Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11

CHNG III:
VECT TRONG KHONG GIAN
QUAN HE VUONG GOC TRONG KHONG GIAN
I. VECT TRONG KHONG GIAN
1. nh ngha va !a"! #h$"# %&a"n
Nnh ngha, tnh chat, cac phep toan ve vect trong khong gan
c xay dng hoan toan tng t nh trong mat phang.
Lu y:
+ Q'( %a)! *a +($,-: Cho ba em A, B, C bat ky, ta co:
AB BC AC + =
uuur uuur uuur
+ Q'( %a)! h.nh *.nh hanh: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ta co:
AB AD AC + =
uuur uuur uuur
+ Q'( %a)! h.nh h&/#: Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD, ta co:
' ' AB AD AA AC + + =
uuur uuur uuur uuuur
+ H$01 %h2"! %3'ng +($,- +&a1n %ha4ng: Cho I a trung em cua
oan thang AB, O tuy y.
Ta co:
0 IA IB + =
uur uur
r
;
2 OA OB OI + =
uuur uuur uur
+ H$/ %h2"! %3&1ng %a0- %a- g(a"!: Cho G a trong tam cua tam
gac ABC, O tuy y. Ta co:
0; 3 GA GB GC OA OB OC OG + + = + + =
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
r
+ H$/ %h2"! %3&1ng %a0- %2" 5($/n: Cho G a trong tam cua t
den ABCD, O tuy y. Ta co:
0; 4 GA GB GC GD OA OB OC OD OG + + + = + + + =
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
r
+ ($6' 7($/n ha( v$!%8 !'ng #h28ng:
( 0) ! : a vab cung phng a k b ka =
r r r
r r r
+ Nem M cha oan thang AB theo t so k (k 1), O tuy y. Ta
co:
;
1
OA kOB
!A k!B O!
k

= =

uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuuur
9. :21 +&6ng #ha4ng !';a *a v$!%8
Ba vect c go a ong phang neu cac ga cua chung
cung song song v mot mat phang.
($6' 7($/n +$, *a v$!%8 +&6ng #ha4ng: Cho ba vect , , a b c
r
r r
,
trong o a vab
r
r
khong cung phng. Kh o: , , a b c
r
r r
ong phang
! m, n R:
c "a nb = +
r
r r
Cho ba vect , , a b c
r
r r
khong ong phang, #
r
tuy y.
Kh o: ! m, n, p R: # "a nb pc = + +
r
r r r
<. T=!h v&0 h28"ng !';a ha( v$!%8
G&"! g(2>a ha( v$!%8 %3&ng 7h&0ng g(an:
0 0
, ( , ) (0 180 ) AB u AC v u v BAC BAC = = =
uuur uuur
r r r r
T=!h v&0 h28"ng !';a ha( v$!%8 %3&ng 7h&0ng g(an:
+ Cho , 0 u v
r
r r
. Kh o: . . .cos( , ) uv u v u v =
r r r r r r
+ V 0 0 u hoa$c v = =
r r
r r
. Ou c: . 0 uv=
r r
+ . 0 u v uv =
r r r r
%1
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
VA?N E@ 1: Ch2"ng -(nh -&/% +a4ng %h2"! v$!%8.
Da vao &u' (a)c ca*c ph+*p (oa*n v+ v+c( va ca*c h+, (h*c
v+c(-
1.Cho t den ABCD. Go E, F an t a trung em cua AB va CD, I
a trung em cua EF.
a) Chng mnh:
0 IA IB IC ID + + + =
uur uur uur uur
r
.
b) Chng mnh:
4 !A !B !C !D !I + + + =
uuur uuur uuuur uuuur uuur
, v M tuy y.
c) Tm em M thuoc mat phang co nh (P) sao cho:
!A !B !C !D + + +
uuur uuur uuuur uuuur
nho nhat.
2. Chng mnh rang trong mot t den bat k, cac oan thang
no trung em cua cac canh o ong qu ta trung em cua
chung. (.'+/" 0ong &u' 0o* 0c go' 1a (rong (a2" cu3a (* 4'+,n5
3. Cho t den ABCD. Go A, B, C, D an t a cac em cha cac
canh AB, BC, CD, DA theo t so k (k 1). Chng mnh rang ha t
den ABCD va ABCD co cung trong tam.
VA?N E@ 9: Ch2"ng -(nh *a v$!%8 +&6ng #ha4ng.
Aha0n %=!h -&/% v$!%8 %h$& *a v$!%8 7h&0ng +&6ng #ha4ng
.+/ ch*ng "'nh ba v+c( 0ong pha6ng7 (a co* (h+/ ch*ng "'nh
ba8ng "o,( (rong ca*c ca*ch9
: Ch*ng "'nh ca*c g'a* cu3a ba v+c( cung ;ong ;ong v*' "o,(
"a$( pha6ng-
: Da vao 0'+u k'+,n 0+/ ba v+c( 0ong pha6ng9
<+=u co* m, n R:
c "a nb = +
r
r r
(h , , a b c
r
r r
ong phang
.+/ pha2n (>ch "o,( v+c( #
r
(h+o ba v+c( , , a b c
r
r r
kho2ng 0ong
pha6ng7 (a (" ca*c ;o= "7 n7 p ;ao cho9 # "a nb pc = + +
r
r r r
1.Cho tam gac ABC. Lay em S nam ngoa mat phang (ABC). Tren
oan SA ay em M sao cho
2 !S !A =
uuur uuur
va tren oan BC ay
em N sao cho
1
2
<B <C =
uuur uuur
. Chng mnh rang ba vect
, , AB !< SC
uuur uuuur uuur
ong phang.
HD9 Ch*ng "'nh
2 1
3 3
!< AB SC = +
uuuur uuur uuur
.
2.Cho hnh hop ABCD.EFGH. Go M, N, I, |, K, L an t a trung em
cua cac canh AE, CG, AD, DH, GH, FG; P va O an t a trung
em cua NG va |H.
a) Chng mnh ba vect , , !< ?H @A
uuuur uuur uuur
ong phang.
b) Chng mnh ba vect
, , IB C D AH
uur uuur uuur
ong phang.
HD9 a5 , , !< ?H @A
uuuur uuur uuur
co* g'a* cung ;ong ;ong v*' EABCD5-
%%
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
b5
, , IB C D AH
uur uuur uuur
co* g'a* cung ;ong ;ong v*' EBDG5-
3. Cho hnh ang tru ABC.DEF. Go G, H, I, |, K an t a trung em
cua AE, EC, CD, BC, BE.
a) Chng mnh ba vect
, , AC GI HD
uur uur uuur
ong phang.
b) Go M, N an t a ha em tren AF va CE sao cho
1
3
?! C<
?A CF
= =
. Cac ng thang ve t M va N song song v CF an t cat
DF va EF ta P va O. Chng mnh ba vect , , !< @A C?
uuuur uuur uuur
ong phang.
4.Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD. Go M va N an t a trung em cua
CD va DD; G va G an t a trong tam cua cac t den
ADMN va BCCD. Chng mnh rang ng thang GG va mat
phang (ABBA) song song v nhau.
HD9 Ch*ng "'nh
( )
1
' 5 '
8
GG AB AA =
uuuur uuur uuur

, ', ' AB AA GG
uuur uuur uuuur
0ong pha6ng-
5.Cho ba vect , , a b c
r
r r
khong ong phang va vect
4
r
.
a) Cho
4 "a nb = +
r r
r
v m va n 0. Chng mnh cac bo ba vect sau
khong ong phang:
) , , b c 4
r r
r
) , , a c 4
r
r r
b) Cho 4 "a nb pc = + +
r r
r r
v m, n va p 0. Chng mnh cac bo ba
vect sau khong ong phang: ) , , a b 4
r r
r
) , , b c 4
r r
r
) , , a c 4
r
r r
HD9 S3 4ung phng pha*p pha3n ch*ng-
6.Cho ba vect , , a b c
r
r r
khac
0
r
va ba so thc m, n, p 0. Chng mnh
rang ba vect , , # "a nb G pb "c H nc pa = = =
r r
r r r r r r r
ong phang.
HD9 Ch*ng "'nh 0 p# nG "H + + =
r
r r r
-
7.Cho hnh ang tru tam gac ABC.ABC co ' , , AA a AB b AC c = = =
uuur uuur uuur
r
r r
. Hay
phan tch cac vect ' , ' B C BC
uuuur uuuur
theo cac vect , , a b c
r
r r
.
HD9 a5
' B C c a b =
uuuur
r
r r
b5
' BC a c b = +
uuuur
r
r r
-
8.Cho t den OABC. Go G a trong tam cua tam gac ABC.
a) Phan tch vect
OG
uuur
theo cac ba
, , OA OB OC
uuur uuur uuur
.
b) Go D a trong tam cua t den OABC. Phan tch vect
OD
uuur
theo ba vect
, , OA OB OC
uuur uuur uuur
.
HD9 a5
( )
1
3
OG OA OB OC = + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur
b5
( )
1
4
OD OA OB OC = + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur
-
9.Cho hnh hop OABC.DEFG. Go I a tam cua hnh hop.
a) Phan tch ha vect OI vaAG
uur uuur
theo ba vect
, , OA OC OD
uuur uuur uuur
.
b) Phan tch vect
BI
uur
theo ba vect
, , ?F ?G ?I
uuur uuur uur
.
HD9 a5
( )
1
2
OI OA OC OD = + +
uur uuur uuur uuur
7
AG OA OC OD = + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur
- b5
BI ?F ?G ?I = +
uur uuur uuur uur
-
10. Cho hnh ap phng ABCD.EFGH.
a) Phan tch vect
AF
uuur
theo ba vect
, , AC A? AH
uuur uuur uuur
.
b) Phan tch vect
AG
uuur
theo ba vect
, , AC A? AH
uuur uuur uuur
.
%I
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
HD9 a5
( )
1
2
AF A? AH AC = +
uuur uuur uuur uuur
b5
( )
1
2
AG A? AH AC = + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur
-
VA?N E@ <: T=!h v&0 h28"ng !';a ha( v$!%8 %3&ng 7h&0ng g(an
1.Cho hnh ap phng ABCD.ABCD.
a) Xac nh goc ga cac cap vect: ' ' AB vaA C
uuur uuuuur
, ' ' AB vaA D
uuur uuuuur
,
' AC vaBD
uuuur uuur
.
b) Tnh cac tch vo hng cua cac cap vect: ' ' AB vaA C
uuur uuuuur
,
' ' AB vaA D
uuur uuuuur
, ' AC vaBD
uuuur uuur
.
2.Cho hnh t den ABCD, trong o AB BD. Go P va O a cac em
an t thuoc cac ng thang AB va CD sao cho
, @A k@B AC kAD = =
uuur uuur uuur uuur
(k 1). Chng mnh AB @A
uuur uuur
.
II. HAI BNG THACNG VUONG GOC
1. V$!%8 !hD #h28ng !';a +28ng %ha4ng:
0 a
r
r
a VTCP cua d neu
ga cua a
r
song song hoac trung v d.
9. G&"! g(2>a ha( +28ng %ha4ng:
a//a, b//b

( )

( )
, ', ' a b a b =
Ga s u
r
a VTCP cua a, v
r
a VTCP cua b,
( , ) u v =
r r

.
Kh o:

( )
0 0
0 0 0
0 180
,
180 90 180
n+=u
a b
n+=u

=

<

Neu a//b hoac a b th

( )
0
, 0 a b =
Ch'" E":

( )
0 0
0 , 90 a b
<. Ha( +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"!:
a b

( )
0
, 90 a b =
Ga s u
r
a VTCP cua a, v
r
a VTCP cua b. Kh o . 0 a b uv =
r r
.
Lu y: Ha ng thang vuong goc v nhau co the cat nhau
hoac cheo nhau.
VA?N E@ 1: Ch2"ng -(nh ha( +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"!
@hng pha*p9 Co* (h+/ ;3 4ung 1 (rong ca*c ca*ch ;au9
1- Ch*ng "'nh go*c g'Ja ha' 0ng (ha6ng 0o* ba8ng KL
L
-
%- Ch*ng "'nh % v+c( chM phng cu3a % 0ng (ha6ng 0o* vuo2ng
go*c v*' nhau-
I- S3 4ung ca*c (>nh cha=( cu3a hnh hoc pha6ng Enh 0Nnh 1> @'O(aO
go7 P5-
1.Cho hnh chop tam gac S.ABC co SA = SB = SC va

ASB BSC CSA = =
.
Chng mnh rang SA BC, SB AC, SC AB.
HD9 Ch*ng "'nh
. SABC
uur uuur
Q L
2.Cho t den eu ABCD, canh bang a. Go O a tam ng tron
ngoa tep BCD.
%R
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
a) Chng mnh AO vuong goc v CD.
b) Go M a trung em cua CD. Tnh goc ga AC va BM.
HD9 b5

3
cos( , )
6
AC B! =
-
3.Cho t den ABCD co AB = CD = a, AC = BD = b, AD = BC = c.
a) CMR oan no trung em cac cap canh o den th vuong
goc v 2 canh o.
b) Tnh goc hp b cac canh o cua t den.
HD9 b5
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
arccos ; arccos ; arccos
a c b c a b
b a c

-
4.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh bnh hanh v AB = a, AD =
2a, SAB a tam gac vuong can ta A, M a em tren canh AD (M
A va D). Mat phang (P) qua M song song v mp(SAB) cat BC, SC,
SD an t ta N, P, O.
a) Chng mnh MNPO a hnh thang vuong.
b) Nat AM = x. Tnh den tch cua MNPO theo a va x.
5.Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD co tat ca cac canh eu bang nhau.
Chng mnh rang AC BD, AB CD, AD CB.
III. BNG THACNG VUONG GOC VI FAGT AHACNG
1. nh ngha
d (P) d a, a (P)
9. ($6' 7($/n +$, +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"! v8"( -aH% #ha4ng
, ( ),
( )
,
a b @ a b O
4 @
4 a 4 b
=

<. T=nh !haI%

FaH% #ha4ng %3'ng %321! cua mot oan thang a mat phang
vuong goc v oan thang ta trung em cua no.
!a$( pha6ng (rung (rc cu3a 0oan (ha6ng 1a (a,p hp ca*c 0'+/"
ca*ch 0+u ha' 0au "u*( cu3a 0oan (ha6ng 0o*-

( )
( )
a b
@ b
@ a

( ), ( )
a b
a b
a @ b @

( ) ( )
( )
( )
@ A
a A
a @

( ) ( )
( ) )
( ) ,( )
@ A
@ A
@ a A a

(

( )
( )
a @
b a
b @

( )
)
,( )
a @
a @
a b @ b

(

J. nh K= *a +28ng v'&0ng g&"!

Cho ( ), ( ) a @ b @ , a a hnh cheu cua a tren (P). Kh o b a
b a
L. G&"! g(2>a +28ng %ha4ng va -aH% #ha4ng
Neu d (P) th

( )
,( ) 4 @
= 90
0
.
Neu ( ) 4 @ th

( )
,( ) 4 @
=

( )
, ' 4 4
v d a hnh cheu cua d tren
(P).
Ch'" E": 0
0

( )
,( ) 4 @
90
0
.
VA?N E@ 1: Ch2"ng -(nh +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"! v8"( -aH%
#ha4ng
%S
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
Ch2"ng -(nh ha( +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"!
* Chng minh ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang
.+/ ch*ng "'nh 4 E@57 (a co* (h+/ ch*ng "'nh b3' "o,( (rong ca*c
ca*ch ;au9
Ch*ng "'nh 4 vuo2ng go*c v*' ha' 0ng (ha6ng a7 b ca)( nhau
na8" (rong E@5-
Ch*ng "'nh 4 vuo2ng go*c v*' EA5 va EA5 TT E@5-
Ch*ng "'nh 4 TT a va a E@5-
* Chng minh hai ng thang vuong goc
.+/ ch*ng "'nh 4 a7 (a co* (h+/ ch*ng "'nh b3' "o,( (rong ca*c
ca*ch ;au9
Ch*ng "'nh 4 vuo2ng go*c v*' E@5 va E@5 ch*a a-
S3 4ung 0Nnh 1> ba 0ng vuo2ng go*c-
S3 4ung ca*c ca*ch ch*ng "'nh 0aJ b'+=( 3 phan (r*c-
1.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh vuong tam O. SA (ABCD).
Go H, I, K an t a hnh cheu vuong goc cua A tren SB, SC,
SD.
a) CMR: BC (SAB), CD (SAD), BD (SAC).
b) CMR: AH, AK cung vuong goc v SC. T o suy ra 3 ng
thang AH, AI, AK cung nam trong mot mat phang.
c) CMR: HK (SAC). T o suy ra HK AI.
2.Cho t den SABC co tam gac ABC vuong ta B; SA (ABC).
a) Chng mnh: BC (SAB).
b) Go AH a ng cao cua SAB. Chng mnh: AH SC.
3.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay ABCD a hnh tho tam O. Bet: SA =
SC, SB = SD.
a) Chng mnh: SO (ABCD).
b) Go I, | an t a trung em cua cac canh BA, BC. CMR: I|
(SBD).
4.Cho t den ABCD co ABC va DBC a 2 tam gac eu. Go I a trung
em cua BC.
a) Chng mnh: BC (AID).
b) Ve ng cao AH cua AID. Chng mnh: AH (BCD).
5.Cho t den OABC co OA, OB, OC o mot vuong goc v nhau. Go
H a hnh cheu vuong goc cua em O tren mp(ABC). Chng
mnh rang:
a) BC (OAH).
b) H a trc tam cua tam gac ABC.
c)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
OH OA OB OC
= + + .
d) Cac goc cua tam gac ABC eu nhon.
6.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh vuong canh a. Mat ben SAB
a tam gac eu; SAD a tam gac vuong can nh S. Go I, |
an t a trung em cua AB va CD.
a) Tnh cac canh cua SI| va chng mnh rang SI (SCD), S|
(SAB).
b) Go H a hnh cheu vuong goc cua S tren I|. CMR: SH AC.
%U
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
c) Go M a mot em thuoc ng thang CD sao cho: BM SA.
Tnh AM theo a.
HD9 a5 a7
3
,
2 2
a a
c5
5
2
a
7.Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay a hnh vuong canh a, mat ben SAB
a tam gac eu va SC = a
2
. Go H va K an t a trung
em cua cac canh AB va AD.
a) CMR: SH (ABCD).
b) Chng mnh: AC SK va CK SD.
8.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh ch nhat co AB = a, BC = a
3
, mat ben SBC vuong ta B, mat ben SCD vuong ta D co SD
= a
5
.
a) Chng mnh: SA (ABCD) va tnh SA.
b) Nng thang qua A va vuong goc v AC, cat cac ng
thang CB, CD an t ta I, |. Go H a hnh cheu cua A tren SC.
Hay xac nh cac gao em K, L cua SB, SD v mp(HI|). CMR: AK
(SBC), AL (SCD).
c) Tnh den tch t gac AKHL.
HD9 a5 a
2
- c5
2
8
15
a
-
9.Go I a 1 em bat k trong ng tron (O;R). CD a day cung
cua (O) qua I. Tren ng thang vuong goc v mat phang
cha ng tron (O) ta I ta ay em S v OS = R. Go E a
em o tam cua D tren ng tron (O). Chng mnh rang:
a) Tam gac SDE vuong ta S.
b) SD CE.
c) Tam gac SCD vuong.
10. Cho MAB vuong ta M trong mat phang (P). Tren ng thang
vuong goc v (P) ta A ta ay 2 em C, D ha ben em A.
Go C a hnh cheu cua C tren MD, H a gao em cua AM va
CC.
a) Chng mnh: CC (MBD).
b) Go K a hnh cheu cua H tren AB. CMR: K a trc tam cua
BCD.
11. Cho hnh t den ABCD.
a) Chng mnh rang: AB CD AC
2
- AD
2
= BC
2
- BD
2
.
b) T o suy ra neu mot t den co 2 cap canh o vuong
goc v nhau th cap canh o con a cung vuong goc v
nhau.
VA?N E@ 9: T.- %h($I% 5($/n M'a -&/% +($,- va v'&0ng g&"! v8"(
-&/% +28ng %ha4ng
@hng pha*p9 T" % 0ng (ha6ng ca)( nhau cung vuo2ng go*c v*'
0ng (ha6ng 0aJ cho7 kh' 0o* "a$( pha6ng ca)( ;+J ;ong ;ong
Ehoa$c ch*a5 v*' % 0ng (ha6ng a=G-
%V
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
1.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh thang vuong ta A va B v
AB = BC = a, AD = 2a; SA (ABCD) va SA = 2a. Go M a 1 em
tren canh AB. Mat phang (P) qua M va vuong goc v AB. Nat
AM = x (0 < x < a).
a) Tm thet den cua hnh chop v (P). Thet den a hnh g?
b) Tnh den tch thet den theo a va x.
HD9 a5 Hnh (hang vuo2ng b5 S Q %aEa O #5-
2.Cho t den SABC, co ay a tam gac eu canh a; SA (ABC) va
SA = 2a. Mat phang (P) qua B va vuong goc v SC. Tm thet
den cua t den v (P) va tnh den tch cua thet den nay.
HD9 S Q
2
15
20
a
-
3.Cho t den SABC v ABC a tam gac vuong can nh B, AB = a.
SA (ABC) va SA = a
3
. M a 1 em tuy y tren canh AB, at
AM = x (0 < x < a). Go (P) a mat phang qua M va vuong goc
v AB.
a) Tm thet den cua t den v (P).
b) Tnh den tch cua thet den o theo a va x. Tm x e den
tch thet den co ga tr n nhat.
HD9 b5 S Q
3
#Ea O #5W S 1*n nha=( kh' # Q
2
a
-
4.Cho hnh t den SABC v ABC a tam gac eu canh a, SA (ABC)
va SA = a. Tm thet den cua t den v mat phang (P) va
tnh den tch thet den trong cac trng hp sau:
a) (P) qua S va vuong goc v BC.
b) (P) qua A va vuong goc v trung tuyen SI cua tam gac SBC.
c) (P) qua trung em M cua SC va vuong goc v AB.
HD9 a5
2
3
4
a
- b5
2
2 21
49
a
- c5
2
5 3
32
a
-
5.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay a hnh vuong canh a, SA (ABCD) va
SA = a
2
. Ve ng cao AH cua tam gac SAB.
a) CMR:
2
3
SH
SB
= .
b) Go (P) a mat phang qua A va vuong goc v SB. (P) cat
hnh chop theo thet den a hnh g? Tnh den tch thet den.
HD9 b5 S Q
2
5 6
18
a
VA?N E@ <: G&"! g(2>a +28ng %ha4ng va -aH% #ha4ng
@hng pha*p9 Xa*c 0Nnh go*c g'Ja 0ng (ha6ng a va "a$( pha6ng
E@5-
T" g'ao 0'+/" O cu3a a v*' E@5-
Chon 0'+/" A a va 4ng AH E@5- Dh' 0o*

( ,( )) AOH a @ =
1.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a, tam O;
SO (ABCD). Go M, N an t a trung em cua cac canh SA va
BC. Bet
0
( ,( )) 60 !< ABCD =
.
a) Tnh MN va SO.
b) Tnh goc ga MN va (SBD).
%Y
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
HD9 a5 !< Q
10
2
a
W SO Q
30
2
a
b5 ;'n

5
( ,( ))
5
!< SBD =
-
2.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a; SA
(ABCD) va SA = a
6
. Tnh goc ga:
a) SC va (ABCD) b) SC va (SAB) c) SB va (SAC) d) AC va (SBC)
HD9 a5 UL
L
b5 arc(an
1
7
c5 arc;'n
1
14
45
arc;'n
21
7
-
3.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay ABCD a hnh ch nhat; SA (ABCD).
Canh SC = a hp v ay goc va hp v mat ben SAB goc
.
a) Tnh SA.
b) CMR: AB = a cos( ).cos( ) + .
HD9 a5 a-;'n
4.Cho hnh chop SABC, co ABC a tam gac can, AB = AC = a,

BAC =
.
Bet SA, SB, SC eu hp v mat phang (ABC) goc .
a) CMR: hnh cheu cua S tren mp(ABC) a tam cua ng tron
ngoa tep ABC.
b) Tnh khoang cach t S en mp(ABC).
HD9 b5
.sn
2
cos
a

-
5.Cho ang tru ABC.ABC, co ay a tam gac eu canh a, AA
(ABC). Nng cheo BC cua mat ben BCCB hp v (ABBA) goc
30
0
.
a) Tnh AA.
b) Tnh khoang cach t trung em M cua AC en (BAC).
c) Go N a trung em cua canh BB. Tnh goc ga MN va (BAC).
HD9 a5 a
2
- b5
66
11
a
- c5 arc;'n
54
55
-
6.Cho ang tru ABC.ABC, co ay ABC a tam gac vuong can ta A;
AA (ABC). Noan no trung em M cua AB va trung em N cua
BC co o da bang a, MN hp v ay goc va mat ben
BCCB goc .
a) Tnh cac canh ay va canh ben cua ang tru theo a va .
b) Chng mnh rang: cos =
2
sn.
HD9 a5 AB Q AC Q %a-co;W BC Q %a
2
co;W AA Q a-;'n-
IV. HAI FAGT AHACNG VUONG GOC
1. G&"! g(2>a ha( -aH% #ha4ng
%K
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung

( )

( )
( )
( ),( ) ,
( )
a @
@ A a b
b A

=

Ga s (P) (O) = c. T I c, dng

( ),
( ),
a @ a c
b A b c

( )

( )
( ),( ) , @ A a b =
Ch'" E":

( )
0 0
0 ( ),( ) 90 @ A
9. N($/n %=!h h.nh !h($I' !';a -&/% +a g(a"!
Go S a den tch cua a gac (H) trong (P), S a den tch cua
hnh cheu (H) cua (H) tren (O), =

( )
( ),( ) @ A
. Kh o: S = S.cos
<. Ha( -aH% #ha4ng v'&0ng g&"!
(P) (O)

( )
0
( ),( ) 90 @ A =
($6' 7($/n +$, ha( -aH% #ha4ng v'&0ng g&"! v8"( nha':
( )
( ) ( )
( )
@ a
@ A
a A

J. T=nh !haI%

( ) ( ),( ) ( )
( )
( ),
@ A @ A c
a A
a @ a c
=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, ( )
@ A
A @ a @
a A a A

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
@ A a
@ a
A
=

VA?N E@ 1: G&"! g(2>a ha( -aH% #ha4ng

@hng pha*p9 !uo=n (" go*c g'Ja ha' "a$( pha6ng E@5 va EA5 (a co*
(h+/ ;3 4ung "o,( (rong ca*c ca*ch ;au9
T" ha' 0ng (ha6ng a7 b9 a E@57 b EA5- Dh' 0o*9

( )

( )
( ),( ) , @ A a b =
-
G'a3 ;3 E@5 EA5 Q c- T I c7 4ng
( ),
( ),
a @ a c
b A b c

( )

( )
( ),( ) , @ A a b =
1.Cho hnh chop SABC, co ay ABC a tam gac vuong can v BA =
BC = a; SA (ABC) va SA = a. Go E, F an t a trung em cua
cac canh AB va AC.
a) Tnh goc ga ha mat phang (SAC) va (SBC).
b) Tnh goc ga 2 mat phang (SEF) va (SBC).
HD9 a5

( )
( ),( ) SAC SBC
Q UL
L
b5 co;

3
(( ),( ))
10
SF? SBC =
-
2.Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a, tam O; SA (ABCD). Tnh SA theo a e
so o cua goc ga ha mat phang (SCB) va (SCD) bang 60
0
.
HD9 SA Q a-
3.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co ay ABCD a na uc gac eu no tep
ng tron ng knh AB = 2a; SA (ABCD) va SA = a
3
.
a) Tnh goc ga 2 mat phang (SAD) va (SBC).
b) Tnh goc ga 2 mat phang (SBC) va (SCD).
HD9 a5 (an

(( ),( )) 7 SAD SBC =

b5 co;

10
(( ),( ))
5
SBC SCD =
-
IL
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
4.Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a, SA (ABCD) va SA = a
3
. Tnh goc
ga cac cap mat phang sau:
a) (SBC) va (ABC) b) (SBD) va (ABD) c) (SAB) va (SCD)
HD9 a5 UL
L
b5 arc(an
6
c5 IL
L
-
5.Cho hnh tho ABCD canh a, tam O, OB =
3
3
a
; SA (ABCD) va SO =
6
3
a
.
a) Chng mnh

ASC
vuong.
b) Chng mnh ha mat phang (SAB) va (SAD) vuong goc.
c) Tnh goc ga ha mat phang (SBC) va (ABC).
HD9 c5 UL
L
-
6.Cho hnh chop SABCD co SA (ABCD) va SA = a
2
, ay ABCD a
hnh thang vuong ta A va D v AB = 2a, AD = DC = a. Tnh goc
ga cac cap mat phang:
a) (SBC) va (ABC) b) (SAB) va (SBC) c) (SBC) va (SCD)
HD9 a5 RS
L
b5 UL
L
c5 arcco;
6
3
-
VA?N E@ 9: Ch2"ng -(nh ha( -aH% #ha4ng v'&0ng g&"!.
Ch2"ng -(nh +28ng %ha4ng v'&0ng g&"! v8"( -aH% #ha4ng.
* Chng minh hai mat phang vuong goc
.+/ ch*ng "'nh E@5 EA57 (a co* (h+/ ch*ng "'nh b3' "o,( (rong ca*c
ca*ch ;au9
Ch*ng "'nh (rong E@5 co* "o,( 0ng (ha6ng a "a a EA5-
Ch*ng "'nh

( )
0
( ),( ) 90 @ A =
* Chng minh ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang
.+/ ch*ng "'nh 4 E@57 (a co* (h+/ ch*ng "'nh b3' "o,( (rong ca*c
ca*ch ;au9
Ch*ng "'nh 4 EA5 v*' EA5 E@5 va 4 vuo2ng go*c v*' g'ao
(uG+=n c cu3a E@5 va EA5-
Ch*ng "'nh 4 Q EA5 E5 v*' EA5 E@5 va E5 E@5-
S3 4ung ca*c ca*ch ch*ng "'nh 0aJ b'+=( 3 phan (r*c-
1.Cho tam gac eu ABC, canh a. Go D a em o xng v A qua
BC. Tren ng thang vuong goc v mp(ABC) ta D ay em S
sao cho SD = a
6
. Chng mnh ha mat phang (SAB) va (SAC)
vuong goc v nhau.
2.Cho hnh t den ABCD co ha mat ABC va ABD cung vuong goc
v ay DBC. Ve cac ng cao BE, DF cua BCD, ng cao DK
cua ACD.
a) Chng mnh: AB (BCD).
b) Chng mnh 2 mat phang (ABE) va (DFK) cung vuong goc v
mp(ADC).
I1
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
c) Go O va H an t a trc tam cua 2 tam gac BCD va ADC.
CMR: OH (ADC).
3.Cho hnh chop SABCD, ay ABCD a hnh vuong, SA (ABCD).
a) Chng mnh (SAC) (SBD).
b) Tnh goc ga ha mat phang (SAD) va (SCD).
c) Go BE, DF a ha ng cao cua SBD. CMR: (ACF) (SBC), (AEF)
(SAC).
HD9 b5 KL
L
-
4.Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a, SA
(ABCD). Go M, N a 2 em an t tren 2 canh BC, DC sao cho
BM =
2
a
, DN =
3
4
a
. Chng mnh 2 mat phang (SAM) va (SMN)
vuong goc v nhau.
5.Cho tam gac ABC vuong ta A. Ve BB va CC cung vuong goc v
mp(ABC).
a) Chng mnh (ABB) (ACC).
b) Go AH, AK a cac ng cao cua ABC va ABC. Chng mnh
2 mat phang (BCCB) va (ABC) cung vuong goc v mat
phang (AHK).
6.Cho hnh chop SABCD, ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a, mat ben
SAB a tam gac eu va vuong goc v ay. Go I a trung
em cua AB.
a) Chng mnh rang SI (ABCD), AD (SAB).
b) Tnh goc ga BD va mp(SAD).
c) Tnh goc ga SD va mp(SCI).
HD9 b5 arc;'n
6
4
c5 arc;'n
10
5
7.Cho tam gac ABC vuong ta A co AB = c, AC = b. Go (P) a mat
phang qua BC va vuong goc v mp(ABC); S a 1 em d ong
tren (P) sao cho SABC a hnh chop co 2 mat ben SAB, SAC hp
v ay ABC ha goc co so o an t a va
2

. Go H, I, |
an t a hnh cheu vuong goc cua S tren BC, AB, AC..
a) Chng mnh rang: SH
2
= HI.H|.
b) Tm ga tr n nhat cua SH va kh o hay tm ga tr cua .
HD9 b) SH
max
=
1
; arctan
2
c
bc
b
=
8.Cho hnh t den ABCD co AB = BC = a, AC = b, DB = DC = x, AD = y.
Tm he thc en he ga a, b, x, y e:
a) Mat phang (ABC) (BCD).
b) Mat phang (ABC) (ACD).
HD9 a5 #
%
O G
%
:
2
2
b
Q L b5 #
%
O G
%
: b
%
O %a
%
Q L
9.Cho hnh chop SABCD, ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a, SA (ABCD) ;
M va N a ha em nam tren cac canh BC, CD. Nat BM = x, DN
= y.
I%
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
a) Chng mnh rang eu ken can va u e ha mat phang
(SAM) va (SMN) vuong goc v nhau a MN (SAM). T o suy ra
he thc en he ga x va y.
b) Chng mnh rang eu ken can va u e goc ga ha
mat phang (SAM) va (SAN) co so o bang 30
0
a a(x + y) +
3
xy
= a
2
3
.
HD9 a5 a
%
O aE# : G5 : #
%
Q L
10. Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD a hnh tho tam I canh a va
co goc A bang 60
0
, canh SC =
6
2
a
va SC (ABCD).
a) Chng mnh (SBD) (SAC).
b) Trong tam gac SCA ke IK SA ta K. Tnh o da IK.
c) Chng mnh
0
90 BDD=
va t o suy ra (SAB) (SAD).
HD9 b5
2
a
ID = -
VA?N E@ <: T=nh 5($/n %=!h h.nh !h($I' !';a +a g(a"!
@hng pha*p9 Go' S 1a 4'+,n (>ch cu3a 0a g'a*c EH5 (rong E@57 S 1a 4'+,n
(>ch cu3a hnh ch'+=u EH5 cu3a EH5 (r+2n EA57 Q

( )
( ),( ) @ A
- Dh' 0o*9 S Q
S-co;
1.Cho hnh tho ABCD co nh A trong mat phang (P), cac nh
khac khong trong (P), BD = a, AC = a
2
. Cheu vuong goc hnh
tho en mat phang (P) ta c hnh vuong ABCD.
a) Tnh den tch cua ABCD va ABCD. Suy ra goc ga (ABCD) va
(P).
b) Go E va F an t a gao em cua CB, CD v (P). Tnh den
tch cua t gac EFDB va EFDB.
HD9 a5 RSL b5 S
F?DB
Q
2
3 2
4
a
W S
F?DB
Q
2
3
4
a
2.Cho tam gac can ABC co ng cao AH = a
3
, ay BC = 3a; BC
(P). Go A a hnh cheu cua A tren (P). Kh ABC vuong ta A, tnh
goc ga (P) va (ABC).
HD9 IL
L
3.Cho tam gac eu ABC canh a, nam trong mat phang (P). Tren cac
ng thang vuong goc v (P) ve t B va C ay cac oan BD
=
2
2
a
, CE = a
2
nam cung mot ben o v (P).
a) Chng mnh tam gac ADE vuong. Tnh den tch cua tam gac
ADE.
b) Tnh goc ga ha mat phang (ADE) va (P).
HD9 a5
2
3
4
a
b5 arcco;
3
3
4.Cho hnh chop SABC co cac mat ben hp v ay mot goc .
a) Chng mnh hnh cheu cua S tren mp(ABC) a tam cua
ng tron no tep ABC.
II
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
b) Chng mnh: S
SAB
+ S
SBC
+ S
SCA
=
cos
ABC
S
V

5.Cho t den SABC co SA, SB, SC o mot vuong goc. Go H a trc

tam cua ABC. Chng mnh rang:
a) SH (ABC).
b) (S
SBC
)
2
= S
ABC
.S
HBC
. T o suy ra: (S
ABC
)
2
= (S
SAB
)
2
+ (S
SBC
)
2
+(S
SCA
)
2
.
6.Trong mat phang (P) cho OAB vuong ta O, AB = 2a, OB = a. Tren
cac ta vuong goc v (P) ve t A va B va ve cung mot
ben o v (P), ay AA = a, BB = x.
a) Nnh x e tam gac OAB vuong ta O.
b) Tnh AB, OA, OB theo a va x. Chng to tam gac OAB khong
the vuong ta B. Nnh x e tam gac nay vuong ta A.
c) Cho x = 4a. Ve ng cao OC cua OAB. Chng mnh rang CA
AB. Tnh goc ga ha mat phang (OAB) va (P).
HD9 a5 # Q L b5 # Q Ra c5 arcco;
39
26
IV. KHOAONG CACH
1. Kh&a;ng !a"!h %2 -&/% +($,- +$In -&/% +28ng %ha4ngP +$In
-&/% -aH% #ha4ng

( , )
( ,( ))
4 ! a !H
4 ! @ !H
=
=
trong o H a hnh cheu cua M tren a hoac
(P).
9. Kh&a;ng !a"!h g(2>a +28ng %ha4ng va -aH% #ha4ng Q&ng
Q&ngP g(2>a ha( -aH% #ha4ng Q&ng Q&ng
d(a,(P)) = d(M,(P)) trong o M a em bat k nam tren a.
d((P),(O) = d(M,(O)) trong o M a em bat k nam tren (P).
<. Kh&a;ng !a"!h g(2>a ha( +28ng %ha4ng !h$"& nha'
Nng thang cat ca a, b va cung vuong goc v a, b c
go a ng vuong goc chung cua a, b.
Neu cat a, b ta I, | th I| c go a oan vuong goc chung
cua a, b.
No da oan I| c go a khoang cach ga a, b.
Khoang cach ga ha ng thang cheo nhau bang khoang
cach ga mot trong ha ng thang o v mat phang cha
ng thang ka va song song v no.
Khoang cach ga ha ng thang cheo nhau bang khoang
cach ga ha mat phang song song an t cha ha ng
thang o.
VA?N E@ 1: Kh&a;ng !a"!h g(2>a ha( +28ng %ha4ng !h$"& nha'
@hng pha*p9 Dng 0oan vuo2ng go*c chung cu3a ha' 0ng (ha6ng
ch+*o nhau a va b-
Ca*ch 19 G'a3 ;3 a b9
Dng "a$( pha6ng E@5 ch*a b va vuo2ng go*c v*' a (a' A-
IR
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
Dng AB b (a' B
AB 1a 0oan vuo2ng go*c chung cu3a a va b-
Ca*ch %9 S3 4ung "a$( pha6ng ;ong ;ong-
Dng "a$( pha6ng E@5 ch*a b va ;ong ;ong v*' a-
Chon ! a7 4ng !H E@5 (a' H-
T H 4ng 0ng (ha6ng a TT a7 ca)( b (a' B-
T B 4ng 0ng (ha6ng ;ong ;ong !H7 ca)( a (a' A-
AB 1a 0oan vuo2ng go*c chung cu3a a va b-
Chu* G*9 4Ea7b5 Q AB Q !H Q aEa7E@55-
Ca*ch I9 S3 4ung "a$( pha6ng vuo2ng go*c-
Dng "a$( pha6ng E@5 a (a' O-
Dng hnh ch'+=u b cu3a b (r+2n E@5-
Dng OH b (a' H-
T H7 4ng 0ng (ha6ng ;ong ;ong v*' a7 ca)( b (a' B-
T B7 4ng 0ng (ha6ng ;ong ;ong v*' OH7 ca)( a (a' A-
AB 1a 0oan vuo2ng go*c chung cu3a a va b-
Chu* G*9 4Ea7b5 Q AB Q OH-
1.Cho hnh t den OABC, trong o OA, OB, OC = a. Go I a trung em
cua BC. Hay dng va tnh o da oan vuong goc chung cua
cac cap ng thang:
a) OA va BC. b) AI va OC.
HD9 a5
2
2
a
b5
5
5
a
2.Cho hnh chop SABCD, ay ABCD a hnh vuong tam O, canh a, SA
(ABCD) va SA = a. Tnh khoang cach ga ha ng thang:
a) SC va BD. b) AC va SD.
HD9 a5
6
6
a
b5
3
3
a

3.Cho t den SABC co SA (ABC). Go H, K an t a trc tam cua
cac tam gac ABC va SBC.
a) Chng mnh ba ng thang AH, SK, Bc ong qu.
b) Chng mnh SC (BHK), HK (SBC).
c) Xac nh ng vuong goc chung cua BC va SA.
HD9 c5 Go' F Q AH BC- .ng vuo2ng go*c chung cu3a BC va SA
1a AF-
4.a) Cho t den ABCD. Chng mnh rang neu AC = BD, AD = BC th
dng vuong goc chung cua AB va CD a ng no cac trung
em I, K cua ha canh AB va CD .
b) Chng mnh rang neu ng thang no cac trung em I, K
cua ha canh AB va CD cua t den ABCD a ng vuong
goc chung cua AB va CD th AC = BD, AD = BC.
HD9 b5 G'a3 ;3 BC Q a7 AD Q a7 AC Q b7 BD Q b- Ch*ng "'nh a Q a7
b Q b-
5.Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh bang a, I a trung em cua AB. Dng IS
(ABCD) va IS =
3
2
a
. Go M, N, P an t a trung em cua
cac canh BC, SD, SB. Hay dng va tnh o da oan vuong goc
chung cua cac cap ng thang:
IS
Hnh hoc 11 Tran S Tung
a) NP va AC b) MN va AP.
HD9 a5
3
4
a
b5
2
a
VA?N E@ 9: T=nh 7h&a;ng !a"!h %2 -&/% +($,- +$In +28ng
%ha4ngP -aH% #ha4ng.
Kh&a;ng !a"!h g(2>a +28ng %ha4ng va -aH% #ha4ng Q&ng Q&ng.
Kh&a;ng !a"!h g(2>a ha( -aH% #ha4ng Q&ng Q&ng
.+/ (>nh khoa3ng ca*ch ( "o,( 0'+/" 0+=n 0ng (ha6ng E"a$(
pha6ng5 (a can #a*c 0Nnh 0oan vuo2ng go*c v+J ( 0'+/" 0o* 0+=n
0ng (ha6ng E"a$( pha6ng5-
1.Cho hnh chop SABCD, co SA (ABCD) va SA = a
6
, ay ABCD a
na uc gac eu no tep trong ng tron ng knh AD =
2a.
a) Tnh cac khoang cach t A va B en mat phang (SCD).
b) Tnh khoang cach t ng thang AD en mat phang (SBC).
c) Tnh den tch cua thet den cua hnh chop SABCD v mat
phang (P) song song v mp(SAD) va cach (SAD) mot khoang
bang
3
4
a
.
HD9 a5 4EA7ESCD55 Q a
2
W 4EB7ESCD55 Q
2
2
a
b5
6
3
a
c5
2
6
2
a
2.Cho hnh ang tru ABC.ABC co AA (ABC) va AA = a, ay ABC a
tam gac vuong ta A co BC = 2a, AB = a
3
.
a) Tnh khoang cach t AA en mat phang (BCCB).
b) Tnh khoang cach t A en (ABC).
c) Chng mnh rang AB (ACCA) va tnh khoang cach t A
en mat phang (ABC).
HD9 a5
3
2
a
b5
21
7
a
c5
2
2
a
3.Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD a hnh vuong canh a, SA
(ABCD) va SA = 2a.
a) Tnh khoang cach t A en mp(SBC), t C en mp(SBD).
b) M, N an t a trung em cua AB va AD. Chng mnh rang
MN song song v (SBD) va tnh khoang cach t MN en (SBD).
c) Mat phang (P) qua BC cat cac canh SA, SD theo th t ta E, F.
Cho bet AD cach (P) mot khoang a
2
2
a
, tnh khoang cach t
S en mat phang (P) va den tch t gac BCFE.
HD9 a5
2 a
W
2
2
a
b5
6
3
a
c5
2
6
2
a
IU
Tran S Tung Hnh hoc 11
4.Cho ha ta cheo nhau Ax, By hp v nhau goc 60
0
, nhan AB = a am
oan vuong goc chung. Tren By ay em C v BC = a. Go D a
hnh cheu cua C tren Ax.
a) Tnh AD va khoang cach t C en mp(ABD).
b) Tnh khoang cach ga AC va BD.
HD9 a5 AD Q
2
a
W 4EC7EABD55 Q
3
2
a
b5
93
31
a
5.Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD a hnh tho canh a va
0
60 BAD=
.
Go O a gao em cua AC va BD. Nng thang SO (ABCD) va
SO =
3
4
a
. Go E a trung em cua BC, F a trung em cua BE.
a) Chng mnh (SOF) (SBC).
b) Tnh cac khoang cach t O va A en (SBC).
HD9 b5 4EO7ESBC55 Q
3
8
a
7 4EA7ESBC55 Q
3
4
a
-
IV