B%
/h,0n" tJKnh ion: 2Mno
)
Y
n F
2
o n %Co
%
2Y
P 2Mno
2
n 2oF
Y
n %Co
)
2Y
/h,0n" tJKnh 1hHn $n" 1hMn tQ: 2|Mno
)
n %|
2
Co
%
n F
2
o P 2Mno
2
n %|
2
Co
)
n 2|oF
11. Phng php tGng H g2;8 ! 1*2 ha:
'9 nhiJ- phng php l3p phng t0Bnh h9a h>c ca phn ng ;di h9a e kh/. (g;i phng php
th\ng bng _l_ct0;n v i;n e _l_ct0;n 0a ngfi ta cSn thfng *`ng phng php t\ng e gi= 5 ;di h9a.
chng php ny *aa t0.n ng-y.n tVc8 t0;ng 1 phn ng ;di h9a e kh/% tgng 5 5 ;di h9a t\ng bng tgng
5 5 ;di h9a gi=.
n% n2 c n)
6" *7 18 /h,0n" tJKnh: qg
2
o
%
n 2o p qg n 2o
2
n C+ oBi hIa ca qg "iHm: Y% B2
n C+ oBi hIa ca 2 tVn": n2 B%
/h,0n" tJKnh hIa hc ca 1hHn $n" ,-c (i;t 5:i:
qg
2
o
%
n %2o p 2qg n %2o
2
6" *7 $8 /h,0n" tJKnh: Mno
2
n F25 p Mn25
2
n 25
2
n F
2
o
n C+ oBi hIa ca Mn "iHm: Y2 B1
n C+ oBi hIa ca 25 tVn": n1 B2
=,Xc @u ta cI: Mno
2
n 2F25 p Mn25
2
n 25
2
n F
2
o
/hHn $n" tJ#n c>n cI 2 1hMn tQ F25 tham "ia t:o mUi tJ,?n" n#n 1h,0n" tJKnh ,-c (i;t 5:
Mno
2
n )F25 p Mn25
2
n 25
2
n 2F
2
o
+Yng dZn 9hai hc chi i: Hi h?c
!I[! \E: +]P C+C! C6 ^_I C`7 =,D +Da.+: 7_I! )D.bDcIC< 'D*I )D.b7!
I< 'dC !IeD:
;< f 9i:n hKc:
=i;t ,-c:
Y 2Un" th$c cu t:oO t!nh cht (6t 5!O $n" dn" ( iu ch; aBit 3unuJic.
Y E!nh cht ca mu+i 3unatO nh6n bi;t ion 3unat.
FiAu ,-c:
Y F
2
Co
)
cI t!nh aBit m:nh (tc dn" (Xi kim 5o:iO ba0O oBit ba0 ( mu+i ca aBit D;u...).
Y F
2
Co
)
LcO nIn" cI t!nh oBi ho m:nh (oBi ho h@u h;t kim 5o:iO nhiu 1hi kim ( h-1 cht).
E< f 9g nhng:
Y iuan 3t th! n"hi'mO hKnh Hnh ... JSt Ja ,-c nh6n Bt ( t!nh cht ca aBit 3unuJic.
Y fi;t /EFF minh ho: t!nh cht.
Y 2Mn bNn" ,-c 1hHn $n" oBi hIa P khQ.
L< f hi : t!nh c`n th6n khi 5m (i'c (Xi aBit 3unuJic Lc.
II< !c8./ !1':
Y 2u t:o 1hMn tQO t!nh cht (6t 5 ( ho hc ca aBit 3unuJic.
III< C+Di. 2j:
W Zio (i#n: + "io nO bHn" 1hO hKnh (l t.1%.
n hIa cht: F
2
Co
)
LcO n,XcO ,?n"O inh 3[tO dMD 9n"O nhUm.
Y Fc 3inh: coi tJ,Xc ki;n th$c mXi.
If< !I[. !ck.+ !I[! Blm:
;< nn onh lYpp 9iqm #a sg sPp c ph>ng h?c sinh: (1
1h
)
E< riqm #a Hi cs: (.
1h
)
Ctu hUi: Eh8c hi'n chui bi;n hIa 3au :
C Co
2
&a
2
Co
%
C nC F
2
C F
2
Co
)

Co
2
Co
%
&aFCo
)
L< /i&ng Hi mYi:
!/ +>$ ng ca /f +>$ ng ca +) .i dung ghi H&ng
%
1h
+>$ ng ;:
Y Zf: fi;t 2E2E ca F
2
Co
)

Y Zf: &h6n Bt 3+ oBi hIa ca C

tJon" F
2
Co
)

Y FC 5#n bHn" (i;t:

Y FC tJH 5?i: EJon" h-1 cht
F
2
Co
)
O C cI 3+ oBi hIa c8c
:i: nt.
I< 7ui sunvu#ic:
;< CVu $> phtn w: (F
2
Co
)
)
2E2E:
F o o
C
F o o
EJon" h-1 cht F
2
Co
)
O C cI 3+
oBi hIa c8c :i: nt.
.
1h
+>$ ng E:
Y Zf: FeD n#u 1 (i t!nh cht (6t 5!
ca aBit 3unuJic
Y Zf tJgo hKnh (l ( th! n"hi'm
1ha 5oen" dd aBit 3unuJic Lc J9i
Y FC tJH 5?i:
n 2ht 5n" 3nh nh, d@uO
khUn" muO khUn" baD h0i
n &Ln" "@n "1 2 5@n n,Xc (
R s 1Oz) "vm5 )
E< !nh chV v l:
Y 2ht 5n" 3nh nh, d@uO khUn"
muO khUn" baD h0i
Y &Ln" "@n "1 2 5@n n,Xc ( R s
1Oz) "vm5 )
Y Ra hSt `m ,-c dmn" 5m
D#u c@u FC "iHi th!ch t:i 3ao 5:i
cho aBit (o n,Xc m ko 5m
n",-c 5:i
Y Zf nh6n Bt ( bT 3un" A cho
FC n[m cch 1ha 5oen" aBit.
n Ra hSt `m ,-c dmn"
5m khU kh! `m
Y FC tJH 5?i:
(K n,Xc nh h0n aBit n#n
n;u cho n,Xc (o aBit n,Xc
3l b< b[n Ja ( ko thgo cc
"it aBit (Vn" Ja "MD bn"O
c>n aBit nLn" h0n n#n n;u
cho aBit (o n,Xc aBit 3l i
Bu+n" d,Xi.
khU kh! `m
Y F>a tan F
2
Co
)
Lc: JIt t^ t^
aBit (o n,Xc ch$ khUn" 5m
n",-c 5:i.

1h
+>$ ng L:
Y Zf: &h[c 5:i t!nh cht hIa hc
chun" ca 1 aBit
fi;t 1thh ch$n" t t!nh aBit ca
aBit 3unuJic.
Y FC nh[c 5:i ( (i;t 1thh:
qg n F
2
Co
)

5oen"
qgCo
)
n
F
2
2a2o
%
nF
2
Co
)
2aCo
)
n
F
2
o n 2o
2

2&aoF n F
2
Co
)
&a
2
Co
)
n 2F
2
o
2uo n F
2
Co
)
2uCo
)
n
F
2
o
L< !nh chV hSa h?c:
aF !nh chV ca dung doch
aui sunvu#ic l>xng:
Y iu t!m hIa
Y Ec dn" (Xi kim 5o:i ( tJ,Xc
F ) kh! F
2
qg n F
2
Co
)

5oen"
qgCo
)
n F
2

Y Ec dn" (Xi mu+i ca aBit D;u
2a2o
%
nF
2
Co
)
2aCo
)
nF
2
o n
2o
2

Y Ec dn" (Xi ba0 ( oBit
ba0:
2&aoF n F
2
Co
)
&a
2
Co
)
n
2F
2
o
2uo n F
2
Co
)
2uCo
)
n F
2
o
1.
1h
+>$ ng N:
Y Zf: Lm E& qg n F
2
Co
)
Lc
nIn"O F
2
Co
)
Lc n"u7iO h3 nh6n
Bt ( kh! thot Ja ( mu ca dd
mu+i thu ,-c
Y Zf: Lm E& C n F
2
Co
)
Lc h3
nh6n Bt kh! thot Ja
Y Zf: E^ E& gm cI nh6n Bt "K (
t!nh cht ca F
2
Co
)
Lc
Y Zf: =T 3un" th#m.
Y Zf: fi;t 1t1, qgO C tc dn"
F
2
Co
)
Lc
Y Zf: F,Xn" dGn h3 (i;t 1t1,
F
2
Co
)
Lc (Xi h-1 cht khc.
Y Zf: 2>n (Xi F
2
Co
)
Lc n"u7i qg
cI 1, khUn"
Y Zf: L,u h3 F
2
Co
)
Lc n"u7i
5m th 7n" hIa qgO 5O 2J
Y Zf h,Xn" dGn FC cMn bNn" cc
1hHn $n" oBi hIa P khQ thgo cc
Y FC quan 3t th! n"hi'm (
nh6n Bt.
Y FC nh6n Bt
Y FC 5#n bHn" (i;t 1t
Y FC tJH 5?i: khUn".
Y FC quan 3t th! n"hi'm.
HF !nh chV ca aui sunvu#ic
%c:
E!nh oBi hIa m:nh:
Bit 3unuJic Lc ( nIn" cI
t!nh oBi hIa Jt m:nhO oBi hIa
,-c h@u h;t cc kim 5o:i (tJ^
uO /tO ...)O nhiu 1hi kim nh, 2O
/O CO ... ( nhiu h-1 cht.
nt c n%
tF
2
Co
)
n 2qg qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
n
n)
tF
2
o n %Co
2
nt c n2
2F
2
Co
)
n 2u 2uCo
)
n
n)
2F
2
o n Co
2
nt c n)
2F
2
Co
)
n C 2F
2
o n %Co
2
nt Y1 c n)
F
2
Co
)
n 2Fr r
2
n 2F
2
o n Co
2
=u : F
2
Co
)
Lc n"u7i 5m
th 7n" hIa 5O qgO 2J
1h,0n" 1h1 e n#u nh,n" ch
D;u 5 thgo 1h,0n" 1h1 tVn" Y
"iHm 3+ oBi hIa.
Y Zf: Lm E& F
2
Co
)
Lc 5D n,Xc
ca ,?n"O h3 quan 3t cho nh6n
Bt
Y Zf: fi;t 1t1, BHD Ja
Y Zf: L,u : c@n c`n th6n khi 5m
(i'c (Xi F
2
Co
)
Lc.
Y FC 5#n bHn" (i;t 1t.
E!nh ho n,Xc:
2uCo
)
.. F
2
o
G& #
) 2
2uCo
)

(mu Banh) (mu tJ[n")
n .F
2
o
2
n
(F
2
o)
m

G& #
) 2
n2n mF
2
o
2 n 2F
2
Co
)
2o
2
n 2Co
2
n
2F
2
o
Ra th<t n F
2
Co
)
Lc bn"
nLn".
)
1h
+>$ ng R:
Y Zf: &hKn (o tJanh hKnh t.1.
heD n#u $n" dn" ca F
2
Co
)
m
gm bi;t
Y Zf: =T 3un" th#m.
Y FC tJH 5?i: Bit F
2
Co
)

dmn" A 3Hn But 1hMn bInO
thu+c tJ^ 3MuO cht "iLt JQa
tTn" h-1O cht dyo 30n mu
1h`m nhu7mO d,-c 1h`mO
ch; bi;n d@u m
N< 5ng dIng:
Bit F
2
Co
)
dmn" A 3Hn But
1hMn bInO thu+c tJ^ 3MuO cht "iLt
JQa tTn" h-1O cht dyo 30n mu
1h`m nhu7mO d,-c 1h`mO ch;
bi;n d@u m
+>$ ng y: (.
1h
)
W Cng cP: tJH 5?i cc cMu hi tJ[c n"hi'm 3au:
Ctu ;: F
2
Co
)
5oen" cI thA tc dn" (Xi tt cH cc cht thu7c no d,Xi MD
. qg
%
o
)
O =a25
2
O &a25O 5O 2u(oF)
2
. =. qg(oF)
2
O &a
2
2o
%
O qgO 2uoO &F
%
.
2. 2a2o
%
O 2uO 5(oF)
%
O M"oO n. R. n(oF)
2
O 2a2o
%
O 2uCO 5O qg
2
o
%
.
Ctu E: 2ho m7t 5,-n" qg d, tc dn" (Xi dun" d<ch F
2
Co
)
Lc nIn" thK mu+i thu ,-c 5
. qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
. =. qgCo
)
. 2. qg
2
(Co
)
)
%
( qgCo
)
. R. qg
%
(Co
)
)
2
.
Ctu L: Fo tan hon ton )Oc "am hn h-1 M"O qgO 2u bNn" dun" d<ch F
2
Co
)
LcO nIn"O d, thu ,-c 2O2)
5!t kh! Co
2
duD nht (ktc) ( dun" d<ch ch$a m "am mu+i. Zi tJ< ca m 5
. 2%O2. =. 1%Ot. 2. 12Oz. R. 1)O).
Ctu N: 2ch 1ha 5oen" F
2
Co
)
Lc an ton 5
a. It nhanh aBit (o n,Xc ( khuD u.
b. It nhanh n,Xc (o aBit ( khuD u.
c. It t^ t^ n,Xc (o aBit ( khuD u.
d. It t^ t^ aBit (o n,Xc ( khuD u.
Ctu R: |im 5o:i no 3au MDO b< th 7n" tJon" F
2
Co
)
Lc n"u7i
a. nO 5. b. qgO 5. c. 2uO qg. d. nO qg.
Y B%n dz: 5m cc bi t61 tJon" CZ|O hc bi ( chu`n b< bi ti;1 thgo.
!i: Ry: 2i NL: 7.rI.
I< 'dC !IeD 2{I +8C:
;< ri:n hKc:
=i;t ,-c :
*<nh n"h\aO cUn" th$c chun"O Lc iAm cu tJSc 1hMn tQO 9n" 1hMnO danh 1h1O t!nh cht (6t 5! ca
ankin.
/h,0n" 1h1 iu ch; ( $n" dn" aBgti5gn tJon" 1h>n" th! n"hi'mO tJon" cUn" n"hi'1.
FiAu ,-c :
E!nh cht ho hc t,0n" t8 ankgn : /hHn $n" c7n" F
2
O =J
2
O FdO 1hHn $n" oBi ho.
E!nh cht ho hc khc ankgn : /hHn $n" th; n"uD#n tQ F 5inh 7n" ca ank1in u
E< rg nhng:
iuan 3t th! n"hi'mO mU hKnh 1hMn tQO JSt Ja nh6n Bt ( cu tJSc ( t!nh cht.
fi;t ,-c cUn" th$c cu t:o ca m7t 3+ ankin c thA.
R8 on ,-c t!nh cht ho hcO kiAm tJa ( k;t 5u6n.
fi;t ,-c cc 1h,0n" tJKnh ho hc biAu dian t!nh cht ho hc ca aBgti5gnO cMn bNn" ,-c cc 1hHn
$n" I.
=i;t cch 1hMn bi't ank1in (Xi ankgnO ank1in (Xi ankaign bNn" 1h,0n" 1h1 ho hc.
ZiHi ,-c bi t61 : E!nh thnh 1h@n 1h@n tJVm thA t!ch kh! tJon" hn h-1 cht 1hHn $n" u M7t 3+ bi
t61 khc cI n7i dun" 5i#n quan.
L< !hi : h$n" thS hc t61 b7 mUn khi n"hi#n c$u ki;n th$c mXi
II< C+Di. 2j:
;< /i> viJn:
Y EJanh (l hoLc mU hKnh Jn" O mU hKnh Lc ca 1hMn tQ aBgti5gn .
Y k7ng c7 : n" n"hi'm O nSt cao 3u km +n" dGn kh! O cL1 +n" n"hi'm O n c9n O b7 "i +n" n"hi'm .
Y #; ch!t : 2a2
2
O dd |mno
)
O dd =J
2
.
Y /h,0n" 1h1: *m tho:i P &#u (n YFo:t 7n" nhIm
E< +?c sinh: coi tJ,Xc ki;n th$c mXi.
III< !c8./ !1':
*Lc iAm cu tJSc 1hMn tQO 9n" 1hMnO danh 1h1 ca ankin.
E!nh cht ho hc ca ankin
/h,0n" 1h1 iu ch; aBgti5gn tJon" 1h>n" th! n"hi'mO tJon" cUn" n"hi'1.
If< !I[. !ck.+ !I[! Blm:
;< nn onh lYpp 9iqm #a sg sP v c ph>ng h?c sinh: (1
1h
)
E< riqm #a Hi cs: (%
1h
)
'- hDi8 &#u khi ni'mO (i;t 1 3+ 2E2E ca tgc1gn.
L< /i&ng Hi mYi:
!/ +>$ ng ca /f +>$ ng ca +) .i dung ghi H&ng
t
1h
+>$ ng ;:
YZf cho bi;t m7t 3+ ankin
ti#u biAu : 2
2
F
2
O 2
%
F
)

s Zf: F,Xn" dGn FC nh6n
Bt: nkin ( ankaign cI
cmn" 2E/E.
Y FC 561 thnh deD 9n" jn"
ca ankin .
I< O|./ O}./ p O|./ P+1. p
B7.+ P+0P f{ CCD !c~C :
;< Oonh nghgaW OXng ngp Xng
phtnp danh php :
aI Jnh nghKa:
H Ln72n 5 nhWn" hiJUcacbon m:ch
h4 cI m7t 5i#n k;t ba tJon" 1hMn tQ .
.I JMng NOng:
Y ReD 9n" jn" ca aBgti5gn cI cUn"
Y fi;t cc 9n" 1hMn ca
ankin $n" (Xi 2E/E 2
.
F
z

s Zf: |;t 5u6n cch (i;t
9n" 1hMn ("i+n" ankgn)
Y Z( h,Xn" dGn F3 "i t#n
thgo danh 1h1 r/2 (
danh 1h1 thUn" th,?n" .
Y E#n thUn" th,?n" :
Pc an7y& Q a*0t2&0n
s R8a (o Lc iAm cu t:o
ca ankin
Y FC JSt Ja nh6n Bt 5o:i
9n" 1hMn Y 3+ 5,-n" 9n"
1hMn 3o (Xi ankgn cI cmn" 3+
2.
s 2ch (i;t 9n" 1hMn
ankin
Y F3 (i;t cc 9n" 1hMn
YF3 JSt Ja quD t[c "i t#n :
t,0n" t8 "i t#n ankgn O thaD
uUi }gn~ thnh uUi }in~ .
s FC: Zi t#n cc ankin ca
2
.
F
z
th$c chun" 5: E
n
R
2nH2
(n2 )
cI JMng ph"n:
Y E^ n)O cI 9n" 1hMn.
s 2hk cI 9n" 1hMn cu t:o
n 2I 9n" 1hMn (< tJ! nhIm ch$c O t^
2
.
tJ4 i cI th#m 9n" 1hMn m:ch
cacbon .
ST: nkin 2
.
F
z
2F 2 P 2F
2
P 2F
2
P 2F
%

2F
%
P 2 2 P 2F
2
P 2F
%

2F 2 P 2F P 2F
%
2F
%
dI Tanh php :
G chl nhnh e t.n nhnh e t.n =,ch
ch"nh e 5 chl li.n kt ba e in
%
1h
+>$ ng E:
Z( "iXi thi'u cu tJSc
g5gctJon qua tJanh (l hoLc mU
hKnh ca 1hMn tQ aBgti5gn .
s &hn m:nh Lc iAm ca
5i#n k;t ba.
Y F3 Bgm mU hKnh hoLc tJanh
(l cu t:o 1hMn tQ aBgtin5gn .
F3 nh6n Bt
EF CVu #c phtn w :
Y EJon" 1hMn tQ ankin O hai n"uD#n tQ
2 4 tJ:n" thi 5ai ho 31
Y Z9m m7t 5k

( 2 5k .
1.
1h
+>$ ng L:
Y Zf 5m th! n"hi'm iu ch;
2
2
F
2
J9i cho qua dd =J
2
O dd
|Mno
)
.
Y Z( h,Xn" dGn h3 (i;t nhWn"
1t1, khI
s. /hHn $n" BHD Ja qua hai
"iai o:n.
Y Zf 5,u cho FC thu+c thQ
A nh6n bi;t ankin.
Y F3 quan 3t hi'n t,-n" (
nh6n Bt : mu ca dd =J
2
O dd
|Mno
)
3au 1hHn $n"
Y R! U2Vt ptp :
Bgti5gn n F
2

Bgti5gn n =J
2

Bgti5gn n F25
Bgti5gn n F
2
o
/Jo1in n F
2
o
II< !.+ C+C! +^0 +8C :
;< Ph&n Kng cng :
aI EWng h2NrX :
F2 2F n 2F
2
O
;
(i t

2F
%
Y2F
%
ad_til_n _tan

F2 2F nF
2
%
v c* cb'&

aBgti5gn 2F
2
s 2F
2
gti5gn
Ei:
2
n
F
2nY2
n 2F
2
O
;
(i t

2
n
F
2nn2
2
n
F
2nY2
n F
2
%
v c* cb'&
2
n
F
2n
.I EWng .rX8 :
2
2
F
.
P 2 2 P 2
2
F
.

2
2c
;
F0 +

2
2
F
.
P 2s2 P 2
2
F
.

=J =J
2
F0
2
2
F
.
P 2 P 2 P 2
2
F
.

=J
2
=J
2
Y PU &u Y F3 1hHn $n" c7n"
Fd O F
2
o (o ankin c]n"
tuMn thgo quD t[c
MaccU1nhicU1 .
s Zf: L,u FC: /hHn $n"
ankin c7n" n,Xc chk BHD Ja 1
"iai o:n s CHn 1h`m khUn"
bn t:o Ja n#hit hoLc
Bgton.
YE^ Lc iAm cu t:o 1hMn tQ
ankin O Z( h,Xn" dGn FC (i;t
1t1, img ( tJimg ho .
Y F3 (i;t 1h,0n" tJKnh 1hHn
$n" .
Y F3 (i;t 1h,0n" tJKnh 1hHn
$n"
cI EWng nc: ( hiJat ho )
F2 2F n F P oF
) 2 )
O
zc
;
#gG& # G&


{2F
2
s2F P oF 2F
%
P 2F s o
s /hHn $n" c7n" Fd O F
2
o (o cc
ankin tJon" deD 9n" jn" ca
aBgti5gn c]n" tuMn thgo quD t[c
Macco1nhico1 .
dI Ph;n <ng N280 h1 UZ tr280 h1:
Ynkin khUn" tJmn" h-1 thnh
1o5img:
Y *img ho :
22F 2F

O
;
dt t

2F
2
s 2F P 2 2F
YEJimg ho :
%2F 2F
O
;
dt t

2
t
F
t
t
1h
+>$ ng N:
Y Z( 1hMn t!ch (< tJ! n"uD#n
tQ hiJU 4 5i#n k;t ba ca
ankin
Y5m th! n"hi'm 2
2
F
2
n
"&o
%
v&F
%
/hHn $n" nD dmn" A
nh6n bi;t cc ankin cI 5k 4
@u m:ch .
s /EEi:
2F2Y n {"(&F
%
)
2
(oF)
2"2Y n &F
%
n F
2
o
Y FC: iuan 3t th! n"hi'm s
&h6n Bt hi'n t,-n"
s fi;t /EFF BHD Ja
s fai tJ> ca 1hHn $n"
fRu &h6n bi;t: % kh!
mgtanOgtan ( aBgti5gn
E< Ph&n Kng h: Hng i>n 9im l>$i :
fR:
Bgti5gn tc dn" dd "&o
%
v&F
%
Y "&o
%
n %&F
%
n F
2
o
{"(&F
%
)
2

n
oF
Y
n &F
)
&o
%
s F2 2F n 2{"(&F
%
)
2
oF
" P 2 2 P " n 2F
2
o n )&F
%

&d: /hHn $n" nD dmn" A nh6n
bi;t cc ankin cI 5k ba 4 @u m:ch
( aBgti5gnO 1Jo1inO ( cc ankY1Y in
khc)
%
1h
+>$ ng R:
Yfi;t 1t1, chD ca 2
2
F
2
2ho F3 (i;t 1t1, tTn" qut
.
s Zf: Eh! n"hi'm : aBgti5gn
(Xi thu+c t!m.
YF3 (i;t 1t1, chD ca ankin
bNn" 2EEi
Y&h6n Bt tk 5; 3+ mo5 ca
2o
2
( F
2
o .
s EJ#n c0 34 hi'n t,-n"
quan 3t ,-c 4 th! n"hi'm
tJ#n F3 khjn" <nh ankin cI
1hHn $n" oBi ho (Xi |Mno
)
.
L< Ph&n Kng >ui h> :
2
n
F
2nY2
n
% 1
2
n
o
2

n2o
2
n (nY1) F
2
o Fc
&d: C+ mo5 F
2
o 2o
2
( "i+n"
ankaign)
Y nkin c]n" 5m mt mu dd
|Mno
)

.
1h
+>$ ng :
Y Zf D#u c@u F3 (i;t cc
1t1, iu ch; 2
2
F
2
t^ 2a2o
%

( 2
Y Z( n#u 1h,0n" 1h1 ch!nh
iu ch; aBgti5gn tJon" 2&
hi'n naD 5 nhi't 1hMn 2F
)
4
1.cc2
Y fi;t 1t1, iu ch; 2
2
F
2
Y EKm hiAu $n" dn" ca 2
2
F
2
tJon" 3"k .
III< OID C+[ f{ 5./ Bd./ :
;< Oiu ch: :
Y&hi't 1hMn 2F
)
:
22F
)

1.cc
;

2F 2F n %F
2
YE^ canBicacbua :
2a2
2
n 2F
2
o 2a(oF)
2
n 2
2
F
2

E< ,ng dIng :
s FC: Li#n h' th8c t;
2
2
F
2
n
.
2
o
2
22o
2
n F
2
o
F s Y1%cc|
+>$ ng N: (%
1h
)
Cng cP: hon thnh cc cMu hi tJ[c n"hi'm 3au:
Ctu ;: ReD cht no 5m mt mu dun" d<ch n,Xc bJUm ( dun" d<ch |Mno
)
:
7< 2
%
F
t
O 2
2
F
)
O 2
2
F
2
2< 2
)
F
1c
O 2
2
F
)
O 2
2
F
2
C< 2
%
F
z
O 2
2
F
)
O 2
2
F
2
B< 2F
)
O 2
2
F
)
O 2
2
F
2
Ctu E: 2ho cc cht 3au : 1) 2F 2F 2) 2
2
F
)
%) 2F
%
P 2 2F )) =utY2Ygn
2ht tc dn" ,-c (Xi "&o
%
tJon" &F
%
d, 5
7< 1O % O ) 2< 1 O ) C< %O) B< 1 O %
Ctu L: 2Un" th$c cu t:o ca hiJocacbon cI t#n % Y MgtD5butY1Yin 5
7< 2F
%
Y 2(2F
%
)
2
P 2 2F 2< 2F
%
Y 2(2F
%
) 2Y 2F
%
C< 2F 2 Y 2F(2F
%
) Y 2F
%
B< 2F 2(2F
%
) Y 2F
2
Y 2F
%
Ctu N: 2ho aBgti5gn tc dn" (Xi n,Xc thgo tk 5' mo5 1:1 thu ,-c 3Hn 1h`m 5:
. 2F
2
s2FYoF =. 2F
%
Y2Fo 2. |hUn" BHD Ja R. 2F
%
Y2F
2
YoF
B%n dz: #u c@u FC ( nh 5m cc bi tJon" C=E ( chu`n b< ti;t ti;1 thgo.
r[! D4 r+4^ )0!
Y ETn" 3+ 5X1 1 dn": 1c2O 1c%O 1ctO 1cz
Y ETn" 3+ hc 3inh: 1zc
!+*./ re r[! D4
1c2 1c% 1c) 1cz
C+ hc 3inh hiAu (
(6n dn" ,-c
1h,0n" 1h1 tVn" P
"iHm 3+ oBi hIa
C+ hc 3inh ch,a
hiAu ( ch,a (6n
dn" ,-c 1h,0n"
1h1 tVn" P "iHm 3+
oBi hIa
Phn 9: lun
;< ' sP 9: lun:
E< ' sP 9i:n ngho: