Blog Thy Lc

2014

1

iu khin bng van tit lu
Trong thc t khi thit k cc mch thy lc c trng hp i hi iu
khin vn tc ca c cu chp hnh. C 2 phng php iu khin vn tc c cu
chp hnh l: iu khin bng van tit lu v iu khin bng my thy lc
(my bm, motor thy lc) c lu lng thay i. Trong bi ny mnh s gii thiu
v iu khin bng van tit lu. Nh cc bn bit van tit lu c 2 loi: van tit
lu c nh v van tit lu thay i. t c mc ch chng ta phi s dng
van tit lu thay i.
iu khin bng van tit lu c cc dng sau:
1. Mc van tit lu ni tip vi ng c thy lc
- Ni tip trc (ca vo)
- Ni tip sau (ca ra)
- ng thi ni tip trc v sau
2. Mc van tit lu song song vi ng c thy lc

Chng ta ln lt i nghin cu tng trng hp:
I. Mc ni tip
A. Mc ni tip trc
Cc thit b thy lc c lp t nh hnh 1.b.

Hnh 1.a, 1.b Mch thy lc iu khin bng van tit lu

Quan st nhanh trn mch thy lc. Vi tc dng ca van trn, m bo cho ti ca
ra ca bm mt p sut p
b
= const.
Nhc li biu thc quan h gia lu lng v tit din cng chnh p i vi
van tit lu.
2
(1)
van van van van
Q S p

= A
Blog Thy Lc
2014

2

M t qu trnh:
Khi tit din van tit lu S
van
=0 th lu lng cht lng qua van Q
van
= 0. Nh vy
tt c cht lng t my bm i ra theo van trn tr v thng cha.
Khi tit din van tit lu cc i S
van
= S
max
tng ng lu lng cht lng qua van
l cc i Q = Q
max
dn ti tc ca ng c thy lc (xilanh hoc motor) l cc i.

M t phn ng
Khi lc sinh ra ti cn xilanh F tng ln Chnh lch p sut trong 2 khoang
xilanh (p
van
=p
1
p
2
) tng ln. M p
2
= p
x
= p
atm
= const. p sut p
1
tng ln ,
m p
b
= const Chnh lch p sut gia 2 u van tit lu p
van
gim xung
T biu thc (1) suy ra lu lng Q
van
gim xung, tc l lu lng vo xilanh
cng gim xung v Q
van
= Q
xilanh
Vn tc di chuyn piston v gim.
Nh vy khi tng ti trng dn ti gim tc ca c cu.

c tnh tnh h thng
L quan h gii tch hoc hnh hc ca mt thng s ca h theo mt thng s khc
mt ch lm vic ca h thng. (T tnh y biu hin l 1 ch lm
vic ca h thng )
1. c tnh ti
V = f (F) khi S
van
= const

2. c tnh iu khin
V = f ( S
van
) khi F = const

3. c tnh bin i
N = f ( iu kin cng tc ) hay = f ( iu kin cng tc )

Cc c tnh tnh c th thu c khi gii h phng trnh sau :
1. Phng trnh dng lin tc: Q
van
= Q
xilanh
.
2. Phng trnh van tit lu: Q
van
= .(xem biu thc (1))
3. Phng trnh cn bng ca xilanh ( ng c thy lc) (p
1
p
2
) S
x
= F ;
S
x
tit din cng tc ca xilanh.
Biu thc vn tc piston:
2
van
van b
x x
S F
V p
S S

| |
=
|
\ .


y l biu thc xy dng cc c tnh tnh
c tnh ti m t bng th di:
Blog Thy Lc
2014

3


c tnh iu khin m t bng th di:

(Lu : trn cc th k hiu v - ch vn tc, S - ch tit din, F - ch ti trng

Cc tnh cht c bit ca c tnh tnh
1. Khng th iu khin khi ti trng m ( khi ko ti trng m , khi m ti trng
dng)
2. Van tit lu lm nng cht lng lm vic trc khi vo ng c.

B. Mc ni tip sau
( Lu ch xt cc b trong trng hp ny vi xilanh c cn 2 hng tit din
piston 2 hng nh nhau)
Ta c quan h
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
van

2
2
( )
van van van xa
Q S p p

= ;
Nu cc gi tr l p sut d p
xa
= p
atm
= 0 ;
Blog Thy Lc
2014

4

2
2
van
van
x
S
V p
S

=
(p
1
p
2
) S
x
= F;

Ta vn thu c biu thc
2
van
van b
x x
S F
V p
S S

| |
=
|
\ .

Nhn xt:
1. C th lm vic vi ti trng bin i du. Ngha l vi chiu tc ng ca ngoi
lc bt k u dn ti s thay i vn tc ng c. bo v h thng trong
trng hp xut hin chnh lch p sut qua van ln cn lp thm van an ton song
song vi van tit lu.
2. Cht lng b lm nng c thng vo thng cha.
3. ng c lm vic vi p sut cc i p
b
.

Biu thc ging vi phn 1.A nn cc th c tnh ti v c tnh iu khin
tng tng nh phn 1.A

C. Kt hp c ni tip trc v sau ng c.
T 2 trng hp trn biu thc vn tc ca ng c s l :
1
van
van b
x x
S F
V p
S S

| |
=
|
\ .

* u im mch thy lc iu khin van tit lu mc ni tip:
1. Cu trc my bm v ng c n gin
2. iu khin vn tc lin tc v m
3. C th to ra mch thy lc vi nhiu ng c m ch c 1 my bm
4. iu khin van tit lu d dng
5. iu khin vi nhy cao khi ti trng nh
6. Khi ng nhanh, tin cy cao
*Nhc im mch thy lc iu khin van tit lu mc ni tip:
1. Hiu sut thp < 0,385.
2. c tnh ti trng khng
3. iu khin vi nhy thp khi ti trng ln
4. S lm vic c dng tun hon m

c s dng vi cc h thng c cng sut 3-5 kW/




Blog Thy Lc
2014

5

II. Mc song song
Khi mc van tit lu song song vi ng c, s lm dng vo ng c phn
thnh 2 dng, 1 dng vo ng c , cn 1 dng i qua van tit lu.
Da vo van trn ta thit lp c p sut ti ca ra ca bm. Vy coi p
b
l 1 gi tr
xc nh, v coi nh khng i khi xt nh hng ca van tit lu ti h thng.
1. Khi tit din van S
van
= 0 v ti trng khng i F=const , tc l van ng hon
ton Lu lng qua van Q
van
= 0 . M lu lng my bm bng tng lu lng
qua van v ng c Q
b
= Q
van
+ Q
c
Q
b
= Q
c
Vn tc ng c V=V
max
.
2. Khi S
van
= S
max
v F=const Q
van
= Q
van.max
Q
c
= Q
c.min
V=V
min
.
3. ng vi mt gi tr tit din van nht nh S
van
= idem. Khi ti trng F tng, p
sut p
1
ca ng c tng chnh p gia 2 u van p
van
tng Lu lng
qua van Q
van
tng Lu lng vo ng c Q
c
gim Vn tc ng c gim.

th c tnh ti c dng:

th c tnh iu khin c dng:



Blog Thy Lc
2014

6

Nghin cu c tnh tnh
1. Phng trnh lin tc
Q
b
= Q
van
+ Q
c
;
2. Phng trnh qua van
2
van van van van
Q S p

= A ;
3. Phng trnh cn bng vi ti trng
F = p
c
S
x
; S
x
tit din cng tc ca xilanh;
Khi mc van tit lu song song ta c :
p
b
= p
c
= p
van
(Cc gi tr p sut ti y l p sut d, khi ca x c p
sut p
xa
= p
atm
)
Vn tc xilanh :
;
dc b van
x x
Q Q Q
V
S S

= =
1 2
;
b van van van
x
V Q S p
S

| |
= A
|
\ .

* u im mch thy lc iu khin van tit lu mc song song:
1. Hiu sut h thng cao hn so vi mc song song (Khi S
van
= 0, hiu sut gn
nh bng 1)
2. c trng iu khin l c trng tuyn tnh

*Nhc im mch thy lc iu khin van tit lu mc song song:
1. c tnh ti trng c cng thp
2. iu khin vi nhy thp khi ti trng nh, v nhy cao khi ti trng ln.
3. Khng c kh nng lm vic khi ti trng thay i chiu.
*ng dng:
ng dng vi mch thy lc c ti trng thay i nh.

III. Hiu sut ca mch thy lc iu khin bng van tit lu
Hiu sut ca h thng thy lc c xc nh thng qua cc hao ph cng sut ti
my bm, ti ng c v hao ph cung cp cho qu trnh iu khin.
=
b

k
;
Vi mch thy lc iu khin bng van tit lu, hao ph c bn lin quan ti qu
trnh iu khin van tit lu.
Ta coi:
b
1;
c
1;
Khi :
;
dc dc
dk dc dc
b b
p Q
p Q
p Q
q

= =

max
;
dc x
dc
b x
p S F
p F
p S F

= = =

Blog Thy Lc
2014

7

max
;
dc x
dc
b x
Q V S
Q V
Q V S

= = =

Suy ra :
dk dc dc
p Q F V q = = - y l cng thc tng qut cho cc trng hp.
1. Trng hp mc van tit lu song song
max
.max
1
;
1
van
van b
x x
van
van b
x x
S F
p
S S
V
V
V
S F
p
S S

| |

|
\ .
= =
| |

|
\ .

1 ; van
b x
F
V S
p S
| |
=
|
\ .

M p
b
S
x
= F
max
;
( )
max
1 1 ; van van
F
V S S F
F
| |
= =
|
\ .

i xc nh hiu sut iu khin cc i.
Hiu sut iu khin cc i khi 1 van S = ;
Khi :
2
1 ; F V =
( )
2 3
1 ;
dk
V V V V q = =
Tm cc tr ca hm
k
:
2
1 3 0 1/ 3 0,58
dk
d
V V
dV
q
= = = ~
Khi 1 1/ 3 2 / 3 F = = v ( )
.max
1 1/ 3 / 3 0,385
dk
q = ~
Phn tch trn ch ra rng thm ch khi hiu sut my bm v ng c l 1, th hiu
sut ca h thng thy lc iu khin bng van tit lu cng khng vt qu
0,385. Nh vy cho d h thng l vic ch ti u th cng ch c 58% lu
lng my bm vo ng c, lng cn li thng qua van trn v thng
cha, v cng ch 2/3 p sut ca my bm c s dng cho ng c, lng p
sut cn li tht thot ti van tit lu.
Blog Thy Lc
2014

8


2. Vi mch mc song song
Ta vn c
dk dc dc
p Q F V q = =
Khi mc song song th
p
b
= p
c
= p
van
khi p
xa
= 0 ;
1,0
dc
p F = =
1
dk
V q =
2
1
dc b van van
van b
b b b
Q Q Q S
V p
Q Q Q

= = =
Hiu sut mch mc van song song ph thuc vo m ca van.