HA 10 HSG DUYN HI BC B

Cu 1:(2 im):
1. Tnh nng lng ca electron trng thi c bn trong cc nguyn t v ion
sau: H, He+. (Cho ZH = 1; ZHe = 2).
2. Tnh nng lng ion ha ca H v nng lng ion ha th 2 ca He.
3. Mi phn t XY2 c tng cc ht proton, ntron, electron bng 178; trong
, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 54, s ht mang in ca
X t hn s ht mang in ca Y l 12.
a, Hy xc nh k hiu ho hc ca X,Y v cng thc phn t XY2 .
b, Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X,Y v xc nh cc s lng t ca
electron cui cng c in vo.
Cu 2:(2 im):
Vit cng thc Lewis, d on dng hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau (c
gii thch) v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm?
SO2; SO3; SO42- ; SF4; SCNCu 3:(2 im):
1. Cho gi tr ca bin thin entanpi v bin thin entropi chun 300K v 1200K
ca phn ng:
CH4 (kh) + H2O (kh)
CO ( kh) + 3H2 ( kh)
Bit:
H0 (KJ/mol)
S0 J/K.mol
3000K
- 41,16
- 42,4
0
1200 K
-32,93
-29,6
a) Hi phn ng t din bin s theo chiu no 300K v 1200K?
b) Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng 300K
2. Nng lng mng li ca mt tinh th c th hiu l nng lng cn thit
tch nhng ht trong tinh th ra cch xa nhau nhng khong v cc.
Hy thit lp chu trnh tnh nng lng mng li tinh th CaCl2 bit:
Sinh nhit ca CaCl2: H1 = -795 kJ/ mol
Nhit nguyn t ho ca Ca: H2 = 192 kJ / mol
Nng lng ion ho (I1 + I2) ca Ca = 1745 kJ/ mol
Nng lng phn ly lin kt Cl2: H3 = 243 kJ/ mol
i lc vi electron ca Cl: A = -364 kJ/ mol
Cu 4:(2 im):
1.Tnh pH ca dung dch A gm KCN 0,120 M; NH3 0,150 M v KOH 5,00.10-3 M.
Cho bit pKa ca HCN l 9,35; ca NH4+ l 9,24.
2. C dung dch A cha hn hp 2 mui MgCl2(10-3M) v FeCl3(10-3M)
Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch A.
a) Kt ta no to ra trc, v sao?
b) Tm pH thch hp tch mt trong 2 ion Mg2+ hoc Fe3+ ra khi dung dch.

Bit rng nu ion c nng = 106 M th coi nh c tch ht.

( Cho tch s tan ca Fe(OH)3 v Mg(OH)2 ln lt l: 10 39 v 10 11 )

Cu 5:(2 im):
Mt pin in ha c to bi 2 in cc. in cc th nht l tm ng nhng
vo dung Cu(NO3)2 0,8M. in cc 2 l mt a Pt nhng vo dung dch cha hn
hp Fe2+ v Fe3+ (trong [Fe3+] = 4[Fe2+]. Th in cc chun ca Cu2+/ Cu v
Fe3+/Fe2+ ln lt l 0,34V v 0,77V.
1. Xc nh in cc dng, in cc m. Tnh sut in ng khi pin bt u lm
vic.
2. Tnh t l

[ Fe 3 ]
[ Fe 2 ]

khi pin ht in (coi th tch ca dung dch Cu(NO3)2 0,8M l rt

ln).
Cu 6:(2 im):
Cho s bin ha:
(1)
(3)

(4)

X (5)
(6)

(2)
(9)

(7) (8) (10)

FeCl3
Z

(11) M

(12)

Hon thnh phng trnh ha hc khc nhau trong s bin ha trn. Bit: X l
mt n cht, Y, Z, M l cc mui c oxi ca X, T l mui khng cha oxi ca X, N
l axit khng bn ca X.
Cu 7:(2 im):
Cho 6,00 gam mu cht cha Fe3O4, Fe2O3 v cc tp cht tr. Ha tan mu
vo lng d dung dch KI trong mi trng axit (kh tt c Fe 3+ thnh Fe2+) to
ra dung dch A. Pha long dung dch A n th tch 50ml. Lng I 2 c trong 10ml
dung dch A phn ng va vi 5,50 ml dung dch Na 2S2O3 1,00M (sinh ra
S4 O62 ). Ly 25 ml mu dung dch A khc, chit tch I 2, lng Fe2+ trong dung

dch cn li phn ng va vi 3,20 ml dung dch KMnO 4 1,00M trong dung

dch H2SO4.
1. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra (dng phng trnh ion thu
gn).
2. Tnh phn trm khi lng Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 trong mu ban u?
Cu 8:(2 im):
Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X trong electron cui cng c 4 s lng t
n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, s = -

1) Xc nh tn nguyn t X.
2) Ha tan 5,91 hn hp NaX v KBr vo 100ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO 3)2
0,1M v AgNO3 cha bit nng , thu c kt ta A v dung dch B.
Trong dung dch B, nng % ca NaNO 3 v KNO3 tng ng theo t l 3,4 :
3,03. Cho ming km vo dung dch B, sau khi phn ng xong ly ming km ra
khi dung dch, thy khi lng tng 1,1225g.
a) Tnh lng kt ta ca A?
b) Tnh CM ca AgNO3 trong dung dch hn hp.
Cu 9:(2 im):
1. Mt cht thi phng x c chu k bn hy l 200 nm c cha trong thng kn
v chn di t. Phi trong thi gian l bao nhiu tc phn r gim t 6,5.1012
nguyn t/pht xung cn 3.10-3 nguyn t/pht.
2. Hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn sau:
a) 12Mg26 + ...? 10Ne23 + 2He4
b) 9F19 + 1H1 ...? + 2He4
c) 92U235 + 0n1 3(0n1) +...? + 57La146
d) 1H2
+ ...? 2 2He4 + 0n1
Cu 10:(2 im):
270C, 1atm N2O4 phn hu theo phn ng :
N2O4 (kh)
2NO2 (kh)
vi phn hu l 20%
1. Tnh hng s cn bng Kp.
2. Tnh phn hu mt mu N2O4 (kh) c khi lng 69 gam, cha trong mt bnh
c th tch 20 (lt) 270C
------------------------- Ht --------------------------(Th sinh c s dng bng HTTH-Cn b coi thi khng gii thch g thm)
KEYS

CU
1

V P N
IM
1. Tnh nng lng ca electron trng thi c bn trong cc
nguyn t v ion sau: H, He+. (Cho ZH = 1; ZHe = 2).
2. Tnh nng lng ion ha ca H v nng lng ion ha th 2
ca He.
3. Mi phn t XY2 c tng cc ht proton, ntron, electron
bng 178; trong , s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in l 54, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y l
12.

a , Hy xc nh k hiu ho hc ca X,Y v XY2 .

b , Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X,Y v xc nh cc
s lng t ca electron cui cng c in vo.
Hng dn
1. Nng lng ca electron trong h mt ht nhn v mt electron:
En =

(eV)

trng thi c bn: n = 1.

* Vi H: E1(H) = -13,6eV;
* Vi He+: E1(He+ ) = - 54,4 eV;
2. Nng lng ion ha ca hidro l nng lng ti thiu bt e ra
khi nguyn t hoc ion, tc l a e t trng thi c bn ra xa v cng
(khng truyn thm ng nng cho e). D thy: I1(H) =13,6eV; I2(He) = 54,4
eV.
a , K hiu s n v in tch ht nhn ca X l Zx , Y l Zy ; s ntron
(ht khng mang in) ca X l Nx , Y l Ny . Vi XY2 , ta c cc
phng trnh:
2 Zx
2 Zx

+ 4 Zy + Nx + 2 Ny = 178 (1)
+ 4 Zy
Nx 2 Ny =
54
(2)
4 Zy
2 Zx
=
12
(3)
Zy = 16
;
Zx = 26
Vy X l st, Y l lu hunh. XY2 l FeS2 .

b, Cu hnh electron:

Phn t

Vit cng thc Lewis, d on dng hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion

sau (c gii thch) v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm?
SO2; SO3; SO42- ; SF4; SCNHng dn
Cng thc Lewis
S
O

Cng thc
cu trc
AX2E

Dng lai ha
ca NTTT
sp2

0,25

0,75

0,25

Fe : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
;
2
2
6
2
4
S : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
B 4 s lng t cui ca X: n = 3; l = 2; ml =-2; ms= -1/2.
B 4 s lng t cui ca X: n = 3; l = 1; ml =-1; ms= -1/2.
2

0.5

0,25

Mi
ng
0,1
im

Dng hnh hc ca phn t

Gp khc

O
S

sp2

Tam gic u

AX4

sp3

T din

AX4E

sp3d

Ci bp bnh

O
2-

AX3

O
S

S
F

F
F

AX2
Sp
ng thng
S
C N
1.Cho gi tr ca bin thin entanpi v bin thin entropi chun
3000K v 12000K ca phn ng:
CH4 (kh) + H2O (kh)
CO ( kh) + 3H2 ( kh)
Bit l
H0 (KJ/mol)
S0 J/K.mol
3000K
- 41,16
- 42,4
0
1200 K
-32,93
-29,6
a) Hi phn ng t din bin s theo chiu no 300 0K v
12000K?
b) Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng 3000K
2. Nng lng mng li ca mt tinh th c th hiu l nng lng
cn thit tch nhng ht trong tinh th ra cch xa nhau
nhng khong v cc.
Hy thit lp chu trnh tnh nng lng mng li tinh th
CaCl2 bit:
Sinh nhit ca CaCl2: H1 = -795 kJ/ mol
Nhit nguyn t ho ca Ca: H2 = 192 kJ / mol
Nng lng ion ho (I1 + I2) ca Ca = 1745 kJ/ mol
Nng lng phn ly lin kt Cl2: H3 = 243 kJ/ mol
i lc vi electron ca Cl: A = -364 kJ/ mol
Hng dn
1.
a) Da vo biu thc: G0 = H0 - TS0
3000K ; G0300 = (- 41160) - [ 300.(- 42,4)] = -28440J = -28,44
kJ
12000K ; G01200 = (- 32930) - [ 1200.(- 29,6)] = 2590 = 2,59 kJ
G0300 0, phn ng cho t xy ra 300 0K theo chiu t tri
sang phi.
G01200 > 0, phn ng t din bin theo chiu ngc li 12000K

0,5

b) + Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng 3000K

G0 = -2,303RT lgK
(-28440) = (-2,303).8,314. 300.lgK
lgK = 28440/ 2,303.8,314.300 = 4,95
K = 10 4,95
2. Thit lp chu trnh
Chu trnh Born - Haber
H1
Ca(tt) +
Cl2 (k)
H2

H3

Ca (k)
I1+I2

2Cl (k)
2A

Ca2+ (k)

0,5

CaCl2(tt)

-Uml

0,5

2Cl- (k)
0,

Ta c:

Uml = H2 + I1 + I2 + H3 + 2A - H1
Uml = 192 + 1745 + 243 (2 x 364) - (-795)
Uml = 2247 (kJ/.mol)
4

1.Tnh pH ca dung dch A gm KCN 0,120 M; NH3 0,150 M v 2 im

KOH 5,00.10-3 M.Cho bit pKa ca HCN l 9,35; ca NH4+ l
9,24
2.C dung dch A cha hn hp 2 mui MgCl 2(10-3M) v FeCl3(103
M)
Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch A.
a) Kt ta no to ra trc, v sao?
b) Tm pH thch hp tch mt trong 2 ion Mg2+ hoc Fe3+ ra
khi dung dch.
Bit rng nu ion c nng = 10 6 M th coi nh c tch
ht.
( Cho tch s tan ca Fe(OH)3 v Mg(OH)2 ln lt l: 10 39 v 10 11 )

Hng dn
1) Tnh pH ca dung dch:
CN- + H2O
HCN + OHNH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHKOH -> K+ + OH-

Kb1 = 10- 4,65

Kb2 = 10- 4,76

H2O
H+ + OH[OH-] = CKOH + [HCN] + [NH4+] + [H+]
t [OH-] = x
x = 5.10-3 + Kb1[CN]/x + Kb2[NH3]/x + KH2O/x
x2 - 5.10-3x - (Kb1[CN-] + Kb2[NH3] + KH2O) = 0
Tnh gn ng coi [CN-] bng CCN- = 0,12M ; [NH3] = CNH3 = 0,15 M .
Ta c: x2 - 5.10-3 . x - 5,29 . 10-6 = 0 -> x = [OH-] = 5,9.10-3M.
Kim li [HCN] / [CN-] = 10-4,65/ 5,9.10-3 = 3,8.10-3 -> [HCN] << [CN-]
[NH4+ ] / [NH3] = 10-4,76/ 5,9.10-3 = 2,9.10-3 -> [NH4+] << [NH3]
Vy cch gii gn ng trn c th chp nhn -> pH = 11,77.
2) MgCl2 Mg2+ + 2Cl v Mg2+ + 2OH Mg(OH)2 (1)
FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl v Fe3+ + 3OH Fe(OH)3 (2)
a) to Fe(OH)3 th OH

to Mg(OH)2 OH

0,5

0,5

10 39
= 10-12 M (I)
3
10
10 11
= 10-4 M (II)
3
10

0,5

So snh (I) < (II) thy Fe(OH)3 to ra trc.

b) to Mg(OH)2: OH = 10-4 H+ = 10-10 pH = 10 (nu
pH < 10 th khng )
0,5
3+
-6
3
-33
+
hon ton Fe(OH)3: Fe 10 M OH > 10 H
-3
<10 pH > 3
Vy tch Fe3+ ra khi dd th: 3 < pH < 10
5

Mt pin in ha c to bi 2 in cc. in cc th nht l 2 im

tm ng nhng vo dung Cu(NO 3)2 0,8M. in cc 2 l mt a Pt
nhng vo dung dch cha hn hp Fe 2+ v Fe3+ (trong [Fe3+] =
4[Fe2+]. Th in cc chun ca Cu2+/ Cu v Fe3+/Fe2+ ln lt l
0,34V v 0,77V.
1. Xc nh in cc dng, in cc m. Tnh sut in ng khi
pin bt u lm vic.
2. Tnh t l

[ Fe 3 ]
[ Fe 2 ]

khi pin ht in (coi th tch ca dung dch

Cu(NO3)2 0,8M l rt ln).

Hng dn
1.E(Fe3+/Fe2+) = 0,77 + 0,059/1 . lg4
= 0,8055 V
2+
E(Cu /Cu) = 0,34 + 0,059/2 . lg0,8 = 0,3371 V
Vy in cc dng l in cc Pt; in cc m l in cc Cu

Epin

0,8055 - 0,3371

0,4684 V
1,0

2. Pin ht in tc l Epin = 0. Khi E (Cu2+/Cu) = E (Fe3+/Fe2+)

V th tch dung dch Cu(NO3)2 rt ln => nng Cu 2+ thay i khng
ng k
=> E (Cu2+/Cu)=0,3371 V
E (Fe3+/Fe2+) = 0,77 + 0,059/1 . lg ([Fe3+]/[Fe2+]) = 0,3371
=> [Fe3+]/[Fe2+] = 4,5995.10-8.
6
Cho s bin ha :
(1)
(3)

(2)

FeCl3

(9)
(4)
Y
Z
(7) (8) (10)

X (5)
(6)

(11) M

(12)

Hon thnh phng trnh ha hc khc nhau trong s bin ha

trn. Bit: X l mt n cht, Y, Z, M l cc mui c oxi ca X, T l
mui khng cha oxi ca X, N l axit khng bn ca X.
Hng dn: S bin ha tha mn l:
(1)
(3)

(2)

HCl

FeCl3

(9)
(4)
KClO3
KClO4
(7) (8) (10)

X (5)
(6)

KCl (11) KClO(12)

HClO

C cc phng trnh phn ng:

H2 + Cl2 2HCl
(X)
(A)
6HCl + Fe2O3 2FeCl3 + 3H2O
(A) (Fe3O4,)
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
3Cl2 + 6KOH

to

5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

(Y)
6HCl + KClO3 3Cl2 + KCl + 3H2O
Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

1,0

(T)
2KCl + 3O2

(7)

p dung dch(80oC)
KCl + 3H2OKhng c mnx KClO3 + 3H2

(8)

2KClO3

to

300o

4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl

o

KClO4

cao

(9)

KCl + 2O2

(10)

p dung dch

KCl + H2OKhng c mnx KClO + H2

(M)
KClO + CO2 + H2O HClO + NaHCO3
(N)
7

(11)
(12)

Cho 6,00 gam mu cht cha Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 v cc tp cht tr. 2 im

Ha tan mu vo lng d dung dch KI trong mi trng axit
(kh tt c Fe3+ thnh Fe2+) to ra dung dch A. Pha long dung
dch A n th tch 50ml. Lng I 2 c trong 10ml dung dch A
phn ng va vi 5,50 ml dung dch Na 2S2O3 1,00M (sinh ra
S4 O62 ). Ly 25 ml mu dung dch A khc, chit tch I 2, lng Fe2+

trong dung dch cn li phn ng va vi 3,20 ml dung dch

KMnO4 1,00M trong dung dch H2SO4.
1. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra (dng phng
trnh ion thu gn).
2. Tnh phn trm khi lng Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 trong mu ban u?
Hng dn
1.0

1.
Fe O 8H 2Fe3 Fe2 4H O
3 4
2

(1)

Fe O 6H 2Fe3 3H O
2 3
2

(2)

2Fe3 3I 2Fe2 I
3

(3)

2S O 2 I S O 2 3I
2 3
3
4 6

(4)

5Fe2 MnO 8H 5Fe3 Mn 2 4H O

4
2

(5)

2.
3
Trong 25 ml: n Fe 5n MnO 5x3, 2x1x10 =0,016 (mol)
2

trong 10ml n Fe = 6,4x10-3(mol)

2

T (3) v (4): n Fe = n S O = 5,5x1x10-3 = 5,5x10-3(mol)

2

T (3): n Fe = n Fe =5,5x10-3(mol) =2( n Fe O + n Fe O )

3

0,25

C th xem Fe3O4 nh hn hp Fe2O3.FeO

n FeO = n Fe3O4 = 6,4x10-3 5,5x10-3 = 9x10-4(mol)
n Fe2O3 =

1
n 3 n Fe3O4 =1,85x10-3(mol).
2 Fe

Trong 50 ml : n Fe O =4,5x10-3(mol) m Fe O =1,044 gam

3

0,25

% khi lng Fe3O4 = 1,044/6 x 100% = 17,4%

n Fe2O3 = 9,25x10-3(mol) m Fe2O3 =1,48 gam

% khi lng Fe2O3 = 1,48/6 x 100% = 24,67%

0,5
2 im

8
Cu 8: Bi t p tng hp(2 )
Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X trong electron cui cng c 4 s
lng t n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, s = -
1. Xc nh tn nguyn t X.
2. Ha tan 5,91 hn hp NaX v KBr vo 100ml dung dch hn hp
Cu(NO3)2 0,1M v AgNO3 cha bit nng , thu c kt ta A v
dung dch B.
Trong dung dch B, nng % ca NaNO 3 v KNO3 tng ng theo
t l 3,4 : 3,03. Cho ming km vo dung dch B, sau khi phn ng xong
ly ming km ra khi dung dch, thy khi lng tng 1,1225g.
a, Tnh lng kt ta ca A?
B,Tnh CM ca AgNO3 trong dung dch hn hp.
(cho Na = 23, N = 14, K = 39, Ag = 108, Br = 80, Zn = 65, Cu = 64)
Hng dn
1(0,75) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c:
n=3
electron cui cng phn lp 3p
l=1

0,75
m=0

electron ny l e th 5 ca phn lp 3p

s=-
Cu trc hnh e ca X : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
-> Zx = 17
X l clo
2(1,25).
a/

NaCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + NaNO3

KBr + AgNO3 = AgBr + KNO3

d.

Khi cho Zn vo dd B, khi lng ming Zn tng, chng t AgNO 3 0,25

Zn + 2AgNO3 = Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Zn + Cu(NO3)2 = Zn(NO3)2 + Cu
NaCl : x mol
KBr : y mol
100 . 0,1
0,01 mol
1.000
C%NaNO 3 3,4

C%KNO 3 3,03

nCu(NO3 ) 2

3,4

NaNO

-> m
3,03
KNO
3

85x
3,4

y 0,75 x
101y 3,03

(1)

58,5x + 119y = 5,91

(2)

x 0,04
y 0,03

Gii h pt (1), (2)

b/

mA = 0,04 . 143,5 + 0,03 . 188 = 11,38g

1 mol Zn -> 2 mol Ag khi lng tng
a mol Zn
->
1 mol Zn -> 1 mol Cu khi lng gim
0,01 mol
->
151a 0,01 = 1,1225
a
= 0,0075

0,5
151g
151a
1g
0,01g

0,5

n AgNO 3 b 0,04 + 0,03 + 0,015 = 0,085 mol

C M(AgNO 3 ) 0,085.

1000
0,85M
100

1. Mt cht thi phng x c chu k bn hy l 200 nm c cha 2 im

trong thng kn v chn di t. phi trong thi gian l bao nhiu

tc phn r gim t 6,5.1012 nguyn t/pht xung cn 3.10-3
nguyn t/pht.
2. Hon thnh cc P ht nhn sau:
a) 12Mg26 + ...? 10Ne23 + 2He4
b) 9F19 + 1H1 ...? + 2He4
235
c)
+ 0n1 3(0n1) +...? + 57La146
92U
d) 1H2
+ ...? 2 2He4 + 0n1
Hng dn
1.

0,25

0,693 0,693
k

0,00347 / nm
t1 / 2
200
p dng cng thc:
ln

0
ln N kt

0,25

6,5.1012
0, 00347t
3.103

0,5

t = 1,0176.104 nm hay 10.176 nm

2. T nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi cc ht cn thiu:

a. 0n1
10

b. 8O16

c. 35Br87

d. 3Li7

270C, 1atm N2O4 phn hu theo phn ng :

N2O4 (kh)

0,25x
4
2 im

2NO2 (kh)

vi phn hu l 20%
1. Tnh hng s cn bng Kp.
2. Tnh phn hu mt mu N 2O4 (kh) c khi lng 69 gam, cha
trong mt bnh c th tch 20 (lt) 270C
Hng dn
1.Gi phn hu ca N2O4 270C, 1 atm l , s mol ca N2O4 ban
u l n
Phn ng:

N2O4 (k)

Ban u:

Phn ly:

2NO2 (k)
0
2n

1,0

n(1- )

Cn bng

2n

Tng s mol hn hp lc cn bng: n = n(1+ )

Nn p sut ring phn ca cc kh trong hn hp lc cn bng:
p N 2O4

KP

1
P
1
2
NO2

PN2O4

PNO2

2
P

1
1
P

2
P
1

4 2
P
1 2

vi P = 1atm, = 20% hay = 0,2

KP = 1/6 atm

2. n N O = 69/92 = 0,75mol
2

Gi phn hu ca N2O4 trong iu kin mi l

Phn ng:

N2O4 (k

2NO2 (k)

Ban u:

0,75

Phn ly:

0,75

1,5

Cn bng

0,75(1- )

1,5

Tng s mol hn hp lc cn bng: n = 0,75(1+ )

p sut hn hp kh lc cn bng:
P'

KP =

n '' RT
V

0,75(1 ' ).0,082.300

20

4 '2
P=
1 '2

V KP = const nn:

= 0,9225(1+)

1/6

4 ' 2
.0,9225(1 ' ) 1 / 6
1 '2

0,19

1,0