Danh sch tr t ting Nht

Cc tr t/gii t trong ting Nht

Di y l bng danh sch tr t ting Nht t trang web Wikipedia - Japanese Articles.
SAROMA JCLASS s chuyn dn qua ting Vit.
Ngun: Wikipedia - Japanese Articles (Ting Anh)
Cc bn hc ting Nht c th dng danh sch di y tra cu ngha ca cc tr t trong ting
Nht. Hi vng cc bn s c mt danh sch y tra cu v hc.

Danh sch tr t/gii t ting Nht - Chuyn ng bi SAROMA JCLASS

Tr t Cu v d Dch

bakari
()
Dch thnh: "just, only, full of" ton, ton l, ch ton l
Dng khi ni: bakkari, bakka
Noun
Danh t
Tky wa hito bakari da.

Tokyo is just full of people.
Tokyo ton l ngi khng.
Verbs (ta form)
ng t dng ta
Tabeta bakari da.

I just ate.
Ti va n xong.
Verb (te form)
ng t dng te
Kare wa tabete bakari iru

He's always eating.
N ch ton n.

bakari ka
(
)
Dch thnh: "not only" "khng ch"
Theo sau bi sae ("ngay c") ch vic g l thng, ng ngc
nhin.
Gc t: bakari + ka
Nouns
Sofu bakari ka, ssofu sae ikite
iru.

Not only is my grandfather living, but so
is my great-grandfather.
Khng ch ng ti cn sng m ngay c c
ti cng vn cn sng.

bakashi
()
bakashi l dng khc ca bakari.

dake
()
Dch thnh: "ch", gii hn.
Dake c chc nng nh danh t.
Nouns
rmaji dake no jisho

a rmaji-only dictionary
mt cun t in ch c ch latinh
Verbs (volitional)
ng t ( ch)
Netai dakenete mo ii.

You can sleep as much as you want [to
sleep].
Bn c th ng bao lu ty thch.

da no

Dch thnh: "nhng th nh", "loi nh".
T gc: da (lin t) + no.
Tr t ny t dng hn to ka.
Thng dng ch th xu.
Nouns, adjectives,
verbs
Danh t, tnh t,
ng t
Natt da no, shfdo da
no, wasabi da nonihonshoku
ga nigate da.

Natto, seafood, wasabiJapanese food
isn't my thing.
Cc loi thc n Nht nh u tng ln
men natto, bin, m tt ti n khng
c.

darake

Dch thnh: "dnh y", "y". Dng ch nhng th tiu cc.
Nouns
Watashi no fuku wa doro
darake!

My clothes are covered with mud.
o ti dnh y bn.

de

Gc t: Dng nh lin t ca "da". "De" c th dng nh ", ti" hay "bng".
Dng thay cho "da/desu" khi ni v cu.
Nouns:instrument
Phng tin
J itensha deikimash.

Let's go by bicycle.
i bng xe p i.
Nouns: location
V tr
Koko deyasumitai.

I want to rest here.
Ti mun ngh y.
Nouns: language
Ngn ng
Nihongo detegami wo kaita.

I wrote the letter in Japanese.
Ti vit th bng ting Nht.
TE form of copula:
language
Lin t dng "te"
kimi ga suki deyokatta

Pal, you are loved (and so) I am glad. / I
am gladthat I love you, pal.
Tht hay l anh yu em.

de mo

Dch l: "even; or; but, however; also in" ngay c, hay, nhng, tuy nhin,
cng
Gc: de + mo
Nouns, particles:
"even" ngay c
Uch kara de mo Banri-no-
Chj ga mieru.

Even from space you can see the Great
Wall of China.
Bn c th nhn thy Vn L Tng Thnh
ngay c t v tr.
Noun: "or
something" hay g
khc
Ocha de mo, ikaga?

Would you like tea or something?
Anh ung tr hay g khc?
Noun: "also in"
Cng
Nihon de mo eigo o benky
suru

In Japan also, we study English.
Nht chng ti cng hc ting Anh.
"but, however,
even so" Nhng,
tuy nhin
De mo, watashi wa s
omowanai

But I don't think so.
Nhng ti khng ngh vy.

ni te
L dng trang trng ca "de", cch dng ging ht.


dokoro ka
()
Dch: "anything but, far from" "ng ni " "ng ni n" "khi phi ni"
(m ...)
Gc: dokoro (tokoro: place) + ka
Nouns
Kare wa keisatsukan dokoro
ka, hanzaisha da.

He's anything but a policeman; he's a
criminal.
Hn th ng ni n l mt cnh st, m l
mt tn ti phm.

e

Dch: "to, in"; direction "n, v pha" phng hng
c l "" nhng vit l (he) ch khng phi l (e)
Nouns: direction
Nihon eykoso!

Welcome to Japan!
Cho mng n Nht Bn!

ga

C chc nng: xc nh ch th (cha xc nh), lin t ("nhng")
Ga ( or ): Dng ni cc danh t to, trong a danht hng vit l
(ke) nhng c l "ga"
Nouns: identifier
(answers a silent
or asked question)
Xc nh ch th
(tr li cu hi
mc nh hay c
hi)
Neko ga esa o tabeta.

The cat ate the catfood. [Answers: "What
ate the catfood?"]
Con mo n thc n. (Tr li cho: "Ci g n
thc n?")
I nu ga suki.

I like
dogs
. [Answers: What do you like?]
Ti thch ch. (Tr li cho: Anh thch con
g?)
Noun: noun
connector
Ni danh t
wa ga kuni

my/our [collective] country
nc ta
Fujimi ga Oka

Fuji
View Hill
i Ngm Ni Ph S
Seki ga hara

Gateway Plains
Cnh ng Ca Ng
Phrases:
conjunction
Lin t
Inu wa suki da ga, neko wa kirai
da.

I like dogs but I hate
cats
.
Ti thch ch nhng ght mo.

hodo
()
Dch thnh: "as much as"; upper limit = "bng", gii hn trn
Nouns
Kare hodo nihongo ga
umakunai.

My Japanese isn't as good as his.
Ting Nht ca ti khng gii bng anh y.
Adjectives
*
Hayai hodo ii. The sooner, the better.
Cng

Cng sm cng tt.
Verb
Aitsu o koroshitai hodo kirai da

I hate him enough (to want) to kill him.
Ti ght hn ti mc mun git hn.

ka

Chc nng: Dng lm cu hi, "hoc l", "phi khng", c bit dng vi d
ka ("c ... khng")
Nouns, verbs:
listing alternatives
Kore ka, sore ka, dotchika
erande yo.

This or that, choose one of them.
Ci ny hay ci kia, hy chn mt ci i.
Noun, verbs:
"whether (or not)"
c ... khng
Iku ka [d ka] wakaranai.

I don't know [whether or not / if] he'll go.
Ti khng bit anh ta c i [hay khng].
Phrases: question
Wakaru ka?

Do you understand? (informal)
C hiu khng?
Din t khng
chc chn
I ku ka to omoimasu ga...

I think he'll go (but I'm not sure)...
Ti ngh c th anh ta i.

kai

L "ka" nhng: (1) Hi thn mt (2) Hi mnh bo

ka na

Dch l: "I wonder" "C phi ... khng nh" (t hi mt cch khng chc
chn)
Gc: ka + na
Phrases
Kare wa ayashii hito ka na.

I wonder if he's a suspicious person.
Anh y c phi ngi ng nghi khng nh.

kara

Dch thnh: "from, after, because" t, sau, v
Kara c th c theo sau bi "no" ni hai danh t.
Nouns: "from, out
of"
"T, k t"
Tky kara kaetta.

He returned from Tokyo.
Anh y tr v t Tokyo.
zutto mae kara no hanashi


a conversation from way back
cu chuyn t trc y kh lu
Verb (te form):
"after"
ng t dng "te"
= "Sau khi"
Owatte kara, kite kudasai.

Please come by after finishing (after
you've finished).
Xin hy n sau khi kt thc.
Adjectives, Verbs:
"because"
"Bi v"
Niku o tabenai kara, raamen wa
dame da

Because he doesn't eat meat, ramen is bad
(a bad idea).
V anh y khng n tht nn m ramen
khng c.

ka shira

Ging "ka na" nhng thng dng bi ph n.
Gc: ka + shira (shira = shiranai l ph nh ca shiru = "bit")
Phrases
Kare wa ayashii hito ka shira.

I wonder if he's a suspicious person.
Khng bit anh ta c phi ngi ng nghi
khng nh.

kedo

"Nhng"
"kedo" l dng ngn ca dng lch s hn l "keredomo". Dng lch s trung
gian l "keredo", "kedomo".
Adjectives, verbs
Kanojo wa hen da kedo kirei
da.

She is strange but pretty.
C y rt k l nhng xinh p.

kiri
()
"Ch"
"kiri" t dng hn "dake", thng dng vi "no"
Nouns
futari kiri no o-mise

a shop with just two people [who work
there]
ca hng ch c hai ngi

koro/goro
()
Ngha: "around, about, approximately" "khong, vo khong, xp x"
"koro" c chc nng nh danh t v c th c theo sau bi "no"
Nouns
San-ji goro ni aimash.

Let's meet around 3 o'clock.
Chng ta gp vo khong 3 gi nh.

koso

C chc nng nhn mnh ("chnh")
Phrases
V cu
Ky koso, yaru zo!

Today, I'm going to do it!
Chnh t hm nay, ti s lm!
Kimi ga suki da kara koso kore
hodo ganbatte iru n da yo.

It's precisely because I like you that I'm
working this hard.
Chnh v anh yu em nn anh mi c gng
n th ny.
Kochira koso, yoroshiku onegai
shimasu.

Nice to meet you, too. (Emphasizes this
side or me too)
Chnh ti mi vui khi gp bn.

kurai/gurai

()
Ngha: "about, approximately" khong, xp x
"kurai" c chc nng nh danh t v c th c theo sau bi "no"
Nouns
J uppun kurai kakaru

It takes about 10 minutes.
Mt khong 10 pht.

made
()
Ngha: "up to, until, as far as" cho ti, ti, n khi
Ch thi gian hay ni ch gii hn.
Nouns (ni ch,
thi gian)
Kono densha wa, Shimonoseki
madeikimasu.

This train goes as far as Shimonoseki.
Chuyn tu ny i ti Shimonoseki.
Verb
Kaeru madematte iru.

I'll wait until you come home.
Ti s i ti lc anh v.

made ni
()
Ngha: "by (a certain time)" "cho ti trc" (thi im no )
Gc: made + ni
Nouns, verbs
Ku-ji made ni kaeru.

I'll come home by nine o'clock.
Ti s v nh trc 9 gi.

me
()
me ( only): tr t ch th t
me ( only): "Damn..."; abusive/pejorative = Dng chi ra
Classifier nouns:
Th t
Amerika wa nikai medesu.

This is my second time to America.
y l ln th hai ti ti M.
Noun: abusive
"damn..."
Orokamono me!

[You] damn fool!
ngu!

mo

"Cng"
Mo thay th "wa" v "ga" nhng c th theo sau tr t khc.
Nouns, phrases
Watashi ni mo kureta.

She gave some to me, too.
C y cng a cho ti na.

mono/mon

Verb + mono () : To danh t t ng t (mono = , vt)
/ cui cu: thng c ph n dng nh ; nh l mt
cch ni n tnh hay nhng nho.
With verbs
Vi ng t
Nomimono

Drink
ung
Tabemono

Food
n
Ikimono

Living thing
Sinh vt
At the end of a
sentence
cui cu
"Doushite konakatta no?"
"Jugy ga atta mono."

"Why didn't you come?" "I had class."
"Sao bn khng n?" "C lp m."
"Doushite konakatta no?"
"Jugy ga atta mon."

"Why didn't you come?" "I had class, hah."

"Sao bn khng n?" "T c lp m."


mono de

Ngha nh "no de" ("bi v ...")

mono ka/mon-
ka
/
Dng cui cu, nhn mnh ph nh = "Chng l ~", "Khng l li ~". (Mm
hn : /)
At the end of
sentences
Cui cu
Makeru-monka!
!
I will not surrender!
Chng l li chu thua?
Dare ga anna tokoro-e nido to
iku-mondesuka!

!
Who dares to go to the place like that at the
second time!
Khng l li c ai dm n mt ni nh vy
ln na?

mono nara
(
)
Nu (ti/chng ta/...) c th

mono o


Dng trong v cu ch s nui tic v vic g l ra phi lm m khng lm.
Phrases
V cu
"Sukida" to hito koto it-te kure-
sae shi-tara kekkon deki-
ta mono o...
""
...
If I said "I like you" ,even now we would
get married...
Nu ch cn anh ni vi em "Anh yu em"
th c l chng ta ly c nhau.

na and naa
(v )

Na ( dng ring): dng vi tnh t "-na" (tnh t c vai tr nh danh t)
(xem na-adjectives). Dng c hn ca na is naru () dng tng t (Danh
t + "naru" + danh t).
na i sau ng t nguyn dng th din t mnh lnh khng c lm g
("Khng c... ").
Khi dng vi ng t "masu" ( b "masu") th din t hy lm g (v d
tabe-na = tabe-nasai).
N cng dng sau danh t v trc tr t khc m khng ng sau danh t
c ni (v d no de -> N + na no de).


Na hay naa cui cu l mt bin th ca ne, dng t thoi.
Verb
ng t
Suru-na

Don't do (something).
ng lm.
Tabe-na

Do eat / Please eat.
n i. (= Tabenasai)
Na-adjectives hen na hito a strange person
Tnh t "na"

mt ngi k l
Phrases
V cu
Hen da na!

How strange!
L tht!

nado
()
"for example, things like, such as, etc., and so on"
"v d nh, chng hn, vn vn"
C chc nng nh mt danh t v c th theo sau bi no.
Nouns
Natt ya kabuki nado wa Nihon
dake ni aru.

Things like natto and kabuki are only in
Japan.
Nhng th nh u tng ln men natto v
ca v kch kabuki ch c Nht Bn.

nanka/nante

()
Chc nng: nhn mnh s kh chu, khinh mit hoc cc cm gic tiu cc
khc ca ngi ni.
Nante lch s hn nanka mt cht.
Nouns
J ogen nanka iranai.

I don't need any (damn) advice.
Ti chng cn li khuyn no.
Verb
Oyogu nantedekinai.

I can't swim.
Ti chng bi c.
Adjectives
kiku nante nai kedo, kirei da.

It's not big [or anything], but it's clean.
Chng ln, nhng sch.

nara

"Nu", ch iu kin
L dng gi nh hay iu kin ca t lin h "da". Dng lch s hn l
"naraba".
Nouns, adjectives,
verbs, phrases
Atsui nara, eakon o tsukete

If you're hot, turn on the air conditioner.
Nu nng th bt iu ha ln.

ne

"nh", "nh" dng cm thn, tm kim ng tnh
C th dng u cu gi thu ht s ch .
Phrases
Kimi wa kashikoi yo ne.

You're pretty smart, aren't you.
Bn tht l thng minh nh.
Kakk ii desu ne.

That's pretty neat, eh?
p trai nh!
Ne, ima nanji?

Hey, what time is it?
Ny, my gi ri?

ni

"ti, n, , ti, vo lc"
Ch phng hng hnh ng, ch phng hng
Lm trng t bng cch theo sau tnh t ui "na"
Noun: location
a im
Gakk ni iru.

I'm at/in school.
Ti ang trng hc.
Noun: direction
Phng hng
Gakk ni iku.

I'm going to school.
Ti i ti trng.
Noun: indirect
object - Phng
hng hnh ng
Ore ni kaese.

Give it back to me.
Tr li cho tao.
Noun: passive
agent
Ch th b ng
Ka ni sasareta.

I was bitten by a mosquito.
Ti b mui cn.
Noun, verbs (stem
only): purpose,
intent
Mc ch
Eiga o mi ni iku.

I'm going to see a movie.
Ti i xem phim.
To trng t t
tnh t "na"
teinei, teinei ni

polite, politely
lch s, mt cch lch s

ni wa

"i vi, vi, , ti"
Gc: ni + wa (always written )
wa l tr t ch .
Dng nhn mnh ("wa" = "th").
Nouns: "for"
"Vi"
Shichimi wa, watashi ni
wa kara-sugiru.

Shichimi is too spicy for me. (i.e.,
"you might like it, but I'm not touching it.")
Shichimi th qu cay vi ti.
Noun: "in, to"
""
Kyto ni wa hana ga aru.

There are flowers in Kyto.
(Lit.: As for in Kyto, there are flowers.)
Kyoto th c hoa.

no

Functions as: possession indicator, noun link, topic marker (subordinate
clauses), nominalization
Chc nng: ch s hu, ni danh t, nh du ch v ph, danh t ha
Khi danh t ha ton b v cu, "no" c th c chc nng nh mt s nhn
mnh hay mt cu hi ty theo cch ln xung ging. "no" thng c ph
n dng cui cu.
Nouns: possession
ex. a - S hu
sensei no kuruma

the teacher's car
xe ca c gio
Noun: possession
ex. b - S hu
watashi no konpyuuta

My computer
My tnh ca ti
Noun: possession
ex. c - S hu
anata no shukudai

your homework
bi tp ca bn
Noun: linking
Ni danh t
kuruma no Toyota

Toyota the car [company]
Xe hi Toyota
Danh t: nh du
ch th trong v
ph
Kare no tsukutta kki wa
oishikatta.

The cake that he made was tasty.
Ci bnh anh y lm rt ngon.
i-adjectives: Yasui no wa, kore. This is the cheap[er] one.
nominalization
Danh t ha tnh
t "i"

Ci r tin l ci ny.
Verb:
nominalization
Danh t ha ng
t
Taberu no ga daisuki.

I love eating.
Ti rt thch vic n.
Phrases:
nominalization
Danh t ha v
cu
M, tabeta no?

Have you eaten yet?
Anh n ri ?
Kuruma na no?

Is it a car?
L mt chic xe hi ?
Kare ni m ageta no yo!

I already gave it to him!
Ti a n cho anh ta ri!

no de

"bi v", "v" (nguyn nhn)
Gc: no + de
ngn ng ni, no de thng ni tt thnh n de.
Phrases
V cu
Tesuto ga aru no de, ikenai.

Because I have a test, I can't go.
V ti c kim tra nn khng i c.
Gakk na no de, kin'en da.

Because this is a school it's no smoking.
V l trng hc nn cm ht thuc.

nomi

"ch, ch c"

Nomi l dng lch s trang trng v t dng hn dake. Khc vi dake, n ch
c ngha ch s t hay tn s t.
Nouns
T-ten de wa, Nihon en
nomi go-riy itadakemasu.

This store accepts Japanese Yen only.
Ca hng chng ti ch chp nhn tin Yn.

no ni

Translates to: "despite, although, even though; would have; in order to"
"Mc d, d" " (lm g)", "L ra phi ( lm g ), gi m"
Gc: no + ni

Danh t v tnh t "na" phi theo sau bi "na" trc tr t ny.

No ni c ngha mnh hn kedo khi dng ch "mc d", v ch s luyn tic
trong cch dng "l ra ~".
Adjectives, verbs:
"although"
Mc d
Benky shiteiru no ni, eigo ga
hanasenai.

Although I am studying, I can't speak
English.
D ang hc nhng ti khng th ni ting
Anh.
L ra, Gi m
Kaette kitara, yokatta no ni.

It would have been nice if you had come

home.

Gi m bn v y nh.
Verb (plain form):
"in order to"
""
Hikkosu no ni torakku ga
hitsuy da.

(In order) to move, you need a truck.
chuyn nh ti cn xe ti ln.

o

C chc nng: i tng trc tip

Ngha: "i qua, vt qua (ch dng vi ng t di chuyn)"

Tr t ny khng lin quan ti dng lch s ca t ng o, vit l hay .
Nouns: direct
object
i tng trc tip
Neko ga esa o tabeta.

The cat ate the food.
Con mo n thc n.
Noun: through,
etc. (motion) "i
qua"
Sora o tobu

fly through the sky
bay qua bu tri

sa/saa

Chc nng: Tr t cui cu ca nam gii, ch s gii thch mt s tht r
rng. N mm hn "yo".
Saa: Tr t cui cu n gii, dng ging "ne" nhng thng dng nh l
ngn ng ni.
Phrases:
masculinesa
Nam gii
Kanojo wa inai kara, dansu ni
ikanaisa.

I don't have a girlfriend, so I'm not going to
the dance.
Ti khng c bn gi nn chng i nhy
m u.
Phrases: saa
Kin saa, gakk de saa, sensei
nisaa, chi sarete saa, ch
mukatsuita.

Like yesterday, in like school, I like got
fussed at by like some teacher, and it totally
made me sick.
Hm qua h, trng , ti b thy gio
nhc , bc mnh lm.

sae

Sae: "ngay c"
ngha c phn trng vi "mo". Sae din t s nhn mnh rng bng chng
vt qu c s k vng ban u. C th c theo sau bi "mo" nhn
mnh thm. i ngc vi "sura".
Nouns
Kanji saekakeru.

He can even write kanji.
N c th vit c kanji.

de sae

"ngay c"
de + sae
De sae thay th wa v ga, ging "de mo" trn.
Nouns
Sonna koto wa saru de
saedekiru.

Even a monkey can do that.
Chuyn ngay c mt con kh cng lm
c.

sae...ba/ra

Chc nng: "sae" i vi ng t dng iu kin ngha l "ch cn".
Nouns
Kore sae nomeba, futsukayoi
ga naoru yo.

If you would just drink this, your hangover
would get better.
Ch cn ung ci ny l s ht b mt do say
ru ngay.

shi

Ni cu, ngha l "v va", "li", "li va"
Adjectives, verbs
Tnh t, ng t
Kirei da shi, hiroi shi, ii ne,
kono apaato!

It's clean, it's spacious; this apartment is
nice, isn't it!
N va sch, li rng, phng thu ny c
y nh.

shika

"Ch, ch c"
Shika phi theo sau bi ng t ph nh.

Shika c th dng ghp vi dakeshika, kirishika, v nomishika (thm ng t
ph nh) nhn mnh s gii hn v s lng hay tn .
Nouns
I chi en dama shika nai.

I have just a one-yen coin.
Ti ch c ng 1 yn.
Verb
Ybin-kyoku ni iku shika nai.

The only thing [to do] is to go to the post
office.
Ch c cch i ti bu in.

sura

"Ngay c"
Ngha trng lp vi "mo". "Sura" thng nhn mnh ph nh bng c vt
qua s k vng. i lp vi "sae".
Nouns
Kanji sura kakenai.

He can't even write kanji.
N khng th vit ngay c kanji.

to

"v" (lin kt); "vi", cng vi"; "nu"; trch dn.
Nouns:
conjunction
Lin kt
sore to kore

that and this
ci v ci ny
Nouns:
conjunction
sore to kore to

that or this
ci hay ci ny
Verbs:
transition/state
change
Chuyn tip,
chuyn trng thi
taiyokei dasshutsu e
to chikazuite itta


They were getting close to the point
of leaving the
Solar
System.
H i ti gn im thot khi h Mt Tri.
Noun: preposition
Boku to ikitai?

Do you want to go with me?
Em mun i vi anh khng?
Verb, adjectives:
"if"
"Nu"
Benky suru to wakaru.

If you study, you'll understand.
Nu bn hc th bn s hiu.
Any phrase:
quotation
Trch dn
Umi made! to sakenda.

"To the sea!" he cried.
"i ti bin!" anh y ht ln.

to ka

C chc nng lit k nh "nado". Thng dng vi t hi "nani" (ci g)
trong dng "nantoka" (th g ).
Gc: "to" + "ka"
Nouns
Kani to ka, hotate to ka, zenbu
tabeta yo.

We had crab, scallops, [other stuff,] we ate
them all.
Ti n ht mi th nh cua, s ip.

to mo
()
Tomo (): "c hai, cng nhau, cng"
To mo (khng kanji): "ngay c khi, mc d; ~ nht; d ~ hay khng; [nhn
mnh]"

If following a noun and used with a negative verb, meaning changes to
"none".
Etymology: to + mo
Counted nouns
Danh t m
Watashi wa, aitsura ga futari
tomokirai da.

I hate the both of those guys.
Ti ght c hai thng .
Zannen nagara, sono kuruma
wa san dai tomo irimasen.

Unfortunately, we need none
of those three cars.
Tht khng may l ti khng cn c ba
chic xe .
Volitional verbs
ng t ch
D shiy to mo amari
susumanai.

No matter how we try [to do something],
we don't make much progress.
Cho d chng ta c lm th no th cng
khng tin ln c my.
Trng t ca tnh
t "i"
Sukunaku to mo go-j mairu
aruite kita.

We walked at least fifty miles [to get here].
Chng ti i b t nht 50 dm.
Osoku to mo itte miy yo.

Even if it's late, let's go and check it out.
D mun th chng ta cng i xem th
i.
ng t (i km
ng t ph nh)
Kau to mo kawanai to
mo hakkiri shite imasen.
It isn't clear whether they're going to buy
or not.

Khng r h mua hay khng mua.
Verb, adjectives
ng t, tnh t
Waratte ii to mo.

It's okay to laugh.
C th ci.
I kimasen to mo.

As if I would go.
Cho d khng i.

tte

l dng khc ca to. l dng ngn ca itte (), dng tip din
ca iu (), "ni"; chc nng ca n l trch dn. N c th dng trch dn
li ni trc tip hay gin tip v i khi ch nhn mnh mt t hay khi
nim.
tte l dng sung s. Nu bn mun ni lch s th phi dng to iimasu thay
v tte.
Any phrase
Sugu kimasu tte

Could be, "He said he'll come soon" (more
politely) or, "He said, 'I'll come soon.'" (less
so).
ni l s ti ngay.
Arabiago tte, muzukashikunai?

"Arabic, huh, isn't that difficult?"
(emphasizing a word or concept
thoughtfully)
Ting Arp , khng kh sao? (nhn mnh
t hoc khi nim)

tteba

C chc nng nh du nhn mnh, c bit khi ngi ni ht kin nhn =
" bo l"
"te" + "ba"
Trch dn v cu
kh datteba !

I said "coffee"!
bo l c ph!

wa

wa l t nh du ch .

wa

wa thng dng cui cu bi n gii din t cm xc.

ya

Ya dng lit k danh sch khng y . to danh sch y th dng
"to".
= "nhng th nh"

Watashi no suki na tabemono
wa okashi ya pan ya mikan nado
desu

"I like snacks, bread and tangerines."
n yu thch ca ti l nhng th nh
bnh ko, bnh m v cam".

yara

Biu th hoc khng chc chn hoc s lit k.

yo

Yo i cui cu to s khng nh ("y", "y", "u). So snh
vi zo v ze di y.
Yo i khi s dng sau danh t nh l t gi. Thng dng trong din vn
c, th ca.

Kaeru yo!

"I'm going home!"
Ti v y!
Saraba, tomo yo

"Farewell, oh friend!"
Tm bit nh bn ca ti.

yori

Yori c th c ngha l "t", v thng dng to s so snh Yori thng
c vit bng hiragana .

Kono densha-wa, Kashiwa-yori
saki, kaku eki-ni tomarimasu

"This train will stop at every station after
Kashiwa".
Chuyn tu ny s dng mi ga t ga
Kashiwa.
Dare-yori-mo kanemochi-ni
naritai

"I want to become richer than anyone
(else)".
Ti mun tr nn giu c hn tt c nhng
ngi khc.

ze

ze ch s khng nh. Dng ch yu bi nam gii v l dng khng lch s.
So snh vi yo v zo.

zo

zo ch s khng nh. Dng ch yu bi nam gii v c coi l t mnh bo
v d nghe hn ze. So snh vi yo v ze trn.

zutsu

Zutsu ngha l "mi" v theo sau bi danh t c m.
Noun: counted
Danh t: m
Chokorto-o ni-ko-zutsu
tabemashita

I ate two pieces of each (kind of) chocolate.
Ti n s c la hai ci mt.
zoi

"Dc theo", thng c theo sau bi "ni"
Danh t
Tri zoi ni aruku.

Walk along the street.
Ti i dc theo con ng.


QUN NG
Tr t Cu v d Dch
j

"T trn quan im", "T cch nhn"
Nouns Rekishi j wa, tadashii to omoimasu. From a historical point of view, I
Danh t

think you're right.
T quan im lch s th ti ngh anh
ng.
ch

Translates to: "in progress, in the midst of, now doing"
"Trong khi, trong lc, ang (lm g)"
Nouns
Danh t
Tadaima, denwa ch desu.

He's on the phone right now.
Anh y ang gi in thoi.

j

Translates to: "throughout, all across"; often followed by de
"Sut, trong sut, c, ton b"
Nouns: time
Thi gian
Ichi nichi j shigoto shimasu.

I'll work all day long.
Ti s lm vic c ngy.
Nouns: place
a im
Amerika j de hayatte iru.

It's getting popular all over America.
N rt thnh hnh trong sut nc M.
kata/gata
()
Chc nng to s nhiu cho mt s i danh t, l dng lch s nht so vi
cc dng khc nh "ra" (khng lch s) v "tachi" (thng thng).
i t nhn xng:
To s nhiu
Anata gata no okage de, yoi seiseki
o ageraremashita.

Thanks to you (folks), we have
achieved success.
Nh c cc v m chng ti thu
c thnh qu.
Danh t ch ngi
Sensei gata ni tasukete
moraimashita.

The teachers helped me.
Cc thy c gip ti.
ra
()
To s nhiu cho i danh t, l dng t lch s nht so vi "kata/gata" v
"tachi".

i t nhn xng:
To s nhiu
Boku ra wa ikanai.

We won't go.
Chng ti khng i.
i t ni chn:
Khu vc xp x
Koko ra hen ga itai.

It hurts around here [hereabouts].
Ti au quanh ch ny.

tachi
()
To s nhiu vi i t v danh t, l dng lch s mc thng thng.
Danh t:
To s nhiu
Sensei tachi ga kita.

The teachers came.
Cc thy c gio ti.

i t:
To s nhiu
Watashi tachi wa raish kaeru.

We will return next week.
Chng ti s v vo tun sau.
Tn ring: To
nhm
Saiaku no ko wa, Okada tachi da.

The worst kids are Okada and the
others in that group.
Nhng a tr h nht l nh Okada.

Phn bit wa v ga
Xem thm cc bi v tr t ting Nht ca SAROMA LANG bn di.
Phn bit ni v de
"ni" l "ci g u " cn "de" l "lm g u " (hnh ng). Xem thm cc bi v tr t ting Nht
ca SAROMA LANG bn di.
Phn bit ni v e
"ni" l "i ti u " (vo trong ch ) cn "e" l "i v pha u " (khng nht thit phi vo). Xem
thm cc bi v tr t ting Nht ca SAROMA LANG bn di.
Phn bit ni v to
"ni" l tr nn th no v dng ti cn "to" l tr nn nh vy v cn tip din. Xem thm
cc bi v tr t ting Nht ca SAROMA LANG bn di.

Phn bit "ga" v "o"
Trong mt s trng hp ga v o c th thay th nhau.
V d:
Ti mun n cm. (Trng hp mun lm g )
Anh yu em.

Phn bit "to" v "ya"
"To" dng lit k danh sch y cn "ya" dng lit k danh sch khng y . V d:
Ti v anh y s i.
ng qun mang my th nh my tnh vi in thoi.

Cc phn khc v tr t (gii t) ting Nht:
Tr t ting Nht, c g kh u?? Phn 1: WA v GA
Cho cc bn, hm nay ti s ni v tr t trong ting Nht. Th lm bn thy kh
hiu nht c l l "wa" v "ga". Thc ra ti hc trong trng ngoi ng nhng
khng thy gio vin no gii thch c r rng s khc nhau. H thng ch gii
thch l "wa" l nhn mnh ch ng, cn "ga" l nhn mnh v ng. Ti thykhng hn
nh vy, m "wa" v "ga" c chc nng ng php khc nhau. Di y, ti s gii
thch tht n gin, r rng cho cc bn v "wa" v "ga".

v Khi no dng "wa", khi no dng "ga"?
Bn thy c v nh l "wa" v "ga" c th dng thay th cho nhau m ngha khng thay i v ngi
nghe vn hiu c. Qu tht l ngi nghe s hiu, bi v thc ra nu bn lc b bt tr t th da
vo ni dung ngi nghe vn phn on c ni dung nhng bn s SAI. V d, bn bit hai cu sau
khc nhau nh th no khng?

(1)
(2)

Hai cu trn c v nh c cng ngha, nhng thc ra khng phi. Cu (1) l cu ng, n l mt CU
K. Cn cu (2) nu ng n c th l mt cu SAI, cu (2) CH C TH L CU TR LI cho mt
cu hi v ch th.

"wa" dng cho CU K

[Ch th] wa [tnh cht]/[hnh ng]
V d:

C y tht tuyt nh.

Co co ang bay qua rung la.

(

"ga" dng cho CU TR LI ca cu hi v ch th
Tr li v d trn:
(1)
(2)
Thc ra cu (1) l cu k li s kin, cn (2) khng phi l cu ng mt mnh. N l CU TR LI cho
cu hi:

Ai n to?

L ti n to.
(
Cc v d khc:
(A)

Nagazuki: Hay nh.

Suika-chan: Ci g hay ?

Nagazuki: Tm bng .
(

(B)
-
Ai l b Da Hu?
-
C b kia l Da Hu .

-
Ci g th c?
-
To th c y.


n y c l bn thy s khc nhau v CHC NNG NG PHP ca "wa" v "ga". "wa" v "ga"
cn cc chc nng ng php khc m ti s ni vi bn di y.

"wa" dng cho CU, "ga" dng cho V CU

"wa" dng cho cu hon chnh c dng sau:

[Ch th] [tnh cht]/[hnh ng]


Co co chin ngon thit.

Si Gn l mt trong nhng thnh ph hoa l trn th gii.

Nhn dn l nhng ngi lm nn lch s.



"ga" to nn v cu dng:

[ch th] [tnh cht]/[hnh ng] {koto/mono}

V d:

Vic anh ta lm

Th b Da Hu vit

iu nhy v cng nhy

Nhng th c y a cho ti

Nhng ph n c gng mt p

Bn hy xem cu sau:



Cu ny l mt cu ng, v l mt cu K S KIN, nhng li dng "ga"??
Thc ra, nu bn dch l:

Anh y bit vic lm.

th bn khng hiu ngha cu trn. Cu ny thc ra phi dch l:

Ti bit vic anh ta lm.

Bi v, trong cu ting Nht, ch ng ("ti") c n i. Cu y ca cu trn l:



Do bn c th thy ch l mt v cu, n to nn mt cm c tnh cht danh t, lm i
tng cho hnh ng "bit" ca ch th "ti" (m c n i).
Bn c th thy ng php ca cu nh sau:

[]
(Ch th n) [v cu lm i tng ca hnh ng] [hnh ng]

Do chng ta nn nh theo cch sau:
"GA" dng cho V CU
V d:

C y c th rt gn gng.

Anh y rt thng minh.

Ti au u qu.


Tm vi ny hoa vn p nh.

Du lch Nht Bn mc tin.

Anh y c bit vic qu nh gp ng t ln khng?

Anh thi tht v l.

T vng:

"WA" c th B N theo ch ng ("ti")
V d:

Ti bit c y l mt ngi ph n p y.


Ti khng bit l ma Si Gn tht lng mn.

Ti c th nu cm.

Ti c th ht bi ny.

C y khng bit nu cm. (Khng n ch ng)

T vng:
[m nhn]

HT PHN 1
Tr t ting Nht, c g kh u?? Phn 2: Dng WA v GA
nhn mnh i tng
""(WA) c th dng thay "" (WO) nhn mnh i tng
WA = "th", "l" trong ting Vit
WA kt hp vi GA nhn mnh i tng (= nhn mnh CH )

V d:



A: Vn ny th s lm th no?
B: Vn ny ti s gii quyt.

Bn c th thy l "" v "Vn ny" c t ln trc mc d n l i tng ca hnh
ng, nhm mc ch nht mnh.

Thng thng s phi l:


A: Chng ta lm th no vi vn ny?
B: Ti s gii quyt vn ny.
on hi thoi trn, chng ta thy khng c s nhn mnh vo i tng.

V d 2:


A: Thc n l ai n?
B: Da hu l ti n.

V d 3:

Ci ti lm cho.
Trong trng hp a i tng ln nhn mnh, th ch th s c theo sau bi "GA". Cc bn hy
xem ng php di y thy vic kt hp "WA" v "GA" nhn mnh i tng:

Cu thng thng:
[Ch th] [i tng] [hnh ng]


Cu nhn mnh:
[i tng] [ch th] [hnh ng]


Chng ta c th thy ting Vit cng o i tng ln trc nhn mnh (thng dng tr t "th"), v
d:
Tht th treo ln, cn go th nh y li nh.
(So snh: Con treo tht ln v y go li nh.)

Bnh ko l ai mua vy?
(So snh: Ai mua bnh ko vy?)

Chng ta c th thy, trong ting Vit, o i tng ln nhn mnh thng l:
1) Trong cu hi
2) Khi ang ni tip ni dung t trc (v d ang dn d vic ct thc n th ni "Tht th treo ln").

Cn GA ()? Thng dng cho qun ng (cm t c dng theo thi quen).
Hy xem v d sau:

Tri ang ma rt to.
(=

Cc hin tng thin nhin nh (tri ma), (, tri gi, gi thi),
(, tri tuyt, tuyt ri), , sm rn, sm ku), (
, c tia st) th dng GA v chng c coi l mt cm t i vi nhau hn l mt cu k. Nh
trong ting Vit chng ta thng ni "Tri ang ma", "Tri c gi", ... theo thi quen.

Ch l furu y l hnh ng t thn (= t ng t) ca ame ch khng phi l hnh
ng tc ng ln i tng (= tha ng t) no . cng l l do m GA c s dng.
Cc bn c th nh theo quy tc (mc d phn bit hai dng khng phi d):
Hnh ng t thn: Dng GA ()
V d:

Cm chn ri. / dekiagaru
Hnh ng tc ng ln i tng: Dng WA () v WO ()
V d:

Ti nu cm ri. (taku = thi cm, nu cm)
Tr t ting Nht, c g kh u?? Phn 3: NO, DE, NI
NO = "ca" trong ting Vit, s hu cch
V d:
= Tin ca ti (=okane)
= Bn gi ca ti (=kanojo)
= Bn trai ca ti (=kare)

NO dng to b ngha (N + "no" + N: Danh t + "no" + Danh t)
y l tr t n gin nht, tuy nhin vn c nhiu ngi c th dch sai do dch u.
V d: Bn bit hai cm sau khc g nhau khng?


(=yoru)
Nhiu ngi dch c hai l "m Si Gn", nhng cm th hai khng phi nh vy. Cn phi nh l
cm t th 2, "Si Gn" l ch , ch khng phi l "m", "m" ch l t b ngha..
Phi dch l:
= m Si Gn (Saigon's night)
= Si Gn v m (Saigon by night)
(Dch nguyn ngha theo ch ca l "Si Gn ca bui m".)

V d:

Tr li tin cho tao!

l bn gi ca ti. Xin ng ng vo.

,

DE (1) = "bng" (ch phng tin)
V d:

Ti s i bng xe but ti trng (Ti s i xe but ti trng.)

Cu y ang sinh sng bng c m tr thnh ha s.

Bn thn ca ti ang sng bng vic bn v s.
thn hu
sinh hot

DE (2) = " trong", "ti" (ch hnh ng bn trong
mt ni no )
V d:

Chng ti i do cng vin trung tm.
(ch hnh ng "i do" din ra bn trong cng vin trung tm.)

Chng mnh sng trn sng Si Gn i!

c m ca ti l to lp s nghip Si Gn.

trung tm cng vintn b xuyn
khi nghip

NI (1) = "", " trong", " ti" (ch mt th trong
mt ni no )
V d:

Tin c t sn trong ngn ko.

V p ca quc gia nm trong nhn dn.

im c sc ca tranh anh y v l nm cch phi mu.

Vy th NI (= trong, ) c g khc DE (= trong, ti)?
Khc bit l DE l ch "hnh ng din tra trong mt ni no ", cn NI l ch "mt th nm trong mt
ni no ":

Ti va i do b sng v.

b sng hoa ang n rt nhiu.

quc gia quc dn
c sc

NI (2) = "ti", "cho", "vi" (ch s hng ti i
tng no )
V d:

Ti i b ti cng vin trung tm.
(Ch hnh ng "i b" ti ch n l "cng vin trung tm".)

Ti mun th l vi c y tm lng i m.

Ti mun a thanh on kim ny cho quc vng.

Anh c u t vn vo kinh doanh ca cu y khng?

i m tm co bch
quc vng on kim t kim u
t
Tr t ting Nht, c g kh u?? Phn 4: HE (),
KARA, WO (), TO
bi vit ny ti s gii thiu vi cc bn cch s dng cc tr t (hay gii t)
ting Nht: HE (), KARA, WO (), TO.

****************************
HE (): (1) [hng] ti, v pha; (2) [a] cho; (3) [hnh
ng/suy ngh/tnh yu...] vi
Vit l "he" nhng c l "".
HE ch mt hnh ng hng v pha no , hay a cho ai , hay l hnh ng, suy ngh
hng v mt ai .
V d:
HE (1): Phng hng:
Ch : NI cng dng ch phng hng, nhng NI l "n v ang ni "; cn HE l
"ang i v pha ni no ".

Ti ang i v pha h Con Ra.

Chng ta hy i ln pha thng ngun con sui.

quy tr tuyn thng lu
phng

HE (2): a cho ai: (=NI)

Lu ri ti mi li gi th cho bn thn.

thn hu

HE (3): Hnh ng, suy ngh hng ti i tng no :
(Ch : Khng th dng "ni" trong trng hp ny m phi dng "he" din t tru tng.)

Tnh yu vi em yu du c l s l mi mi.

Tnh yu ca chng ta vi Si Gn l th bt dit.

Em khng th no xa i nhng ngh v anh.

Anh y lun lun c s yu thch li sng ca dn du mc.

qun luyn vnh vin
i tnh bt dit
du mc dn

HE v NI khc g nhau khi ch phng hng? Chng c khc nhau, bn hy xem so snh
cui bi ny.

****************************
KARA: (1) T [u n]; (2) nhn g t ai (c th
ln tru tng)

KARA (1) = "T ..."

Ti va hi hoa qu t rng v.

Cu c t h nng n i!

Ca hng lm vic t 10 gi sng ti 9 gi ti.

Xin cho! Hng khuyn mi hm nay c gi t 190 yn.

Nhit Si Gn l t 25 ti 35 .

sm ng h
triu d thi
doanh nghip vin
n

KARA (2) = T ai (C th hoc Tru tng)

Ti nhn quyn sch gi l "Con ng b o" t anh y.


Thi hc cp 3, ti nhn c rt nhiu s ng vin tr thnh ha s ca thy gio c.

Em tt nghip c hm nay chnh l nh s hng dn tn tnh ca c.

b o o bn cao hiu
thi i n s ha gia
tt nghip tin sinh thn thit
ch o

KARA v NI: NI c th thay th KARA khi dng theo ngha nhn g t ai (tru tng); hnh
ng s l: morau (nhn), itadaku (nhn, dng lch s), ukeru (nhn). Cc cu tru tng trn
u c th thay KARA bng NI m ngha khng h thay i. L do: NI c th dng theo ngha
tru tng ch hnh ng hng ti ai . Tuy nhin, vic a cho ai ci g th ch c th
dng NI ch khng th dng KARA.
V d c th ni:

Ti a quyn sch cho anh y.
Ch khng th ni: "Kare kara ...." v y l vic a quyn sch i ch khng phi nhn v.



****************************
WO (): (1) i tng cch; (2) [i] ngang qua..., [bay]
ngang qua...
c l "", cch vit la tinh (roomaji): wo.
WO (1): i tng cch
Dng WO din t hnh ng ln mt i tng th chc l ai hc ting Nht cng bit.
V d:

Thng ngy m say m chi tr chi qun in t "Chi l khng dng" khng tic thi
gian.
thi gian nht d
Tuy nhin, ti s gii thiu vi cc bn cch dng WO m cc bn c th cha bit, v cch ny
kh hay:

WO (2): [i, bay, ...] ngang qua ...


Chng ti i qua cu khng kh khn g.

Mnh chy qua rng i!

Chu chu ang bay qua rung la.
Cu (3) ngha l chu chu bay qua rung la, bay vt qua hn ch khng phi l "bay trn
rung la" hay l "bay t rung la" hay "bay n rung la" hay "bay v pha rung la". y
chu chu bay ra khi rung la.

kh lao kiu


****************************
TO: (1) "rng..."; (2) [ln, tr nn,...] n; (3) [nu ...]
th ...

TO (1): "rng..."


Anh ta sau khi thc thu m chi mt trc xong sng nay ni rng "Mt trc khng c g
hay".

Trn tng c vit ch (rng) "Em yu anh!".

trit d


TO (3): [nu ...] th...


R sang phi s c bu in.


Theo bo ch th my phng x ang lan rng.


Nhit tng cao th lng s dng in s tng t bin.

tn vn
phng x vn
in kh s dng lng


TO (2): [ln, tr nn,...] n

TO v NI u ch s tng, s tr nn mt mc no , v d:

Nhit tng ln 40 .

Nhit tng ti 40 .
Kare wa rippana jinbutsu ni natta.

Anh y tr thnh mt nhn vt ln lao.

Anh y tr nn mt nhn vt ln lao.
Nhng iu khc bit c bn l "NI" ch vic ln n mc no v dng , cn TO th ch
qu trnh cn tip din na. V d:

Nhit tng ln 40 .
(Nhit tng ti 40 v ang dng ch khng tng thm.)

Nhit tng ti 40 .
(Ngha l nhit tng ti 40 v s cn tng tip.)

nhn vt


CH PHNG HNG - A IM: DE, NI, HE, WO
KHC NHAU TH NO?


Ti i do cng vin trung tm.
(Ngha l hnh ng i do din ra bn trong cng vin.)


Ti i do vo cng vin trung tm.
(Ti i do, v ch n l cng vin trung tm.)


Ti i do v pha cng vin trung tm.
(i v pha cng vin, khng nht thit l phi ti , m cng c th vo trong hay i vt
qua )



Ti i do qua cng vin trung tm.
(i xuyn qua ra ngoi cng vin.)
Cc bn c th xem hnh minh ha sau d hnh dung:

Ch l trng hp HE ("v pha") ch n c th l (1) Ca hng ko (kashi-ya) - cha n cng vin, (2) Phun
nc (funsui) - trong cng vin, hay (3) Tr chi - qua bn kia cng vin.
Tr t ting Nht, c g kh u?? Phn 5: Sao nhiu "WA"
th? - NO to b ngha
WA ngha l "th" trong ting Vit, dng nhn mnh
ch th
WA l tr t hay c dng m cho trng t thi gian (v d thay v ni " ima" th dng " ima wa"),
trng t ni chn (v d thay v "" th ni "") v dng cho nhiu trng hp khc,
v d:

Tuyt thng t c ri l tan chy.

V ton hc th ti chng bit g c.

i hc th ti chng mun i to no.

Cng ty th mun b qu.

Trn hc i chi th th no?
hiu, bit b trn, bng chi

WA = "TH": Nhn mnh vo cm t trc
y, "WA" c chc nng nhn mnh vo cm t trc n, n ging ch "TH" trong ting Vit. V d:
- Ting Nht th bn mun hc khng?
- Ting Nht th th v, nhng kh lm.


Gi th nhn thy hai i ang vo sn.

Vi t cch hc sinh th khng th ng tuyn cng vic ny c.

Nht Bn th ni Ph S l ni p nht.

hai i nhp trng vo sn nhn
thy t cch ng m ng tuyn ph s sn
nht phin

Hay bn cng c th nhn mnh bt c th g, nhng c l s lm cho ngi nghe b hn lon v ch
nh c nhng th m bn khng nhn mnh:

By gi th theo cch nhn ca ti th Nht Bn th so snh vi ngy xa th cm c sng th khng
ngon lm nh.
Nhng l cch ni lng cng ch gy au u cho ngi nghe m chng ta nn trnh!

cch nhn ngy xa, ngy trc so snh
susi=cm c sng ngon

Di y ti xin gii thiu vic to b ngha trong ting Nht s dng "NO ".

NO dng to b ngha
V d: Bn c bit
Nm c c
Nm c
c g khc nhau?
V ngha chung th chng gn ging nhau, nhng cm trn th "doku ga aru = c c" l mt v ring,
cn v di "doku no aru = c c" l mt cm b ngha cho "kinoko". Cc bn nn s dng "doku
no aru kinoko" v nh vy ngi c hay ngi nghe s bit n l mt cm t vi t chnh l "nm" v b
ngha l "c c" hay "c".
V d 2:
Chuyn tu hong hn (Ly tn bi ht ca Vit Nam ra lm v d)
Ch l, y "no" khng phi l "ca" na, m c s dng trong " = yuuyake no" to b
ngha "hong hn" cho "ressha = chuyn tu". Do khng th dch l "chuyn tu ca hong hn", m
phi l "chuyn tu hong hn".
Tt nhin ngha mc nh y l "Chuyn tu vo lc hong hn". V ngn ng dng mc nh nhiu
nn vic dch t ng chnh xc v t nhin l rt kh. Nu cc bn mun dng dch t ng Google
(nh gii thiu trn trang web ny) cc bn nn vit cu tht n gin, d hiu v khng gy nhm
ln.

hong hn lit xa on tu, chuyn tu

--------TH HI P--------
C bn hi ti:
"Ni l ch 1 th trong 1 ni no
De l ch 1 hnh ng 1 ni no .
Nu trong trng hp va c hnh ng v danh t trong 1 cu th mnh lm th no anh.. V d nh
sau

Xin hy ht thuc bn ngoi.

Xin hy vit cu tr li y
2 cu trn u ch hnh ng 1 ni no , vy sao 1 cu dng Ni , 1 cu dng De vy?"

"" khng phi l "Xin hy vit cu tr li y" m l "Xin hy vit cu tr
li vo y".
Xin hy vit cu tr li y. =