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TRAN VAN CHANH
LE ANH MINH
toan thu
- ,
TU' HOC CHU' HAN
. .
vAN NGON - PHAT THLJ - BACH THO AI - THLJ PHAP

X p- 8
[f;
NHA XUAT BAN TRE TP. HO CHf MINH
Loi noi
....... ....::-
.JI!J 6
6/J
ach nay duqc bien saq,n dif,c bift danh cha nhilng
guai tlj h9c chil Han. G9i la "Taan thu" kh6ng nhilm
y huang dq,t slj taan difn, haan hda v6n kh6ng baa
gia c6 thljc, nhung vi ni dung cua sach baa g6m cd
tr'inh d danh cha nguai h9c chil Han tit nhp m6n nang
caa, vai nhilng nhu cdu va m!fc dich c6 khac nhau it
d6ng thai ciing c6 gdng cung dip mt luqng thuc c6 tinh
da dq,ng baa quat lanh vljc, thuc laq,i van bdn
khac nhau cua chil Han.
Trang huang neu tren, ngaai PHAN MO DA U giai
thifU nhilng van can bdn t6ng quat lien quan chil Han,
sach con duqc cau tq,a bai cac ph&n chinh nhu sau:
I. MON: G6m 126 bai h9c ngdn di tit kh6,
m6i bai c6 phien am, dtch nghla, gidi thich tit mai va ngil
phap. Ngaai nhilng diim ngil phap gidi thich Clf thea tung
bai, con c6 ph&n ngil phap ca bdn duqc giai thifu d&n d&n trdi
thea cac bai h9c ma nguai h9c c6 h9c ngay haif,c tuy
tifn cai lq,i trang nhilng luc rdnh r6i.
II. NANG CAO: Nguai h9c sau khi h9c ky ph&n nay (t6ng cng
102 bai) c6 ndm vilng them mt s6 tit vljng va tri thuc ngil
phap c&n d9c duqc h&u cac sach chil Han thuc
laq,i va tr'inh d khac nhau, tit nhilng tac phtlm tha, van, sit,
c6 dq,i cha cn, dq,i, cd nhftng Pht thu va kinh
lun Pht giao u6n duqc Mng mt laq,i Han ngil kha di;ic
thu c6 tinh trung gian va ph6i hqp giila Van ng8n vai Bq,ch thag,i
v
ca phu:ang tit ngil Zan ngil phap. Khi soc;r,n phdn NANG CAO
nay, chung toi da co gdng tuyn ch9n nhilng bai th(tt tieu biu cho
tung th loc;zi va thai ky, m8i bai c6 phdn gim tac gia-
tac pham, giup ngu:C!i h9c c6 tang d vita niim vilng chil Han
vita c6 them ca hf)i thea doi trinh phat trin cua van, sa
Trung Quae mf)t each t6ng quan, vita du ma khong phai mat qua
thi gia trong khi cha c6 ca hf)i d di sau vao nhilng loc;zi sach
khac. Doi vm ngu:C!i khong chuyen tam vcw dicli h9c chil Han,
cilng c6 th coi day la mf)t t(tp "trich hay ''giup tri nh{f' nhilng
danh tac tha, van CUa Trung Quae von chita dljng tinh hoa
cua tu: tu:(mg phu:ang Dong rat tham trdm, sau siic lien quan
m9i Zanh Vljc cua dai song xa hf)i, tit kinh song, Slj chiem
ca nhan, cho thu(tt itng xu va trf mfflc ...
Sach nay v ca bdn tp trung cho Van ngon (but ngil hay crf
ngil) han cho Bg,ch thog,i (ngil th hay khdu ngil), nhu:ng
mf)t phdn VAN nho cilng them vao dog,n
cu6i cua ph&n NANG CAO nay, hiiu la "nang cao them
mf)t bu:ac" sau khi da hc;>c Van ngon di c6 thi dc;>c cac sach
tham khdo vitt biing titng Han hifn dg,i, chit khong nhiim vao
dg,y titng Pho? thong di n6i nang giao dfch. EJf)c gid c6
dich h9c Phrf thong (Bg,ch thog,i) c6 thi sil dlfng bat ky
sach nao khac hifn dang phrf rat rf)ng rai.
III.THU PHAP: Ph&n nay do anh Le Anh Minh chuyen trach
bien sog,n, c6 tinh chudn xac va kinh diin cd ly thuytt Zan
thljc hanh, di giup nhilng bg,n yeu thich thu: phap c6 luon tai
tham khdo chung trong mf)t bf) sach g9i la Toan thzt tlj
hpc chii Han nay.
Trang phdn NANG CAO, h&u cac bai dfch chung toi tl!
dfch leiy va coy dich sat theo titng chii d cho h9c t(tp.
Tuy nhien, thu th(tt la di vita da mat cong phdn nao, vita di cung
cap cho df)c gid mf)t so ban dfch c6 gia trf cila cac bc tuc nho
b6i, chung toi da tranh thu sa dlfng trong chitng mljc cho phep mf)t
s6 ban dfch cil cua nhilng ngu:ai di tn.fflc (nhu: Hilu
VI
Phan Binh, Hoang Thuc Tram, Le, Tr&n Tr9ng
San, Phan Ng9c ... J. Trang phdn dfch tha, ngoai phdn dfch xuoi do
chung toi tlj lam lay, con c6 bd.n dfch tha su:u tdm cua mf)t so
dfch gia n6i tnfflc nhu: Phan Huy Vfnh, Tan Da, Trdn Tr9ng
Kim, Ng6 Tat TO, v.v ... nhiim mlfC dich cung cap cho ngu:ai h9C mf)t
SO tai van h9c v{Ji nhilng ban dfch nrJi d thu:(mg ngog,n,
tang them phdn hitng thu trong khi h9c t(tp chil Han. EJQ,c
trong phdn Kinh lu(t'n Ph(d giao, d bcw dam it c6 sai s6t giao
ly giao ngh'ia, chung toi da khong tlj dfch ma su:u t&m va sa dlfng
phdn Zan bdn dfch cua cac tu s'i hoQ,c nha nghien citu Ph(tt giao. Rat
mong cac vf c6 bdn dfch trong sach nay hoan hi chap nh(tn di giup
cho nhilng ngu:ai h(tu h9c c6 them tinh tan.
Ngoai nhilng nf)i dung chinh neu tren, sach con minh
hQa bifi nhiu hinh ve va anh maud[ ngU:ai hQC CO them tU: [ifU
tham khdo ho(j,c xem them cho da chan. Nhan day, chung toi
xin ghi nhn slj giup da tn tinh cua cac anh Le Minh Bite, Tg,
Duy Chan, EJ8 Cong Minh (Nha sach EJg,i Giai) va co Thudn
Chanh vifn Vien trong cung cap cho rat
tai [ifU Va hinh anh dung trong sach.
MQ,c du da co gdng chung toi van bitt khong c6 mf)t
quyn sach duy nhat nao c6 thi du:a ngu:ai h9c dg,t dinh dich
cu6i c-ling. Trai lg,i, to thanh cong chinh la a bdn than ngliai
hQC, thi G Slj tam, kien tri, long say me Va tinh lien
t/fC cua hQC tp. Nen tim d9C them bat ky sach nao khac c6
lien quan di khong ngitng niim vilng nhilng tri thitc ca bdn
tit vljng, ngil phap ... , nhat la thu:ang xuyen tp dc;>c, tp dfch,
t(tp viet va tra citu tit diin ma qud dg,t chile chiin se tg,o
cho ngu:ai hc;>c mf)t khich va slJ tu:ang thu:ang thich dang.
Sau cung, chung toi mong nhn slj gop y cua nhilng
bg,n d6ng thanh khi, nhat la tit phia nhilng ngu:ai trljc dung
. sach di sau nay se brf sung, hoan chinh them khi c6 dfp tai bdn.
THAN v .AN ciiANH
VII
THU' Ml)C THAM KHAO

1. DU NGUYEN DAM, Cao trung Quo'c van Tan djch
'* wr i' Chung Thu' Cl;IC an hfmh, Dai Loan.
1964.
2. VVONG UjC, C6 Han ngil Trung Hoa Thu
ct,Ic, Bac Kinh, 1962.
3. TU MINH, Han tl! thuong thlic + '*' 'J\, Tien Tu Xuat
ban xa, Huang Cang, 1973.
4. HO DO THl) (chu bien), Hin dt;-i Han nga
Thu'<;5ng Hai Giao dt,lc Xuat ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 1999.
5. HONG DOC NHAN, Hin Han ngil Mon
hQc Ham tht,I be) , 1963.
,. ..... ' ;:: ,..-"' ?
6. DAI VAN BINH, TIEN QUOC LQI (chu bien), Cao trung
Van ngon nha't ban 6 -:;;tjj Lien Ly
cong hQc Xuat ban xa, 2001.
7. DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), So trung Van ngon van
Tuong djch Tinh tich tJJ $ )( 6 )( 8 i .fJT, Van Hoi Xu at
ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 2002.
8. DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), Cao trung Van ngon van
Tuong djch Tinh tich Van Hoi
Xuat ban xa, Thu'<;5ng Hai, 2000.
9. Co? kim Danh tac Van tuyin (khong tac
gia), Chinh Ngon Xuat ban xa, Dai Loan, 1970.
VIII
10. HOANG BiNH TRA.CH, Trung h9c sinh C6 thi van t1:1ng df?c
70 thien (D6 van ban), Son
Dong My Xuat ban xa, Son Dong, 2001.
11. L Y MQNG SINH-SV LVONG CHIEU, Co? van quan
chl djch chu 6 )(_ W Jt iii (thu'<;5ng, h<;1, sach), Thuong Hai
C6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu'<Jng Hai, 2000.
12. HANH DVONG THOAI sf, Duong thi Tam bach
thu m B ' Chung Thu' Ct,}C, Dai Loan, 1967.
13. PHAN KE BfNH, Vit Han van khao, M?c Lam xuat ban,
Sai Gon, 1970.
14. NGUYEN HIEN LE, cuong Van h9c su Trung Quo'c
I, II, Ill), NXB. Hien Le, SaiGon, 1964.
15. NGUYEN HIEN LE, Co? van Trung Quo'c, Van Dan, Sai
Gon, 1966.
16. LANG NHAN, Han van Tinh tuy, NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi
Minh, 1992.
17. BO QUOC GIA GIAO Dl)C, Han Tan kh6a ban (lop
that va 1t,lc), SaiGon, 1954.
18. NGUYEN VAN BA, Nho van Giao khoa thu, Nam Van
Hien, Sai Gon, 1970.
19. TRAN TRQNG SAN, Han van, Bac SaiGon, 1963.
20. TRAN TRQNG SAN, Tho Duong (cuon I va II), Sai Gon,
1965.
21. v6 NHV NGUYeN-NGUYEN HONG GIAO,Han van Giao
khoa Iva II), NXB. Da Nang, 1997.
22. TRVONG vAN GTOI-LE KHAC KIEU Ll)C, sJ tay nguoi
h9c tie'ng Hoa, NXB. Khoa hQc Xa h()i, 1998.
23. HUYNH MINH DUC, Han van 1), Minh Tri, Sai
IX
Gon, 1973.
24. CHIEM BINH, Tu thu tuC!ng gidi Chinh Ngon
Xu at ban xa, 8ai Loan, 1964.
25. HOANG THO KY-TRUONG VAN, Chu Djch djch
chu JEJ J i1, Thu<;>ng Hai c6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu'ting
Hai, 2ooo.
26. DUONG THIEN VO, Lg ky djch chu t-1 J i1, Thu<;5ng
Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu<;>ng Hai, 1997.
27. KIM KHAI HOA, Quo'c phong kim djch , Kie'n
Van Thu Cl;IC, H6ng Kong, (nam ?).
28. TU KY DUONG,ThuQ'ng thu r6J Quang Chau Xuat ban
xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
29. L Y MQNG SINH, Td truy?n djch chu, ti_ 1$: J i1, Thu<;5ng
Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa,Thu<;>ng Hai, 1998.
30. THI MINH, Mijc til Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang
Chau, 2001.
31. MA NGQC DINH, Him Phi til Quang Chau Xuat
ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
32. KHUAT TIEN-HO KIEN HOA, Chien quo'c sach
ffi', Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
33. VUONG THE CHINH-DAM NGQC An til Xuan thu
tuyln djch Nhan Dan Van hQc Xuat ban
xa, Bac Kinh, 1994.
34. cAT HAU AN (chu bien), Trung
Quo'c Nho h9c Tit diin r:j=l ] Lieu Ninh Nhan
Dan Xuat ban xa, Duong, 1989.
35. J. BRANDT, Introduction to Literary Chinese, Ederick Ungar
Publishing Company, New York.
X
36. HAROLD SHADICK, A First Course in Literary Chinese
(Volume I), Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London,
1992.
37. GREGORY CHIANG, Language of the Dragon (Volume I),
Cheng and Tsui Company, USA, 1998.
38. THICH HANH TR{), So ddng Phqt h9c Gido khoa thu,
Thanh h(ii Phi;it giao Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh-NXB. Thanh
pho H6 Chi Minh, 1997.
39. 80AN TRUNG CON, Chu kinh Tqp ylu, in ky dgu, Sai
Gon, 1970.
40. Uing nghiem kinh (ban chu Han).
41. THICH DUY UjC (Dich va lu<;>c giai), Kinh Lang nghiem,
NXB. Ton giao, 1999. ,
42. thifa khoi tin lu(m (ban chu Han).
43. THICH THONG thiia khoi tin !uqn
ddn nghia, 1994.
44. LE MANH THAT, Tdng tqp Van h9c Phqt giao Vi?t Nam
(Phl;l ban Han van ":Ly lui;in"), NXB. TP. H6 Chi Minh,
2001.
45. Tho van Ly Trdn, NXB. Khoa hQc Xa h()i, Ha N()i, 1978.
46. THICH TRf QUANG, Sa di- Sa di ni (khong ghi noi va nam
xuat ban).
47. TRAN TRQNG KIM, Phqt giao thuo xua va Phqt giao ngay
nay, Tan Sai Gon, 1953.
48. TRAN TRQNG KIM, Duong thi, NXB. Van hoa Thong tin,
1995.
49. THICH TRI Di?u phdp lien hoa kinh (Phien am va
Dich nghia).
XI
50. THICH THONG BVU, Kinh Dg.i thaa Diu phap lien hoa
Giang lut;in, NXB. T6n Giao, 2002.
51 . CHANH TRi, Bat nha Ba la mt;it da Tam kinh gidi, Sai
Gon, 1962.
52.TRAN DOAN CAT-HO TRUNG HANH (chu bien), !'ht;it
kir;h Van h9c Tuy bien ThueJng Hai C6 tich
Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999.
53. LA VI QUOC, Pht;it tg.ng dil Dg.o tg.ng
ThuQng Hai Thu diem Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 2001.
54. KE DO (T6ng chu bien), Pht;it giao Tiiu ta diln
ThuQng Hai TU' thu Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai,
2001.
55. TRUNG QUOC PHAT GIAO HOI, Trung Quf/c Pht;it
gicio lf1 Dong Phuong Xuat ban Trung tam, Thu<;ing
Hai, 1996.
56. CHAN NGUYEN-NGUYEN TVCJNG BACH, Ta di!n Pht;it
h9c, NXB. Thu?n H6a, Hue, 1999.
57. TRUC LAM CV SI, Pht;it giao Nan tl! Ti! di!n
::f: ::f: Thuong Xu an ThtJ Thu phong, Dai Loan,
1990.
58. THICH THANH TU, Tham db hiin quye't,
Thuong Chieu-NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 1997.
59. LVdNG VI, Tong thi Bach thuThiln
Ly Thu diem, Huang Cang, 1965.
60. NHLEU GL.\, Tho Tong, NXB. Van HQc, Ha N()i,
1991.
61. KHONG DUC DINH TAN DUNG, Ta Tong, NXB. Thanh
pho H6 Chi Minh: 1992.
62. Trung Quo'c dg.i Tac pha?m Tuyln bien,
XII
$ Hoa ngu Giao hQc Xuat ban xa,
Kinh, 1989.
63. TRAN VAN CHANH , Sa lur;c Ngil phap Han van (Van
ng6n), NXB. Da Nang, 1997.
64. TRAN vAN CHANH, Ta ddn Hu ta-Han ngil cff dg.i ''Q
dg.i, NXB. Tre, TP. HCM, 2002.
65. TRAN vAN CHANH, Tu diln Han Vi?t-Han ngil cff dg.i va
Hin dg.i, NXB. Tre, TP. HCM, in 1ftn thu hai, 2001.
66. UONG VIEM, Han ngil Ngil phap :iB B$;, Thu<;ing
Hai hQc Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999.
67. TRVdNG THV NHAM-VVdNG THIET CON, Gidn h6a tl!
Tdnguyen .W 1t NgG'vanXufi'tbiinxa,BlicKinh, 1997.
68. AU DVdNG TRUNG THACH-KIM vAN xVdNG, Trung
Quo'c Thu phap Sa giam lf1 :e 5: ii, Trung c()ng Trung
uong Dang Xuat ban xa, 1993.
69. TRVdNG TOAN HOI, So h9c Thu phap Ky xdo Nht;ip mon
m :e $; H: J.1j A Trung Quoc Thanh th! Kinh te Xa h()i
Xuat ban xa, Kinh, 1989.
70. LVU Trung Hoa Thu phap Dg.i diln, Quoc te Van
h6a Xuat ban C6ng ty, Kinh, 1993.
71. TRVdNG CAO PHONG, Thu phap Nht;ip mon, Thi6m Tay
LG' du Xuat ban xa, Thi6m Tay, 1995.
72. VAN THANH LAU, Ldu Cong Khdi thu Td phap,
thu?t D6 thu C6ng ty, Quang Chau, 1993.
XIII
?
TU' lll;: U HINH ANH
rgy
/.)g!j EB _iR IJ'-f
1. DAr DAT-CUNG THV Df,.C, Thi d6 bdn Trung QU(J'c Thong
sa * $ . 5::., Hai Ye'n Xuat ban xa, Kinh,
2001 .
2. PHONG LAP TRUNG-TRAN VAN KHON, Trung Quo'c
Ljch dc;Ii Danh nhan EJ6 h9i $ frr {i; [i];jl, HQc Uytin
Xuat ban xa, Kinh, 1994.
3. DVCiNG AM THAM, Trung Quo'c H9c thu(it gia Lit truyn
1U 1$, Huang Cang Van Uyen Thu die'm Xuat
ban xa, Huang Cang, nam?
4. TRVCiNG MAU TRACH (Chinh ly), Tli thu Tip chu (Sap d6
ban) rz:g il: , Tam Tn Xuat ban xa, 1999.
5. MA THV BIEN, Trung Quo'c Phit giao Chu thdn
$ i3 t$, Dofm Ke't Xu at ban xa, Kinh, 1998.
6. HA TV TOAN (chu bien), Trung Quo'c Ljch dc;Ii Danh tang
r:p Jrr {i; 11W, Ha Nam Nhan Dan Xuat ban xa, Ha Nam,
1996.
7. H.VAN PRAAG, Sagesse de laChine, Marabout Universite,
1966.
XIV
Y2
Phtin miJdtiu
NHaNG vAN oE: cAN s.AN
h h. /h. ,..,J.. c tt -:k- \,
Jf.!) J- /f'- .fvO
Thi Kinh Khuat Nguyen
TU' thu' Chuang cu chu
Xuan thu Ta Chinh Nghia
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van phong tu bao
Mlfc Huang ky I an quoc
(doi Minh)
Mlfc chu sa mau Tay Ho
canh thi (doi Thanh)
roAN THU nJ HQC CHa HAN 17
Philn md dilu
NHUNG VAN E>:E cAN BAN
A.cHa HAN: rfNH cHAT vA c.Au
I. TiNH CHAT CUA CHU HAN
Chu Han, thu chu cua t6 tien dan t()c Han, la mQt trong
nhG'ng thong chu viet OU</C dung lau doi nhat tren the gioi.
nay, chung ta chua biet dich xac chu Han phat sinh trong
thai gian nao, nhung tu the ky 15 truoc C6ng nguyen, doi nha
Thuong (1600-1028 tntoc CN), n6 da tr& thanh m()t chu viet
kha phat trin, truoc d6, chac con c6 m()t lich sll' rat lau dai.
nay, chung ta con tr6ng thay nhung chu viet xuat
each nay hon 3000 nam do nguoi doi Thuong dung trong
ghi chep. Bay gio hQ rat tin vao quy nen c6 gl
quan trQng thl thuong viet len mai rua, xuong thu, vl du<;1c
gQi la "giap cot van". Thu chu nay luu den nay von la
c6ng Cl;l cua nguoi Han dung a ghi chep ng6n ngu Han, m?c du
each viet co ban van kh6ng thay a6i.
nay, chu viet cua IOn eac nude tren the gioi
thu()c chu rap dung eac chu cai a ghi thanh am cua tu,
OQC ra thl hiu dt1<;1C y nghia. D6 la truong h<;1p chu viet cua
dan tQC a chau Au, chau My, va cua chu Nam

Tinh chat cua chu Han khac. N6i thea thu phap thl m6i
chula m()t hlnh th OQC khac voi hlnh thuc cua chu rap
chu Han kh6ng ket h<;1p thiet voi ngu am: m6i chu
la m(}t dau cua am tiet, kh6ng th chi r am d QG GY<l
' h - , T Hlf Y N I
mQt cac ro rang. VNC PH VN J
VAN H/\ :\JH > .
l.sn 7:.-----
- - - --- UJ
18 TRAN VAN CHANH
C6 chia chG' Han ra lam hai nh6m IOn: M()t nh6m thugn
tuy y, kh6ng c6 thanh phgn am; m()t nh6m chG' hlnh
thanh c6 thanh phfrn am. Cac hQc gia. til xua nMn ding
chG' Han c6 6 nguyen de ca"u t;:to thuong gQi la Ll,lc thu.
II. L()C THU
Ll,lc thu kh6ng phai la nhG'ng nguyen uk do nguoi xua t
ra truoc khi chG' rna do nguoi doi sau din cu vao ket ca"u cua
chG' viet r6i quy n;:tp thanh ly lu?n, vl v?y each giai thfch cua
moi nha cung c6 vai cho chua nha"t tri.
Sach Han van gidi tl! cua Hua Th?n
1
da ra 6 nguyen tac
nhu sau: Chi stf, Tu<;1ng hlnh, Hlnh thanh, H()i y, chu,
Gia ta.
Han thz.t Ngh? van chi cua Ban C6'2 l;:ti c6 each gQi ten va
thu ttf hoi khac: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Tu<;1ng stf, Tu<;1ng y, Tu<;1ng thanh,
chu va Gia ta .
nay nguoi ta thuong dung eac thu?t ngG' cua Hua
Th?n gQi ten cho 6 nguyen tac ca"u t;:to chG' Han nhung xep l;:ti
theo thu ttf cua Ban Co: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Chi stf, H()i y, Hlnh thanh,
chu, Gia ta
3
.
1. Tzt(fng hinh
Dung phuong ph a p ve hlnh nhG'ng v? t c6 thtfc t ra
chG' viet gQi Ia phep tu<;1ng hlnh. Nhung chG' viet theo phuong
phap nay gQi la chG' tu<;jng hlnh.
1
Hua (khoang 58-147) Ia ngttoi dat Nhu Nam doi Dong Han, tu Ia Thuc
Trc,mg, ngoai Him \'(In Kii.ii f1! Ia m()t b() ll! rat n6i tie'ng ( 14 thien) , 6ng
con Ia lac gia cua sach NKil hanh kinh dj nKhlu.
2
Ban Co (32-92) tl! Ia Mc:tnh Kien, nguoi da't An Lang doi nha Han, lac gia
sach Him thu g6m 100
'Trinh Chung trong sach Chu tM', phiin chu giai lc:ti ghi Ia : Ttt<;ing hlnh, Hoi y,
ChuytSn chu, Xt'r S\1, Gi:i ta, Hlnh than h.
roAN THL1 Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 19
Thf dl,l: )c. la hlnh ve m()t nguoi dang quy goi nhin theo
trilc thi "nhan" la nguoi . Sau, hlnh chG' viet bien
a6i dgn, ra A .
Vl chG' viet bien d6i , nen ngay nay khi nhln vao m()t chG'
ta kh6ng con nh?n ra n6 la hlnh cua v?t gl. Trai l;:ti, (j Giap cot
van, m()t lo;:ti chG' viet so khai, ta tr6ng thay rat r6 (xem hinh 1).
P1 q
1m *
MON CUNG LQC TU0NG
Hinh 1
Hgu het chG' tu<;jng hlnh den nay kh6ng con giong hlnh ve
nG'a, nhu cac chG' B (nh(jt: troi), .f:l (nguyft: trang), 4-
(ngz.tu: trau), (ddu: chim), ... ; m()t so chG' khac da bien nghTa
nen ngay nay khi nhln vao chG' ta rat kh6 doan n6 von la
chG' tu<;1ng hlnh, nhu chG' (tl!) ban dgu c6 nghia la eai mui, chG'
(v<Zn) ban dgu c6 nghTa la con rit (rlt) hay eac lo;:ti trung
tuong c?n voi rft.
Hua Th?n n6i: "ChG' tu<;jng hlnh la chG' ve thanh eac v?t
can cu theo hlnh cua n6, nhu chG' nh?t, chG' (Tu<;1ng
hlnh gia, hQa thanh ky v?t, tuy c?t khuat, nh?t thida).
2. Chi S{l
Hua Th?n n6i: "Tha"y rna nh?n biet, xet rna r6 y, nhu chG'
thz.t(fng (__t_), chG' hq CT)'' (Chi stf gia, thi nhi kha thuc, sat nhi
kien y, thu<;1ng h;:t thi da) .
Qua cau "thay rna nh?n biet", ta thfry chG' chi Stf va tu<;jng
hlnh cung hoi giong nhau. Doi Thanh, Vuong Quan trong Thuye't
van cu gidi khi cat nghTa chG' 1J\ (difc: canh tay) da viet: "ChG'
nay do tu<;1ng hlnh bien thanh chi stf". Cac nha khao cuu van ttf
thuong cho ding chG' tu<;jng hlnh la do y theo hlnh cua nhG'ng
II! II
!I
20
TRAN VAN CHANH
c6 thlfc rna di;it ra, chi m()t Cl,l con chu chi Slfla
din cu theo each tlidng nghT cua con ngi1C5i, dung chi cac khai
truu tlic;Jng, vi chu nay cling la m()t loi ve nhung c6 kha
nang th! dlic;Jc nhung slf vo hinh.
nguC5i dlfa vao cau "xet rna ro y" cua hQ Hua ma
cho ding chu chi slf nit kh6 ph an voi chu h()i y. TM t ra, chU'
h()i y la do b9 hc;Jp thanh, con chu chi slf chi dung
rieng m()t minh, nhu chu "thlic;Jng", chu Ia nhung chu dung
rieng chu khong phai do chu I (c6n) va chu- (nh(tt) hc;;p
Vai thi dl,l khac: - (nhcit: m()t)
3. Hf)ij
= (nhf: hai)
I (c6n: tren duoi thong nhau)
0 (vi: vay quanh)
VI kha nang cua chu tlic;Jng hinh va chi Slf c6
nen phai nghT den rap m()t vai dau hoi;ic m()t vai hinh
ra m()t chu moi. )6 la phep h()i y.
Theo Hua chu h()i y la chu "hc;Jp y cua eac phftn
duc;;c nghia, nhu chu .LEt (va) , chu { (tin)" (H()i y gia, ti
hc;;p nghi, dT kien chi vi, vo tin th! da).
Nhu chu * (thai: hai) la do chu !T\ (trdo: m6ng tay) va
chu * (mqc: cay) hc;Jp th! Slf "dung tay hai qua
tren cay"; ket hc;Jp -z (chinh la -=f.: thu, nghia Ia tay),
51
(nhf:tc:
th!t) va * (k); :thftn) thanh ra (te': cling thftn ), 3 phftn \
51
, * th! y "dung tay bung thit te tlf truoc thftn ".
Chu 7j5- (bq: di bang chan) th! khai "buoc" nen
duc;;c rap bdi hinh ti1Qng cua chan trlioc va chan sau, viet theo
Giap cot van la hai chan di d()ng tung buoc, th! d()ng
tac "di ". Chu 7j5- (b9) hc;Jp voi chu 1j<: (thuy) thanh chu (thip)
nghTa la l()i trong nuoc. D6i b() 1j<: (thuy) thanh b9 _$ (phf:t) ta c6
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
_:..;;---
21
chfi' (trdc): "ph!,I" Ia go dat, di len go th! y len cao, vl
"giai " Ia "len cao". Neu dem chu ti5- (b9) trong (trdc) dao
th1 c6 chu (gidng) la xuong.
Trong h()i y, c6 khi cung chi m()t slf t rna c6
hlnh thai thi khac nhau.
Thi du:
- d;R: thai): ::K Ia "trai cay", =- la "tay", dung tay
lay trai cay Ia "hai".
- Chu dac): w la "d6 b6i), X.la "tay"
(=f.: thu), d6 nam trong tay c6 nghia Ia dliQC.
Chu ,c, trong t;R (thai), chu --1" trong (dac) th!
"tay", trong each viet cua Khai thli con c6 m()t khac, nhu
bQ )!... (hl;(u) trong chu (chich), bQ ..3.. (k) trong chu * (blnh)
cling thi "tay". Dung tay bat chim C%: diiu) Ia
(chich), Giap cot van viet Ia A:f: . Chu "chich" ban dftu von c6
nghia Ia "bat dlic;Jc". Dung tay dm lua (%:: hoa) thanh ra *
(bl nh), Giap cot van viet"'\, c6 nghia "dm, nam ".
C6 m()t so chu h()i y VI nghia ban dftu bi m()t nghia khac
xam chiem nen rat kh6 biet. Nhli chu (ich), dien ta y nlioc
tran ra khoi Ia nuoc, Jill. la eai c6 nghla tuong
duong voi chu ( dQ_t) ngay nay Ia "tran dfty". Chu !Ji: (mg_c)
thi mi;it trC5i li;in trong dam co (:*:[ ]la co mQc urn tum, B
Ia mi;it trC5i), nay c6 nghia nhli chu "m9 nghia la "bu6i
". Khi n6i "huu ich ", giao chi thlic;Jng (dung cho
n6 gay (j tren canh), ta kh6 ra "ich" va la nhung chu
,
Ql y.
4. Hinh thanh
Tuc;;ng hlnh, Chi slf, H()i y thu()c lm;ti chu y thuftn
tuy. Neu chi dung 3 phep tlf nay thl khong dap ling dfty
au nhu du phat ngay cang cao cua xa h()i. Van tlf muon
22 TRAN VAN CHANH
phat trin ta't phai lien den thanh am va ngu ngon. a cac
nude tren the gioi, chu viet phat trin theo huang .tu biu y
len biu am. Chu Han cling khong ra ngoai d6, nhung n6
khong phat trin thuftn tuy theo con duong biu am rna l<;li sinh
ra mot hlnh thuc trung gian vua biu y vua biu am gQi la chu
hlnh thanh.
Chung ta tha'y c6 stf v?t va y tu&ng khong th dung
phep tu<;Jng hlnh hoi y d dien ta dUQC. Nhu "ngl;I'a" va
"Ilia" c6 hlnh d<;lng ra't giong nhau, thl khong biet phai ve the
nao d t ra chu ljJl (lu: Ilia). Dung phep hoi y d biu thi "Ilia"
cling kh6, nen phai ngh1 ra phep hlnh thanh.
Theo Hua Th?n thl chu hlnh thanh la chu "lcly stf lam ten,
lcly bo ph?n c6 am dQC gfrn giong d so sanh doi chieu rna t(;lo
thanh, nhu chu giang ?I, chu ha iPJ" (Hlnh thanh gia, d1 stf vi
danh, thu thi tuong thanh, giang ha thida).
Nguyen rae hlnh thanh la dung mot phfrn lam dclu chi
y, con mot phftn khac lam dclu chi am. Phfrn chi y d<;li khai
neu len moi quan giua chu d6 voi mot Slf v?t nao, phfrn con
l(;li chi am d cho biet am OQC giong gfrn giong cua chu.
Thi dl;l:
- Chu *(lai) do-++- (thdo) va *(lai) t(;lo thanh. "Thao"
(co) dung chi y, cho biet "Jai" thUOC mot lo(;li CO, con "[ai"
(*)chi am dQc. Neu d6i "lai" (*) ra "lan" (l*j), ta c6 chu Jil
(lan) d chi ten mot loai co dQc la "lan ".
- Chu (ehu) chi mot loai trung c6 ten la "chu ", trong d6
E. (trung) d chi nghia, * (ehu) d chi am. Neu ta d6i bQ
"trung" ra bo (thuy) thl c6 chu 1*(chu) chi mot con song c6 ten
dQc la "Chu ", mot nhanh cua song Tu thuoc tinh Son Dong.
Dclu chi nghia va chi thanh trong chu hlnh thanh c6 vi
tri khong nha't dinh, c6 th khai quat lam 6 truong h<;Jp :
roAN THLf Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
-
_ Tren hlnh duoi thanh, nhu (lai), 1ft (nham)
_ Duoi hlnh tren thanh, nhu (cilu), (ho(ie)
_ Trai hlnh phai thanh, nhu (chu), ft (br;m)
_ Phai hlnh trai thanh, nhu (tude), (vu)
- Ngoai hlnh trong thanh, nhu Ef (gioi), (ly)
_ Trong hlnh ngoai thanh, nhu (mu9n), rt-Hhifn)
23
f)oi khi moi nhln mot chu nao d6 ta tu&ng la chu hlnh
thanh, nhung l<;li khong phai, nhu chu chu 1& (thifp).
Neu hiu lfrm c6 th dt nghia sai.
dt nghia cac dclu chi nghia cling dn c6 st,r uyn
chuytin. Thi dt,I: Dfru -++- cua chu 1fi_(thdo) phfrn dung a
chi cac thtfc v?t thuoc lo(;li hoa thao, nhu 1&1 (ha: sen), (cue:
hoa cue), ?f (mao: la tranh), (edt: day leo). Nhung cling
khong nen cho tftt ca nhung ChU CO bo "thao" tren dfru thUOC
de loai hoa co vl nhung chu chi cac loai rau trai cling
thuong viet voi bo "thao ", nhu (lang: cu clu), ff (dn: rau
dn) ... f)oi voi nhung loai c6 quan den hoa' thao hay quan
den mau sac, mui vi cua hoa, thao cling c6 th viet voi bo
"thao". Thi dt,I: (hanh: cQng), 3f (nha: mfrm), J!j (phuong:
thorn), if (thuong: mau xanh) ...
Nhung chu dung bo "thao" lam dclu chi nghia doi khi
cling bitiu thi nhung y nghia khac, nhu chu -& (lg.e: roi rt,Ing), chu
Jit (hoang: hoang vang). Truong h<;Jp nay ra khong c6 gl mau
VI nhu chu "l(;lC" voi bo thdo con CO nghia ban dft U Ja "luc
dfru khi la cay roi rt,Ing", c6 lien quan den la cay.
Rieng dau chi thanh (am dQc), nay ta thuong
tha'y n6 chi mot am dQc khong mcly chinh xac (nhu ?I (giang)
khong dQc la "cong" I), vl c6 st,r bien d6i cua ngu am. Thi dt,I:
cac chu dung 12_ (!6) dti chi thanh tuy phfrn dQc la "lo ",
nhu nt, {f!, I!. (l6), nhung voi chu (lu) l<;li khac du
24 TRAN VAN CHANH
du dung chung m()t dau hi<$u chi thanh ca. Chu if (rna) dung
}jjij (ma) chi thanh, nhu'ng Va thl l(;li do.c la "mi ", Va fi:
thl l(;li doc la "rna", du kh6ng gi6ng voi am doc cua if "rna",
thanh mau cua 4 chu do con tuong d6ng voi Jjjij (rna) . Nhung co
tru'ong hQp thanh mau kh6ng gi6ng nhau, chi co mau gi6ng,
nhu' chu (khiem) , 9,l va (liem) du dung 31Jt (kiem)
chi thanh, mau du la "iem ".
Neu 2 chu dung cling m()t dau hi<$u chi thanh rna thanh
mau (pht,I am dgu), mau (vgn cai) d6i voi dau hi<$u chi thanh
hoan toan khac thl vi<$c suy doan each doc kho khan kh6ng it,
nhu' (di?u) va {ffl] (thich). Ngoai ra, kho khan han nua la d6i
voi tru'ong h<;jp tlf hlnh da bien d6i, khien ta kho ra dau
hi<$u nao dung chi am doc. Thi dt,I: chu :& (kim), dung
(kim) chi thanh, chu (c!lp) dung lJz (c(lp) chi thanh, rat kho
biet.
Tuy nhien kh6ng vl nhung ly do tren rna noi chu hlnh
thanh kh6ng co quy Neu dlfa theo l!ch sll' am cua Han
ngu va phuong ng6n hi<$n d<;1i, ta thay chu hlnh thanh co quy
r(;lch roi, nhu' chu K (ht) da dan khi nay, hi<$n nay dan Ci Tu
Xuyen, Trung Khanh du doc gi6ng nhu' am cua chu J1i. (!6)
4
.
Chu (ha) dung OJ (khd) chi thanh, hi<$n nay dan vung
Quang Chau doc thanh mau va mau cua "ha" va "kha"
gi6ng nhau, chi khac chut it v thanh di<$u. Nghien cuu l!ch sll'
am cua Han ngu, nguoj ta co l<;1i dt,Ing cac dau hi<$u chi
thanh trong chCi' h'inh thanh khao dinh SO lu'QC tlnh tr(;lng cac
"'
am co.
Trong v6n chu Han, chu hlnh thanh chiem mot ti 1<$ rat
cao, co len den 90 phgn tram, va ngay nay nguoi ta cling
4
Theo Tu Minh, Him t thu&ng th!lc, tr.l6
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
25
thu'ong dung phep hlnh thanh d;;it ra nhung chu moi. Thi dt,I:
(cdo: lam), (do: (nai: khi neon), 'II (qt: SQ),
{nj (qtc: rat) ...
5. Chuyin clui.
Phep chu trong Lt,Ic thu' la m()t tru'ong h<_ip r6i
da sinh ra nhiu van d tranh nhiu y kien giai thich khac
nhau:
Phai chu hlnh chu tru'ong dlfa vao hlnh cua chu, nhu'
noi: Chu (khdo) quanh v ben ta, chu (lao) quanh v ben
huu, chu LlJ (son) nhln m?t ben thanh chu !j3. (phlf), ... Thuyet
nay kh6ng chinh xac.
Theo phai chu am, vl m()t chu thanh di<$u kh6ng gi6ng
nhau, am doc co khac nen nghia moi phan bi<$t ra, do Ia chuytin
chu. Thi dt,I: chu j;, doc nghia la "it", doc "thieu" nghia
la "tre".
Thlfc ra day chi la m()t hlnh thuc phat cua tlf nghia
(nghia chu).
Phai chu nghia cho ding tat d. nhung chu co y nghia tuong
d6ng, co chu giiii Ian nhau la chu.
Cac nha khao CUll phgn IOn c6ng thuyet nay, h<;jp voi
y kien giai thich cua Hua "Chu chula nen mot
dgu b(), cling m()t y nhau, b6 tuc cho nhau, nhu' chu khao
chu lao chu gia, kien lo<;1i nhat thu, d6ng y
tuong tht,I, khao lao thida).
Trong Thuye't w'in, chu (lao) la m()t bo thu (b() thu 302),
chu "khao" thuoc v bo "lao". Chu "khao" la do chu "lao"
bot di r6i them vao am phu '7, tuc la cling mot dgu bo va hai chu
tu'ong d6ng co chu thich Ian nhau (d6ng y tu'ong tht,I).
Tu'ong tlf nhu' the, cac chu lfU (hlnh: cat, giet) va (h!nh:
cat c6 tlf (dien: dinh, chop) va JJ[ (dinh: dinh, chop) du la
26 TRAN VAN CHANH
nhung chu chu vi hai chu "hlnh" va "hlnh" thu<)c b<)
iJ (dao), hai chu "clien" va "cli'nh" thUQC bQ J[ (hift). Hai
c?p chu c6 each clQc giong, y nghla thl nhu' nhau, c6
dung chu thich Hin nhau clu'<;fc.
6. Gia ta
Nh?n thuc cua con nguoi cloi voi the' gioi khach quan ngay
m<)t phong phu, so tll' vj cGng d6i dao them. Ne'u moi tll' phai
ra m<)t dau rieng ghi chep thl so dau se trd nen
qua kh6ng ra cho xie't va c6 khi cGng kh6ng
clu'QC. VI v?y, ngu'oi ta cla dung m<)t phap rat tht,tc te':
Khi m<)t Stf v?t moi vll'a xuat ma kh6ng c6 ngay chu
thj, ne'u kh6ng bu<)c ra chu moi thl chi dn mu'<;fn dung
m<)t chu cl6ng am c6 san, c6 thanh am giong voi thanh am cua
ten gQi Stf v?t moi. 86 la phep gia ta.
Hua Th?n n6i gia ta la "von kh6ng c6 chu cl6, mu'<;fn thanh
va gdi Stf, nhu' chu -it, chu tru'ong * (Gia ta gia, ban v6 ky
ttf, y thanh thac stf, tru'ong thj da).
Thi dtf :
- Chu -% (lfnh) trong clu'Qc mu'<;fn lam chG'
"trong ".
- Chu (d6) c6 nghla la "con clu'ong", sau clu'<;fc mu'<;fn
dung trong "cl6 (hQc tro ).
- Chu 11M (ly) von la chu chi' ten chim, sau clu'QC dung voi
nghla moi la "lla" (ly khai, ly phan ly).
NhG'ng chG' gia ta sau khi clu'QC rnu'<;jn dung lau thu'ong mat
lu6n nghla ban Thi dt;I: Chu theo Thuye't w'in la ten
"m<)t loai chim c6 mau vang", clu'<;fc rnu'<;fn dung lam m<)t hu' tU'
(xem Ngil phdp PHAN NHA.P MON, bai 110), vl mu'<;fn qua Iau,
kh6ng c6 ai dung l<;ii theo nghla cO nen nghla ban bj mat eli.
Chu (v9n) chi ten m<)t loai rit (re't), sau cGng bj mat nghla.
roAN THtJ TIJ HQC CHU HAN
-
27
C6 tru'ong h<;fp de Ian khi v?n dt;Ing phep gia ta
aoan nghla cua tll', nhu (phu sa) nghTa la "canh la tot
tudi, sum se" de bj la "canh rG la roi" vi chu "so"
nghla ban la "thu'a, it". (w;mg duang) la nguoc nhln,
$ (w;ng duang) cGng la "nguoc nhln "
5
de la "tr6ng nhln
ca" hay "tr6ng nhln con de" vl "vQng" la "nhln ", chG'
''duong" thu nhat c6 nghTa la ", chu duong thu hai thuong
c6 nghla la "con de".
T6m l<;1i, c6 n6i c6 3 phep t<;1o ttf (cl? t chu) chinh:
Tu<;1ng hlnh, H<)i y va Hlnh thanh.
C6 lu'QC bot phep Chi Stf vl n6 chi la hlnh thuc khac
cua iu<;1ng hlnh va H<)i y. chu va Gia ta cGng kh6ng
chinh thuc la phep t<;!O tl, VI muon dt ngh!a chu "lao" la
"khao" tru'oc he't phai c6 "khao" ho?c ngu'QC l<;ii; con Gia ta, cla
gQi Et "ta" (mu'<;fn) tat phai c6 san, chi rnu'Qn dung theo nghla
moi chu kh6ng cl? t ra chu rnoi.
nay ly lu?n Lt;Ic thu' c6 gia trj tht,tc tien trong
truong h<;1p. Nhu n6i ffi vie't thanh do -++- va EB la clung, ne'u vie't
thanh do--- va E8 la sai, vl ffi (mieu: lua non) la h9i y cua--- va
83.
Doi voi chu hlnh thanh, chung ta c6 dt,ta vao dau
chi' thanh va chi y, tharn bac voi ten cua cac stf v? t cla quen bie't,
OQC va clu'QC nghla cua rn<)t so chu rna kh6ng phai mat
c6ng tra cuu. Thi du: Ta cla bie't chu [PJ (d6ng), ne'u thay chu
s '
Ve til "v<;mg dttong" thu nhat, sach TrungTit, thien "Thu thuy" c6 diu : "Ha
Ba thuy tuyn ky ffi\)C VQng dttong httong nhltQC nhi than". v til "vQng
duong" thu hai, sach Sit ky, "Kh6ng Tii' the' gia" c6 diu : "M1,1c nhtt vQng
dttong". Thien "Thich danh" sach Nhl nhu c6 n6i : "Duong Ia khi dttong, y n6i
khi duong (J tren, ngttdc dfru cao len gi6ng nhu' nhln n6
6
Dai Chan doi Thanh n6i : "Chuyn chu, Gia ta chi Ia cai d1,1ng cua tt!''.
'!I
28
TRAN vAN CHANH
c6 b9 (kim) ben tnli, thl khong dn tra til' di6n cGng c6 th6
doan chG' &rnJ OQC la "d6ng" va la ten cua m<)t thu kim c6 ky
h6a hQc la Cu. Tuang tt,r nhu the, ta c6 th6 biet chu dQc
la "trung "va c6 nghia la "trung thanh" vl phfa duoi c6 b<)
IL-l (tam); chu ) OQC la "thanh" va c6 nghia la trl" vl ben
trai c6 b<) (thB) ... Doi voi nhung til' oa am, nha't la song am,
suy doan con d dang han, nhu til' ta tha'y b<)
pMn tren cua chu thu nha't la 1t (h6a) , b<) tren cua chu thu
hai la (t?), neu chung ta da c6 nghe qua danh til' "h6a r6i
thl c6 th6 doan ngay OQC la "h6a va c6 nghia thong
thuong la "tin ... A p dl,mg phuang ph a p nay' hQC thu<)c OQ
2000 chG' Han, chung ta c6 th6 OQC them OUQC 5,7 tram chG' moi
rna do phai ton cong.
Tuy nhien, cong dt,mg cua Lt,IC thu cGng c6 nhiu ch6 h;;tn
che. Nhu chu H* (tram) nguyen la fB- va *; U la 1C
tren fB-; (ph!fc) do bo fB-, thanh It ngay nay bo fB- cua
3 chG' nay ou viet thanh F3 (nguyfl) khien ta khong th6 can eli
theo LI.,IC thu a6 giai thfch
7
.
, ,...? ? ..... ,...? - ,
B.Stj PHAT TRIEN CUA HINH THE CHa HAN
Chu Han da c6 m<)t ljch sll' phat tri6n lau hon 3000 nam,
theo quy tien ttl bi6u y sang bi6u am (nhu ta da a va
di til' phuc t;;tp den don gian.
St,r thay o6i trong hlnh th6 chu Han c6 th6 chia ra lam 3
giai do;;tn chfnh: Til' van tt,r c6 doi Thuang den thu - Til'
thu den thu- Tu thu den Thao thu, Khai thu.
Giap cot van doi nha Thuang duc;fc phat C1 thon Ti6u
7
Tu Til hdi xep "trfrm " va "phuc " vao b<) xep "tin" vao b<)
"dao''.
roAN THI.J Tl,l HOC CHO' HAN
29
D6n, each An Duong 5 v phia tay thu<)c tinh
Ha Nam trong nam Quang Tt,r (1875-1908) doi Thanh. Nai day
la da't cG cua nha Thuong (1600-1028 truck CN.) nen c6 ra't
nhiu di tich cua thai d;;ti nay. Til' d6 Giap cot van khong ngung
OUQC phat tri6n. Sau nam 1928, qua nhiu CUQC khai Ion, so
luc;fng Giap cot van dao OUQC c6 han 15 V;;tn manh trong d6 phn
IOn C1 vao ban ky cua doi Thuang (xem hinh 2).
phat Giap cot van giup ta m<)t each chinh
xac Sl/ phat sinh va phat tri6n cua chG' Han. D6 la lo;;ti chG' dung
dao tren mai rua va xuang thu, nen net but thuong CO
duong (xem hlnh 3) ra't giong hlnh ve, c6 th6 tr6ng vao a6
doan duc;fc nghia, nhu cac chu (b9c), iftJ (ngu), t$, ( quy ),
(ke) , (xem hlnh 4) c6 hlnh d;;tng ra't r6 rang. M<)t so
chu khac, nhu chu /:, (chuy: loai chim du6i c6 hlnh chim,
chG' (twJc: chen uong ruc;fu) la m<)t lo;;ti a6 dung uong ruc;fu
ella nguoi XUa, giong hlnh thu CUa IDQt chen uong ruc;fu; chG'
(xlf: ba:n) giong hlnh cay cung truang mGi ten sa:p ba:n ...

Am
< ,,,
-
2f:Ern
r1, ,,


Slhf
Hinh2
Giap cot van giong hlnh ve, nhung VUQt qua hlnh ve m<)t
vl da d;;ti cho tUng til' trong ngu ngon, con v hlnh thuc
30 TRAN VAN CHANH
ghi chep da c6 gQt sll'a. Nhung chu Han dang dung nay
du'<;fc bien ra tli nhung co sC:J nhu' the.
Doi Chu (1027-771 truck CN.), chu viet chu yeu con lc;ti
tren m?t nhung cai chu6ng lam bang d6ng xanh, truck kia gQi la
"Chung dinh van", nay thu'ong gQi la "Kim van ". Hlnh th cua
Kim van nft giong Giap cot van, nhu'ng dyp han va ghi chep
cung han, kh6ng bat bUQC phai ve y theo hlnh tu'<;fng CUa S\f
C6 nhung chu Kim van don gian han Giap cot van, c6 nhung
chu h;ti net han, nhu'ng n6i chung thu'ong gQn han (xem
hlnh 4).
Den thoi Van Chu (770-545 truck CN.), chu cac nu'oc dung
a bien chep so voi nhung chu khac tren chu6ng va c6
cho khac nhau. Nhung nu'oc Tfrn, m<)t nu'oc (J tren dat cu
cua nha Tay Chu, da ke thua van tlf cua Tay Chu lam cho chu
Han phat trin them m<)t bu'oc thanh thu'.
Giap cilt van
1700-1400 truck CN
Chu
766-250 trtfdc CN
Chu tiiu
250 trtf<k CN-25 sau CN

25- 220 sau CN
Chu khai
3ll0 sau CN u.!n nay
Chu gian thi

n tt
1t

t
1}- "'
1
17 Jh
BQC NGV QUY KE MA
uay td C:hinh ca rua ga ngifa
Hinh 3
D?c di<im cua thu' la ket cau chu chinh net
but du'<;fc viet ra thanh tung net va du'<;fc sap xep kheo leo.
chu viet dung vao dfru thoi Tfrn gQi la
tu'ong ttf Chung dlnh van nhu'ng hoan chinh han. sau
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHa HAN 31
phat trin thfmh Ti<iu hofm han m<)t bu'oc so
voi chu cung c6 phfrn don gian han. Den nam 26
aoi Tfrn Thuy hoang (221 tru'oc CN.), sau khi da g6m thau sau
nu'oc, nha Tfrn thi hanh chinh sach thong nhat chu viet, "pham
nhung each viet chu cua sau nu'oc kh6ng h<;fp voi chu
cua Tftn kh6ng dung", tu d6 Ti<iu trCJ thanh m<)t th
chu tieu chufin. Den day chu Handa phat trin den a<) kha hoan
chinh.
Muon ling d1,mg, chu viet phai tien theo huang don
gian h6a. Chu Ti<iu doi Tfrn tuy da kha, song viet ra cung
con cho kh6ng Vl doi Tfrn con c6 m<)t chu gian
han gQi la thu'.
thu' do thu' gian h6a di, ban dftu kh6ng khac
thu' lam nhu'ng c6 phfrn ro net han, sau phat trin dftn moi
thanh ra hai th chu khac nhau hoan toan.
Chu bay gio chi c6 nhung "d6 (m<)t chuc quan nho
chuyen chep van thu', giay to) dung nen moi c6 danh xu'ng
thu'. thu' rat cho bien chep nen lu'u hanh r<)ng rai,
den doi Han (tu 206 tru'oc CN.)trCJ th chu viet chinh thuc.
Sau khi di bien thu', thu' da lam mat du<;fc ve
m<)c cua cac hlnh ve c6 so va trCJ thanh m<)t th chu vua
dyp vua voi nhung net but c6 ttf co djnh.
Doi Han, ngoai thu' con c6 Thao thu', m<)t th viet thao
cua thu'. Day la m<)t hlnh thuc viet gQn, net but nhau va
chi dn so lu'<;fc, kh6ng bat bu<)c phai ro rang tung net, ra't
cho ghi chep nhu'ng kh6 xem.
Tu cuoi doi Han sau c6 them Khai thu' (chu Khai).
Loc:ti nay du'<;fc di bien tU thu' gian h6a di, viet do ton c6ng
han thu va d xem han Thao thu', nen tu doi NgJJ.y Tan sau
(tu 220 sau CN.) cho den tc:ti loc:ti chu nay du'<;fc dung lam
32
TRAN VAN CHANH
chu viet chinh thuc.
Thai Ngt,1y Ta'n, ngoai Khai thu con c6 m<)t trung gian
khac giua Khai thu va Thao thu gQi la Hanh thu'. Thu chu mdi
nay dl,I'a theo Khai thu, r6i pha phach chut it Thao thu, du<;jc
thong dt,1ng tu thai Ngt,1y Ta'n v sau.
Tu day, neu kh6ng loi chu gian sau nay, chu Han
kh6ng con ffiQt S\f bien d6i quan trQng nao nua.
Tom l<;1i, tu thu chu c6 dai Thuong, Chu, chu Han bien
thanh thu', r6i thu, Khai thu. D6 la 3 giai do(;ln ldn trong
sl,I' phat cua hlnh chu Han vdi thai gian bien ra't
dai, nhu'ng n6i chung chi thay d6i hlnh thuc, con v ban cha't cua
van tl,I' thl kh6ng c6 gl thay d6i. Xu the phat chung cua hlnh
chu Han la di tu phiJc t<;1p den don gian, h<Jp vdi quy lu?t
phat ta't nhien do yeu du van tl,I' dn phai thich nghi vdi dai
song xa h<)i.
Hinh 4: Chung dlnh van thoi Tay Chu
C. VAN DE VIET CHO' HAN
Qua nhung slf da trlnh bay trudc, chung ta tha'y ca'u
t(;lO cua chu Han ra't phuc t(;lp, kh6ng giong vdi nhung thu chu
roAN THU Tl/ HQC cHa HAN
33
rap vgn theo mau tl,I' la tinh. Da v?y, con co nhung chu cling am
am dQc ggn giong nhau, c6 nhung chu tt! d<;1ng ra't giong
nhau ... D6 la m<)t so nguyen nhan khach quan gay ra va'n d dQc
lilm va viet lgm.
Dudi day xin eli' ra m<)t so tru'ang h<;1p C\1 :
1. Nhilng chil d6ng am: m9: M (kim) ...
2.Nhilng chil c6 tl! hinh gdn giong nhau: (6, minh);
?J, ?g (no, thu); H:, ;f5i: (ky, chi); -7, huang); fw,
(v\1, hoi, mai); 7], 1J (dao, ll,I'c); *fk, (lt,lc, duyen); ?!f, (kh6,
nhu'<Jc); .tt, lit (ti, thli'); fj(, fiE (d6, ti); Jl\, J1\. (trao, qua); ?}1
(ta'n, phiem); l)(, f)( (man, mai); ;=X:, ;=X:, 1)(: (thu, tua't, nhung); t;J,
;ft (tai, th6n); 7K, * * (m(;lt, vi, chu); (bgn, tham); C,,
B. B (ky, dT, ti); $. f-Lf (b<;1c, b<;1); * , (l?t, phieu);
(b6ng, phung);ik , ft( (cuu, cha);J\, A. A. (bat, nhan, nh?p);
}!!!, tr(;lo);ft:, ft (sung, doan); (tai, tai); f=, f=
(thi, dai); {tJ[, tJ[, J.W (khuynh, khoanh, dinh); W (yeu, sQa);
__!f!.,-* (tao, h<;1n); r, -1- (ttl', kiet); fl&, (vi, huy); {fE, (chua':n,
hoai) ...
Nhung chu c6 tl,I' hlnh ggn giong, am dQC l(;li giong ggn
giong:
I;Jl, ttl (ban); (thli', thl,I'); f (nao); . J;, Jlj,
cmo); Mt (mo); ,_, Fft1 (rna); WU, wU (l(;lt, thich);
(nQa, nho ); (bich, phach); *il , *'' fl (tt,lc, tich,
tich) ...
34
TRAN VAN CHANH
D. VAN DE GIAN HOA CHU HAN
8
Van a gian h6a chu Han
9
bao g6m hai : Bo bot chu
thS va hai la giam bot net but.
Ml,IC dich cua gdn h6a la nham giam bot kh6 khan
trong van a hoc t?p chu Han, doi voi ngu'oi Trung Quoc con
nham nang cao qua sll' va phat huy mot bu'oc tac
giao te cua chu Han.
1. Bo but clzil dj tlzi
Chu d! thS la nhung nh6m chu co am va nghia giong nhau
nhu'ng each viet khac.
Thi d1.,1:
- Chu "mau ": ffii,ffi.L\ ... cling c6 nghia la "don vj dung
do ruong gcin bang 60 tru'Qng vu6ng".
- Chu "song":$, :t, cling c6 nghia la "cll'a s6".
Nguoi ta da dem du'<;ic 1405 nh6m chu dj thS nhu' tren va da
N Phfrn nay chi mot each so lu'QC. tlm hiu chu gian th ciing Iii
mot each tiep t1,1c theo doi stf phat trin hlnh th chu Han sau giai doc_tn Khai
thu'.
9
ra, giiin h6a chu viet da c6 tu hon 1000 nam tru'oc. Theo Nhan Chi
Th6i doi Ba:c (500-577), thoi bily gio chu gian th6' da du'<;ic ph6 bien. Sach
Can l(Jc It! thu cua Nhan Nguyen Ton da dtfa vao chu Han du'ong thoi chia
each viet ra lam 3 th : Tuc, Thong va Chinh. Th tuc bao g6m phfrn !On Iii
chu gian th. Trong cac ban khi{c cua doi Tong, Nguyen (the ky X-XIV),
ngttoi ta thily c6 chu gian th. Hoang Ton Nghi, mot hQc gia song vao
cuoi Minh dfru Thanh ciing quen dung loc_ti chu nay. Ong n6i: Dung chu ti,IC d6
chep sach CO th 00 ton cong Ou'QC mot nlta.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
tinh gian ai au'<Jc 1821 chu
10

2. Nguyen tile viti clu1 Han gian tlzi
C6 thS neu thanh 8 nguyen tac :
35
(l)Giu phcin khung cua chu goc : ), ),
("'" ).
(2)Bo bot bo ph?n kh6ng tieu biSu, giu bo ph?n tieu biSu:
<ft ), 93- <r ), l2f 7f <OO ), it <* ), 1E <11! ) ...
(3)86i thanh mot bo ph?n chi thanh (thanh bang) biSu y
(hlnh bang) tuong aoi gon hon:
eD6i phftn thanh bang: :IE (ii),:ii (Jjf), H WID ...
D6i phcin hlnh bang: it& ) ...
D6i d thanh bang Ian hlnh bang: ( ), $
1P <al) ...
( 4 ra mot chu hoi y moi khac: ), 1* <R ), xY-
...
(5)Khiii h6a chu thiio: Tuc la lay chu thao viet theo loi
khai thu: Bt ), * C* ), -K: ), ), 7g ), 1t C$1- ) ...
(6)Dung mot dau aS thay the: 15Z ({.i ), ifX (J!fl ),
lK (!@:), (ffl), .!lft (
(7)Dung mot chu cling am aS thay the (dtfa tren am ph6
thong tuc pinyin) : f[ ),f <1& )JL ),.fr ), X
) ...
(8)Dung mot thS chu c6 Xu'a:
e Dung mot chu goc c6: E (n), r:: (5}jt),
1
Can ell' theoH6ng 8oc Nhiin, cl9i Han nxu, thu'<;lng sach, Hc_t Mon 8c_ti
36 TRAN VAN CHANH
M. (f;), ::/if ( ...
Dun-gmqtchud!thtic6: lj(J;),
...
eDung mqt d<).ng chu da bo: ,Itt (ij9j) la
chu goc cua Jf, sau kh6ng con dung), *C*J?.) <*la chu
goc cua fl, sau kh6ng con dung).
Neu da quen hQC chG' ph6n thti (du net), ta c6 dQC chG'
gian bang hai each :
- Otfa vao 5 nguyen tac gian h6a tren suy doan.
- Dung bang "Gian h6a ttf ttf (Tong gian
tra ph6n tong ph6n tra gian thttong c6 tlm
de dang 0 cac hil$u sach.
Bang d6i chie'u d:;mg gian m()t s6
be? thii be? ben ciia chii' (thien bang) .
* ( t * (") $($)

f .
n c

{?;-(Aff) [XJ(Itlij)


MtC@.) t . ( i )


!}ifJ(trfj)



{K(JR[)
r-um) =tz-CIJf.)
h9c Ham thu b(l, thang 9. 1963.
roAN THli Tl,l HQC CH(/ HAN 37

-'fl- ( .'lfi ) R CllX:)

C'&) [,ftC$)

AU.(.ffi.)


Jf('ftf) *(;;;)
-&ctn
Ji: !]'G (
Clui tlziclz
Nhung thien bang gian h6a c6 ky hi$u chi dli<;ic dung ben tr6i
cua chQ.
E.C6 TONG CQNG BAO NHIEU CHO' HAN ?
So ltt<;5ng chu Han rat IOn, va hil$n van con dang tang len
oti dap ling nhu du moi cua xa h9i hil$n Ne1J
kh6ng nhung chG' Gi::h;c:ot van (c6 han 4500, biet 1lt'!C
hun 1700) va Chung dinn van (c6 hem 3500, biet dltQC
2000) thl bang lil$t ke sau day tren mot so ttf ditin ho?c tu
tieu se giup ta hlnh dung kha chfnh xac t6rig so ltt<;5ng chu
Han dltQC ghi qua cac thai
Nicndl.li Ttf-tU Sol_ln chu bien S6chft
Dong Han ( 100) Thuye't viin giiii ft! Hua 9 353
Nguy (230) Thanh lo(,li Ly Dang 11 520
Tan (t.k)' IV) Tt! Wm Ly Thfim 12 824
Ng1,1y(t.k)' V) Tt! thlfng Dttdng Thua Khanh 13 734 !
Nam tri<Su (534) Ng(JC thien C6 Da Vttdng 22 726
Tuy (601)
Thie't v(j.n L1,1c Phap Ng6n 12 150
Duong (751)
DuilnK wJn Ton 15 000
Lieu (997)
Long khdm thii Kidm Thich Hanh Quan 26 430
T6ng ( 1008)
Quiing wJn Banh Nien 26 194
Tong (1066)
Lo(,li hien TttMii Quang 31 319
Tong< 1039)
T(j.p V(7n Dinh D(l 53 525 '
Minh (1615)
Tt! hlfi Mai VngT(> 3 3____1_22_j
I
I !I'
i,
1
1 !Ill
':II.
1
1'1
I"
11'1'

'I
38
TRAN vAN CHANH
Minh (1671) Chfnh ll! th(i nx
1
Truong Tt! Lit
33 549
Thanh (1716) Klwng Hi If! cli f n
TrutJng NgQc Thu 47 043
Hin d<).i (1915) Trung Hou d(t i If! difn
Tu Nguyen Cao 48 200
dai (1962) Trung win ch,ti til difn
Tniung Ky Quan
49 905
Hin (1988) Tan hr) 1/ ' d<;ti It! (1/e'n
True Khc
51 000
Hin (1985) Hcin nxit d<;ti clifn
Ti:f "I rung ThLf 56 000
Hin (1994) Tr11ng Hou It! luii
Lanh NgQc Long
85 000
Can cu vao bang cGng c6 coi t6ng so chiT Han c6
du'Qc Ia tren 85000 chiT, nhu'ng tren thtfc te chi c6 khoang tren
du'oi 12 000 chiT thu'ong dung, so con l?i phfrn IOn la chiT di
nhG'ng chG' 1?, chG' c6 xu'a chG' viet nhfrm rat it khi dung den.
Theo eac nha nghien cuu, so chiT Han thtfc te su dt,mg chi
nam trong khoang tu tren 6 000 den tren 12 000; neu khong tinh
nhG'ng chiT thu<)c lo?i chuyen dung thl so chiT <lu'Qc dung chi vao
khmlng 6-7 ngan chiT. Nam 1952, B<? Giao d1,1c Trung Quoc da
c6ng bo m<)t bang chiT thu'ong dung ("Thttong d1,1ng ttf
chi g6m 2 000 chiT; den nam 1988 Uy ban Cong tac Ngon ngG'
Van tl;l' Quoc gia va Uy ban Giao dl.,lC Quoc gia con cong bo
them bang chiT Han d?i thuong dung dai Han ngG'
Thu'ong d1,1ng Tl;f g6m 2 500 chiT thu'ong dung va 1 000
chG' "ke muc thu'ong dung" (thu thu'ong dl.,lng).
, ""' - ,. ' ,..?
F.CACH TRA VA DQC CHa HAN TRONG TO' DIEN
Tu Ia lo?i sach cong Cl;l rat dn thiet doi voi chung ta
khi hQC chu Han.
tU Van ngon, nhG'ng cuon thu'ong du'QC dung nhat
la:
- Khang Hi.
- Tit nguyen.
-Tit hdi.
roAN THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN
39
- Trung Hoa dt;zi lf! diin
- Han ngrl dt;zi tf! diln
- Han ngrl dt;zi tit diin
- c6 dt;zi Han ngrl tit diln ( ctla Thucmg V{J An thu quan).
- c6 Han ngrl thuang d{Jng lf! lf! diin (Thucmg V{J An thu /
quan)
- Tit vj
til Han - (hay tru
cuon cua Dao Duy Anh con c6 nhG'ng tac gia khac nhu':
Chuu, Nguyen Van Kh6n, Nguyen Quoc Hung, Van Tan,
Nguyen Ton Nhan, Trfrn Van Chanh ... Lo?i tieng Han d?i
co rat tac gia, co Hfru Han Giang (chu bien), Le
Van Quan (chu bien), Nguyen Kim Than, L?c Truong
Van Gidi ... Ngoai ra con rat tu Han ngu c6 d?i
d?i khac do eac tac gia Tay phu'ong bien SO?n.
Du'oi day la phftn hu'ong dan so lu'QC each tra va each dQC
chG' Han trong eac tu cua ngu'oi Trung Quoc SO?n
11

I. CACH TRA TO DIEN
Cac tu Van ngon nhu' Tit nguyen, Tit hdi ... tra
theo each b<) chG'. d day xin lay Tit hdi lam thf d1,1.
Muon tra m<)t chu nao d6, tru'oc het ta phai xem chu d6
thu<)c b<) gl trong so 214 b<) (til 1 net den 17 net). Xong ta
vao nhung trang dfru noi ch8 "Tu hai b<) thu sach dan" xem b<)
d6 Ci trang thu may. Ta dung trang c6 b<) do r6i do lftn theo
trang sach tlm chu muon tra.
11
TU' Han c6 cuon tra theo b(> (nhu' cua Chll'u, Van
Chanh), c6 cuon tra theo so net chu (nhu' cua Dao Duy Anh), theo am
ph6 thong (nhu cua Kim Than chu bien), d(>c giil c6 can eli theo
huang diin pham cua tac gia Cl dfru sach.
40 TRAN VAN CHANH
Thi dt,I: Muon tra chG' Ta biet chG' nay thUQC bQ 5E
(tuc), 7 net, .xem sach ta biet bQ nay() trang ... Tim den
trang vua tra du'<;lc r6i do den nhung chG' trong b9 "tile" c6 phgn
con l<;ti 6 net trong chG' nay c6 6 net), ta se tlm thay chG'

.86 la tnrong h<;lp thong thuong. Neu phai nhung chu
kh6 ra chung thUQC bQ nao thl phai den bang tlf
hay "Nan tra tlf dem chu mlnh d!nh tra xem c6 bao
nhieu net, r6i do theo tlf cho c6 nhung chu c6 so
net tu'dng du'dng muon tlm.
Cac tii mdi nay, ngoai bang tra theo bQ, con c6
them cac bang tra theo so net theo am (am ph6 thong neu
la tu cua Trung Quoc, am Han neu la tU cua
Nam), nen rat dt,Ing. Ngoai ra, con c6 each tra theo "tu giac
rna II quy moi g6c chG' thanh m<)t con SO, nhu'ng nay rat it
dung.
II. eAcH DOC CHU HAN
1. Cach dQc chii' Han theo am Han
Cac tU Van ngon cua Trung Quoc thu'ong hudng
each dQC chG' Han bang phu'dng phap "phien thiet" . .D6 la
phu'dng phap dung am cua 2 chG' "thiet" thanh am cua mQt chG'.
Sach b9 v9n luqc dt nghia tu "phien thiet" nhu sau:
"Am tac d<)ng hoa h<;lp nhau gQi la "phan ", cling gQi la
"phien "; hai chu CQ sat nhau t<;to ra thanh gQi la "thiet", thlfc ra
chi la m<)t" (Am tu'ong v! chi phan,
tac phien; luong tlf tuong rna di thanh thanh v! chi thiet, ky thlfc
nhat da).
Sach Am luqc cua Hoang Khan giai thich phu'ong phap
phien thiet nhu' sau: phan thiet (tuc phien thiet), trong hai
roAN THU Tl,f HOC CHa HAN
41
chG' thl chu tren chi thanh, bat n6 thu<)c nao; chu
dudi chi vgn, bat n6 thu<)c thanh nao. N6i gQn di tuc la
chG' tren chi giG' phat thanh, bo chu dudi chi giG'
phfrn bo phat thanh, cho nen chu tren c6 Vt,I xac
djnh thanh, chu dudi xac d!nh " .
N6i m<)t each gQn han nua, phien thiet la dem hai tieng
n6i l<iy l<;ti vdi nhau thanh m<)t tieng khac; tieng tren cho biet
phai dQC bang pht,I am nao, tieng du'di cho biet phai dQC VOi
viin nao. Thi dt,I: "phu" vdi "van" dQc thanh "phan ": "true" vdi
"giac" dQc thanh "trac "v.v ..
Thu ap dt,Ing phu'dng phap dQC chG' fw va chG'
Dudi chu fW, Tit hdi ghi la: "tuc, nhien" thiet. chG'
fw phai dQc Ia "tien ".
Dudi chu hdi ghi la: "ky, yen" thiet. chu
phai d
9
c I a "kien ".
Thi dt,I khac:
Chu hdi chua Ia : "tuc, udc" thiet, duqc
phiii dQc I a "tude".
ChuJ:, Khang Hi tl! diin ghi la: "thai, thiet, am
thuqng rss. phai dQc la
V di phuong pha p don gian tren, ta c6 dQc du'<;lc tat d
nhung chu Han trong tii vdi da trai qua giai do<;tn
hQC chu Han va da thUQC long du'QC m<)t so chG'. Muon di sau
vao chi tiet, c6 tlm them d bai "Loi dQc chG' Han" cua
Le NgQc Trt,I dang trong san Dr;Ii H9c Van Khoa so 5, thang
12, 1968 (c6 in trong pht,I lt,Ic Tit diin Hdn Vift cua
Van Chanh) bai "Cach dQc chG' Han" trong pht,I lt,Ic cuon Ti!
h9c, m9t nhu c6.u cua thai dr;Ii cua Nguyen Hien Le .
42
TRAN VAN CHANH
2.Cach dQc chu Han theo am phfi thong (pinyin)
1. CHO' CAl VAN TIENG HAN
(-)
:1- .t# :tL
I , <'P El
Bang chii' cai vfin tie'ng Han
il ;#f % -fF *-
A a Bb C c Dd Ee Ff Gg
y
?it -tit nit itC it
Hh I i J i Kk Ll Mm Nn
rY
I
1-Jiit ""5"it it'/] itn "}it
Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu
c: 5<it <IJZ YJL itb -tit X
Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
:.7-tr XY Ti IY "Pit
Chu thich : 1. V chi dung o<S phien am tie'ng ntJ'oc ngoai, tie'ng da n
toe it ngu'oi va tie'ng dia phu'dng.
2. Y , 7 -tr , -tit Ia nhung "chu am phu hieu" cua
tie'ng Han, nay da it dung.
2. PHl,J AM
( -==- ) t;f: -E):
th6ng ngu am Trung Qu6c c6 21 ph1,1 am:
b p m f d n
roAN THU n,l HQC CHO' HAN
(7) C5<) en> cc> en> <-t> C:7) C'h>
g k h
J
q X
C) (""5") (T) (1-J) C<) (T)
zh ch sh r z c s
(?) (8) (11) (-t) (b)
I . m6i tren
2. rang tren
3. lqi
4. ng;:tc cfrng
5. ng;:tc
6. Jooi con
B<? may phat am

7. m6i du&i
8. rang du&i
9. luai
IO. Ium
II . g6c Iuai
I2. hang
3. NGUYEN AM
(
::: ) ..>ig]E-
- a,...,-c;-
I3. day thanh
I4. khiquan
15.thl!c quan
I6. hang
I7. hang miii
43
He th6ng ngu am Trung Qu6c c6 36 nguyen am, g6m 6 nguyen
am ddn, 13 nguyen am kep, 16 nguyen am mGi va 1 nguyen am u6n
Iuoi.
44
TRAN VAN CHANH
6 nguyen am ddn:
a [a] o [o] e [ 5 ] i [ i] u [u]
: [y]
y
z -t I X u
13 nguyen am kep:
ai [ ai] ei [ ei] ao [au] ou [ou] ia [ia]
1fi \. X IY
ie [iE] ua [ua] uo [uo]
: e [yE] iao [iau]
11!- xY xz U1t-
iou (iu) [iou] uai [uai] uei (ui) [ uei]
IX x97 X\.
16 nguyen am miii:
an [an] en [an] in [in] un[yn] ian [icn] uan [uan]
17 '-, I'-J U'-, 117 X17
uan[ycn]
U17
uen (un) [uan] ang [all] eng [all] ing [ill]
x'-J ;t L IL
ong [ull] iong [iull] iang [iall] uang [uall] ueng [uall]
XL UL l;t x;t XL
1 nguyen am u6'n h.toi: er [ar]
JL
I
a
y
I a
0 z
:Y; .;,.Ji.. ill .:tc... .i%0 _a. ot.
9p "11T E1 "-7-
Bang nguyen am
I
u X
IY
ua xY
uo xz
U"
u
-
roAN THU Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
e
a1
Cl
ao
ou
an
en
ang
eng
ong
-t
1e 11!-
ue
U1t-
1fi ua1 x97
\. ue1 X\.
1ao

X lOU IX
17 Ian 117 uan x17
uan U17
'-, m
I'-J
uen X'-7
un
U'-,
;t 1ang l;t uang x;t
L mg IL ueng XL
XL iong UL
4. HVONG DAN eACH PHIEN AM HAN NGO'
( ) it * .m- -tr 51
PHlJ AM TUONG DUONG VOl
b am "p" ciia Phap trong '"papa".
c am "ts" ciia Phap trong 'tsar ...
ch am "tch" ciia Phap trong ''tcheque".
d am "t" ciia
f am "ph" ciia
g am "dl' ciia trong "ca".
h am "h" ciia
J
am "chi" ciia
45
!
:

111;1
'
TRAN vAN cHANH roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHG HAN
46
47
k
am "kh" cua tiing
e am "e" cua
1
am "1" cua tiing
i, yi am "i" cua (khi ghep sau cac ph!f fim c. s. z.
m
am "m" cua tiing
n
am "n" cua tiing
ng
am "ng&" cua tiing
p
am "p" cua tiing Anh trong tiing "party".
q
am "ch" cua tiing Anh trong tiing "cheer".
r
am "ru" cua tiing nhung hoi u6n 1u6i
s
am "x" cua tiing
sh
am "s" cua tiing (gi0ng nliJn Nam).
ch, r, sh. zh thi ''i" d9c "u").
ia, ya am "da" cua (gi
0
ng mitn Nam).
ian, yan gfrn nhu am "dan" cua (d giong nlitn Nam,
an gipng mitn Bic).
iang, yang am "dang" cua (gi
0
ng mitn Nan1).
iao, yao am "dao" cua (gi9ng mitn Nam).
1e, ye am "de" cua (gipng nlitn Nam).
m,ym am "din" cua (d gi9ng nlitn Nam. in gi
0
ng
mitn Bic).
t
am "th" cua tiing
mg, ymg gfrn nhu am "inh" cua (d gipng nlitn Nam,
w
am "u" cua tiing
inh gipng mitn Bic).
X
am "xi" cua tiing
iong, yong am "dung" cua (gi
0
ng mitn M111l).
y
am "d" cua tiing (gi0ng mitn Nam).
m, you am "deu" cua (gi9ng mitn N,111l).
z
Gfrn nhu am "chu" cua tiing
0 am "6" ci!a
zh
am "tru" cua tiing (gi0ng nliJn Nam). ong am "ung" cua
NGUYEN AM
TUONG DUONG VOl
VA VANCAI
ou am "au" cua
u, wu am "u" cua
a
Am "a" cua tiing ua, W(!__ am "u a" cua
I
\
aJ
Am "ai" cua tiing
1
uai, w\!i am "u ai" cua
ao
Am "ao" cua tiing uan, W am "u an" cua
an
Am "an" cua tiing (gipng mitn Bic). uang, W@g am "u ang" cua
ang
Am "ang" cua tiing
am "u ay" cua
e
Am "a" cua tiing
un, wen. am "u an" cua tiing
e1
Am "ay" cua tiing
ueng, W@g am "u ang" cua tiing
en
Am "an" cua tiing (gipng nlitn Bic).
UO, WQ_ am "u o" cua tiing
eng
Am "ang" cua tiing
er
am "o" cua tiing nhung hoi u6n 1u&i.
u, yu
am "u" cua tiing Phap (khi ghep v6i cac ph!f fimj, q. X
thi c6 the' vi it thea ']u, qu, xu,. bo hai chim tren aliu).
48
TRAN VAN CHANH
lran, yuan
Am "u" (tiing Pbap) va am ''an" (tiing dQC

U .. e,yue Am 'u" (tiing Pbap) va am "e" (tjing dQC

li:!n, yun
Am "u'' (tjing Pbap) va am "an' ' (tiing dQC

BON THANH
phb thong Trung Qu6c c6 b6n thanh (giQng) di phan
y nghia:
Thanh thu nhfit (am U1anh) la m()t giQng "cao dQc len gfm
nhu m()t thanh kh6ng dfiu cua NguCri ta danh dfiu
"-" tren cai, nhu rna 9!!j dQc "rna" giQng hcri cao).
Thanh thu hai (dllV11g thanh) la m()t giQng "cao bbng", dQc len
tuung tl! m()t thanh c6 dfiu hoi cua NguCri ta danh dfiu
" " "tren cai, nhu: (la day, dQc "rna").
Thanh thu ba (thuvng thanh) la m()t giQng bbng", dQc len
gi6ng m()t thanh c6 dfiu cua NguCri ta danh dfiu
" " " tren cai, nhu: mil (la ngva, dQc "rna
Thanh thu tu (khli thanh) la m()t giQng dQc len
nhu m()t thanh hcri c6 am dfiu cua NguCri ta danh
dfiu " ' " tren cai, nhu: rna (la dQc "rna", nhung
am gQn).
Ngoai b6n thanh ca ban con c6 m()t thanh dQc nhc;: (khinh
thanh), do la tnrong hqp dQC giQng Vtra nhc;: Vtra Va
thtn'mg kh6ng danh dfiu, nhu: Huo rna? ? (la c6 t6t kh6ng?
TOAN THLl Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 49
hao rna" . .. rna dQc nh<;!. hcri cao). I
DAUCACHAM
Nhung am ma dftu nguyen am "a, e, o" dQC lfin v&i
am d5ng tn.r6c. do d6 ngooi ta dung dfiu each am [') tach n6
ra, nhu: (10 da) thl [pi'ao ), ch(r kh6ng [piao] vi nhu
se lfin v&i chfr i!9 (ve) 7T" .
r---
5 '
' 5
Q) thanh thfr I
I
CV thanh tht12 I 4 j ... ' 4
o/
cr> thanh thfr 3
3 i /f- ., '\ ! ' 3
I i0i ......
thanh tht14
121 "-.Gl
)4
v 1
GHI CHU
Dtfa theo bang doi chieu tren, ta thay c6 m(lt so ph1,1 am va
nguyen am phat am giong ho?c giong cac am va trong
tieng Tuy nhien, each phat am tieng Trung Quae dung
each hoi", "gat", ngan han tieng
4 ph\} am: b, p, m, f. Khi ph3.t am phai ghep voi nguyen am
"o" OQC Ia: bo (pu6), po (bu6), m (mu6), fo (phu6). Neu ghep voi cac
nguyen am khac, thl phat am giong trong tieng
Th df:i: Neu ghep voi nguyen am "a" dQc la: ba (pa), pa (ba),
ma (ma), fa (pha).
50
TRAN VAN CHANH
7 phl). am: d, t, n, I, g, k, h. Khi phat am phiii ghep voi
nguyen am "d" OQC la: do (W), w (tho), no (no), lo (lo), go (co), ko
(kho) , ho (ho) . Neu ghep voi nguyen am khac khong phiii "o", thl
phat am giong nhu' tieng
Thi dl:l: Neu ghep voi nguyen am "a" OQC la: da (ta), ta (tha),
na (na), la (la). Neu ghep voi nguyen am kep "ua" OQC la: gua (qua) ,
kua (khoa), hua (hoa) .. .
.cac phl). am: j, q, x, r, khi phat am phiii ghep voi nguyen
am "i " thl OQC la: ji (chuy), qi (khuy), xi (xi), ri (ri); cac phl). am z, c,
s, zh, ch, sh, khi phat am phai ghep voi nguyen am "tf' tieng va
dQc la: z (tchu), c (txu), s (xu), zh (tru), ch (tsu), sh (su).
Neu ghep voi nhung nguyen am khac thl each phat am giong
hoi;ic gfrn giong trong tieng
Trong 10 ph1,1 am tren, c6 4 ph1,1 am khong c6 chu cai nao
trong tieng du'Qc phat am giong ca. Cach phat am nhu' sau:
+ Ph1,1 am q (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la
ng?C cling Va giua lu'oi, luc phat am khong khi tu khe rang phat ra.
+ Ph1,1 am z (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la
rang tren va dfru h.l'Oi, luc phat am khong khi tu khe rang phat ra.
+ Ph1,1 am c (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la
rang tren dfru lu'Oi , luc phat am khong khi tit khe rang phat ra.
+ Khi phat am 4 phl,l am: zh, ch, sh, r, phai uon lu'Oi .
G. cAc BQ CHO' HAN
NhC:i biet cac b9 chu Han , ta c6 :
a. Tra cac tlf va tu chu Han.
b. y nghia cua cac chu (vl chu Han la m()t thong
y).
C6 214 b9 chu Han xep thu tlj tu 1 net den 17 net.
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
M9t b9 c6 c6 hlnh thuc khac nhau. Thi d1,1 :
B9 "nhan" c6 hai hlnh thuc: A (hlnh thuc chinh),
{ ( hlnh thuc ph1,1).
B9 "tam" c6 ba hlnh thuc: {,,(hinh thuc chinh),
1 (hlnh thuc ph1,1).
51
Trong bang duoi day, moi b9 c6 m()t hlnh thuc chinh mang cac
so thu tl/ 1 ,2,3 ... Hlnh thuc ph1,1 dt1<;1c viet kern theo trong dau ngoi;ic
don.
Sfl net
Bf} tlut Ten gpi
Y ngh'ia (hoijc co
Thi
SflTT
lien quan de'n ... )
1 NE1
nha't
'
-t thlit: so bay
1
-
m9t
I
A?
'
r:p trung: trong
2
;.>
con
so
chu
'
.3:. chit: nglfoi chil
3
'
cham
4
J
phay
jz_ cilu: la u
5
6
a't
cong
fL cilu: so chin
6
J
quyet
m6c
T ldu: xong
2NET
7
-
nh! hai Jingu: so nam
-
8
-
d.1u
(kh6ng biet nghla)
L.: vong: mat di
9 A ( 1)
nhan
ngu'C:ii nay
10
JL
nhan ngu'C:ii huynh: anh
11
A.
vao
pq nt)i: trong
12 )\
bat tam [f:!C: so sau
'----
52 TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHCI HAN 53
13
n quynh coixa fflJ sach: cuon sach
37
*
lOn 7C thien: troi
14

mich trilm len 7fquan:cain6n
38
-!;:: nii' dan ba H had: tot
15
'(
bang bang gia dong
39 -=f til' con 1f:. hie'u: hieu thao
16 JL ki ghe fLpham: khai
40
r---'--7
mien l<;ip trum 9:an: yen 6n
17
u kham ha t:fjxui{t: ra
41
']-
thon tac
18 7J iJ dao dao )]- phan: chi a ra
42
;j\ ( +) nho j)thi!u: it
19 1J hjc
sue fi}J tn;: giup do
20 7 bao
bao b9c m v4t: dung, cho
21 t- chuy thla, muoi l tbdc: phu'cJng bac
22 c phu'dng d6 dl,l'ng [K tLt(!ng: th<;l
43
::tOLfr)
uong kieng chan 1t vuu: min tr<ich
44
F
thi thay nguoi Rxich:th11oc
45
lfJ
CO moi mQC 4!. truan: gian nan
46
LlJ
son nui nho cao
23 c tha't: tam (vai)
47 J II
xuyen song tra
24
+
muC:fi -T thien: so ngan
25 boc
b6i 2:1 chiem: xem b6i
48 I
cong nguoi th<;l I tc_ta: ben trai
49 c.
ki
mlnh :%t h9ng: hem
26
p
tiet
dau an EP a'n: in
27
I
han
slion nui JffJh4u: day
28
/._:,
khu'
rieng tu :ti:kha: di
29
'X. hlfu l<;ti nua 1_xhilu: b<;tn
50 rtJ
din
khan $thi: ch<;J
51
q:.
can
binh:phftng
52
t,
yeu
nhobe Y.}J a'u: be
53
)

mai nha /lWI0:kho chua
3NET
54
L dn
bu& dai 9tkie'n: xay dl;mg
30
0
khfi'u r:!ic6: doi xua
ft
?
cat tay len W.lfmg: dua bOn 55
cung
31
D
vi vay quanh [2g tic giam giu
56
-t di;ic
ban ten thac: phep tac
32

th6 dar frl{Ii:d
57
i=7
cung
cay cung ifdie'u:phung dieu
33

si h9c tro
..3- .3..
ky
58 heo heo mii
34
)( truy den tu sau *-phung: dat di
35 5z:
tuy ch?m ch<;tp mua he
59
J
sam
long dai ff5 hinh: hlnh dang
60
1
xfch
buoc ngan f=!fdiii: cho
36
;;
tich dem, toi )l}ngo{Ji: ngoai
4NET
---- - --
54 TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THUTl,l HQC CHO' HAN
55
61 tam tnii tim ,iG', kY.: ghet 86 )<( }\) 1\\\ hoa lll'a
*viem: n6ng
62
Jt
qua giao mac PX. thanh:lam xong 87
[f\(m)
trao
m6ng, vuot
1?bvi: lam
63
p
hQ cll'a JJ} phong:bu6ng 88
)(
phi)
cha
iffr da:tieng gQi cha
64
-=f. (1 )
thu tay 1l bai:
65 x chi nhanh tfN.khi: nghieng
66
ion
pho'c danh khe ct cai: sll'a d6i
89
X
hao
hao (Kinh Dich)
sang X.
90

tuong
tam van
M-f: tang: de dtfc
91
h
phie'n
manh
tam
67
x_ van net, van ttl ban: sac 19n
68
*
du
(cai) dau *{ta: nghimg
69 fT
can (cai) r'iu f-F xich: duo1
70 1J
phtio'ng
vuong,huong ben
92
?f
nqa
rang
'!$ sanh: chong do
93
4-t
ngu'u
bo, trau
v?t
94
:*0)
khuyin
ch6
j-f ngc;zn: nha
S NET
71 5E
VO
khong da
72 B
m?t trC:fi __dan: bu6i sam
73 B vie't
n6i thu: sach
74
,1=3
m?t trang ]1)j bdng: be bqn
75
*
mQC
cay tflam: rung
76 1\.
khie'm
ngap
muon
77
11:
chi
dung .li chinh: ngay thhg
78
37 (j7)
xuongtan :9[ trl: che't
)""U
thu
thu (vii khl c6) gie't
79
.X
80
m
VO
dung fiJ:mdu:
81
1t ti
so sanh mlc rz: giup do
82
-=B mao
long ttcdu: qua du
83
a thj
hQ
-
dan: nguC:fi dan
84
khf
hoi, khl khi: chat hoi
85
1N {)
thuy
nuoc i.k v'lnh: lau dai
95
:Yz

den
$ sua't: noi theo
96
I.
ngQc
ngQc
bich: ngQc bich
97
Jl\
qua
trai dua
trai
98
EL
Ngoa
ng6i, sanh
#li: bznh: cai lQ
99
1t
cam
ngQt
31:t ngQt 13:m
100

sinh
sinh ra
&f. san: sinh de
101 ffl dl)ng
dung
ffiphu:t on xttng dan 6ng
102 83
ru<)ng
!fj nam: con trai
103
JE(J:E)
so'
chan
I
M:_nghi : ngC:f vtfc
104
r-

t?t 111l bz: moi
105
>"'<-
bat
ra, len
106 8

tdng a bach: m<)t tram
107
Bz
bl
da $$Jltruu: nhan nh6
108
liil
manh
bat dia ii;_b6n: ch?u sanh
109
(nu)
ml)C
m3:t ! mi: long may
56
110
7
mau giao -;y
Ill
!;;;_
thi mui ten
112 ti da
113
/]\, *
ky thfm illlt
114 FJ nhlju
chan thu illlt
115
*
hoa (cay lua)
116
...........
hang, 16, hoc I\
-'-
117
Jj_
dtlllg
6NET
118
t'r (Irk)
true tre
119
*
me g<;J.O
120
*
mjch SQi t0 nho
121
ffi
phii'u vo n.I'Qu
122

vong h.toi
123 .-.:
du'ong (con) de
124
vii long (vG)
125 :t
Hio
gia
126
rm nhi
long rna
127
*
l6i
caicay
128
If nhl
tai
129

(cay) but
130

thit
131 E2 thfin
mat ngt.toi
132

tlj
tl,l' mlnh
133
chi
den,tdi
TRAN VAN CHANH
khoe
tri: biet
ml!'c
tlxa tho th6 dja
til; c&m: loai chim
f.L. tu: rieng
kh6ng:trong
li d6ng: tre con
'1I l(lp: cai n6n
tuc: th6c lua
mau do
mi cang:cai chum to
'?f?. han: ft
l3f qudn: bfry
1Jj tuang: lt.t<;Jn
ky: gia 60 tu6i
ffffJ n(li: chiu dti<;Jc
fflcanh:cay
rm vein: nghe
Ei til: hang
ca: bap thit
nam
hoi, mui
trf: .dt.ta den
-
roAN THLI nJ HQC CHOHAN
.--
134
13"5
136
137
138
139
B
%
94
fr}


140 ( -++-)
141 F
142 E
143 .Itn
144 fj
145 1X
146 fH1 (j![)
7NET
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
Jl
:fij
l=l
1
R



iffi
;E
JE
cii'u

suyen
chu
ca'n
sac
thao
ho
trung
huye't
hanh
y
a
kie'n
giac
ngon
c6c
coi gia
lt.toi
rliiro

que Ca'n
mau sac
co
van
sau bQ
mau
di
ao
chetrum
tha'y
sung
n6i
hang
caid?u
thi heo (l<;Jn)
rai (tri) m()t loai thu
bo'i vo so
xich do
ch(;ly
tuc chan
c?u
xa: quan trQ
.vii: mua
57
fi.JB ldn
N_luO'ng: lanh
l@ddm:
zchi: co chi
fJe ho': COn CQp
con much
iiiihoang: mau
ilrv?: phong giG'
ao ngu
yiu:quan trQng
tlthj:nhln
r6
15 phong: hoi
1W hoat: r()ng rai
'Jlphong: dfiy thjnh
tuf!ng: con voi
dang
ngheo
iff!J:.. xa: tha tQi

chl:ng6n chan
58 TRAN VAN CHANH
toAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
-
59
158

than than mlnh cung: mlnh
r
dftu (nguoi)
181 w

Jji dinh: dinh dftu
159

xa xe *qulin: d()i binh
182
phong gi6 gi6 th6i
160
*
tan cay bi n: tranh
183 1ft
phi bay llJm phien: len
161
JN:
thn
chi Thln ey nhf:tc: xa'u h6
184
thtfc an uong
162 ;{(}.___) stfoc ch9t di ch9t dung
'... . A
v1en: xa
185
thu (cai) jr@:qu5' : con duong
163
A'
d6 ftp bang: m.toc
E.c
ap
186 w
htfo'ng mui thorn V. hinh: huang bay
164
@
rtfQU 1@ tU'u: n1Qu
tO NET
165
*

* thai : mau rvc ro 187 .%
rna ngtfa cliu: ngtfa non
166 _m
ly
lang que m:_ tr9ng: ni;ing
188
cot xuong
. '
mthl than mlnh
8NE1 189
-a-
cao cao
i'I'B .,
rRl
lft cao: cao
167
iTi:
kim vang, kim lo<:li WN nglin: b<:iC 190
tieu t6c dai t6c
168
tntong
ctai dit: ran GQC 191
da'u danh nhau lffilndo: 1
169
mon
cii'a (hai canh) I*J khai: md 192

stfdng niQU thdm cung
til ua't: bu6n ba

170 $. (
phv
go aa't [f:tc:da't 1in 193
<=I
each n6i, ch6
tdm: ch6 IOn
11
171
*
dai
ki l: thu()c
.P
194
*
?
8J[phdch: via
quy rna
172 it
chuy
chim du6i ngan tQ.p: hQp l<:li 11 NET
173
'
vii
mu'a may 195
i!2,
ngtf d. ly: ca chep
174
=E.
F.l
thanh
xanh ij ti:nh: yen li;ing 196

diiu chim
minh: h6t, keu
175
phi
loi kh6ng 197

16 dftt mi;in
f!W( ham: mi;in
9NET
198
!It
lc')c huou, nai
Gyp
176
1m
mi;it thyn
199

lua m'i
khuc: men nr9u
177
:;:
each da tien: cai roi
200 )jJij
rna (cay) gai
co
178
=b..
vi da thu()c 'W_pha't:cai pha't &! 12NET
'
179
gt
cii'u rau hy
hyp
201
ji
hoang (mau) vang
i&ithdu:mau vang
180
::ft..
E3 am tieng

202

thtl' lua nep
;6 niem: cha't dfnh
60 TRAN VAN CHANH
203 den dau cha
204 f,fiT chi theu thua bit goi
13NET
i I 2os l manh con ech & bitt: con ba ba
206 dinh <llnh, V<;lC fm.niii: cai V<;lC IOn
207 c6 cai tr6ng tr6ng
208 Jhlt thii' chu<)t chu<)t
14NET
209 ti mGi gffhan: ngay
210 '/If chinh fit trai: an chay
lSNE
I @ I xi I rang I t(p linh: tu6i
16NE
2121 I long I r6ng I M. bang: hQ Bang
17NE
213 quy rua fithu:muathu
214 du'<fc ong sao ;f hoa: hoa hQp
Nha rhu philp VurtnK Hi Chi (307-365)
roAN THLinJ HQC CHU HAN 61
A'
CHAM

\)
NGANG
fi
=="
A?
so
Jill
.a
ij
H. eAcH VIET cHa HAN
1. cAc NET cd BAN cuA cHO' HAN

\)
"\:) (} \J

cham xien chamxulndiu char" bubng cham hat
H .f-6 f<. H.r.1, k :n.
=
==

+
ngang ngang da1 ngang x1e n
t)l! -&H't


t
so k1m !reo :iJ st.ong btilng so ngan
11!, M 1-ii
62 TRAN VAN CHANH
A?
j) PHAY
..,?>
jl
l'i
pha'y ngang ngan phal' xien dai
A
-'T'- Jilit 4ilii -kHJiiit
J
y
J? J
ptfiy tha'K] dili ph.iy ngang
-k&W HH'f41fJiiit
MAC




mac x1en mac ngang

4t + .Jt
A'
HAT
tit



1

hat xien hift ngang so hat ngang hat
c:;;?'
.Jit + JJ!:. Ji!:. 41f JJ!:.
MOC
6J
]
=V
1y
s moe x1en moe cong m6c nam m6c ngang m6c
/ j '
1.] M 1:J
] !1.1-. 1.] tifi" 1.]
1
L 7J 1L

sa cong moe ngang gap rn6c "'91'1J!i1JID1J"il: s'l !W 1/ll nn:
"' -:t 1.]
,fj( 41]- 1:] 1:]
GAP

1 L
d=
z
OJ
ngang so phay phay ditlg gap
/}
Wr 4rr 41f 4./f .Jffll..Hi 41f
roAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
--
II. QUY TAC VIET CHO' HAN

,
THf QUY TAC Dl)



ftl
ngang tnrdc s6 sau
f ---f

. - -
. -
tnJoc mac sau
/_f-/ AAAA

. _, -:(
trai truoc phai sau
/
1

"tr_ -;;(5
tre n tnJdc d lidi sau
-- . - -l- -- -- -- --
$'c 1: -,;:-
0 ' If 0
ngoai trlidc trong sau
f0J: 1
ngang trlioc sau
:-J-T-JT

gWa truck hai ben sau
7](. : 1 7] 7}' 7](.
$'c cp Fs, i:r_ :fi

vao truoc dong sau
- Cl
IN : l nAJfll*liN
63
64 TRAN VAN CHANH
I. VAN NGON VA
1. Slj TACH Blr;T GIUA VAN NGON VA
Van ngon va Ht hai van cua ngooi Trung
Qu6c.
Bc;tch thoc;ti con gQi la Ngfr hay Khftu ngfr Ut van
thea n6i . Van ngon la but ngfr chi dung trong bien
chep tn!
nay, nguUi Trung Qu6c phfm l&n chi dung Bc;tch
nhu'ng van con s6t l;;ti it dau vet cua Van ng6n.
D6i v&i ngooi Trung Qu6c, each thl!c te phan la:
dung tai nghe va duqc la Bc;tch thoc;ti; kh6ng dung
xem thi khong hiiu duqc la Van ngon" . B&i vi B;;tch tho;;ti la
van dung ghi l&i n6i: n6i sao thi ghi con Van ngon chi
ch(r khong n6i. M<?t nguUi Hoa kh6ng chfr c6
du'Qc khi nghe dQc m<?t bai van bc;tch nghe dQc m<?t bai
van ng6n thi hQ vfin mu ttt nhu m<?t nguai nu&c ngoai. Trai m<?t
nguai Nam c6 hQc Van ng6n, du khong n6i Hoa, khi
m<?t ngooi Hoa hai ben vfrn c6 n6i nhau but (but dam)
rna vfrn nhau duqc.
Nguai Nam theo hQc chfr Han da liiu va tru'oc day chi
hQC Van ngon, tfrc cai hQC "chi, h6, gia, da", con Bc;tch thoc;ti it khi
ta dung trtr m<?t vai cu6n ngfr nhu cu6n Trin tritu Hu
Trung Thuvng Si ngtJ il)c rna ngay nay con tim Trang giai
gfm diiy, khoang cu6i ky 19 dftu ky 20, cac nha nho ta
vi nhu d.u doc cac "tiin thu" tho;;ti cua Tau nen m&i
roAN THll Tl/ HOC CHa HAN 65
c6 nguai hoc them B;;tch tho;;ti. h;;tn, Cl;J Phan B<?i Chiiu trong
cu6n Vit Nam vong qu6c stJ da dung m<?t thCr Van ng6n c6 pha
phach chut it B;;tch tho;;ti. D6i v&i Ngl)c trung nh(it ky cua H6 Chi
Minh thi Sl! pha Ian B;;tch tho;;ti cang r6 net hon.
Ngu6n g6c cua Van ngon cling la m()t kha phfrc t;;tp.
van fry da dtnh hinh trong thai ky nao ? Cach xufrt phat
nao?
C6 nguai cho Van ngon la lo;;ti van tl! ghi chep lai n6i cua
ngtr&i xua, c6 bao n6 chi la m<?t thfr but ngfr, lo?i van tl!
do no li!C cua cac van gia Itch d;;ti.
Nhung cii hai c6 cho chua 6n.
Danh ttr "van ngon" chi chung m()t thfr van tl! cua thai
d;;ti va mang nhfrng d;;tng khac nhau. thai gian, ttr Giap
c6t van la lo;;ti chfr nguyen thuy cua ngooi Trung Qu6c, tinh
nay da c6 han 3000 nam. d;;tng, phong each thi Van
ng6n da trai tu cho cao siiu kh6 cho gian dan binh d! nhu
lo;;ti Van ngon duqc ra gftn diiy.
Tren gi&i, khong c6 lo;;ti but ngfr nao hoan khong
thoat thai tlr khfru ngfr tfrc ng6n ngfr thong dl;lng trong cac tftng l&p
quftn chling. Vi chfic chfin Van ng6n kh6ng phai do t6 tien
ngooi Trung Qu6c ra l11Qt each dQC hoan toan v&i khfru ngfr.
Nhung khac, Van ngon cling khong ghi chep khfru ngfr
CUa l11Qt thai d;;ti do l11Qt each y nhu thi!C, nhu truang hqp CUa
B;;tch tho;;ti dung ghi chep cac lo;;ti k!ch, ttr dai
T6ng tr& di.
Trang cac d;;tng cua Van ngon, chung ta thfry c6 m9t lo;;ti
"chinh th6ng van ng6n" la van doc thfry trong cac sach v& thai
Tien Tftn, Luang Han cung c6 van cua Han, Au, To dai
66
TRAN VAN CHANH
Dt.rOng T6ng. Van ngon nay so v&i khiu ngfr cling thai c6 le
khong each nhau xa Him, vfin con trong ffilrC dQ c6 thi nghe va
hiiu dll'Q'c. Nhfrng ban dich kinh Ph?t tu Ph<;1n qua Han, nhung
cu6n ngfr cua cac su' Trung Qu6c va nhfrng ban van tiiu
B<;1ch tho<;1i tt! dai T6ng (the ky 1 0) cho tinh cua
khiu ngfr a cac thai ky do da ch(rng to Sl! khac nhau khong xa liim
gifra hai thi van - tl'rc gifra Van ngon v&i lai n6i ngoai xa hQi.
Nhung lai n6i v&i d<;1ng chfr cua n6 la thi d6i
rfrt nhanh, ngu'Qc l<;1i Van ngon d6i hon vi le
nhfrng ngllai dung Van ngon khong c6 each gi khac hon la phai
mo phong theo kiiu each cua nhfrng t&n b6i. Da tinh thftn
c6" thm bfty gia rftt nhfrng ngllai tri thl'rc "mu6n cho ra
ngooi tri thl'rc" phai c6 van, con chi dung di
thuyet, kich. Tm&ng hqp nay khong khac v&i ben ta liim d6i
v&i vftn ll!U chQn gifra chfr Nom va chfr Han cua cac nho si
Nha nghien Clru van hQC H6 Hoai Sam ( l
2
) con cho ding tm&c
Sl! khac nhau gifra Van ngon va Ngfr thi la do van tl! Trung
Qu6c ngay tlr dftu da khong xuftt phat tlr ngfr am rna tlr tllQTig hinh,
biiu y. Ngoai ra, Sl! d6i cua but ngfr con la mQt vAn
ky Ngay XU'a, khiic in rfrt kh6, khong duy
tri Van ngon la van "dung it chfr rna n6i dllQ'C rfrt thi se
tr& cho ph6
khai, d6 la qua trlnh thanh cua "Van ngon chinh
th6ng".
Trfr "Van ngon chinh th6ng" ra, ngllai Trung Qu6c con c6
van c6 hon ghi chep tren nhfrng manh Xllong thu rna ta gQi la
Cl
2
> Trung Qu6c van h9c S1i khai llfQ'C (Phon phi.! ll!C}, Thlfqng Hoi Tan van h6a thlf xa,
1935, tr. 1 - 4.
roAN THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN 67
Giap c6t van: nhfrng sau, dieu va tach roi v&i khfru
ngfr han la cac tfr phu, van ... Van ngon "thong la
CO pha phach khfru ngfr; dllQ'C ap trong ffiQt s6 tac phfrm
tiiu (nhll Tam qucfc cbf djn ngbia cua La Quan Trung), cac
ban dich kinh Ph?t tu Ph<:tn ra Han, va trong cac gifty ta hanh
chinh, thu' tfr giao d!chv. v.
Tu dai Dllang (705 - 960) sau, m9t "khfru ngfr xlla"
thllang dllQ'C dung trong nh&u ngfr cua cac tu s'i giao
gia va m9t s6 it thll tt! khac. tiiu binh
dai T6ng, Nguyen
3
) m&i thl!c Sl! dllQ'C b5ng m9t
Ngfr thi tllang tl! v&i Ngfr thi Cac kich khuc dm Nguyen,
Minh (tfr 1206 1648) la m9t van pha tr9n cii hai thl'r nhung
c6 phftn thien Ngfr thi hon.
van chllong ngfr thi thllang bi cac hQc gia Trung Qu6c
xem thllang nen hQ chi dung trong llnh Vl!C tiiu
ffiQt thi van hQC bj ra ngoai hang ngu cua bach gia tLr dai
Han (l
4
). Mai CUQC d9ng Tan van h6a cua ngllai Trung
Qu6c sau nay (nhung nam 1917-1919), dia vi cua Ngfr thi m&i
dU'Q'c cong nMn. Nam Dan qu6c thl'r 9 ( 1920), B9 giao Trung
Qu6c ban b6 dung Ngfr thi lam chuyin ngfr
cho cac tru'ong hQc. Tu d6 m&i dftn dftn thay Van
ngon di dung ph6 trong mQi nganh sinh & Trung Qu6c.
<IJ> 86'i Tong c6 nhling nglfD'i gQi Ia "thuyet nhan" chuyen ke chuyen d
nhvng nai hqi he dlnh dam. HQ thlfD'ng ke nhling chuyen c6 lien quan den ljch si'r. nhling
ban van hQ dung gQi Ia blnh nhlf : NgtJ Til Tlf bi nh tho<# EJ?i Tong Tuyen Hoa di slf,
EJ?i EJlfong Tam T?ng thu kinh thi tho?i .. ..
<
14
> Llfu Ham (khoang 46 trlfO'c CN - 23 sau CN.) ra That llfQ'C co n6i : "Chlf ti'r
mlfO'i nha, kha quan chi c6 chin nha". 6ng muon bao lieu thuyet gia kh6ng trQng yeu
cac phai khilc.
68 TRAN VAN CHANH
2. SL/ KHAC NHAU GI(!A VAN NGON VA BACH THOAI
VE MATTUV!
N6i chung tu trong Van ng6n vatu trong B:;tch tho:;ti c6
diim di d6ng.
Ttr trong Van ng6n phfm 16n thUQC don am (1 tlr t6), con
trong B:;tch tho:;ti phfrn 16n thUQC da am (2 tu t6 tr& len), nhfrt
Ut song am (2 tu t6). M<?t tu song am b:;tch tho:;ti tht.rOng bao
m<?t nghia tuong dtrong v&i m<?t tu don am trong Van ng6n. Thi d1,1:
"Nhi d6a" (tai) trong B:;tch tho:;ti tuong duong v&i "nhi" Van ng6n.
"Nhi" Ia m<?t tu t6 trong "nhi d6a".
Di vao chi chung ta c6 thi chia lam mfry trt.rOng hQ'P
chinh sau day:
l Tu Van ng6n va tu B9ch tho;;Li gi6ng nhau
1. Tu d011 iim :
Ttl Am NqhTa Ttl Am NqhTa
A
nhan nguai

rna noua
o.
=-
thu tay

tm&ng ctai
JL, tam long doan ngan

but viet
liinh l?nh
4-
ngLTU trau rz:g
ttl b6n

hliu c6
ft
nga toi
2. Tir da iim :
Ttl Am NghTa
t* 9!$ C.
tat suat con

h6 con bu&m
7:. Y:.
thien van thien van

quoc gia quoc gia
roAN THU Tlj HQC CHU HAN
thong minh

tich mjch .
II. Cung m9t tu nhlfl1g f nghia da thay dol
1. Tir d011 iim :
thong minh
vang ve
Ttl Am NqhTa
Van ng6n Bc;tch thoc;ti
!!:
?
tau ch;:ty di
ph1,1c n6i
'i'j( khoai thich chi mau
<I
g1ang Tnrcmg Giang song
5Z
co blip (trong thO')
69
Ngoai ra. con c6 ITIQt s6 tlr rna ngay xua Van ng6n dung v&i
nghla ph1,1. nay B;;1ch tho;;1i dung v&i nghla chinh.
Thi dl) :
- ftu (rhiiu): nghia chinh ngay xua Ia "diu tha", nghla ph1,1
ngay xua Ia '' tr<?m"; ngay nay nghla chinh duy nhfr t Ia "tr<?m".
- 'l'i (m;;m): nghla chinh ngay xua Ia "khinh nh&n" (Thi d1,1:
Nhpp gia bit vfn tfc mpn: Vao nha kh6ng hoi Ia khinh nh&n),
nghla phtJ ngay xua Ia "tutu" (kh6ng nhanh nay dung v&i nghla
chinh duy nhfrt Ia "tu tt1".
M<?t s6 tu khac c6 nghla ngay nay r<?ng han nghla ngay xua.
Thi dl):
- (chuy) , xua nghla Ia "mo chim", nay dung di
chi chung mo c:ic loai d<?ng
- *I (h6ng), xua nghla Ia "mau do nh;;1t", nay dung di chi
chung mau do.
70
TRAN VAN CHANH
-* (kf](fc) xua dung di chi Sl! kh6c len
kh6ng thi dung (khip), ngay nay dung chi chung
"kh6c".
Trai l;;ti , cling c6 nhfrng tu ma ngh'ia nay l;;ti hon.
Thi dli:
- (thang), Xtra ngh'ia la "nooc n6ng", nay chi "canh cai
n6ng".
C6 m(lt s6 ngh'ia chinh cua tlr van ng6n ngay nay da dtrQ'C
dung thay btng m(lt tlr khac nhtrng nghla cua tlr van ng6n vfrn giu
l;;ti .
Thi dli:
- Ngh'ia chinh cua D (khflu) da dtrQ'C thay btng (clu]y),
nhtrng "khflu" di chi chung (nhfm khflu, hai khflu ... ).
- Ngh'ia chinh cua [:] da dLrQ'C thay btng (kie;n)
nghla ta "cai ma" trong "b(l mi;it" cua m(lt nguoi con dung
di chi ca mi;it nhtr mi;it mi;it ban ...
2. Tir da lim :
TCr Am NqhTa
Van nq6n Bq.ch thoq.i

00
quae ngfr siiCh Qu6c ngtr chfr qu6c ngfr
I

s6 hQc cai hQC am duang tofm hQc
D-5
khiu ngon ngfr tranh cai
tieu tuc sinh tin tuc

thai hao mQt thai thoi thuqng
WfX

anh hi gian bong anh
III. Ti't Van ngon va B{lch tho{ti co mi)t pluin giolzg nhau
l. M9t rir d011 lim trong Van ng6n baa ham trong nghia m9t tir
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
71
da lim trong B{lch tho{li :
Bq.ch thoq.i Am Van nq6n Am
N_ghTa
4r
tj ttl'

tj
miii
r%r
ton ttl'
f,% ton chau

b6n nhi

b6n

danh nhi :g danh ten gQi
!
dfi u
ti
Cl)C da
dfi u
-5
cai lu6i

nhi d6a
If
nhi tai

lao h6

h6 con CQp
!=:; mimao ! mt long may

xi bang

xi cai canh
.F3 h.rqng
.F3
trang
=f:;Wg mao Wg Ifim Ioi
can tjnh @ tjnh se
tlfO'ng tin
tin tin tudng
2. Tir da lim trong Van ng6n va tir da lim trong B?Jch tho?Ji c6
m9t phdn gi6ng nhau.
Tn.rong hqp nay kh6ng lAm va trong thl!C c6 thi
dung lfrn nhau dll'O'c.
Van ng6n Am Bq.ch Am Ph an NghTa
thoq.i giong
phu phl)

phu the phu vq ch6ng
ti mu<?i thu mu<?i mu9i chj em
5L5fj huynh 5fj huynh < ct6i thu tl,l') anhem
88 87( thien ban ngay
9!'F%fu trach manh rna trach trach chau
-
3. Hc;rp 2 d011 lim trong Van ng6n thimh m9t tir trong B?Jch tho{li.
72
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tv Am NghTa TV Am NghTa
J1K:
than thi than thi
"--
du nao c!fi u
&:Iff
bl phu da
:R
phi) nfr nfr
iJE
ne th6 bun da't

tl!Cmg bich vach tuemg
:ti ii!Lr
ky ky

f J ""
vi vi
EB ;f
, c,, ID'- tu tudng ttr ttrdng

my de

dfin dfin

cG'u cG'u
Nhfrng tll' ngfr lo:;1i tren day c6 m<?t s6 c6 thi dung trong Van
ng6n, nhfrt Ht trong Van ng6n & cac thai ky gfrn day khi ngu&i ta
cfrn nhfrng tll' m&i.
IV. Tit Van ngon vatic B{lch thot;Li hoan toim khac nhau
1. Tirdon am:
Van ngon Am Bq.ch thoq.i Am NghTa chung
El
ml}C _N nhan mat
7tt
quan $\ rri;:to non

thi.JC PZ; an

kich
n
cta danh
Van ng6n Am Bq.ch thoq.i Am NghTa chung
1t
cam
3tt
noot
0
JE
tuc
JJW
cu&c chan
Jfi
ly
u
hai giay
mx
.

hat am uong
51
;tj{ l;:tp keo
*
tan

l;:tt cay
Trang thl)'c Sl)' khac cua nhfrng tlr thu<)c lo?i tren nay
cilng kh6ng d6i. DQc Van ng6n d6i khi ta van thfiy c6 nhfrng
tlr dU"Q'C dung v&i nghia cua B?ch tho<;li ngay nay.
2. Tirda am:
ro AN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 73
Van ng6n Am Bq.ch thoq.i Am NghTa chung

khtiU

khuc con gmn
m
ml)c tuc

kim hoa thai cay m1,1c tuc

thu nhu

n1,1y tit ngt.r&i lun

kien du
-r
tit ciii nr&c

,c:., d.;:.. ..
tung dung

thmin xui gil}c

,tf tung dung ;fjj: 13: ph6ng ph6ngtung

nghla ph1,1

can da cha nu6i
1&3:
van mrong

thang binh

nhi banh tr6i nu&c


chung binh
il9.&
man dfiu banh chung
3. Van ngon dung m9t tirdon am, B{lch tho{li dung m9t tirda am.
Van nQ6n Am Bq.ch thoq.i Am NghTa chung
1j[ g1ap

chuy ba tit go rna
fA
z tu

h6 tit rau
8 nh?t

thai duong treri

trl

da ke chim trl
oa

ke nhai
Ui
d()c ;J\4- tiiu ngtiU trau nghe
fJt
canh
flti
chung lam ru()ng, cay
??/. cap
H*
cta thuy muc ntr&c

"""Fm
ky
danh c&
tt
(rc

ttrdng khdi nh&
1m
bai
IfJm
thu tieu
bai bo


.t&*fs
thu sue
co l;:ti
Thl!C ra con m<?t s6 tll' van ng6n dung di chi nhfrng SlJ chi
c6 trong thai c6 nen n'gay nay trong B:;1ch tho:;1i kh6ng c6 tll' tuong
duong. Thi dlJ :
- lo<;li n6n cua cac d<;li phu thai xua.
74 TRAN VAN CHANH
- m (heft): tftm the tre (hay nga, ngQc) dung
di ghi nhiing 101 bi Uiu v&i vua rna. cac quan thu0ng dung
m6i khi vao chftu.
c6 xe ba ngl!<l.
- .!MF (phi): hai con ngl!<l hai ben cua c6 xe ba ngl!<l (con
di gifra gQi la "phl;lc").
m1): loai yeu quai h6a ra tu trong g6, d1.
- ( vong lu6ng): loai yeu quai a tren rt1ng nui.
Nguqc h;ti cling c6 m()t s6 tu thong dl;lng trong B;,tch tho;,ti rftt
k.h6 tim thfty m()t tu van ng6n c6 nghi'a tuung duung. TruOng hqp
nay do Sl! d6i cua khfru ngfr ngay cang t;,to them ttl m&i
di chi nhiing Sl! rna ngay xua v6n kh6ng c6.
Thi dt.j:
- fM (h6 dol: h6 d6, kh6ng r6 rang.
- J]E (mii ho): nghi'a bong la "sa sai lfty c6".
- 5.&*-1 (trllV11g fa): nghi'a den la "giang ltr&i", nghi'a bong la
"qua quao cho c6".
- Jjjijjt *U (ma thftt
3. Slf KHAC NHAU GIO'A VAN NGON VA Bf\CH THOf\1
VE MAT NGO' PHAP
Van ng6n va B;,tch tho;,ti tuy cling la phtrang di trinh bay
ng6n ngfr cua Trung Qu6c nhtrng ngfr phap c6 ditim
kh6ng gi6ng nhau. N6i chung trong Van ng6n, Sl! dl;lng, dao tri
va tinh ltrQ'C phong phu va phCrc t;,tp han so v&i B;,tch
L Tit lo?i ciia Van ngon khong xic dfnh
Kha nang kiem lo;,ti cua tu trong Van ng6n rftt phong phu,
roAN THU Tl/ HOC CHCI HAN 75
nhU' tu z (chi) c6 thi dung v&i 7 tu khac nhau.
1. --BXZ !i Ng6 dl;lc chiNam Hai, ha nhtr ?:
Toi djnh di Nam Hili, ong thay thi niw ? (Banh Doan Thl;lc: Vi
h9c) (d()ng tu, tuung duung v&i 11 (vang) trong B;,tch tho;,ti).
2. ... '
0
Dalai
xam ... , dfr vuung Vuang di' linh n6 x;,t chi: Da sang
xam Juvc, d:inh v6i An DUV11g VUV11g. An DUV11g VUV11g Jiy no
thin bin Da (Kham dfnh sif thong giam cueing m/!c, quyin 1)
(d;,ti tu, tuang dtrang v&i 1-t.l! (tha) trong
3 . Z rt!1 Vtrang niii Long Qufm chi tu
da: Nha vua fa con ciia L?c Long Qufin (Kham dfnh sif thong
giam cueing m/!c, quyin 1) (trQ tu ket diu, tuang dtrang v&i 1:1
(dich) trong
4. z /f' EJ ifrJ chi bftt diic, hfru
Duvc va khong duvc, g9i JiJ c6 (M.anh Tii: Van ChllV11g) (lien
tu, tuang dU'ang v&i :fD (hoa) trong
5. z=nx Chi nhi trung hl!ll ha tri ?: Hai gi6ng
tnlng iy /fli biit gi ?(Trang Tii: Tieu dao du) tu chi thi, tuang
duung v&i (na) trong
6. /f' z :: Bftt tri lao chi tuung chi: Khong hay tuo}
gia sip din (Lu[in ngff: Thu[it nhi) (trq tu).
7. rz91:J*imz
f3 * 'l)t chi tang, tfr phtrang lai q uan chi, nhan siic chi thich,
kh6c khftp chi ai, gia d;,ti Din khi chon cit, ngt.r&i b6n
phllV11g /fli xem, thiy thi tif bu6n thiim nhu thi. kh6c /6c nhu thi,
nhiJng nguOi din diiu tang dtu thoa long (M.anh Tir. Dffng Van cong
thur;mg) (ph6 tu, tli'Ol1g duong v&i (na rna) trong
76
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ngoai ra, "chi" duqc dung v&i tu each la dc;ti ttr, no lc;ti co
kha nang thay cho tmemg hqp khac nhau.
Thi dfl :
1. !i: t$ A B rEJ jj z An Dtr011g V tr011g hiiu
thftn nhan Cao Thong phl;l ta chi An DllV11g VUV11g c6
nhan ;a Cao Thong gitip d6(Kham d/nh sifthong gidm cu(Jrzg
mf:iC, quyin 1) (tha xung, ttrong duong v&i "tha" 1-tf1 trong Bc;tch
thoc;ti).
Kim tlr chi lai
nga, v6 s& ng6 do tuong tmong chi Nay nfu ong din
g{fp toi, du khong c6 sci trur3ng g1: toi ctlng se eft cif(Han Du: T6ng
VUV11g tti tai tt/) (d6i xung, ttrong duong v&i "n1" {f]\ trong B;;tch
thoc;ti).
, Du lien d1
tc;tp van bai trufrt, bfrt tri gia phan phan giao chi Toi nhiJu
Jdn vi!t t{lp van bj' truft, nhtlng ngu&i kh6ng hilu ctlng tip nhau cwi
toi (Ly Tuemg: T6ng Phung D/nh tt/) (tt,r xung, tuong dtrong v&i
"nga" :fit ).
4.tlm ffi] ;i, z Uyen tham nhi ngu sinh chi c6 sau
thi en m6i sinh ra 6 d6 ( Sif kf) ( dc;ti ttr chi thi, ttr011g duong v&i
(gin if) trong B;;tch tho;;ti).
Ta thfry trong 4 diu tren, van bc;tch thoc;ti dung 4 ttr
khac nhau.
2. D!lng ngii ciia Van ngon phong phti va phuc tf}p
Tu d6ng nghia trong Van ng6n rfrt phong phu: Cung chi m<?t
st,r co hon m<?t chl,lc tu khac nhau.
Dc;ti tt! nhan xung dung di tt,r xung ngoai "nga" :fit con co
roAN THU' Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
77
"ng6 du T, du thai -EJ, ngang .rp, thftn ", trong
khi & B;;tch thoc;ti chi dung "nga". D;;ti tt! nhan xung dung di d6i
xung, ngoai "nhfr" tJ: , ?fJ:. COn CO "nht r.iW, tlr y, nhi ffi}, nhl!Q'C ;fi,
niii lJ, nhung 1)(; ... ", trong khi B;;tch tho;;ti chi dung "nl'' {f]\ .
D6i v&i nhfrng tt! loc;ti khac, nhu lien tu, gi&i tu, dl;lng ngfr
cang phl!c t<;tp. Chng hc;tn, loc;ti lien ttr binh (dung di neu m6i
quan d5ng gifra hai hay ttr, ngfr, cau, doc;tn cau) co t&i
khoang 14 tt! khac nhau: t/uJ __, & , dtJ W, hf!U )Z, kj jt, nhi
ffiL dil-), vu--T, duy!JfE, duy*tf., chi;Z_, nlurf;o ...
3. Khic nhau v to' chuc cifa cfiu
Trong du phu djnh cua Van ng6n, tan ngfr cua d9ng tu
ngoc;ti d9ng tht.rOng tm&c d9ng tu ; trong du nghi vfrn, khi
dung dc;ti tt! lam tan ngfr thi tan ngfr cling di;it tnr&c d9ng tt! (xem
Ngil phdp trong PHAN NHAP MON, bai 93 ).
Khi mu6n noi "Kh6ng ta", Van ng6n kh6ng "Bfrt tri
ng6 da" rna "Bfrt ngo tri da" 7f tJ1 ngtJ: Tien tifn),
Bc;tch thoc;ti la "Bfrt hiiu d5c nga" 7f :fit .
Mu6n hoi "Khach thich gi ?" thi "Khach h'a hiio? "
f6J H? ( Chifn qucfc sach: rJ sach), Bc;tch tho;;ti "Khach hi
hoan :g fA ft I'M!? "
4. Sf!' ti'nh ii..TQ'c trong Van ngon phong phti hOTJ trong B{lch
thofli
Thi dfl:
- Khi dung d9ng tt! EJ ( vift noi), chu ngfr thu'ong du'Qc lu'Qc
bot (xerri Ngil phdp trong PHAN NHAP MON, bai 115 ).
- Trong du dinh nghia, thay vi dung cac d9ng ttr "thi,
nai ... " lJ, ngu&i ta chi dn dung nhfrng trq tu biiu thj y
xac dinh. Nhu "Nguyen gia, chi tm&ng di''
78
TRAN VAN CHANH
f-* f3 , z :Bt {Q (Dich: Can Van ng6n), dich ra B(:lch
tho(:li phai dung d6ng d<)ng tu "th(: Nguyen thj. chi thu
J-* Z !f (Nguyen la dfru m6i cua diu
Thl!c ra con v6 s6 tnr&ng hqp khac nfra. Nhu' trong Van
ng6n c6 dC;li, c6 each vie't thu chilng nhfrng kh6ng
thfty trong Han ngfr d<;1i rna con kh6ng thfry ca trong lo(:li
Van ng6n duqc trong cac thai ky gfrn day.
Trong C6ng Duo'ng truyfn c6 cau: "Ph<;it gia vi chu, ph<;it
gia vi khach" {;It f3 .3:. ' fJt f3 ( C6ng Duo'flg truyfn:
Trang c6ng nhi thPp bit njen) (Nglf(}j dj dinh Ja khich, ngur}j bi
dinh JiJ chu - chi nll'6c T va nU'6c Vf), kh6ng phan ai chu
d<?ng, ai bi d<)ng; cau ng<;1n ngfr "Thfrt u nQ nhi thi u
:: rg 7fij m (Thay vi: N<? u thfit nhi u thi, nghia E1:
Gjpn d nha mil bjin sic d chq) trong Ti truyfn ( Chjeu c6pg
cifu njen) va cau "Da u lim thl!c" !:f (Thay vi: Am
thl!c u da, nghia la: An ucfng d d6ng) trong thien "Phi nh(:lc"
sach la nhfrng tnr&ng hqp dao tri dit
Sach tif quen dung (yen) v&i nghia tucrng ducrng
v&i l!; (niii), m (U' thJ), nhu trong thien "Kiem ai" c6 cau
"Tfit tri lo(:ln chi s& tl! kh&i, yen nang tri chi"
, Z ?JT E! ' z (Co bjit dau li1 ngu6n gcfc cua
lo[ln, m6j c6 thl tri dU'qc), ta hiiu "yen" la m<?t tu dung di
hoi nhu trong diu "Vi nang Sl! nhan, yen nang Sl! quf'
' * ( ChU'a bjit thcJ ngll'cJj sao bjit thcJ quj)
trong nguthi se djch sai.
hQc ngfr phap van ng6n v&i nhfrng tnr&ng hqp
di;ic thu nhu' tre n se giu p ta dQC dtrQ'C cac sach c6.
I
NHAP MON
.
}- i7 /'-. IV f1
-- ;;.it) J
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
[9
Ii
1

SOMl)C
__L.
-t /'\
)\
1L
+
Nhat nhi
tam tu ngG llJC
that bat cuu
- + - +lz:9 +Ii +-t
+ +=
nhat nhi tam tMp tu ngG that
1L + - 8
+JL
=+ -+ Ii+
cuu nhi tam ngG cuu nhat bach
-=f

thien v<;w
uc
D[CH NGHlA
Jls

Cac con si{
f_$
ti
81
M<'Jt, hai, ba, bo'n, nam, sdu, bay, tam, chin, nutoi, muoi mt)t,
muoi hai, muoi ba, muoi lam, muoi bay, muoi chin, hai muoi, ba
muoi, nam muoi, chin muoi, mt)t tram, mt)t ngim, muon (muoi
ngim), uc (mt)t tram ngim), tri?u (mt)t tri?u), tl (muoi tri?u).
NGU PHAP
so TV
1. s6 tu la tu dung chi s6 l11qng thfr tl!.
Thf dl}:
- MI m :n = +
d!a phoong nhi thien d11 ly.
Dft cua vu6ng h011 hai ngim difm ( Chiin qu6c sach).
2. C6 hai lo<:J.i chinh:
82 TRAN VAN CHANH
(1) sci tirchlluvng:
a) Chi s6 xac dink - (nhfit), = (nhD, a (bach) ...
b) Chi s6 bfrt dinh: (s6: m()t vai), jJfj - (ltr6ng tam: vai
ba) ...
c) Chi phan s6: - z =(tam chi nhi: 2/3), + =- nhi
tam: 2,3 phftn 10) ...
(2) sci tir chi thti tt;: + )t ( ctru: thtr 19), ;!t- (ky
nhfrt: cai thtr nhfrt) ...
3. s6 tu c6 nhfrng di}.c diim ngil phap nhtr sau:
a) Thmmg tnr&c danh ttr di chi s6 ltrqng cua hay
ngt.IDi ;
b) Di}.t tm&c danh tu don vi (xem Ngu phap, bai 3):
- a
Hoang kim thien d{it, b:;tch bich bach song.
Vimg ngim d{it, ng9c tram doi (Chiin qucic sach).
c) s6 tu c6 thi tl! n6, hoi}.c hQP v&i nhfrng tu khac, trl,fc
lam vi ngil cua cau:
- ff.lln+
Son Ngu c6ng gia, nien tha ciiu th{ip.
Bifc SOTJ Ngu cong, tuo] d5 gin chin muvi tif).
..6-- 'Eff '#I; --'-
- J=j ffi/'\
H<?i khoa, Dl;lc iLJc.
Vao thi, DLJc dting thti sau (Han thu).
-tm n
qui n6ng gia th{ip ciiu.
NgurJi xin v lam ru<)ng c6 din chin phdn murJi (Han Du).
roAN THlJ Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
TU Mdi
A
Nhan
m
2
A 7:.
NHANTHIEN
7:. B
thien nh?t
83
fj

Nhan A (2net): nguoi-Thien * (4 net): (4 net):
mi;it troi, fj ( 4 net): mi;it trang, thang.
TAP VIET
A
)
A
7:.
___..
r
7(

B
I
n A B
J=j )
n
fj
J=j
m
3
A * A ;J"
,... ..... ,...?
NHAN DAI NHAN TIEU
A * A I J \ * . * w B 1t fj 8)3
nhan nhan titiu thien cao thien thanh nh?t quang minh
84 TRAN VAN CHANH
nJ Mdi
net): to, Mn-Tiiu ;j\(3 net): be, nhb-Cao
net): cao (trai wJi tha/J)-Thanh 1f (8 net): xanh, mau xanh-
Quang jt (6 net): sang-Minh Sjj (8 net): sang.
D!CH NGH[A
NguiJi cao - nguiJi nho - triJi cao - triJi xanh - m(it triJi sang -
m(it trang sang.
NGUPHAP
DANH TU
1. Danh tl.r la tu dung di chi ngum hay Sl!
Thi di!:
- A (nhan): nguai.
- f!:t cay.
- ki (tinh): hQ.
- (d<;1o): d<;1o, con duang.
2. Can Clr vao hlnh thuc diu tc;to, c6 hai loc;ti danh tl.r:
(1) Danh tir don am, nhu Jt?, (ngu: ca), (diiu: chim) ...
Phftn l&n danh tl.r trong Van ngon thUQC lo<;!i nay.
(2) Danh [lr da am, nhll'. 'R (nong phu), M 15 :j:t (vo danh
chi: ng6n ap ut) ...
3. Can Clr vao nQi dung, ta c6 thi chia ra:
(1) Danh [Lr difc JuJu: dung chi ten rieng cua cac Sl!
(Tr5.n Qu6c Tufln), ::k (D<:!i tj (Loa
Thanh) ...
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 85
(2) Danh tir pho? thong: chi ten chung cac Sl! cling m<?t
loai, nhu * (gia), (rna).:.
C6 thi chi a danh tl.r ph6 thong ra lam 7 lo<;1i nho :
a) Danh tl.r thi: it?, (ngu). (but) ...
b) Danh tl.r trl.ru tuqng: $ (phap), (d<;1o) ...
c) Danh tl.r hqp: ffi (su: don vi quan d9i gdm2500 nguV-1),
bon, lli) ...
d) Danh tl.r chfit: :Sfz:- (kim), (th6) ...
e) Danh tl.r don vt: .R (xich: thu6c), (quyin: cucfn sach) ...
f) Danh tl.r thai gian: B ngay), hom nay) ...
g) Danh tl.r khong gian: __t (thi.I'Q'I1g), '"f (h<;!), * (dong), jZ
(tfty) ...
4. M<?t s6 diim cua danh tu
a) Tm&c danh tl.r, n6i chung, c6 thi di;it: nhling tl.r chi so
luqng, nhu "nhflt" "tam hr&ng" ... ; nhling tl.r dung chi thi nhu
(thi: nay), fBz (bi: kia) ... , nhll' noi: = JE [9 (nht tUC tlr dt!C: hai
chan bcfn canh), f& LlJ (bi son: nui kia).
Di;ic diim nay khong ap d6i v&i m<?t s6 danh tl.r thm
gian, danh tl.r khong gian, nhu khong thi n6i - __t (tam thuqng),
.=:.. (tam kim), * (tht dong) ...
b) Danh tl.r di;ic hfru n6i chung khong hqp di.I'Q'c v&i nhling
tl.r chi s6 hoi;ic chi thi, trl.r 3 troong hqp sau day:
- Tm&c mot ten n ouai khi c6 Sl.l' so sanh tai nang, tri
. 0 .
Thi df!:
nr "s - Z ' .l-:,1, .!r ff Jt ffi ' Sit lf B '
1"J' ffiJ ?
86
TRAN VAN CHANH
Sl'r Ng6, Sa phlm, Th6 di thfm ky nguy ... , tuy hGu bach
U &ng, kha nhi gitm tai?
Nfu Ng6, S6 lam phan, Tho' dem than ra ch6ng d6: .. , thi du
c6 m9t triim (ten sam thin nhu) Vjen Udng ctJng kh6ng thliy gjan
duvc (T6 Thfrc: Thff lut?.n).
- Tnr6c h9 ngurJ-j vi c6 thl c6 nhjtu nguVi cung h9.
Thi di!:

D?i Khang trung, tam Tnrong nhj lu6ng Phan nhit Ta,
b<)t nhi phl)c htmg.
Trang niim D{lj Khang, ba h9 TrUV11g, haj h9 Ll!c, haj h9
Phan, m9t h9 Ta, d9t ng9t n61 len k.h6j phl!c phong trao (Chung
Vinh: Thj phim tt/j.
- Tn.r&c sau ten sach, vi m<)t cu6n sach c6 thi g6m
quyin, m<)t quyin in lam b6n.
c) Danh tu kh6ng thi c6 tnr&c n6 m<)t tu chi mfrc d<) chi
Sl! dtu do d6 kh6ng thi n6i: /f 7j'( (bfrt thuy), :;& A
nhan), !#, (m?c ngu) ...
d) N6i chung, danh tu kh6ng thi trl!c lam vi ngfr. Khi lam
vi ngfr, danh tu phai:
- Dtrng sau nhfrng tu dung di dinh nghia phan doan
nhu: (thi), 1\% (vi), l!; (nai: fa); JF (phi: kh6ng pha1), (v6:
kh6ng co), f@ (do: gjcfng nhtij, ff (hGu: co) ...
Thi di!:
- -- JF fL Sjj
Ng6 phjKh6'ng Minh.
T6j kh6ng phaj Ja Kh6ng Mjnh (Tam qu6c chi dj8n nghia).
TOAN THlJ nJ HQC CHU HAN
- DU'Q'C thuc b5.ng trQ' tu -ti1 (da), biiu thi Sl! xac dinh.
Thi dl!:
- liWH.i\ 13 , J II -ti1
Than thi quan gia, Xuyen dii.
87
Ke tv minh gjft vua Ja T!iu Xu yen ( C6ng DUV11g truyn).
TAP VFET
*

T
;J\ / ;J

__.__.
--'-
1=1 I
rPJ
3:::::


-Yt
\
\ r
B)j
B H
*
Jj\
__.__. __.__.
__.__
n l=l
1=1
I
-=f:='
I
\ r /
_llL
-!T
13Jj
m
4
x w
THIEN THANH

___.__. ____,_
1=1 p l=t
n
rTl
Jl=iJ


.3::::.
n fJ
!=
-Yt
,,
w x a a sJl fj A ff if: m
thanh thien nh?t minh nguyc$t nhan rna tl:fu phi
88
TRAN VAN CHANH
TU M(JJ
8 (5 net): trdng-Hanh fr (6 net): cli-Ma (10 net):
con ngl,l'a-Tfi'u iE (7 net): (llnet): con chim-Phi m;
(9 net): bay.
D[CH NGHlA
Trai xanh Mijt trC!i sang Mijt trang sang Nguai eli Ngf!a
ch(ly Chim bay.
NGU PHAP
HiNH DUNG TV% y
I. Hinh dung tirdung d{ them vao m9t difc diem, m9t phiim
chit cho ngurJi hay sv v?t.
Thi dl):
- rli :& m , m -+-
D<:> tru&ng chi Nam Binh.
Qua cay c:lu dai, din mii Nam Binh (Ton Gia Kim).
2. M9t slf difc die'm ngii phap ctla hinh dung tir:
a) Hinh dung tt! tht.rCmg tm&c danh tt! lam dinh ngu cti
trl!c b6 nghia cho danh tt! do:
-
Di cvh(,lm tai chi Ngo Trung.
Dem thuytnl6n dlch6din Ng6 Trung(Vuang S! Chinh).
Hinh dung tt! co thi d:;it tm&c danh tt! lam dinh ngu thong
qua trc;1 tt! ket diu z (chi):
-
Thanh chithuy.
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
89
Nur5c tlwnh khiit(nu&c s;,tch).
b) Khi sau danh tt! thi hinh dung tt! c6 thi tn,fc lam vi
ngfr:
- w rSJ fj ;j\
Son cao, tieu.
Nui cao, triing nhb (To Thfrc: H(iu Xich Bich phu) .
Hinh dung tt! con co thi d:;it sau danh tt! di lam vj ngfr, thong
qua d6ng d(>ng tt! (vi):

Dfm viqui
Dan fa qui (M:;mh ttl) .
c) Phftn l&n hinh dung tt! co thi dtrQ'C b6 sung y nghia
cac tlr Chl mfrc dQ, nhtx foj (Cl!C), l&
- mmto:E 37
Cam, qufrt qrcda.
Cam, quit rft nhitu (To Thuc).
TAP VIET
8
/'
(
11
R1a
/.-
/
{
/.-
/.-
fT
1
1-
fT

I
I F F
w

,EIS

90 TRAN VAN CHANH
At



/
(
m

\.
-T T
* (1
F f3


m
5
1 * J:fl
TA.I GIA TRUNG
!E


Tt
1*J:fl A*
TC:J.i gia trung, hieu ph1,1 mau. Nh?p hQc kinh sinh.
TU MOl

m
:( (6 net): b-Gia * (10 net): nha-Trung J:fl (4 net):
trong, ben trong-Hieu 4 (7 net): c6 hie'u (hlt long thiJ cha thiJ
mf)-Phl) (4 net): cha-Mfiu 3: (5 net): A (2 net):
vao-HQc fX (16 net, 10 net): truiJng h9c-Kinh
tr9ng, kinh tr9ng-Tien sinh 7t (6 net, 5 net): thdy gido.
D!CH NGH!A iJ trong nha
(J trong nha, c6 hie'u voi chd mf. Vao truiJng hQC, kinh trQng
thdy.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dzl.ng chil J:fl (trung)
roAN THLI n,l HQC CHa HAN 91
J:fl (trung) la danh tu chi kh6ng gian, thuong d?t sau m<)t
danh tu khac voi nghia la "trong, (j trong", nhu':
_ :( * J:fl (TC:J.i gia trung) CJ trong nha.
_ trung huu ncr nhan nhu' ngQc)
Trang sdch c6 nguiJi con gdi dfp nhu ngQc.
_ t[ijtiffiJ, th<:J.ch nhi chi, th<:J.ch
u' h6 trung) Ng(j_m qtc dd bay dln, nem dd vao trong V(li nuoc
(Bai 120).
_ [t -=f i::Y tlJ J:fl (Trang Ttl' hanh u' son trung) Trang tzl
dang di trong nui (Trang Tzl: Son mqc).
TAP VIET
fr

r
1 t=
tF 1
*
'
J
1::::!:::7
?

*
9=J
I n t==J
9=I
4

-+
___..
7
=
)(
/
/"
')" Y2
a
L
[J
a a
-EfJ:
A
/
A
'
92
m
..... X
*
rx
-
t

r rr
7t
I
f-
_
I
f-
x tJJ , t:!
X
-x
><
X

t
t
t'
-f.-f-.
7
4-f-
fJ
If-
1:.

f-
+
_
m
6
x tJJ
THIEN SO VAN
7C S)j o
Thien so van, quang minh.
$JW ,F:j fr * jj o

f-L.
4-f-
1IJ
7t
Song tin vien VQng, t<;li dong phuong.
TU MOl
TRAN VAN CHANH

,m
*

tx
1@7

Sd tJJ (7 net): bdt ddu, mai-Van ( 11 net) : mu(}n, bu6i
chiiu-Song ($16 net): nla JW (9 net): tnt6c, phia
tnt6c- (14 net): xa-VQng (11 net): trong ra xa-Dong
* (8 net): huang dong-Phtidng jj (4 net): huang.
D!CH NGHiA Tri1i c/zijp tot
Troi ch(ip to'i, dnh trang sang to. Truac ella s6, trong ra xa,
roAN THU n,l HOC CHU HAN 93
mtjt trt'ing a huang dong.
TAP VIET
*JJ
I
7
t
f fJ
rJJ
BW.
B
B/
B_,.,
BA Bfli Bt6
Bfo Bffc
$
;----!---?
r 7'o
r r4 m 11
til
..:>...L-
\ \ t .:LL.

..:>._L-
..:>...L-
ljlj
ljl ljlj
'..:::..
.. .. ..::::. ..::::. ..::::. '..::::. '..::::. ' ..:::..

1=1
'T -!? ?R ?F-
'?R

e ft]
_L.
t.- t.-f] -eft]
eft] eft]
eft]
.::E.

..::E.
*

I n E3

}ff
*
1J
I __L.
)
tJ
m
7
wg -r-
LVoNG YEN TV
tt )'} , wg -r-
Truc liem ngo<;li, luang yen tll' ;

hot phi Iai, hot phi khu.
94 TRAN VAN CHANH
nJ Mdi
True t'r (6 net): diy tre-Liem .BI (19 net): hac mimh, tfirn
::$'}(5 net): ngoai, ben ngoai-Ltlo'ng jJfg (8 net): hai-
Ye'n r(16 net, 3 net): chim en-H6t ZJ.. (8 net): b6ng, chc;t,
thinh llnh-Lai * (8 net): cle'n-Khu :;t (5 net): eli .
D[CH NGHiA Hai con chim en
Ngoai hac manh tre, (c6) hai con chim en, chc;t bay din, chc;t
bay di.
NG0PHAP
0 ::$'} cling thu'ong cli;i t sau danh tu nhu' chu r:p
(trung) clt3 chi "ngoai, () ngoai, phia ngoai"; nhu': r
_ "f'J .BI ::$'} (True liem ngo{li) N goai hac manh tre.
_$:$'}(Song ngo{li) Ngoai ella so'.
_ ::$'} ( Quoc ngo{li) 0 ngoai nu:oc.
@ ZJ.. (hO't) la m()t ph6 tu thu'ong lam tr<;lng ngu b6
nghia cho cl()ng tu, voi nghia la" b6ng, chc;it, thlnh llnh ... ",
nhu':
_%!lit* , tellt::tCHot phi lai hot phi khu) Chc;t bay den
chc;t bay di.
_ :::zt (Luong phong hot chi) Gi6 h,mh chc;t tho'i dln
(Lit tTl: Thang vfln).
_ ;f 1$llt 1J%! J[ ll:t (Tuong thll' th<;1ch hot kie'n u'
thll') Tu:ong hem dd nay b6ng nhien xut{t hin Cl ch6 nay
(Tay du:ong tc;Ip trCI: N(ic cao kY thu:c;ng).
TA.P VIET
roAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHV HAN
tt
I r
. t
t/
t;-
tt
-
I r
/\A-
I F
152f

M
-
)7}
/
'J 'J
J[
j}
ffi
- -
m m ffi
m
I
n
f6t
-I+ -f::f-"
r r

--:1--
::lot
J \ \ \ J
-=f
7
J
o/J
I
0
h
!7;0
!7;0
o/J o/J
ID' J
JLJ ID
*

-r 7f f
*
*
1;;
--=::.
-

m
8
* J:
DAI LO THV<)NG
7\ J: A 11 * 7J7 f=fo
D<;ii 19 thu'c;ing, nhan vang lai, hoi;ic thua xa, hoi;ic b9 hanh
95


.I\\\
m
ID'
96 TRAN VAN CHANH
Tl) Md!
L() n ( 13 net): con duong-Thu'qng __t (3 net): tren, ben tren-
Vang 1i (8 net): (8 net): c6 nguoi, nguoi thl, hoij.c-
Thua * (1 0 net): cuiii xe, di xe-Xa lf[ (7 net): chile xe-B() ti7 (8
net): di chan, bu(Jc.
D!CH NGH[A Tren dttdng cai
Tren duong cdi, nguoi di lt;zi, hoij.c cuiii xe, hoij.c di bi).
NG0PHAP
0 __t (thu'Q'ng) cling thtt<Jng t sau danh tu a chi " tren, Ci
tren, phi a tren "' each dung cling giong nhu' 9=J (trung) d bai 5 va
)'}(ngo<:ti) d bai 7. Thf dt} :
_ * J:. (D<:ti 19 thtt(lng) Tren duong cdi.
_ 7( J:. tlut(lng hil'u van) Tren bdu troi c6 may.
_ 'l1t ?I J:. Z 1fi 1$\ (Duy giang tlul(lng chi thanh phon g) Chl
c6 gi6 mat o tren song (To Thric: Xich Bich phu).
6 ... ... Nguoi thl... nguoi thl..., ke
thLke thL:
_ ' (Hoijc thua xa lz oijc b9 hanh) Nguoi thi
cuiii xe, nguoi thl di b().
_ * (Ng6 chi tQi nhan lzoijc bon lzoijc chi)
Tu nhan o Ngo nguoi thl cht;zy tro'n, nguoi thi dang lt;zi (Td truyn:
Chieu cong nhj th(jp tam nien).
_ ' (Hoijc dau ke di vi 1<:tc,
hoijc a6 bac di vi ngu) Ke thl ch9i ga di lam thich, ke thi danh
bt;zc eli lam vui (Tdn Quae Tm1n: chu ti tuong hjch win).
roAN THU n,J HQC CHa HAN 97
rAP VIET

?







_t
I r-
_t
1i
/

f
/.'
1
/.'
1-
/..2...

1=F
1i
WG


9t WG
r:1
p
-
*
- -
I
;1f


*
*


n

*
I EJ
!};
I _L
..LL
Jl:::.

*
ti7
w
9
S
f!fA
DIEU THU
.% , i55z: g m o !Z:9 JE , IE o
Di u huu lttong dtfc, co nang phi. Thu huu tu tuc, co tffu.
T(J MOl
Huu ff (6 net) : co-Dtfc ( 17 net): cdnh chim-C6 (9 net):
vi vt;l y, cho nen-Nang g ( 1 o net): co thi dur;c-Thu iX ( 19 net):
loai thu, loai muong-Tuc JE (7 net) : chan- (12 net):
I
98
TRAN vAN CHANH
gioi, kheo.
D!CH NGHlA Chim muong
Chim co hai cdnh, nen bay Muong c6 bo'n chan, nen gioi
chg_y.
NCO PHAP
+ Cach di'tng chil i!O( (co)
!!& (co) la mQt lien tu rat thong dl;lng thu'ong du'Qc dung (j
sau cua mQt cau phuc chi ket qua, voi nghla la" nen,
cho nen". Thi dl;l:
_ , m huu luang dtfc, co' nang phi)
Chim co hai cdnh, nen bie't bay.
_ lEI 1:f{{,' ' ?&:If' Nil ( Nhan huu tin tam, co bat uy nan)
VI co long tin tuang, cho nen khong ngg_i kh6 khan.
_ ' (Thftn van binh dl ke
vi b?tn, co' da toan thang toan) Thdn nghe vic binh chu ye'u
Ia (J Sl/ tfnh cho nen tfnh todn nhiJu se hay han tinh todn it
(Han thu: Triu Sung Quo'c truyn).
TAP VIET


r
r-
fJ



w w w

w.

_,. -
_..,

+
t

.L>.l:J .L
L
.[_,
.L>.L., .L>.tJ .L>.tJ .L>.l:J
L.. !:::.
TOAN THL1 n,l HQC CHU HAN
99
-
00}\ t:l
t:lt:l
m..
p
OP
OP
m..
ru-
1=1 1=1
JE
D
T


1=1
pp llll llll
n Ft
I
OPt
00*

EEl EEl EEl
1=1 1=1 1=1
9-
Jf JE
.....:.....L-
===:

m
10
w m
KHATDDCO
llll pp pp
FFt.
EE EE


1=.1
,',12. EB Pm &ln 83 :. 12.. 83;: Pm /.\:: &ln tP;: -&.. g!;=;
{w [.\. ' 1=.1 L
0
{141 ':f [.\. Jf, ' 1=.1 L 1-j>:f
0
Khat tu' m, cci tu' thtfc. Khat thai m tra, cd thai thtfc
TU MOl
Khat (12 net):khdt nu'(Jc, muo'n uifng nu(!c-Tti (9 net):
nghi-Am JV;: (13 net): uting-Cd m (11 net): d6i-Thljc (9 net):
(10 net): /uc-Tra '* (10 net):tra, i& (13
net): cum.
D!CH NGHlA Kluit va doi
Khat, nghl c1e'n uo'nf?. 1lli. nghl de'n an. Luc khat u/fng tra, !uc
(16i an com.
TAP
[ 1 I ; 11 11s \
71
I 1 I I
100
TRAN vAN CHANH
B3 n R Ffl 83
83 EE
B3
B3

j
;{_;

,6;., /' /-:> A A .b A Ah
,6;.,

I 3
e


--..
M



7K


/' /-:>
/ /"--..
8
8
--t-1--
./'
/' /-:>

A
3
.b
e
/.'--

8
8=3=
X R
);\._
f

A
3
.b
e
w
11
jJ;fg * Fs,
LUONG NGAN GIAN
* Fs, , tR -tt o tt
_t
A
w
M
fr jt


5-f
_R
/K
.b

w

fS: A,ttT
Luong ngan gian, gia b?m kiu. Kieu thlic_1ng hanh nhan, kieu
ff JiYd
0
hanh thuyen.
TU Mdl
* (8 net): biJ (song)-Gian Fs, (12 net): khadng-Gia
(9 net): gdc len, bdc qua-Ban t&: (8 net): ta'm tft (16
-
roAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
101
net): cay T (3 net): du'Cii, ben du6i- JiYd ( 11 net):
chie'c
D[CH NGH!A
Giila hai biJ song
Giila hai biJ sonx. co bdc qua cay cdu vein. Tren cdu c6
nf!,Ltili eli, duoi cdu cr5 thuyn di.
NCO PHAP
+ TntiJng lujp dqng til vj ngil dijt tnt(/c clulngil
Thong thucmg. chu ngfr tm&c vj ngfr. Trang bai hoc
tren, cau "kiu thlit}ng hanh nhan, kiu h<;l hanh thuyn" c6
thti dliQc viet l<;1i thanh "kiu thlic;1ng nhan hanh, kiu h<;t
thuyn hanh". Nh1111g trong m()t s6 twang hqp sau day, vj ngfr
th u&ng & tm&c chu ngu.

I. Trang cfiu cdm thin:
-
Vi tai ng6n h6!
M3u nhifm tlwy Jc}i n6i fy.' (Mai dinh m9ng kj ti!) .
- a! , , -ill
Hi, thai hi, tien sinh chi ng6n da!
6i, Jc}j tien sinh n6i ctlng qui Jim tlwy.' ( Chitn qu6c sich).
2. Trang thi ca. vi kji hiwh viin, de' cha cic v3n hc;p
nhau, ngt.rcJi ta c6 the'd9t vi ngif ra trt.r6c chtl ngif:
-
Dc;1 Jai phong vu than h.
Dem din tiing gi6 mt.ra (Mc;1nh H<,1o Nhien: Xuan hiiu).
102
nhi.
"'f3.-::l .
- ' I l'i\'9 L...:@: litl!'3 t:. != 7L
TRAN vAN CHANH
D6 quyen dl tn,1c hoang ly lao; thanh lau ngtJ y
Nay quyen cia gh!c oanh giil: f nhi i{Ji giy tnr6c nhil Jiu lo
( Chinh ph f.! ngam khtic).
-
Dao chi yeu yeu, chu6c chooc ky hoa; chi tt! vu qui, nghi
ky thilt gia.
Cay c!ilo c!?p de, hoa n6 t6t woi; co kia nhil clu5ng, nen
hqp v6i gia c!inb nbil cb6ng (Thi Kinh: Qu6c phong: Dilo yeu).
m
12
1M_ iW t!:t
DINH TIEN THl)
/M_ U '
0
I h m
Dlnh th1,1, hG'u sao. nhat quftn, th1,1 gian phi
0
min h.
Tl) MOl
Dlnh 1M_ (10 net): san-ThQ (16 net): cay co'i-Sao (11
net): td chim-Qm1n ( 13 net): bdy, dan-Minh (14 net):
(chim) keu.
D[CH NGH[A Cay tnt{/c sail
(Tren) cay tru6c san, c6 td chim. M9t bdy chim nho, viia bay
vita keu giila cdc cay.
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
103
NGU PHA.P
Vi trf Clt(l so' ttl trong kit edit so' ltt(lng
Trong bai hqc trcn, cau nhat quftn" cGng c6 th
viet l<:ti thanh "nhat quan .
1. mi;it d.u true ngfr phap, vi tri tuang quan gifra cac bQ
dung trong du chi s6 ll1Q11.g duqc sip theo each
khac nhau:
(1) s6 danh tir(tbuimg Jj danb tirc!on vj):
-
a:ic b;;tch Lhien thfrt.
Moi niim ng.iln tim ]f!a (To ThCrc: Phuong San Til
Truyn).
(2) s6 s:.w danb tirchl ngur3i lwz
-
Tri a5'u m6n tam LPp bt,m ]f!C.
ba mL!V'i siu cih ( Kham djnb sii}.
104
(3) s6 tir d.at tnr6c danh ttl: thea ki ca"'u:
S6 ttl -i- danh ttl don vj + danh ttl (ten Sl!
- 9. if m-
Nhi chi binh thtremg chich ke.
TRAN VAN CHANH
Mi chi JiJ m9t con gil binh thur3ng (H6 Chi Minh: Ngijc !rung
kf, Thinh ke minh).
2. s6 llfQ11g chi la "m<?t", ngt.r&i ta thtr&ng tinh lugc s6 tt!:
- * ' ( )
Ttr tu chuyin tm&ng (
) tmgng d u.
B6ng ch6c biin thiznh m9t ngwi to 16n, cao h011 (m9t) trur;mg
(Ng[f Jam) ( = nha"'t tmgng du).
- ( ) '
Ngo hfru ( . ) dflu tLru, tang chi dru hi.
' T6i con m9t dJu ruvu. ca"'t gi[f dJ Mu r6i (To Thfrc: lfau Xich
Bich phu} (= nha"'tdi.u tLru).
3. C6 tmemg hQp le ra phai dung m<?t danh tt! don vi sau
s6 tt!, nhtrng ngt.r&i ta bo di:
- ( )
Ky s6 tu ngii ( ), t10 nhi tn,Jc mieu.
Chim nho b6n nam (con), izo t6i la het, ruvt duo] mea
Phuc Thanh: Mieu b9 rhii) (tinh llrQ'c (chich)).
- ' .q:. __JL + ( )
son ngu cong gia, nien tha ciiu ( ).
Bic S011 ngu c6ng. tuol" dJ g.in chin muoi tii: Ngu c6ng
di s011) (tinh ltrgc chfr
>
Phuong Ba di kim tu ( ), thi'nh v.i tien sinh mfru
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 105
thQ.
PhUV77g Ba dem b6n chijc lur;mg vizng xin chuc th9 mr rh.iy
(Phuang Ton Thanh: Kf LU11 M.nnh D6 tien sinh st/) (tinh ltrgc
(luvng).
m
13
)\ [2l
MA BATTHAT
' )\ [2l 0 QiG ' QiG fL ' QiG {Iff ' QiG
HQa nhf1t buc, rna bat that. ngoa, phu,
{LP o
ngttong.
TU MOl
HQa :m: (12 net): ve, tranh ve, blic tranh-Buc (12 net): khff
r9ng cua vdi, blic (tranh)- Tha't [2l (4 net): con (ti:t dung di de'm
ng(ia) -Ngc;>a (8 net): fL (5 net): dling-Phu {Jff (1 0
net) : cui xuong-Nguong {fP (6 net): nga'ng len.
D[CH NGHiA Tam con
(Day Ia) m9t buc h9a, c6 hinh tam con ng(ia. Hoijc nlim, hoijc
dung, hoijc cui xuo'ng, hot;ic nga?ng len.
NG(/ PHAP
+ Caclz di'tng mi)t sf{ danh til ddn vt
Danh tt! don vj (con gQi la Iuc;1ng tu) dung di goi ten cac d6
trong khi do ltr&ng tinh tofm.
Tuy theo m6n d6 ngu&i ta dung nhfrng danh tt! don vj
khac nhau, nhu .:g ( danh : chi s6 ngu&i). (vi en : chi s6 vi en
106
TRAN VAN CHANH
chCrc, quan l<;li). [J (kh:{u: chi s6 sue lo<;li nho, nhtr heo ga). 1.
(vi: chi s6 con ca). h (p!nln : chi s6 d6 c6 d<;lng mong nl1Lr
van, ng6i). f* (c/w: chi s6 ciiy l&n), (can: chi s6 ciiy nho), jj
(phong chi nhfrng d6 c6 hinh g6i), IE, [2.!:=. ( th:ft. chi s6 vai l1,1a),
!Jt (chich: chi s6 con nhu gL.), (song chi s6 thanh d6i).
fflJ ' * ' if (s:ich. bdn. quye'n: chi s6 cu6n sach), msti (suv: chi s6
be). g[ (ron: chi nhfrng to l&n, nhtr nha, nui ... ), @. (6c:
chi s6 ng6i nha). ' tJ[ (btic. khodnh: chi s6 ru(>ng), ffi ' fT
(/lfQ77g. ct!.n: chi s6 vang b<;1c ). [2.!:=. (th:ft. chi s6 ngt.ra), tt (chi chi s6
ciiy viii).
vai thi dtj:
-
HL!U dp rna s6 thien dtr thk
L;Ji c:fp cho ngf!<? h011 m:iy ngan con (Binh Ngo d;Ji c:io).
.L-o 49. -1::::: ;rJ-r r+t s= lftt H::. Y.L>- : 1:.: Ji -;:r; 11Ifh 8U: ,m: :
- JJ J.l'..X.. ' t-''J ' t=1 ' eJL1JxtS
rm 1- _a il m a_t w
Tham tu&ng Phoong Chinh, N(>i quan Ma Ky, tien dp h<;1m
ngu bach du suu, ky d(> hili nhi do thii h6n phi phach tang.
Mfi Ky. PhllV71g Chinh, cap cho h011 nlim trim chiic thuyn.
ra t6i bie;z con chlKl thoi trbng ngvc (Binh Ng6 dc;Ii cdo).
- ' YJff.j; 1i + ,(E
T6ng d'm cJn: Nam sa ngu thk
Gtfm nha Tbng muvi cn"y. the ta nlim c/Jf!C t:fm (Khn"m djnb
Dai nam hoi dien Slf /e) .
. . . .
a!T
Hoang l<;1p tam bach can, b<;1ch kim ngu bach lur;mg.
Sap vang bn tram cn"n. b;Jc nlim trfim Juvng (Khn"m djnh D!li
nam hoi dien Slf /e).
. . .
roAN THV Tlj HQC CHG HAN
ti
?
TA
m
14
ti
HUU
107
*
.,
THU
1I ti * # + o ti 1i ti 1i o fJE IfX !J '
Ta huu thu, c(>ng chi. Ta ngu chi, huu ngO chl.Nang thu
11= $ 0
nang tac slf.
TU MCJI
Ta ti_ (5 net): hen trdi-Hii'u tJ (5 net): hen phdi-Thu * (4
net): tay-C(>ng # (6 net): chung, cunf? nhau, c()nf? lCJi, t!fng c()nf?-
Chl (9 net): ng6n tay-Thu (8 net): My- tVJ (8 net): c16
v(lt-Tac 11= (7 net): lam-Srf $ net): vi?c.
D!CH NGHlA Tay trai va tay plziii
Tay trdi, tay phdi g6m muC!i ng(5n. Tay trdi nam ng6n, tay phdi
nam ng6n. C6 thi d6 vt;Zt, c6 rhi lam c6ng l'i?c.
w
15
El. .fill!!!
-?)" '5'.
THAN THE
A z .t G: f'f = g5 5} o ffi W 1Z9 o
Nhan chi than thE huu tam b6 phan.Ddu, khu,can, du tu chi.Dfru
? _t ' 13 $ , . ffi. 5E tE T * tE ffi
thu'<;ing,khu can elf trung,luong tuc tai thu Iuong
5Zo
bang.
108
TRAN VAN CHANH
TU MCJI
Chi Z (3 net): trr; tit ke't d{u (xem Ngil phdp bfli 16)-Than
thi R (7 net, 22 net): than thl-B() )j- (10 net, 6 net):
b9 phi}n, phdn-Dfiu j (16 net): cdi ddu-Khu can I'Uf: (18 net,
13 net): than rnlnh-Dfi W (13 net): va-Tu chi rz:g 3Z (5 net, 8
net): bifn chi, tay chan-Cu Ji5 (8 net): a-Bang 'J!j (10 net): ben.
D!CHNGHlA
Than thl
Than thl ( cua) nguai ta c6 3 phdn: ddu rnlnh va chan tay. Ddu
iJ tren, mlnh o giila, hai chan iJ duoi, hai tay o hai ben.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dilng chil W ( dfi)
W (dfi) }a lien tU dung d n6i ket hai hay nhiu tu, Cl;lffi tu,
c6 nghTa Et II cung, va II 0 Thi dl;l:
_ .J:i, 3Z khu can dil tu chi) Ddu, rninh va
tTl chi.
_I *W * (Cong dil nong Cong
va nang
_ ttl' chi ngon tinh dil thien d<;1o)
Phu til n6i vi tinh va dc;to trai (Lu(jn ngil).
m
16
A Nfi

A IID _t -A , T -A aJ:i , m 9J :R:,
Nhan thu<;5ng bQ vi tang, eve h<;1 vi h<;1m, ti cu trung uong, ti
$
h<;1 hliu trung hii'u thu<;5ng hliu luang IDtJC,mtJc
TOAN THV TV HOC CHU HAN
109
__t } ; 1} :( ffij z 1I iJ 5I 0
thu<;5ng huu mi; luang nhT chi ta huu bien.
TU MCJI
[] (9 net): rn't- Vi ,A (12 net) : la-Tang (19 net): cdi
trdn-Crfc (12 net): cung, hon aJ:i (16 net): cdrn-Ti J!
(14 net): rnui-Trung liong $ -5R: ( 4net, 5 net): o giila- % (6
net): cdi ht8'i-M1;1c (5 net): con mdt-Mi } (9 net): long may-
Nhi 1} (6 net): tai-Bien 5I ( 19 net): ben, ria.
D[CH NGHlA Mijt ngztdi
Phdn tren cua rnijt nguai ta La trdn, duoi cung la dim; rnui iJ
chinh gia"a, duoi mui c6 trong c6 luO'i; tren mui c6
hai con mdt, tren rndt c6 long may; hai tai 0 ben trdi va ben phdi
cua mijt.
NGU PHAP I I
0 (vi) la m<)t dbng d9ng tit (xem Ngil phdp bai 30, mtJc3
[3] ) thuong dung trong ca u dinh nghla, c6 nghla la II la" 0 Thi dl;l:
_ (Nhan thu<;5ng b9 vi tang,
qtc h? vi h<;1m) Phdn tren cua mijt nguai ta la trdn, duoi cung la
clim.
Nam c6 quan vi Ham Nghi de)
Vua cu cua Narn la vua Ham Nghi (Phan B<)i Chau: Nam
vong quo'c sa).
- : El : ,A 19" EB Nich viet: Ttl' vi thuy?
Viet: Vi TrQng Do) Njch hc3i: Ngai la ai? Trd lai: (Toi) La
Trr;ng Do ( Lu(m ngil: Vi til).
110 TRAN VAN CHANH
f} Z (chi) tntdc day du'QC cac nha ngu phap xep vao l0<;1i giOi
tit, nay thu'ong du'QC coi la m9t trr; tit ke't diu rat thong dt,mg trong
Van ngon, dung noi ket phfrn djnh ngil (xem Ngil phap bai
98) voi til' ho?c ngu trung tam. Trong m9t so tru'ong h<;p, chu
z (chi )nay c6 du'QC dich la "cU. a". Thi dl,l:
- [j chi ta hliu bien) Ben trai va ben phai cua
m(it ( [j la dinh ngu, b6 nghia cho c1,1m til' trung F1fthong
qua slj noi ket cua;Z).
AZ. (Nhan chi than Than thi ( cua) con nguC!i.
_ .E r zy:_ (Quan tll' chi giao) Sf! giao du cua nguui quan til).
m<;lC chi chau) Con cua sa 111flC (am chl
con l9c cla).
_ ' rtL ' 5R-J-Z -T--tg (Til' Nhien, Til' Kh6ng, Tong til'
chi til' da) Til Nhien, Til Kh6ng la con cua Tffng til (Ta truyfn: Tuctng
cong thqp cilu nien). r,
_ r=pfj( z (Trung thu chi d<;i) Dem trung thu.
_ YfJ@- z (Hoang duong chi ngon) Ufi n6i hoang du(Jrzg.
- (Hanh ac chi nhan) N guui lam VifC ac.
_ Chau chi da) Canh d6ng Vlnh Chau.
_ ' ' chi nh?t, dong
chi d<;i, bach tue chi h?u, quy vu ky cu') Ngay hfl, dem dong, sau m9t
tram nam, tr!J voi phdn m9 cua mlnh (Thi Kinh: Du(Jrzg phong, Cat
sinh).
m
TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
17
miti
NAO
r=p fisj
0
fisj 3::. it fJ ; * 5E j}\ fisj z
Diiu trung huu nao. Nao chu truyn thu tuc thll'a nao chi
111
_6-. A r, r ;;-- rw< .L.t:; t.:::. =n r-1': err- .L.t:;
D[J iJ .V_A IJ !3!-!)
0
fjBJ t:, J>C jj,C., ' t::.
d1 hanh d<)ng. Nao nang tiep cam giac, nang
. }Sl, ;tg 0
phat sinh tu' tu'Cing.
TU MOl
Nao fisj (13 net): 6c-Chu j::_ (5 net): giil vai tro, chuyerz vd,
lam chu 1$ fJ (13 net, 5 net): truydn /fnh-Thua 7}\
(8 net): dam nhqn, nh(in ti[J -fJ (8 net, 5 net): mnh
lfnh-Di .1-) (4 net): di, thea -Hanh d()ng iT ib (6 net, 11 net):
lam vifc, hanh d9ng- Tiep 'IF2 (net): nh(in ta:v. tie}J nh(in-
Cam giac :W; ( 13 net, 20 net): cam # (6 net): ciJng-
Phat sinh . ( 13 net, 5 net): phat sinh. lflo ra, gay nen-Tti
ttidng ;tg (9 net, 13 net): tu tu!Jng.
D[CH NGHlA 6c
Trang ddu c6 1ic. Oc giil vic truydn lnh; tay chan vang thea
112 TRAN VAN CHANH
lnh cua 6c di hanh d()ng (lam vic). 6c c6 thi tie'p nh(m
duc;c cam gidc; cilng c6 thi tr,w ra dur;tc tu tuang.
NG0PHAP
0 _l:_) (di) la lien tlr chi ffil;IC dich, dich la "de":
_ - 1..-)Jrfb ( Thu tuc thua nao chi
di hanh d()ng) Tay chan vang thea mnh lnh cua 6c di hanh
d()ng.
_ (Cau m()c vi sao diti Ghep
nhdnh cay lam t6 di trdnh Sf! gay hc;zi cua cdc laai thu ri:tng (Han
Phi Til: Ngii do). .
_ nhan Tong di cuu Trinh) Sa
ddnh To'ng di cliu Trinh (Ta truyn: Hi cong nhi thQ_p nhj nien).
@ 1.]\ la ph6 tu lam ngu , c6 nghia la "cling,
dlng la" :
fj(((.4t:; t.ti:"'V r=t>; ""'1::5?;..!+- 83 ;;f ( N- - . ""
_ o[1g!k. ao nang tlep n
d.m giac, difc nang phat sinh tu' tu'dng) Oc c6 thi tie'p nhQ_n dur;tc
cam gidc, ciing c6 thi phdt sinh dur;tc tu tuang.
_ z-(LQ difc vu trung trung chi nhat) Co
ciing La m()t trang nhilng laai c6 long vii (Tho Cong Trli) .
_ ' (Thi tien uu, thoai difc uu) The
thi tie'n ciing lo, thodi ciing lo TrQng Yem: Nhc;zc Ducmg
lau ky).
w
18
!li HIM
TANG PHU

TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
113
{,- P] J1n ' ij$ 3:. Of o,& ; ;j \ tSj
Tam ty phat huye't, phe chu ho hap; can, tl, vi, tieu tnCt'-ing quiln
1t z@ '; * w 1m
thu()c tieu h6a chi co quan; tnr0ng, du bang quang giai
ff ntt z o
bai tiet chi dich.
nJ MOI
Tam {,' (4 net): tim- Ty P] (5 net): cai, giil, phf! trdch
Huye't jJn (6 net): mau-Phe' ij$ (9 net): ph6'i-Ho hap Of D,& (8 net,
6 net): thi! ra hft \'aa, ho ha]J-Can (7 net): gan-Tl ij' ( 12 net):
ti, La (9 net): baa til, dc;z day-Tiiu tniong (3 net,
13 net): ru()t nan-Quan tSj (7 net): eMu-Thu()c (21 net): thu()c
vJ-Tieu hoa m1t (10 net, 4 net): tieu h(3a-Co quan (16
net , 8 net): co quan, b() tniong (3 net, 13 net):
ru()t (12 net): trdi cQ_t, thQ_n-Bang quang 1m 7\: (14
net, 10 net): bang quang, b9ng ddi-Giai (10 net):
1-:f: (6 net): gi(J nhim Wj, phl;l trdch, dam nhim-Bai tie't {tl:t ( 11
net, 7net): bai tilt, thai ra-Dich fjt (6 net): vic.
D[CH NGHlA
Tcpzg phzl
114
TRAN vAN CHANH
Tim giil vic phdt huye't, pho?i chuyen "2 ho hajJ (thO' ra hit
vao); gan, tl (ld lach), bao tit, ru()t non ct2u thu()c vP ca quan tieu
h6a; ru()t gia, qua cQ.t (thQ.n) va b9ng cldi ct2u dam nhifm giil vic
bai tie't.
NG0PHAP
0 :!$) (quan) Ia ph6 tu lam trang ngO', c6 nghTa Ia,
cling":
_ (Can, tl, vi, tn.rong
quan thu<)c tieu h6a chi eel quan) La Ldch, baa tit, ru()t non d2u
thu()c vi co quan tieu h6a.
_ (Xuat tjch gia qufm huu quyet
Nhilng nguai d{n dl! ct2u c6 quyin bdu quye't.
_ ' (Thj dT S0, chi dan
quan bftn nhi qua phu) VI the' dan hai mMc Sd, Trifu d2u ngheo
ma it c6 nguai giau (Diem thie't luqn: Thong hilu).
6 (giai) cGng c6 nghTa Ia ",each dung nhu' chO'
(quan) 0 tren:
_ ' ( truC1ng, dO'
bang quang giai bai tiet chi djch) Ru()t gia, thQ.n va bang
quang diu dam nhifm Fife hili tilt.
_A (Nhan giai tri chi) M9i nguai diu hilt vic d6.
(Chieu kien ngG ufi'n giai kh6ng) Soi tha:v
nam wi'n ct2u khong (Bat nha Ba La mQ.t da Tam kinh).
m
19

'
BIEU LY
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHC! HAN
115
R z )'} rm ff J5Z , 12 ff Rll ,
Than chi hO'u bl mao, bl hc;1 hO'u co nh1,1c, nh1,1c
$ ff 1?b Z J:. o :j(f $ ff
trung hO'u din c6t. Tich vi qufrn cot chi chu. Tich trung hut! tuy . .
:filf r!& A r .t... t:. --'- :fi1f ) r .t...t::. m a;+,
"" Fl ' I' lk. J1..
0
" " flJJ \ ' I' f3t:: "i!IJ
0
V6 cot nhan bat nang V6 can nhil.n bat nang cu d(>ng.
TlJ MCJI
Bi J5Z (5 net): da-Mao (4 net): 1/Jng-Cd Rll (6 net): bdp thjt,
ur-Nhl)c (6 net): thit-Can (7 net.): gan-C6t (10 net):
xuong-Tich (10 net): xuong so'ng-Vi 1?b (12 net): La-Tuy
(23 net): tuy-Vo fW; (12 net): khonf< c6-Ba't /f (4 net): khong,
chdng-Cli dc)ng ib (17 net, llnet): cit' d()ng.
D!CH NGHiA Ngoai vii trong
M(it ngoai ciia than thi c6 da, Lonf?, duoi (lOp) da c6 thit, trong
thjt c6 gan, xuong. Xuong so'ng La xuong chinh cua ta't ca cdc
xuong. Trang xuong so'ng c6 tiiy.
Khong c6 xuung. nguai ta khong thi dung dur;c. Khong c6 gan,
nguai ta khong thi cit d()ng dur;c.
NGO PHAP
+ Cach dilng /fg (ba't nang)
/fg (ba't nang) Ia m(>t Cl,lm tlf quen dung, ke't hc;Jp giG'a
ph6 tu phu dinh /f (bat) voi trQ d(lng tu E(nang), djch nghia Ia
"kh6ng
_ o (Yo c6t nhan bat
nii.ng V6 can nhan bat niing cu d(lng) Khong c6 xuong nguai
ta khong dung dur;c. Khong c6 gan nguai ta kh6ng thi ell
116 TRAN vAN CHANH
cl<'}ng dLtQ'c.
. _ (Bat niing h6t thD Khong thi xem thuifnf<.
_ m.X:ff:\: /f'f:JEFte (Uy vG bat niing khuatJ Uy ,.a khong lam
cho khulft duQ'c.
m
20
E '
NGU QUAN
If ' ' tJ?. ' ' 4 ' ' -- o;t:
Nhi vi thinh 4uan, vi thi quan, tj vi khuu quan, vi vj
. '=J= 'o
quan, thu du bl vi xuc quan.
/f' f:JE j@ , /f' f:JE ti :f3 , /f' f:JE
Bat nang thinh gia vi lung, bat nang thj gia vi manh, bat nang
:f3 02 0
ng6n gia vi a.
TU MCJI
Thfnh quan '(21 net, 8 net): co quan thinh gidc ( di nghe)-
Th! quanti' (12 net, 8 net): co quan thi gidc (di nhin)-Khuu
quan ' ( 13 net,8 net): co quan khuu gidc ( di ngrli)- V! quan
o;t: ' (8 net,8 net): co quan vi gidc ( di nem)-Xuc quan ' (20
net,8 net): crf quan xuc gidc (eli riJ, chg.m)-Gia (8net): cdi, ke,
nguiJi-Lung V (22net): diic-Manh (7 net): dui, mu-Ngon
(7 net): noi- A. o2 < 11 net): cam.
D!CH NGH[A Niim gidc quan
Tai lei uJ quan thinh gidc (nghe), mdt la co quan thi gidc
mui Ia co quan khuu gidc (ngrli), lu8i la co quan vj gidc
TOAN THV TV HQC CHCI HAN 117
(ne'm), tay la co quan .nlc Ride ( r&, chg.m).
Ke khong nghe dLt(!C lei (nguiJi) die'c, ke khong duQ'c Ia
(nguiJi) mu, ke khong nc5i dliQ'C La (nguiJi) cam.
NCO PHAP
+ Cdch dt'mg chil :f3 (gia)
Chu :f3" (gia) truck day duc_jc coi la mot tu, duc_jc
cac nha ngu phap xep van trc_j tu, thuong dung sau dong tu,
hlnh dung tu, s6 tu chi nguoi hay slf v?t, c6 nghia la"cai,
nguoi, ke .. . ". Thi
_ (Bat nang thinh gia vi
lung, bat nang thj gia vi manh) NguiJi (ke) khong nghe duQ'c Ia
nguiJi die'c, ngli(li ( ke) kh/Jng d!iQ'C fa ngLtiJi 111U.
_ (Tri nga gia) Ke bie't ta.
_ Van Cll'
huu nhj tlt, gia tue, gia ngG tue) Kho?ng Van Crl' c6
hai con trai, dua !Cin sdu tudi, clua nho niim tuo?i (Thi thuyit tan
nga: Ngon nga).
m
21
i* m
MQC D{)C
&: Pi JL , fi!TJ;J ntt ill o ;g: Fo fi!T
Bl phu hG'u kh6ng, sd di bai tiet han djch da. NhliQC vi cau sd
, IJ ?t nJt /f' , (JJ: ?* m 1i Jn o
trd, tac han tiet bat sliong, c6 IDOC nghi dn.
i* 1t /f' Fo , x f:JE g}J l1n z ?liE ;m o
Moe bat d?c tru cau, hlfu nang trc_j huyet djch chi llill thong.
118 TRAN VAN CHANH
TUM6I
m phu J1 (5 net,l5 net): da, da de-Kh6ng fL (4 net): 16-S(J di
pfT l--) (8 net, 5 net): nen, cho nen; cai dunf? eli- Han cijch ?f Wl (6
net, 11 net): m6 hoi-Da -ill, (3 net): v(ly (tr(J tu')-NhttQ'c :;f (8 net):
ne'u (lien tU')-Vi (12 net): bj (xem phdn Ngfl phap (;
ca'u }6(15 net, 9 net): do, b(im-Trd (7 net): ngan tro,
ngan (net): thi (lien ti'A')-Sttong (14 net): thong suo't-
M(>c dt.Jc tB (7 net, 10 net): tdm n}a, tdm g9i-Nghi :.: (8 net):
nen (ph6 f1J (13 net): cham, sieng-Ba't /Gt:f (4 net, 10
net): khong chl, ch!lng nhflng-Tru (1 0 net): trit ho-HtfU 3Z (2
net): lfli, l9i con (ph6 tit)-Huye't cijch lfn.Wl (6 net, 11 net): mau-Lttu
im (1 0 net): chay.
D[CH NGHlA Tiim gQi
Da c6 !6, nen hai tie't m6 hoi. Nlu bj do ngan tra thi m6
hoi tilt ra khong thong suift, cho nen vifc tdm g9i nen cham.
Tiim g9i ch!lng nhflng triA' du(Jc du, rna ciJn c6 thi giup cho sf:( htu
thOng cua huyet djch (mciu).
NGUPHAP
0 .Pfft)(sd di) Ia m9t lien tu dung chi ket qua, co nghTa Ia
"vi the, nen, cho nen, v?y nen":
_ lftL ' .P!T ,1;) :f91=ilit?fWl-tQ ( B1 phu hG'u kh6ng, sll di bai
tiet han djch da) Da c6 !6 nen hai tilt elu'(JC m6 hOi.
.PfftJ,f.tBM'
the nhlic;5c d;:ti mong, h6 vi lao ky sinh, sll di chung nh?t tuy, d6i
nhien ngQa doanh) () dai nhu' gia(: chiem bao, lam chi rna phai
lao dao cho doi, vl).y-rrrrsay-suo't hom mai, ben cay c9t tru6'c nlim
dai khinh chan ( Ly B9ch: Xuan nh(lt tuy khai ngon chi).
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 119
_ pJTJ--)/GJl(Du ban phi le, sll di bat bai) Du v(/n
nen khtmg 1{1.\' (The' thuye't tan ngfl: Ngfl nf?on).
@ :;f (nhtiQ'c) Ia lien tu bi'u thj giii thiet, dich Ia "neu, neu
nhli". Trong tren, :;g: ... (nhLWC ... tic ... ) Ia mot each thl"rc co
djnh, c6 nghla la"neu ... thl...":
_ (Nhu'(JC vi trdn cau st1 trff,
tiic han tiet bat sudng) Nlu bj do ngan tro thi m6 hoi tilt ra
khong thong suiJ't.
_ (Vuong nlut(lc
fin ky v6 t()i nhi ttfu tu dja, tdc nguu dLiclng ha yen?) Niu
nha vua t9i cho con v(lt w) t9i rna eli din ch6 chit thi ch9n
lam gi gifla b() l'a de? ( M9nh til: Luong Huf vuong thu(Jng).
thuc:
) ff.S ... pfT (vi...sd) dung thj y bi dong, theo cong
Chu ngu St! chu dong+ pfT( sCi)+ dong tCr.
Thf
_ ( Nhlic;5c vi cau sll trd) Niu bj h(im
ngan tro.
_ 8 vi van sll te) M(it trai hi may che.
_ (Lieu Thang vi nga quan sll c6ng) Ldu
Thiing bj quanta ta'n cang Triii: Blnh Ngo dCJi ccio).
0 /f!f-B: ... ... ( ba't ... hlfu ... ) Ia Cl;lm tu quen dung,
nghla Ia "khong nhCrng ... ma con ... ", "kh6ng chi... l;:ti con ... ".
CGng dung /Gt' ... # ... (bat dac ... ... ):
::x.g..JJlfn.Wlz?mJr (Moe dl,lc bar a{ic
120
TRAN VAN CHANH
tnl' cau, h{tu nang tr<J huyet dich chi lt.tu hanh) Tdm g9i chdng
nhilng trit dur;c do, ma C()n cd thi Rhip cho St! htu hanh cila mdu.

(C6 nhan chi van, bii't dijc nhat thien chi trung v6 nhung phuc da,
nhat t?p chi trung difC v6 nhung phlic) Van chuang cua nguoi
xua, khong chl trong m9t bai kh6nR c6 chJ trung ldp du thita, ma
cd trong m9t t(jp cilng khong cr) chJ trung ldp du thita (Nh(it tri
c 6' nhan t(ip trung v6 nhilng phtic).
m
22
G: t*
THE THAO
A Z .t G: , t) Jb ffiJ B 1lt o lb z
Nhan chi than th<i, dT v?n cl()ng nhi nh?t V?n cl()ng chi hU'u
-t3 ' YO G: t%; o G: t* Itn Hili ' j$
ich gia, m<,tc nhu th<i thao. Th<i thao nang ho<,1t huyet nwch, cttong
ffE , x ttiJ G: z o
can cot, hifu nang trQ toan th<i chi phat due.
TU MOl
d()ng lb ( 1 3 net, I 1 net): v(in d9ng-Nhi ffi] (6 net): ma
(lien 1}! (1 1 net): m9nh khoe-ich nhti
YO (1 0 net, 6 net): khong l{l being- thao mH* (22 net, 16
net): thi (9 net): lam cho hor;a d9ng (dung nhu df}ng
tit)-Huyet rtrrff@ (6 net, 10 net): mdu-Ctiong j$ (10
net): lam cho (dung nhu df}ng tit)-Toan (6 net): tat cd-
Phat (12 net, 8 net): phat dw:. d(iy thi, truang thanh.
TOAN THLI Tl)' HQC CHV HAN
121
I)[CH NGHlA Tlzithao
Than thi con ngur'!i nho \'Qn df}ng ma ngay cang mflnh khoe.
V(in df}ng c6 ich, khang gi bitng thi th(JO.
Thi thao ldm hoqt df}ng cdc mdu, lam gan co't, lai
CrJ thi giup vao Sl/ phdt dl;-lC cua IOCl/1 than thl
NG0PHAP
0 .[:) (di) trong bai dliQc dung nhli m()t gioi tu a<i chi
nguyen nhan, voi nghia Ia "vi, do, nho":
_ chi than di v?n
cl()ng nhi nh?t Than thi con nguoi nho v(in df}ng ma ngay
cang khoe.
_ ( Lt.tu Cong Can di that kfnh ly t9i)
Luu Cong Can vi tha't kinh md mdc tf}i (The' thuyit tan ngil).
_ ifij.g (Nhi ng6 di b8 xa d()c t6n) Ma toi nhr'!
c6 bdt rdn m(/i rieng dur;c C()n (Lieu Ton Nguyen: B6' X(l
gia thuyit).
_ ' ( Phu sif di m?t thanh, ngu di tiet
b<:ti) Vi?c lam nho kin ddo ma thanh cong, loi n6i vi tilt l(iu md
tha't (Han Phi Tit: Thui
6 B trong bai nay att<Jc dung nhu ph6 tu lam
ngu, voi nghTa la"ngay cang, ngay m()t them":
_ B 1}! (DT v?n cl()ng nhi nhijt Nho v(in
df}ng ma ngdy cang mf]nh khoe.
_ $ ' ?ffb1 8 tli (Phong oc chi trung 6 ue nlzijt
tfch)Trong nha, nhilng d6 do bri'n ngay m9t cha't chua ( Bai 62).
_ 11Jxz{,'8 (D()c phu chi tam nhijt fch kieu co)
Long cua ten vua VrJ df]O ngay cang them kieu cang ngoan ca' (D6
M1,1c : A Phong cung phu ).
122
TRAN VAN CHANH
(m::tc nhu), til quen dung, nghia la "khong gl
bang, bang, tha, chi bang":
_ Z i'f;f;it 13 ' d<)ng chi huu fch gia,
lll(lC nlut th, thao) Vi?c v(in d9ng c6 ich, kh6ng gi bdng thl thao.
_iiJ7_ji13 ' cltu vien gia, 11l{lC n/ut tay quy)
Muon tinh chuy?n lau dai, kh6ng gi bh.ng tay (Han Du: Tl
Thf)p nhf lang win).
w
23

ill

ME D0
/
BO
* :g, Y ffl 4 o JfJ R ;_ o
Me da thi,u, d1,1ng dfru lu'Qng. Bo tru'ong doan, d1,1ng xfch lu'Qng.
*+ R_ o
Me thang, vi nhat dfru. Bo thon, vi nhat xfch.
TU Md!
(6 net): gt;Io-Da (6 net): Thiiu (4 net): it-Dt,mg (5
net): dung-Diiu (4 net): cai d(tu-LtfQ'ng (12 net): dong, do-B6 (5
net): vdi-Truong (12 net): dai-Doan ( 12 net): ngdn-Xich (4 net):
cai thu6'c-Thang (4 net): cai thung- Thon (3 net): trJc.
D[CH NGHlA G{lo va vai
G9o nhidu it, dung da'u dong. Vai dai ngdn, dung thu6'c do.
Muoi thung gt;Io la m9t da'u. Muoi ta'c vai la m9t thu6'c.
w
TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
123
24
A w,
LAO NHAN MAl NGU
1=f A , tt , A $ r:fl , w, - , $
Huu Hio nhan, true thi trung, mai ngu' nhat vi, b9
f=r *0
hanh hoan gia.
TU Mdi
(6 net): (12 net): cdm, ndm ta:v-Lam (20
net): cai giu-Thi $ (5 net): ch(Y-Mai net): mua-Ngtf W,
. ( 11 net): con ca- Vi (7 net): cai du6i, con (a day lc1 lu(Yng tit
dung dl chi sr'{ con ca)-BQ hanh 7)5-fj (7 net, 6 net): di bc)-Hoan
( 17 net): tro
D[CH NGHiA Ong gia mua cti
C6 m9t 6ng gia xach cai gio tre, di vao trong ch(Y, mua m9t
con ca, (r6i) di b9 nha.
w
25
ffi,, w
NGU DU MIEU
mr r:p , ffi_ m o ;J\ * , fi'X. 1m w, o
Pha ly cang trung, kim ngu' luang vi Ti,u mieu lai, d1,1c bQ ngu'.
ft
Nga that, mieu dao khu.
TU Mdl
Pha ly I,& (9 net, 15 net): kinh, thuy tinh, pha le-Cang ml (9
124 TRAN VAN CHANH
net): cdi chgu /6'n-Kim :& (8 net): vang-Mieu %Eti (16 net): con
nu?o-DQc $}:: (11 net): muon-B(> (bci'Hmoo net): hdt-Nga :fj(; (7
net): ta, toi-That (9 net): nha 3-Dao m ( 10 net): tron di.
D!CH NGHiA Cava meo
Trang chiu pha le, (co) hai con cd vang. Con meo nho de'n,
muon hdt cd. Toi vao nha, meo tron di:
NGO PHA.P
flAI TlJ {i;
1. D:;ti tlr dung cti thay cho ten gQi trt)'C cua c:ic S!!
vi ly do kh6ng li].p l:;ti hoi].c kh6ng thi n6i ra.
D:;ti tlr c6 thi thay cho mot tlr hay cho cii mot y dt.rQ'C
d:;tt tu.
Thi df!:
- gl=f*fj,
Dich hfru thai C!!C, thi sinh ltr6ng nghi.
Dich g6m c6 thai qrc, tir d6 (= thai eve) sinh ra hai nghi
(dich) ("Thi'' thay cho tu "thai C!!c").

Nhan Uyen, Quy Lo thi. Tu H:;tp cacng6n nhichi?
Nhan Uyen, Quy L9 dung hdu. Kh6ng tJ hoi: Sao mOi nguVi
kh6ng n6i chi minh (Lut;Jn ngtJ>) ("cac" va "nh1" thay cho "Nhan
Uyen, Quy Lo").
2. di]_c diim, noi Chung, d<;li tlr kh6ng thi dt.rQ'C tfi!C b6
ngh1a m<)t lo<;1i tu nao khac. Kh6ng thi n6i: - :fj(; (tam nga),
* c ci:;ti ngo ), llt (tMm thu) .. .. tru mot s6 tnr&ng hqp di?.c
TOAN THU n,l HQC CHCI HAN
125

Nhi c6ng thuy thi NgQa Long tien sinh?
Trang hai 6ng, ai JiJ Ng9a Long tien sinh? (Tam qu6c chi diJn
nghia).
Gi6ng nht.r danh tu (lo<;1i tu rna n6 tht.r&ng thay ), d<;1i tu c6
thi lam chu ngfr, tan ngfr, hqp v&i ct6ng d()ng tu (xem
Ngil phdp, bai 39, do<;1n 3 [31 ) cti lam vi ngfr. Trang tm&ng
hqp, mot s6 d<;li tlr nht.r J;i (an), (nhien) ... chi c6 thi lam tan ngfr,
djnh ngfr (xem Ngil phdp, hai 93 va 98 ), chCr kh6ng thi lam chu
ngfr nht.r danh tu.
3. C6 thi chia d:;ti tu thanh 3 lo<;1i l&n:
(1) Dt;Ji tir nhfin XU77g: :fit (nga: t61). anh), {/Z (bi: 6ng
dy) ...
(2) Dt;Ji tir chj thi: Jl:t(tht!: cai nay. ngu&i nay), flR (bi: cai kia.
ngur}i kia), {ifL (tha: cai klzac), (m<;lC: kh6ng aJ) ...
(3) Dt;Ji tir nghi vfn: m (thuy: m), 6 dfiu)... .
m
26

KHACH CHI
1'f :fj(; )(o:f\t J!}1 P'Jo
Huu khach chi, khan nga ph1,1. Nga nghenh khach, nh?p that n<)i.
)( '
0
)( {5 ' li
0
Ph1,1 kien khach, van tinh danh. Ph1,1 tQa huu, khach tQa tiL
TU Md!
Khach (9 net): nguili khdch-Chi (6 net): dln-Khan ;g
126
TRAN VAN CHANH
(9 net): vie'ng, tham-Nghenh (nghinh) Jill (8 net): don, tie/J, ntoc-
Kie'n J! (7 net): trong thl/v- Vfin (11 net): hoi-Tinh fti (8 net):
h9-Danh 1; (6 net): ten-TQa (7 net): ngbi.
D[CH NGHiA Khacli den nha
Co khach de'n, tham cha toi. Toi ntoc khach, w1o trong nha.
Cha trong tha:v khach, hoi hQ ten. Cha ngbi ben phdi, khach ngbi
ben trai.
m
27
*1T - Bfr
TAN THlf NHAT sAcH
*JT fflJo Jt
Tan thu' nhat sach. Tien sinh giang, hQc sinh thin h. Tien d<)c ttf
Iz:.. {1,71 9 $.
E3 ' f.jtj: T o
am, giai tli nghTa.
TU M(JJ
Tan *1T ( 13 net): moi-Thu' (5 net): sach-Sach Bfr (5 net):
cw5'n, quyln (luc;ng tit dung di dim sach)-Giang (17 net):
gidng gidi-Thinh (22 net): nghe-D()c (22 net): dQc-Trf ::f:
(6 net): chit-Am 1- (9 net): am, 1& (9 net): sau-Giai
(13 net): gidng cho ro, gidi thich-Ngh1a ( 13 net): y ngh'la.
D[CH NGHiA MQt cuon sach nuJi
(Day Ia) mf)t cuo'n sach moi. Thdy gidng, tro nghe. Truoc dQc
am chit, sau gidi thich ngh'la chit.
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
127
w
28
S)j ,Ej 1\
MINH NGUYI;:T TUdNG XUAT
S)j ,Ej tJj , [!] o rE] 11J: '
Minh tu'ong xuat, trung thanh tu khC:Ii . Thai cao thai de,
rP;: rP;: ' -t:T T
l-j'J l-j'J J.Ll o :;!=!: / I' - o
thai vien thai Ky thanh bat nhat.
-TU M(JJ
Tu'ong (11 net): se, sap-Xufl! 1\ (5 net): ra-Trimg (18
net): loai sau bo, con trung-Thanh (17 net): tieng-KhO'i
(10 net): n6i 1fr (7 net): J1i (8 net): gftn-Ky ;!t
(8 net): cua n6 til, c1 day thay cho "trung").
D[CH NGHiA Triing sang sifp m()c
Trang sang sdp mQc, tie'ng con trung n6'i len bo'n phia. Luc cao
luc thap, luc xa luc gdn. Tie'ng cua no khong gio'ng nhau.
NGU PHAP
0 (tu'ong) la ph6 til dung lam tr;,tng ngu, truoc d<)ng
til thi "sap, sap slia, gftn":
_ S)j ,Ej (Minh tzto'ug xuat) Trang sang sdp mQC.
_ nhi tztdng hQc) Be Trang sdp vao
hQc ( Bai 61).
_ (C6ng tztdng chien) Trang cong sdp danh (Td
truyfn: Trang cong th4p nien).
6 [9 (tu) trong bai duc;rc dung nhu ph6 til, tru'oc d<)ng
128
VAN CHANH
tu, voi nghia la "b6n ben, tu phia, noi": (Trung
thanh tu khdi) Tie'ng con triing nfli d(jy bon ben.
@ (th<li...th<li) nghia la "hie thl... hie thl ":
_ (Thdi cao thdi de) Luc cao luc thflp.
_ (Thdi chi thdi khu) Luc de'n luc di.
0 ;t:t (ky) la tu chi thi dung a sd huu each, di;it tnroc
danh tU thi "cua n6, cua 6ng a'y ... ":
- ;t:t V/f'- (KJ thanh ba't nha't)Tieng cua n6 khong giong
nhau (trong bai h9c tren, chil ky du(fc dung thay cho chil trung).
_ o ;!t-,$ o Jt-,8 (Khftu
huu huu xi. ngm;ti, ky xich. Xi n()i, ky
c6 moi c6 riing. Moi a ngoai, mau cua n6 do.Riing a
trong, mau cua n6 trdng.
_ )}Ig:.fifl (Dlnh trung chung que', ky thuong
h,Ic) Trong san tr6ng que: La cua n6 thuong mau
f)c B $JT U
m
29
u Hi
QUANNHAN
Hi rJ *or'@Jm 7(
Thu tan tlnh, nam lai. Cao phi thien kh6ng, hoi;ic
- A o
nhu' nha't tl,l', hoi;ic nhu' nhan tl,l'.
TU Md!
Thu fj( (9 net): mua thu- Tinh (12 net): troi quang tt;mh-
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
129
Hi ( 11 net): chim nhqn-Nam rJ (9 net): huang nam-Khong
(8 net): khodng (6 net): gio'ng nhu.
D[CH NGHlA Bay nlu;n
Ngay thu tri1i l'ita quang tg_nh, nhilng con nhg_n ttl" phuonR nam
dln. (Chung) bay cao tren b6u troi, ho(ic Ri/InR chil nha't
(-),hor;ic giong chil nhiin (A.).
NCO PHAP
HiNH DUNG TU DUNG NHLJ PHO TU
Hinh dung tt1 dung nhu ph6 tt1, lu6n lu6n tm&c d()ng tt1:
- rm n JJ ;g= *IT liJfiJ
Nhi dao nhfrn nhl!Q'c tan phat u hinh.
Miz dao nhLr mrfj duvc mizj xong (Trang Tti: Duiing sinh chu ).
I ' I )ita ;i;-[2 -$" B IEf t{j:; ;::t;:; CJ;
- .V.A r,c:;; 'fill. ,L:., ' 1 /)!!!- IIIJ {-q- .=E.
Dl dtrc biio oan. h?u thl nhi b:;c VQng.
Liy dtic bio oin. cho nhju miz mong it (Sti kj Du

w
30
'* 1E
VIEN TRUNG HOA
J:f:l 1E , 7t: 1*1 o tJt 1E , * :ft a , tl
Vien trung hoa, tien h?u khai. Dao hoa h6ng, ly hoa que
1t, j!{o Wj ff ff @@:If' rPJo
hoa hoang. Cue huu da chung, nhan sac bat o6ng.
130 TRAN vAN CHANH
TlJ M(JJ
Vien (13 net): VU'(fn-Hoa 1t. (8 net): bong hoa-Khai 00 ( 12
net): (hoa) no-Dao ( 10 net): cay dao-H6ng (9 net): mau
do-Ly * (7 net): cay mijn, trdi mqn-Que ff ( 10 net): cay qul-
Hoang (12 net): mau vang-Cuc ( 12 net): cay cue, hoa cuc-
Chung fj (14 net): gio'ng, loai (lo9i)-Nhan (18 net): dang
m(lt-Silc '. (6 net): mau mo-D6ng [PJ (6 net): gi/J'ng nhau.
D!CH NGHlA Hoa trong vttifn
Hoa trong VU'On, no trur'lc no sau. Hoa dclo mau do, hoa m<ln
mau trdng, hoa qui mau l'ang. Hoa cue cr) gio'ng, mau sdc
kh6ng gi6ng nhau.
NGU PHA.P
8QNG TLJ itJ
J.D(5ng tu
D<)ng tu dung ta m<)t hanh d<)ng, m<)t xuc cam tam ly,
m<)t xay ra, hay m<)t tr<;tng thai cua nguai hay Sl!
Thi d1,1:
...
- WJ\ I
Thu tau.
d<)ng).
- --It: '1'00
Ng6 min yen.
Ta rit dau long (Dpi Vift Stf k.f toim thif; (cam xuc).
f-r
- ;t 1'3)(.
Suong tiin.
TOAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN
131
Surmg tan (tr<_1ng thai, hoa).
- :ftrffl
Hoa khai.
Hoa xiiy ra).
2. M<)t s6 ngfr phap cua d('>ng ttr
a) D('>ng tt! c6 dLYQ'C b6 nghla nhfrng tt! chi trinh d('>,
thai gian. y v.v.
Thi d1,1:
- *'lyt

Ci nnrng.
- 5t
Bit
Kh6ng tidy.
Nhlfl1g chi nhfrng d<)ng tt! 6 nhfrng d<)ng tac tam ly. nhu
=f= ? o t;x._ A A 83 ' ' A? A?
-(hi: mung), ( tu: suy nghi) mm co the dLYQ'C bo
nghla b5.ng nhfrng tLr chi trinh dQ. con hftu nhfrng d('>ng tlr khac
thi kh6ng, nhu kh6ng "Chitfiu" (rdt
(rdt tlw)i?) ...
b) Moi c!('>ng tt! c6 hqp v&i m('>t tt! chi s6 xac dinh
& tm&c n6 chi s6 lftn ra cua d('>ng tic, hinh vi, hoi.
Thi d1,1:
- -:Z:: --:r .:7_ = Efl rtn j .<t. :( =-
--:r- X.. -T - l.:, IIIJ I J
Qui Van tu tam tu nhi hanh.
Qui Vin llr suy di nghi Jpi ha J.in r6i m6i himh d(5ng
ngtf) .
132
TRAN VAN CHANH
c) Hfru d<)ng tt1 c6 the' trt!C lam vj ngfr trong cftu (xem
Ngil phdp bai X9)
Thf df!:
- ' fj [IT}(
Hoa tim. khuyit.
Hoa tim. uiing khuyit.
3. C6 thlchia c!9ng tir ra lam 41o{li:
(I J D9ng tir m;5i dng: de' chi nhfrng hoc;1t d<)ng khong tac d<)ng
m<)t st,r khac. nghla la khong dn phiii c6 tan ngfr.
gwn:
Phu) .
Thf df!:
-fltfj
xufft.
Trfing m9c.
Tuy nhien. n6 c6 the' c6 b6 ngfr chi trc;1ng thai, dja diim. thOi
- fl & * w z _c
xufrt u Dong 5071 chi thur;mg.
Trling 1119c tren nui Dong 5071( To Thtir:: Tiin Xfch Bfch
C6 2 loc;1i nho:
a) D<)ng tt1 n<)i d<)ng ph6 thong.
Thf df!:
-
Phong vu chi.
Mw gi6 Vf!t din (Au DU071g Tu: Thu thanh phu).
roAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
b) D<)ng tt1 n<)i d<)ng khong hoan
Thi df!:
- }'jf - I :13 {!
Phffn nhfrt cai giii vang.
133
Gi3 Jilm m9t ngt.r&i iin xin mil J:;Ji (Ngl;ly Tufrn: Bien thimh).
(2) D9ng tir ngo:;Ji dng: dung dien til m<)t d<)ng tac rna lt,rc
CO thi d<;lt cac Sl! khac, ngh!a la CO thi cfrn phai CO mQt
tan ngfr.
Thi df!:

An tien sinh thjthu.
HuyJn An tien sinh thich (d9C) sach (B{lch Or DJ).
C6 thi chia lam 3 loc;1i nho:
a) D<)ng tt1 ngoc;1i d<)ng ph6 thong:
- +
tMp duly.
Giifc dim qufm dai ra tren mt.r&i difm ( VU071g Nguyen).
b) D<)ng tt1 ngoc;1i d<)ng khong hoan toan: .1-.:J, (dT),
(su), '% (ljnh) ...
- fit t.:J, ?tc A ?
Thuy nga dinhfr vi thanh nhan da !
Ban c!du ta cho nguui JiJ b[lc thanh nhan ! (Trang Tif>) .
c) D<)ng tu ngoc;1i d<)ng c6 hai tan ngfr: G6m nhfrng d<)ng tt1
bii u thi Sl! ban nhu (tfr), -T (du), W (dfr). (thl;J), 1=-f (bai) ...
-
Du tunhfr Mc;1nh Chu chi mi .
134 TRAN VAN CHANH
Ta cho ngurri con nai ciJa M.anh Chli( Ti truyfn).
(3) D6ng d9ng tLr: GQi la "d6ng dong ttY' vi n6 khong thi
mot dong tac Ct1 nhung trong cftu, no CO vi tri va vai tro ngfr
phap nhu m<?t d<)ng tu. D6ng dong tu thucmg dung trong cac tm&ng
hqp dinh. phu dinh, so sanh.
Nhilng d6ng dong tu thu&ng dung la: (thi),
t!DCtCrc). ]J(nai), ff(hilu), !iE(phi),
-f#Cvo),
(4) Trq dr)ng tir: dung kem v&i dong tlr chinh.
- Trq d(lng tu khong dung doc n6 lu6n lu6n dUng
tm&c hay sau d(lng tlr chinh;
- Trq dong tt! kh6ng c6 ttin ngil;
- Trong tm&ng hqp, chCrc nang ngil phap cua trq dong
tt! tuong tl! nhu ph6 tt1, nhung khac v&i ph6 tu & cho n6 khong dung
bcS nghia cho hinh dung tu. Ta c6 "tuc uu" (dang Ia), ' 'nang
hanh" (co the' Jilm). nhung kh6ng "tuc my: (dting d(::p? ),"
nang thanh ( c6 the'xanh ?).
Cin cCr vao y nghia, ta c6 chia trq dong tu ra lam 6 nh6m
chinh sau day:
a) thi nang PJ (kha),
.L.f:: ( - )
fk nang,
)E. (tuc ) ... , f!!! (ung). :: (nghi), (tu) ...
b) thi kha nang xay ra (SL! sip xay ra): N:ft (tuang).
fJ (h(li). &' (duang) ...
c) thj y chi: $)\ (dt1c: mu6n), (nhftn: nO), (ninh:
th'a) ...
roAN THV Tlj HQC CHU HAN
135
d) thi bj d(lng: fJY(bj). .. .
e) thi Sl! thong thi BFl (h<;l). j! (hoang) .. .
31
tg tfOJ f.*
NGO DONG LUONG CHU
tg tfOJ f.* ' tt j *
0
;ffi 1& ' j
Ngo d6ng luong cl1U, chi cao d(li. Suong giang
w
0
j!!j 1 P7c * ' j W
0
tiem hoang. Tay phong xuy lai, 19-c man giai.
TU Mdl
Ngo d6ng tg f["Q] (II net, I 0 net): cav ngo dbng, cay vong-Chu
f.* (1 0 net): cay ( htr;ng tli, dung cti de'm so' cay )-Chi t5z (8 net):
cimh j (13 net): Ia cay-Stidng ;ffi (17 net): hgt suang-
Giang (9 net): sa, rrJi (14 net): ddn ddn-Tay
].7_ (6 net): hudng tG_v-Phong [ (9 net): gic5-Xuy PJ\ (7 net): thbi-
(13 net): rai (14 net): ddy-Giai (12 net):
bf!c
DfCH NGHiA
Hai ciiy ngo d6ng
136
TRAN VAN CHANH
(C6) hai cay ngo d6ng, cimh cao ld to. Sau mua suong xuo'ng,
ld d{m ddn wing. Gi6 tay th6'i de'n, ld Tf!-ng ddy
NCO PHA.P
8QNG TlJ DUNG NHU HINH DUNG TU
D<)ng tt! dung nhu hinh dung tt!, khi tm&c danh tt!, n6
thtremg cung danh tlr do mQt tlr da am:
-
Than ngl! giang du(mg.
(Vua) dich than din ngv 6 nhil giang (Han tht.l}.

Sinh thu(mg vi thuyit khach.
Sinh tht.rOng liJm thuyit khtich (Sti kj) .
m
32
*
TUQUY
f:k

7i ::Jif:k*
Xu an thu dong, vi tu quy. Xuan khu ha lai, khu thu lai,
*'*
thu khu dong lai, thien khi cac
TU MOl
Xuan (9net): mua xuan -H::) (10 net): mua h<I-Dong
(5 net): mua dong-Thj (9 net): nay, cdi nay, d6 ( d<Ii tit')-Quy
* (8 net): mua-Khf (10 net): khi trai-Cac 19- (6 net): mbi cdi-
Dj (12 net): .khdc, khdc nhau.
TOAN THLI n,l HQC CHU HAN 137
D!CH NGHlA
Xuan, h(l, thu, dl5ng, d6 Ia bt/n mua. Xuan di, h<I de'n, h<I di thu
din, thu di dong de'n, tilt trifi nuJi miia mbi khdc.
NCO PHAP
o (thD I a tu chi thi dung dti thay the va chi nhung
ngu'oi Sl,J' da neu ra d tru'dc, CO thti djch "day, d6, cai
nay, nguoi nay ... (thi vi) djch "d6la". Thi dl;l:
_ ' * ( Xuan thu dong, thi vi tu
quy) Xuan, h(l, thu, dong, d6 La bon mua.
- B rmff ' (Kim nhT huang nhi hanh,
thi vi dong phu'ong) Nay chdu huang phia m(it trai ma di d6 Ia
phuong dong (Bai 79).
6 (cac) cGng la dai tu chi thi bitiu thi sl,l' trl;Jc chi (chi
tung cai), c6 nghia "moi thu, moi cai, moi ngu'oi ... ":
_ (Thien khf cdc dj ) Tie't trai mbi mua mbi khdc.
_ ( Cdc huu an chi tam) Mbi nguifi
c6 long an vui ( Bili 106).
min h.
51' ( Cdc an ky ph?n ) Mbi nguai yen v6i ph(tn
m
33
If!
NONG PHU
1=f If! ' f:E Ll.J T o "* , tt o B tJJ
Huu nong phu, tru son Bien mao vi oc, bien true vi ly. Nh?t S(1
7t ' w jjj te o B Yi- ' Wfj}j &* o
thang, su xuat. Nh?t tu'ong su quy.
138
TRAN vAN CHANH
TU MOl
Nong #! ( 13 net): ll[?Uifi lam ruqng-Phu X (4 net): n[?U(fi dim
6ng- Tru {1 (7 net): d-So'n L1J (3 net l: m.ii-Bien ( 15 net):
dan-Mao (9 net): cd tranh- Vi m ( 12 net): !am-Oc (9 net):
nha- Ly (25 net): hang rao. bu gi(lu-Thang ft- (4 net): len, len
cao- H:;t f#iJ ( 11 net): vdc (tren mi}-Su i}J ( 15 net): ccii bua-Quy
( 18 net): tuJ ,.2_
----
.


- --___, .
D[CH NGHlA Nang phu
C6 bdc nang phu, o duai nrAi. co tranh lam nha, dan tre
lam giqu. M(it trui mai 1119C. \'clC buo di ra. Mijt trui sdp !(in. vdc
bua fro vl
roAN THV TlJ HQC CHO' HAN
139
NGU PHAP

!. Ph6 tir:
Pho tu la tu dung di b6 sung y nghia cho d<)ng tu va hlnh
dung tu.
- 7j( * z :rr ' OJ 13 :@
Thuy ll;IC thao ll1QC chi hoa, kha ai gia ph6n.
Hoa cua de Joai ciiy co scfng tren c:;m va durii mr6c. nlulng
thifdfmg yeu c6 rit (Chu Don Di: Ai lien thuyit ).
- fi'i -!-- I J\. -7 J.h
fJJ:_. , /\..I.. I I ' ' p rC_
d;;ti vl.l'O'ng thl!c chi da.
Xin d{li vuung tinh kj VifC d6 ( Chiin qucfc sach).
2. Cac lo<Ji ph6 tir:
(l) Biiu th! trlnh dQ, s6 llrQ'ng: 'l'f:E (duy) , X (hl!U) . -'f (giai).
Zl: (du). -A (ct,rc) ...
(2} Biiu th! tlnh thai: . (thanh), U!!] (c6 ) ...
(3) Biiu tht thai gian: 8 (dl), 1J (phucrng). ___ (tha).
o/J '
t> (hot) ...
(4} Biiu tht phu dtnh: /f (btlt), m ...
(5) Biiu thj khuyb Jinh: :1't (ky). Dl (duy), r6J (thUQ'ng) .. .
(6) Biiu th! klnh nhUQ'llg: (h;;tnh). .. .
m
140
34
A
liV

NHAN ANH
TRAN VAN CHANH
*- Yt 1ZY 'Nf. oA 1 )<
Thu hoa nhien chile, quang chieu til' bfch. Nhan t<:ti chile bang,
'M_ _t 1lf #
bfch thuc;5ng hii'u anh. Nhan tqa, anh tQa. Nhan hanh, anh
# fj 0
hanh.
TU M(JJ
Thu Jf)( (8 net): )< (4 net): /U'a-Nhien (16 net):
do't-Chuc ( 17 net): duo'c-Quang Jt (6 net): dnh sdng-Chie'u
(13 net): chie'u n;i, soi sdng-Bich 'Nf_ (15 net): tUiJng, vdch-
?
Anh (15 net): bong, hlnh bong.
D!CH NGHlA Bong ngliiJi
lila do't duo'c, dnh sang chie'u len bon vdch. Nguoi a ben
duo'c, tren vdch c6 b6ng. Nguifi ng6i, b6ng cung ng6i. Nguifi di,
b6ng cung di.

m
35

/..a..
3.3'8
LVONG NGV ONG
ffi , iPJ *: o , ! W 8 , :t.&:
VG tuong tlnh, ha thuy thanh. Luong ngt1 6ng, tu mi giai b<;1ch, phi
t<. rJf@ , l1lJ J _c , :tm o
thoa y, dai nhucJc m<:J.o, d6ng tQa ng<;1n thucJng, truong vong b<) ngu.
TOAN THU n,f HQC CHV HAN 141
TU M(JJ
Vii ffi (8 net): mua-Ha iPJ (8 net): song-Thuy 1j<. ( 4 net):
nuJc-Thanh (II net): trong treo-Ngti (14 net): ddnh cd-
Ong (10 net): ong (tie'ng ton xung nguifi gia)-Tu (22 net):
rau-Mi ! (9 net): may-Phi :j:,&: (8 net): khodc do-Thoa it (14
net): do wi- Y t( (6 net): cdi do-Dai (16 net): d(Ji-Nhti(jc
(15 net): rJf@ (12 net): cdi n6n-Trtidng (11 net): giang
ra-Vong (14 net): ta'm fuJi.
D!CH NGHlA Hai ong chai
Mua sdp t(Jnh, nuJc song trong. Hai ong chai, rau may
b{lc. khodc do Wi, d(Ji n6n tre. Cung ng6i tren bif song, giiing fuJi
bdt cd.
NCO PHAP
+ Cach diing chiliP] ( d6ng)
IP.] ( d6ng) la ph6 tu thuong lam tr<:J.ng ngii', d?t truck d<)ng
tu, c6 nghla "cung, cung nhau":
_ 111] ( D6ng tQa ng<;1n thuc;5ng) Cung ng6i tren biJ
song.
(D6ng vang thai lang) Cung di hdi a'u (Bai 56).
_ 5(J?5$ ' chieu d6ng tQa 6n kh6a)
Anh vdy em l{li. cung ng6i on bai (Bai 68).
m
36
4-
NGVU
4- tJ *- , g *# EE ' g .1 o;tt OJ it '=!t
Nguu ltfc dai, nang canh din, nang van xa. Ky nhl,lc kha thtfc, ky
142
:JL OJ 'A fiE! W Bz , OJ o
nhU kha <fm, ky giac du bl, giai kha che khf.
TU Md!
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ngu'u 4- (4 net): con b()-Lljc 1J (2 net): sue #j:
(10 net): EE (5 net): ru9nJ?-Van (10 net): keo-Nht;IC
(6 net): thit-Kha OJ (5 net): co thi (trr; d()ng tU')-Nhii :JL (8
net): sii'a-Giac fo=:! (7 net): sU'ng-Dii' W04 net): va, cung (lien
tU')-Bi Bz (5 net): da-Che' (14 net): chi tc;Io, lam ra-Khi (16
net): db dung. .
D!CH NGH[A
Bo ( c6) sue m[,mh, c6 thi cay ru()ng, c6 thi keo xe. Thjt ho an
dur;c, sfla n6 uo'ng dur;c. SU'nJ? va da n6 ddu c6 thi chi tqiO db
dung.
NCO PHAP
+ Cac tr(l dqng (nang), DJ (kha)
(nang) va DJ (kha) au Ia nhung tr<;J d<)ng tu rat thong dt,mg,
oat tntoc d<)ng tu khac, va au c6 nghia Ia "co th, dt1<;1c":
_ 4-tJ* ' ' ]j[ (Nguu llfc d<;1i, niing canh
ain, niing van xa) Bo c6 sllc c6 thi (bie't) cay ru()ng, c6 thl
(bitt) keo xe.
- 'A JtfiEJW Bz (Ky nhl;lc kha
thlfc, ky nhG kha ftm, ky giac du bl, giai kha che khi ) Thjt n6
an dU(Jc, sfla n6 u6ng dur;c. Sung va da n6 ddu c6 thi chi tc;Io db
diuw
roAN THU TV HOC CHG HAN
w
37

6c
143
i! $ , [9 oo Mt , rJ I*J o
H<;1 ng trung huu oc, tu doan tuong, huang nam khai m6n.
1 I] ' 1 )' ' :: 1 1& 0
Khach auong t<;1i tin, thu trai bang, ngQa that t<;1i
TU Md!
i! (8 net): ngi5, hem-Tu'ong Ml ( 17 net): bU'c vdch-
Hu6'ng (6 net): quay vd, huang vd, vd phia-Mon (8 net):
cii'a-Dtiong (11 net): nha chinh-Trai (17 net): phong dQC
sdch, nha hQc.
D!CH NGH[A Nha 11
Trang hem c6 nha, bo'n mtjt c6 tuong ngdn, mJ cU'a ,.d huang
nam. Nha khdch a phia truoc, phong h9c J ben nha ngu J
phia sau.
144
VAN CHANH
NGU PHAP
+ Ctich dz'tng chil rtJ (htfong)
rtJ (htfong) la gidi tu dung d neu hu'dng nham tdi cua
d<)ng tac, hanh vi, c6 th d!ch la "quay hudng phia":
_ (Hztdng nam khai m6n) Ma ella vi huc!ng nam.
_ 4-fi'(.:D 8 Yffiff ' (Kim nhT hztdng nhi hfmh,
th! vi dong phu'ong) Nay chau huc!ng vi phia mijt trai ma di, d6 La
phuO'ng dong ( Bai 79 ).
m
38
)(
PHl) BCH KHACH
gg _t JJ *o)( q:.
Toa thu<Jng khach, vien phuong lai. Ph1,1 b6i khach, thlfc ngQ
o 1& ili , W o iW ff 1f
ph?n. Ph?n xuat m6n, du khach nhan thie'u. huu thanh
LIJ ' ff ?JTE 1J' o
son, bang huu luu thu y.
TU MOl
TQa gg (10 net): cho ng6i-B6i net): thea ben, ng6i thie'p
khach-NgQ q:. (4 net): giila trua- (13 net): CC!m, bila iin-
Nhan (12 net): thong thd-Thie'u (11 net): trong ngdm-Ltfu
iffL ( 10 net): troi, chdy.
D!CH NGH!A Cha tiip khtich
Khach tren cho ng6i, dln til phuong xa. Cha ng6i ben khach,
iin cC!m trua. Sau bila cC!m ra ella, cr:.tng khdch thong thd ngdm
trong. Phia truc!c c6 nui xanh, ben qznh c6 nuc!c chdy.
roAN THLI TV HQC CHU HAN
145
NGU PHAP
GIOI
1. Gi&i tl.r dung d<f neu Sl! lien y nghia gifra cac tl.r hay die
phfrn c6 VIJ b6 tuc cho nhau.
Gi&i tl.r c6 n6i thanh phfrn ph1,1 v&i d(lng tl.r, hinh dung tl.r
b6 nghia cho d(lng ttr. hinh dung thai gian, nai ch6n,
nguyen nhfm, phll'ang ph:ip v.v.
Thi dl}:

zn
bat Thang ky vi nga s& c6ng. trl.)y u Chi
Lang chi dii.
Ngay muVi tam. Lieu Thang bi quan tn t[{n cong, ke' tha't bt;Ii
a di Chi Uing (Binh ng6 d;;i cao) ("ll" n6i thanh ''Chi Lang chi
da" v&i d(lng ttr ''tr1,1y" di cho nai ch6n) .
3. ttr kh6ng c6 ranh gi&i r6 gili'a d(lng tu v&i gi&i ttr.
N6i each kh:ic, nhli'ng ttr thu(lc nay tr6ng gi6ng nhll d(lng ttr,
nhll'l1g gili' vai tro ngli' ph:ip nhll' gi&i ttr.
Thi du:
. ' l
-
dan xa khu thUQ71g Lang.
Thifp m9t minh len xe ruoi t6i M{w Lang (Han tlul).
- ,
Phu chi sang. dam ttr.
D6ain giu&ng thi m4t v6 rn chit(Phllang Nh1,1).
Trong 2 thi d1,1 tren. "thllqng", "chi" dong vai tro cua gi&i ttr.
146
TRAN VAN CHANH
vi .. thuqng" dung lien "khu" v&i Liing", "chi" c6 nghla Ia
chi hanh d(lng, nen cling c6 thi coi Ia d(lng tt!. Vi c6
y cho nhfrng tt! nhu tren Ia m(lt tiiu lo:;ti cua d(lng tt!, va gQi Ia
"ph6 d(lng tt!'' hay 'tht! d(lng tt!".
diim ca ban giup ta phan gi&i tt! thuftn tuy v&i d(lng
tt! b: D(lng tt! c6 the' dung d(lc gi&i tt! thuftn tuy kh6ng thi
dung d(lc
m
39
m
TUYET PHI
oo. , * m o tt , - Jt
phong khdi, cl<:1i tuyet phi. Bang !au vien vqng, nhat phien
a @ o Jl a te , rrg JJX: <1.k o 7f;
Tuyet chi xuat, llfu bang. Ky hlnh nhu'

tr<;:i.
TU MCJI
(5 net): phu'(fng bdc, phfa bdc-Tuyet (11 net): tuye't
(do hoi nuoc d9ng l(ti)-Dang (12 net): len-Lau ft (16 net):
/6u-Phien Jt (4 net): mdnh, ddi-Chi lt (4 net): thai, ngung-
( 17 net): mdi nha gie ra tren nha, mdi hien-Ltfu
(13 net): nude nura tren nu.ii hien chdy xuo'ng-Thanh FJ)t (6
net): triJ thanh. trif nen-Bang <* (6 net): bang, giLi-ffi nh (7
net): hinh dang- TrQ' ( 1 S net): chie'c dua.
D!CH NGHiA
Tuyit bay
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN 147
Gi6 hdc (bile) n6'i len, tuye't bay r({t nhi2u. Len ldu tr6ng ra. xa,
(thl(v) m9t deli mau trdng. Tuye't m(it tn!i mQc, nuoc tren
mdi hien chdy xuo'ng thanh biinJ?. hinh gi/JnR chie'c diia.
NCO PHAP
LIEN TV :1J!!
1. Lien ttr dung di n6i c:ic tlr. ngCr, thanh phftn cua cau
do:;tn cau, do:;tn van v&i nhau.
Thf dl):
- N6i kit tir v6i tir:
- it!L t!Lz 1- t)
Lo:;tn chi am om d1 n(l.
.Am tlwnh doi thi nghe nlur ai oin va han
(Li kj) .
- N6i kit ngtJ v6i ngtJ:
- ?I _t Z 00. ' W LlJ Fs9 Z Bfl f-3
Duy giang thuqng chi thanh phong. dii san gian chi minh

Ch/ c6 gi6 mit tJtn song va trfing sing gitJa kho!mg m)i (To
Thuc: Xich Bich phu ).
- N6i kit de thanh ph!m cua cfw:
- 1& A A rJT ftiJ
Hau rife vi nhan s&
Sau ift bj nguvi tic chi (SJ kj).
- Ncfi kit hai do{ln c5u:
- u w ' t51: * .L-). Ilt hl: u ill
148
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nga tAt hliu tQi, c6thien dl thtr bai nga da.
Ta fr c6 r(Ji nen rnJi vi d6mil bora (L5 rhj Xudn rhu).
- Ncfi k!r hai do{ln van:


/. B ---'? 1+1 flil h.. f'E L- ;;A. m _fr T1. -f--A d7 81-r =:m Q.:f;: -.s-
5'..>[ l'D' ;<___ ; , 7F _L.. ollll m" , ' ;x. r::l , JJ.X.. Yv'<. ' 1::::1 of3- 1-J'f *

Dtr t<:J.i Ky Son, Phuung Son tt! tong luang ky, nhi
thL du Tay Scm. Thtr&c kh&i tr st! ky nhi X<:J. chi. BAt
ho<:J.ch. Phtrang San tt! n<), ma d<)c xufrt, nhAt phat d:ic chi. Nhdn dfr
dtr ma thtrQTig dt,mg binh, c6 kim b<:J.i. tt,r vi nhfrt thai
hao si
H6i ra Cf mJi Ky. c6 g{fp PhLr071g S011 rucung lwi nguiri ky m5,
deo hai mtii ren, rang cho'i vung Tay S011. Chr;rr c6 nu)r con chim
kh5ch bay qua phia rrur5c, Phlf071g S011 tti sai hai nguiri ky m5 duo}
bin. Khong trung. Phlf071g S011 rti gi[in. tv minh duo) ngva rhea .
bin nu)r ph5r rhi rrung ngay. Nhan d6 cung t,? ng6i t1-en ngva bim
dijng bin/7. ctJng nhtJng thilnh b{li XUil nay. fa tv cho
ong Jil hila si m(Jr rhcfi (f6 Thfrc: Phuong Son ttl truyfn).
2. Cin Clr vao y nghla va Vl,l, ta c6 thi chia lien tl.r lam
mfry lo<:J.i sau day:
( 1) Biiu thj m& quan lien hqp: Dung n6i hai hay be)
cung chung ra trong mC)t cau.
a) Biiu thi st,r cC)ng gop: W (dfr). & ffij (nhi), ___ (tha).
Y... (ht,rU) ...
b) Biiu thi st,r !t,ra chon: ), ;g: (nhtrQ'C ). (nhtr),
A ... ;!t (ky ... ky ). :j:!p (frc), (ttrang) ...
{2) Biiu rhj m6i quan qua i[li:
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
149
a) Biiu thi st,r chuyin y: (nhien), : (chi nhtr),
)t, (hu6ng) ...
b) Biiu thi thm gian: WI (hC)i), 1lt (dll'O'Og) ...
c) Biiu thi nguyen nhfm va qua: 1-:1. (dl), (i)c (c6) ...
d) Biiu thi gia 1Sj (diu), ...
e) Biiu thi % (linh), fB (dan su) ...
f) Biiu thi nhliQ'Og b<): ll (tuy), *iif (tung) ...
g) Biiu thi so sanh: (nhtr), ::5 (nhtrQ'C ), w ... /f ( dfr ...
nhtr ... ) ...
(3) Bilu thi svdE tiip:
Lo;;1i lien tl.r nay con gQi la phat ngii tir, thtr&ng dung & dftu
diu hay dftu do(,ln van nghi Thtr&ng dung: ::K (phu), ___ (tha),
i! (cai), 13_ :;K (tha phu), :i! :;K (cai phu):
- ::K ' [Ii] f.l fffi /f [Ii] f.l ' ?Jj\ 1-:1. 2 !
Phu, d6ng chung nhi bfrt ai d6ng chung, di hi!
NgLJt]i cung m(Jt gicfng mil khong biit thlf071g nhau, cling qua Jifm
thay! (Phan B<)i Chau: Nam vong qucfc su).
- ___ ::K ' l.k z fl f3 ' lJ * f;t 111 M-:tJ
Tha phU, thuy chi tich gia bfrt h?u, ph1,1 d<,1i chau da v6 lt,rc.
Nur5c chiia khong sau thi mang thuyEn J6n khong du stir:
(Trang Til) .

Cii phil, thu chi vi tr<:J.ng da, ky tham d;;1m, yen phi van

Kia, mua thu ph6 bily hinh trf}ng, sic thiim d{l117, kh6i toa
may thau (Au DU'O'Og Tu: Thu thanh phu ).
l!lll
150
m
40
D
KHAU
TRAN VAN CHANH
D ff Iff ff o " ? )'} ' Jt '@ $ o {Er*.) , Jt
Khffu huu thn hfi'u xi. Thn t<;ti ngo<;ti, ky sac xich. Xi t<;ti n<)i, ky
'@ it ftf D A' Pi ftf D tf1o
sac b<;tch. Am thtfc tong khu nh?p, ngon ngu tong khu xuat.
TU M(JJ
Thfin (11 net): moi (ciing viit la !., h()D (15 net):
rang-Xich $ (7 net): mau do- Tong (tung) ftf (11 net): do, til-
Ngon (7 net): n6i, loi n6i-Ngii' Pi (14 net): n6i, loi n6i.
D!CH NGH[A Mifng
Mi?ng (m6m) c6 moi, c6 rang. Moi o ngoai, mau do. Rang o
trong, mau trcing. D6 an uong til (do) mi?ng vao, loi n6i nang til
(do) mi?ng ra.
NGUPHA.P
+ Cach dung chz1 1: (tong)
1: (tong) la gioi til dung d chi dia di<im, thC1i gian, noi
xuat phat cua d<)ng tac ho?c hanh vi, c6 th dich "do, til":
_ ' l=l gftfD tB (Am thtfc tong khffu nh?p,
ngon ngu tong khffu xuat) D6 Zm uong til mi?ng vao, loi n6i nang
til mi?ng ra.
_ (Nga tong khu nien til de kinh) Ta til
nam ngocii gia hi?t kinh do (B<;tch Cu Di: Ti ha himh).
m
roAN THli TLj HQC CHU HAN
151
41
i'J
DIEU NGU
iOJ 7'
0
=t ;j\ ' i'J
0
Jj(
Nhat dong nJ' tQa ha bang. Thu tr! ti;u can, nhl dieu ngu'. Thuy
, * B: o w'J *ff - tb , $: o
trung ngLi, lai thon nhl. Dieu ti nhat d<)ng, cu can dac ngu.
Tl) M(JJ
D6ng r ( 12 net, 3 net): dua tre- Trl (9 net): C(im-Can
(9 net): sdo, cdn tre, cdn (19 net): hu()c, c()t-Nm
(15 net): m6i (c1i cau)-Dieu i'J (11 net): cau ca-Thon i: (7 net):
nu/ft-Ti *ff ( 13 net): .w;i nho, w-D<)ng ib ( 11 net): cl()ng, chuyln
d()ng-Cif $: ( 17 net): cf/t, nhdc len-Diic ( 11 net): du(jc.
D!CH NGHlA Ciiu ca
M()t dua tre ng6i hen song. TaY cdm cdn tre nh(), hu()c m6i cau
eel. Con ca trong nu:ac cMp m6i. Day cau m6i !drz lay d()ng, nhdc
cdn tre len dU:(/C CQ.
NGO PHAP
+ Cach di'tng chz1 - (nha't)
- (nha't) trong bai hQc tren Ia m<)t s6 tu dung nhu ph6 tu,
thu'ong c6 nghla la "m<)t cai, m<)t lfrn, moi ]n, lfrn thu nhat":
_ i'J*ff -Jb ' (Dieu ty nhiit d<)ng, cu can dac
ngu') M6i !dn day cau lay d()ng, nhdc cdn tre len c1U:(/C ca.
_ 1i 8 -IE. ' + 8 -ffi (Ngu nh?t nhiit phong, th?p nh?t
nhiit vu) Nam ngay m()t ldn gi6, mu:C!i ngay m()t ldn mu:a ( Lu(in
hoanh: Thj ung).
m
152
42
fa!j w 1IDt
MIEU D0THU
VAN CHANH
FEt tt fa!j I J \ , fa3 tt * I J \
0
1IDt fa3 , A
Thti ti mieu mieu ti khuytin titiu. Thif kien mieu,
!=f::1 , fa3 /f E A o fa3 7:. , @. JJJ ,
trung, mieu bat nang Mieu kien khuytin, dang 6c dfnh,
7\. /f E J:. 0
khuytin bat nang thu'ong. -
Tf) Mdl
Thll' .@t (13 net): con chu(Jt-Tl tt (5 net): so sdnh, so voi-Mieu
fa3 ( 16 net): con meo-Khuyin * ( 4 net): con Ch(5-Kien (7
net): trong ( 11 net): gi[{u A (5 net): 16,
hang-I>inh dlnh JJJ ( 1 1 net): ch6 cao nh([t, dlnh- ThtiO'ng
(thtiQ'ng) J:. (3 net): len (dung nhu d(}ng tit, dr;c Ia thuong).
D[CH NGHlA
Meo va c/u)
Chu(Jt so voi mea thi nho, mea so voi ch6 thi nh6. Chu9t trong
tha:\' meo, na/J vao trong hang, mea khong vao dU'(Jc. Mea trong
tha:,. cho. treo len n6c nha, ch6 kh6ng len dur;c.
NGU PHAP
+ Chic tt ( tl ) trong ke't edit so sdnlz
Dung tt ( ti ). theo du: chu ngli' duqc so smh) + tt (
ti) + danh tl.r, ngli' danh tl.r lam chufrn di so smh) + hlnh
dung tl.r:
_ FEtttfa3;J,, fa3 tt-J\. 1j'(Thtl' tl mieu titiu, mieu tl khuy'n
titiu) Chu9t so voi mea thi nho. mea so voi chc5 thi nh6 (Chu(Jt nhd
h mea, mea nho hrtn chd ).
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHV HAN 153
_ ( khan thu gia tl nhan tru&ng) Ct.rOi
tr6ng cay Jua mua thu con dai h011 than ngu&i (Luu Luan: Tay giao
van tinh thi ).
- (Luong tl dung my hi) Sv hitn dju t6t h011 tho

_ 11 (Phi en nhan t(;lo thuyn tl Trung
Quoc canh co) Nguoi nuoc ngoai dong tau chile hrtn nguoi Trung
Qu{/c.
m
43


lj\ ' J.k , JJ'
0

Titiu trl dttong, xuan thoi thuy tham, dong thoi thuy thitin. Luong
fr: :r , 1 !IF , L-:,J. fffi ?& 1J' , L-:,J. *t ta 1X o
nuttl', t(;li trlb(;ln, didung capthuy,dichtl' daoy.
Tl) Mdl
Trl (6 net): ao-Dtiong (13 net): ao hinh vuong-Tham
(11 net): sau-Thiin (11 net): nang, qzn-Nii' !;J:: (3 net): nguoi
con !IF (10 net): bo-Di J,) (5 net): dung (gioi tu)-Diing
fffi (11 net): thung gb tron-Cap ?l!J. (7 net): muc len-Chil' ff (8
net): cai chay-Dao tlf(l6 net): gia, d(lp bdng chay.
D[CH NGHlA Ao nho
(Trang) ao nho, mua xuan nuoc sau, mua dong nuoc cr;zn. C6
.._ hai co gdi, i'J ben bo ao. Dung thung muc nuoc, dung chay d(lp do.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dzl.ng chz7 PJ ( di)
154 TRAN VAN CHANH
t) (di) la gioi tu dung biiu th! phu'ong cua cl<)ng tac
ho?c hanh vi, c6 thi d!ch la "H(y, dung, bang":
_ (Di dung dip thuy, dl chll' clao y)
Dung thung muc nuac, dung chay dljp do (muc nuac bdng thung,
dtJ.p do bdng chay).
_ (Dfthu th6i chi) Dung tay ddy n6 (Bai 69).
_ (Di linh mieu h?ng) Dung chuang bu()c
vao co? mea (Bai 83).
m
44
..fr ""
"' 1iei
BINH KHf
tl A , :ff x T , :ff 7J , :ff i=J f,J o
c6 thoi binh khi, huu qua rna u, huu clao kiem ' huu cung
JLi A , ffl o g & , g rx
C?n thoi binh khi, cla dt,mg thttong bac. Nang c?p nang c6ng

kien.


8




---.--,
u
Qo
...
<::1:::>

29
Z7 IT
22
18 . =-
19 20---=*="
etC>
TOAN THL1 Tl/ HQC CH(/ HAN
155
TU MOl
c6 tl (5 I1et): xua, d(Ji xua- Binh A (7 net): db cua quan
dung, VrJ khi, khi giai-Qua X (4 net) : qua, kfch (111(Jt thu binh khi
thoi xua gii'J'ng nhu cdi kich mel d6.u bc7ng)-Mau f (5 net): mau,
gido (m()t tlni' hinh khi c1Lri xua)-Dao ]J (2 net) : dao (m()t thu binh
khi gio'ng ciiY guam)-Kiem (15 net) : cay guum-Cung I=] (3
net): cay cung (db binh khi dung cti bdn ffij (15 net):
miii ten (di hdn cung)-D1;1ng !=H (5 net): dung-Thtio'ng (14
net): khiiu sung ( ciing d9c lc1 sang)-Bac (21 net): sung h'!n-
7Jz.. (4 net): de'n, dq_t de'n-Cong J)( (7 net): danh, ta'n cong-
Kien ( 11 net): vii'ng b&n, cluJ l'ii'ng chdc.
Vii khi
D[CH NGHlA
Vii khi thoi xua c6 qua, mau. dao, kie'm, cung, ten. Vii khi thoi
nay, ph&n nhi&u dung sung o'ng. C6 thi hdn dln nui xa, c6 thi
danh ch6 vii'ng chdc.
NGU PHAP
+ Cdch d1lng (da)
(da) trong bai hQC tren OU(_iC dung nhu' m<)t ph6 til Vdt
nghia la "phfrn !On, phfin cl?t trttoc cl<)ng til:
_ thai binh khi, da dt,ll1g thttong
bac) Binh khi thai nay, phdn nhi&u dung sung o'ng.
_#JUi13:1@ (Tfin hili dan cu da ti,lp thuy tinh) Dan
cud hiin phdn nhi&u quen tinh J nuac (Bai 91).
m
45
t'i
NGA TRUdNG HUYNH
156 TRAN VAN CHANH
:JJ( 5t. tE filL ' if- if- f!= ' 7-.. *
Nga tnriing huynh t?i tha huang, nien nien tac khach, cll'u vi quy
'7ii': 0 W E2. rh , EB 0 fHf: a
0
""" _ ;+ , 13El
-:f.X. JC::J -"J'- ... .JL 11" LJ s :t'J IOJ
gia. Nga eli gia trung, tl1 huynh va dl. Ta thl1 nhat phong, van
5: 0
huynh an phil.
Tl) MOl
Huynh (5 net): anh-Tha filL (5 net): khac-Htidng (13
net): hlnf? if- (6 net): nam-CU'u 7-,. (3 net): !au- Vi * (5
net) : chua-Cti (8 net): iJ (d()ng tic)-Vo #V; (12 net): khong-Di
8 (3 net): thai, ngat-Ta M; ( 15 net) : vie't-Phong j;j (9 net):
phonf? hi dc5nf? kin, phong, bac (thu)-Phu (7 net): khong (phd
tit).
D!CH NGH[A Anh cd toi
Anh cd tcJi <1 tha huO'ng, nclm nam lam khach, /au chua nha.
Toi 6 trong nha, ngh! de'n anh khong ngat. Viit m(Jt hac thu, hoi
anh C(J binh yen hay khong.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dil.ng clu1 (phil)
(phil) la lo?i ph6 tu phil dinh-nghi van thu'ong d?t cuoi
diu neu thac mac ho;:ic hoi voi nghTa la "khang, hay
khang":
_ -!;J (Ta thl1 nhat phong, van huynh an
phii) Vi it m()t bac thu hoi anh c6 binh yen (hay) khong.
_ (Thl1ong ky chi phii?) Ne'm xem c6 ngon
(hay) kh6nf??
TOAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
157
_ ? (Vi tri kha phil?) Chua bie't c6 du:c;c (hay)
khong?
m
46
lj\
A? A
TIEU VIEN TRUNG
;J\ , fij :rr !*l o :Jj( :rn- m ft till 1fli
vien trung, mai hoa khai. Nga chiet Iuong chi, sap blnh
tfJi :{t J!o
trung, tri an thl1<;1ng. Blnh trung hoa hl1ong, thai thai ti.
rU MOI
Mai fij (11 net): cay mai, hoa mai-Chie't :j:Jf (7 net): be-Chi fi
(8 net): canh cay-Sap till (12 net): cdm vao-Binh tfli (10 net): cdi
binh, cai LQ-Tri (13 net): diJt, di-An (10 net): cai ban-
Hudng (9 net): mui thO'm.
D[CH NGHlA Trong vztifn nho
Trang vu:on nho, hoa mai niJ. Toi be hai canh, cdm vao trong
LQ, d(Jt tren ban. Mui thmn ( cua hoa) trong LQ luon luon dua vao
mui.
NGU PHAP
Caclz di'tng ( thai thai )
(thoi thoi) Ia ph6 tu chi S\f thu'ang xuyen, dung tru'OC
dQng tu, voi nghTa "thu'ang, Juan, Juan luan":
_ A.4 (B'inh trung hoa huang, thifi thifi
ty) Mui thO'm ( cua hoa) trong h; luon luon du:a vao mui.
J
158
TRAN VAN CHANH
_ (Thdi thdi tnJ' thu) Thuitng vie't sdch (Sit ky: Tu
Mil TurJng Nhu li?t truy?n).
m
47
$ -fit
HA TRUNG LVONG CHU
r=p -fit , - .:Ji: - * o .:Ji: -fit 00, ,
Ha trung luang chu, nhat khu nhat lai. Khu chu phong
tffi ..t . r:r o * -At 00, , u
nguy thuQng quai pham, ky hanh toe. Lai chu phong nghich, dT
1J' . rr *i o
t11ong bat thuy, ky hanh hoan.
TU MOl
Chu -fit (6 net): chile thuyJn- (12 net): thuQ.n, xuoi -
Nguy fm (10 net): CQt bu6m-Quai (II net): treo-Pham (6
net): Cdnh bu6m-Toc (11 net): nhanh-Ngh!ch (10 net):
nghjch, ngu'Q'c-Ttiong (15 net): mdi cheo-Bat (15 net): cQ.y,
*i ( 15 net): chQ.m chr;zp.
D[CH NGHlA Hai chie'c tren song
Hai chie'c tren song, mqt di mqt lr;zi. di gi6
thuQ.n, tren cqt bu6m c6 treo cdnh bu6m, di nhanh.
h;i gi6 nguQ'c, dung cheo da?y nuC!c, eli chQ.m.
NGO PHAP
+ Cach dz'tng - ... - ... ( nhat ... nhat. .. )
- ... - ... (nhat ... nhat) la m()t pho tu dung chi hai
nguoi cung thtfc nhG'ng hanh cl()ng song song tliong
un nh d' h 1' " " h - " uri' k? "
g au, a mqt. .. mqt... O?C ng vi... e... :
TOAN THUTI/ HQC CHU HAN
159
_ r=j::1 ffi -fB- , - .:Ji: - * (Ha trung luang chu, nhiit khu
nhiit lai) Hai con trong song, mqt di mqt lr;zi.
_ -0/ -;f-0 (Nhiit xuong nhiit hQa) Ke xuC!ng nguai h9a.
m
48
;J\ M
TIEU cAc
I J \ M - ' rz:g iii $
0
OJ .1--) *- ' OJ .[,)_
cac nhat gian, tu giai song. Kha dl thau quang, kha dl
Jm @lo fX *M ..t 1;J iJ' t.ftjoii 9=J
thong phong. Nga lai cac thu<;:lng, d()c tQa song Lung trung
!ll!i3 -71'_ , 1;1:;+ w m o
r;:,Oj ;x:-'J "f)(. -r Or:J
anh vG, doi nga hqc ngu.
TU MOl
Cac 00 (14 net): gdc, idu-Song $ (12 net): cita so?-Thau
(11 net): tha'u qua, suo't qua-Thong; (11 net): thong qua, suo't
qua-D()c 1;J (16 net): mqt mlnh-Lung ii (22 net): cdi h5ng-Anh
vii (28 net, 29 net): con Vfl-Doi ft (14 net): xoay huC!ng
vl
D[CH NGHlA Gac n/zo
Mqt gian gdc nho, bon ben c6 cita so'. C6 thi tha'u dnh
sang, c6 thi thong gi6. Toi de'n tren gdc, mqt mlnh ng6i truC!c cita
s6. Con l'fl trong !6ng, huC!ng vJ toi h9c n6i.
NGO PHAP
0 OJ tJ (kha di) H1 trQ d()ng tu bi<iu thi kha nang, dich la
"c6 th<i" :
160
TRAN VAN CHANH
_OJ J.-J_ , OJ J.-J_J.mOO, (Khii di thau quang, khii di thong
phong) c; thi thong dnh sang, c6 thi thong gi6.
_ /GOJ J.-J_ /G15<: ( Bat khii di bat cuu ) Khong thi khong cuu
(Td truyfn: Ai cong lf.:lc nien).
6 Jj- (d6i) la gidi tu, <ltt<;Jc dung nhtt chu (huang) (xem
bai 37), c6 dich la "httdng xoay trttdc":
_ ' 1tfft* (Lung trung anh va, doz nga hQc
ngu) Con Vf'? t trong L6ng hu'Unf? vi toi h9c n6i.
(Doz chung tuyen ng6n) N6i ro truuc m9i nguai.
1lj (d()c) Ia ph6 tu lam ngu, tru'dc d()ng tu, vdi
nghTa la "rieng, m()t mlnh":
_ tQa song Ng6i m9t minh truuc crla

so.
' (Huu lao nhan, phu trtt<;Jng hanh)
C6 Cf:l gia, chong ggy di m9t minh ( Bai 77 ).
m
49
7( a:ao

THIEN HIEU
7:. B ili ' r:f=l *- SJJ o A If!- '
Thien nh?t xuat, that trung minh. Huu nhan tao khdi,
1 J.I Jfr5 T ' {LP ti 7:. o If. * ::};; '
d()c l?p lang ngttong thi thien kh6ng. Phu van lai khu, h6ng
B 7(
nh?t cao. Van tan thien thanh.
TU MOl
Hiiu (15 net): sang sum, tdng sang-Tao If!- (6 net): sum
roAN THU Tlj HQC CHV HAN
161
(trong bai dung nhu ph6 tu)-Lang Jfr5 (13 net): chai
( 12 net): tr6n?,. nhin-Phu If. (10 net): nbi-Van (12 net): may-
Tan '/if!l:_ (12 net): tan ra.
l)[CH NGHlA Trili sang
Tr(fi u;n?, sdnf?, mt;lt trai m9c, trong nhcl sdnf? nfc. C6 nguai
dQY sdm, ng(Ji m(>t minh duc!i chdi nha, ng6'n?, len nhln triJi. Dam
may n6'i de'n r!Ji di, mt;lt trai mau do len cao ddn. May tan trai
xanh.
NCO PHAP
+ Cach diing chic i$f (ti4$m)
iiff (ti4$m) Ia ph6 tu lam ngu, c6 nghia "dfrn, dfrn
dft n" , t tntdc cl(mg tu:
d6n.
_ B r%] (H6ng lifm cao) M(lt tu!i mclu dd len cao
_ khl lifm Hinh) Tie't tn!i dii lqnh ddn.
w
50
-=fx
CAN CHI
EtJ G 01 T IX c * :f:
Giap At Bfnh Dinh Ky Canh Tan Nham Quy vi chi th?p
T- o -=r It ]![ l) p JV: e tr * c:p @ FX:
can. Ty SLru Dfin Mao Thin Ty Ngq Mui Than Twit H\ii vi
z + .=. x o + -=f z o -TF.b + .=. x z
chi nhi chi. Giap vi can chi thu. Ty vi nhi chi chi
o -=f 5t if @C. -E;- .L-) c if. ' }=j ' B ' -ill o
thu. Can chi tu'(ing phoi h\iP di ky nien, thai da.
162
TRAN vAN cHANH
TU M(JI
Can -=f- (3 net) : thien can (Giap, lt, ... )-Chi 3Z:: C4 net): dia chi-
At 6 (1 net) : can thu hai tronR nuioi thien can-Binh pg (5 net) :
can thu ba trong m!l(fi thien can-Dinh T (2 ne t) : can thu tu trong
muai thien IX (5 net) : can thu niim trong muai thien
can-Ky c (3 net) : can thu sau trong muai thien can-Canh (7
net): can thu bch' trong muai th.ien can-Tan $ (7 net) : can thu
tam trong muai thierz can-Nham ::f (4 net): can thu chin trong
nntai thien can-Quy (9 net): can sau ch6t trong m!l(fi thien
can-Ty -=f- (3 net) : chi d6u trong mu(/i hai dia chi-SU'u n (4 net) :
chi thu hai trong muai hai dja chi-D:1n ( 11 net): chi thu ba
trong muai hai dja chi-Mao (5 net): chi thu tu trong
muai hai dja chi-Thin /Ek (7 net): chi thu niim trong muai hai dia
chi-TY. 8 (3 net): chi thu sau trong muai hai dja chi-NgQ q=. (4
net) : chi thu hay trong muai hai dja chi-Vj (mui) * (5 net) : chi
thU: tam trong mu'(/i hai dja chi-Than cp (5 net) : chi thu chin
trong muai hai dia @ (7 net): chi thu m.uai trong muai
hai dja chi-Tm1t F)( (6 net): chi thu muai mi)t trong muai hai dia
chi-HQ'i Y<, (6 net) : chi cuo'i cung trong muai hai dja chi-Thu
(9 net): d6u-Ph6i @[. ( 10 net): ke't h(;!p, phl/i h(;!p-Ky (10 net):
ghi chep.
D[CH NGH[A Thien can dja chi
Giap, lr. Birzh. f)inh, Ml)u, K.v. Canh, Tan, Nham, Qu.v g9i fa
muai can. Tv, Silu, D6n, Mao, Thin, Ty, NgQ, Mui , Than, DQ_u,
Tua't, H(ti gqi Ia mu(/i hai chi. Giap la d6u cua muai can. TV fa
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
163
(1(/u cua nnrai hai chi. Can 1a chi ph/{i lu;p nhau (1i ghi niim,
thdng, ngay. gio.
m
51
t :ff
TRACH HA U HUU VIEN
't ' :i: ti tlJ
0
tlJ J: ?{ ' tlJ
huu vien, vi Slin. Sdn thu'Qng true dlnh, son
r: fl ' 9*- 9*- ti 'f- fPJ 3Ji
0
9*- tlJ '
ha chung thl;J . T1 tl, mu(>i mu()i thu d6ng du. Mu()i dang son,
5L _t ' * 0
dlnh thu'cjng, dao h6 ti lai.
TU M(JJ
t (6 net): nha O'-Dip (22 net): chbng chftt-
( 16 net): xay ccl't-Dlnh (9 net): cai nha nho, nha mat, dinh-
ThQ ( 16 net): Tl (7 net): chi-Mu<)i 9*- (8 net): em gai-
ti (21 net): ddt-Du 3Ji ( 13 net): di choi-Dao (14 net): xa,
tu xa -Ho 0 (8 net) : g9i to.
D[CH NGH!A
Sau nha co v1tiJn
Sau nha cr5 1U:an, ch{{t dd lam thdnh nui. Tren nui ctb dinh,
du'c'ti nui tu1ng cay. Chi chi, em em ddt tay nhau cung di ch(!i. Em
len rzui, dung tren dinh, tu xa gqi chi (1e'n.
NG(/ PHAP
0 ffi (vi) du'Qc dung nhu' tn.i tu, diit sau m(>t ket diu dong-
tan (d<)ng tu + tan nglt) m(>t ket cau chu-vi va dung truck
m()t danh tu khac, co thti dich Ia "lam thanh" hoac "thanh":
. .
164 TRAN VAN CHANH
_ !i:ti,ALlJ thc;tch vi son) Clul't dd lam thanh nui.
_ (Bien sa mac vi ILrcJng Bie'n sa mr;Ic
thanh ru()ng t(ft.
6 ( dao) Ia pho tu c6 nghTa "xa, tu xa", du<;Jc t truck
d(\ng tu chi khoang each v kh6ng gian, thoi gian:
_ (Dao bo tllai) Til xa g9i chi den.
_ (Dao chuc blnh an) ht xa xin chuc binh an.
_ (Dao kien) Trang thc(v til xa.
w
52
E3

THU
, If * , , o g , f:it !fJJJ o
Thli, nhT d<;ti, vi truong, chuy tiem. XI nang khiet
m 15 1\ r:p , 1:k :& ll o A , 1t
ThLfC1ng CLT trung, tru phl,IC dc;t xuat. Ky uy nhan, vuu uy
o fEB rffi , * OJ o
mieu. Sue mieu b() thli, thli hai kha mien.
Tl) M(JJ
Chuy ( 16 net) : cdi mo, cdi mom (loai v;]t)-Tiem (6 net):
nh9n d6u- If (9 net): rib (ph6 ( 15 net): sdc,
ben nh9n-Khie't (18 net) : cdn (bdng rang)-Thliang m (11
net): nclng, thuang, luon (ph6 til)- Tru (II net): han ngay-
Phi:Ic f:k (6 net): iln :& (8 net): ban dem-Ky ( 11 net):
da- Vliu 1t ( 4 net): cang h(fl1 (ph6 tii)-Suc (I 0 net):
* ( l () net) : SL! di&u h9i (trdi voi 5:, (7 net): trdnh
kh(Ji. rhoat khoi.
roAN THlf nJ HQC CHU HAN
165
D!CH NGHlA Chuqt
Con chu()t (c6) tai !on, duoi dai, mom nh(m. Rang dlt sdc, u5
thi cdn d6 \'{J t. Thur!ng 6 trong hang, ngay 6'n dem ra. Da s(J'
nguoi, dmg Sl/ meo h(J/1. Nuoi meo bdt chu()t, thi m{/i h9i v& chu()t
c6 thi trdnh kh(Ji.
NGU PHAP
0 ( Ia ph6 tu t truck hlnh dung tu chi muc
a(\ rat cao:
(Xi thqm ) Rang rrlt .wic (nh9n).
_ ft*Z.A (Nga gia chi nhan tlzqm a a) Nguoi nha toi
reb dong ( Ba i I 08 ).
6 'm' (thu'O'ng) Ia ph6 tu lam trang ngu, nghia la "thuong,
lu6n"' c6 t trudc d(\ng tu hlnh dung tu:
_ m 151\$ (ThttiJng cu trung) Thuong J trong hang.
_ )}Ir:f:lflti ' (Dlnh trung chung que, ky
thttiJng li:IC) Trang san tr6ng que: ld n6 luon mau ll:IC (Bai 59).
... :fL; (ky ... vliu) Ia m()t each thlic co ajnh, thj hai
st;t phat sinh cung luc, hoc)c hai tlnh huang a6ng thai t6n tc;ti,
c6 djch la "aa ... con ... han": ' (Ky uy nhan,
vztu uy mieu) Dii S(/ nguoi, conS(/ meo h(J/1.
m
53
ffi,,
NGV
;J..h rh 1 !==t -'- ,'1-h m!l! 1 s A !?-? ',fP
'I :N , "
0
- 7L Jj_ lilT
0
, " n.. &'v ' {JJf
Trl trung dttong ngtt. Nhat nhi trl Ngtt kien nhan anh, du
A. 1J' o 5t &t , tJt 1J' illi o ffi,, ili ,
thuy Nhi trl binh, dgu thuy Quiin ngu giai xua't,
166 TRAN VAN CHANH
/['E, o
. tranh thtfc bat dl.
TU MOl
Duong ( 15 net): nuoi-Nhi (8 net): dtia he-Du (12 net): hoi lr)i-
Di (8 net): dd.' -Bfnh ( 15 net): hanh lcun b!ing (7 net):
quang, nem-Tranh (8 net): tranh gicmh, tranh nhau, gianh nhau.
D/CH NGHiA ca
Trang ao cr) nu/Ji ca. Mr)t dtia he dting ben ba ao. Ca thC(v
b6ng nguai, hoi l'(/o day nuoc. Dtia be cdm banh, nem xuo'ng mc;it
mtoc. Nhilng con cd hoi ra, tranh nhau an khong ngr!t.
NGO PHAP
0 M Ia hlnh dung tu thu'ong truck danh tu
thj so c6 djch Ia "nhii'ng":
- (Quiin ngu' giai xuat) Nhilng con ca brJi ra.
_ MffilJ* (Qulin nam lai) Nhilng con nhC;Jn tit
phuong nam hay de'n ( Bai 29).
- (Qulin nghT giai phan dau, chi
ttl' bat thoai) Nhilng con kiln rang stic chien dc{u, den che't
khong lui ( Bai 65).
6 (tranh) Ia ph6 tu lam ngu, tru'oc dong tu,
voi nghTa "tranh nhau, dua nhau":
_ ngu giai xuat, tranh thttc
bat dT) Nhilng con ca boi ra, tranh nhau an khong ngot.
_ thai phu hao tranlz tai) Luc d6
nhilng nha giau dua nhau gia'u cua (Han thu).
TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHO' HAN
m
54

"""' s
DOC THV
A o 7t g:_ El : rr i V. * 1PJ * ? .n
167
Hqc sinh p Tien sinh viet: Nhii'lai ha stf ? Hqc sinh
El : )( l Z ffrJ ' * lit J .D o7t_ El :
viet: Pht,mg phl,l ma u chi lai thll' d(>c thu'. Tien sinh viet:
n- o A l' J , l' g fJX. A .o 0
Nhan bat d()c thu', bat nang thanh nhan.
TU MOl
Vie't El (7 net, be) EJ): n6i r!ing-Nhii' iV. (6 net, be) f ): mdy,
nguoi ( dC;Ii tit nhan xung ngoi thti hai)-Ha 1PJ (7 net, be) { ): gl
(dC;Ii tit nghi Vlfn)-Phl)ng (8 net, bQ *): \'ang chju-Chi z (4
net, be) ) cua (trr; tit ke't Cti'u)-ME;nh ff[J (8 net,
be) 0): 1ai sai khien, l?nh-Thtl' lit (6 net, bQ .il:J: nay, chrfn
nay.
168
TRAN VAN CHANH
D[CH NGHiA HtJc ti)p
H9c tn) I'(Jo tntong. Thd_v hoi r(Inf?,: "Tro den c6 1ic Ri?". H9c
tro thua ninf?: "(Con) wing /nh ch{l de'n day h9c". Thdv n6i
rdng: "T//t liim. Nguoi khonf? h9c tqp, khong thl thanh nguoi".
NCO PHAP
+ D{li tt'tnglzi viilz fOJ (ha)
fOJ (ha) co lam djnh ngcr, tnroc danh ttr, vdi nghla la
"gl, nao" , dung hoi:
_ ? ( NhO' lai lza stf? ) Trr) de'n c6 vic gi?
_ ( Ha xu ha thai ? ) Noi nao luc mlo'!
m
55
W\
CAMTHU
tJi; FiX z Jlj , M 9m , o 'X g , U
Cftm thu chi thuC)c, co tri thtfc, khat tri <lm. HtfU nang doanh sao, dl
J$l ffi o1t =tt , g A o It /f_ g
tj _phong vG. Ky ky gia, nang nhan ngon. Duy bat nang dC)c
, 55( Jt: , 7f A o
thu', co ky tri thuc, chung bat nhu nhan.
TU MOl
fJi; (13 net, be) loai chim-Thu(>c (21 net, be) F):
lor;Ii, loai-Tri (8 net, bie't-Htfu 'X (2 net, be) 'X_): lr;Ii , lr;Ii
them-Doanh (dinh) ;g(l7 net, be)'}(): lam-Tj (16 net, be) i_):
trdnh di-Ky (8 net, be) -}::.): /9 lung, lr;I-Gia =tf (9 net, be)
cdi, con (trt;J (10 net, be) ): bdt chu6'c-Duy
'It ( 11 net, be) 1 ): chl (ph6 tit)-Tri thuc (8 net, 19 net, be)
TOAN THV Tl/ HOC CHO HAN
169
): hilu hie't-Chung *:.f ( ]) net, he) !fd: cuo'i cLlllt{, ro't CU(Jc.
- I I\ . I
D!CH NGH[A Clzimmuong
Loai chim /11U(Jng (khi) d6i bie't {in, (khi) khat bie't uo'ng. L(ll
bie't lam td trdnh Ki6 mua. Nhii'nf!. con k:'. l(l hie't bdt churJc
tie'nf!. nf?LtOi noi. Chi khong bie't d()C sach, nen sv hie't cua
chung r/It cu()c khong hdng nguoi.
NGU PHAP
0 )( (htfu) la pho ttr, c6 nghla "lai, lai them" :
_ 'X_g,g (H{tll nang doanh sao) Li bie't lam td.
_ o 11J=t37?ft0J' (Thuy hO'u thanh
trqc. Tn;c gia da 6 v?t, h{lll hG'u trCmg) Nu6'c c6 trong,
Nu6'c c6 v(lt do btln. lr;Ii cd nhii'nf? con trung nho ( Bai
70).
6 z!l (chi thu()c) thu'ong sau danh tu chi chung
"cac loai .. trong cung mC)t lo(,li:
_ (Cgm thu chi tlwf)c) Cdc loai c6m thu.
- ' (Nhi kim ngQC m6i thiet
chi tlzuf)c, htfu san u' ky trung) Ma nhii'ng /oqi nhu vang, ng(,JC,
than, sdt lr;Ii sinh ra iJ trong d6 ( Bai 90).
_ (Truong vong la dl b6 ngu ha chi
llzuf)c) Giang lur!i di bdt cdc /oai ca tom (Bai 115).
170
TRAN VAN CHANH
(duy) la ph6 tu, nghTa la "chf, chi c6":
_ , , (Duy bat nang dOc
thLr, c6 ky tri th(tc, chung bat nhLt nhan) Chi khl5ng hie't d9c sdch,
nen Sf/ hi(/ u bie't cua chung r(/t CU(Jc khlJng hc7n!i ngulti.
_ ' (Bach hoa linh l(,lc, duy cue cl()c
thinh) Cdc locli lwa khdc lu!o r!:fng, chi rienfi cue Ia C(Jn tu(fi
t/J'r ( Ba i 67).
0 *1 (chung) la ph6 tu cl)t tnrdc cl(lng tu ngO' dOng tu,
vdi nghTa la "cut)i cC1ng, ket r6t cu()c":
' (C6 ky tri thuc, clumg bat nhu
nhan) Nen Sl/ hili'u bie't cua chunfi rf/t CUQC khl5ng being nguiJi.
_ (Ng6 clumg bat kha dT kien Doan
c6ng) Cu//i cung tr)i khlJnfi tid R(ip du(lc Docln u)ng(Lieu T6n
Nguyen: f)ocln Thai uy d(it Sf/
m
56
-t"'

THAI LANG
lj\ tt %' ' ' Jj[ *i + ffi!z '
thon bang, hO'u lang duong, quang udc mau, duong
7j' 0 f!j 7j' iii ' 0
thuy thanh. Uing phu thuy thanh h6ng._
tt r::p -tJ: -r- , jlJX m 1-* , xu !J\ ra , fPJ 11 t*
Thon trung nO' ttl', yeu Ian b<;1n, hoa titiu d6ng vilng thai

lang.
TU Md!
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
171
Thai t* (II net, b(l 1 ): hcii-Uing ( 12 net, bt) -H-): diy cl'u-
Thon tt (7 net, be) * ): X(Jm-Quang J.8i (14 net, b() ) ): r(Jng-
lfoc ;-; (9 net, be) * ): 7<5 chU'ng-Mu fiR (10 net, bO 133): m/fu (60
fr/(rlng \'UcJnR)- Yeu JJ1X ( 17 !let, b(l ).._ ): nu/i-Lan m (15 net , be)
l: hang xdm-B:;m f'F- (7 net, b() { ): chung kiJ (6 net,
b(l lj ): dd:v liJ'd (II net, b() -fit): chie'c thur2n.
1)/CH NGHiA Hai iitt
Hen C(lnh x6m nhi5, u5 m9t ao cl'u, rc)ng chang mulJi mftu. mlr'lc
ao rli't trong.lu ndi tren m(it nude, hoiJc mau xanh, ho(ic mau dd.
Cr> gdi trong xdm, m(/i cdc IH!n lang dd\ chie'c thuy2n con,
cung eli hdi ([u.
NCO PHAP
TRQ TlJ _}]
f. Trq tir:
Trc;i tli la tt! biiu thi tinh thai. v6n kh6ng c6 y nghla C'-:J
thi ma chi dung trQ' giup cho tlr ciiu di cho r6 them
tinh thai clO, phong each bao ham trong cau van leri n6i.
Thi dl}:

p I /' L / '-
Ng6 kim tu hi!
Nay ta phlii chit! ( Thi tlwyit tlinngt?}.
Trong Han van, trQ' tlr rfrt phong phu va da Slr di,ll1g
cling rfrt phCrc va nhj, doi hoi ngueri dQc van, van phai trili
kinh m&i c6 thi hiiu va Slr dt,mg chung mOt each
nha. Trong thl!c phan djnh tic dl;lng C'-:J thi v&i nhling
172
TRAN vAN CHANH
khia C<;lnh rfrt tinh vi cth nhling tt! thuoc nay Ia mot
kh6ng &.
2. Cac lo{li trd ll't:
Can cu vao tac ngQ- phap, ta c6 thi chia trq tt! ra Eun 3
lo;;1i l&n:
(1) Tn;r tir ng[J kh!-
a) Biiu thi hoan tfit: -ill ( da), *(hi), -L- (van) .. .
b) Biiu thj keu goi: 3K (lai). -ill ( da). '15' ) .. .
c) Biiu thj nghi vfin: f(h6), ...
e) Biiu thi dm than:* (h1), (tai) .. .
(2) Trq tir ng[J j:
a) Biiu thi r (nh1), ffij 8 (nhi d1) ...
b) Biiu thj xac djnh: -ill (da), * (h1), (nhien), 1% (yen) ...
c) Biiu thj thi (ngtrng di neu ra a sau): 13 (gia),
* (h1), -m 13 (da gia) ...
d) Biiu thj so sanh ttrang ttrqng: (nhien), -ill (nhtr
da) ...
(3) Trq tir ng[J 5m:
N6i chung, nay thtreng dtrqc dung trong thi cava cac
van ngau khac. Cling c6 4 nho:
a) Biiu thi dinh d6n (cMm 1% (yen) ...
b) Biiu thi thiem (dung lam ngcr v1 cho tu khac):
(nhien), m' (nh1). 1% (yen), :;fi (nhtrqc ), Sf- (h6 ) ...
c) Biiu thi khm phat. Thtreng chi thfiy trong cac sach c6 nhtr
Thu: .. Ngt.r&i ta cling goi nhling trq tt! nay la phat ng[J tirhay
phat thanh tirvi n6 thtreng dung a dftu ciiu (hay cau) va chi c6
r o AN THU Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
173
VI) t<;lO ra mot Sl! hoa hqp do am thanh ch(r kh6ng CO y
ngh1a tt! vi thi.
Nhling phat ngcr ttr thmrng dung trong cac sach c6 la: 15'2- ( 6 ).
a -z;: (vfm), i:fl" (y). (vien), 11 (duy).
(ng6n) ...
Thi d1,1:
- f&: r:i L.lJ ' * lt
Tdc bi Nam Son, ngon thai ky
Len ntii Nam Son kia, (ta) hai rau quyit (Thi Kinh).
- , ""f
Vien hG-u han Tuin chi
C6 dong surfi J:;mh. (; fp Tufn nu6c V (Thi Kinh).
d) Biiu thi sin am (Sin fl.: them, phl,l gop them):
lt (ky). (thi) ...
Thi d1,1:
- 1 t 00. 15?:
phong kf ltrcmg.
Ng9n gi6 bic mat me (Thi Kinh).
3. Vi tri dia tr(l til:
La tu trq giup cho tu. cho cac bo cua ciiu, cho d
ciiu, trq tlr thtreng dt1ng sau tlr ho:;ic bo rna n6 trq giup.
- Trong tnr&ng hqp trq giup cho ttr cho mot bo cua
cau, trq tu thueng dt1ng sau tu ho:;ic bo pMn rna n6 trq giup.
- Trong tmcmg hqp trq giup cho d ciiu. trq ttr c6 thi dt1ng a
dft u, a giG-a hay a cu6i ciiu.
(I) Trq gitip cho m9t b9 ph4n ctla c5u:
174
TRAN VAN CHANH
- -ill , OJ W gif
Tu d5, thuy kha dii ng6n Thi d1 hi.
Ch/ c6 anh Ttf m6i c6 the' cung ban bpc vt# Thi (Lupn ngtl)
(trq giup cho chu ngii) .
- Jt tzo -ill
Van tt! xfm nhudii.
Van [Lr lh4l FrY rang (Sii kj) (trq giup vi ngii).
T r-Ei
- J I \ \ I.
Bai nhien h<;1 vu.
sdm s4p d6?mtfa (M.anh rt}J (trq giup cho trang ngii).
(2) TrQ' giup cho d cfiu:
a) & dftu cau (ngii thu trq tu): .
- l'i + 4 , 7\. W!
Duy hiiu tam nien xufm, h(>i u M<;1nh Tan.
Mua xufin n.im thtf mwi ba, vua h9i cac chu h!Ju d M.anh Tfin
( Thuc;ng thtlj.
b) & giiia cfw (ngii trung trq tu):
-
van thu hi
Tn}i dii vao lhu (Ti
c) & cu6i cftu (ngii trq tu):
-
Kha bfrt du?
C6 rhe'kh6ng th4n tr9ng duvc u? (Sii ky).
roAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
-
m
57

HUYNH
175
, m n -ill o . !lf! 1M z ill o JN 1& K. o
Huynh, phi trung da. Sinh 11 ti thap chi oja. Phuc hfru quang.
' '* !it 1Jz _t ' f)!& ;'t F,(J
Van gian, thuong kien thuy bien thao thli0ng, vi quang thi6m
* !E fnl if >t -& o
thu'oc, khu lai v6 oinh, tU'c huynh quang da.
nJ M(JI
(16 net, b(> :E_): condom dc5m-Da -ill (3 net, b(> 0 ):
l 'QY (tr(/ tu)-l.J (8 net, b(> jj): iJ (giui tu)-Ti _Elf! (8 net, b(> +):
tha]J-Tha'p 1M (13 net, be) ): dm uut-Dia ill (6 net, b(> ): a(ft.
khu v(fc-Phuc IN ( 13 net, bQ jj): bz,tng-Bien (19 net, bQ }__ ):
ho song-Thao (I 0 net, b(> -++-): co- Vi f)!& (13 net, b(> 1 ): nh(;lf,
nho nhen-Thiim F,(J (I() net, bQ ( anh sang) nha]J nhay, la/J
lanh-Thu'oc ( 19 net, b(> ')\J: la]J lanh-Dinh ;E (8 net, b(> ,_.,_. ):
yen li;ing, dung yen-Tuc E!D (7 net, b(> p ): chinh la.
D!CH NGH[A Dom dom
Dom d6m Ia con trung bie't hay. Sinh ra iJ nui tha/J va tfm uut.
Sau bz,tng c6 cha't sdnfr Bubi to'i, thuong tren nhilng clam co ben
bo nuuc, anh sang nh(,lf nhap nhay di lf,li kh6ng yen, ( d6) chinh Ia
cha't sang cua dom d6m vqy.
NG{J PHA.P
0 -t!1 (da) Ht tr0 tu cuoi diu dung d6 dinh ngh1a d6
176 TRAN VAN CHANH
thj ngG' khi xac djnh, c6 djch Ia kh6ng djch:
_ !i/f ]ff (Huynh, phi trung dii) Dom d6m Ia con
trung hilt bay.
- 1i (fat suat hG'u
tu si, chan si phat thanh, phi dT kh<fu minh dii) De' c6 bon canh,
rung cdnh phdt ra tie'ng, khong phdi keu b!ing ming (Bai 58).
_ ti A hz: (C6 nhan xung tue han
tam hG'u, tuc tung, true, mai dii) Ngui/i xua gQi ba nguifi bc;m khi
trifi !t:;mh, chinh La tung, true, mai vqy (Bai 75).
_ (SU' cac nhat kha vi
phap dii) Cho m6i nguifi h9c m9t (vic d6) dang lam khuon
mdu vt;ly (Bai 76).
_ OJUfJ1?:9}J-t!1(Co thj chi xuat m()t,
kha d) tu phu'dng dii) Vl the' nhin m{jt trifi mQC va /(in, CO thi
phan bit du(Jc bo'n phuong (Bai 79).
_ llt?9: .} (Thll' nhG' than chi a nh dii) D6 La bong cua
than nguifi em (Bai 80).
_ (Thll' giai dia vien chi chung dii) D6
d2u La b!ing chang trdi da't trim ( Bai 84).
- ' (Tuy Cu' thanh bfrn
chi canh, nhi tam vj thuong bat an l<;tc dii) Tuy song trong' cdnh
thanh bdn ma long chua tung chdng an 1ui vqy ( Bai 113).
6 1t: (ti) Ia gidi tu dung neu len b6 ngG' chi noi chon
thai gian:
_ (Sinh ti ti thap chi dja) Sinh ra ;; noi tha]J
l'(f (im uot.
_ (TrG' zi blnh trung) Chaa (j trong binh ( Bai 59).
_ (Am thl!c chi thuy,
thu zt ha, thu zi tinh) Nuoc dung cti an u6ng, hoijc la:v I'!
TOAN THU n,J HQC CHU HAN
177
song, ho(ic Ia\ u gie'ng ( Bai 70).
_ (S6 cam h;tc ti uja) Vai trdi cam wi xuo'ng da't
(Bai 73).
w
58
"'* m;t:
l:;-
TATSUAT
t:k 1i Mli T o 1L$ El :
Thud<!, hG'u tat suat minh u' tu'ong ha. van ti viet: "Tat suat
D ;j\ ' -;k f6J -t!1? J o tz$ EJ : 1Z9
khff u minh thanh pha d<;ti, ha da '?". Tl viet: "Tat suat hG'u tu
j)l{ 1-J_ D -t!1 J o
si, chan si pha t thanh, phi dT khff u minh da ".
Tl) MCJI
Tat suat (17 net, b0 .9:0: con (7 net, b() 9 ):
em trai-Viet El (4 net, b0El ): rting-Pha (14 net, b0 J[): kha,
hoi hr!i-Si ( 10 net, b0 cdnh (loai chim)-Chan j:J.N (10 net,
be) :f ): rung di)ng-Phat ( 12 net, b0
9
"'- ): n6?i dqy, phdt ra-Phi
(8 net, b0 chdng phai, khong phai.
D!CH NGHiA Con de'
Dem thu, c6 dl keu u duoi bile tu/mg. Em Jrai hoi chj rling:
"Ming con de' nhd, (the' mel) tieng keu kha ldn, tC;Ji sao the'?" Chi
178
TRAN VAN CHANH
trd 1/ti rdng: "Con de' c6 bo'n cdnh, rung cdnhphdt ra tie'ng, (chu)
kh6ng phai keu bling
NGU PHAP
o (pha) la ph6 tu truck hlnh dung tu, co dich
"kha, tudng do\ rat" :
_ (Minh thanhphd d<:!i) Tilng keu khd l6'n.
_ $JT (Tan van phd da) Tin tuc khd
_ (Pha ctl'u) Khd lau (tuong cUJ'i tau).
6 (phi) ta pho tu phu ajnh, co nghla "kh6ng phai ta,
pha i Ia":
_ tJN ' JF (Chan si phat thanh, phi dl
khfiu minh da) Rung cdnh phdt ra tie'ng, ( chu) khong phdi keu
bling
_ , (Ttl' phi ngu, an tri ngu chi l<:1c?)
Ong khong phdi Ia cd, lam sao biei dutJc vui ciia cd? (Trang
ttl: Thu thiiy).
w
59
fi
QUE
]}! fl fi ' ;!=t '*
0
fj( ffiJ l}fJ :rr '
Dlnh trung chLing que', ky thuong ll,lc. Thu thai khai hoa,
nt'; '7:(: nt'; '* -tr "'= 'Ell '!!Jir [;1';1 '111l 21'5: B"t
!:'.)(. ?* ' .9)(, 'f:x. o fB: .i0I 1!\ ' 'ffffi. s
tham, hoac dam hoang. Moi ng() vi phong, nung huang phac
4 , A JC&. z o :tt % , JfX J; J :to tm , fl=li r:? ,
ti, nhan ham ai chi. Hoa l<;lC, thu dl hoa duong, tru u blnh trung,
1EtE 7-.. rm r.u o
tuy ljch ctl'u nhi hudng do
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 179
TU MOl
Que' fi (b() *): cav qul-LQC (b() *): mau ll:f.C (mau do
xanh P6'i Pang htJp (b() ): lqt, nhqt-Ngf) (b()
}___): gijp gu-Ni:mg 1/1 (b() ): nbng, dtjm (trdi v6'i tl
(b() t ): ddnh khe-Ham '* (b() xJ: (ph6 tt.l)-A.i (b0
yeu-Hoa :fO (b() 0): tr(Jn !6.n 1'6'i-Dtiong mf (b() *): cha't ngQt,
du(/ng-Tru chua ca't-Tuy !Rff (b() 'ft): du (lien ti:t)-
Lich Jf1 (b0 r): trdi qua-Nhi ffi] (b() ffi]): the' ma (lien tu)-Do
(b() 1 ): hiiy con, l'dn (b() , .. .): mqnh, nbng.
D!CH NGHlA
Ctiy qui
Trong san trbng que: fa n6 /uon mau ll:f.C. Mua thu no hoa,
hoijc vang thdm, ho(ic l'ang nhqt. M6i khi g(ip con gi6 nhf, huang
nbng dtjp vao mii.i, m9i nguiJi yeu thich. Hoa rf.:lng, cti
trn v6'i ctuong, chua trong l9, tuy lau ngay ma huang vdn con
nbng.
NGU PHAP
0 w (mfii) trong bai hQC tren OUQC dung nhu ph6 tu, voi
nghla "moi lfrn, moi khi", truck d()ng tu (so sanh voi each
dung chu m6i ci de bai 62, 67 va 69):
_ ' (M6i ng() vi phong, nung huang
phac ti) M6i khi gijp con gi6 nhf, huang nbng d()p vao mii.i.
_ fB: e ' ' Jt ;l=t (Ma u ke m6i dac thtfc, tat
tien hoan ky s6) Ga mr; m6i khi kieln dutJc thuc an, tru6'c hit ta't
g9i ga con (Bai 66).
6 frt. (ham) Ia ph6 tu, nghla Ia
_ (Nhan hizm ai chi) M9i nguiJi yeu thich n6.
178
TRAN VAN CHANH
trd lai rling: "Con de' c6 bo'n cdnh, rung cdnh phdt ra tie'ng, (chu)
kh6ng phd i ke u bling mif ng ".
NGO PHAP
0 (pha) Ia ph6 tu cH,it trvdc hlnh dung tu, co dich
"kha, tVting do\ rat" :
_ (Minh thanh plui dl,li) Tie'ng keu kha fan.
_ *JT (Tan van pha da) Tin tuc khd
_ (Pha cuu) Khd ldu (tug do'i ldu).
6 (phi) Ia ph6 tu phu d!nh, c6 nghia "khong phai Ia,
phai Ia ":
_ tffi ' (Chan sf phat thanh, phi di
khftu minh da) Rung cdnh phdt ra tilng, ( chu) kh6ng phdi keu
bdng mifng.
_ ' (Tu phi ngv, an tri ngv chi l?c?)
Ong khong phdi Ia cd, lam sao bier du(/c vui cua ca? (Trang
til: Thu thuy).
m
59
t!
QUE
&I $ f! t!, m *fl<. of:k 1B i7fJ 1t,
Yinh trung chung que', ky thVong ll;lc. Thu thai khai hoa,
Q)G i* , QX: JR. o J ftJ m , 1114 *
tham, ho?c d<;1m hoang. Moi ng(> vi phong, nung hVong phac
4 , A Jt&. Z o 1t m: , 1) ;fO , ttli $ ,
tj, nhan ham ai chi. Hoa l<;lC, thu di hoa dVong, trG' v blnh trung,
!Ett :A rm r.u o
tuy l!ch cliu nhi hVong do
roAN THU Tlj HQC CHU HAN 179
ru M6I
Que' t! (bQ *): cdv que'-LQc *fl<. (b(> fTd: milU (mau do
xanh vai vang hQ'p (b<) { ): lc;zt, nhqt-NgC, (bQ
]___): gi;ip gu-Nimg (b(> { ): n6ng, clqm (trdi vai dc;zm)-Phac m
(b(> 1 ): dcinh khe-Ham (b(> j(J: (ph6 tU')-Ai (b<) {,,):
reu-Hoa ;fO (b(> D): tr(m ldn l'(Ji-Du'ong (b<) *): chd't ngQt,
ctu(/ng-Tru (b(> chua ca't-Tuy SltE (b<) it): du (lien tU'J-
Ljch Iff (b<) }): trdi qua-Nhi 7fij (b<) [fij): the' ma (lien tU')-Do 1f1
(bQ 1 ): hiiy con, ldn (bQ ""): mc;znh, n6ng.
D!CH NGHiA
Oiy qui
Trang san tr6ng que: Ia m5 lu6n mau Mua thu nil hoa,
hoi;ic vang thdm, hoi;i.c I'Gng nh(Jt. M6i khi gi;i.p C(}/1 gi6 nhf, huang
n6ng c1qp viw miii, mQi nguifi veu thich. Hoa eli
tr9n vai ctuifng, chua trong lQ, tu_v ldu ngay ma hug win con
n6ng.
NGO PHAP
0 fjj (m6i) trong bai hQc tren dV<;5c dung nhv ph6 tu, vdi
nghia "moi lftn, moi khi", trVck d<)ng tu (so sanh vdi each
dung chG' m6i ci de bai 62, 67 va 69):
_ ' (M6i ng<) vi phong, nung hvong
phac ti) M6i khi gi;i.p cun gi6 nhf, huang n6ng clqp vao miii.
_ iE:*l ' (Mau ke m6i thtfc, tat
ti e n hoan ky s6) Ga mf m6i khi kilm duQ'c thuc an, truc!c hit td't
g9i ga con (Bai 66).
6 M. (ham) Ia ph6 tu, nghla Ht
- (Nhan hiun ai chi) MQi nguifi yeu thich m5.
180
TRAN VAN CHANH
_ (Uio thieu ham Tctt eel gill tre lf:l t<lp.
H (tuy) Ia lien tu bitiu thj nhLr(jng b(), djch Ia "du, cho
du, tuy":
_ (Tuy ljch cli'u nhi hLrdng do Tuy /au
ngay nul huang win con nrJng.
_ ' (Tuy cu thanh bdn
chi canh, nhi tam vj thut'1ng bat an lac da) Tuy so'ng trong cdnh
thanh bc1n ma long chua ti:lng chdng an 1ui 1'(lY (Hcli 113).
0 rffi (nhi) trong bai Ia lien tu utmg u0 bitiu thj y nghjch lai,
thuong c6 thti djch Ia "nhung, ma ":
_ (Tuy ljch cli'u nhi hLrdng do Tuy 1/iu
ngtly mc'r hurJng vdn con ndng.
- 7f*'Jiffi[P] (Bat L(OC nhi c16ng) Kh/Jng h(/n ma nen.
_ kh nlzi hG'u h<,ti) Kh6ng l(!i ma con c6
hgi.
_ (HG'u ky danh nhi vt) ky thtfc) Cr5 danh
ma kh6ng c6 thi/C ( c6 tiing nhung khong cr5 mie'ng).
m
60

LIEM
z F.S m , OJ .L-J. v.J 71- , tJ< o
Liem chi vi kha dT each n<)i ngo<:J.i, tr() h6i H<:J. thai
* , m tJ a o , m
viem liem dT te D6ng thc'1i nghiem han,
u o rl15( , .P , r11 , iii , -'E- OJ m o
liem dT ngtf phong. Co mon, he), song, du, giai kha dt,mg liem.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CH(/ HAN 181
Tl) MOl
Liem (bQ kk ): hue mclnh nu1nh bling tre, brJc rem; ttfm rem-
each (b<) ): ngan ro-TrO' 13.. (b() ): can tro, ngan lgi, chdn-
Hoi 17<. (b() )\J: tro- Triin (b() >: hf:li b(im-Viem (b<) }():
m5ng-Nhi%t ,,. ,): mlng-Te m5c (b0 ++-) : che Ui/J di-Nghiem
ffi (b() 0): ng(ft, huo't-Han (b() ,_.,_,.): lgnh, ret-Ngtj (b<) /J\):
ngtin lqi, cho'ng /gi-HQ p (bQ p): cU:a m9t ccinh, ctia ccii-Dii fti
(b() }=t): ctia so?.
D!CH NGHiA Bti:c rem
Rue rem ctur;c dLing, cr5 thi ngcln trong ngoai, chdn tro bf;li.
Mua h m5ng m!c, dung rem af che m('it trai. Mua dong lgnh
bu//t, dung rem eli ngan girl. VI the' ctia ccii 1a ctia so' c6 thi
dung rem.
NGU PHAP
+ Cdch di'tng lrfl tic z (chi)
Z (chi) Ia m()t hu tu rat th6ng dt,mg cua Van ngon. ChG'
z (chi) trong bai h<)C tren OUQC dung nhu tr<.;i tu uti noi ket chu
ngG' voi vj ngG', thu tieu tinh d<)c cua cau, bien chu vj
thanh m()t thanh phfrn cua cau phl"tc. Thi
_ 1Jt Z FSJ=H ' OJ , 13.. (Liem chi vi
kha dT each n<)i ngo;,ti, tr<i h6i tran) Buc rem du(!c dung, c6 thl
ngan trong ngoai. chdn tro bf;li (trong diu na.r, "liem chi l'i df;lng"
tro thanh thanh ph!m chu ngii).
- W.x (DG' phu mau chi ai tlr YO di) Khong
khcic gl cha mf! thuang con ( Bai 66 ).
_ 8 zte?9: ' OJ .l-)fJ1Z.9:1J-ti2 (Co thi chi xuat
m<)t, kha di tu phuong da) VI thi nhln m(it trai nU?C va I (in,
cr5 thi phan t du(!c bo'n phurJng (Bel i 79 ).
w
182
61
1X
y
TRAN VAN CHANH
-
JB: A. , HJ B : u- r6J
Trang nhi tuong nh;1ip hQc, mau viet:"Nhi thu<._'in g truck don y, bat
:W - ? A z 1X ' !EJ fffi B 7:.
giac han h6? Nhan chi y phl)c, nhan han thlr nhi dj , kim nh?t thien
*, 31<: 1X_.n B: o ?xfffi tl o
Iuong, kha djch giap y". Nhi viet: To<,J.i dich y nhi xuat.
TU MOl
Trang jfr (b() -H-): h9 Trang- Thu'Q'ng fSj (b() ): hay con-
Tru'oc (b() -H-): mijc do-Dan (don) (b() 0): dun, chie'c-Giac
:W (bQ bie't, cdm thay-H6 - (b() ) ): tr(f tu, dtjt cu(/i m9t ciiu
nghi van-Ph1;1c (bQ ): qudn do-Nhan IE] (bQ 0): do, tuy theo-
Thti (b() B): ndng-Kim (b() A): nay, hom nay -Lu'dng
(bQ ): mdt-Djch (b() B): thay do'i-Giap 31<: (bQ -}IJ: hai LOp,
(b() vang-To:;.i (b() L 12net): r6i, ben (ph6
ru).
D!CH NGHlA
Chile ao
Be Trang sdp vao h9c. Mf n6i: "Con hay con mijc do don,
khong hilt lr;mh sao? Qudn do cua con nguifi tuy thea lr,mh n6ng
ma khdc nhau. Hom nay trifi mat, con nen thay do kep". Be ddp:
"Vang". Ben thay do ma di ra.
NCO PHAP
0 [6j (thu'Q'ng) Ia ph6 tu, dich nghia "con, van con, hay con" :
_ 1X (Nhi thzt(fng truoc dan y, bfrt

183
1
ac hiw hb'?) Con hav con mijc do don, khong bie't lt;mh sao?
g ( nien tlut(fng tri) Em trai tulfi con nho ( Bai
68).
@ 3f (h6) Ia trQ tu cuoi cau dung hoi, thuong c6 djch
Ia "chang?, sao?, kh6ng?", d6i khi kh6ng djch:
_ :;& (Nhi thuc;lng truoc dan y, bat
giac hiw hb'?) Con hiiy con mijc do don, khong bitt lg_nh sao?
_ t.B : r,m9;o:1Jrt=D-? CT6 viet: Nhi tri phuong huang h6'?)
Ong n9i n6i: Chdu c6 bi e't phuong hut'!ng khong ? (Bai 79).
!2SJ (nhan) Ia gioi tu c6 nghia "do, tuy theo":
, (Nhan chi y phl)c, nhiin han thlr nhi di)
Qu&n do ciia con nguifi do (tuy thea) lg_nh n6ng ma khdc nhau.
0 ffij (nhi) Ia lien tu thj slf thua tiep, cho biet phuong
thU'c, ly do cua d(mg t<'ic hanh vi, thu'ong c6 djch la "rna,
r6i":
_ (Nhan han thlr nhi dj) Do (tuy thea) lg_nh
n6ng ma khdc nhau.
_ (To<,J.i djch y nhi xuat) Bfm thay do ma (rbi) di
ra.
- ffij (Trich nhi chli thlfc chi) Hdi rbi na'u va an
no (Bai 63).
_ (Khuynh h6 nhi tuy) DfJc b&u ru(fu ma uo'ng
say.
0 thuong duoc coi la ph6 tu dung thj ket
qua, c6 dich "the r6i, ben":
- (To(li dich y nhi xuat) Ben thay do ma di ra.
- (To(li an thai b6i du'ong) Ben thea thai ma
184

\'Un bbi nuoi duang (Bai 63).
m
62
1ffl
SAI TAO
m @. Z 9=' ?f Wl B fl + 1i fi5 A o ffi 8
Phong oc chi trung, 6 ue nh?t tfch, bat nghi cu nhan. Co moi nhat
. , m w 1ffl m o 1ffl , 7t L-:J 1J<: 71 z .
tao khc1i, tat dt,mg tniu tao clja. Tao th<'1i, dT thuy sai chi, tile
13< /f 0
hoi trftn bat duong.
T) MOl
Sai 71 (b() ? ): rdy nuac-Tao 1ffl (bQ :J ): quet-Phong JJj (b<)
p): bubng-0 ?f (b() ? ): da, nhap nhua, bt/n thlu-Ue (b() 51():
nhap nhua-Tfch fl (b() ch(ft chua, dbn l9i-Nghi :: (b()
thlch nghi, thich hc;p-Tniu w (be) rtJ ): cay chdi-Du'o'ng :m
(bQ :J ): dgy len, ca't len, bay len.
D!CH NGHiA Ray mtuc quet dpn
Trang nha, nhflng db do ba?n nu5i ngay m9t chat chua, khiJnf?
hc;p vai nguoi iJ. VI the' mJi ngay d(IY sam, phdi dung ch6'i quit
m(it da't. Khi quer, tntac he't la:v nur!c rdy, thi tro khong bar
len.
NGO PHAP
0 ffj (m6i) Ia tu biu thj Slf tn,Ic chi a chi tung cai m() t,
cl?t truck danh tu, c6 th djch Ia "moi, moi m()t, tUng, mQi" (so
sanh voi chu ffj (moi] Ia ph6 tu c1 bai 59):
_ ffj 8 (M6i nh?t tao khdi) M6i ngay dgy sam.
y()AN THli TV HQC CHU HAN
185
_ van gian, huynh
chieu a6ng (C)a on kh6a) M/Ji hu6'i tffi, anh vJy em lc;Ii, cung
nf,?(1i on he/ i ( !Jd i ()8 ).
a !f. (tao) Ia danh tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam ngu, cGng
voi nghTa Ia "sdm": (Moi tao khc1i) MJi ngay d(iy
S(fm.
@\(t at) Ia ph6 tu biu thj Slf tat nhien, djch nghTa "at, at
phai , at se, tat":
_ El ,,R=l wtmill Co moi tao khc1i, tat
dt,mg tni u tao clia) VI the' m6i ngay dgy S(fm, phdi dung ch6'i quet
m{it d(It.
_ (Mau ke moi clac tht.fc, tat
tien hmi n ky sc'\) Ga mt: mr3i khi kiem dU'(IC thUc an, tntrfc h{t t({t
phai g9i ga con ( Bai o6).
0 7t (ti en) Ia ph6 tu lam ngu, c6 nghTa "truck, truoc
het" , cl i;i t tnJoc cl()ng tu:
_ fffi= Jtl-J 1j<: m (Tao thoi, tien dT
thuy sa i chi, rae hoi tran bat duc1ng) Khi quit, truac he't ta:v nuac
ray, thi f ro khr'5ng hay len.
_ (Mau ke moi dac thlfc, tat
tien hoa n ky s6) Ga m6i khi kiem duc;c thuc an, tntac he't ta't
phdi g9i ga con ( Bai 66).
0 (t :i c) Ia lien tu, thuong dich Ia "thl", c1 biu thi ket
qua :
- :tffi= ')tJ;J 1J<: 71z thoi, tien dl
thuy sa i chi , tile h6i tdn bat duc1ng) Khi quet, tru(/c he't ta:v nuac
186
TRAN VAN CHANH
rdy, thi tro bl-{i kh6nt? bay len.
_ ' !'l!J z ( Kh<kh huu van, tdc c5'n dap chi)
Khdch cr) hoi thi kinh dln trd fiJi (Hili 82).
_ linh M mieu h<:tng,
mieu hanh tdc linh minh) Dung chuang huc}c vao cd' meo, meo eli
thi chuang ke u ( Bai 83 ).
_ Jt i.Y (Duy sa m(,lc tdc bat nhien) Chl c6 sa
thi khang nhu the' (Bai 92).
m
63
f!
D
--'-L-
CHUNG DAU
Ji fj R II] r:j:J o
Hoang nhi chung vien trung. Vi ky, phat nha. D<:1i hi. To<:ti
tt g: It
0
l5z J=j 1& ' 1m 1t *5
0
jiliij ffiJ 1t
an thoi b6i du'ong. S6 h?u, khai hoa ket giap. Trich nhi chU'
Z. o B : qJ:t -i- * 1J ?JT 13 ' jlj5z Jt ot
thtfc chi. Viet: "ThU' ng6 lao ltfc sd d5c gia, co giac vi my du
{i1Jo
thuong da ".
TU M(JJ
R (b<) _II): cay dQ.u, ht?t clQ.u-Ky (b<) t, ): bao lau-Nha
?f (bQ -++-): mdm cay-An ft (b<) :f ): can eli, cb;ta theo-B6i g: (b<)
): la:v cla't vun cay-Sd l5z (b<) J ): ma:v, vai-Ket t5 (b<) *): h6a
thanh trdi, ke't thanh-Gia p (b<) -++-): qua clQ.u- Trfch :tliiii (b<) t ):
hdi, be, ngdt lay-Chti ;W (be),,.,): na'u-Ngo -i- (b<) 0): tai, ta-Lao
*(be) 1J): kh6 nh9c-Sd pfj- (b<) p): tr(J tit ke't ca'u (xem Ngil phap,
bai 77)- Vj ot (be) D): vj (do /u(/i ne'rn bie't)-My (be) $): ngon-
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
187
Du (b() }__ ): vLf(Jt qua, vur;t hon.
DJCH NGHiA Trdng dt].u
Be Hoimt? tr6ng cay dQ.u trong vuiln. Chdng bao lau, (d(iu) ndv
nuim. (Be) mung !dm. Ben theo tlu!i mil vun bJi nuai duiJng. Ml(v
thcing sau, (cay d(lu) no hoa, ke't trdi. (Be Hoang) hdi r6i mfu cln.
N6i rling: "f)6 Ia nhilng trai tai c6 clu(Jc nlu! stlc kh6 nhqc, nen
(tai) cam thifv ngon h(Jn blnh thuilng ".
NCO PHAP
0 z (chi) trong nhG'ng tnrong h<;1p sau day du'Qc dung nhu'
mot d<:li tu chi thi thay the va chi' l<:li nhG'ng ngu'oi su'
da neu ra d truck (so sanh voi z !chi] a bai 60), va thu'ong c6
dich Ia "n6, c.16, do, ay, cai ay ... ":
_ j[ii!jffi];W ( Trich nhi chU' thtfc chi) Hdi r6i na'u va iin
n6.
_ a J ,
;!t o ;(5 ' 61Z (Mau ke moi dac thtfc, tat
tien hm1n ky s6. Nhu'QC ng0 mieu khuytin, ltfc h<) chi) Gil
m6i khi kie'm clu(Jc thtlc an, truac he't ta't g9i ga con. Ne'u gijp
meo, ch6 thl he't stlc che chiJ cho con ( Bai 66) (trong cau nay, z
chi chllt? i va tha\' the' cho ky s6 ).
o tii ?f tvJ ' o Z 3Z W]
(Thuy hG'u thanh trQc. TrQc gia da 6 v?t, htfu hG'u titiu trung. Am
chi, di tri Nu(Jc c6 trong, dl-(c. Nu(Jc c6 I'Qt do
b!ln, c6 nhilng con trung nho. Uo'ng n6 vao, dJ sinh ra b?nh
( Bai 70).
- T . ' z (Dinh sinh hG'u ai chi) T!'O
Dinh c6 cltia em trai, tro ra't veu n6 (Bai 81 ).
21Tt1zJ.g:z<Nhi yeu
188
TRAN VAN CHANH
khach thlnh khach thu'(_ing tQa, ky t<,J.i h<:t vj b6i chi) /Je mai
khach 1ao. nu!i khach nf?bi ch/f tren, con minh thl d ch6 duoi tie/;
khach ( Bai 82) (trong diu nclv, z (chi) chi l'a thay the' cho
khachJ.
6 Jl:t ( (thU') Ia d<;1i tu chi thj, trong bai h9c tren c6 nghTa
"d61a": llfc sd dac gia)D6la
nhiinR thti toi c6 clu'(Jc nha stic kh6 nlu;c.
w
64
t fftl B
THAT DI$U NHAT
t Btl 8 1tf'El B Btl'El J=1 BtlEl ')(
That gia, viet viet viet hoa
BtlEl JJ<. Btl El * fftlEl iz Btl El
viet thuy viet m(>c viet kim viet th6
B n!x
vi chi nhat chu. Pham ng(> chi h9c giai
ph6ng
o
ha.
Tl] MCJ/
(b0 8 ): anh sang m(it tn!i (a day "tha't difu" chl m(it
trai, m(it trang va nam vl sao hda, thuy, m9c, kim, tho}M()c *
(b(> *): cay g6 (a day la ten m()t himh tinh, tuc M()c tinh hay sao
Mqc)-Kim iz (b(> iz): vimg (a day La ten mqt hanh tinh, tuc Kim
tinh hay sao Kim)- Th6 (b<) ): cta't (a day La ten mqt hanh
tinh, ttic Tluf tinh hay sao Tho)- Vj (b(> ): gQi la-Chu (b(>
roAN THLI n.J HOC CHU HAN
189
}.__): twin /J-Pham fL (b(> Jl): n6i chung, pham (di to .v rffng
qudt)-Ph6ng 1J'X. (b(> :R ): huang tha (b(> 8 ): thonf? thd,
nhan h<'
D!CH NGHiA Bay di?unhqt (bay ngay trong twin)
Bay nhf)t Ia: chu nhi)t (nhf)t difu), thu hai (nguyft difu) ,
thti ha (hoa diu), thU fL( (thuy thU nam (m()c difU), thtJ SUU
(kim difu), thti bay (tho? difu), R9i Ia m9t twin. Pham g(ip ngay
chil nh(lt, cdc truang h9c dLt(JC nghl.
NGO PHAP
+ Cach dil.ng clu1 fL (pham)
fL (pham) Ia ph6 tu dung thj slf t6ng quat, thuong
c6 dich Ia "pham, pham Ia, he, dc;ti khai, n6i chung":
_ ng(> chi
nh?t, hQc giai ph6ng h<;l) Pham RQP ngay chii nh(it, cdc
tntilnR h9c dur;c nghl.
(Pham huu khi huyet, bat
ton than) Pham c6 cung dong mdu, khong ai La khong ton tr(mg
nguai than ( Ba i 1 06).
w
65

NGHlDAU
@ J=\ $ , tt ftr o - B , Ji .
NghT eli trung, tinh hieu dau. Nhat nh?t, hoang nghi hac
/JX M rm tB o :IJ iW ,
nghT thanh qufrn nhi xuat. u' giai tien, cac cu nhat
190
TRAN VAN CHANH
15 3:. $z o U
phu'ong, ngh1 vu'ong suat chi. Quan ngh1 giai phan dau; chi nr bat

thoai.
ru Mal
Nghi (bQ ,:R): con kie'n-Dau (bQ !
10
,): danh nhau-Tinh '1:1
(bQ '!' ): tinh (ban ch(it cua nf?U(fi hoijc v(it)-Hie'u (bQ 'f;r:): ham
thich-Hiic (bQ mcLU (bQ iJ ): bay ra, dim-
(b0 ): tr4n (hinh the' qudn d()i khi danh nhau)-Giai (b9
): bt!c (bQ t ): chie'm giu-Vu'dng 3:_ (bQ _:[): vua-
Swl't $ (b9 :Q;): ddn, chl huy, cai qudn-Phan Jl (bQ --};:.): rang
sac-Thoai (b9 L): lui .
D[CH NGHlA
Kiin ddnh nhau
Kie'n iJ trong hang, tinh thich danh nhau. M()t hom, kiln vang,
kiln den h9p thanh dan eli ra. Dan tr4n iJ tru(Jc bt!c m6i dan
chilm gia m()t phucYng. Vua kiln chl huy dan kiln. Nhung con kiln
rang sac chiln da'u, dln che't khong lui.
NGO PHAP
THAN Tlf ll_i
1. Thfm tir:
Than til cling la m9t lo<,1i tu thi tinh thai, dung keu goi
hay b<)c 19 mQt tinh cam dQt ngQt phat ra tlr trong long.
Than tu v6n kh6ng c6 y nghia Cl:l cling kh6ng c6 mQt SlJ
lien M tac d1:1ng nao mi_it ngfr phap d6i v&i cac thanh khac
trong diu va thtremg dtrQ'C Slr d1:1ng dQC li;ip ngfr phap) v&i
roAN THV Tl! HQC CHU HAN
cac d6.
Thi dl}:
- a! 1 -B- w -=r- rPJ W3 w
Hi!Ng6 dfr tu d6ng nhi!
191
Oif T6i v6i 6ng Jj hai nguiri d6ng ( Phan B<)i Chau:
Vier Nam vong qu6c sif).
2. Thfm tir c6 the':
(1) thi SlJ cam d<)ng, thli'011g x6t: at (y), OJ (hi), a& (ta) ...
(2) thi dau d&n: O!, Oi:O!(y hi),
0,[%0-f (6 h6), -TO,& (vu ta) ...
(3) thi n6ng (6), PtQ&(sfrt ta) ...
(4) thi kinh ng(,lc, hoai nghi: O-f (h6), Of (hu) ...
(5) thi tan t1:1ng: !(hi,) 0,[%0-f (6 h6) ...
(6) thi oan hi;in nu6i: (hi), at (ho<,1ch) ...
(7) thi ph an d6i: OOJ (ha) ...
(8) thi keu goi: Of (hu), a& (ta), !(hi), ::: 6 (tu) ...
(9) thi tan thanh (dung trong diu d6i dap):
Oi (duy), (ni_ic), fm(d6), lfu (du) ...
m
66
1:
MAUKE
a . a PX: m o a tl 1:r . *
Mau ke phu noan, s6 s6. Tuy mau xuat vj
WI o fJ: 'JC, 7t ;!t W o :g:
thuong vien ly. Mau ke moi dac thl,l'c, tat tien hoan ky s6. Nhll'QC
192
TRAN VAN CHANH
Wi 7:. 1J z oW X -ffJ: z r 1w. o
ngQ mieu t{Jn h.fc h0 chi. Du phl,l chi ai tit vo di.
TU M(JJ
Ke (b9 it): con ga-Phu Wf (bQ r ): a/J trung-Noan (b(l
p ): trung-S6 (b0 'ft): chim con-Tuy j)j (b0 ): di theo-
Thu'ong ' (b0 0): ti!ng, c6 ldn-Ly (bQ it): rai, lia-Hoan
(bQ 0): gQi-HQ (bQ ;5): che cha.
D[CH NGHlA

Ga a/J trung, 1ai ngay thanh ga con. (Ga con) theo mf di
ra, chua tung rai xa. Ga mf m6i khi kie'm dur;c thuc an, tru(Jc he't
ta't g9i ga con. Niu g(i_Jj meo, ch6 thi hit sue che cha, kh6ng khdc
gi cha mf thuong con.
NGOPHAP
0 (tuy) Ia gioi til co nghTa "thea, di theo, cung theo":
_ f\i -ffJ: tb ff (Tily xuat hanh) Theo mf di ra.
_ thien chu chi
nhat IllY ba khu luu) Thd lenh denh mqt chi&
con, tuy (theo) song m(ic cho tr6i di hay a (Bai 115).
_ 'l) . i)i !!\ U llt (Tam nhuQc phu van, IllY phong
dao thtt) Long nhu may n6?i, theo gi6 din day (Trfrn Thai tong:
tong chi nam tl/).
6 7K l'fi (v! thu'ong) Ia ph6 til, dich nghTa "chua chua
tung":
_ 1/utdng vien ly) Chua tung rai xa.
_ tit 7K 1i 1W; ,El,Ej 1X ffiJ g EJ JJX.13 (Ngo nhan xU'
the, vi tlllldng YO bang huu nhi nang tlf thanh gia) Chung ta a diJi
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
193
chua ti!ng cr5 ai kh.6ng co be matt! rninh. iam nen (Bai Ill).
@ !Ji!(dt1) Ia gioi til, co nghTa "voi", trong bai dung neu
doi tU\5ng cua slj so sanh, dung nhu (u) Cau
W. xffiz (Dil phl,l mau chi ai tit v6 dD co viet
thanh XBZ -Tfflr; 1W; -T,
nghTa Ia: kh.ang kh.dc gi cha mr;: thu'(fng con.
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67

cue
fi & f;k i7fJ 7t " JI\ **
Vien trung chung cue, thu khai hoa. Ky nhu ty, nhu
!1\ , j'i' 8 ' 9)( ;fj{i'
0
fi
triio. Ky sac hoang, hoi;ic gia, h6ng. Chung
7 '11 f!ijg 9} ; f_ ;ffi ' 8 7t
toi da. Tfnh han; nghiem suong ky giang, bach hoa linh
n: ' 'l'i *1 g 0
l<,tc, duy cue UQC th!nh.
194
TRAN vAN CHANH
Tl) M6I
1Jl (b<) J]J: canh hoa-Trao JT\ (b<) 11\): nu)nf.? chan lodi
ctim thu-Gia Mi (b(l $): mdu dd (bt) J:=["):
jlijt \b0 ,t): chju duQ'c-Linh (bQ ffi): heo (b<)
illl.): cd tuai t({t.
D[CH NGH!A Ctic
Tr011f.? 1'L(i/ntr6ng cue, din mua thu nd hoa. NhiinJ.? cdnh hoa
cua n6 J.?if{nJ? nhu trJ, nhu mr5ng. Sdc hoa ho(lc wing, ho(ic trdnf.?,
hoijc dd , ho(ic hcJng. Chung loqi rdt nhiJu. Tinh cua cue chju
cluQ'c lqnh; khi suang da xu/{ng r6i thi trc7m hoa nri chf cr5
hoa cue Iii rihiJ? l'(In tf/t tuui .
NGU PHAP
0 :& Ia gidi tu, thu'ong dung d neu thoi gian
d(lng tac ho?c xay ra tlnh huong, c6 nghTa "c:len luc, den
khi":
_ ' JSH.kOO 1t (Vien trung ch{mg cue, cqp thu
khai hoa) Trang vuon tr6ng cue, cle'n mua thu nJ hoa.
(C(tp dG, thuy dT) Din khi kh6i h?nh,
mdi thai ( Bili 81 ).
_ nien sao trudng, huu su
hQc) Din khi tu6'i hoi lrJn, lgi cho di h9c (Bdi 98).
6 fi (toi) la ph6 tu thu'ong d?t tru'oc hlnh dung tu o chi
muc c:l(l rat cao tinh chat, c6 th djch Ia "rat, nha't, htin d":
_ fl :g, (Chung lo<:ti tol da) Gio'nf.? /ocli rc1't
_ I J;) : (Tt! dT vi tol Tt! cho til gii)i han cd
(TranJ? til: Thien
_ : * (Tol c:l<:ti) Lan nhitt.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
195
Ia ph6 tu dung bitiu thi su' da xay ra. thu'ong
djch "da, r6i" : w (Nghiem su'ting ky giang) Suang lt;mh
del roi xuffng.
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68

GIAO
5I if- r6J ffE ' H ltx o HJ '
Huynh d<)c thu', nien thL(t.i ng trT, hieu du hi. Moi van gian,
5I tel ' [P] iEli *
0
/f 13 ' 5I
huynh chieu d6ng tQa on khoa. huu bat tri gia, huynh tat
T-
0
!;,_ z # I f}J * *
0
tu'ong vj giai thich. Cuu chi, ttf tri din hQc hT.
TU M6I
Giao (bQ ): dqy db-Tri ffE (b<) :;f ): tre con-Chieu tel (b(l
1 ): vdy lgi-On Eli (b<) { ): nhdc on xem (b(l
): hcli h()c-Ttfong $ (b(l ro rilng-V! (b(l JT\): vi, cho
(J.?irii tu)-Giai Wt (b<) f:I'3): Ri(inJ? cho ro-Thich (b(l -*) : gidnJ.?
cho ro-Cn f}j (b<) 1J ): nh9c /c)nf.? hit sue, cham, sieng nang-Hi
(bQ *): tr(f tL't (Xem Ngii phdp if chtai).
J)[CH NGHlA D{ly em
Anh, em h9c tQp. Em tuifi con nht'), thich chrJi clua. Mbi buifi
t/h, an.h v6y em cung ng6i on bai. Ne'u em c6 gi khonf.?
hi&'u, anh tc1't vi em J.?idi thfch rii rang. Lc1u ngay, em cunJ? It! hilt
cham hqc.
196 TRAN VAN CHANH
NGU ?HAP
0 (gia) trong bai hQc tren du<}c dung nhu m<?t trQ tl!
(xem bai 20) neu len S\f gicl thiet :
- :13 ' ( hffu bat tri giii, huynh
tat tLfong vj giiii thich) Ne'u em c6 di2u gl khong hilu, thi anh
tilt 1'1 em gidi thich ro rang (thi anh {(ft giai thich ro rang cho em).
_ , ( Lo vo quan ttl' gia, tu yen
thu tu? ) Nlu mtO'c L(J khong c6 nguoi quan tii, thi nguui Ia\ dau
duc;c cai due quan ttl a:v? (Lu4n ngil).
@ (vD Ia gioi tu neu len doi tt1\1ng thl,l 111Qt d(>ng
tac vi do chu ngu thlfc co dich Ia "vi, cho".
D6i tliQng th1,1 neu ra trong tan ngu cua (vj) co du<}c
neu r6 tlnh ltiQC:
_ huu bat tri giii, huynh
tat tuong vj giai thfch) Nlu em c6 gi khong hiiu, th/ anh
tii't l'i em gidi thich ro rang (thi anh tilt giai thich r6 rang cho em)
(trong cau nay, nen sau chu vj c6 chu df : huynh tat tuong vj
df giai thich; so sanh voi diu thi dl,l duoi).
giang co slf) K2' cho em nghe
(l'i em kl (Bai 81).
_ :13 [2] it z ftlj , fr A (Boc gia tQa u tu
d<:tt chi cu, vj hanh nhan ngu httu cuu) C6 ong th6v b6i ng6i ch6
ngii tu duong, m)i h9a phuc cho nhilng nguoi qua lc;zi (Bai .
121 ).
z (chi) trong bai tren la m<?t ti\i tl! v6 nghla, chi c6 tac
d1,1ng ve mi:it ngu am: 7-..z *<Ctl'u chi,
ttf tri dn hQc hi) Lau ngay, em cling tlj bilt cham hQc.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 197
0* (hi) Ia m(>t trQ tl! thuong dung cuoi cau thj
ngli khf ng djnh:
tlf tri dn
hQc hi) Ldu ngay, em cling fl/ biit cham hQc.
_ ft BX 1= ' WT 1= * (Nga d1,1c nhan, tu nhan chi hi) Ta
muo'n due nhan, thi due nhan din v4y ( Lu4n ngil: Thu4t nhi).
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69
/f
BATDAOONG
/f , {JJ 1t A o * , .t , fA ft:
Bat dao 6ng, tr(;lng ttf lao nhan. Dfiu d<:ti, than doan, tu truong,
!! 3'to f ' 0 :i:o _t T o
phat ngoc. Nhl, m1,1c, khffu, tj giai toan. ThttQng khinh h<;1 trQng.
- tl z ' IIi IIi
0
DT thu th6i chi, tuy dao tuy khCii.
TlJ MCJI
Dao (bQ 1 ): ngii xuo'ng- (bQ ): hinh dang- Ttf {JJ
(b(> 1 ): gio'ng nhu-Dftu (b9 J[): d&u (ph6n tren hlt cua than
hinh)-Than .t (bQ .f): minh, than-Doan (bQ ngdn-Phat
(bQ t6c-Ng6c 3t (bQ 5K): trl;li, h6i-Khinh (bQ lj[):
TrQng (b9 liL): nng-Thoi ti (bQ ;j= ): d(/v.
D!CH NGH[A Con lijt dijt
Con l4t d4t (ong khong do?) (c6) hlnh dang gio'ng nhuong gia.
D&u to, mlnh ngdn, rau dai, t6c trl;li. Tai, mdt, mlii
nguyen Phdn tren phdn du(Ji n(lng. Dung tay ddy n6, d6'
r6i l{li d4y.
198 TRAN VAN CHANH
NGUPHAP
+ Ccich dt'uzg ... ... ( tuy ... tuy ... )
... ( ttly ... ttly ... )la 111Qt each tht.Ic c6 djnh dung dien
ta hai d()ng t<ic cling xay ra 111Qt lu'Qt, co djch la "vua ... vua":
- 1\j (Tzly uao tzly khoi) VU'a xulJ'ng I'll([ dung
len.
_ 1\j[, (Ttly thuyet ttly ky) VU'a n6i vU'a ghi.
w
70
*
THUY
z Jj' ' iiJI 'BJG #
0
* 1j
Am thlfc chi thuy, thu u ha, thu u tin h. Thuy huu thanh
rll o 1; 1:t ?t to/J , -x 1j !J\ n o z 3z m o
trQC. Trqc gia ua 6 hlfu huu trung. Am chi, dj tri
?J)( 7., "* ;ft m&' 1I m Jj<. o
Co phanh tra chti ph(,ln, nghi thanh thuy.
TU MCJI
Tinh # (bQ =): cdi TrQc ill (bQ ? ): vtin-Di
(bQ 8 ): dang-Tri i.!z: (b() " ): dem clua de'n, sinh
ffi] (b<) .("): dau o'm-Phanh ;7., (b<) ""): mtu chin-Nghi 1I (b(),...,...)
nen.
D[CH NGH!A Nzt(/c
Nuoc dung trong an uo'ng, hoijc lc(v iJ song, hoijc la:v iJ gie'ng.
Nuoc c6 trong, Nuoc c6 nhdu v<lt dr! ba?n, lfli c6
con trung nho. Uong n6 vao, sinh ra VI the: dun tra, na'u
CO"m., nen dung nLIOC trong.
roAN THU nJ HQC cHa HAN
w
71
)'(
HOA
199
fi Z .$ ,:;;r OJ - 8 1W; :)( o W ,
Duong sinh chi Slf, bat kha nhat vo hoa. Dang du chuc, phi
:)( /f Sfl o W * :)( /f A o J( Z 8 '
hoa bat minh. du thai, phi hoa bat Thien han chi
w 11! , x. OJ ffl tJ o
thi h1 than lo trung, hlfu kha t(,l dT nglf han.
TU MCJI
Dang j]: (b<) )'(): ccii den-Thai* (b<) -H-): rau-Thl;lc (b()
""): (rul'u) chfn-Thieu (b() :}(): c76't-Than W (b() j'(): than-Lo
)7! (b<) :}(): Ia ffl (bQ -H-): trong c(iy vao, nhif vao.
D[CH NGHiA Lila
nuai thi nu)t nga.v khang c6 lua. Den va duo'c
khang c6 lila khong sdng. CO"m. va rau, ne'u khong c6 lila tht
khang chin. Nhiing ngay trifi lfinh, d{/t than trong lo, IQi c6 thi
nhif c16 ct2' {finh.
NGU PHAP
+ Ccich dtlng /f ... (phi. .. baL.)
/f (phi...ba't) la m()t each tht.Ic co djnh g6m hai ph6
tu phu djnhphi va bi{t, c6 djch Ia "neu kh6ng ... th1 kh6ng ... ":
_ m&W* /fJlA (Ph?n du thai, phi hoa bflt CO"m.
\'(l rau, ne'u c6 lila th/ khang chin.
_ Fo5 /f '@(Phi thu'ong bi{t phli) Niu khong buon bdn th
200
TRAN VAN CHANH
khong lam giau dur;c.
_ .ds (Dan phi thuy ht)a biit sinh ho<;lt)Dan
ne'u khong c6 nuoc va /U'a thi khong sinh so'ng dur;c (Mgnh ttl:
TQn tam thur;ng).
m
72
ll
ANHVO
E.g 1- !!!!13 ;11-'IS_ ' r'-1 Y,T fllt.lo ' B.:!;: lli " = 0
_...,, ...L. y:,"'J lt\.B Q -c; iEL "1"3 'T q:c /\. 1=1
Gia thu'Qng anh vil, b<;tch mao h6ng chuy, thai hQc nhan ng6n.
U: iffi J: $ J1\ tl z o l1
Hil'u mieu duyen trl;l nhi thu'ong, ell' trao tu'ong qu?c chi. Anh vil
O'f EJ : u- * ' * .n o -=f 5f :?t o
kinh h6 viet: "Mieu lai, mieu lai". D6ng tll' van thanh xu chi.
Z! 43 +_ 0
-gl:f ,l.!.l, JLE! A
Mieu cap d(>n khu.
TU MCJI
Gia (b(>*): cai gia (d<i gac d6)-Mao (b(> ): long
(d<)ng VQt)-Duyen (b(> *):men thea, noi theo-Tn) :ff. (b(> *):
cay c<)t cdi-Qui;ic tl (b(> :f ): v6 (b(> Jt:): chgy mau-
Chi :?t (b(> :?t): de'n, toi-DQn (b(> }.___): len tro'n di.
D!CH NGHlA Con
Con Vfl tren cdi gid, ( c6) long trdng, mo do, thuung hQC tie'ng
nguui n6i. C6 con mea men len c<)t, gia m6ng djnh v6 ldy Vfl.
Vft sr; hiii keu to rdng: "Mea toi, mea toi". Chu be nghe tie'ng,
chr;Iy mau de'n. Mea v<?i tro'n di.
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
201
NGU PHAP
0 (thOi) Ia ph6 ttf, vdi nghia"thuong, thu'ong xuyen":
(Tiz(Ji hqc nhan ng6n) Thuilng h9c tie'ng nguui.
_ (Thinh quan tlzdi lie quan ngoa1
khach) Xin anh thulJng nh('! de'n nguui khach ngodi quan ai (Sftm
Tham: Helm Co'c quan ca to'ng Luu Blnh 51! su Quan Tay) .
@ (ca'p) du'Qc dt111g nhu' ph6 tu Jam trang ngil', tru'dc
d()ng tu, nghia Ia "gap, v()i":
_ ,'e, 1i, (Mieu cii}J d(>n khu) Con meo \'(!i tro'n di.
_ }[ !fi d:; (Ciip dien y tr!) V<)i mui th!iy thuo'c
(1iJu tri (Bcli 107).
m
73
IDiX -=f
THANH THVC DONG Tlf
m -t3 tf.i w: :A m , m m tm o -
M<:ti cam gd clam khu6ng tht, s6 cam 11 dta. Nhat cl6ng
-r 1 z , :tiS m tJ m ffi o m
tU' t<,ti kie'n chi, cap cam di hoan cam giii. M<;ti cam
:'!3 El : H" -=f ' OJ {g.n = m z
0
gi<i vie't: "D6ng tll' thanh thlfc, kha gia da". Thtl nh\ cam bao chi.
-=f /G ;y:_ 0
D6ng tll' bat 'thlJ.
TU MCJI
Thanh thtfc Jf (b(> , be) ,_.,_.): thanh thQt, thQt ft
(b(> ban-Cam f13" (b() :;t:): cay cam, trai cam-Dam tf.i (b(> :f ):
vac tren vai, gdnh-Khuong g (b(> cdi gio :J:Ei (b(>
202 TRAN VAN CHANH
1 ): nh(it /c/:,-Gia (b() 0 ): khen ng(fi-Bao (b() ): dap, trd
/qi-Tht;l (ht} X): nhqn Ia:\'.
D/CH NGHi/ 1 cq_u be th.t tha
Ngur!i bun cam \'clC gi() di l'clO ch(!. Mli:v trcii cam rrfi xu//nf!.
(lctt . M()t c(iu he a phra sau tr/)ng thi(v. 1(Ji nh<it cam de"trd ICJi
nguifi han cam. Ngur!i ban cam noi: "C<Iu he th<lt tha, ddng
khen". (Rr5i) /{{y hai tnii cam hcio dap lgi CQU he cam r!n). C(lU
he kh/>nR nh<ln.
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74

QUA VIEN
* ' fj fJ
0
g: i}J
0
-
Ng6 gia huu vien, bien chung l)Ua th1.,1. B6i ung dn. Nhat
if- z 7t i7fJ 1t o 1t m , fk fk ijijfj
nien chi gian, tien khai hoa. Hoa IQ.c, kct vi lOy lOy man
ft
0
& ' mu ffiJ z ' 'Sl m $ 13 'ot
thu. thuc, trfch nhi thlfc chi, giao mai chlf thj trung gia, vi
j
_,_ (B'i:
L , ... + 7-::. o
vlfu tien my. .
TU Mdl
Qua (b() *): trdi cay-Bien (b() 1 ): khdp noi-Ung
(b<) ): vun x6i-Luy liiy fk (b() *): chi chit-Man jjijfj (bQ ? ):
dch-Giao (b<) .$:):so sdnh-Tien ffAf (bQ ngon.
D!CH NGHiA Vu{ffz trai ciiy
roAN THV nJ HQC CHU HAN 203
Nha toi c6 vuifn, tr6nR khiip cdc log,i cay an trai. Vun xai ra't
cham. Trang khodng m9t nam, (nhilng cay d6) trU(Jc sau (!tin
lur;t) no hoa. Hoa n,mg, ke't thanh trai, chi chit ddy cay. De'n khi
chin, hdi an, so wJi nhilng trdi mua iJ chr;, vj ngon han.
NGO PHAP
0 1,m {bien) (cling viet Ia dlf<;fc dung nhlf ph6 til lam
ngu, vdi nghia Ia mii": 1,m (Bien
chung qua th1.,1) Tr6ng khiip cdc log,i cay an trdi.
6 ffi (chu') Ia gidi til, dung nhu (u' thj noi
chon: Dt}L ffa=- (Giiio mai clui thj trung gia,
vj vlfu tien my) So voi nhilng trdi ban iJ ch(l, vj ngon han.
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75
1X
TAM HUU
&! M' 1*.1 1t , ' t'J ]E a o 5G Fo, :X
Dlnh mai th1.,1 khai hoa, tung, true tjnh Nhi van ph1.,1
E1 : 0" ;ffi z ' 1111 ;fr!J 1PJ l) - :f3
viet: "Su'ong tuyet chi thai, tha th1.,1 da kh6 ha dT tam gia d()c
:; ? J )( E1 : o-!t '11 ffiJt ' w 1111 /f [P]
0
-25
Bhii ?" Ph1,1 viet: "Ky tinh giai han, du tha th1.,1 bat d6ng. c6
A ffi :=- 1X , fj} , t'J , -ti1 J o
nhan xung tue han tam huu, tuc tung, true, maida.
TU Md!
Hii'u 1ff... (bQ )(.): nguifi bt;zn-Tung (bQ *): cay tung, cay
thong-Tinh ]E (bQ -): cung ngang nhau, a (b9 ....... ):
204 TRAN VAN CHANH
t(J't tuai- Tha f-ti1(b9 { ): khdc-Kho 1i!i" (b9 *): kh6 heo-Xdng ffij.
(b9 71(): g9i La.
D!CH NGHlA Ba ngzldi b(m
Truoc san, cay mai no hoa, cay tung, cay true tuai t6't. Con
hoi cha rdng: "(Trang) mua suang tuye't, nhilng cay khdc phdn
nhdu heo rf:tng. sao ba cay d6 rieng kh6ng nhu the'?".
Cha trd loi rdng: "Tinh chung chju dur;tc kh6ng gi6ng
nhilng cay khdc. Nguoi doi xua gQi ba nguoi khi troi
chinh la tung, true, mai vt;ly".
NGOPHAP
0 jft (tjnh) la ph6 tu, dich nghla cung":
fl tt jft fY.. (Tung true tjnh Cay tung, cay true tuai
t6't.
6 ftl!. (tha) la tu bi<iu thi slf tha chi (chi cai khac),
nghla la "khac": (Tha thl;l da Nhilng cay
khdc phdn nhdu heo rf:tng.
fOJ J;) (ha di) nghia la "vl sao, vlle gl, sao, sao la'y
gl, lam sao ":
_ fiiJ J;) - ? (Ha di tam gia O.oc phil?) sao ba
cay d6 rieng kh6ng nhu the'?
_ fiiJ ? (Ha di kich nha?) Vl sao ddnh con ?( Bai
119).
_ :fit16J .1--J (Nga ha di giai ng6 khat ?)Ta lam sao
gidi dur;tc can khdt?(Bai 120).
0 (phu) la ph6 tu bi<iu thi phu dinh- nghi va'n, cu6i
roAN THll n,f HQC CHa HAN
205
cau d<i hoi: fPJ .1--J =. (Ha dl tam gdt O.ocphi't ?) TCJi sao ba
diy de) rieng ICJi kh6ng nhu thi?
0 (tt1c) Ia ph6 tu, c6 nghla "Ia, tuc Ia , chfnh la",cuoi
diu thu'ong c6 trc;1 tu {Q (da):
-tJ.. tt ffij{Q(C6 nhan xung tue han
tam huu, t1cc tung, true, mai da) Nguoi dtii xua gQi ba nguoi b(,m
khi tr(Ji lqnh, chfnh Ia tung, cue, mai vt;ly.
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76
*
CHUC
A t!t * o ff
Nhan sinh l1 the, duong huu chuc Huu vi n6ng gia, huu vi
I '
c6ng gia, huu vi thu'ong gia, huu vi quan gia. Tlch Vii
ff r- + A {Q o
hilu tu tam nhan, su cac t?p nhat kha vi phap da.
TU Md1
Chuc lfl (bQ If): chile vj (vifc lam phbn *
(b9 *): lam an, c6ng vifc lam-The' t!t (b9 - ): doi-Dudng
(dang) (b<) E8): nen, phdi-Cong I (b9 I): thr;t-Thudng
(b() D): nf?u"/ti bu6n bdn-Quan ' (bQ ,...>-,.): quan (nguifi lam vifc
cho nha (b() 0). quan (quan lqi)-Tich - (bQ E3 ):
xua, ngay xua-D:} ng Vii (bQ , b9 m()t turing J?idi doi
D6nf? Hdn-Sli (bQ { ): sai khie'n- p (b0 h9c tt;lp-
(b() -++-): tai nang, k_v nanJ?-Phap (b9 { ): khuon mdu,
phep tdc, hdt chuoc.
206 TRAN vAN CHANH
1)/CH NGH!A Clucc nghifp
NguiJi ta so'nf!. (f diJi, cdn phai c6 chuc nghi?p).
Cd nguiJi lam ru(}ng, c6 nf!.u/Ji lam th(Y, c6 nguiJi lam bu6n
bdn, c6 nguii !elm quem lc;zi. Ngay xua D(ing Vu c6 ha nguiJi
con, cho nu3i nguai hqc nu) t (vifc d6) dang lam khu6n mdu
v(l y.
m
77

KINH LAO
: 1JJ J1. , r:p m o 1'f A , 1* H: 1
Tuyet so chi, 19 trung ne ho<;tt. Huu lao nhan, phu tru'cJng d()c
fr , 1 tm o - 1t -r m lffi :t* z o ,
hanh, that tuc pho uja. Nhat tU' xu nhi phu chi. Ky khoi, thu
rtJ hi: 1Z , Hi o =13.; f5JT 13 , j z * o
can dai thuc y, IY, Van ky scJ cu, t6ng chi quy gia.
TU Mdl
Ne (be) { ): da't m (bQ { ): tron tr(Jt-Phu j:J:2 (be)
1 ): vjn, cho'ng, nang dCJ-Tniqng (be) 7f:): cay g(ly-That
(be) jJ: liJ, s6_v. sai !dm-Ph6 1 (bQ { ): te, ngc'i xuo'ng-Can rtJ
(be) rtJ): cdi {-\ (be) { ): thay the' cho-Thuc hi: (be) 1 ):
!au chui-Ly Hi (be) F): giay -Tong j (be) di theo, dua di,

roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
207
D[CH NGHlA Kinh trQng ngttm gic'i cd
Tuye't bdt c1du ngilng, tren duang bun ldy tnm tn;t. C6 6ng gici
cho'ng gt;ly di m(}t minh, lit chan ngii xua'ng deb. M(}t ct;lu be chqy
mau de'n do 6ng dt;ly. ( Khi lJng gia) dii dung d<1Y r6i, (ct;lu) f{(v
khan /au chui do va gicl., cho /Jng. (C<1u) h()i noi l5ng u. dua lJnf!.
vJ nha.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dt'tng chic pJT (sO')
pfT (sd) du'QC de nha ngu phap nay xep vao hu'
tu, Ia tieng truck uc}ng tu chi dC)i tu'c_jng ciia hanh d()ng, va
cung VOi d{)ng tlt ay thanh rnQt C'-:Jll1 danh tlt, CO dich
1a rna, cai rna, ngu'<'fi rna ... ":
_ pJT 13 ( van ky sli cu) Hdi noi mel l5ng a:v u.
_ :& pJT 1m (Nhi sli van) Nhllng ma tai ta nghe thc'(r.
_ pJT (Ml;lc sd kien) Nhllng ccii ma milt :a tr6ng tha\.
_ $=ltf5JT11Wiffi ky sli tang nhi du ky sli ai)
Doc;zt la:v cdi ma 6ng ta ghet va cho cdi ma lJng ta yeu (Chie'n
quo'c sdch).
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7t
U) NGQ TIEN SINH
5-e, {j $ ' 7t 0 0 {j ' li \r
Du nhi hanh 19 trung, ngC) tien sinh. Cue cung hanh le, chinh
zo7t
19 bang. Tien sinh huu nhi kinh thinh chi. Tien sinh huu
' :J... Z 7t :j:;, ' ft- 1& fj
0
A
van, hlfu kinh dap chi. Sl tien sinh khu, nhien hanh. Nhan
208
TRAN VAN CHANH
.J;;e. w:: 6: 7!!11 0
a rfl}Rl'TR
giai xu'ng vi tri le.
T1 MOl
Du' (b<) A.): h9 Du-Cuc (b(> :$): cui xuo'ng-Cung (b0
.r ): than thi, (b0 t ): (each bay to 'I kinh
1E (b(> Jl::.): ngay JL (b0 JI): dting-Dap
(b0 *A-): trd loi lt;Ii-Si (b0 1 ): chif, dQ'i-Nhien ?!,; 1&
(b0 , ... , b0 :::f): r6i sau mai (xem Ngtl phdp o duai).
D!CH NGHiA Giila drtiJng g(ip thii'y
Be Du di gitla duong, gt;ip thdy, cui minh xuo'ng chao, (r6i)
dang thdng ben duong. (Khi) thdy c6 gi) dt;Iy bdo, be cung
kinh nghe. (Khi) thdy c6 hoi gi), lt;Ii cung kinh trd loi. (Be)
dQ'i thdy di, r6i mai di. M9i nguifi khen fa bie't ll
NGU PHAP
+ Cach di'tng (nhien
(nhien Ia lien tu c6 nghla Ia "r6i sau, sau c.16, r6i
moi, thl moi, r6i":
_ 1*7t ' ?!,; 1&1=r (SI tien sinh khu, nlzien htJ_u hanh)
DQ'i thdy di, r6i mai eli.
_ ?!,; 1& :J!J\ z $ (Nizien htJ_u xuy chi phu trung) R6i mai
nilu no trong n6i ( Bai 103 ).
TOAN THV Tl.)' HQC CHO' HAN
209
m
79
1.J rPJ
PHlfdNG HUONG
tfi tl r% tl=\ o tfi a : rr-I*J 3m tJ rP1
Thanh tC) ton xuat m6n. T6 viet: "Nhl tri phu'dng hu'ong
? 8 tl=\ * ' ?9: o m' lol B 7ffi fr ,
h6? xuat L( c.16ng, m<)t u' tay. Kim nhl hLf(1ng nhi hanh,
1?1 * 1.J o 1& 1?1 , k:i .f: H rJ , 1I -=- 1?1 t o
thi vi c.16ng phu'(ing. Boi h? u vi tay, huu thu vi nam, ta thu vi .
Me 8 z tl=\ , OJ fJ [!] 1.J ill "
Co thi t chi xu at m(>t, kha dl tu phu'dng da.
TU MOl
Thanh thfin (b(> {, b0 8 ): sang sr!m. hudi mai-T6 tfi
(b(l t ): ()ng nc)i, ong-Ton I;% (bQ r ): ch.du goi being 6ng-Nh'i m
(b(> :)(): mcly, nguoi ... (dt;Ii tu nh.an xung ng/)i thU' hai)-M()t ?9: (bQ
{ ): chlm ma't, l(ln-Boi (b(> Jj ): fJ (b0 *): ph.an
bi?t.
D!CH NGHlA Plutdng lutong
Scing sam, ong ddt chdu ra cua. Ong n6i: "Chdu c6 bie't
hLMng khong? MQ.t trifi m9c o hu"r!ng dtmg, /(in o huang
tc/y. Nay chou huang phia m(it troi ma di. (thl) d6 la huang
cUJng. Sau tung Ia huang tay, tay phdi la hur!ng nam, tav trdi !a
huang hdc. VI the', nhln m(it troi m9c l'a l(ln, cr5 thi phan bi?t
b/{n huang.
m
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80
A
fil.?
JJ'v
NHAN ANH
TRAN vAN CHANH
13JJ B ? ::;( o fr 1M T , : A Jbl .:it
Minh t<:ti thien. Nhi hanh lang h<:t , nhu'c_ic huu nhiln nhiep ky
1& o 7::. 1:1 , 15 o E1 : qJt i-17. z ili o
Cl,l, bon cao ky ti. Ti viet: "Thll' nhO' than chi anh da .
i-17. fL ri! iW , ff B T , , :R z
Nhu dang tien, ha, giai hO'u anh, khdi vong chi
- ? .n o 5-G n leg o
h6?". Nhi nai ng() .
TU M(JJ
Nhl.iQ"c :i5 (b<) -++-): nhu, gio'ng nhu-Nhiep ]bl (b() ;'E): u5n
11 (be) 'I' ): S(1-Bon (b() -};): chqv-Cao 15 (be) [1 ):
bdo, ru5i cho bie't-Khdi :E_ (b<) _R): ha, le nao, sao lqi (xem Ngii
phap i! dudi)- Vong (b<) quen- NgQ 'IR: hiiu ro.
D[CH NGHlA Bong ngrtifi
M(it trai soi scing tren bdu trai. C(iu be di dur!i chai nhd, (th(/\)
hinh nhll cc5 11f?U'i1i rr5n hucJc phia sau. (C<Iu) s(f quci , chqy di hdo
chj. Chj n6i: "Dc5 Ia bc5ng cua than ngu(!i em. ( Khi) em dung trLfdc
den, eli duoi bong m(it troi, c1&u c(5 b6ng,le mlo (em) quen didu dr5
u?". C(iu be bim hiiu ra.
NGU PHAP
0 :i5 (nhtiqc) la ph6 tu c6 nghTa "nhu', dL(c'ing nhu, gi6ng
nhu": 5-Gf::Y}]fBT' (Nhi hanh lang nlut(lc hO'u
nhiln nhiep ky C(iu be eli duc!i chai nhci, du(/ng nhu(tha:Y) cr5
nguoi r6n bu6c phia sau.
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
211
f} -j( Ia hlnh dung tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam trC;lng ngu,
thu'(ing co Ia "d, dit, Him, het sue":
_ -j( '1'1 (D(li Cl,l) 5(! !dm.
_ r=(: ml -j( (Quan thll' d(li chuqt cd mung ( Bai
83).
_ -j( (D(li hoi,ic) Qua ngo l't!C ( Bai 96).
:R ... Sf (kho"i... h6?) Ia m()t each thU'c c6 g6m c6
ph6 tu nghi van :R (khci i) va tu -(he\) a cu6i ci:lu, dung
bi<iu Sl/ phan van, c6 dich Ia "h<i...sao?" hoi,ic"le nao ... u'?":
_ (KhiJi vong chi Jz6?)Le nao quen st! d6 u?
- r 9:13 ' R Sf ? (Vi tll' nu gia, khiJi kha
vong ky an ho'?) Nhiin[!. n[!.u&i him con ha c6 thi quen on cha mf
duoc sao? (Bdi 98)
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ArDe
T '* /f
Dinh sinh hO'u ai chi. Nhat ng9a sang bat
g o T . ' '* iW o t5(
nang khdi. Dinh sinh hi! thai, triep t9a sang Vi giang c6
, HE , 1t o & ffi2 , M3 8 o
xu'ong ca khuc, dT giai ky 111UQ!1. du, thuy dT.
T(/ MCJI
Dinh T: ht.J Dinh-Trie'p.: luon luon c1&u (tit biiu thj )' quyit djnh,
tlft nhien)-Xtiong hat, hat len-Ca hclt-Khuc HE: bai hat-Mu<)n
: hufm ba-Du @_: khoi tanh Nit c16u, nu'!i.
212 TRAN vAN CHANH
D!CH NGHiA Yeu em
Tu) Dinh c6 (1L/a em trai, _veu (em). M(Jt hom, em cr) bnh,
nlim r1 giuong. khong d(iy dut;Jc. Luc nhan r6i, tu) Dinh fw)n
ngbi tru'r!c giuilng. ki chuyn cho em nghe, hdt nhilng bai ca, di
khw1y m3i bu(5n cua em. De'n khi em khoi bnh, mr!i th/Ji.
NGU PHAP
0. (triep) clu<;jc dung nhu ph6 tu ,biu thi tinh tat nhien,
c6 th dich Ia "cGng van, van eli, Juan lu6n thl :
T m: * iW (Dinh sinh thoi, trie'p t<_)a sang
Tro f)inh luc n3i, luon dJu ngbi trur!c giuung.
6 (thiiy) Ia ph6 tu, c6 nghTa "bat clfru, mdi":
_ & f:R.Z! dG, thzly dl) De'n khi khoi bnh,
mr!i thr5i.
_ (Ljch xuan, ha, thu tam thoi, tluly
tlic) Trai qua ba mua xu{m, thu, mr!i clu'(Jc tMc ( /3(/i 103 ).
m
82

BCH KHACH
m 7 * . 1=r 15 )( o x 1111 11 o
NCru nhi t<:ti gia, huu khach phong ky pht,I. Pht,I thich tha vang.
A ! ...t , c :(f 'T f:lz: z o
Nhi yeu khach thlnh khach thu<;5ng tQa, ky ha vj b6i chi.
1=f i z ; 1i
Khach huu van, U}c ciln dap chi; khach khu, nhi t6ng chi m6n
7} o & )( tJ ?JT 5 z 15'2 x o
pht,I quy, dT khach Sd ng6n, cao chi 11 phu.
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHO HAN
213
nJ MOl
Nii'u m: hQ Nilu-Phong jj: hoi Yeu nu'!i-Ky G:
mtnh (dt;ti tu nhan XW1J<)-V! f:lz:: nw3i tlur-Cfin gf: kinh ca?n.
D!CH NGHiA Tiip kluich
Be Nilu a nhd. Cd nguoi khach hoi tlulm cha n6. Cha vita nufi
c1i ncJi khac. Be nu!i khcich vao, mili khach ngbi ch6 tren, con mlnh
rhl if duoi rie/J khach. Khach c6 hoi, rhi kinh cdn tra lili; (khi)
khach di, be ti2n ra c1e'n ngoai eLla. De'n khi cha (be) dem
nhilng /(Ji khdch m)i trlnh l(,li voi cha.
NGU PHAP
0 (thich) Ia ph6 ttt, c6 nghla "mdi, vua moi":
1i (Pht,I thich tha vang) Cha vua mdi di noi khdc.
6 ttl! {tha) Ia tu, dung clti chi "cai khac, nguoi khac, ncli
kh<:'ic": )(3@1-tQ1i (Phu thich tha vang) Cha vua moi di noi khac.
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83
lEt s
1:1-t .P.J;I.
QUANTHV
lEt S If: --'- ,-+, '.fFn -7 S
1:1-t .13.131. '71'<. F\ 'I ' iltt tL .YR.
0
- .P.PI. ;!!!;
Qufin thl't tt,I trung, nghi ngl.f mieu chi sach. Nhat thl't tien
a : o-tJ ilii m rj . m 1=r ilii . .g jf
viet: "DT Jinh mieu mieu hanh linh minh, ng6 boi
F- z flffi .n gf * 1w. /f m o .:t
dac tao vi chi b(. Qufrn thlt v6 bat xung thi<$n. Chu
.::!;L EJ o- 3tt i;i:. I' I J .=;:<. ? .D
0
i!W-i'-
otx: B cti: r:Ji::. .VA !l'lJ 7k ' " B = ... A
nghj gia viet: "Thuy nang dT Jinh h<$ mieu gia ?". Giai
214
TRAN VAN CHANH
ttt o a : 0" z D , r:r z *l
nhien nwc cam d6i. C6 viet: "Ngon chi phi gian, hanh chi duy
D Jl 0
gian".
TU MOl
nh6m h9p l(li-Sach m: ke' sach, ke' hoch-Tien
bucJc tai-Linh cai Jffi!: phdn sau ct/, gay-Ngo
g: tai, ta-Boi :11: phe, b9n ("Nga ba'i" fa chung ta)-Bj flffi: phong
tntC!c, phong bj-Duy4%t vui, df!p long- Thuy gtf: ai ( clqi tit nghi
im LQ_ng, lcJng le-Gian 9ffi.: kh6 khan-Duy *fl: La.
D!CH NGHiA Bii'y chuqt
Bdy chu()t nh6m h9p trong hanJ?, ban ke' how:h ch/Ing meo.
M()t con chu()t tiln len n6i: "Dung chuang bu()c vao c6 meo, (hl)
meo di thi chuang keu, chung ta sum ph<>ng bj n6 cluc;c". B9n
chu()t cd mitng, khang con niw khang khen hay. Con lam chu t9a
cu()c h9p hoi: "Ai c6 the' dung chuanJ? bu()c vao ci/ meo? ". Tt!it cd
im l(ing khang con nao dam tra fiJi. Vi the; n6i rdng: "N6i
khang kh6, lam mC!i La kh6 ".
NGO PHAP
0 1m /f (vo ba't) Ia mot Cl;lill tu quen dung, c6 nghTa
"kh6ng g1 kh6ng, kh6ng ai khong, khong cai nao kh6ng":
fflii /f (Vo biit xung Khang con nao khang khen hay.
@ mt ... fp (thuy ... gia?) Ia mot ket cau g6m d<:ti tu nghi
van * (thuy) ket hQp voi trQ tu :t3 (gia) hoi ai lam g1 :
_ gtfg i) 13? (Tiu'ty nang dT linh mieu hang
gid ?) Ai c6 thi dung chuang bu()c vao c6' meo?
roAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN 215
_ gtfCiJ{i::Ei:t"? (Quan tuc bach
tlu'ty kha d;;ti quan gid?) Nlu nha vua chit r6i, thi ui co thi thav
cho l'ua? (Sif" h': Tieu Tuang qwJ'c the' gia).
Ia tu co chi nguoi vat, thu'ong djch
"khong ai, khong c6 gl": (Giai nhien m{lc
dm u6i) Tc{t cd im l(lng khang con nao dam trcl lr1i.
0 *i (duy) co thti dLf(ic coi Ia tu, djch Ia "Ia":
9ffi. ' f=r Z *liN (Ng6n chi phi gian, hanh chi duy gian)
N6i khtmJ? khr5, li11n nu'li !a kh6.
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84
ill
BJA cAu
-j- ?JT 13 z ill liJ rm m , tm ft o A
Ng6 sai s(i eli chi dja vien nhi lu'(Jc c6 danh dja du. Nhan
wz w $*me 7t
cao scJn chi dien, vien vQng hai trung lai tien kien
me fffi , 1& me o A 1i: , me .r
nguy, kien than. Ky khu thai, than
7t , me fffi 1& ?.X o ii m ft :t- , rtJ
ti en m(>t, nguy mot. Hoan du dja du gia, nhli huang
* ffiJ 1'J ' 15 rtJ ::f ' 7--. z ' I\ @] 1]:
dong nhi hanh, phli<.ing hu'ong bat bien, ctl'u chi, tat h6i nguyen
o 1ft till liJ z m m o
xu. ThU' giai dja \ien chi chung da.
216
TRAN vAN cHANH
Tl) Mdl
C:iu l:jt ,tjt hinh cdu. qua du, dja cdu, qua dcl't-Sai b<m
(di;it sau dc;i tu nhan xung nJ?oi thu nhttt di bifu thj so'
"NgtJ sai" la chung ta)-Vien tron-LtiQ'c mg: hoi m:
df!p, df!t-Dien dlnh nui-Hoan cdi w)ng-Bie'n thay {Mi.
biin ddi-H6i @]: tru !Jf:: luc dc1u. ban cldu, vo'n d!-Xu
ch6. nai-Chung hang chunf?.
D[CH NGHlA Dja cdu
Da't chung tau hinh tron va hoi df!t, vi the' gQi la dja du (trcii
da't). Nguoi ta dung tren dlnh nui cao, xa trong nhilng chie'c
thuvJn di tai trong bd'n. truac c()t hu6m thuyJn, sau tha:v
than thuyJn. Khi thuv&n di, than thuyJn chlm xuo'ng tru(fc, d)t
bu6m thuyJn chim xuo'ng sau. Nguoi di vt)ng quanh dja cdu, ne'u
huang vJ phia dtJrzg ma di, phuang huanf? khong thay ddi, thl ml)t
thai gian !au sau dt phdi tru lq_i ch6 ban ddu. Nhilrzg di&u d6 dJu
La bang chung vJ trdi d!lt hinh tran.
NG(/ PHAP
0 pJT + d()ng tu + z + danh tu: c6 th<i dt1<;5c coi la m(>t
TOAN THV TV HQC CHV HAN
217
c<ich thuc co ainh, trong u6 rJT (s0) la tn! tu ket cau ket h0p voi
danh tU (5 phia trtiOC Va UQI1g tU d phia SaU lam thanh m(>t Cl,lffi .
clinh ngG':
_ pff 13 z .till (Ngo sai sl! cti chi uia) Dtft cua chung ta
i!.
_ (Mong C6 sl! ky chi rna) Ngf!a cua nf?uoi
M/Jng Cd ciii.
- 1$ r FJT 13 z ' (Trqng tlt sl! CL( chi that) Nha cua TrQng
tit r!.
6 Sift (ltiQ'c) Ia ph6 tu lam trc,tng ngC(, trtioc hlnh dung tu,
co nghla Ia "h(ii, hcii chut, h(ii h(ii" : [!1]ffi]IDgm (Vien nhi ltt(fc
bi<in) Tron ma hai df!l.
@ )t (tien) va 1& dung nhL(. ph6 tU lam tr<,tng
ngG' , trtioc u(>ng tu, co nghla Ia "trtidc, sau":

(Tihz kien nguy, hij.u kien than. Ky khu thai,
than tien m(>t, nguy hij.u m(>t) Truac tha:v c()t
butJm thuyJn, sau tha\ than thuyJn. Khi di, than thuyJn
chlm xu6ng truac, c()t bu6m thuyJn chim xuo'ng sew.
o :tm (nhu) Ia lien tu bi<iu thj gia thiet, djch la "neu":
3m ffi] f=f 1J (ri] /f !;z Z '@] iJf: (Nlut htidng
dong nhi hanh, phticing htiong bat bien, cltu chi ' tat h6i nguyen
xu) Niu huang vJ phia dong ma di, khtmJ? thay ddi phu:ong huang.
thi it !au sau ta't tri'J /q_i ch6 ban ddu.
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85

Lt)C
TRAN VAN CHANH
till OJ U Ji5- A , *- :t- El , 1J\ :t- JJ]. 1L
L!Jc dja kha JT eli nhan, d<;1i gia viet chau, tiEu gia co hai
'* ' El c - iHi fr 7j( ' - [@ ;@ * 13 'El
trung, viet dao. Tam t<;1i thuy, nhat lien I!Jc giJ, viet
-=F
0
L1.J D + till ' I J \ 13 El $. ' El M '
ban dao. Scin, d()t kh(Ji Lf blnh dia, tiEu gia viet ph!J, viet khLru,
o ili :A 13 , El :A L1.J o + Jffi: 13 , till z
lang. Nang xuat h6a gd, viet h6a son. Blnh nguyen giii, dia chi
+ a :t- m " till rB':J 13 , a rB':J '* o i0 :n
blnh than gia da. Ky dja the cao gia, viet cao nguyen. Sa
z till ' 7j( 13 ' El ij;
0
chi dja, YO thLiy thao gia, viet sa ITI<:!C .
Tl] MCJI
Chau HH: dai lf!C, C(Jn, biii song-Co JJ.l\: n1(Jt mlnh-Dao cu
lao, ddo-Ban -=F: nu)t mia-D()t hc"ft' nhien, cl(Jt nw)t, xoi thung
("d(Jt khiJi" ld nh/J len)-Binh +: bling phdng-Phl) $ : g() dc'lt-
Khu'u .M: g() d(l't cao-Than B: r(Jng riii bling phdng-Sa i0: hc;a
h{ii cat.
D[CH NGHlA
Diit lie'n
D!it lidn nguiii c6 tid iJ duc;c, khoang !C!n g9i la chau, khodng
nho dang m(Jt mlnh t rong biln g9i la dao. Khodng ( cr)) ba mi;it iJ
nui nude, m(3t m(it !idn vai clr;zi lf!c g9i Ia ban ctdo. NU.i nh6 len iJ
vung deft bling, nui nhi5 t?9i la d6i, g9i Ia go, cltJng. Nui c6 thi
phun ra ltla, gr;i hi nui ltla.
Blnh nguyen hi 1ung d({t r(Jng riii bling phdng. Nui c6 dia the'
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
219
cao, gr;i la cao nguyen. Nai cr5 cat, da, kh<Jng o5 nuoc. gei ld so
mr;zc.
NCO PHAP
Caclz dzlng f3 ... ill (gia ... da)
f3 ... 1:11 (gia ... da) c6 thE du'c;ic coila m()t each thuc co dinh,
thu'ong dung trong diu djnh nghTa, tam hiEu la "la ...
_ +lffi: 13 ' tillz +B 13 (Binh nguyen gia, dja chi blnh
than gia dii) Blnh nguyen lei l'ung da't ri)ng rai bling phdng (\'C).\').
_ ' (Kim minh gia, nha da) Nay con chim
keu lei con quq (Bai I 19).
w
86
till im z Jj(
CHI THUY
till im z Jj( ' )( 13 El i$ ' /r_ El yij
0
7j(
Dia chi thuy, dai giii viet dliong, ky thu viet hai. Hai thuy
ril :A till , OJ 1-J ?a 7it 13 , a ?a til , # a
loan !1,1c dja, kha dT chu gia, viet hai loan, viet
m o * z _t , 11: till 1J' 13 , a a
cang. ]IJC chi thlit)ng, huu de dja tru' thuy gia, viet h6 viet
?a o !J\ :=f3 a " rm: J-m m z 1J' a ii iPJ o
Ky tiEu gia viet trl. Lu'U thong dja chi thuy vi giang ha.
1 L1.J t3 , a o El rB':1 {tJi iM rm T ,
sein gian gia, vi khe gian. Ky tlf cao xu khuynh ta nhi h<:l, dao
z , -tlo z 111 , a 111 o
vqng chi, nhu khong chi bo, thi vi b<)c bo.
220 TRAN VAN CHANH
Tl) M(JJ
Duong biln Lon-Thu )J\.: hue duai )]\ Ia "rhri de'n, duai
nii'a ")-Loan tJl': nuac chdy vong, ch/J nur!c char V()ng vao d([r
("hdi loan" \'a ?8: ghe hen, dQ_u; cai
h6-Cang m: cifa bdn, cdng-De fit: tha/J-Trti nuac dr;ng,
vung nuac; nur!c dt;mg khe nlf(JC if dur!i nui-Gian
khe nlfac if giii'a hai nui-Khuynh M.: nghieng, cld-Ta (nuac)
ct6' xut/ng ph fa treo len, chai vai giii'a chitng-BC)c
bo' iJ {j]: thcic nlfac.
D/CH NGHlA N1tilc tre n m{it diit
Nur!c tren mijt da'r, khodng lrfn g9i Ia ch((Jng, thri de'n (nho han)
gqi Ia hdi (biin). ChrJ nlf(JC biln chdy \'(J ng vao cU{r co rhl
d(w dur;c gqi hi vjnh, cung g9i Ia cdng. Tren mijt dc;1i 1!!-c
(da'r co ch6 da't tha/J d9ng nuac, g9i Ia h6, la bg.c. Ch6 nho
g9i Ia tri ( ao). Dong nuoc luu thong tren mijt cta't la giang ha
(song). Dong nuoc (chdy) if trong nui Ia khe gidn (khe suo'i).
Dong nuac tit ch6 cao chdy dd xuong phia duoi, tu xa nhin no
giong nhu ta'm vdi treo giii'a khodng khong, do la thdc.
m
87
.li *
NGO DAI CHAU
.till Ill f* o '$: -=F f* rzg , B :2. *-ffl2 ,
Dja vien nht1 du hlnh. D6ng ban du huu tu chau, viet: A-te-a,
liD\ m , pilJ f'J no , * f'J 2. o z w tit w o
Au-la-ba, A-phi-lQi-gia, Vj chi ClfU the gioi. Tay
-=F f* :ff - i1+1 ' B 2 fiJ :fJD o ;fff tit W o
ban du huu nhat chau viet: A-my-l(ji-gia. Vj chi tan the gioi.
TOAN THLI TV HQC CHO' HAN
221
TU M(JJ
Ngii chau .li * i1+1: nam chau lr!n-Ciiu hinh vQ_t
hinh trim, hinh qud bong, hinh cdu-Dong ban du'$: -=Ff*: nil'a
hinh c6u phia dong, Dong ban c6u-A-te-a 2*-ffl2: Chau A (nay
gQi lu A chau)-Au-la-ba liD\ Chau Au (nay gQi La Au chau)-
A-phi IQ'i-gia fiJ :fJO: Chau Phi (nay g(Ji Ia Phi H+IJ-
IQ'i-a * f1J5}: Chau Uc, Chau Dc;1i Duang-The gi6'i
tit .Ji!.: hoan cdu, the' giai-Tay ban du -=F f*: nil' a hinh cdu
phia ray, Tay ban c6u-A-my- IQ'i-gia 2 fiJ :fJO: Chau My (nay
g9i Ia My chiiu
D/CH NGHlA Niim chiiulan
Dlit tron nhu hinh c6u (hinh qud bong). Naa trai da't phia
clang (Dong ban cdu) co bon chau, g9i la: Chau A, Chau Au, Chau
Phi, Chau Uc. G9i do La the' giai cu. NU:a trcii da't phia ray (Tay
b1n cdu) co m9t chau, Ia Chau My. G9i do Ia the' girJi mai.
222
TRAN VAN CHANH
NGO PHAP
cAuvAcACTHANHPHANc0AcAu
1DW1DB"llft5J-
1 . Cau Ia dan vj l&n nhfrt cua ng6n ngfr dung di d!,lt m(>t
y tron .
Thi dl}:
- 71E ' 5 z 3 81\ + 4-11'2

Ng6 sai ham Lr bfrt nang tlr, bilt nang ho(,lt chi kh6' ciinh di lt,Ic
hfru du nien u tu hi (Phan B(>i Chau: Thjen h6 Di hcJ) (Chung
t6j bj 175m vao c:inh scfng deY chir dd rY day d5 17011 sau mllV'j n5m
nay r6j).
2. Moi diu co hai thanh phfm chinh Ia cluJ ngtJ va vj ngtl:
Cau "Nga tri chi hi" (Ta do r6i) ( n-ung dung), co "nga" Ia
chu ngfr, "tri chi hi" Ia vi ngfr.
Co hai tmcmg hqp cau kh6ng co chu ngfr:
( 1) Hoan c:inh Cl} rhl cua Joi n6j (hay dot;Jn v5n) kh6ng dn
neu n5 chu ngtl:
Thf dl}:
a:
Bfrt thuc hfru chu? hfru chi.
(Mc;mh TtJ ho1): - Kh6ng bjit c6 fy kh6ng? (Tuyen
v/f01zg) dap: Co (Mt;Jnh Trl).
(2) Chu ngif d3 neu ra 6 dot;Jn tren hoifc sfp dllf)r: neu a do:;m dur5i
Thi dl}:
- 5 I T tEl Jill , g A tt * 4- OJ [9 + ti
Bao dan TinhTrl h<:1 tuang nghenh. dien d6i toa. Nien
TOAN THlJ Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 223
kha ru- du.
Rio dan Tjnh Tdxucfng thtm nghenh don (Lf Sjnh). mirj vao
ngcJj ng,?ng mift. (Tj11h Tri) tuol" chimg bcfn mUV'j (Tttdng Phong:
Hofc Tj{u Ng9c
Lo(,li cftu kh6ng neu chu ngfr goi Ia cftu chu - vi kh6ng hoan
to an.
Nhfrng cau do m<)t nhom tu t!,lO thanh ngoai du chu - vj
goi la cau kh6ng chu - vi hay cau co cbu - vi khai quat. Tnrcmg
hqp nay chung ta thu&ng thfry trong thi ca ho;:ic & nhfrng cftu thanh
ngfr, tt,Ic ngfr.
Thi dl}:
- :fJR!Ml:it
Da kh&i hoang oanh nhi. M!,lc giao chi thuqng
Du61 dum thjip co11 oa11h, dimg cho 116 h6r tre11 dmh (Cap
Gia Y chau ca).

Qua bilt n<;1p ly, ly h!,l bfrt chinh quan.
Dj qua ruf)11g dua thi dimg xo gJily. dj dur5i c5y thi dimg
sib 17017 (co' tin).
Vi ngfr co khi chi g6m m(>t d(>ng tu. m(>t hlnh dung tu, co khi
l!,li co them m(>t ti11 11gil; m(>t thu9c 11gt1: B6 sung cho cac thanh
phfm trong cftu con co thi co dj11h 11gtJ: b6,11gil; trc;mg 11gt1: Tan ngfr,
thu(>c ngfr, tr(,lng ngiJ, djnh ngiJ, b6' ngiJ Ia die thanh phfrn pht,I cua
diu. Ngoai ra, cftu con co thi co nhfrng thanh phfrn phlf khac nhu
dcJ11g vj 11glr. pht.fc chl11gil; h611gifv.v.
3. Tuy theo du ngiJ phap va n(>i dung cfrn d!,lt, cilu co
thi rfrt ngtin gon va cling co thi rfrt dai.
224
- Cau dan Ia diu chi c6 m()t du chu vt.
Thf dl):
- ft9(DZ.*
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nga tri chi hi ( Trung dung) (Ta biit diu d6 r61).
- Cau phfrc Ia cilu do nh&u cau dan (hay du chu-
vD hqp
Thf dl):
,
Su thien vo nong phu, ct1 giai tt1 hl.
Niu trong thien h[l kh6ng c6 ngwi film rur}ng thi m9i ngwi
se chit d6i (Trinh Phr;rm huyn tht! trung ky d M("ic).
4. Can Clr vao n()i dung va ml,IC dich ta c6 chia
cftu lam 4 chinh:
( 1) Cfiu trdn Dung neu len m()t Sl! thl!c, m()t y
Thf dl):
- Fl tfj * tlJ z ...c
tr Dong San chi thtrQTig.
Triing m9c d t1-en ntii Dong S011 (To Tht1c: Xich Rich phu).
(2) Cfw nghi vfn: Dung hoi neu len m()t
Thf dl):
-
Tien sinh ttrang ha chi?
Tien sinh djnh di dfiu? (M.anh til).
(3) Cfiu du kluln: Dung di neu len m()t yeu cftu, m()t
m()t Jeri nghi hay thtrang ltrQTig, khuyen bao, mm moe.
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
Thf dl):
-/9.Jimmtz
chi!
Xin dimg tJlt 19 d6.' ( Yen Dan til).
225
(4) Cfiu cam than: Dung b()c I() Sl! xuc d()ng trong khi n6i

Thf dl):
-
0
-TEl : Di ! !
Nhan Uyen tt1. Tu Y! Thien tang dtr!
Nhan Uyen chit. Kh6ng ttJ than: 6i. tr&i h[li ta.' ngfi).
E
m
88
*

NGO DA.I DUONG
n * z 7} 1J' z rJT o J?x :1t * :13: 7t
Ngu d<:ti chau chi ngo<:ti giai thuy chi sC1 tt,I. Ttfu ky d<:ti gia phan
2 * "j;_ +-
vi ngG dvong. Ttf A chau dong chi My, huu Thai Blnh Duong. Ttf
l!!J fJ Z l!!J'
Au, Phi chi My, huu D<:ti Tay Duong. A chi Nam, De chi Tay, Phi
Z * ' f!t i$ o foj r.i ' t ' = <;J<
chi Dong, huu AnD() Du<.ing. Ctfc Nam. ctfc Bac, huu nhi bang
0
duong.
T(/ MOl
Sd tl,;l ch3 lr;ri-TtfuJ?,t: uiY rheo (giai tu)-Thai Binh
226
TRAN VAN CHANH
Duong -j::_ + Thai Blnh Tay DC:li
T(h Duong-An De) Duong EP F:l ln D9 Duang-Nhi bang
dtfo'ng = Hai hifn bang.
D!CH NGHiA
Niim biin l{Jn
Ngoai niim chou lcfn la nai l(,li cua mMc. Theo nhilng
biin lcfn (nguui ta) chia ra lam niim d(,li duang. Tit phia Dong
chfiu A din chdu My c6 Thai Blnh Duong. Tu chliu Au, chdu Phi
din chdu M.v c6 D(,li Toy Duong. Phia Nam chdu A, phia toy chdu
Uc coln D9 Du(Jng. Cung qtc phia Nam va phia Bdc c6 hai
biin biinf?.
NGU PHAP
DAU cAu
Cac sach c6 thll'ang kh6ng chfrm ciiu m(>t each r6 rang, co
thi chi co dfru chiim va dfru khuyen, con gQi la va "eli".
la dfru chiim ngLI'ng hai cho ciiu sach , dung di ngftt
tLI'ng do:;tn m(>t. hai chfr, tll'ang dll'cmg v&i dfru ph5'y "Cu"
la dfru chiim dCrt nghia ciiu sach, dung di nhGng tlr 3 chfr
tra len, tfrc Ja dfru khuyen, tll'cmg tv v&i dfru chiim ngay nay (eli
DQC nhGng sach kh6ng bo ctiiu (gQi la"b:;tch thu'"), cac trQ' tlr
dung riit trong Van ng6n se giup chung ta phfrn nao dll'Q'C
nhGng cho ngLI'ng cua tac gii
Mai sau, tll' nam 1919, ngll'ai ta da guy djnh 12 dfru m&i;
nam 1949 guy djnh them 3 dfru nfra, tilt ca th6ng g6m 15
dfru. NhGng dfru nay thll'ang dll'Q'C cac nha in Slr dt,mg khi in l:;ti cac
van ban c6, vi cling cfrn gi&i sa lll'Q'C:
1. Cti Diiu chfrm (.).
2. DPu Diiu ph5'y (,).
TOAN THV TlJ HQC CHU HAN 227
3. D6n ( , ): Dung nhLr dfru ( . ), nhLrng chi dung
a nhGng do:;tn ke (co sach gQi dfru nay la nhll' dfru
ph5'y).

Chu thich: Co sach gQi va "d6n !a "diim
4. Phfin Diiu chiim ph5'y ( ; ).
5 M?Jo Diiu hai chiim ( : ).
6. vin Diiu hoi ( ? ).
7 Than Diiu than ( ! ).
8. D3n ( r J . li J { } ): Dung di dong khung
bQ trich dfrn.
9. Quat ( ( ) [ ]. - - ): Con gQi la
"giap chu tll'cmg dmmg v&i dfru dcm.
10. Pha cinlt f1ju ( - ): Dung biiu thj Sl! chuyin d(>t ng(>t tll'
y nay sang y khac.
11. Ti'nh 1uvc f1ju ( ... ): Con gQi Ia tll'ang
dl.l'ang v&i dfru chiim ll1ng.
12. D;Jc danh ( _ ): Con gQi Ja "tll' danh dung di
dU'&i ten ngll'ai. ten dfrt v.v.
13. Tru6c tr9ng ( .. ): ben phai chfr chfr in dQc)
phia dU'&i chfr chfr in ngang) a nhGng cftn
chu y.
14. Thlf danh ( ): Dung dLr&i ten sac h.
15. Am gj6i ( . ): gilia nhGng iim trong m(>t tll' phien
.: - -rz -d -r::. J cv r ) ( ' )
am t1eng nll'O'C ngoa1. 1 JJJ lj: '>' I. . . e-nm .
w
111
Ve ten gQi va each dung cac dau ciiu. chung toi can eli chu yeu vao cu6n Hifjn d?i
Him ngtJ(Thllang Vl! an thll quan. Biic Kinh. 1963): ngoai ra con tham khao them m(lt s6
sach a 8ai Loan. Hong Kong.
228
89
$fj
HO
TRAN VAN CHANH
1Z:9 cm ill , 1J( Jt l=jJ o 1J\ tt El Hg -T:. 13 El
Tu h,IC d!a, thiiy tnr ky trung. Titiu giii viet trl, giii viet
$fJ o$fj 7j( 1W ' flt OJ J;) fi *
0
7j( l=jJ
h6. H6 thiiy tham quang, cJ.! chu kha dl vang lai. Thiiy trung huu
f!?. ' ' ' iffi 1fl EE Jt ff o (15;( m1 Z
ngu, ha, da lang, ngau, nhi quan vuu Co h6 tan chi
fi '!:&
thu phong.
nJ M(JJ
H6 mJ: hb (nhu cdi ao nhLtng !an hrm)-Clf : fan-Ha con
ng6 sen-Quan1-f: dan nuac tuai, tuai, rot
ff: tin, tin l(fi-Tan bo-Thu thu
tff: thuong-Phong ct&y, thjnh, du'(fc mua.
D!CH NGHlA HiJ
Da't !dn bo'n ben, nuac cl9ng l{li iJ ben trong, ch6 nho g9i la
ao, chb fan g9i fa hb. Nuac hb sau, rl)ng, fan c6 thi eli lgi
clu(fc. Trang nuac c6 cd, tom, nhdu cu a'u, ng6 sen, vic dan nuac
vao tuai rul)ng lgi cang tin hrm. VI the' rul)ng ben bo hb thu
hogch thuong du'(JC mua.
NG0PHAP
CHU NGCJVA V! NGCJ
I. Chu ngU' va vi ngU'
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN 229
I . Chu ngfr va vi ngfr Ia hai phfm chinh cua cau.
Chu ngfr dung neu len st.,r rna ngtr&i ta mu6n n6i
chi ngtr&i hay lam chu mot hanh d(>ng hay m(>t tr<,lng thai.
Chu ngfr trii l&i diu hoi: Aj? Cai gi?
Vi ngfr dung n6i chu ngfr, cho hanh d(>ng hay tr<,1ng
thfti cua Sl,l' neu ra a chu ngfr.
Vi trii l&i cau hoi: Lam gi? Bj (duvc) Jilm gi? Nlur thi niw?
La ni?. La cai gi?
Thf dl):
- ,
Duy nga D<:1i chi qu6c. tht.,rc vi van chi bang.
Nwc D;;i tn. rlwc fa m9t nwc c6 viin hiin (Binh Ng6
dpi cao) ("Duy nga D<,1i chi qu6c" la chu ngfr, "tht.,rC vi van
chi bang" la vi ngfr).
2. Chu ngfr c6 dung chi st.,r dong vai tro chu dong
bi d(>ng v&i nhfrng st.,r neu ra & vi ngfr.
Thi dl):
- Chu ngfr chu d(>ng:
p;fi :@: c , rh "]j:;+Jm.tt
- '11X.1ff.';
DLI'thtr&ng liim san vong tht.,rc, trung d<,1 phu chfrm.
Tn thur3ng t6i blfa quen iin, nib dem vo g6i Quoc
Tuan: Hjch tur5ng si viin).
- Chu ngfr bi dong:
-
thai tifvi Giang Sung s&
Thai tif nwc bj Giang Sung danh b;;i (Han thti).
Chu ngfr c6 khi kh6ng chu d(>ng, cilng kh6ng bi d(>ng:
230
-
Khfu tham hi!
Giifc dong qua! ( T:i lru
w
90
w
SON
TRAN VAN CHANH
mlm
E>ia huu son, nhat phong d<)c tung van te,
W1<: ru! t , + lit 1' *B o w z * :ff3 ,
s6 phong tli(1ng lien, thien ly bat Son chi d<,1i gia,
, * z , wx 13 z o rm , =r , t-t , ilil z
thao, m<)c sinh chi, dm thti eli chi. Nhi kim, ngQc, moi, thiet chi
' Y... ;_ '* 0 IDJX 1W; z f-lj ill 0
thu<)c, hlfu san li ky trung.Thanh v6 cung chi IQi da.
Tl) MOl
Phong ru!: cham nui, dinh nui, ng9n nui-Tung 3i: cao thilng
len-Tt khodng-Ttiong t: cung nhau-Lien vui nhau-
Thien ly -=flit: ngan dc;im if.: edt dlit, dlit-Thao
co-NgQc =[: thu da qu.v, ng9c-Moi t_t: than da-Thitt ilil: sdt-
San ;_: sinh de, sinh ra-Cung cung he't, cuo'i he't-Lqi f-lj: mo'i
lr;i, lr;i ich.
D!CH NGHlA Nz'ti
Tren mc;it da't c6 nui, ho(ic m9t ng9n dung rieng m9t mlnh, cao
thdng vao trong may, hoc;ic ma:v ng9n tie]J nhau ngan d4m
kh6ng dut. (0) nhilng nui !Un, (c6) co cay so'ng 0 d6, chim muong
6 n(fi d6. Nhilng loqi vang, ng9c, than, sdt lqi sinh ra trong t/6.
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN 231
Thqt la mo'i h;i w5 cung.
NCO PHAP
+ Cach di'ing z (chi) chlmfi cholz
z (chi) doi khi dli<Jc dung nhli tu chi tht dti chi noi
chon, c6 nghia Ia "d d6, noi d6":
- w Z.:*::ff3' wX Z( Son chi d<,li gia,
thao, m<)c sinh chi, dm, thu eli chi) a nhilng nui !Jn, c6 co cay
sffng o do, chim muong o n(fi d6.
_ /MM ffi] ;#, z ( Uyen thiim nhi ngli sinh chi ) V{tc c6
sau thi ca mui sinh ra o d6 (Sit ky H6a thlfc lit truyn tl/).
re tm f:t z
_t
w
91

f'S
HAl
[g[j
E!-
Jffi ' : z
Hai li dja du chi thli<Jng tu qwin thong, phi nhli<.Jc chi
*-1 tt1 ;a f= '
huu tuc da. Ky ng<,1n xu giao thitin, vien
o @l :JE -+- z. , w 1m &l rm ra
tham. Phong djnh ba blnh chi thai, hai nhli kinh nhi hai dti
Qfl [2) ;If' ill z w fr ; fb 1m
ufc ao d<)t bat dng nhli ll}c dja chi son co'c; d<)ng thlfc cac
J)\ *I ;. o
san ky gian.
t!ffl re a :;- 1J' tl: , 1 J \ fit :tffi
Tiin hai dan eli da thuy tinh, thliong titiu chau b6 ngli
9 , t* 1J' , if1l! Hf M! A w JfX
ha, thai thuy tao, yeu gian truy nMp hai ati thu
232 TRAN VAN CHANH
Ifffi mJ Et z Ji0 .1.-J. tW: ;riJ o z A
san ho, chau chi thuoc dT bac lQi. Cai hai tn chi nhan
A ill JJl x z B3 o
ky th! hai da v6 d! 11 n6ng phu chi th!
TU M(JJ
Qmin thong ]i :@: suo't, thong tQc iff t,J: dut
no'i-Xu nai-Giao khd, tuang c16'i- nlJng, cr,m-
if: ddn ddn-Djnh )E: yen-Ba s6ng-Ao [g): !om xuo'ng-
: l6i len- nhdu, xen ke, ldn l9n- Tfin gdn,
ba-Dan cu' cheo-Tao /ffk:
bul)c, CQ!- day-Truy M;: thong xuo'ng, tha
xu6ng-San h6 (san ho) ffffi m.J: san chau J)K: ngQc
trai-Bac tW:: r9ng, mo r9ng, lam cho lqi fiJ: m6n lt;Ji
Lan-Cai vi (xem Ngil phap o duai).
D!CH NGH[A Biin
Biin (J tren mijt dja cdu, bo'n mijt thong nhau, kh6ng nhu
cta't ldn c6 chb dut no'i. Nai gdn ba cua n6 thi han, cang xa
ba cang sau. Luc gi6 l(fng song yen, m(it biln nhu guang, ma day
biln thi l6i lorn chdng nhau, gio'ng nhu hang nui tren dja;
cdc loai d9ng v(1t, thl!c v(1t cilng sinh san ldn l9n trong d6.
Dan cu o gdn biin, phdn quen tinh o m,cac, thuang cheo
nho bdt cd tom, hdi rong biin, ho(ic bu9c day ngang lUrlg
thong xuo'ng day biin cdc thu san h6, ngQc trai di thu
m6n lt;Ji ian. Boi l'l nguoi o ven biin, xem biln kh6ng khac nguai
nang phu xem ru9ng.
NG0PHAP
0 (phi nhu'qc) nghTa la "kh6ng nhu'", trong d6
TOAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 233
(phi) la ph6 tu phi.'! d!nh, dung nhu' 1' (bat):
z (Phi nlut(lc h,1c chi huu da) Khanf?
nhu cllit c6 chb dut chb no'i.
6 (giao) Ia ph6 tu lam tr<;tng ngu, truck hlnh dung tu
trong mot ket cau so sanh, c6 thti d!ch "kha , tu'ong doi, ... hon":
A (Ky xu giao thitin) Nai g6n ba cua m5
thi cg_n han.
@ J! (cai) Ia lien tu dung giiii thich nguyen nhan cua slf
d!ch la "bC1i vi":
x Z B3 (Cai hai tgn
chi nhan ky th! hai da v6 d! 11 n6ng phu chi th! Boi vi nguai
oven biln ho xem biin khong khdc ngul-ti nang phu xem ru9ng.
0 ... ... ... ) Ia mot each thuc co d!nh c6
th<i d!ch Ia "cang ... cang ... " : iT (Ti?m vi en ti?m tham)
Cang xa ba cang sau.
m
92
i::JJ
SA MAC
ill fj( z _t ' +- @ ' w ' 7J< ' tJJ] '
D!a du chi tht1<;5ng, blnh nguyen, st111, thuy, giai huu sinh
'lit i::JJ 1' o
duy sa bat nhien.
i::JJ ,. t:. *ff5 li -=f lit ; ill
Sa buc vien quang mien dng chi thien ly; d!a
234
TRAN VAN CHANH
z 1J' ]j[ o iX: Po A. &
ph<:tP thtiy thao. Tni gian khl viem nhLf d<:t
fl!J {i J:t {)itl
0
__ X. '*' Jim !1R ' 1j,'
uk ctfc ky Him Tha htfu thuong khoi c1.,1 phong, sa
::s m , m fl!J A i'if ,
th<:tch phi vu kh6ng te, l(;lc Uic mai nhan sue, mac
"6J il o 35!: /f' i !@ A o
kha dao d<')n. Co bat thfch u cu nhan.
T) MCJI
Sa sa mgc-Buc vien : din tfch, liinh th!f. drit dai-
Quang JJi *: r9ng /O'n-Mien *m: keo Ji: surJ't, chqy
diii z: thiiu, khong c6- Khi khf hqu-Phftn
thieu. clo't-Ctfc ky }t: hit (1* {)itl: lgnh
leo- Tha htfu __X.: vd lqi, va lgi, han ntla-CQ. phong : gi6
IO'c, gi6 hiio-Quyin cuo'n tung, xo'c- Vii mua-
Te' : ehc;t, thinh llnh-Yim mai jij t!_: vui la/J-
Dao d()_n ii: tro'n tranh.
D[CH NGH!A Sa m{lc
Tren mt;it dja cdu, da't b!ing, nui, nude c6 sinh vQ_t, chl c6
sa 1ngc thi khong nhu tht
Din tich sa mgc r9ng Lan, hot;ic dai suo't din nghin dt;im; noi
thiiu m!cfc, co cay. Ban ngay khi hQ-u n6ng nhu do't, vao ban
ctf!m thi hit sue lgnh leo. Va lgi thuong ndi len nhtlng trQ-n gi6
LO'c, cuo'n cat xo'c da hay mua tren khong, niu c19t ng9t roi xuo'ng
thi vui la/J nguoi va sue vqt, khong ai hay con vQ_t nao c6 thi tro'n
tranh dli(fC. Cho nen (sa mgc) khong thich hc;p vai nguoi J.
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN 235
NCO PHAP
0 fj;!t: (ctfc ky) duc;ic dung nhu ph6 tu lam tqng ngG',
truck hlnh dung tu, c6 ngr.Ta la "het s(tc": fj(C{tc ky Him
Hit sue lgnh leo.
6 __X (tha htfu) di:mg nhLf lien tu, thj stf tang
tien, c6 th djch Ia "va l(;li, va l(;li, hon nG'a"
ill!@, (Thd h{tu thuong khoi c1.,1 phong) Vd lgi thuCinf?
ndi len nhi?ng trqn gi6 lo'c.
Ia ph6 tu lam tr<,tng ngG' thi Stf xay ra d()t
ng<')t, t truoc d()n:g tu, c6 d!ch "chc;it, thlnh llnh, dOt ng()t":
m t!.A CSqu l<,tc de mai nhan sue) D9t ng9t rai
xwJ'ng thi chon vui 111guoi VQ sue VQI.
w
93
00* !IT
n
THU
= fi , ;!t: !@ L1J !:f , E1 !:f ; J:t a A
Thu hG'u nhj chung, ky cu scin da gian gia, viet da thu; ky vi nhan
pfT %Z :R El *
0
* ti ' Q} {f:
so hoan duong gia, viet gia sue. Gia sue tfnh kha
M -h , i:f q
0
ElF' ffi.-1" I;>(! .!#., , .f...l:'. e;; A
0
:h JJ f/, .P< IJD ::T nA .7L P.lt:. J;-;-0 /\. =
lao ltfc, cung thtfc phffm. Da thu hung b(;lo, nang vi nhan h<,ti.
jj tii -<::_ ' ;!t: ' :r$G lf'X ;!t: J3Z> ' '
Nhien l(;lp gia b0 chi, thtfc ky nhuc, thu ky bl, mao, cot,
ffl o
giac, d1 vi khl ph1.,1c chi dt,mg.
236
TRAN VAN CHANH
TU MCJI
Da !f: (t(Jng n9i ( "s(ffi dii" nghla la riing w: nuoi
(sue vqt)-Tm1n thudn-Cung cd/J cho, cung cd/J-Hung !7'2,:
hung dil, de (ciing vie't Ia dtitc;n, tan hung dc-
jjt: .win thu.
D!CH NGHlA Loai tlul
Thu c6 hai gio'ng, giifng thu iJ noi nui riing g9i Ia dii thu; gio'ng
thu duc;c nguoi nu/Ji dU'(Jng gr;i Ia gia sue. Gia sue tinh thudn, c6
thl ehju dl:(ng dU'(/e Slf nhr;e sac, (va) cung ea/J thvc phdm. Dii thu
hung dil, c6 thllam hQi nguoi. Nhung ngu(Ji di san bdt dii thu, an
thft, hay la:y da, long, xuong, sung di dung lam vqt (htng, do qudn.
NGOPHAP
TAN
1. Tan ngv
D(?ng tu ngo:;1i d(?ng thtr&ng dt.rQ'c b6 tuc bai m(?t tan ngfr. Tan
ngfr dung di chi d6i ttrQTig ct!a hanh d(?ng do d(?ng tu ngo:;1i d(?ng
neu ra. Tan ngfr tht.rCmg di sau d(?ng tu va tra l&i cau hoi: Ai?, Cii
gi?
Thi dl}:

An tien sinh thi thu.
HuyJn An tien sinh thich sich (B:;1ch Ctr DD.
II. Cau cua tan ngv
1. Tan ngfr tht.rCmg la danh tu, d<;1i tu. Tan ngfr cling c6 thi la
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 237
mQt d(?ng tu, hinh dung tu, s6 tu chung dt.rQ'c dung nhtr danh tu:
-
Ke Trung Tan thi ci.m.
Ke Trung Tin t.ra diin cdm (B:;1ch Ctr DD (danh tu).
- ft , fPJ (15( ?
Tl'r h<;1 nga, ha c6?
Bic mimg t6i. JiJ vi sao?(QwJc ngil) (d<,li ttr).
-
Tri thoai t6n vong ...
Biitauvc Je tJln thoii, t6n vong. .. (Trang TJ>; (d(?ng tu).
-
DI qua dtch chung.
Liy it dinh nhiJu (Binh Ng6 df)i cia) (hinh dung tu).
-
D<;lO sinh nhit. ..
Df)o sinh ra mr)t ... (Liio tif; (s6 tu).
2. Tan ngfr la mQt ngfr:

L<;lC dan chi /fJC gia, dan l(,lC ky l<;lC.
Niu vui niJm vui ciia dan thi dan cilng vui niJm vui ciia minh
(M.anh TJ>;.
3. Tan ngfr c6 thi la m(?t du chu vt. Tmcmg hqp nay,
d(?ng tu trong cftu thoong la nhfrng d(?ng tu biiu thi Sl! thCrc, y
chi, VQng, nhtr (tri), M (nghi), /j[ (ho:;1n) ...
-
Bftt tri !5o chi tu011g chi
Kh6ng hay tu6l gill sip din (Lu4n ngli').
238
TRAN VAN CHANH
-
c6 nghi d.ai vurmg chi bit mJng dt,mg d5.
Thdn vcfn ng& dpi vurmg kh6ng dung ki ctla thdn (Chi in qucfc
s!Jch).
-
dpi vurmg v6 thinh qudn thdn chi turmg !Jc d5.
Thdn mong dpi vurmg dimg nghe thea JOi huy bang J3n nhau
ctla b9n bJ t6i ( Chiin qucfc s!Jch).
-
Biit nhfm chi bit kj tri. . ,
Kh6ng Jo ngu&i ta kh6ng biit minh (Lu4n ngt1).
4. Mot dong tu c6 c6 hai tfm ngfr (xem Ngfl phdp bai 30,
ml,IC 3 [2]c ):
-
Thien sinh dfm nhi Uic chi quan.
Tr&i sinh ra dan va tt;JO cho h9 m9t 6ng VU!l (Dt;Ji sif
kj)("chi" va "quan" la tan ngfr cua dong ttr "tac").
Ill. Vl tri cua tfm ngv
Thong thtr&ng, tan ngfr sau dong ttr. Nhung trong mot s6
tnr&ng hqp sau day, tan ngfr thtr&ng tnr&c dong tu:
( 1) Trong du phu dtnh c6 tu lam tfm ngfr:
-fZWfiff/f.:g.W
Nga thAng nhuc;rc, nhuc;rc biit ng6 thAng.
Ta thifng ngUV'i, ngUV'i kh6ng thing ta (Trang Tii).
-*z:ff-&
Vi chihfru da.
roAN THlf TV HQC CHO' HAN
Chua timg c6 d6 (Mpnh Tii).
(2)Trong du nghi viin c6 tu lam tan ngfr:
- .:E. Sli: :tt'r ?
0 iJtf:._,y,
Ngo thuykhi?
Ta dcfi ai?(Lu4n ngt1).
-
Tien sinh tll'O'Ilg ha Ghi?
Tien sinh djnh di dau? (Mpnh Tii).
(3) Tan ngfr tnr&c dong tu qua each dung cua pfT (so'):
fa .:E. It::.''"' J.H
- " " ' t=J PII
Ngu: ng6 s& d1,1c da.
C!J Jil Joili ta mu6n fin (Mpnh Tii).
239
(4) Tan ngfr tru&c dong tu qua each dung cua: (thi),
1f (tht,rC). WI (tu), 1.% (yen),* (lai), -:z:;;-(van); z (chi):
.:E. ttr:: -7 .:::. .J... t::. 1 =
- t=J :R/1 ,<__ 71' F.l 1::. I i5
Ng6 tulcln!Vi nang tin.
Ta chua the' tin fy (Lu4n ngtJJ
-
Quan nhan gill tucmg h9althjh1,1 khu.
Ding quan nhan chj ccft tn} h9a cho dan.
- ,
Qu.V thfln phi nhiinlthvcAhan, duy dticlthjly.
Qu) thdn kh6ng than v6i nguVi, chj than v6i dtic ( Ta
Hi c6ng ngfl nien).
-
Vu kinhltu/y ...
240
TRAN VAN CHANH
NU011g dva noi kinh d6 ( Thi Kinh: Df!i nha, C6ng ll111).
-. '
N ga chi dong thien, Tfn. Trinhlyenly.
Nha Chu ta d&i phia dong, thea h9 Tin; h9 Trinh ( Ta
An c6ng ll!c nien).
T ,
- " I',D,8 13 T/1"'/1'-=:..
Bfit tich gia, y dU' llai /ky.
Chang kh6ng nghi din tinh XU'a mil gi{ln ta (Thi Kinh: B9i
phong, c6c phong).
- * ' ?
HGu thU'QTig y thuylvanA.fmg ?
Ding thur;mg di to 1677. niw c6 ghet ai? (Thi Kinh: Tilu nha,
Chinh
(5) Tfm ngfr di;it tnr&c d(>ng tl.r qua each dung cua Oi
z (duy ... chi), Ol ... (duy ... thi):

Bfit tri gia chi gian nan, bit van tiiu dan chi lao, duy dam
h;tc thi tong.
Khong nghi Sl,l' gian nan kho nhQC CUa cay dy, khong
nghe noi kh6n kh6 cua nhan dan, chi theo nhfrng
ham me, khoai (Thur;tng thu: V6 d{lt).

Ph1,1 duyky chiuu.
Cha mt; chilo cho con dau 6m (Lu{ln ngiJ).
-
Trl.rquan chi 6, duyh,rc thjthi.
Mu6n trir dur;rc ke thu ciia vua, chi c6 the' c[ly vao stic mflllh (Ta
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHO HAN
241
truyfn).
- , ,
Ngo co. tnr&ng bfrt tinh sa ho. duyhuynh thiy.
Ta m6 c6i tir nho, 1611 len kh6ng dur;rc thfy mift clw. chi nllVTlg
tl)Zl thea anh va chi dau Dil: Ti Th{lp nhi lang van).
(6) Tfm ngfr tnr&c d(>ng tl.r qua tac d(>ng cua gi&i tl.r .[;) ( dl):
-
Nga bfrt eli h{lu nhfm me.
Ta kh6ng me hope nguiri d&i sau (Thur,tng thu: Qu{Jn thich) (=
me nhfm).
-
Kim du thl tlfOTlg dl nhifthien.
Nay ta thif dem c!Jc nguui d&i doi (Thur..rng thu: Ban Canh) (=
tlfOTlg thien nhil').
(7) Tfm ngil' tru&c d(>ng tl.r qua tac d(>ng cua gi&i tl.r
ho?c trQ tu ket d(u z (chi):
- ,
Nga u tir mfnh, bfrt nang da.
Ta v6n kh6ng gioi khoa an n6i (M.anh Tif: C6ng Ton Siiu
thur;mg) (= nga bit nang tl.r da).
- ,
Dil bi d(>n, U' thOi svdo bfrt thong hiiu.
Dil thuif nho rft que mua din d9n. kh6ng hilu chut gi thOi sv
( H?m Dtf: Thur;mg Lj thi lang thU') ( = do bfrt thong hiiu thai sl,l').
(8) Tan ngfr c6 thi tru&c d(>ng tl.r trong m(>t du kh&ng
dinh thuang, khong cftn CO Sl,l' trung gian cua lllQt l0;;1i tlr nao:
242
TRAN vAN CHANH
- ' il&&':?
Uio phu ky qu6c gia bfrt nang tu5.t, cam Vll'O'Tlg thfrt?
Lfio phu day. ddt nu6c minh con kh6ng Jo nghi din. sao dim
nghi din vua ?(= bfrt nang tu5.t ky qu6c gia).
(9) Do ky van, nhfrt Ia trong thi ca, di cho ciic vfrn
hqp nhau, ngum ta dao tim ngfr ra tnr&c d()ng tl.r:
- , ; , m;J\AJil
Phfrn v5.n phfrt Sl, vong qufm tu, thfrc di thfrc di, v6 lieu nhan
dai.
Niu (nhilng ke bit tai d6) kh6ng thuimg hoi han, xem xet. thi
nhan dan se khinh nhim, d6i gpt nha vua. (Nguvi) hZiy chin ch/nh /pi,
truit bo nhilng ke Jd16ng xting ding d6 di, dimg dl cho vuvng thir bi
nguy hpi vi ke lieu nhfin (Thi Kinh: Tieu nhfi, Tift nam son) (=vo aai
tiiu nhfm)m.
(10) Ngoai ra, tan ngfr con c6 thi neu tnr&c d()ng tl.r r6i duqc
l;;ti trong do;;tn cau nhfrng d;;ti tl.r nhu
z (chi). ... , theo du:
Tan ngu + (Chu ngfr) + D()ng tl.r + z (Chi)

- , ?IWJZA
Thi t4tda, Giang Nam chi nhan thuerng thu&ng hfru chi.
B1i1h d6. ngwi ddt Giang Nam thuimg hay mic (Han Du: Te'
Th(jp nhj lanf? van).
- 1f':KZ ' BJ.J.:tt'1%
Cu6ng phu chi ng6n. minh chua tr;;tch yen.
L&i n6i ctla ke ngu deft. b+lc minh chua bift Iva ch9n nhilng
121
Ojch doan nay. chung t6i c6 tham khao ban djch cua Couvreur (sdd .. tr.202). va tham
bao i; kien cua mot so nha chu giai co thll. nhll Vl10'ng Dan Chi , Chu Hi . Ouang Thl,l EJat.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
diu c6 thltheo dur;rc (Hin thlf).
- s '
,'Rj p"J\
Dieu, ng6 tri kj nang phi.
Loai chim, ta biit n6 bift bay (StJ kjJ.
w
94

YTHljC
243
A z .r R ,_L-J-1'<:51 z ,_L-:J_ Jf z o 1X 7f ;r:E,
Nhan chi than dT y hQ chi, JT thtfc uu'ong chi. Y thtfc bat tuc,
'* z o Bi , JE
tuc hO'u dong noi chi ngu. Nhien qua noan qua bao, giai tuc tri
m o fl-* rm t<: , :IE [P.J t-u rm t41 , u
Tuy khi nhi dich y, dinh thai kha:c nhi thtfc v?t, ta:c
.r G !;i o
than tu' an.
TrJ MOl
Dong /*: lc;mh Ldm-N6i d6i Ldm-Ngu /o Ldng-Qmi
qua. !dm, vur;t hon-Noan Bi: (tm-Bao no-Khi fl-*: khi
hiju (tinh trc;mg cua khong kh[)-Khl'ic t-U: thai gia-T{t E3 : ti! nhien
(ph6 ru).
D[CH NGHlA Ao va t/u[c iin
Than thl nguC!i ta, dunf? ao di che cho, dung thiic an di nuoi.
( Khi) do va thiic an khong du, thi c6 n6i lo d6i ret. Nhung am
qua, no qua c6 thl dua de'n bnh t(lf. (Ntu) tuy thea khi h(ju
ma thay d(/i do, djnh thai khdc mit an thiic an, thi than thl li!
nhierz yen lanh.
244
TRAN vAN cHANH
NCO PHAP
TRANG
MPO
I. Tr:;m g ngii'
Tr<;tng ngii la thanh phfm phl:l d?t d phia tntoc di them chi
Cl;l thi cho ho:;tt d()ng tinh tr:;tng neu ra & d()ng tu, hinh
dung tlr. kh6ng ki dQng tlr hay hinh dung tlr nay lam Vl;l gi
trong diu.
Thi d1,1:
-
N ga thiim ai chi.
T6i rft yeu n6 (Tiit Ditu) ("thiim" b6 sung cho d()ng tu "ai")
-
.... I
Bfrt dJcfrp h6?
Ching vi Iifm sao? (M[Jnh Til) ("dl" b6' sung cho hinh dung
tu "cfrp").
Tr<;tng ngii cling c6 thi b6' nghia cho s6 tu:
-
Hanh nien.
Di gdn muVi niim (Han thu).
II. Cac loC;li ngli
Can Clr vao y nghia, chuc nang, ta c6 thi chia tr(;lng ngii lam 7
lo:;ti chinh:
1. Trgng ngtJchi th&i gian:
- -T A
roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN 245
Thmthanh trung duy bat clru thien nhiin.
Biy gi& trong thanh chl con c6 tam, chin ngan ngLr&i
Han thu).
- , /f&llt
Ng6 tiio tong phu tt!, bfrt tht!.
Niu ta s6m nghe J&i cha thi diiu din nOi nay (Quo'c ngil).
2. Trgng ngil chl noi chon:
- :ft
Nga d()c nam hanh.
M9t minh ta di vi nam (Thi Kinh: B9i phong, Kich co}

gi6i n9ih6' tai lu kh&i.
Trang tai hQa vt CQP lien tiip xay ra (Tt hili kj).
J.Trgng ngtJchiphurmg thtic himh d9ng:
-
Vuong b9t nhien h6
Nha vua d9t ng9t do] sic mift (M.anh Tti).
4. Trgng ngtJ chl mtic d, s6 lur;mg:
-
Thimh tri tht! nhan nhiin hiiu.
biit rling m& iy ngu&i ngu&i dtu c6 (Nguyen
Chfrn).
kf) .
5. Trgng ngtJ chi sv phil djnh:
-
Tuy dl;lc v6 vong, bfrt kha da.
Du c6 mu6n kh6ng bj mit nur5c, ctlng kh6ng thl duvc (Sti
246
6. Trt;zng ngil chl mt:tc dich, nguyen nhan:
6:- * ::r:: -7
J7;7!J .I. :f5( t<:.__
Thinh vi d{li Vlldng sat chi
TRAN vAN CHANH
Xin Vl dt;zi vuong ma gie't ong ta (Sa kj: Truong Nhl Trdn Du
li?t truy?n).
7.Trt;zng ng{f chi sv nghi vfn:

Uyen 11011g lt.r6ng til cham sinh thtr?
Hai ch{f "uyen U011g" Jilm sao viit?(Au Duang Tu).
Ill. Cau tq.o cua ngv
1. Tn;mg ngfr thuemg nhftt la m9t ph6 tlt-:
-
Thi ng6 thur;mg phu?
Xem Ju6i ta van con d6 kh6ng? (Su kj).
2. Tr(;lng ngfr la danh tlt- dung nhtr ph6 ttr cti chi phuang thCrc
hanh d9ng (xem Ngil phap bai 125):
-
Thi nhfin nhi
Con heo dilng len nhu ngu&i mil keu (Tii Trang cong
bat nien).
3. Tr<;1ng ngu la d9ng tu dung nhu' ph6 tu (xem Ngil phap
bai 126):
,
Pha Quang quan, sinh dac Quang.
Danh tan quan cua Quang va bdt so'ng dur;Jc Quang (Han
thu: Ly Quang truy?n).
4. Tr(;lng ngu la hlnh dung tu dung nhu' ph6 tu (xem Ngil
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
phdp bai 126, III):
J;
' I ,'(ii'o )'B Is -t:A- ;t:;; t:F.J
:A ,,e;; =fl)( ' /=;r JJ@ IIIJ '1-.:r .=E.
DT due bao oan, lu],ll thi nhi b{lc VQng,
247
La:v due bdo odn, cho nhidu ma mong it (Sit kv: Du hi?p fi?t
truy?n),
5. Tr<:J,ng ngG' la danh tu hay ngG' Janh tu ket h<;lp voi
(dT) a chi phu'ong thuc d9ng doi xu:
-
; ,
Di! Nhuqng Thfm Sl! Ph;;tm Trong Hanh thj, Ph;;tm Trong
Hanh thi di c!uJng nh5n ng9 thfm. thfm c6 dl chung nhfm bao chi;
Tri Ba dl qu6c sing9 thfm, thfrn c6 dl qu6c sl bao chi_
Dv Nhuvng n6i: T6i thea plu;ng sf/ h9 Ph:;m Tr9ng Himh. h9
Ph:;m Tr9ng Himh dem J6i Clf xu cua chung nhan mil d6i xu v6i t6i,
nen t6i cling d:ip J:;i y thea J6i Clf xti cua c!uJng nhan: Tri B:i dem
J6i Clf xu cua bPc qu6c si mil d6i xu v6i t6i. nen t6i cling d:ip J:;i
thea J6i Clf xucua bPc qu6c si (C!nln qu6c s:ich).
6. Tr<;tng ngfr la m9t ket cau gioi-tan, c6 th d6 la mQt
danh ttr, d;;ti tu ngfr danh ttr, h<;rp v&i m9t gi&i ttr khac d
tru'oc ai chi th&i gian, nai ch6n ... Nhfrng gi&i ttr thu&ng dung la
11\ (y), :( (t<;li), (dT):
- 8
B;;tch nMt ysan
M!ft troi chim thea nui (VtrO'ng Chi Hoan; Dang Qudn Tuoc
lau).
-
Du tf)i Ch5u bile hanh.
Ta tir D:;i Ch5u di vt huring bifc (Ttr Kh6ng D6 ),
248
TRAN VAN CHANH

Du di vj thai gia.
Ta tra nha vao giiJ Mui ( Vien Mai: Tl mu(}i van).
7. ngfr la d(fi tl.r. hinh dung tl.r, s6 tl.r dung nhu ph6 tl.r
(xem Nga phdp d cac bai 125, 126). Ngoai ra, tr<;tng ngfr c6 thi la
ph6 tl.r, dong tl.r hqp v&i mot trq tl.r lam ngfr vi cho chtmg di chi
phtr011g tht!c cua hanh dong, dong tac. Nhfrng trq tl.r thtrong dung
cho tnimg hqp nay la . .s:f(h6), fi'(nhl),

-
Hiiu ng;;t gia m6ng lti. m{iu m{iu nhien lai.
C6 m9t ngtr&i d6i d9i tay ao che mift. Jfp vip trong doi giily
JiYdiYdi t6i (Ll kj).
-
Tu Lo suit nhinhi d6i.
Tif L9 br)p ch9p trd J&i (Lu{in ngii).
-
T;ch nhivo nhftn.
Vifng ]ifng khong m9t bong ngwi (Van khe JuJu nghj).
1. :p:;:
- ' F3 A. " 7C ::t5 /' ... ,'iffl
Qu6c hfru d;;to de d9t nhUQ'C yen.
Khi nu6c c6 d+Jo (duvc yen on). thi chqt di vilo (D+Ji D6i Jl:
Tang Tifchi ngon).
- 11
San yen xufrt
Ddm dia rD'i (Thi Kinh: Tie'u nhii. D+Ji dong).
8. ngfr la ngfr dong tl.r hay ngfr hinh dung tl.r hqp v&i
roAN THV n,l HQC CHU HAN
lien tl.r rm (nhi) di chi phurmg tht!c cua hanh dong. dong tac:
-
Bftt ky nhi ngo.
Khong mil gifp.
-
Bftt nhi
Khong /+Jnh mil run (Trang Tif).
9. Tr;;tng ngfr c6 thi chi la mot danh tl.r, C1 dfru diu :
- tJJ'
SO', c6ng true dai.
Ban dbu c6ng xay dai (Ta
249
10. Tr;;tng ngfr c6 thi la mot ngfr va thucmg la ngfr c6 danh tl.r
thai gian lam trung tam, a dfiu diu:
- Al-J?9: ' 8
Tich thOi nhftn dl mot, kim nh{itthuy do han.
Ngily Xtra ngwi da mit, hom nay nt.r6c v3n con i{lnh (L;;tc Tan
Ytr011g : Djch thuy to'ng ).
- ,
Phtr011g thu chi thm, Nghieu an t;;ti?
Dang Juc biy giO; vua nghieu Cf dau? (Han Phi Tti).
m
95
"" H
"'
KHIC()
)\ J5 : ,> $
Nhan ell' that trung, 'm, thlfc, ngQa, khCJi, giai nhu khi Cl;l. Duy
250
TRAN VAN CHANH
!K JJ'Jt 8, /f

tu'Qng nhan t(;lo khi, lao tam ltfc, phi thai ky ba't di.
m z A , 9;o o 7f or f:f m o
Dl;lng khi chi nhan, u'ng tri ai tich, ba't kha y huy thu'ong da.
TU MOl
Nhu cdn dung-Duy '1'1.: nhLtng ma (lien tit) -Tti(fng [K:
nguili chi ra, lam ra-Phi Jt: hao phi, hao to'n-u'ng
nen, cdn phdi (tr(f d9ng tu)-Tich tile (khong niJ bo)-Y
y suy nghT trong long)-Huy fEi:: phd hu-Thtidng tffn
D[CH NGHiA D6 dz'tng
Nguili ta o trong nha, uo'ng, an, nlim, dl)y, cdn din d6
dung. NhLtng nguili th(f chi d6 dung. nhqc long sue, phi ngay
giil, Sf! lam nen cua hq kh6ng dl Nguili dung d6 vl)t nen bie't
thuang tile, khong du(!C tuy y gay hu vl)y.
NGO PHAP
-
BO
I. Bo ngu
B6 ngfr la thanh phl;l sau d<)ng tu hlnh dung
tu b6 sung y ngh!a, cho t'inh h'inh, ket qua, s6 lu'<;jng cua
d<)ng tac tien hanh muc dQ cua tinh cha't, tr(;lng thai .
II Cac loQi bo ngu
1. Bo'ngtJchj phuung thtir: hanh dc)ng ho!fc d6i xif:
-
Sat nhfm di dinh dtJ nh{ln, hfru d! di h6?
TOAN THV Tl)' HQC CHO' HAN
251
Gift ngu&i bffng g{ly va bffng dao, c6 gi khac nhau kh6ng ?
(Mc;mh Ttl').
2. Bo'ngtJchj no'i clufn:
-
Phi tuemg h6 thien dia chi gian.
Btzy Jur;m khfip trong clufn tnYi dft (Chifn qu6c sich).
- im3f-?Ioo
Du h6 giang hili.
L9i cho'i tJin song bien (Chifn qu6c sich).
3. Bff ngil chf thai gian :
-
Tien si chi khoa sang u Tuy.
Khoa thi tie'n Sl bdt ctdu c6 vao clili Tuy ( Le ljch khoa
tie'n s! danh bi ky ).
4. Bff ngil chl muc dq:
.:Em!
Chieu vuong th{j..m.
Vua Chieu ''uang bfnh nr;lng ldm (Sa ky: So the' gia).
5. Bff ngil chl mf!C dicb:
-
sa nhfm ph<_lt T6ng di Cllv Trjnh.
Sd-dinh T6ng de'ctiv Trinh (Tii.
6. Bfi ngil chl kit qua:
-
NgQC bien vi th{LCh.
Ngqc biin thanh dd (Lul)n hoanh:
252
VAN CHANH
- fJ]pt,l
Yen tuong c6ng hc,t thimh.
Tuifng nuifc Yen danh ht;z thcmh Ldu (Sa Icy : LJ Tr9ng Lien
Trau Duong li?t truy?n).
7. Bd ngil chi xu huifng:

Da ke phi thu(lng thien.
Ga ri:tng bay len trai (Nht;zc phu thi: Til luu mii ca tit).
8. BJ ngil chi so' [U(!ng:
-frm+if-
cd thqp nien (Han thu).
Di gdn muai nam.
Ill. Vi tri cua bo ngU'
B6 ngfr dfrng sau d<)ng ttr, hinh dung ttr (xem cac thi d1,1 da
Rieng m<)t s6 ph6 tu lam trc,tng ngfr dung truoc va b6 nghia
cho d<)ng til, hinh dung tu thi thtr&ng c6 thanh b6 ngil'
each sau d<)ng til hay hinh dung ttr d6:
-

Anh Jim (Chiin qucfc sach: TJ sach) (thay vl qzwn thljm
my thl thljm la trc,tng ngil') .
l-1..1
- llm,,.,J-U{'J.n-iN:.1:'i-
Du ngtr xufrt du thung dung.
Ca dura choi thong tha (Trang Tu: Thu thiiy) (thay vl thung
dung xzwt du thl thung dung la trc,tng ngil' ).

Lu hai elf c.
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN 253
Lila s(J hiii ldm ( Bai 97) (thay vl/u qtc hiii thl qtc la tr<;1ng ngil').
w
96
&l
KINH
5l ii &J! iW Yl &l l=f:l ff - A o z *
Nhi kinh kien kinh trung huu nhat nhan. Huang chi tieu,
1&: 1.0 * o m t) =F 1.0 m t) =F o ii &J! 1& u
bi tieu. Chieu dT thu, bi chieu dT thu. kinh Hie
/f' o * , ;t: .L- :J, E B o B El : r A /f'
bat ph1,1c kien. D<;1i t'u dT cao mau. Mau viet: "Nhan bat
g E3 Yl ;!t oo i!i5c t) &l z o &J! '* z
nang tlf kien ky c6 duong dT kinh chieu chi. Kinh trung chi
A ND dx. -tQ o
nhan, tuc nhil' anh da".
TU M6I
Kinh J! : cai guang-Bi n6, ong ay, nguai kia (dt;zi tit nhan
xung ngoi tha ngiJ Vl/C, nghi ngiJ.
D!CH NGHiA Cai gtidng
Daa tre dang truoc guong, trong thay trong guong c6 m9t
nguai. Huong vi phia nguai d6 cuai, thi nguai d6 ding cuai. Vdy
tay, thi nguC!i d6 cilng vdy tay. (Niu) dang sau guong, thi khong
trong thay nila. (Daa tre) qua ngiJ vl/c, chCJ-Y di n6i chuy?n d6 viii
mf. M? trd lai rling : "Nguai ta khong the' tl/ trong thay mi;it minh
du(Jc, vi the' c&n phdi dung guong soi. Nguai trong guong, chinh Ia
bong cua con ".
254
TRAN VAN CHANH
NGOPHAP
THUQC
I. Thuqc ngli
Thu()c ngfr la m()t b6 ngfr chi dung b6 sung y
nghia cho m()t d6ng d()ng tu hay cho m()t d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng
hoan toan (xem Ngil phdp bai 30). Thu()c ngfr (tll'01lg tl! attribut
trong Phap) c6 VIJ n6i r6 chu ngfr thong qua m()t
ct6ng d()ng tu hay qua m()t d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng hoan
Thi dl):
- -tiL
Thfm /thi I TrU011g Dl)'C Dlfc da.
T6i JiJ TrU011g Dvc Dtic (Tam qu6c chi).
- Nhfrng ct6ng d()ng tu thuUng dung la: (thi),
(v6), 3-1= (hfru), 1 (do) (xem Ngil phdp bai 30).
- Nhfrng d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng hoan toan thucmg dung la:
8 (xem Ngil phdp bai 30) .
II. Cau cua thuqc ngli
Thu()c ngfr la danh tu, tu, m()t ngfr:
- '
Tl'r phi ngu, an tri ngtr chi
Qng kh6ng phai Jii ca, sao bift dl.JQ'C niJm vui cua ca? (Trang
tif:Thu thuy)(danh tu).
-
Tl'r vi thuy ?
6ng Jil ai? (Lu[w ngtJ) tu).
-
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHa HAN
255
Thl'r phi thin chi sif niing tri da.
D6 ch:ing phiii Jil diJu t6i c6 the' biit dl.JQ'c (Chi in qu6c sach)
(ngfr).
m
97

LV NGQ HO
m sz , m z. , m iEI o E1 % gt ,
Lu' m6ng h6 bl, qugn thu uy chi, v6 cam gia. Lu tlf' hi dac ke',
ffiJ te rr , .L-J m !A o - a , m o m tJ
thai thai xuat hanh, dl uy qugn thu. Nhat ng() h6. H6 di vi
IPJ -ti1 ' :lyt rm W wt o taj ' * ' Bz rm '
d6ng da, tlf'u nhi du du. Lu hiii clf'c, minh, khi bl nhi d()n,
l!zm ::f 0
s6 ly bat cam tuc.
TU Mdl
Lu con LU'a-H6 }jt: con cQp, con hd-Mong khodc, d9i-
Uy ra kinh SQ"-Khf bo di , nem di-Tuc
nghl.
D[CH NGH[A Lila gijp cQp
Con lr.la d9i da CQp, cdc thu khdc diu sQ' n6, kh6ng con new
dam din gdn. LU'a tf:{ mr.lng rling ke' hog,ch nhu the' Ia duc;c liim,
thuang di ra ngoai cti ra oai voi nhilng con thu khdc. M9t hom,
( LU'a) gijp CQp. CQp cho la d6ng log,i, din ci:tng choi voi n6. LU'a SQ'
hiii !tim, keu Lon, nem bo ti{m da ma chg,y tro'n, (xa din) may dijm
khong dam dr.lng.
256
TRAN VAN CHANH
NGO PHAP
0 (vo) la d<;li tu, c6 nghia "khong ai, khong gl":
1W; f&Jlilt (Vo dm gia) Kh6ng con niw dam de'n gdn.
6 Jli v6n la hlnh dung tu, nhung trong bai l<;li du'Qc
dung nhu' d<)ng tu voi nghia "de'n gftn": f&Jlilt (Vo dm c{jn
gia) Kh6ng con niw dam de'n gdn.
(tQ') laph6 tu d chi "tl! mlnh" : :g (Lu t{t hi
ke') Lila tl/ mitng rling ke' hogch -nhu the' Ia du(Jc !tim.
m
98
m
THAN AN
A :fJJ , M /f g E1 , /f g E11R o)( -BJ:
Nhan so sinh thai, co ba't nang tlf tlf, han ba't nang tlf y. Ph1.,1
:JL om z , :t z o :ff , g B W {E:J o & 4
nhu b<) chi, hoai bao chi. Huu tac dien y tri. nien
ffi * ' 'X. A * o ?If lit o -=f 13 '
sao tru'ong, hlfu su hQC. Ky lao kh6 nhu' thu. Vi nl' nu gia,
:R OJ :0 .sf ?
khoi kha vong ky an h6?
TU MCJI
Than m: cha m?-An cJn TQ' cho an (khi dung nhu d(}ng
tit thi d9c La "tl!")- Y1RmtJc do (khi dung nhu d(}ng tit thi d9c La
, ' ") B A ' H ' lo!:9! A ' / ' B - t.;-J A D A
y - Q mom- oa1 '
1
-K: om vao ong- ao om- 1en .)(.!!:::
miJi ru(Jc-Y !fi: thdy thu6'c-Chfi'n W: tham xet, chJn dodn, chdn
TOAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN 257
khdm-Tri {i:]: chiia kha. chut it.
D!CH NGH[A On cha
ta luc nu'li sinh ra, d6i khong bie't f1! cho an, ret kh6ng
biit It! m(lc do. cho bu nuim I'd am li/J trong long. Khi c6
thl miJi tluiy thur'/c khdm chiia. Din khi tu6?i hoi !On, lqi cho
di Cha mf kh6 nh(Jc l'flt vd nha Nhilng ke Ia con, hd c6
thi quen cJn cha mf du(fc sao?
NGO PHAP
D!NH NGO'
I. D!nh ngli
Dinh ngfr Ia thanh phfrn ph1,1 cua cftu dung b6 sung y nghia
cho danh tt! cho dong tt!. hinh dung tt!. s6 tt! dung nhu danh
tt!) tinh chih, hinh tn;mg. s6 luqng, phU'OTig vi v.v.
II. Cac loc,1i d!nh ngli
Can Clr vao y nghia va VI,!, ta co thi ki 5 lo:;ti dinh ngfr
chinh: 1. Dinh ngfr chi tinh chfrt. hinh tr:;tng; 2. chi s& thuoc; 3. chi
s6 ltrQ'ng; 4. dung chi thi: 5. dung di hoi.
Thi dtj:
-
Gia phu /Lr011g ma.
Trang nhil c6 ngva [(!L l i-iuili Nam tll? (chi tinh chfrt).
- , rJ :if
Do trt.rOng chi Nam Binh.
Qua cay du dili. din nui Nam Binh (Ton Gia Kim) (chi hinh
tr:;t ng).
258
TRAN vAN CHANH
-
V thai tu vi Giang Sung sa b<;ti.
Thai tif nwc V bi Giang Sung danh bpi (Han thti) (chi sa
thu<)c).
-
Tfrn hftu t<;ti ngo<;ti cifu nien hi.
Tfn hfw ]lfU vong (f ngoai d5 mu&i chin niim r6i ( Td truyn)
(chi s6 Iuong).
-
'"'""'' 1JA. Ia J5
Du du blthuong ...
Thiim rhdm rrOi xanh kia ... ( Chinh phi! nglim khuc) (dung chi
thi).
- il-tfPJ!if-1:!1?
Thu ha thanh da?
D6 JiJ {Jing gi(Au Duong Tu: Thu thanh phu) (dung hoi).
m
99
*
TV<}NG
* , 1m rm 1! , BZ. rm o o m ?F ,
Ttt<;Jng, th tning nhi bl kien nhi Khffu huu lttong nha,
f$ /:B !- )7} o Jt :& , g D,& 7j( ,
than xua't thfrn Ky tj trttong, nang hftp thuy, 11
o rm z o x. g Ifx , A z
khffu nhi fi'm chi. Htju nang quyn thu thtjc nhu' nhan chi
m * o
ct\,mg rhu.
TOAN THli Tl)' HOC CHU HAN 259
rrJ MCJI
TtiQ'ng *: con l'oi-Trang lcJn, me. CLtong trdng-
'(!: mgnh me, khoe dLiy-Nha ;f: ngcl \'Oi-
Than f$: duiJi ra -Ha'p D,&: hut thu
cu/{n l(li.
D!CH NGHlA
Con voi
Con l'Oi (C15) thc/n thllr!n vel mgnh, do chdc 1a dcly. Ming
c6 hoi nga, nh/) ro ngocli moi. Miii (\'('Ji) nc5 r{/t dai, c6 hut
mtoc, thu viw mel u(fng. Lqi bie't cu/fn lf(v (1(3 an, gio'ng nhu
nguoi ta dung toy.
NGU PHAP
BONG V! NGO' IPJ
I. D6ng vj ngii hay th?nh phin cling lo;;Ji Ia nhiing thanh phftn
song song lien nhau. cung giii m<)t Vl,l trong
ciiu, nhLr cung lam ChU ngiJ, Cung Jam Vj ngiJ. b6 ngiJ V.V.
Tfrt cii cac thanh phftn trong diu c6 c6 d6ng vj ngii.
2. N6i chung. c6 bao nhieu lo<;J.i phftn trong diu Ia c6
bfty nhieu lo<;ti d6ng vj ngii. Dooi day, ta chi xem m<)t s6 tm&ng hQ'P
thucmg thfry:
(1) D6ng cinl ngir:
- , , , 01Wt*
TiT LQ, Tiing Tich, Nhitm HUv, Cong Tay Hoa thi t<;>a.
Tif L9. Tiing Tich. Nhitm Htlv. C6ng Tliy Ho,? ng6i hdu
ngif).
(2} DcJng vi ngii:
260

Quan tu tm d{lo, bit t.n1 bftn.
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ngt.r&i qulin tifchi' Jo cho d;w 1;'. kh6ng Jo ngheo ( LuQ.n ngtl).
(3) D6ng tlin ngtJ:
- tL -=f -T* , 18-=f
KhcSng tu Tii Tang, Bfi til:
Kh6ng tJ tiip Tif Tang. Bfi ui (Tiwyit uyen).
(4) D6ng dinh ngii:
- , , ?f{,'Z
tJJ , rm f:;J x -r .L-:J. -=r iJ z ill m
Nghieu, Thuin, Vil, Thang, Van, V6, Thimh, Khang chi
ha ky ii dan chi tham. uu dan chi nhi dai thien h:;1 di quan tu.
tn.rOng gia chi d:;1o da.
Theri Gic vua Nghieu. Thufn. Vil. Tlwng. V5n. V6, Thimh.
Klwng sao mil yeu dan. Jo dan th{un thiit. vii Jfy d:;o ctltz ngt.r&i
quan til: b/ic truung gi3 mil a6i dZii v6i dan nhu (To Thli'c:
Hinh thurmg trung h{w chi chi
(5} D6ng tlw<)c ngii:
- 15 A -17.. , RDtt:t'Jtat!L
c6 nhan xung tam hli'u. tuc tung, true, maida.
Ngt.r&i ra n6i ba ngt.r&i b:;m trong miw l:;nh chinh Jil tung. true
vii mai (Tan qu6c van).
(6) D6ng tr:;ng ngii:
- g z ri , ?rrUY z , wuJ<: z 1& , 1J<: z iW ,
:*tl.J
Tay hili chi nam, Lt.rU Sa chi tan, Xich Thtly chi hPu, Hie
Thtly chi titn, hliu d;;ti san.
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
261
Phia nam bien Tay, nO'i bin Luv Sa, sau Xich Thtly, truric
Hfc Thtly. c6 m<)t nui 1611 (S071 h3i kinh: D:;i hoang tay kinh) . .
m
100

THUCTV
tlJ j&,1i. 1iizg9: m tlJ ro:*
Son huu lang, l<;lp nhan mu'U b9 chi, thiet tinh son h<;l. D<;li thu
Ml _t EJ : u-r jN m , 1:r A .lt * .n o
tuong thu<;ng viet: "H<:1 hii'u lang t!nh, nhan chi b9". HG'u
* 1- , z. , m , * Qlf- * m o w ,
bat thuc tl,f gia, ng9 xuc chi, dQa t!nh, d<;li h6 du Ky xuat,
A Mil _t ::f: z o JJ fA EJ : r .:g. ki5
nhan chi tuong thu<;ng tl,f cao chi. Nai than viet: "Ng6 diu thuc
::f=:ft ll"t
tl;l', khdi chi thll' tai?".
rU M(JJ
Lang jN: ch6 s6i-Mu'u lo muu tinh-Thie't g9:: dijt ra-
Tinh m: ho: cc;tm, bdy (dijt ra di san thu)-Xuc gidm len-Cftu
-s:R: xin, mong Ji: giup do-Than fA: tho than-Cifu ki]:
ne'u (lien tt1)-Tai trc; tit cuo'i diu (biiu thi phdn va'n).
D!CH NGHlA Biit clzz1
(Trang) nui c6 ch6 s6i. Nguoi di san bay muu bdt n6, dijt bdy
a chtoi chan nui. Vie't chil!On tren tuong rling: "Phia duoi c6 bdy
ch6 s6i, nguoi eli duong hiiy ditng buoc". C6 nguoi khong bie't
chtl, liJ gidm len bdy, roi xuo'ng ho: keu !On xin cau giup. ( Khi
nguoi cl6) dii ra khoi r6i, nguoi ta tro vao nhtlng chtl vie't tren
262
TRAN vAN CHANH
tuang ma bdo cho bie't. (Nguifi d6) ben than rling: "Nlu ta bit t
chil, thi Le nao de'n nbi nay u?".
NGU PHAP
0 J!; (nai) 1a li e n tu, c6 th d!ch "ben, moi" :
_ J!; ftEJ ... (Niii than vie't. .. ) Ben than rling .. .
_ *m , , ky, phl;l
thuyen du, Ly nhi niii tl;IC ky hQc Khong bao Lliu, b?nh
cua cha khoi hdn, be Ly ben (moi) tie'p vi?c h9c cua n6 (Bai
107).
_ o khat
kie'n trung huu thuy h6, niii dl;lc ft'm chi) Con quc;z khat nuoc
!tim. Trang thliy trong san c6 cdi nQ_m dng nuoc, bim djnh uong
(Bai 120).
6 1r1j (c'u) la lien tu biu thi gia thie't, djch 1a "ne'u" :
:::f: ' (Ng6 cilu thuc tlf, khoi chi thll' tai?) Ne'u
ta bie't chil thi Le nao de'n nJi nAy u?.
@ li- Ckhdi... tai?) 1a mot each thuc co dinh thanh
h' , h-:1 d" h 1' "h, .A 1- ' ? 1 . ?"
cau p an van, co t e a a ... u:, e nao ... li., sao .. . :
:::f: , (Ng6 cft'u thuc tlf, khlti chi thlr tai?) Ne'u
ta bie't chil thi Le nao cle'n nbi nAy u?.
m
101
_fr
/ ...
BINH
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
263
M. 7\. ;J, , /f' *'* A t) o - __ @ ,
Quoc v6 tiu, bat binh di tlf Nhat dan d!ch chi,
l-L! _fr --'7 0 # 6 :7.17 _fr , # 6 n;t,: ..fi:. , # 6 e:
1--W / " "73': t(__ J;;;tJ / " m WJ"' ,.,. " /Ji7JJ
xuat binh ngtf chi. vi bo binh, vi phao binh, vi rna
_rr_ , # 6 I _rr_ , # ;t;< _rr_ , ..1::1::: ch- 1, 1
, " !7<J J;;-;fJ / " !f93 ./'- E3 1JI Y..A
binh, vi c6ng binh, vi truy trQng binh, giai so di nglf
@ {Q o
d!ch da .
TU MOl
Quo'c dc;zi tit, if day djch La "khong nuoc
nao"-Luyf$n r'*: tQ-p Luy?n-Vc$ mr: giil gin-Dan __: butfi som
(- __ : m9t som, m9t khi)-Djch @: qulin thu-Truy xe cho cl6
("truy trQng binh" La linh trong coi qulin nhu, vQ_n tdi).
D[CH NGH[A Qulin linh
Nuoc khong ki LOn hay nho, khong nuoc nao khong Luy?n tQ_p
qulin linh eli fl! v?. M9t khi qulin cljch de'n, dem qulin linh ra
chong Cl/. HoQ.c La b9 binh, hoQ.c La phdo binh, hoQ.c La kY. binh
( mii binh), hoQ.c Ia cong binh, hoQ.c La truy trQng binh (qulin vQ_n
tdi, Linh tdi), La nhilng thrl qulin eli chong c qulin thu.
NGU PHA.P
0 1m (vo) du'<;jc dung nhuM. (v6 1a mot gioi tu, c6
th d!ch la "bat eli, bat k, bat bat ky, kh6ng k, kh6ng
phan : -j(;J, (Quae vo tiu) Nuoc khong ki LOn
hay nho.
6 ::f bat) la cl;Jm tu quen dung, c6 nghia "kh6ng
264
TRAN VAN CHANH
cai nao kh6ng, kh6ng g1 kh6ng, kh6ng ai */j\,
1lr(Qu6c v6 cl<;1i nzlJc bflt binh di tt,r
Nuac khong ki ian hay nho, khong nuac nao khong luyfn
quan linh di t Vf.
- ... (nha't dan) Ia ph6 tu th! gia thiet, d!ch Ia "m9t
khi" : - g _ (Nhiit dan a!ch chi) M<?t khi quan djch den.
0 p!f .[;) (sd di) la c1,1m tu quen dung, c6 dich la "cai
dung
_ (Giai siidingt,t d!ch La nhilng tha
binh dung di cho'ng quan thu.
_ * p!f 1-j_ 7C M m<;1ch, sii di sung co gia
da) Gr;w, Lua mi La nhilng tha dung dian cho khoi c16i (Bai
114).
w
102

BIEN BUC
s .ffil l"ii"' m!5 ritE rh J... s R* lj
,'fffj / ' ' 1;ffil :r.m ff.; 'I J1. 0 ,'fffj fJ'jj ' /'
du thli ho'ng, buc thuong trung thang, tac

buc phi Viet: "Ng6 huu Iuong dt,rc, c6
111 .n o i.X ' J=!lj 7t A ik r=f o El : r lf
da". Thu thang, Hk buc ta':u thli qugn. Viet: "Ng6 huu
12}1 5E mill .n o * . = *o 1
tu tlic, c6 thu da ". V! ky, nh! t9c nghi hoa, buc t<;1i tdc, to<;1i
;tt f-f:: z 0
c<)ng xich chi.
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHO HAN
265
rUMOI
buc dai-Hong ddnh nhau, (1m 1-Thiing
khu[[t phl!c du(Jc, thiinR-Co w'J'n La (ph6 tu')- Vi ky* : chua
bao !au, chdnR bao !au-T()c h(J, loai-Nghi him hr;1c-Xich
f-f::: du6'i ra.
D!CH NGHlA
Con ddi
Chim va mulJng ddnh nhau, con dC!i thur'tng trung ((1U'ng
giLi'a). ( Khi) chim thdng. thi dai hay vao dam chim, m5i rling: "Toi
c6 hai cdnh, w5'n Ia /()(/i chim ". ( Khi) mulJng thanE?. thi dai cht;y
\'ao dan muong, m5i r!ing: "Toi cr5 bffn ch(/n, w5'n Iii loai mur5ng".
Chang bao lau hai loai nghi hoa, (tha:v) dai if hen, hen cun& nhau
rur3ng duo?i dai.
m
103

ME
x fl f-=f. 1:E iJJ

Nang phu chung d<_to, thu tlic din lao. Ljch xuan, h<;1, thu tam
9i3 o X.. Ai I! :t>. Ai 8 :t>. flf
thoi, thuy dac tlic. Ht,ru d1,1ng lung khU' xac, d1,1ng cuu khU' khang,
9t tJX: a * c ?*.. t!J\ z 9=J w.
thuy b<;1ch Nhien xuy chi phu trung, vi ph<_tn,
0 :It -i3 :!t /f -ill 0
vi chuc. Tht,rc gia au'cing tri ky bilt dj da.
TUMOI
D<;to f@: lua ne/J huong-Tuc !u)t lua-Lung U: co'i xay-Xac
w3 cang-Cilu 8: cdi dfi &iii gt;o-Khang ff: cdm-Xuy t!X
266 TRAN VAN CHANH
nllu chin-Phil -*:: cai n6i-Chuc chao.
D/CH NGH!A G(lo
Nrwui nang phu tr6ng lua ne/J humzg, tay chan chlim lam. Trdi
qua ba mila xucln, thu, nuJi dU'(!c th(Jc. dung dfi xay
bo v6, dung co'i gia b() cam di, nuJi thanh trdng. Sau d(5
nuJi nctu gqo trong n6i, hoijc lam c(fm, ho(ic him chao. NgU'(Ji cln
nen bie't riing nhilng vic c1c5 Ia kh/Jng dl cliing.
NGU PHA.P
TRUNG GIA NGCr
1. Danh tu (hoi;ic d:;1i tu) c6 cung m<?t danh tu khac cung
lam InQt l0:;1i thanh phfm. ca hai cung chi mQt Sl! nhung danh tlr
sau l:;1i c6 Vl;J n6i r6 51! neu ra & danh tu tnr&c. Ta gQi
danh tu sau Ia thanh phfrn trung gia (li;ip them), hay tnJng gia ngiJ
( apposi ttif) .
Trung gia ngfr lu6n lu6n Ia danh tu di;ic hfru (xem Ngil phap
bai 3, do<:In 3 11 ]).
-
Kim thtra tll'6ng Ky Chll011g C6ngthi th:;1ch.
Nay thira turing Ky ChU071g C6ng thich de loili eta (B:;1ch Cu
Di) ("Ky Chuang C6ng" va "thua tu&ng" cung chi m<?t nguai).
2. N6i chung, diu c6 bao nhieu lo:;1i thanh phfrn th'i cilng c6
bfry nhieu lo:;1i trung gia ngfr. Ta thu&ng thfry nhfrng tnr&ng hQ'P sau
d5.y:
I. Chu ngiJ trung gia:
- ,
Tfrn lo:;1n. Nam Hili uy Da kich tinh chi.
TOAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
267
J:in lopn. d6 uy Nam H:ii JiJ Trit;u DiJ no? binh dLinh Jfy
c:ic qu/in qu6c ( Le Ttlc :An nam chi Juvc).
2. l:inngiJ trung
;r,G- p,' n=1 .om; tf- 0 {:;:.
-
L<?c Tl;lc c6 nhm;rng ky huynh Nghi.
L9c T1,1c c6 nhuimg ng6i cho anh JiJ Nghi (Khim di11h Vit;t sii
thong gicim curing quyin nhctl).
3. Bo'ng[i lrung gia:

-
Thu&ng dil' ky plw Xa ng6n binh Slf.
Thur3ng cu11g clw JiJ Xa bi17h (Sif kj).
4. Thuc)c ngiJ trung gia:
-
Luang ph!J tl'rc S& tu&ng Hf/ng Yen.
Cha cun Luung 1/z turing 11u6c Sif (ten) Hp11g Ye11 (Su kv ).
w
104

DIEU
S *lJ -7 ii!rt!J /.p /1- ::+=. /l'1 .>...<... R 'e:i:' """" +lr ,L..t=_
ft..- , tL fl2 ' li1Hl .=L. -G -(J/J
0
I:JIJ /lX R 'nx. lk rEJ
Ditiu lo<;1i chi thti , bien sinh mao vG. chi vi du'c, co nang cao
1ft o , i!ff. ilk ?j( 9=t z 1J(
phi. Ky chi gian huu phoc, nang du vtnh thuy trung gia, vj chi thuy

0
z ' fif z ftJ Jt
0
1W;
clitiu. Ditiu lo<;1i chi chuy, vi kien ng<:1nh chi giac chat. V6 xi, co
:&: ;If 0 & = :g 9=t ffij fm 1ti '
thlfc bat tude . Ky cot mao quan trung kh6ng nhi v6 tuy,
268 TRAN VAN CHANH
rlJj(: iffi o E! 1: ,
c6 chat khinh nhi phi . Thu giai thai sinh, dieu de noan
o lif .% , , Wf z iffi 5X: W o
sinh. Duy dieu noan, tat phu chi nhi thanh s6.
TU MCJI
Chi chan va fay, chi-Ch) Wll : ng(J/1 chan-Ph6c W-*: mang
chan (mie'ng da m'J'i li&n cdc ng(5n chan nla locli \'ft , ngr5ng ... )-
Vinh ?7}:.: hoi trong fif: cung-Cha't ffi[: \'(;'if chii't, ch(ft-
Ttioc nhai (h!ing nlng)-Quan t/ng tron- Tuy fj: tiiy (mqt
chcft h5ng trong xuang)-Thai E!: cdi thai.
D/CH NGHiA Chim
Than thi ciia locli chim, m(JC long khdp ch6. Cdc chi trLf(Jc Ia
cdnh, nen cr5 thi hay cao. Khodng giila cdc ngdn cMin cua chung
c6 mang chan, nhilng loai hie't lwi l()i trong nur!c, g(Ji hi chim
nu6'c. M6 ciia loc/i chim Ia ch(Jt sung cling. (Vl) khang c6 rang,
nen iin cdc v11 khong nhai. Xuong \'a /fng l/5ng ciia chung rr5ng iJ
Riila va khong cc5 tiiy, nen ( c6) cha't nhf l'a hay gioi. Lolli thu
sinh being thai, loai chim thi sinh hling trung. Nhung trung chim,
cdn phai a}J, r6i sau m6'i thanh chim con.
NCO PHAP
0 Ia tfnh tu dung nhti ph6 tu lam trang ngu,
truck dong tu, c6 nghTa "kheo, gi()i": (Thifn phi) Bay gioi.
@ fffi 1& (nhi Ia lien tu c6 nghTa Ia "r6i sau moi, r6i
moi": (Duy dieu noan, tat phu chi
nhi hij.u thanh s6) Nhunf!, trung chim t/it phdi a/J, r6i sau m6'i
thimh chim con.
rn
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
105
J}
TUTHAN
269
A fL :t , , 7t .t o W tJ *'* 11 1:r o
Nhan dl;lc than, ta't tien tu than. Due dl;lc dT tinh
w t)
0
1m J-j_ .} 1m 0 - f3
Tri dl;lc dT qm1ng kien thuc. The dl;lc dT tning than the. Tam gia
/G OJ ffiR: - 0
ba't kha khuyet nha't.
TU MCJI
Tu sU'a-Duc due, due hg.nh-Dvc W: dg.y d6, giao df:lc-
Tri tri, tri khon-Khuyet thiiu.
D[CHNGHiA Si'ta minh
Nguoi ta muon ltJ_p than, tru6'c hit phdi sU'a mlnh. Due df:lc di
luyfn tinh nit. Tri df:lc di miJ rqng kien thuc. Thi df:lc di lam cho
than thi dur;c khoe mg.nh. Ba ay khong thi thiiu mqt dur;c.
NG0PHAP
PHVC CHi NGU 7l :fl BR
I. Pht1c chi ngli
Phtrc chi ngfr hay thiwh ngtJ My l:;Ji dung di chi l(,li mot Sl!
da neu ra a tnroc nhflm ml,IC dich nhfrn m(,lnh b6 sung y nghia
cho mot thanh phlin nao do trong cau.
Phtrc chi ngfr va thanh phlin dtrQ'C no b6 sung cung chi mot Sl!
Va cung CO Chung mot chtrc Vl;l ngfr phap.
270 TRAN VAN CHANH
II.Cau tc;to cua phll'c chi ngli
ngfr.
Trong cau Hm van, c6 phuong thfrc t<,10 nen ph(rc chi
1. Chi l<,1i b5ng m(>t d<,1i tu phfrc xtmg, nhtr (tl!), Jr (than) ...
-
Tfm vuong than vfin chi.
Vua Tdn W minh di hoi ngu&i d6 (Chiin qucfc sach).
2. Chi l<.1i b5ng m(>t tu chi thi: (thi), llt (thu) ...
- :K OJ JJ)t , it w JtJ5 , ut , JJ * m z ?JT 1\%
Phu kha d!l<,lC nan dfr ll! thuy, thii; nai chung th(r chis&
vi nhi
C6 thlcung vui khi thimh cong, nhU11g kh6 c6 thlcung Jo JUc
ban ddu, ctii d6, chinh fa th6i clwng cua phin dong ngu&i dOi (Han
thu).
3. Chi l<,1i b5ng d<,1i tu phfrc (gia) d?t sau b(> phfrc
chi :
-
L<,1i thtr&ng ky s& vong tti thPp h9c gia.
Ke it;Ji duvc dJn buddy du nhtlng cai bj mit JiJ bcfn chf!C V{ln
h9c DG).
- 1-tlYJ\*,
Tha cu, phi son thong giii, bfrt kha thiing ng6n.
vJ nhtlng nho, (nhtlng mer duang ben nui thi
khong thlklxiit (Sif kf: Ngu de' ban kj).

Jff-1
Tin chi qu6c, ky chi nien, Jjnh xuift kh6a ht;J
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
271
giii, d! vi S& trung uy. '
Han Tin vJ tCii kinh do. cho g9i ngu&i thiiu nien Jilm nhf!c
minh. (nguoi lru6c kia) r[mg bit minh chui du6i hang. cho Jilm chtic
Scr rrung tiy (Sif kf).
- , OJ
Thinh ich ky xa ky trmg Sl. khii di vi rue ht;J phi! dvc gia
Xin cho them nhtlng rrfing si xa ky, (nluJng rrting si) c6 the?
tiip gitip cho ttic ht;J (Sif kY ).
w
106

CVU TQC
, , tEl , )( , a , -r 't* , , -y;; , fL
Cao, tang, t6, ph1,1, ky than, chi ttl', ton, tang, thi vi ctl'u

0
tii El tii t-% El t-%
0
fL 1'f $. Ill
t(>c. Thuy t6 viet ti t6, vien ton viet nhi ton. Pham huu khi huyet

bat ton than.
TU MCJI
Cii'u t()c chin h9-Cao ong ong co'-T6
tii: ong n9i-Thiiy t6 tfl: 6ng td ddu tien, thuy td-Tj t6 4 tii:
6ng t6? ddu tien, ti t6'-Nhi tOn chdu xa dai, nhi t6n-Khi
huyet $.Itn.: dong mau, khi hu_w?'t- t6n tr9ng.
D[CH NGHiA Clzin lzf)
Ong sa, 6ng ca: 6ng nt)i, cha, ban than mlnh, de'n con, chdu,
chdt, chit, d6 Ia chin h9. Ong thiiy t6' g9i La tj t6', chau xa dai gQi
272
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ia nhl ton.Pham c6 cung dong mdu, khong ai Ia khc)ng ton tr9ng
nguifi than.
NGU PHAP
HO
1. Ho ngli
H6 ngli', thtr&ng Ia danh tt!. dung keu ten di goi hol:lc di:in do.
H6 ngli' dCmg dQC v&i cac thanh phfm khac trong cftu, co thi di:it
a dflu diu hoi:ic cu6i cau.
Thi dLJ:
-
Phu Sai.' Nhi vong V nhan chi sat nhi ph1,1 h6?
P/u) Sai .' nguui d:i quen nguiri nu&c giir cha nguui r6i
sao ?( T:i rruyfn).
II. Cau cua ho ngli
I. Dung ten rieng hoi:ic ten chfrc dja vi di goi (xem l;;ti thi
d1,1 tren):
ngif).
- ' '
Nhii tu!H<:t thu Iy!
Nily rhffng be con. xu6ng Jfy gi!Jycho ra.' (Sifkj).
2. Dung ill ( da), -Sf (h6) di:it sau ten goi:
- ' $!= & ill
Tu diL phi nhl sa da.
Nily anh TU: d6 Jj ditu anh kh6ng the' dpt din duvc (Lu{ln
.L>- <Jr. l , f-EB--7
-
TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
273
Sftm h6. ngCJ d;;to nhfrt dl quan chi.
S:im o'i. dpo ra do m(jr Je mj th6ng su6r Jufr dr ch r Lu{in ngif).
w
107
:zt:: :;!?' +
-:r- -:r-
LY HIEU TV
* '/1 -1':
0
!1 ' tB \ -A- ' [X \
Ly nhi tinh chi hi cu. Ttfu ht}c u' hLfc!ng hiu, xw1t tat do, phiin tat
;;r;:;
0
::Et /v' r;:l:; 'i1f , till .& , .@3 7,[ lEl: .j.f_, ,
lHJ _... ..._ ./"-... /1"1"9 -j- 7L ---:j-- JD' l-..!:!:: oJI-!J 10
Ky phl1 benh u6c, Ly nhi chuyet hqc, cap dicn y uieu trj ,
* 8 & '/if f )( o * m )(
tflm thu'c du phc, duy trifc . Vj ky, phu bt;nh
ii: 1flff ' 52- l'J ::13; * 0
thuyen du, Ly nhi nai tl]c ky hqc
Tl) Md!
Chi : r(tt-Ttfu J1It di de'n-Htio'ng tntc'ing lang-
Phan [X: tn! [Hj: trinh difn (dung nhud(Jng (p3:
dau (JJn, hf nh n(lng, 1 r(1m 1 r(mg-Chuye't jtlJ: l'f.:l ng
tri d:;: trf hfnh, ditu trf- Tm nJ?ti-Cau Hl dtu- Vi
ky * m: chLfa hao !au, kh6ng ban lilu-Thuyen du hit
hfnh, k/u)i khdi-HQc "*: .''?( nghifp h(JC \'(tn,
l 'ifc h(JC.
I)[CH NGHiA Dri."a con c6 hie'u h(J Ly
Be L_v tfnh rt/t hie'u thao. fJe/1 h(JC (J trllifng Icing, {1i tttt phai thlla,
,.2 ta't phdi trinh. Cha nr5 dau n(lng. he L_v nghf hec l'r)i nu!i thdy
thut/c ditu trf, b() cd dn ngu. ngity {1em chl (1 ben cha. Cluing bao /{iu,
bfnh cua cha khvi hdn. be L_v hen tie/J lf.:IC \'ifc h(JC cua minh.
w
274
108
* 1}1 Ill
GIA DINH DOAN TV
TRAN VAN CHANH
ft * z A & o Bl * 1}1 rffi! $ o x B t:Jj
Nga gia chi nhan cla. Mau ly gia olnh t6a SLL Phi.} nh?t xuat
7} o :tt W 97K 1i
ngo<;ti kinh thLfong. Nga dG' mu<)i cldng thftn gian vang dj
* ; & rm lll T o Bl lJ MJ )(
c?p van nhi quy, vi tqa <lang h<;t.Mau stf phLmg phi.}
rll51: * ;{. ff !7: z
niang CO Slf" d.c hG'u an lac chi tam.
b . , .
TU MOl
Doan[l]: tqp h(!p tl! t(ip ("docln tl!" lei sum hqp)-Ly fll[: lo
xil' f.v (d5ng fffi!: ''l!n \'Qt-Kinh thtio'ng
ban, kinh h(m, Iii, cdc (tr(f til hi2'u zhi sf/ nhi&u)-
Di h9c, tqp ("di nghifp" fa h9c tqp)-St! !elm, lo lifu-
Phung may, *IJJ: xo kim, khau vci.
D/CH NGHiA Gia dinh sum h(Jp
Ngu(Ji nha toi rtr't dtmg. lo cdc 1'ifc vl!n I'Qt trong nha. Cha
m6i ngay di ra ngoai huon hcin. Toi cung cdc em trai em gcii scing
sJm de'n truC!ng fa h(JC tqp; de'n chidu nu!i I'd, ngcJi \'elY quanh
du'Ji den. Mr; lo may vci, cha k2' xua; nuJi ngu(fi ct&u cd
h)ng an 1ui.
NGU PHAP
0 B Ia danh tu dung nhu ph6 tu, vdi nghia"moi
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 275
ngay": )( B (Phi.} xu at ngoc,ti kinh thlfong) Cha
m6i ngcly di ra ngoai bu6n ban.
6 Ill (vi) la cl()ng tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam tr9-ng ngu, d?t
uudc <l()ng tu, c6 nghia Ia "vay quanh": [I] (Vi tqa clang
h<;1) Ng6i vay quanh dudi den.
w
109

DE CA
R 1'fJ roJ OJ - i.J-- W f6J OJ fio
Nhat xfch bo thlfc;5ng kha phung. Nhat ailu tuc thlfc;5ng kha thung.
Po -=- 1'E o 5i. /f tEl ? $
Huynh nhlf thu tuc. Khdi bat nang tuong dung? cung
5t '& - * fD o f'F R f8J o 7( T
huynh huu nhat gia hoa. M9-c tac phu nhl}c oa. Vi thien h<;1
1& t!t o& 0
the tu ta.
TU MOl
'!'$: kfnh nhu&ng arzh, kinh thu(in (1'Ji nguoi !Jn han minh)-
Thung fi: giii thu, tha thu-Cung $: cung
kinh-HG'u 1;i_: than cii, h()a thuqn-Phu cai n6i, cai cho-Oa f8J:
cai n6i-Ttita than tho.
D[CH NGHiA Bai ca
Ml)t thuoc wli con C(J thi may du(Jc. Ml)t cUtu th6c con c6 thi
giii duC!c. Anh em nhu taY chan. Ha khong tid dung thu cho nhau
. .
dU(Jc u? Em kinh, anh thuqn, ml)t nha hod h(Jp. ChJ lam cho dqu
276
TRAN VAN CHANH
n6i thft. Dl cho thien l1(/i sau ta than.
NGU PHAP
0 (thu'<jng) la ph() tu lam trang ngu, dich nghia "et)n,
ma Ct)Jl": - R .:tfJ f<';j
0
-4 mJ:::. OJ fi (Nhat
xich b6 tlut(lng kha pb.tmg. Nhat dil u tile tlut(lng kha thung) M()f
thu(Jc 1di cr)n ('()tid mar l1Lf{tc. M(Jt d{{u th()c cc)n co thl gia du'(fC.
6 la ph() tu biEu thi cam chi ngan dn,
dich "cho, dung" : 1'F (M{lc tac phti nhl;Jc oa)
CluJ him cho d<lu m1i thft.
m
110

GIA THU
frr + /f P%\o
Hong nu n:t mao xu nhi due Qua tam bat khting gia.
1f 13 &- 11 tw =t
Huu Tn.fling sinh giJ, vi dtfong thai giai sl, bac hqc c.1a tai, kiem
1f 1* . rm nn z tt t ti':z o
huu tiet thao, van nhi thu chi. Phu the tlfcing ai kinh. Hucmg
*'7 .l:"l:: :='E 4:E;. 0
; ii'P E3 ii" ,"'fl
Ian giai tan my yen.
TU MOl
H6ng hq H6ng-Nfi tii' frr: con gdi-Xu xii'u-DU'c
d{lo cd tdi dLi'c, c6 duc hqnh, hi8n-Gia 1,@: Iii\'
ch6ng-Truong hq Truong-Giai si 1! : ngudi c6 phdm
roAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN 277
. R6m cd, co cd-Tie't thao .w giii Rln khi tie't.
rie't thdo-Thu cudi-Phu ch(1nJ< l'(t-Hu'ong Ian
hclng x(5m Icing Tan my khen ng(ti. co ng(Ji.
D!CH NGHiA Cu'di hoi
Ngu(fi con gdi h(J H(Jng dunf? nu;w xt/u nul dLi'c (thi) Qud
ha muoi (tu6'i) khl5ng chju U(v ch6ng. C() chclnf? hq Truong lei
ngu'(/i u5 phd'm tift during thai. h9c r()ng tcli, g(Jm cd
tie't tluio, nghe i(r) mcl curJi ndng 1'2. \l(t chcJng kfnh yeu
nhou. Hclng xdm ldng khen ng(fi h(J.
---. :- . . - .
NG(J PHAP
Cach diing (yen)
(yen) Ia d<:ti tu dung dE chi ngtfoi hay ua neu ra d
tntoc, giong each dung cua z (chi), co thE dich la "no, hQ,
d6 ... ": (Hlf(jng Ian giai tan my yhz) X6m
d8u khen ngr;i hq I'Qy.
m
278
TRAN VAN CHANH
111
17.. 1i
TRACH HUU NGHI THAN
A ill '* -g M- Ym o.. rm E! DX. 13 o
Ng6 nhan xU' the, vj thuong v6 bang huu nhi nang tlf thanh giii.
x 8.. /f DJ /f a Pi -r:. : u-ur 13
Nhien giao huu bat kha bftt ngu van: giii
' ili: 13 BJ.J J
0
r5 A : D" w )\ 5
hik, dang gia minh". C6 nhan huu ng6n: "Oil nhan ell'
A 2: M Z ' a W /f A 5 A ff fi.lil,
nhu' chi Ian chi that. Du ba't nhan cu' nhu' ngu
ZUJ o 1I /Y..o
chi tu". Thj co nghi ich huu.
TU MCJI
Tr:;.ch cht;m- cfln th(ln, th(ln tr(mg-Ngo nhan.g )\:
chung ta-Xii' ill : xit the', do'i xif vi?c doi, so'ng (J dai-Ng:;.n
ngc;m ngil, mJ!c (ell vie't)-Chi lanzM:
co chi va co !an ( hai thli co thmn)-Bao ff@: cd uap, cd mdm-Tu
U: qudn hang.
D!CH NGHlA ChQn htJ.n nen thij.n trQng
. Chung ta so'ng iJ dai chua tung c6 ai khong c6 be bc,m ma tJ!
m!nh lam nen. Song vi?c ke't giao vai bc;zn khong thl khong dln
th(ln. Ngc;zn ngil c6 cau: "Gdn mJ!c th! den, gdn den th! sang".
Nguai xua c6 n6i: "Cung iJ vai nguai to't nhu vao nha co chi co
ian. Cung iJ vai nguai khong to't nhu vao qudn cd mdm ". VI v(ly
nen ch(Jn bc;zn c6 ich.
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
279
NGO PHAP
0 (nhien) Ia lien tu thj slf chuyEn y nghjch l<;li,
dich "song, nhung": (Nhiert giao huu bat kha
bat Song l'ifc ke't giao l'ffi bc;m k/u)ng thl khong cdn th(ln.
6 (th! co) Ia Cl,lffi tu quen dung chi ket qua,
thu'ong djeh Ia "vi VI the, VI le d6, cho nen":
(Tizj c{/ nghi ich huu) VI v(ly, nen ch9n bgn
c6 ich.
m
112
m
PHONG OC
i3 .L-.1:::. !<If: ill DD-l' .L-.1:::. K):. !Tg " I- +
flt:. * :7fC
0
llfA flt:. '; ftB
0
p, fiS _L. P
nang true sao, thli nang doanh Nhan duong tht1<;1ng cfl
82;:. E2. ill !:if- E2. ?'<> ill t3 DD-l' :HI!: 1 /$, "
'T ':'R }p * ' }p ftB ' ), WA '"' "
0
A.8 l(X. /\.. ' E3
thai , ell' sao, dong ell' du thu v6 dj. Dai nhan, tri
8 , m 8 r5 , : , *
thuc nMt tang, kien true xao, u th\ huu cao duong, huu sung
'8 r*'
!au, huu nguy nga trang chi cung dieu Iuong hQa dong,
*' 1l rm m z *IJ * 1Fm o
kim bich huy hoang nhi ph(mg 6c ch1 che bj.
TU MOl
@: han,R-Diii j:5: cte'n (xem Ngfl phdp iJ duC!i)-Xao :r-'5:
kheo teo-Sung cao-Nguy nga cao nga't, c16 si), nguy
dfp-Cung ' cung di?n-Dieu p.,jjt: chc;zm
280
TRAN VAN CHANH
khdc-Lrldng xa, rdm, keo (nha)-Dong tt: C(lt cdi, c()t-
Bich miw hie'c-Huy hoang ch6i l(Ji, n;tc u!, l(inf?
flffi: ctd.r ctu.
D/CH NGHiA Nlzi1 ciia
Chim hie't him !/, thu hie't diw hang. Loai ngu'i'ri l'i1o thai
thU"(fng Crj', mua hq tf !/, mua dong if hang, curzg chim t/zu khong
khdc (khlJnf? khdc l'rfi loai chim thu). Kip de'n ngu'(/i d(/i sau, sv
hi2'u bie't ngay m(Jt them, l'ifC xay dl/11?, rzgav m(}t kheo, dodd m/ti
e<5 nha cao, cd idu /c!n. cd cung nguy nga trdnf? keo chgm
c()t l'e, l'(zng bie'c ch(5i l(Ji l'a che' tcic nha nl'a r{{t Ia d6y du.
NGO PHAP
0 (dai) Ia gioi tu, c6 nghla "den, den khi, khi "
. .. (Diii nhan ... ) Kip cte'n ngur'ri dai sou ...
6 (rl thD Ia lien tu thi m6i quan d thai
gian ian nhan qua, thuong c6 djch "sau clo, do clo, ttl' cl6, do
vi ... ":
Mu
nhan, trf thuc tang, kien true xao, ,, thi huu cao clu'ong,
huu sung !au) Kip de'rz nguai dr!i sau, Sl/ hifu bie't ngay m()t them,
kie'n true ngay m()t kheo, dodd mdi cd nha cao, cr5 Lc1u Mn.
_ Bjj 1[ ffl)Oj (De Minh 1t thj p De N ghi vi
tt!) Cho nen De'Minh lt;lp De' Nghi lam nguai nlfi doi (Bai 122).
w
TOAN THV nJ HQC CHU HAN
113

MAOOC
281
I I I T :t=; -++- !=;=! ....... >l!rt: -tf- .o...L- j = Y.'*'-
LU ,. "Fl - T I! 1t: '1'1 * 'I\ '{tf<:
S(in h<;t huu nhftl mao 6c; hoa vicn trang ky khe nhieu
+t 1& o - Wr 1 llt , fJ A tt 5F. z
ky Nhat lac l<;ti thi.i' gian, linh nhan d6n khdi Him chi
o z _:t A if ? JJ - -ill o
Oc chi chl'1 nhan thj thuy? Nai nhat han nho da. Tuy elf
11!f z ft ' ffij * /f 'ti -ill 0
thanh bfrn chi dnh, nhi tam vj thu<'ing bat an l<;tc da.
TU M(Jf
Trang tl: trong trong M'i: \'(J/1f? {g::
d l(}i, dirnJ? li2n, ngay I<IP tU"c-Chu nhan .I. A: ngar'ri
chu-Han nho nha nho ngheo, h9c trv ngheo.
D/CH NGHiA Nha trallh
Dudi chrln nui cd m9t mcii nhcl tranh; l'u'On hoa trang tri phfa
tru'dc, sut/i nhd l'rmg quanh phia sou. M()t khi (hrng lqi d mri ncly,
thi khie'n ngur!i ta nghi din cht/n lam tuy2n. Ngu(/i chu cuo
nha a\" Ia ai? f)d fa m9t nha nho ngheo. ( Ngu'(fl d(J) fU\' S(J'ng
trong cdnh ngheo thanh nul /c}nf.? clnra tL'rng chdng an 1ui
vt;ly.
NGO PHAP
KET CAU LIEN DQNG
I. du lien d<)ng dung di biiu nhling hanh d<)ng
d<)ng tac xay ra d6ng thai n6i nhau. du lien d<)ng
282
TRAN vAN cHANH
thu&ng dm;rc t;;to nen do hai. ba d9ng til di;it lien nhau.
Thi dl}:
-
Ttrong cong sCr Bi:mh Sinh tuy l?Jp sat L6 Hoan cong.
Tt Tti071g c6ng sai Bimh Sinh cho L3 Hoim c6ng ucfng rur;u
say rbi 16i ra va giit di (Sif kj).
2. du lien d9ng thuang dung di chi ml;lc dich:

- s Q '
Nhfr laj tinh ngo.
Ch:iu din thiim ta (Han Dtf: Tl Thgp nhj lang van) (= di
tham).
- tg011Fo,Z
Quan Trong hfru Hoan cong vfing vfn chi.
Quan Tivng dau, Hoim c6ng din thiim (LZi thi XuJin thu).
3. Hai d9ng til trong du lien d9ng thuang ducrc n6i ket
lien til ffiJ (nhi):
-
Giac nhikh&i, khm nhi qui.
T/nh r6i dung len. dting len rbi mJ vt nh'a Ton Nguyen;
Thuy u1c Tay Son yen du k:y).
- z
Quan van nhj h&n chi.
Nha vua nghe n6i va khen 6ng fy Jj ngwi hitn (Han Phi til).
4. D9ng til tm&c v&i tan ngfr cua n6 dung di biiu thj phuong
thtrc cua hanh d9ng neu ra & d9ng tlr sau: (d9ng til+ tan ngfr + rm
(nhi) + d9ng til):
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
283
-
Dti011g kj ml}c nhi thj chi.
DII071g mft ma nhin (Le kj).
- .
Dao phi thdo nhi tQa, khuynh h6 nhi tuy.
Vtb din nD'i thi v;zch co ma ng6i, dcfc bfw ma tha h6 say
Ton Nguyen: Thuy tac Tay Son yen du ky).
5. D9ng til tm&c v&i tan ngfr cua n6 chi phtrong thfrc, each
hanh cua Slf neu ra C5 d9ng til sau: d9ng til sau chi nwc
dich cua d9ng neu ra & d9ng til tnr&c. Doi khi gifra hai d9ng til
con CO gi&i tlr j__j_ (dl) di biiu thj ffil;IC dich mQt each fO rang han,
theo diu sau:
Chu ngfr + d<?ng til+ tan ngfr ( + .[;) d'i) + d9ng til+ tan ngfr.
Thi dl}:
- :r + , 00 orfi
.A4:-...l/'-JD" ..,...
s& vuong d;;ti nQ, hung Slf
Vua Su cd gj[m, dem binh dfmh up Tim (Chiin qucfc s:ich).
-
D;;ti vuang tftt khm binh/ dif cong T6ng.
D;zi vuvng tft phdi khui binh de' d{mh Tcfng (Chiin qu6c
sach).
w
114
7,,
PHANHNHAM
B"- A #; Z rfo * R ?JT 1-J 1t M 13 ill a
Ng6 nhan thuong thtfc chi me, sd d1 sung co gia da.
284
f!:?. ' ' iif,l ' lMi pfT .L-) 8!
-=!;L J-h 0 :Sf
B L.!:. d.,
TRAN VAN CHANH
H z
Ngtf, nhuc, s<1, 16a sd dl ta gia da. Phanh nham chi phap
t
11
J ffi1 ' .ux Z ' 9JG J.fi: Z !N ):'}' Z o
nhan nhi dj , ho<;ic chl'f chi, chung chi, tien sao chi.
ffit QrJU R mz W3 ' t1J ff ot 1'3 '
Thuc phftm bat llf<1ng t6i di trf c6 chi huu ac vi giii,
;::::] rN' lr ;:<. ' .J;:-1::. A-;: pr 0 '=" ' i--1:\1 ' '* ' = '
::=e.)<, L..; , ,x., B FJ / I ' J .P< m 11!A Jt!;', i}iJ:
dl hl' b<:ti giii, giai bat kha thtfc. Khudng, ticu, th6ng, toan,
:;!t ot $ -* ffit Z ;':E OJ
ky vj tan l;;tt, da thtfc chi, tuc thlfting than, bat kha bat
{Q o
da .
TlJ MOl
Phanh nhm Y, nc!'u nu(/ng, n{{u cln-Ph'm Ql::lo: d(1 df dung-
Sung co Jt wl h51 (/n cho kh(Ji cldi-Sd iFJt rau-Loa ll),iJl: qud
ciia locli dua-Ta f_j:_: phf:i giup-Thit;n ijg: hila an-Chting :!fi::
chu)1g, hdjJ-Tien rdn, chien-Sao ):'};: .t{io-Hu b:;li Jt% hdng,
hu tht/i, lht/i rila-Khuong if: cii gung- Tieu lieu- Thong
hclnh-Toan FJf,: 1iJi-Tan $: *:cay him, cay.
D!CH NGH[A Ni{u lin
f)(j chung ta thuiing cln nhu g(w, ILia ml, d(tu, hi nhilng tht1 de'
an cho khoi d(Ji . Cci, 1hjt, rau, dua lit phf:i 1clo hila an. Phep
nctu cln lu_\' nu5n md khdc, hoijc n{{u, hoijc hajJ, hoijc chien, xdo.
f)(j an khtmg llfl rt{t d& g{iy ra h?nh t(tt, cho nen nu)n gl c6 mui
hoi, cW hu tht/i diu chdng nen lin. Gung, lieu, hdnh, tdi, vj
(cua chung) cay xe. cln nhiiu ciing dii lam de'n than mlnh,
k/u)ng 1h8' kh/Jng cdn lhqn I'Qy.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 285
NGU PHAP
KET CAU HAY KIEM NGO THUC
1. du wt: theo th(r u,r. 1*: quan con gQi
la kit cfu kiem ngtJ hay kiem ngtJ tluir:, duqc nen do m(>t
ciiu rna tan ngii CUa 00 Vlra lam chu ngii cho 111Qt cau
di biiu thi nh[mg hanh d(>ng d(>ng tac dien ra trong m(>t qua
trinh lien tl,IC VU che:
(Chu ngii) + d(>ng tl.r + tan ngii + dong tl.r ngfr d(>ng tl.r).
-.it -.it
Chu ngfr D(>ng tl.r
Trong du d(>ng tl.r th(r nhfrt thtr&ng la nh[mg d(>ng
tl.r d(>ng kh6ng hoan toan. biiu thi st,r sai phong
giup d&, danh, t6n hfru), nhtr (su), fJ (linh).
(phong), .}] (trq), 6[J :fif (hfru), .L-) (di) ...
- 13 lillmX: f6
vmJng su su gia vfn Uy
Vua Tt sai su gia sang thfim Triu Uy H.fiu ( Chiin quae
s5ch).
Nai phongT6 Tftn vi V6 An quan.
Ben phong cho T6 Tin Jilm Vo An qufin ( Chiin qu6c s5ch).
-
trQ'Sa c6ngTftn.
giup 56 d5nh Tin ( Chiin qu6c s5ch).
-
Ph1,1 nhiin vj gi5 vi!tquy.
Ngwi dim ba g9i vic di Jfy ch6ng la qui ( C6ng DUV77g
truyn).
286
TRAN VAN CHANH
- rnA
Thi nhan giai diDoanh vi nhan.
Ngu&i cf chq du cho Doanh JiJ tie'u nhan ( SJ kj).
2. du lien d9ngva du c6 hqp thanh m<?t
du pht!c
-
s& Vll'011g Slr Xuan Than Quan tuong binh ct!u
Vua Scf sai Xuan Than Quan dem binh ctiu ( Chiin qucfc
s5ch).
(Cii cau Ia m9t du trong d6 cau "tl.J'O'ng binh
ct!u Ia m9t du lien d9ng, xem bai 113 ).
m
115
1 xsx
" " ::g;g *
NGVONGLAC
-Jit z - , fu1 ?&: ff 13:. WI o i!ff.
Phiem thien chu chi nhat tuy ba khu h.ru. Trieu du
il 1' z , a tz :tm t!2, z ;
dam tr<;J.ch chi gian, tn.tong vong Ia dT bQ (b6) ngu ha chi thu9c; mQ
A. ?&: , rm * r!ff. tf#. o :J
nh?p yen ba tham xu, trl dieu can nhi tQa dai du ngu. Moi t1 nhan
z t:& 1$1. M: ?I J: ' W'l B)j
h<;! chi thai ap thanh phong t1 giang thu'Qng, quan minh
fj , rm t!2, :X , C., # z o
t1 van gian, nhi ngu phil tam hoai vi chi thu suong.
tiJ * It H rm tit #
Danh IQi vj ding kinh hao m9ng, nhi the gian stf stf
tf " tit z - iflj A m o
thj t1 phu van. Chan thj the gian nhat nhan nhan da.
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 287
rU MCJI
nho (ciing dr;c fa f-f: nuj.c cho-Trieu
buo?i sang, bu6'i s6'm-I>am /!: cdi ddm- 1,: vung bun
ldy, ddm ldy, chlim-Vong Ia ht6'i ( di bdt chim ho(ic bdt
cd)-MQ bu6'i chiJu-Ap t:&: hung li(v, hong-Thti sti6'ng
chju, khoan khodi.
D!CH NGHlA Tlui vui dta ong dtinh cti
Thd lenh denh mqt chie'c thuydn con, tuy song m(ic cho troi di
hay iJ. S6'm dgo girla vung ddm ldy, giiing ht6'i ct2' bdt cdc loai cd
tom; chidu ,.J noi khoi song xa xoi, cdm cdn cau ma ng6i dc;i cd
rang. M6i khi vao luc rdnh rang, ho(ic hong gio mat tren song,
ho(ic xem trclng to trong may ma long ong gia ddnh cd cilng vi do
ma khoan khodi. Danh l(Ji chua tung lam kinh dqng de'n mqng
lanh, ma mr;i vi?c the' gian ci1ng dJu xem nhu may n6'i. ThQ.t Ia
con ngu&i nhan nhcl't tren d&i (nay) vQ.y.
NCO PHAP
- ? '
CAU TINH LUQ'C THANH PHAN
Nhu ta da cau c6 2 thanh phfrn chinh Ia cluJ ngif va vj
ngif.. va con c6 thi c6 mQt s6 thanh phfrn ph1,1 khac. Trong Van
ng6n, khi vi ly do tu tl.r, ngu&i ta kh6ng neu
giiim b&t mQt thanh phfrn nao d6 trong cau, d6 la tnr&ng hqp
cua cau ti'nh lur;rc thimh phJn.
I. TlNH LUQ'C CHU NGO'
1. Chu ngfr da neu & tren, xu6ng dl.l'&i c6 thi duQ'c
tinh ltrQ'c:
- ' ( ) ' ( > z
288
TRAN VAN CHANH
Sa nhiin vi thl;l'c. Ngo nhiin chi. (
nhi tong chi.
) Bon, ( ) thl;l'C
Qufin ciJa 5if sth sopn tht1c 5n. qufin Ng6 du6; kip. (Qufin 56)
bo chpy. (qufin Ng6) din 5n nluJng tht1c dfi d9n sin rJi ruvr thea
( Ta truyn: Djnh c6ng tli nien) (= 56 nhfin bon, Ng6 nhfin thl!c nhi
tong chi).
Doi khi chi c6 mot phfm cua chu ngfr bj tinh IU'Q'C:
) nZ-
D<;li do. bt qua tam qu6c chi nht. trung ( ), ngu chi
nht...
(Thea chi de} ciJa c5c lien vuong), kinh d6 ciJa nu6c chu hdu
J6n kh6ng the'rc}ng quti mc}t phdn ba kinh d6 ciJa thien ttl; (k_,inh d6
ciJa) nu6c v&a. kh6ng the'qu5 mc}t phdn n5m ... ( Ta truyn: An c6ng
nguyen nien) (tinh ltrqc chfr "do").
2. Tuong tl! tru&ng hqp tren. khi dung dong tt1 B Van
ngon rt thu&ng tinh Iuqc chu ngfr:

WJJ , ( ) B :
LU'OTig vmmg Qua nhiin an tht!a giao?
M:;1nh Tt! d6i Sat nhiin dl dlnh dfr nMn. hfru dl dj h6?.
( ) Vo dl dj da.
LU'071g Hu vU'071g n6i: Qua nhfin xin an tfim nghe thea /oi
dpy baa. M.anh Ttf thl171: Gift nguiri bing v6i bing dao, c6 gi
kh5c nhau kh6ng? (Vua) n6i: Kh6ng kh5c gi d (M_anh Ttl: LU'071g
Hu VU'071g thur;mg).
3. Hoan canh cua ciiu van cho phep bo b&t chu ngfr:
- : El:B :
Phan Khoai Kim chi Sl! ha nhu? LU'OTig tMm
TOAN THL1 Tl,f HQC CHV HAN
289
cfrp!
Phim Kho5i hoi: 5v vic h6m nay nhu thi niw? Luong d5p:
gfp Jim.' ( 5tf kj) ( = Kim chi dp ).
II. TiNH LUQ'C f)()NG TU lAM V! NGV
1. do:;1n ciiu tren da c6 dong tt1 r6i thi a do:;1n theo, c6
IU'Q'c b&t dong tt!:
(
Pham chu hftu chi tang, dj tinh, lam u ngo:;1i; d6ng tinh. ( )
u tong mieu.
Thea phep, khi .vua chu hdu mfr. niu thuc}c h9 ngo!Ji thi than
kh6c if ngoili d6ng: niu Jil nguiri trong h9 thi (than kh6c) if t6n
nulu ( Ta truyn: TU'071g c6ng nhj nien) (= lfim u tong
- -A fJ-, , c )

Tam nhiin hanh, tt hfru ngii su yen. Trpch ky gia nhi
tong chi, ( ) ky bt gia nhi cai chi.
Trang ba nguoi cung di ifr c6 mc}t nguiri c6 the' JiJm thdy ta
duvc. C6 the' ch9n nhilng diJu uft ciJa nguiri d6 mil thea, nhilng
diJu kh6ng t6t m!J sth do] ( ngtJ : nh1) (tinh Iuqc chfr
''tr:;1ch").

Vi khach tri ph:;1n nhi tl! ( ) Ie holic.
Lam com cho kh5ch fm can minh thi iin rau le rau hofc (Ho!Ji
Nam ttf:' Thuyit Jfim) (= tl! trj Ie holic).
2. C6 khi dong tlr slip neu ra a do<;ln sau, do<;!n tn.r&c tinh ]trQ'C:
- 13 c ) A ,
Cung tl! ( ) nhi b<;!C tr5ch tr nhiin, tiic oan hi.
290
TRAN vAN cHANH
Niu w tr5ch minh nhi8u va tr5ch ngwi it, thi minh dU'C!C a,in
(Lu{ln ngii: Linh c6ng) (= Cung tl! tr5ch. .. ).
3. C6 thi tinh !LfQ'C d. d(lng tl.r cung tftn ngfr cua n6:
) <
) < )
Da van, tr<;1ch ky gia nhi tong chi: da
) ( )( ) nhi chi chi.
Nghe nhi8u. c.h9n di8u tift ma thea: thfy nhi8u. (ch9n di8u
tdt) mil ghi nh6 (Lu{ln ngii: Thu/)t nln) (tinh luqc "tr<;1ch ky
gia").

w ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
tu&ng qufm xuit tai thien nhi bach du ly, chi 6 Vien,
tram thu b6I6: chi Hfiu San. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) bach du dp.
Ti8n tu6ng qulin ra klu3i bien gi6i h071 m9t ngan hai tdim
d;fm, din 6 Vien. chem ddu va bJr scfng qulin gi/ic: din Hdu 5071.
(chem vii bift) dur;rc h071 m(Jt trlim d/w gi;ic (Hfw tlnr : Hung N6
(= Tr:lm thu b6?J0bach du dp).
- , 31\:ff < ) < ) .L-Jt:
c6 hfru diic thfin dl hung. hfru ( ) ( ) dl vong.
Vi c6 khi dur;rc thdn xudng de' xem xet) Jj
cluing cua hU77g thjnh: c6 khi Ia cluing cua suy vang ( T:i
(= dfc thdn dl vong).
4. Tinh llfQ'C d(lng tl.r El a vi ngfr, trong m(lt do<;ln ct6i
tho<;1i:

< )
M<;1nh Ttl- d6i "Sat nhfm dl dlnh dfr hfru dl di h6?".
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
291
"V6 dl di da". (
) "DI dfr chinh. hfru dl di h6?"
M:;wh TLr tr:i J&i: ''Giit ngwi biing g{ly v6i bffng daa. c6 gi
kh:ic nhau Vua n6i: "Kh6ng kh:ic gi c:i". (M;;wh tJ n6i)
"Giit ngwi bffng dtJO v6i bJng chinh tJj. c6 gi kh,ic nhau kh6ng"
(M;;wh TJ :LUV77g vUV11g thur;mg).
Ill. TlNH LVQC TAN NGV
I . Do<;1n cflu tren da c6 tan ngfr. do<;1n cflu du&i c6 thi tinh
iuqc tan ngfr d6:

< ) 1.%,
Canh c6ng vin u An Ttl-: Tri qu6c ha ho<;1n? D6i Ho<;1n
phu xa thu. Phu qu6c hfru ( ) yen. nhan chu til hfru thi da.
C:inh c6ng hoi An T(r: tri nu6c nen Ia gi? An TJ dflp:
Nen Ia b911 b8 t6i gian d. Trang nu6c cilng c6 b9n d6, chfnh Ia
nhilng ke dang 6 xung quanh nha vua v\n TJ Xulin thu) hfru
xfi thJyen).
2. Khi tan ngfr cua d(lng tl.r tm&c Vlra Ia chu ngfr cua d(lng tl.r
neu ra a sau thl tan ngfr d6 c6 thi tlnh ilfQ'C. Tmcmg hqp nay thuemg
thiy xuit trong nhfrng cflu c6 dung cac d(lng tl.r biiu thi Sl! sai
nhtr fee (su), '% (iinh). (khiin ):
- A lf ' /f TD th1 , fee ( ) D 15'2 :1J
) h6 ky khfru
Qua nhan hfru bftt nang hoa nhi Slr (
Lf tCr phtrang.
Qu:i nhlin c6 ngwi em. kh6ng the' sdng chung hoa thu/)n,
kinin n6 ph:ii di kiim ffn 6 bdn phUV11g (T:i c6ng th/)p
nhft nien) (dangle phai vik "nhi su chih6 ky khfru ... ")
3. Tan ngfr a tm&c gi&i tl.r i) (tr) c6 thi tinh ltrqc:
292
TRAN VAN CHANH
- A1f4--ti2. ' ( ) 8
Ky sue nguu da, tl! ( ) dT b;;tch ph;;tn.
Anh ta nuoi trdu. cho (triiu) an bifng com g{lo tnfng (theo La
Thlic Ttrong, Van ngon fur tv, tr.l92) (= tl! chi dT b;;tch ph;;tn).
-
Gia bfrn vo thtr, de giii ( ) tr tang thtr chi gia nhi quan chi.
Vi nha khong c6 sach nen mur;m (sach) Cf cdc nha c6 sach ma
d9c (La Thuc Tuong, sdd.) (= giii thlftr tang thtr chi gia ... ).
IV. TfNH LUQC NGO'
Tinh ltrqc ngii sau nh+6G'ng gioi tu nht1 : WCdii);
6 ( . ) /f..!, ( ' )
J;;-;!; V! , 1J.J: tong :
- ___ ga W ( )
Trau Ky tu bat xlch ... Dan khich tong ngo;;ti lai, dtJ
) tQa dam.
Triiu Ky thiin dai tim tlw6c ... M9t buo1 sang. c6 ngurH khach
tir ngoai di vao. cung Ky n6i chuyfn ( Cinln qu6c sach: sach)
(dtf chitQa dam).
- ftJE *m c ) ''ii
Nga ti:r, h;;tnh vj ( ) chuyin d;;tt.
Ta sfp chit, xin vita mil chuyln d_at i?Ji (theo La Thlic Ttrong,
sdd., tr.l91) (thay vi n6i, h<;mh vj "nga" cl<,1 t).

Bat linh thfrt mau, tfi'm thl!C dfr pht,I c()ng, tong ( ) tht,I qu6c
van.
Len tim tuo1 thi mJt, tir d6 s6ng v6i cha. thea cha h9c
qu6c van (theo La Thuc TtrOTig, sdd .. tr.191) (thay vi n6i: tong
"phl,l" tht,I qu6c van).
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
293
. v. TINH LLJQC D!NH NGCJ
Dinh ngii, tht.rCmg la danh tu. da neu ra & do;;tn tnr&c thi
do;;tn sau c6 thi tinh ltrqc:
- itA tE c ) *
Tfrn Ba Str vu ha tay, Ngt,Iy nhfm t<;ti ( ) dong.
Tin Ba dong quiin Cf phia tiiy song. quiin Ng11y Cf phia dong song
( Ta truyfn: Van cong th{ip tam nien) ( = t;;ti ha dong).
m.
116
t 71
vAT LOAI TVONG TAN
' - s if fJ 1:Y ' $',.\ tlfl
minh t1 thl;l, nhat dtiong lang phan ty hflllh, dl,lc b6
ffiJ o w 1ti ii=J A 1& Y.. tiX
nhi thtfc. Hoang ttioc tu t1 ky h<\1. u, hlfu dl,lc tnic duong lang
m u o w 1ti 1 /f 1ti
t? dT qua phuc. Hoang tuoc chi t?i thlfc, bat tri huu d9-n tuoc
Z A Y.. fu! A 1& o fffi 1ti :t3 E1 : iJta
chi nhan hlfu tuy ky h<\iu. Nhi d9-n tuoc gia phl,lc tlf tu: Thj cuong
A fi!T /f 1!! m ?5L m 5 z 1Wf
lang nht1<;5c, nhan Sd bat ling vi, huang phi vj sinh h09- t chi nhu
* fffi i]$ - f/7 z D[J :t3 .s:- ?
du nhi ct1ong do9-t nhat v?t chi sinh gia h.6?.
T(/ MCJJ
Tan 91: gie't con b9 nglfa-Pha'n S: gio
len-Hoang tuck chim hoang yen-Tu f;;j. rlnh mo-Trac
rna'- TC;t #f: dlfa wlo, cqng vao, nho vao-Qua phuc
294 TRAN VAN CHANH
Huo'ng {.R,: huo'ng chi (xem Nga phap iJ duoi) .
D[CH NGHlA Loai vijt gie't h{li ldn nhau
Con ve keu tren cay, m9t con b9 nga giue1ng dmg bo toi,
muon bdt con verna an. Chim hoang yen rlnh iJ sau n6, lc;zi muon
md b9 nga di nhil d6 no h{!-ng. Chim hoang yen cham chu vao s
dut;tc an, chdng biit rling c6 nguili bdn chim se lc;zi thea sau n6.
R6i nguili bdn chim se lc;zi tl! nghi: c(iy mc;znh hie/J yiu La rna
nguili ta khong nen lam, huang chi khong phdi vi nhu cdu cua dili
song rna cuiJng doc;zt sinh mfnh cua m9t v(it u?.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach di'tng ?:5(, (huo'ng)
i.R. (huang) la lien tu biu thi mai quan tang tien, dich
nghia la "huang chi, huang gl, huang nua", thu'ong dung phai
hQp vdi trQ tu f (h6) (tai) a cuai diu :
Afitr 5t z
1\*TR 13-f-? ( Thi cuong lang nhu'Qc, nhan sa bat ung vi, huong
phi vi sinh chi nhu du nhi cu'ong nhat chi sinh
gia h6 ?) C(iy mc;znh hiip yiu La ddu rna nguili ta khong
nen lam, huang chi khong phdi vi nhu cdu cua dili so'ng rna cuiJng
doc;zt sinh mnh cua mQt v(it u ?
m
117

XUANCANH
00. [)i rm B 00.
Phong ciinh tuy thai nhi bien dich, duy xuan phong ciinh tai
o 1t z 1/J , z , w * z !TX
vi phu Hoa chi nung tic, thao chi thien mien, thl;l m<)c chi han
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN 295
!TX rtJ * , * ;u, x. : ut - ?!3'!. o ?Jc
han hu'dng vinh, uc,ti kh6i van chuang chi thu nhat tiet. Huong
13. ..32'.. ey"' fl.!"" mt!t illiH: " +r D -7 f-
-tt- ofJ\ a 8-r .e: A )( '1'8 .E_ t<'._ ""o
ui<iu l(>ng ca thanh ham tuy thai hlju nhu' hoi hQa chi dim
1
d> ::!3:: 13 E1 0 .E.. 1n7i.. ..ut.,.J. t;t; "* E!. ;:+;:; ** UJ[
/, 113J w IJ=1 ;fj ){){ ff:ti 5.R IIIJ ' I' 7J".; f, .. ,
xuyet ky gi an. Ngo sai cloi tu' thang dnh nhi bat cam khai nhien
B: z 0' if- tJL oA /f OJ *-
viet: 'Xuan dnh chi kha ai do thieu nien da. Nhan bat kha co
llt ffij OJ* llt 0' if- f-? .n
phl;l thu xuan dnh nhi kha co phl;l thu thieu nien h6?".
T) MCJI
Phu I; [g: l(mJ? ldy-Nimg lie 1/J d(im da, ngao ngc;zt-
Thien mien *IB: um tum, r(im rgp-Han han htiong vinh
J0\!0\ rtJ 5R: phai ph(Ji nteln len, ph6n l'inh thjnh kho'i
tc;zo l'Qt, con tqo-Van chtiong van chue!ng-Tie't ?!3'!.:
tilt ra-L()ng :ff: ch(fi RiiJn, dua-Tuy M: say, say ve-
H
A h U>- - h hA I DA? A't A - A
QI Qa EEl: l 'e tran , Qt 19a- 1em xuye to l 'e, to
diim them-Tti nciY (xem Ngf1 phdp a duoi)-Ba't ca'm /f ba't
giac, khong ngan dut;tc, khong khoi-Khai nhien xuc d9ng,
cam khai, bui ngui-Kha ai dang yeu-Co phl) ph/!-,
phi! long, phi! phclng.
D!CH NGHlA Ciinh xtu1n
Phong cdnh tuy thili ma bie'n ddi , nhung phong cdnh ngay xuan
ra't Ia lQng ldv. Hoa thorn ngao ng(,lt, co m9c um tum r(im rQp, cay
co'i me!n man dam tu(fi, van chue!ng cua Con Tc;zo din day phat tilt
cd ra. Huo'ng nila, chim dua giqng hot, buom ng(im ve say sua lc;zi
nhu ve tranh to di l m them vao d6. Chung ta truifc cdnh df!p
ma khong khoi xuc d9ng bdo rling: "Cdnh xuan dang yeu nhu tudi
Ire vqy. NguiJi ta kh()ng th ph{!- phang cdnh xuan nay, ma lc;zi c6
296
TRAN VAN CHANH
thi phang tudi tre nay dur;c sao?".
NCO PHA.P
0 f!i (tu') Ia d9-i tu chi thi, nghia Ia ay": (T1t
thang canh) Cdnh dfp ndy.
6 /f (bfft cffrn) Ia ph6 tu, djch "kh6ng khoi, kh6ng th<i
khong, bat giac" : rm B ... (Nhi bat cam khai nhien
viet...) Ma khang khoi xuc d<;)ng bdo rling .. .
m
118
t1 7:. jf)Jg
HVONG THON THIEN THU
t1 z 9=J ' 7:. ' )t @ 0
Huang th6n chi trung, thien thu ang nhien, h6n Vliu
!f- B 7C AA ' 1g S)j ' 7F: f*
Tao khdi quang cao lang, khf tli<jng thanh minh, hoa gia khe
?m - m o 1 EB 1m ft tft
lliU nhat bich nhu hQa. N6ng phu t(!.i ba chung b9-t
]it , nt 4- m 1t , 13- * , JJt 1'5 o H.
thao, sat ngliu canh tac, cac Stf ky Stf, thai OQ di nhien. Nhi
it mt =tf , tJ - x , *' * t=r , lli
o6ng tt!U hQC gia, thu Xliong ca, hoan bQ tU hanh, y thai ph6
t1 o & B z Y' * '&ftj Jft ' 052 052 1lf , tt
chi tjch hi, guy nha thanh a a de minh, true
ii % , 1!A 1m ; rm WI j}J z Rl ,
ly mao xa gian, xuy yen tu khdi; nhi h9- su chi n6ng phu, khu
-: * 4- z it -r , f: f$f 9=J
duong khien ngliu chi d6ng ttl', quan tong thien m(!.ch trung
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
297
3iF tm rm , ifj o
xuyen sap nhi qua, tr(!.ng canh nhfm thich.
TU MOl
Hu'o'ng thon than, nang than. than que-Thien thu
7(.@g: thu thien nhien-A.ng nhien :dgt dao-Hon fff:budi ta'i,
(luc) hoang han-Cao lang r'i'D AA :cao sang-Khf tu'Q'ng :cdnh
tur;ng, quang cdnh-Thanh rninh rllf13J3 :sanR trong-Ba chung
}lff.i:gieo fl;t :nha?-Sfft ot :La, het, quat mdng, tha vi-
Thai d() ri. :thai d-Di nhien :vui rm :ndm tay-
Hoan b() tuhanh *i ti7tt ff: di thu thd-Ph6 ,tl: di din-Tich
ta'i-Xuy yen kh6i tha?i cc!m, kh6i bep-Khu
:dua?i, xua, lua-Thien sap
$ fffi:xuyen thQc-Nhan nhan hg-Thfch ifj :thich y, dl chju.
D!CH NCHiA Tlui thien nhien lJ thon que
()than que thu thien nhien thijt dgt dao, sam va lgi cang
dfp hon. Sum dgy anh mi;it trai cao sang, cdnh tur;ng sang trong,
lua non dong suo'i mqt mau xanh bie'c nhu tranh ve. Nguai nang
phu a ruqng, hoi;ic gieo giii'ng, hoi;ic nh6 co, hoi;ic tha vi trdu cay,
ai lam vifc nay, thai d9 vui v&y. Lu tre em di hQc, ndm tay nhau
ca hat, thll thd thea gia gia'c ma di din truang.
Din khi ttrO'i to'i, qug bay thimh hang, a a khe keu; giila
dam giiju true tranh, kh6i bep bay len ba'n rna hac nang
phu vac cay, dua tre lua de ddt trdu tit trong ba ruqng di
xuyen lach rna qua, cdnh trgng cang them nhan thu.
NCO PHA.P
0 7t (vu'u) Ia ph6 tu lam tr9-ng ngu, d?t truoc hlnh dung tu,
298
TRAN VAN CHANH
c6 nghia "cang hon" : ..1:-Jt E h6n vliu Budi sam
va chdu lr:;zi cang df:P h(Jn.
6 {& (y) la giOi tu th! can eli cua d()ng tac hoac hanh
vi, d!ch la "theo": ( Y thai ph6 Theo giif giac
ma di de'n tntifng.
@ 9! (canh) la ph6 tu lam tr(;lng ngu, tnrdc tfnh tll',
nghia la "cang, cang them": #:k 9! (Tr(;lng canh nhan thfch)
Cdnh trr:;zng cang them nhan thu.
m
119

CAT HUNG
__t 0 G .L-j_ tJ z 0 )( EJ : IT" f6J .L-)_
Nha minh u' thl,l tht1<;1ng. Nhi di th(;lch kfch chi. Phl,l vie't: " Ha di
!f!g> na ? r::=J EJ . rr- A = . :ll:t3. --'7 , na --'7
.!17L 1=:1 L D L
kfch nha?" Nhi viet: "Nhan ng6n: Thudc chi minh cat, nha chi
0 f3 t!1 '.I:J 1557: z .n )( EJ :
minh hung. Kim minh gia nha da, di co kfch chi". Phl,l vie't:
IT" A --'7 --.=;-- t/\ IS --'7 0 A .t..t; "'D - 1){1 ' IS
L E3 ro=D JJ ,'f"J L E3 / I ' lk 7\ D /LlJ ,'f"J
"Nhan chi tri cao t1 chi trf. Nhan bat nang tri cat hung,
f6J .L-j_ g z ? .n
ha di nang tri chi?".
TU MCJJ
Cat 5: ta't, lanh-Hung xa'u, dfl, ga- Ha di f6J .L-j_: lam sao,
vi sao, tr:;zi sao (dung di hoi)-Thtioc chim khdch-Di co .L-j_ 1557::
roAN THV n,f HQC CHV HAN
299
vt v(ly, vt the'-Tri tri tu?, tri khan.
D[CH NGHlA Umh va dz7
C6 con qur:;z keu tren cay. Dlla be lay qtc dd ddnh (d(lp) n6.
Nguifi cha n6i: "Vz sao ddnh (d(lp) con qur:;z?". Dlla be ddp (trd
Loi): "Nguoi ta n6i chim khdch keu La ddm lanh, qur:;z keu La
g(J ( ddm dfl).Nay con ( chim) keu La con qur:;z, vt v(ly (con) ddnh
n6 ". Nguifi cha bdo: "Tri khan cua loai nguifi cao h(Jn tri khan
cua loai chim. NguiJi ta con khang bie't dli<JC lanh dfl, tht loai
chim lam sao bie't duqc? ".
NGO PHAP
0 .I:) -Mz: (di co) la lien tu thi nguyen nhan, d!ch la "vl
ly do d6, vl le d6, vl the', vl t!1 '.1:) 155c.Z (Kim
minh gia nha da, tli co kich chi) Nay con chim keu La con qur:;z, vt
the' moi ddnh n6.
6 fn (ti) la gidi tu dung trong cau so sanh, vdi nghia la
"han" : A z r%J (Nhan chi tri cao zt chi tri) Tri
khan cua loai nguoi cao han tri khan cua loai chim.
m
120

NHA
1{ o 5! 11% 1=\=l 1J( ' JJ .Z o
Nha khat Kie'n trung huu thuy h6, nai dl.fc chi. H6
JJ'( 0 1J j;) i$ ' /f
0
tham thuy Nha tuy lt;(c di than canh, do bat
300
TRAN vAN CHANH
1m 1 rm a : rm 1J< r5jg , u ft
Nguong thii nhi t'u viet: "Sii' h6 thin nhi thiiy tham, tac nga dac
o 1li r5jg 1J< # o ffi z
'm. Kim phi d9c h6 tham thiiy thin. Tung b9i ng6 canh chi
' # /f
0
ft fPJ ffll ;z z ' $j
truong, bat dac 'm. Nga ha di giai ng6 khat ?".Cii'u chi, nha
{JJ 1=f ?JT 'IR o n m :ti: o W ti rm o 19: ti
tl,l' hG'u sa ngQ. Nai phi khu. Ham th<;1ch nhi chi. th<;1ch l1 h6
9=I
0
1i JJZ + Yx
0
ti ft 7J< Jt 0 $j
trung. Yang phan du thu. Th<;1ch tich thiiy thang. Nha dac
ffJ1o
'm. Ky khat to?i giai.
TU MOl
H6 cai am, cai hfc }J: co' hit sue-Than f$:
du6i ra, nton ra-Do win, cilng vdn-Sii' neu-Phi d()c 1;:
kh6ng chl, chling nhilng (xem Ngil phap (J duoi)-Tung cho du-
B}i {: gap d6i-Giai ffll: tieu tan, lam cho tieu tan, lam cho hit,
lam cho bot, gidi-Ng} /-g:: tlnh ng9, hiiu ra-Ham ro: ngt;lm-Dfiu
19:: nem-Vang phan :fi J}Z: di va Tfch ft: chua lc;zi, dbn lc;zi-
ben, cu6'i cung moi, vi the' ma.
D!CH NGHlA Con qll{l
Con quc;z khat nude ldm. Trang thay trong san c6 cai nf]_m df:(ng
nude, ben djnh u6ng. (NhLtng) nt;lm thi sau nude thi cc;zn. Con quc;z
tuy co' sue du6i dai c6? ra vdn kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude. N6 nga?ng
ddu len (ma) suy nghf rling: ''Neu nt;lm cc;zn ma nude sau thi ta
u6ng dur;c. Nay kh6ng chl nf]_m sau ma nude cilng cc;zn. Cho du
tang gap d6i chiiu dai cua cd tara cung kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude,
ta lam sao gidi dur;c can khat?". M9t hbi lau, con quc;z duifng nhri
hiiu ra diiu gi. (N6) ben bay di. Nggm da bay tro lc;zi, nem da vao
roAN THll Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
301
trong ngm. Bay di bay han muifi ldn. EJa chua dbn lc;zi nude Len
cao. Con quc;z u6'ng dur;c nude. Can khat cua n6 ben tieu tan.
NGU PHAP
0 ft ... ... (tuy ... do ... ) la IDQt each thuc CO dinh, nghia
I
' " ;;: d' ;;: " . !i'.H: .L!Ff. --h 1' 1 ,($1iS
a tuy ... van ... , u ... van ... : ::<=?!
( Nha tuy llfc di than dnh, do bat dac 'm) Con quc;z
tuy co' sue du6i dai c6' ra, kh6ng u6'ng dur;c nude.
6 (sii') la lien tu biu thi gia thiet, dich la "neu" :
' (Si't h6 thin nhi thiiy tham, tac
nga dac 'm) Ne'u ngm cc;zn ma nude sau thi ta u6ng dur;c.
1; ... # ... (phi d()c ... ... ) la m9t each thuc co
dinh, c6 th dich "kh6ng chl... rna cGng ... , nhG'ng ... rna
con ... ": 1"; :ff?m 1J< # ( Kim phi dQc h6 tham thiiy di?c
thin )Na_v kh6ng ehl nt;lm sau ma nude cung ec;zn.
0 # .. . (tung ... ... ) la m9t each thU'c co dinh, co
th dich "cho du .. . cGng ... ": ( Tzi.ng
b9i ng6 dnh chi truong, di?c bat dac 'm) Cho du tang ga/J d6i
dai cua c6? tara, cung kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude.
w
302
121
r-
BOC
TRAN VAN CHANH
l # AlA t:A rm ---'7 ',(lp- , 6' /.- A ""'li 1-k- )0
0
o/J _tt .:L
I' -a : IJ::;. K_ 1tliJ 1;;73 fT /\. fio Jll'- o ,c,, /, s-
Boc gia tQa u tu chi cu, vt hanh nhan ngu httu cuu. H6t ky tlt
-6- El : * A ?!T tJJ, * w .n f- 13
bon cao viet: "Ng6 gia vi nhan sCi kiep, gia Cl;l tang". Boc gia
nlfolf gfW] Z 13 EJ: E3 'J!fbA
thuong hoang that tho. Huu chi gia viet: "Quan vt nhan
g f;t ' fffi * 9=" j ls /f z ' iPJ -d1 ? .n r-
ngu hltl1 cuu, nhi gia trung hung co bat chi tinh, ha da '?" Boc
13 T tJt ft o
gi<l bat nang doi.
nJ MOI
Boc f- : b6i-Boc gia f- 13: thdv bc5i-Cu JDJj: ctuong thong ra
b/fn ngii, ngii tu-Hu'u f;t: to't lanh-Cffu xa'u-Bon vi,
ch(ly-Kie'p tfr cu6p-Gia * d6 dung trong nha-
hit-Tang w: ma't-Thtio'ng hoang ho't hodng-That th6
m: bo'i Cu'Oi Ct;Jt, Cu'Oi gion-Quan anh, 6ng-
E3: m6i ngay, hling j[S: ddm bdo truoc-Co
lCJi (ph6 tu, biiu thj .v nghjch lt;li)-Tinh xer-Doi ft: trd loi.
D[CH NGH[A Boi
C6 6ng thdy b6i ng6i ch6 ngii tu duiJng, n6i chuy?n h9a phuc
( lanh dil) cho nhilng nguoi qua l(li tren duiJng. Bbng dua con cua
ong ta ch(ly l(li n6i voi ong ta: "Nha ta bj nguiJi ta cLtOp, db d(IC
trong nha ma't S(lCh ". Ong thd_\' b6i ho't hodng, bo'i ro'i. C6 ke
cuiJi ct;Jt 6ng ta rting: "Ong mbi ngay n6i chuyn hQa phuc cho
ngLliJi khac, rna xa'u trong nha ( ong) f(li khong xet, Vl saO
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
303
the'?". Ong thdy b6i kh6ng trd liJi dut;Jc.
NGO PHAP
0 jfi la ph6 tu lam ngu, nghia la "het,
tron": * w (Gia Cl,l tijn tang) D6 d(IC trong nha ma't S(lCh.
6 iPJ ill? (ha da ?) la cl:lm tu quen dung hoi ly do,
g6m ph c) tu iPJ (ha )va trQ tu ill ( da ), dtch la "vi sao the?":
B"B g f;t fffi * Z 1 ' iPJ -tl1? (Quan
vt nhan ngu httu cuu, nhi gia trung hung co bat chi
tinh, ha dii ?) Ong m6i ngay n6i chuyn h9a phuc cho nguiJi khdc,
ma xa'u trong nha ong f(li khong xet, Vl sao the'?
(CO) la ph6 tU tht S\.f trai ngUQC, djch la
ffij * /f z (Nhi gia trung hung co bat chi
tinh) Ma xa'u trong nha 6ng l(li kh6ng xet.
m
122
1Lt I 5JJt x.
HUNG vVdNG KIEN QUOC vAN LANG
m a 1 a I , :tEl 1 iX
H6ng Bang thj thu viet Kinh Duong Vuc5ng, tuong nga
Z -d1 ' 'IJ[ o I JlJ fl[
chi thuy quan da,sinh Lac Long Quan. Vuong nii.i L(!c Long
ti z -T -tl1
Quan chi tll' da .
tn * m :t$ JJ: a
"tit f* m BJ3 ' fj J5 :
304
TRAN VAN CHANH
So Vi em De Thftn Nong thi tam the ton De Minh, nam tun chi
1i
Ngil Linh, thti Vt,I Tien nu, sinh til' Loc Tt,Ic, huu thanh due, De
Sjj z ' f:\1:
0
*' J:t 5L
Minh ky ai chi, dt,Ic sii' tl,l' vj. Loc Tt,Ic co nhu<;1ng ky huynh
1L
0
Sjj 151: fL 1L ff.% (2J it jj ' M
Nghi. De Minh u thi l?p De Nghi vi tl,l', tri bac phuong, phong Loc
*I ff.% I ' (2J r1 1J o I
Tt,Ic vi Kinh Duong Vuong, tri nam phuong. Kinh Duong Vuong
* *I 5JjE
sinh til' Sung Lam, L;:tc Long Quan; L;:tc Long Quan thti Au
8 , ff.% 8 - z t.l1 ; :Ji J:t :13 ff.%
Co sinh bach nam, thi vi Bach chi t6; suy ky trudng gia vi
ti.ff I ifflPJ f:\1: ' 9l 5JJE X ,
Hung Vuong ttf quan vi, kien quoc Van Lang quoc, do
'lH , t 1$ + J\ i:!t ' m ti.ff I o
Phong Chau, tuong th?p bat the, giai xung Hung Vuong.
JJ 15 .:; A. 1J' , ff.% ?JT , I
Thj thoi cu dan nh?p thuy, pha vi giao long sd thuong, vuong
A 1-J i1 1J<: Jr o J:t o
giao nhan dT hQa thuy quai u than. Ttf thi thuy mien ky h;:ti.
X $t z {- ll:t o
Van than chi tt,IC cai thuy thii'.
(Khiim djnh Vi?t szt thong gidm cztdng tiin bien, quyin I)
TU Md!
Vu'dng I: vua-H6ng l0n-H6ng Bang t hj h9
H6ng Bang- Kinh song Kinh (chay qua hai tlnh Cam Tuc va
Thilm TIJ.y, Trung Quo'c)- nude con lrlng;
h9 Lt;zc-Viem m()t hi?u cua vua Thein Nong-Th. n Nong
thj t$#i:_R: h9 Thein Nang (Thein Nang fa vi vua thein thot;zi cua
TOAN THLi Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
305
-
Trung Qufk, each th&i nay klzodng hon 4500 nam)-Tu.n di
tudn. tudn tra-Ngii Unh ten nui-Thu la:v V(J-VQ
V Nil (sau du(Jc dung chi nguoi dim ba)-Tien rhein tien
(cc)n ,ie't fa fLiJ)-LQc phuc, to't lanh-Ky ra't, he't sue, vo
cung (ph6 til)-Ttl ifflP]: no'i, tie/J,. con chau ( doi sau)-Vi f:\1:: ngoi \'f-
C6 df _v (ph6 til)-Nhu'Q'ng nhu&ng lt;zi-Tr! (2J: cai qudn,
cai trj-Phong i;J: phong, ban (tude pha?m, da't dai)-Simg *= kinh
m;ng, t/3n trc;mg, ton sung; h9 Sung-Lam If: day neo thuy&n, day
chao-Au (u) ba gia-Cd tl@: n6i v& ngu&i con gai df!p (dung
di d(it ten)-Bach B g:io'nf!, dan Bach Vit (thai xua (J \'00
quiing cdc tlnh H6 Nam, Giang, Phuc Kiln, Quang Dong,
Quang Tay bay gi&, va chia ra nhi&u nh6m Dong Vit, Man Vit,
Au Vi f t, Tay Vift, Lt;tc \lift, - .. , g9i chung fa Bach tile Ia
triim gif/ng j:f: ton len-Kie'n Jt: (/i!ng nen, l(lp nen-
5J]t: gQi !a-Do kinh do ( da.v du(JC dung nhu d()ng til, c6
nghla fa (16ng d6)-Phong ainh nui-Phong Chau HI: ten da't
thu()c tlnh Son Tay bay gi&-Thoi JJ2: luc ( chfl nay_cdc sdch sit cua
tri&u Nguyln dung thay cho chil ff!f Vl kY. huy cua vua Tf! Duc)-Cu'
dan cu-Pha thU"'ong-Giao long con giao long,
con thu6ng lu6ng (m()t loai quai , ,(I t a dudi nudc)-Thu'dng
gay hqi, gay thuong tich-Thuy quai loai quai v(lt sc/ng dudi
nude-Tlf thj : til trdnh di&u ht;zi-Van
than )(..r: xam mlnh-TQc : tuc !, phong c6 le,
duc!ng nhu (xem Ngil phdp a dudi).
D!CH NGHlA. Hii.ng V1tung mtdc Van Lang
c1du cua h9 H6ng Ban?, !a Kinh Duong Vuong, tuong
truyen ld vj vua tru(Yc tien cu a nude ta, sinh ra Lt;zc Long Qulin.
(Vii, ) H ' v l ' ., Q A
- ung u"C!ng a con cua Lt;zc Long uan.
306
TRAN VAN CHANH
Luc ddu chciu ba dui cua Viem De: h<J Thdn Nr5ng !a D{ Minh,
di tudn phia nam den Ngii Llnh, nang V Tien, sinh con trai Ia
U)c Tw.:. L9c Tc co thdnh due, De' Minh d{t thue!ng, muon di cho
no'i ngoi. (Nhung) L9c Tc co' nhuang cho anh mlnh La Nghi. Cho
nen De' Minh l4p De' Nghi lam nguui no'i d6i, ( cho) cai trj phuCing
biic. 1a phong L(Jc Tc lam Kinh During VurJng ( cho) cai trj
phU'(Jng nam. Kinh /Ju(fng Vuung Ia nguui cai trj phuung Nam sinh
dU'(fc con trai Ia Sung Liim, g9i Ia L{lc Long Quan; LqLc Long
Quan Ia\ nang Au Cu, sinh ra m9t tram nguui con trai , d6 Ia td
tien cua Bach ton con truifng lam Hung Vuung, no'i ngoi 1ua
df!ng nuoc gQi Ia nuoc Van Lang, dong do iJ ?hong Chau, truyin
nhau duc;c muui tam clui, diu g9i Ia Hung Vuung.
Trang thui dan cu xuo'ng nuoc, thu(/ng bj lodi giao long lam
h(,li, l'Ua mrJi cfqLy dan mlfc l'e foai thuy quai tren than m/nh.
Tit d6 moi trcinh dur;c nqLn Tf.:ic xam mlnh cd le bift ddu tit thui
d6.
NCO PHA.P
0 ]J (nai) la d6ng d<)ng tu dung trong diu djnh nghTa, djch
roAN THU TV HQC CHa HAN 307
Ia "Ia": .:I.JJ Z.-1--ill (Vu'ting niii L,1c Long Quan chi tit
da) Vue1ng (Hung l'Lt(fng) lacon cua Lc Long Quan.
6 (cai) Ia ph6 tu lam tr<,1ng ngCr. thi stf suy do:in,
dich la "c6 le" : tit (Van than chi ctii thLIY
thU') Ccii 1C :dJm mlnh c6 le biit ddu tit d6.
w
123
THANG LONG THANH
ij[ 5m ij[ m c ..t :w A
Thang Long thanh tich Long Bien dja.Thlic}ng c6 huu nhan
15 o ?E?: * 7s:. tfi -AT It+ iiJf ?' ' :W !! ij[ 5 I
cu' yen.Chi Ly Thai T6 phiem chu NhT Ha tan,huu song long dan
fd , IE! ij[ , rm Z , ND Z. 3
nhan danh Thang Long, nhi do chi, tile kim chi kinh
,1 ill 0
thanh da.
( Llnh Nam chich quai)
TU MOl
Thanh JJX: cdi thanh-Long Bien ij[ Long Bien (ten cta't.
thur)c khu vifc huy?n Tien S(fn, tlnh Biic Ninh bay giu)-thtiQ'ng c6
.1-_6: thoi thli(}ng den (gioi
tu)-Ly Thai Tfi * *- tfi: ten th4t !a L_v Cong Udn, vua sang l(lp
nha L_\' ( I009-1225)-phie'm chu chc5i dong
Nhi I:&: l'()ng tai; song Nhl- Tan ?': be'n, bu-Longij[ : con r6ng-
51: (hln ddt-Kinh thanh 3 kinh d6.
308
TRAN VAN CHANH
D[CH NGHlA Thimh Thiing Long
Thanh Thang Long ngay xua R9i La d{it Long Bien. Tit doi
thut;Jng c6 dii c6 nguoi J noi d6. Den doi vua L_v Thai T6 dong
J song Nhi" Ha, c6 hai con r6ng (hi?n len) ddn
nhan d6 dit ten La Thang Long, nu1 dong d6 nui a:v, tU'c La kinh d6
hi?n nay vt;ly.
NG[/ PHA.P
DANH Tlr DUNG NHU DONG Tlr
I. M<?t danh ttl c6 thi dung nht.r d<?ng ttl, nhu chu tm (do)
trong bai hQC tren Va trong cac bai 122, 124 d0ng nhu' dQng
tu voi nghia la "dong d6". C6 neu them vai thi du khac:
- #! JE fffi
tuc nhi if!c.
Cft clwn mil di tren b9 ( Trang TtJ;.
R Jj .r'/ .J?";l:. i:A :ft. lV i:A i!i-h o"'
- 7K 5'.X JJ E3 ' /I;/ JJ ':t'IJ F.Jjl"
de dt phat t.r thanh fun, hj!Jh t.r d9ng t!nh.
Nh{IC tft ph:it ra bffng thanh am. 1<1 b!ing Sf!' d9ng tinh
( Tuan Ttf;.

Tftn st.r dong.
Quan Tdn ben di vt hu6ng dong ( Ta
2. Danh ttl dung nht.r d9ng ttl theo phep tri d9ng (con gQi la
phep sll' d<?ng), v&i y : "lam cho ... tr0 nen", cho" doi voi tan
ngG' cua n6:

TOAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN 309
Sinh ti'r nhi nhf!cc6t.
Lam cho ngu&i chit s6ng i{li vil Jam cho XUV11g trCf nen thjt
( Ta
- !K fiJ 0 J7K JJl , BX W ;!t ill
Thai Tftn lqi da chau ca, dl,lc qu{in ky d!a.
Bfy gi& nhil Tdn ham nu6c c6 nhitu ng9c trai vil ng9c
CO', nen mu6n biin nu6c thilnh qu{in cua minh (Kham
djnh slfthang gidm cuong ml;lc, quyin nha't ).
3. Danh ttl dung la.m d9ng ttl theo phep y d9ng, v&i y "coi la,
cho la":
- z ' $ , $ z
Cht.r hftu dl,lng di di chi, t.r Trung Qu6c de Trung
Qu6cchi.
ChLr hdu dung Jl cua m9i rq thi coi h9 fa m9i rq. dung il cua
Trung Qu6c thi coi h9 Jj Trung Qu6c (Han Du: Nguyen d{lo).
- Q& -Sf ! )( 3: /1' r , Jl *Ji! @Z
Ta h6! Bftn cling phl:l bit ttl; phu quy thfm thich
uy Clf.
Than oi! Ngheo kh6 thi diu clw ctlng khong nh{in Jj con,
giiw sang thi d,iu than thich ctlng sq hili ( Chiin qu6c s:ich).
m
124
ft I
TRVNG NO' VVONG
.:E ' Yi ' ! ' Z ft o x
Vudng, tinh Tntng, huy Trilc, tu'ong chi nO'. Thai Giao Chi
310
TRAN VAN CHANH
-ft:. 9= /E

nW-
Thai thu T6 Djnh tham tan, sat ky phu. Vu'c!ng nai du mu<)i Nhj
A rx z , /E t , /E @: r.J /'\
kh<ii binh c6ng chi, tn,Jc 8inh bac lu'Qc djnh Llnh Nam luc
+ l)' 9t E!Jl. I' {i'Jo :flt
th?p du thanh, kien quoc ttf vi vuong, d6 Me Linh. Nga quoc
Jl. E! I , or :;z- 9=I m - 9t !l:t o
d<)c l?p ttf vu'ong thuy, kha vj nil' trung nhat anh hung.
(Au hf)c Han t{t tan tlut)
T) MCJI
Tning fiZ: hi?n tLtc;Jng; thu l{/v; h9 Trung-Ni1 vtio'ng :;z- 3:_:
nguoi dim ba lam vua, nil hoang-Huy t: ten huy (ten nguui
chlt), huy danh-Tuong tuong vo.-Thu 9=: quan ddu quijn doi
Han (quan Thai thu)-To so'ng l(li; h9 Ta-Tham tan
tham lam tan tham hai (d(lng vilt kep cua chil
-= )-Khdi binh day binh, kh<ii binh, cat quan-Ltiqc ffie:
muu luc;Jc, so luc;Jc; cuop ta:v-Me Linh ri'J: ten da't-Linh Nam
@:fj: ten da't-Anh hung anh hung.
D[CH NGHiA Trling Nz1 Vttdng
Vuong, h9 Trung, hu_v Trdc, con gai quan L(lc tuong. Luc ba'y
gio Thai thu Ciao Chlla To Dfnh tham tan, gilt chbng ba. Ba ben
cung em gai fa Nhj da:v binh danh To Djnh, dudi Djnh v phuong
bdc, chilm la:v duc;Jc han sau muoi thanh IJ Unh Nam, df!ng nu&
tf! len lam vua, dong do IJ Me Linh. Nuoc ta duc;Jc dr)c l!jp bdt ddu
tit thoi vuong, c6 thi g9i Ia anh hung b!jc nha't trong phai nil.

roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
311
NCO ?HAP
DQNG TLJ DUNG THEO PHEP TR[ DQNG
Khi dung theo phep tri d<)ng (con gQi la phep sl'r d<)ng).d<)ng
tlr se COy "lam cho tra nen" d6i v&i SIJ neu 0 tan ngu.
l. D<)ng tll' n<)i d<)ng dung theo phep tri d<)ng:
- , til: 1E Z.
Mai Thfrn tham otm, thtremg difc tuchi.
Mfij Thfm ghet Iifm. thur'mg mu6n film cho y chit (=gjit y
chit) (Hfin tlnr: Chfiu Mfij Thin
- -1- M:
C6 xutl'r tr Thai.
Cho nen kh1in cho ngiJj 6 dft Thfij ( T!J Chjeu c6ng
th{lp ngtJ njen).
- ffi 1--1 *" @ffi
C6 vi phong VU di hoilfl ng6 Str.
Nen 13m ra mtra gj6 dl bit qufin ta ph!Jj tr6 vt (Ng6 xu fin
thu).
312
TRAN VAN CHANH
2. D<?ng tu ngo9-i d<?ng dung theo phep tr! d<?ng:
- 5fa ' 7( T"" z .L-j_ z :g
Phu Sa binh tuy Ctremg, thien hc;t phi) chi di bat nghia chi
dan h.
Binh ciJa Sd tuy m:;wh. nhung bj thien h?J khoic cho cii titfng
bdt nghia (Han thu).
- A A 7E 1tJ 1tJ 7E
Thur3ng nhan, nhan tfr, tvcfl.u, cflu tfr.
Cho ngwi ntfm thi ngur'ri chtft, cho ch6 iin thi ch6 chtft (La thj
Xuan thu) .
m
125
.mil ,' --1-- ::r:::
).. /' _c
HVNG DAO DAI VVONG
x iS j:_ x Z -1-
Vuong tfnh danh Quoc Tuan, An Sinh vuong chi ttl'
fuit x W-};;_ *
da, phong Hung Vucmg. An Sinh vuong du Thai Tong
-;/:::;" 1{/h p;{:j" ::r::: =!= B . IF ,'-!-,. .L..t:. 6' w
' F3 pZi_ ' 14111 "'Fl"l -L T /1' F.lt:. R :f.X.
huu khfch, Him chung chap vuong thu viet: "Nhu bat nang vj nga
1$J 7( T"" B- 8}3; .n x Z: Z !b
dac thien ng6 bat minh Vuong tham chi, cti d<?ng
,,>( =;';!; o .mJl J3f:l ' ;:;:m tr _fr ' '2i' 1!1- 8.:1;:
t .., , I Sj rt'j JJ::'S ,; u / "' Ji;7fJ EE tr
duy dn. Trung Hung gian, Iuong thoai Nguyen binh, vi duong thai
1ft J}] -o & iL JWj mEzo
vG c6ng nhat. C?p tot, I?p mieu tlf chi.
T) MCJJ
ulinh tqp)
roAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
313
Hung 00.: da\1 len, ndi len. phdt cl(Jng, hung khlti, hung thjnh-
Dao ili: con duang; dQo clue, (1Qo ly, dQo-Tr:ln h9 Trdn-
Tuan cao, tO: cay tit?u-Khich ke vach; oan h(ln,
hiJm khich-Lam tm: de'n hie, scip sita-Chung : cut/i cung. chit-
Chap Jt: cdm, ndm-Di\c f$}: dur;c. c6 dur;c, chilrn dur;c-Thien
h:;t -7:. T: thien hQ (the' gi6'i, tren dai)-Minh 8}3;: nhcim rndt-Cd
d()ng ib: cit chi, hanh d<;)ng-Trimg Hu'ng Ii 00.: nien hi?u
Trung Hung-Nguyen :JC: nha Nguyen (Trung Quo'c)-Tot !:f.: chit,
ma't-Mie'u /Wj: ctJn tho, cai mie'u ( cdi Ttl i)IE: te' lJ.
D[CH NGHiA Httng Dq,o Dq,i Vtldng
VuO'ng h9 Tr6n, ten Quo'c Tua'n, fa con cua An Sinh vu"Cfrlg
phong tu6'c Hung DQo DQi Vuong. An Sinh vuong c6 hiJrn
khich v6'i vua Thai Tong, luc sdp ma't, c6m tay vuang bdo r!ing:
"Niu con kh6ng thi vi ta ma chie'm clur;c thien hq thi ta chit
kh6ng nhdm mcit". VuO'ng nghl sau diJu a\". m9i cit chl hcmh d<;)ng
dJu cd'n th(ln. Trang thai Trung Hung hai ldn danh lui quan
Nguyen, Ia nguai c6 vo c6ng b(ic nha't luc ba:y gia. De'n khi ma't,
( nha vua) l(lp mie'u tho Vuo'ng.
NCO PHAP
DANH TV DUNG NHV PHO TV
1. Danh ttr tm&c d<?ng tt! di b6 sung y nghia cho dQng tt!
314
TRAN VAN CHANH
do. Tnremg hqp nay, danh tll' co gia trj nhu pho tll':


Thi nhiin nhi
Con heo dt5ng nhU' ngmJ-i mil keu ( Td
- fJJ R rm !f
Thufrn dn dan Sl! nhi diitu.
Vua Thufn chlim vic din mil chit ngoili d6ng ( Qu6c ngtJ).
- -T i lEI = + 4 ffiJ ?iE , T 5m , A
Tlx San trj Trinh nhi lvc nien nhi t!x, dinh trang hao
kh6c, lao nhan nhi &.
Tif San lr6ng coi nU'ac Trj11h duvc hai 111U'oi sau 11lim thi mft,
11/uJng ngU'(fi dfl11 lrai tre gila kh6c, 6ng giil bil cd thi kh6c fa nhU'
COI1 11ft (Sif kj) .
kj).
.(::,;, fi\7 ---7 ,,.J+. , ffi-1' :Ef'x ;:+;:;" ""' ftJr
- 'J;t... t<:__ -=t. n A ;:.'f<. IIIJ ,7'0 !'V<.
Hung No chi tinh, thu nhi dilu tan.
Tinh qufln Hung N6 ll! t[lp i{li 11hU' llui. tan di I1hU' chim (Sif
2. Biiu thj thai d9 d6i dai v&i ngmJi khac:
- 4 rm 1& :E Z :7\: 1&
Kim nhi tri ng6 quan chi khuyen mii sue Cfrp.
Tir I1<1Y v sau, bill !1h/z vua I1U6i cfp nay I1hU' I1U6i ch6 I1gtp
(M,anh tii>}.
- 7t El Z -T Z
Tien mfru chi t!x giai n6 sue chi.
Cac con 11gmJ-i mt; trU'6c 11u6i 611g 11hU' 11u6i d:iy t6 (Ha11 tlnr:
Thanh
TOAN THu' Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
315
o= + -:::r: ..J- ":iL:. ---7
- 6Fl R /'-. J... / \ EB ';t-1- t<:__
Thinh vj dc;ti vuong ]IJC sue tang chi!
Xi11 vi d{li vU'ong mil ch611 con 11gva 11l1U' ch611 Joili il)c sue (Sif
kj: Ho{lt ke li?t
-
Chi u Tri Ba, qu6c s! ngQ nga, nga c6 qubc sibao chi.
Con 11lm Td Ba. d6i v6i t6i nhU' d6i v6i b[lc qu6c si, 11e11 t6i
cilng dip l:;Ji 611g fy bff11g dich d6i diii cua NJc qu6c si (Sa ky:
Thich khach
\
m
126
1m
NGUYEN TRAI
_L A ' Iff j;) )!:_ tt
0
5I:
Tht.i<;Jng Phuc nhan, nht.ic;Jc quan d1 van chliling minh the'. Kinh su
8 * lJz fflT; ::f o X 1tt , tJ3 *
bach gia binh thli v6 bat yem quan. Phl} Phi Khanh, H6
BR i:_ lh- 'f:ft (!,71 -tJ-- _._ -J- -r:.
R /'J / , fl; I JZS g ' .:::: l'fJ
vi Minh binh sCi giai tong Yen Kinh, khap tuy chi Nam
fH'l / ' j5 =<13 8 '-1-r g-3- /'= II* E3 + -:::2'- J..l1

0
)(. /IEJl. lJFl II { ;1.- iF'i'fl R 1X. ttilit ' 7::E /'-. '
Quan. Phl} co vi viet: "Nhu guy vi nga phl}c thu, thi dai hieu da,
iPJ JJ iJ'J. 9:. z m? .n o S: Jl 31J , :-s;
ha nai nhi nu chi quyen luye'n vi'?". C6ng bai khac chi
ifJ:X Bfl o iiJ fr_ g W ' A
Minh. Van Le Thai T6 khCii ngh1a Lam Son,
1 t * z , !l:k w= , u o
316
TRAN VAN CHANH
Thanh H6a du chi, hien Blnh Ng6 s<ich, tuyet thu si.
(Au h(Jc Han t{t tan th1t)
TU MCJI
Trai con trai (mqt con v(it thuye't, gio'ng con de
nhung chl c6 mqt silng, tinh trung thl!c)-ThtiQ'ng Phtic _t ten
ct(tt-Quan JQ:: cai non, cai mu-NhtiQ'c quan JQ:: tu5i hai muoi
trJ len (thai xua de'n hai muoi tu5i mdi cho dqi mu)- Minh
keu; n5i tie'ng-Kinh stl kinh sach va stl sach-Bach gia
8*: tram nha (chl sach vJ, hQc thuye't thuqc truang phai
thai Xuiin thu Chie'n qu(fc cua Trung Qua'c')-Binh thti
sach vie't qulin sl!- Vo /f: khong thu gi khong- Yem
ngiim nude; thong hifu sau xa-Quan ]i: thong suo't-Khanh
ten chuc quan thai xua-H6 ;liJ3: h9 :;;K: ngQn, cuo'i, he't-
jf:: dur;Jc, bdt dur;Jc-Giai fil!t: ap gidi, dua di- TO'ng ;:
clua eli-Yen Kinh *: ten da't-Quan ctla di-CO' )iJj: quay
ddu lgi nhin, nhin lgi-Phl..Jc thu trd thu-Ha nai ... vi?
f6J J] ... sao lc,ti ... X"!z: bdt chudc-Nhi m1 }J:::
dan ba va tre con-Quyen luyen if nhd nghl yeu men khong
niJ rai ra-Cong 0: ong-Bai 3IJ: chia tay, til bift-
chgm trrf; khdc ghi ("khdc chi" la rdp tam, he't long
muo'n, in siiu .v chi)-Le Thai T6 7s:. f__: vua sang l(ip ra nha
Le, tuc Le Lr;Ji-KhO'i nghia R binh len vi vifc nghia-
Lam Son ten ngaln ngdm-Thanh Hoa
ten da't-Hien fJ.: dang hie'n-Binh-+: danh df/p, df/p yen-
Ngo nude Ngo, cta't Ngo (day chl Trung Quo'c)-Sach *: muu
lur;Jc, ke sach- Tuyet ':: rtla ("tuvet sl" la rtla
.!VL.< n6i
roAN THlJ Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
317
D[CH NGHlA Triii
Triii la nguai J Thu(fng Phuc, !uc hai muoi tu6?i nl}i
tie'ng van chuang. Kinh stl bach gia va binh thu thong suo't.
Cha la Phi Khanh, vao cuo'i thai nha Hb hi qulin Minh bdt gidi
Yen Kinh, (Nguy2n Triii) kh6c di thea cha din Nam Quan. Cha
quay lgi bdo rling: "Con hay trJ trd thu cho cha, ay mdi la clgi
hie'u, sao lgi bdt chudc kdu quye'n luye'n nhu clan ba tre con
the?". Ong vai lgy tit bift cha, rdp tam tieu dit quan Minh. Nghe
tin vua Le Thai T5 khJi nghia J Lam Son, ong ngdm tro'n vao
Thanh H6a tim (g(ip vua), dang ke sdch danh dfp qulin Ngo,
nl'a thu.
318
TRAN vAN CHANH
NGU PHAP
I. HlNH DUNG TLJ DUNG NHU DANH TLJ
1. Tm&ng hqp nay, hinh dung tl.r tht.r&ng hqp v&i trQ tl.r
z (chi):
- 7( z if; if; , li @ !
Thien chi thllD'JJg thllD'JJg, ky chinh da!
Miw xanh cJa bdu troi Jil chinh sic lf! (Trang Ttl).
- a z a m jtt a : z a
B;;tch vu chi b{lch da, do b;;tch chi b;;tch.
Milu tring cua long chim tring gi6ng nhlf milu tnfng cua tuyit
trfng (M_anh Ttl).
2. Co khi hinh dung tl.r trt!C thanh danh tl.r rna kh6ng
cfrn Sl! moi gi&i CUa Z (chi):
- :K -r :t& n'2' m * *
Phu tl'r t.r dt,mg d?i hi.
Phu ttJ vr;ng 6 dung cfii /6n (Trang Ttl).
II. HlNH DUNG TLJ DUNG NHU 8QNG TLJ
1. Hinh dung tl.r co thi dung nht.r d()ng tl.r:

Tflu bfrt viln thien ly nhi lai.
Cr; khong ng{li am3ng xa ngiln d{fm mil ain day
(M_anh Ttl).
2. Dung nht.r d()ng tl.r ngo;;ti d()ng, v&i y "cho la, xem la":
- J:::tz
Thai Sung Qu6c nien thfrt dt.r, tht.rqng lifo chi.
Bay gi& Sung Qu6c cffi tren bay mllV'i tuof. vua cho 6ng
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHQ HAN 319
iy Jj gi!J (Hfin thu: Sung Qu6c
- * w rm !J\ , * w rm !J\ 7( T
Dang Dong San nhi tie'u Lo, dang Thai San nhi tie'u thien h;;t.
Len Dong S071 mil coi nwc La Jil nho. len Thfii S071 mil coi
thien h{l JiJ nho (U;wh Tif: T.an tam thur;mg).
- *Hl {} /f *
v;;tn tam bfrt hi.
Niu xem V{/17 Jil nho mpn thi long se khong bj aitu ng&
vvc (Hoili Nam ttJ: Tinh thin).
- a J}j rm :tiB A
Tl! xao nhi chuyitnhan.
Tv cho minh Ia kheo mil cho ngu&i khfic Jil vr;ng (Lfi thj X uan
thu).
3. Dung nht.r d()ng tl.r ngo;;ti d()ng, phep y d()ng, v&i y "lam
cho tr& nen":
- @t ffl: * X 16J 1JD 1% ? El : Z
Ky tht! h!, hl!U ha gia yen? Phti chi.
Dan cffi dong r6i, nhil dm quytn phdi film them gi niia?
(Kh6ng tti) afip: Phdi J!Jm cho din giilu ngtJ :TtJ L(5).
- [IT)\JfffiJ;J\z

C6ng st.r d;;ti m()c, vt.rang hi tt.rqng nhan trac nhi tie'u
chi, de vll'O'llg n().
Khi vien c6ng Slf tim dlf()'C khuc go !6n thi vua mimg, ain khi
nglf&i th()' cleo Jiun cho nho ai thi vua (M{lnh Tti).
- j$ * ti z tl1
Ct.rOng ban nhl!Q'C chi can chi da.
D6 Jil cfii thi film cho g6c them m:;mh vil film cho ngn yiu di
320
TRAN VAN CHANH
(Stikf).
Ill. HlNH DUNG TLI DUNG NHU PH6 TLI
Hinh dung tu dung nhu ph6 tu, lu6n lu6n tm&c d9ng tu:
- ffiJ 7J JJ 15 $JT l @flJ
Nhi dao nhfin nhlfQ'c tan phat u hinh.
Mil dao nhll' m6i duvc miJi xong (Trang Tti).
- 73 , om rm t
Di dfrc bao oan, h[iu thi nhi b[Jc VQng.
Liy dllr: baa oan, cho mil mong it ( StJ kf: Du li t

IV. SO TLJ DUNG NHU DANH TLI
s6 tlr c6 dung nhu danh tu:
- z -= - , , rm rR
Si chi nfli tam, do tang phi ngfiu, nhi hu6ng ba chu!
Sv thay do} long dfl cifa ngurH chJng con c6 the'JiJm mit tinh
cifa vq: hu6ng gi mc}t nuric ba chif mil de' mit long tin d6i v6i nuric
khac vi Slj' hay thay dol" cifa minh ! (Td Thanh cong bat
men) (J).

D:;w sinh nhft, nhit sinh nhi, nhj sinh tam, tam sinh v;;tn
D?Jo sinh ra mc}t, mc}t sinh ra ha1; hai sinh ra ba, ba sinh ra
V?Jn v[it (Liio TtJ) (
4
).
111
Couvreur dich doc:tn nay nhu sau: Un mari par son inconstance perd l'atfection de sa
compagne. A plus forte raison un Etat qui pretend commander aux autres perdra-t-il leur
confiance. s'il est changeant (FR. S.Couvreur S J., Tch'ouen et Tso tchouan, Ho Kien
Fou, 1914, tome II, tr.67)
c
41
M9t lac gia chiiu Au da dich doc:tn nay nhu sau: Le un produisit le deux. le deux
produisit le trois, le trois produisit tous les etres (Theo l<:tp chi France- Asie).
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
321
v. so TLI DUNG NHU DONG TLI
1. - (nhftt) la d9ng tu v&i nghia "th6ng nhftt"

, .... J ...
Ll;lc vuong tat, tt! hai nhfit.
Sau vua chfm dut. brJn bien tlufng nhit (Do Ml,lc: A Phong
cung plui).
not
-TJ, .L..t:. --'-7
- 131::. K_ -
Thl;lc nang nhftchi?
Ai c6 the'JiJm clw thien h?J thcfng nhft? (M?Jnh Tti).
2. Trong m9t s6 sach c6 .=. (con Ia ;t) d6i khi dung di
t5t cho .=. {,' (nhi rain: hai long) va c6 nghia Ia : "thay d6i,
kh6ng thl!c tinh"; "am muu":
- 1Ft :L} :L} if , ;t :fl , fs
,YQ.::r::, IEJ1Hf7,
--L. -.:.L /I" t<:__ n_x.. 1 oJ ........ ........ ...... _
Trinh Yo c6ng Trang c6ng vi Binh vuong khanh si Vuong
nhi u Hoiic. Trinh Ba oan vuong. Vuong Y6 chi. C6 ChuTrinh
giao chi.
Tiinh Vo cong Trang cong JiJm khanh si cho Chu Binh
vuung. Binh vurmg ml1'LI v6i Hofc cong phfin chia hanh cifa
Trang cong. Tiinh Ba (Tiang cong) biit o:in Binh vurmg.
Binh vurmg cJufi. Do d6 h9 Chu viJ h9 Tiinh tJClO do] con tin cho
nhau (T;J
3. (nhi), .=.- (nhi tam) d6i khi cling duqc dung v&i y
" h ?
t ay d6i":
322 TRAN VAN CHANH

= ::13:: /. i!!i.
- ./'-... 1, t..'\
Nfr da bftt sang, Sl nhjky h:;mh; Sl da v6ng Cl!C, nhi tam ky due.
Ta kh6ng hJ saj Joi mil chang dii d6l thay; chang kh6ng bjit
hit Ju7c, tinh nghia ctla chang dii haj ba JSn tha y d6} (Thj Kjnh:
phong, Manh/
5
>.

......... -ff- ,f8 .
ThAt nien chi trung, nhftt dfr nhftt do<;tt, nhi tam thvc yen?
Trang vong c6 biiy nfim, m9t cho m9t do{lt, sao f{lj thay d6]
qua Jifm thi? (Til Thanh c6ng bat njen) (o>.
. VI. SO TU DUNG NHU PHO TU
s6 tl.r dung nhtr ph6 tl.r lu6n lu6n tn.r&c d9ng tl.r di chi s6 lfrn
ra cua m<?t d9ng hay d9ng tac :
- ni!N
Trtr6ng nhftt nhi cl'ru h6i.
Ru9t m9t ngay u6n kluic chin Jdn (Sif tir).
- ,
Tfrn v11011g, thu thPpthll'QTlg nhi bftt hanh.
Din thuyit phtjc vua TSn, thlf mu&j JSn dfmg len v3n kh6ng d{lt
kit quii (Chjin qucfc sach).
<o J Tham khao Couvreur: Ce n'est pas moi. femme, qui ai manque a ma parole; toi ,
hom me, tu a change de conduite deux ou trois lois ( Cheu king, Hi en hien, 1916, tr. 62) .
(nl Tham khao Couvreur, Tch'ouen ts'iou et tso tchouan, sdd, tr.67.
II
NANGCAO

roAN THU Tl,/ HOC CHU HAN
Phdn thu nhi{t
VAN sifTRIET TINH TUYEN
- 1- i.., : . fg 15!

? '
KINH THI - Sd TO'
IUIi
1m 1m
1:EfJJJ Z



1ItiifrEZ




1t:$1:#-{f:$1:#-
P.)G .,Q..., P.)(.
iUt.BZ

1Iti* Z.


1
Quan thu'
Quan quan thl1 ci1U,
T:;ti Ha chi cha u.
Yu dieu thuc ncr,
Quan til' hao du.
Sam si h:;tnh thai,
Ta hcru l11U chi.
Yu dieu thuc ncr,
Ngl,l mi du chi.
chi ba't dac,
Ngl,l mi tl1
Du tail Du tail
Trin chuyn phan trac.
Sam si h:;tnh thai,
Ta hcru thi (thai) chi .
325
326
;

-1=:----'-?
-, !10, /)(. !'(__

:tr:k:l1z

o
TRAN VAN CHANH
Yu th1,1c nG',
Cftm sat vi (huu) chi.
Sam si h<:tnh thai,
Ta huu m<:to chi.
Yu th1,1c nG',
Chung c6 l<:tc chi.
(Thi kinh: Chu Nam)
roAN THli TV HQC CHU HAN
327
rae giii-tac phiim
f)oy Ia bai dau tien trong phon "Qu6c phong-Chu Nam' cua Kinh
Thi, mt tQp thcJ co nhat cua Trung Quoc, hi$n con dllQC 305 bai. deu
Ia toe pham trong khoang hcJn 500 nom tu dou dCii Chu den giQa dCii
Xuon thu (770 trlldc CN-480 trlldc CN) . Bai nay thuc loqi thcJ trQ tlnh
don gian, mieu to tlnh cam tham thiet cua mt chang trai doi vdi c6
goi hien djU hoi rau hqnh ben song, va LJ(jc mcJ CUO chang Ve CUQC
h6n nhon tot dE?P trong tllcJng lai .
Tl)NGO
eQuan quan 1m 1m : tie'ng chim keu "quan quan" (tu tuong
thanh) .Thtt cliu giN! : m9t loai chim nude, con trong va con
mai song kh6ng roi nhau eYiu : xinh d(fp, duyen
dang, diu dang, thuy mi .Th{tC : th1,1c, ne't na, c6 due
h<:mh .Qulin til B" -=f: chi nguoi con trai .Hiio ciiu :i1: tot d6i,
d(fp d6i, xung d6i .Sam si :dai ngan kh6ng nhau, so le
eHr.mh 1j : rau h<:tnh (mQc o nude, la do tia) eLliu. 7JTE :hai
eNg{t mj @: thuc ngu (khi thuc khi ngu) eTli bij.c : nhd
eDu f[Z; :dang mien eTriin chuyin phiin triic
@ !j!f JY:. : lan qua 19n l<:ti ngu kh6ng yen, tran tro mai kh6ng
ngu dUQC Thai * : hai (dung nhu1;R) .ctim siit M: dan
dm(5 7 day) va dan sat (15 day 50 day) eMiJ-o
chQn la'y (Chu Hi giai la"na'u chin rna dang len") .Chung elf:
&i chu6ng trong (trong bai dung nhu d9ng tu c6 nghia la" danh
chu6ng danh trong")
D!CH NGHlA
Quan thli
Chim thu cuu keu quan quan. Tren c6n song Hoang Ha. Ngu&i
con gdi diu doi cung quan ttl.
Rau hg.nh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat thea dong td hilu. Ngu&i con gdi
328
TRAN VAN CHANH
dju hdn. Thlic ngu ta cdu mong. Cdu mong khong duc;c gijp. Ngay
dern ta nh(J trong. Dling dijc, nh(J dling dijc. Ttiin trd ngu khong
yen.
Rau hf;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Hai theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi
dju Ta ke't than vdi nang trong tie'ng dan cdm, dan sdt.
Rau ht;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi
dju hdn. Ta ddnh tie'ng chuang tie'ng tr6ng di lam vui long nang.
D!CHTHO
TVC. djch
-
!'

-





Quan quan cdi con thu cuu,
Con song con mdi cung nhau biii ngoai.
Diu dcmg thf:lc nfl nhu ai,
Sdnh cung qulin tLt tot doi V(/ ch6ng.
Muon an rau hr;mh theo giong,
Muon co thf:IC nfl, mo mong duc;c dau.
Nh(J co rling r(Jc san sdu,
Chota dlin d9c hdu nguyen!
Muon an rau ht;mh hd i
roAN THV n,f HQC CHU HAN
Muo'n co thf:lc nfl, nay cung ta.
Tie'ng chuang, tieng tro'ng vui hoa,
Tie'ng dan cdm sdt m(Jn ma yeu duang!
*LIJ
fit 1.13. * LIJ

fit*EI*

13


flilj f&:;&t<.
mfrt<:



?JF:tE!f!T
fit 1.13. * LIJ

fit*EI*
rE -1=1-
-p


fjf &X;:(


w
2
TAN EJA djch
Dong Sdn
Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vU ky (ky) mong.
Nga dong vie't quy,
Nga tam tay bi.
Che' bi thuong y,
slf (sl) hang mi (mai).
Quyen quyen gia thl,lc,
Chung tang da.
Doi bi dQc tuc,
Di<$c xa
Nga t6 Dong Son
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vU ky (ky) mong.
Qua loa chi thlfc,
Di<$c thi vu vU.
y uy that,
Tieu sao hQ.
Dinh thoan 19c tnrong,
329
330


fiT PJ -ili
LlJ

fJt*EI*
-t::r .J$
f.1 ::!==!:

9fffP_l-=fE[


3



fJt f.El * LlJ

fJt*EI*



z

:;m 1t7otr
.if.J'Gti \Q ,.,.,

**JTJLD;
*lit2o z 10J?
TRAN VAN CHANH
Dlfc dlfc tieu hang.
kha uy da,
Y kha hoai da .
Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vu ky (ky) mong.
Qmin minh vu d<;it
Ph1,1 than vu that.
Sai tao khung trat,
N ga chinh t chL
Huu don qua kh6,
Chung t?i l?t Hin.
Tif nga bat kie'n,
Vu kim tam nan (nien).
Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vu ky (ky) mong.
Thuong canh vu phi,
Phap du<;1c ky vu.
Chi tu vu quy,
Hoang bac ky rna.
Than ke't ky ly,
Cuu th?p ky nghi.
Ky tan kh6ng gia,
Ky clfu nhu chi ha?
(Thi kinh: Miin phong)
toAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN
331
rae gia-tac phii?m
Bai nay trong ' Quoc phong, Man phong' cua Kinh Thi, to tam tlnh
cua mt chinh nhan tren dllong trd ve.
T(/ NGU
'

...
./
,
'
'
----


--. / .
. '
:_ (: "
, '
. I
, '
\:,

- _ __:.

- :;.-- ---=- ..
- ----- -
- _..._... -=st"'Z
-----
332
TRAN VAN CHANH
eT6 {_: di .Dong Sdn * LlJ: m1i Dong Son, (J Khuc
Ph1,1 tinh Son Dong ngay nay, con gQi la Mong Son eThao thao
'Ia 'Ia: Hi u dai, bin eLinh ffi : mlia bl,li, mlia phun eKy
mong :(mua) la"m ta"m, la"t pha"t eTiuiifng y : ao qufin
m?c blnh thuong eSi : dfing nhu (stf) nghTa la lam gl
eHimg maifftz: :nhu mtz: (ham mai),;tt la giong nhu chiec
dua;lllc hanh quan vao dti khong dt1<;1c n6i
tranh cho quan djch biet Quyen (sau bo) ngQ
sau dau, giong nhu con dim nhung mau xanh, cung gQi
la se1n tam (con nui) .Chung la u .Tang dii !f : ru()ng
dau .Doi mlnh cu()n tron co ro) Quii loa 5fi!:jl: quat
lau, lo<;1i day leo, cling hQ vdi bfiu, c6 thti dung lam thuoc
:trai eThi 1itf!: (bo) Ian ra Vu *: mai hi en .y uy cung
viet con gian da"t eTieu sao :m()t loai chan dai
Dinh thodn BIJ Hll: mft trong C(;lnh nha (noi chim muong giam
d<;1p len) eLQc trliifng /fttJJ.;: san nai eD{IC nha"p nhay,
loe eTieu himg f=f: con dom d6m .y la Qlllin WJ:
chim quan, m()t loai chim nude, giong nhu co ho?c h<;1c. Chu Hi
chu gi:h: "Troi sap mua thl nhung loai (J hang biet trudc, nen
kien chui ra khoi hang, chim quan den an kien va dung keu tren
d6" (Thi Kinh t(lp eD{lt (di?t) dong da"t (chi t6 kien
dun len) eKhung quet bo do (co tac gia giai la tret
l<;1i khe hd, hay la"p 16 vach) eChinh 1iE: chinh nhan (d day la
nguoi chinh nhan tlf xttng," cung c6 thti la nguoi v<;l gQi ch6ng)
eDuijt .$ : tr<;l tU' vo nghTa (Mao giai la "sap sli'a";
Nghiem Xan giai cii cau la chinh phu ta sdp r6i eHilu don
:tron tron Qua khil J1\ :g. :trai kh6 qua eL/jt fiT : cui
(chu Thi viet la (mau), nghTa la rau dang; Dli
Quan Anh trong Thi Kinh tuyin djch giai la "cui tfch l<;1i"
hay"thuc tan" la b6 cui) eThtidng canh : chim hoang ly hay
roAN THlJ T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
333
hoang oanh Chi ti't Vll quy z r T co kia v nha
ch6ng("chi" la d<;1i tu chi thj;"vu" la tr<;l tu) .Hoang..: cung viet
la nglfa mau vang tdng eBac !)(: nglfa mau do tdng
.Thanm: chi illy VQ .LyWJ : dai khan giat, cai khan che tdi goi
cua nguoi con gai dung khi v nha ch6ng; khi ga con gai, nguoi
my dich than that khan nfiy cho con gai .cilu thljp tL +: hlnh
dung "nhiu" eNghi nghi thti'c, nghi (ca cau c!lu th(lp kY
nghi nghia den la chin, muoi thti' nghi hay nghi thti'c cudi
ra"t nhiu) .Tan tan hon, mdi cttdi eKhilngJL: ra't eGia g:
tot dyp, my man eC{Iu : lau. Ca cau y n6i: xa each lau ngay gi;ip
l{li phdi vui mitng the' nao, cung c6 thti la m()t chut lo lang: khong
biet tlnh xua se c6 thay d6i gl khong?
NGO PHAP
CD B (vie't): tr<;l tu, vo nghia: }f[ B (Nga dong viet quy).
.$ tr<;l tu, vo nghia: f\tiiE$ (Nga chinh duijt
chi). M()t so tac gia chu giai chu .$ la "sap sli'a".
r (vu): tr<;l tu, vo nghia, d?t trudc d()ng tu, ra't thuong dung
trong Kinh Thi: (Hoang ditiu Vll phi); z (Chi
til' vu quy).
D[CH NGHlA
Dong Sdn
Ta chinh chie'n nui Dong,
khong tra vl
Ngay tit phUC!ng dong,
Trai mua roi la't pha't.
Ta tit phue1n.g dong
Umg hi thUC!n.g tay.
Lo may do mi;ic thuang,
Hit ng(lm dua hanh quan.
Sau dau bo ngQ ngu(ly,
iJ tren dam ruf)ng dau.
Nguai kia co ro ngtl,
Tro trQi duc'Ji gdm xe.
Ta chinh chiin nui Dong,
khong tra
Ngay tit phUC!ng dong,
334
Trifi mua roi lflt phtl't.
Qudt !au da ke't trdi,
Qud thong xuong mdi hien.
Ddy nha gidn da't
Ngoai cila sfl nh?n giang.
Da't trf/ng thanh san nai,
Dam d6m chie'u l(jp foe.
Cdnh the lu(]ng ddng sf!,
Nhung ddng baa thu(]ng nho.
Ta chinh chien nui Dong,
bi?t khong triJ vl
Duifng tit phu(]ng dong,
Trifi mua roi la't pha't.
Qudn keu tren to? kien,
Chinh kh6c phong khue.
Quet nla, lap !6 vdch,
Nghi chinh phu sdp







TRAN VAN CHANH
Kho? qua trdi tron trim,
Treo tren dan cui l(j.t.
Ta tit khi xa cdch,
Nay dii c6 ba nam.
Ta chinh chien nui Dong,
bi?t khong triJ vl
Duifng tit phu(]ng dong,
Trifi mua roi la't pha't.
Chim hoimg ly bay bay,
Cdnh chim bay lap lodng.
Co kia nha ch6ng,
Ngl!a do, vang, do'm trdng.
Mf! ke't cho khan gidt,
Nghi th(j.t ruifm ra.
Ch6ng vf! moi hai hoa,
Tinh xua, ta ra sao?
TVC. djch
w
3
nga
L!JC l!JC gia nga,
Phi nga y hao.
Ai nga ph!J rna u,
Sinh nga cu lao.
L!Jc h,1c gia nga,
Phi nga y uy.
roAN THll Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN


#1LZ.w9t
*l&Z.IG


1W; )( iPJ 'l'il
1m: .m. fiJT 'td::.
11\\ t-lj \t
tB iJ







/'h7;Jrf2
tf)\ 'fl\1. K_ lc..,

Ai nga ph!J rna U,
Sinh nga lao ttJy.
Blnh chi khanh hi,
Duy 16i chi si.
Tin dan chi sinh,
Bat' nhu' ttl' chi cll'u hi.
vo phtJ ha h6?
V6 mau ha thi?
Xuat tac ham tuat,
tac my chi.
PhtJ sinh nga,
Mau cue nga.
Phil nga sue nga,
Truong nga dtJc nga.
C6 nga ph!JC nga,
Xuat phuc nga.
DtJc bao chi due,
H:;ta thien vong eve.
335
336
fj LlJ 7,,4

'2-++--:<;5/1.
.o::; *X

fj LlJ 1$1$



Tac gia-ttic philm
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nam son ,
Phieu phong phat phat:
Dan m(;lc bat coc,
Nga doc ha hi;lt (hi;ii)!
Nam son Iu?t lu?t,
Phieu phong phat phat.
Dan mac bat coc,
Nga doc bat tot!
(Thi kinh: Tiiu nhii)
Bai nay trong phon nhd' cua Kinh Thi , n6i ve tom long cua
nglloi con c6 hieu d6i voi em sinh thanh, nuoi dllong kho nhQc cua cha
m<7 . va noi dau x6t kh6ng dllqc pht,mg dllong cha m<7 den tuoi gia.
TUN GO
Lf!c l{LC : cao IOn eNga i5Z :co nga, con gQi la nga hao,
(artemisia) IDQC d Su'On nui ; khi canh }a da kho thi re van con
dt.rdi dat, den nam sau l<;1i mfim mQc li;ii ePhl fig: khong phai
eHao co hao, cung loai vdi co nga, c6 vi thuoc .y fll' : la
eAi :R: tht.rong nhd, x6t tht.rong eCu lao {i]}J *: kh6 nhQc, kh6
nhQC. Uy ru= : co uy, con gQi la thanh hao, tinh giong nhu' co
nga t1,1y, nhQc moi eKhtinh : het, r6ng,
trong het eLoi .' : vo ru'Q'u c6 nho, bt,mg to eTiin diin
j!(:_:: con m6 coi eH6 '/3': dtfa vao, c?y nho eHam tuiit ro11fll:
ng?m n6i lo bu6n My chi ft khong c6 nguoi than .cue 3:
nuoi ePhzij1j": v6 (dung nht.r tffff) eSzic1fi: yeu tht.rong eCo/mi:
chieu co, cham nom : nhd nhung ePhuc /3!: om vao
long eChi z : nfty (d<;li tU chi thi) H{lo thien 7(: troi cao
Vong qtc vo tht.rong, khong c6 dinh (Vuong Dan
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
337
Chi trong sach Kinh ngh'fa thu{lt van giai cau "Hi;io thien v6ng
ctfc" la "troi cao thien "troi cao khong nhan tu" v1 troi
giang cho tai hQa, khien nguoi con khong dt.r<;5c mai maj pht,mg
dt.rong cha my) ?FU :nui cao sung sung va trd
.Phieu 00, :gi6 to, gi6 dCr .P!uit phat : tieng gi6
mi;inh th6i vu vu : pht,mg duong (Chu Hi giai chu nfty la
"may day theo ngh!a cua Trinh Khang Thanh) eHa fPJ :
dung nhu' :fij ngh1a la ganh chiu, chiu dtfng eLzuJ_t lzuJ_t 1.$1$ :(nui)
cao ch6t v6t ePhlit phiit ijt iJt, : gi6 m<;1nh th6i tung b1,1i eBiit tot
/f : khong du'<;5C mai nuoi cha illy den gia (thuyet cua Trinh
Khang Thanh va Chu Hi); c6 thuyet l<;1i cho chu /f nen dQc nhu'
chft ngft tr<;5 tU), con chft nen dQC nhu' chft :}$ don
dau), d cau: Rieng taphai chju don dau (theo Khuat V<;1n Ly, Thi
Kinh thich ngh'la).
D[CH NGHlA Co nga cao l{Jn
Rau nga cao LOn biin thimh co hao. Oil Oi! Cha mf sinh ta
kh(J' nhQC VO cung.
Co nga cao LOn bie'n thanh co uy. Oi! Oi! Cha mf sinh ta
qtc nh9c gdy ye'u.
Blnh ruqu nho dii r6i, b!nh ruqu Lon c6 L6i. Song m9t than
tro tr9i chdng being chit cho vfn. Khong cha bie't c{ly vao ai?
Khong mf bie't nuong vao ai? Ra khong quen duqc bi thuong, vao
th! khong c6 nguai than.
Cha sinh ta, mf duong ta. Vuo't ve ta, cho ta bu. Nuoi ta
LOn, db ta. Trang nom ta, nang do ta. Ra vao b6ng ifm ta. On
sau muon ddp th{lt baa La nhu trai xanh.
D[CHTHCJ
Co nga cao LOn,
Khong phai co nga, rna co hao.
338
Thug thay cha mf,
Sinh ta khd dau.
Co nga cao !Un,
Khong phdi co nga, mil co uy.
Thug thay cha mf,
Sinh ta kh6 b,ty.
Blnh df!ng rli<JU trong khong,
cho chen ru<Ju n6ng.
Nhilng nguai co d()c so'ng,
Khong bling stfm che't di.
Khong cha ct;ly vao ai?
Khong mf tf!a noi dau?
Di ra th1 ngt;lm sdu,
TriJ vJ nhu chua den.
Cha hJ sinh rata,
M f hJ duiJng ta.
TRAN VAN CHANH
V6 vJ yeu quy ta,
Nuoi fUn khan che chiJ.
U;li cham nom dam ng6,
Ra, vao om lip ta.
On sau muo'n dap dJn,
Nhu tr(!i xanh baa La.
Nui nam cao sitng silng,
Gi6 m(,lnh th6i vu vu.
Ngu(!i khong ai khong may,
Rieng ta sao phdi h(,li!
Nui nam cao ch6t v6t,
Gi6 m(,lnh th6i ao ao.
Nguai khong ai khong may,
Rieng ta khong dli<JC mai,
Nuoi cha mf den gia.
TVC. djch
s(J TU
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roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
339


PHIENAM
Nguphu
Khuat Nguyen ky ph6ng, du 11 giang dam, hanh ngam
nhan sac tiu tl,J.y, hlnh dung kh6 do. Ngl1 phil kien nhi van
chi viet:
- Til' phi Tam 111 phu dl1? Ha co chi 11 tl1?
Khuat nguyen viet:
-Chung nhan giai trQc, nga doc thanh; chung nhan giai tuy, nga
doc tinh; thi di kien ph6ng.
Ng11 phil viet:
- Thanh nhan bat ngl1ng 11 nhi nang dG' the th6i di. The
nhan giai trQC, ha bat ky ne nhi dl1ong ky ba? Chung nhan
giai tuy, ha bat b6 ky tao nhi xuyet ky ly? Ha co tham tl1 cao eli',
tlf linh ph6ng vi?
Khuat Nguyen viet:
Ng6 van chi, tan moe gia tat dan quan, tan dl,IC gia tat chan y,
an nang di than chi sat sat thl,l chi van van giii h6? Ninh ph6
Tl1ong lu'u, tang 11 giang ngl1 phuc trung, hlfu an nang di
chi nhi m6ng the tl,IC chi ai h6?
Ngl1 phil hoan nhi nhi tieu, c6 the nhi khu, nai ca viet:
"Thl1ong Lang chi thily thanh h, kha di nga anh.
"Thl1ong Lang chi thily trQc h, kha di nga tile".
khu, bat phl,IC du ng6n.
Tac gid-tac pham
(SiJ til)
Boi nay Ia truyen thuyet do ngLJCii nLidc Sa ghi IQi de tLJang nhd
340
TRAN VAN CHANH
Khuat nguyen sou khi ong do qua dCii. Nhdn vqt Khu6t Nguyen lffi &
(340-278 trlldc CN) Ia toe gia chfnh cua nhGng bai "Sa tC/ " noi tieng. 6ng
ten thqt Ia Blnh. ngLJCii trong hoang tc nlldc sa. hQC r ng. nhieu tai.
nhllng b! vua ghet bo vl nghe lai giem pha cua ke x6u. buon ba mdi
viet ra thien ' Ly tao' de bc bqch noi long. sou om mt phien do nhay
xu6ng song M!ch La tl) tn. Con sa tC/ ' Ia mt hlnh thC/c co dao mdi
dllc;ic Khu6t Nguyen va mt s6 ngllai khac lam ra trong khoang the ky
thO Ill. IV trlldc CN tren ccJ sa gia cong. sang tqo va ph6t trien tC/ nhGng
co dao dan gian dllcJng thai ; c6 the coi sa tC/ Ia mt loqi van xuoi c o
van. den ddi Han mdi dllc;ic tqp hc;ip chung IQi thdnh tqp sach.
TU NGO
.Giang dam chi chung ch6n song h6 eTr{lch h{ln
wlfl.:ben chi ben bo song eKho cao :kh6 heo, h6c
hac, tiu tl}y eTii r :6ng (d::ti tu nhan xl1ng ng6i thu hai) eTam Itt
d{li phu - jgj * :K : m<)t chuc quan cao trong triu dlnh nl1oc sa,
coi v nhung vit%c cua hoang t<)c thu<)c ba hQ Khuat, Canh,
Chieue Clzi 11 tzt Wf : den n6i nude nft y ePhong1J'x: du6i di
.Thanh nhiin : b?c thanh, thanh nhan Ngztng trf 'M: 1Wf:
cau nt%, c6 chap eThoi di jt : xoay d6i thay QruJ,t ?.@:
vn dl;lC (a day dung theo phep sll' d<)ng, voi nghTa la "lam cho
vn dl;lc") .Bo an .Tao ff?: ba rl1<;1u, hem .Xuyit I:X:u6ng
(dung nhl1 :rl1<;1u nh::tt, rl1<;1u ngQn eTiziim tzl rgjt'Ef, : nghl
sau (y n6i lo nghT vit%c nude, vit%c dan) .Cao cil r%J vit%c lam
khac voi ngl1oi blnh thl1ong .Ljnh %: khien cho .Dan quan 5' M
: tru bo bl;li tren non (mil) .Chiilz y f..[{ :t'(: tru bo bl;li
tren ao .sat sat : trong S::tch Viilz viilz 6 trQC, nhd
nhop Tliang iif :song Tl1dng eTang : chon eH{lo h{lo 8* 8*:
tdng toa t, (trang) 16m IO'p, trong trang eTriln ai 9 : bl;li
eHoan nhi '% m': mim cuoi eCd go eThiftit: cay giftm
eThlidng Lang 1F; song Thl1dng Lang eHi /5 :h, a (tr<;1 tu )
eTr{lc eAnh leo mil, dai mil.
TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
341
NGO PHAP
CD 5! (kie'n): bi, dl1<;1c (tr<;J d<)ng tu, ngay trudc d<)ng tu,
thi bi d<)ng) : (Thi dT kiin ph6ng).
tr<;1 tu ngu khi a cu6i diu, thi nghi van:
fPJ ' 13 (Ha cO' tham tl1 cao ell', ttf l!nh
ph6ng vi?).
(an nang): sao c6
@ $ (ninh): tha: II:Uif ?liE (Ninh ph6 tl1dng l11U).
(ba't kh6ng l::ti.
D[CHNGHlA
Khwl't Nguyen da bj du6i bo, tho tha?n iJ ben bC! song bC! ddm,
vita di vita hat iJ ben ch!im, nhan sdc tiiu t-y, henh dung kh6 heo.
C6 6ng lao ddnh cd tr6ng thay, hoi:
- Ong phdi la Tam lu dg_i phu day chang? Sao rna din n6i the'?
Khua't Nguyen ddp:
- Thien hg. diu d!!-c, mqt menh ta trong, thien hg_ diu say, mqt
menh ta tlnh, cho nen bj du6i bo.
Ong lao ddnh cd n6i:
- Thanh nhan kh6ng cau ge rna bie't tuy thC!i thay d6i.
NguC!i dC!i diu di!-C the sao kh6ng khuay them bun, d(jp them song
cho di!-c mqt thi? Thien hg_ diu say the sao kh6ng an cd men, hup
cd ba cho say mqt thi? ge rna phdi nghT sau, lam khdc nguC!i
;jKb ;j A? b ??
Lle fuUOl 0.
Khua't Nguyen ddp;
- T6i nghe n6i, mai gqi ddu ta't chdi mii, mai tdm xong ttit thay
do; c6 dau dem cdi than trong sg_ch rna chju v(jt nho nhap du(Jc?
Tha nhdy xuo'ng song TuCJng, vui than trong b-ng cd, chu sao
dang trdng lam lOJJ rna chju vay b-i cat cua the' t/!-C?
Ong lao ddnh cd nghe xong, mlm cuC!i, go gidm hat r!ing:
342
"Song Thuong nu(Jc chdy trong veo,
Thz ta dem gi(it cdi leo mu ta.
Song Thuong nuac d[!,c chdy ra,
Thz ta l9i xu6ng di ma nla chan".
Hat xong, di thdng, kh6ng them m<?t lifi.
TRAN VAN CHANH
-----
NGUYEN HIEN LE dich
( Trung Quae win h9C sa, I)
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roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
343
PRIEN AM
B6c cti
Khua't Nguyen ky ph6ng, tam nien ba't dac phl.Jc kien, tri
tan trung, nhi te chuang 11 sam, tam y lo(;ln, ba't tri sa tong,
niii vang kien thai b6c Trinh Doan viet:
- Du huu sd nghi, nhan tien sinh quyet chi.
Doan nai doan sach, pha't quy, viet:
- Quan tuong ha di giao chi?
Khua't Nguyen viet:
- Ng6 ninh kh6n kh6n, khoan khoan, phac di trung h6? Tuong
t6ng vang l<;1o lai, tu v6 cung h6? Ninh tru su thao mao di ltfc
canh h6? Tuong du d<;1i nhan di thanh danh h6? Ninh chinh ng6n
bat huy di nguy than h6? Tuong tong tl)C phu quy di thau sinh
h6? Ninh sieu nhien cao ell' di bao chan h6? Tuong sue ti ti,
ac y nhu nhi di stf phl.J nhan h6? Ninh liem khiet chinh trtfc di ttf
thanh h6? Tuong d()t the ho(;lt ke nhu' chi nhu' vi di doanh h6?
Ninh ngang ngang nhu'QC thien ly chi cau h6? Tuong phiem
phiem nhu'QC thuy trung chi phu h6? Du ba thu'ong ha, thau di
toan ng6 khu h6? Ninh du ky ky khang ach h6? Tuong tuy n6 rna
chi tich h6? Ninh du hoang h()c ti dtfc h6? Tuong du ke Vl.J tranh
thtfc h6? ThU' thl)C cat, thl)C hung? Ha khu ha tong? The h6n trQC
nhi bat thanh, dtfc vi trQng, thien quan vi khinh; hoang
chung huy khi, ngoa phu 16i minh; sam nhan cao truong, si
v6 danh. Hu ta, thuy tri ng6 chi liem trinh?
Doan nai thich sach nhi t<;1 viet:
- Phu xich huu sa doan, th6n huu sa truong; huu sd ba't
tuc, tri huu sa bat minh, s6 huu sa ba't dai, huu sa bat thong.
Dl,lng quan chi tam, hanh quan chi y. Quy sach thanh bat nang tri
thl:r Stf.
344
TRAN VAN CHANH
(Sil tt't)
Tac gia-tac phiim
Bai nay tllCing truyen cOng cua Khuat Nguyen. nhllng thl)c te chi Ia
truyen thuyet do nglloi nlloc Sd ghi IQi d tll&ng ni$m 6ng sou khi 6ng
do qua doi.
Tl1NG0
.cu.@- : C1 ( C1 day c6 nghia la d<,to xll' the', each cu xii') ePh6ng
1fJ. : du6i bo eKie'n J! eKift tri :dung he't tri .Tt
chlidng che la'p ngan trCi .sam giem pha, ke sam ninh
eTam phiin y lo{ln {,- tffi: ;L: tam roi lo<,tn, ru<)t gan roi boi
eThai boc-;k;. !'- : ten chile quan chuyen coi b6i .Nhan [!]:
nho Quye't : quye't dinh .Stich (cling vie't la * ): co thi
dung d b6i eDoan sachftffij xe'p l<,ti co thi cho ngay ngan .Quy
t$_: mai rua dung d b6i ePhat quy t$_ : phui (b1,1i) tren mai rua
eNinh ... tlidng $ (xem Ngfl phap (j duoi) eKho?n khifn
khoan khoan : he't long trung thanh, trung thanh he't
ml,I'c ePhac di trung th.;it tha rna trung thanh eTong viing
l{lo lai m 1i#*: di de'n dau cling dua d6n tie'p dai .vo
kh6ng di de'n dau rna kh6ng thong (di dau cling dUQC
trot lQt) eTru sit *i!h: tnr, cuoc xoi (Ci day * cling nghia
roAN THU TIJ HQC CHU HAN
-
345
vdi jj]) .Du dl,li nluin 3J[f -}(A: lui toi nhung nguoi quy
.Thanh danh JJX.ij: gay dQ'ng ten tu61e Nguy than nguy
h(li de'n than mlnh eThau sinh {_ ( = '\'@tr): song t<,tm bQ (theo
thuye't cua Vuong D.;it thl "thau sinh" la than du<;jc an vui) eCiuin
ban tinh eSuc ti lijt ti, tic y nhu nhi OJE Wf oi_ O)t:
gu<;jng n6i gu<;jng cuoi (lam ra ve tuoi cuoi d theo y
nguoi) nhan 9w )\: nguoi dan ba. Day chi Trinh T1,1 la
nguoi du<;jc vua SCi Hoai Vuong sung ai thanh lam cho
mlnh du<;Jc trong s(lch (chiT dung nhu d<)ng tu theo phep sll'
d<)ng) .D()t the ho{lt m- : tron trinh tron tru, xu6i theo
.Chi mo Vi da thu<)c eHifl : do luang (do cai tron
gQi la eDoanh cay c<)t doanh : do cay c<)t tron;
vl khi do thl phai xu6i theo tron, nen c1,1m tli doanh" c6 y
n6i xu ph1,1 theo the' ll,I'c, chlm n6i theo doi eN gang
ngang tang kh6ng chiu cam tam cui ePhie'm phitm
tr6i n6i v6 d!nh .Phil con vit rung, con le eKy ky f.m ,ifj: ngl,I'a
ky va ngl,I'a ky la nhung giong ngl,I'a gioi) .Khang1C: gio
len .Ach tjjm: cai ach (d thang nglfavao xe) .Dil ky ky khang ach
tjjm: thang xe chung voi ngl,I'a ky, nglfa ky eNoJl;:
nglfa hen .Ti'iy no mii chi tich Jl; L lf!j]i: ch(ly theo ngl,I'a
hen .Hoang h()c chim hoang h<)c, thien nga .Tl difc .l:t it:
bay chung .vv vit troi .Hfm 100: d1,1c yi} = 1.EUIJ
[hon trQc ], d1,1c, nho nhdp, do .Qulin quan ( don vi
trQng lu<;5ng thoi xua, bang 30 can) .Hoang chung chuang
vang (m<)t lo(li nh<,tc khi ra't to, phat ra tie'ng to va trong treo)
Ngoa phil n6i da't set eLoi minh tie'ng keu nhu sam
Cao trztdng khoac lac (chi C1 dia vi cao) eV6 danh
kh6ng c6 danh vi, kh6ng du<;Jc b6 eThich roi ra,
bu6ng ra eT{l cao loi so, so, que b6i eDiii
dat de'n .Thiln 1$: tien .Quan;f!;: anh, 6ng (d(li tu nhan
346
TRAN VAN CHANH
xu'ng ng6i thU' hai).
NGOPHAP
CD fR(u'): gidi tU' biu thj bj d<)ng, c6 th djch la "bj .. . bai .. . ":
(Nhi te chuang 11 sam).
@ z (chi): t6i , chung t6i (dung nhu fJ<; [nga], di;ii tll' nhan
Xu'ng ng6i thU' nhat ): (Quan tu'ong ha di giao
chi?).
(thvc): cai gl, gl (d?i tu nghi van): ... ? (Thii'
thl,IC cat thl}C hung ... ?) .
@ fQ] (ha): cai gl, gl (di;ii tll' nghi van): fPJ:ftfPJ1tf? (Ha khu ha
' ?)
tong ..
x (phil): tr<;f tU' cau (= phat ngu tu ), v6 nghia, thuCing
d rna m<)t do<;1n van nghj lu?n: xR.1==J7'ifTf._ .. . (Phu xich huu
sa doan .. . ).
D[CHNGHiA



. .......
' WJ
h :/'r,-
Khuat Nguyen
Boi each Clt xit
Khuat Nguyen bj du6i bo, ba nam khong du(/c gijp lt:;Ii vua, tQn
trf t(in trung ma bj fiJi giem pha che lap, long phiJn, y lo(ln, khong
hilt nen ra sao, moi lt;zi tham quan thai bo'c Trinh Thiim Doan,
n6i:
- Toi c6 dtiu nghi, xin tien sinh quyet cho.
Thiim Doan sita ngay lt:;Ii co thi, phui mai rua, hoi:
'
roAN THU' TIJ HQC CHa HAN
347
- Ong mwfn dt:;Iy toi vi?c gz?
Khulit Nguyen ddp:
- Toi nen khdn khdn, khoiin khoiin, thimh thf:(c di he't long
trung chang? Hay nen dua don theo diJi di khoi khan cung? Nen
bua giliy co !au di he't sac lam ruqrig chang? Hay nen giao du voi
ke sang di cdu danh? Nen n6i thdng chdng kieng ni gz di nguy
than chang? Hay nen theo thai tt:tC, cdu giau sang di song cdu
thii? Nen sieu nhien xua't the' di gifl thien chan chang? Hay nen
njnh hot, khum num, xun xoe, gu(/ng n6i gu(/ng cuiJi di hdu ht:;I
dan ba? Nen liem khie't, thinh trf:(c di du(/c trong st:;Ich chang?
Hay nen tron trfnh, tr(Jn tru nhu ma, nhli da di dli(/C nhu cdi CQt
bong? Nen ngang tang nhu con ngf:(a thien ly chang? Hay nen
tenh denh nhu con vit iJ tren mijt nuoc cung nhap nho voi song di
biio toan lay than? Nen cht:;Iy dua voi loai ngf:(a kjl, ngf:(a ky
chang? Hay nen theo cdi ve't cua loai ngf:(a him? Nen cung bay
voi loai chim hoang hQC chang? Hay nen cung tranh an voi ga
vjt? Duong nao edt, duiJng nao hung? Bo duiJng nao, theo duiJng
nao? DiJi hbn trQC ma khong thanh thz cdnh con ve Ia nijng ma
nghtn can Ia nhf; chuang vang thz bo nat con nbi da't tht keu
vang; ke giem pha thz len chan, nguiJi hdn sf tht v6 danh. Than
oil Bitt n6i gt day? Ai bie't ta Ia trong S(lch?
Thdm Doan dijt co thi xuo'ng ma t(l rdng:
- Thuoc c6 khi ngdn, ma ta'c c6 khi dai; vQt c6 chb khong du
ma tri c6 chb khong sang; so' c6 chb dodn khong toi ma thdn c6
chb khong thong. Ong ca theo long ong ma lam dung y 6ng. Co
thi va mai rua thQt khong bie't dli(/C vi?c ay.
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
348
TU THU' - NGO KINH
tz:g

6
TRAN VAN CHANH




-
#. -

. 1:1 .. :1:
'#"


PHLENAM
Tfch chi gia
Tich chi gia tat huu dli khanh; tich bat chi gia tat
huu dli liang. Thfin thi ky quan, nl' thi ky ph\1, phi nhat trieu nhat
tich chi co, ky sa do lai gia hi, do chi bat tao diL
Dich viet: Ly sliang kien bang chi. Cai ng6n thu?n da.
(Chu Djch, que Khon, Van ngon truy?n)
roAN THV n,1 HQC CHU HAN
349
Tac giii-tac philm
Kinh Djch (con gQi Ia Chu Djch) Ia mc;>t trong nhQng bQ s6ch triet ly
do SQ nhat cua Trung Quae co dQi, dll<;IC xep vao h$ thong NgO kinh
cua Nho gi6o. Tllong truyen Chu Djch do Chu Van Vuong (khoang the
ky 11 truoc CN) lam ra. dll<;ic Khong Tu (551-479 trlloc CN) san djnh.
dan giai. Bai nay trich trong Van ng6n truy$n cua Que khan. n6i ve
lut tich
TUNG(!
Khanh : phuc l!dng 7:k:: hQa, tai liang .Thilnf!2.: bfty t6i
.Thi giet .Qulin vua .sa do lai pffffi *: nguyen do dlia
den, ngu6n g6c.Do E13: (xem Ngil phap (J phan
(dung nhli Win .Ljft: d<,lp len, xeo len .Thuqnll[&:
theo Chu Djch ban nghia thl II[& dung thong voi y n6i
dn phai ra n6 luc n6 moi phat sinh.
NG(! PHAP
CD El3 (do): do, bdi (gioi tu chi nguyen nhan):
(Do chi bat tao da) .
:i! (cai): d<.ti khai (ph6 tu): ng6n da).
D!CH NGHlA
Nha tich diiu
Nha tich chua ddu thi?n ttlt c6 phuc thita vi sau; nha tich
chua ddu de ta't c6 hQa thita vi sau. Bdy toi gilt vua, con gilt
cha, khong phdi nguyen do m9t sam m9t chiiu, ngubn go'c cua n6
La ldn ldn phdt sinh ra, do kh6ng sam nht;in ri5 thay chan tuang
vt;iy. Kinh Djch n6i: EJgp len suong thi bilt sdp c6 bang cung. fJ(li
dlla phdi tht;in trQng ngay tit truac.
TVC. djch
m
350
TRAN VAN CHANH
7
m.J

JJJij:ffm- , 0
:1J ' 1o/J 1--.J u)} ' 5129 *
0
' 1ill!JX:% '
0
PHIENAM
hi
Thien ton dja ti
Thien ton dia ti, Can Khon dinh hi; ti cao di quy vi
D()ng tinh huu thttong, cttcrng nhu doan hi
Phuong di tl;l, di phan, cat hung sinh hi
thien thanh tttqng, dia thanh hlnh, bien h6a hi
(Chu Djch, H? tit thli(Jng)
Tac gid-tac philm
Bai nay trich (J phon dau "H$ tCJ thLJQng truy$n' cua Chu Dich. ban
Ve Sl,f bien h6a d(>ng tTnh CUO CUO VU tn,J VQn VQt thea lu(Jt dm dll<Jng.
TUN GO
.Can : que Can Khon que Kh6n .Djnh }E: dinh ra,
ra .Triln bay ra Quj ti?n sang va hen DQng
tinh i}J ij: d9ng va dung yen, d()ng trnh .Cudng nhu cung
va mm Dolin phan chia roi .Phudngj]: quan
y thuc thu()c trii triru tttcjng Lo(li loai
Tli(Jng h'inh tu'cjng (chi troi, trang sao ... )
ra (dung nhtt
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN
351
NCO PHAP
CD * (hi): trCJ tir thi khng dinh: (Can kh6n
dinh hi).
tJ (di): theo (gidi tir): di qugn phan).
D[CH NGHlk
Trdi cao diit thiip
TriJi caa dlit thap, vi tri cua que Can que Khan moi dut;Jc
(thdnh nhan) xdc dinh; caa thap dii bay ra thl Sl;{ quy va ti?n cua
sl;( vt;it moi dliu vaa ngoi vi nay.
E>qng va tinh cua triJi da't dii c6 quy lut;it nha't dinh thl tinh cha't
duong cuong va lim nhu moi phlin bi?t n;zch roi.
Cdc quan ni?m y thac trang thien hc;z h9p nhau thea lac;zi,
(con) cdc laai dqng thl;(c vt;it thz phlin ra thea nh6m, tit d6 moi
sinh ra edt va hung.
Nhflng vt;it tren triJi (nht;it nguy?t tinh thdn ... ) thanh ra nhdu
biiu tut;Jng; nhflng vt;it (j duoi da't (nui song,dqng thl;(c vt;it...) thanh
ra nhdu hznh thi; le bie'n h6a nhu vt;iy dii hi?n ro.
TVC. dich
LE KY tl
8
fff.
w , iffi:R o ,

:
352
TRAN VAN CHANH
.n :K .::F- El : II" 1PJ /f -:t tl1 ? .n El : ll" 1m i& .n 0 :K .::F-
E!< 1r o

0
PHIENAM
Ha chfnh manh u' h6
Kh6ng Ttl' qua Thai Son trac, huu pht.J nhan khoc u m<) gia nhi
ai. Phu ttl' thuc thfnh chi, sll' Ttl' L<) van chi viet: "Ttl' chi khoc da,
nhat tlf trung huu ttu gia ?". Nai viet: "Nhien. Tfch gicl ng6 cuu ttl'
u h6, ng6 phu hlfu ttl' yen, kim ng6 ttl' hlfu ttl' yen". Phu ttl' viet:
"Ha vi bat khu da?" Viet: "V6 ha chfnh". Phu ttl' viet: ttl'
chi chi. Ha chfnh manh u h6 da ".
ky)
Tac gia-tlic philm
Le ky cOng Ia mt trong 5 b sdch trong h$ thong NgO kinh cua Nho
gido, c6 le Ia cong trinh tp the cua nhieu the h$. Den cu6i dc':ii Han,
Md Dung chan chTnh IQi con 49 thien nhli ngay nay, ni dung ghi IQi
nhOng dieu c6 lien quan den che d, le nghi, phep tOe cua Trung
Qu6c co dQi, dong thc':ii cOng boo hOm nhOng tli tlicng ve chinh trj ,
ludn ly, triet hQc .. . Bai nay trich trong thien"Dan cung hQ", dung mt
mau chuy$n ngan de t6 coo mt each thdm tram te nh! chinh sdch
tan bQO cua nhd cam quyen Trung Qu6c dli<Jng thc':ii.
TUNGO
eMi) : ng6i m<) eAi -R,: bi thuong, bi ai, bu6n tham ePhu til
:K.::f: phu ttl' (tieng ton xung nhung nguoi c6 hQc thuc dang
trQng VQng thoi Xu'a) eThilc:J'\ : tlfa vao don ngang xe cui mlnh
xuong to y kfnh le (dung nhu' fit) eCilu cha ch6ng
eKhz-:t: bo di eHa chinh iJ&: chfnh sach ha khac eTiiu
tti;j\.::f: con (tieng gQi hang con chau ho?c hQc tro)
ghi nhd.
TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHa HAN
353
NGO PHAP
CD ( nha't)(d<;trtg viet kep cua - ): la (ph6
tu): :ff?ff3 (Nhlit tl! trung huu ttu gia).
d<;ti tu chi thi 'hQp am cua c6 dich la
,, d' ' d'" T b'. -:E..:v];'Ct:A---'7-
o 0, VI 0. rong at, o:l':A?'Lfi'W- o:l':A?' L/J::.,<_-
!JE .
(ha vi): vl sao (dung hoi).
@{Q. (da): trQ tu cuoi cau:
a) thi nghi van: ? (Ha vi bat khu dii?)
b) thi dinh: i& !JE-tl1 (Ha chfnh manh u
h6 dii).
D[CHNGHlA
Chinh sach ha kluic tim b{lO hdn C(Jp
Khllng Tit di qua ben nui Thai Se!n, c6 mqt nguiJi dim ba kh6c
6' m9 r!it bi thuCJng. Phu tit tf;(a vao don ngang xe cui minh xuc/ng
di nghe, sai Tit L9 hoi ba ta rdng: "Tie'ng kh6c cua ba duiJng nhu
c6 n6i dau bu6n?".(NguiJi dan ba) ben trd fiJi rling: "Dung
tht Ngay tru(Jc cha chbng t6i che't vi c(Jp, chbng t6i cung che't vi
c(Jp, nay con t6i lc;Ii chit vi c9p". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Tc;Ii sao ba
khong bo di?". (Nguoi dan ba) ddp: "CJ day kh6ng c6 chinh sdch
ha khdc". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Cdc tro hay ghi nho d6. Chinh
sdch ha khdc con tan bc;IO he!n C(Jp ".
TVC. djch
w
9
* IPJ
I\ o
o
354
TRAN VAN CHANH
fL-1-B : u- *i]Iz frfu ' W- ' li , fffi
0
u- *i]Iz fffu ' , , flffHi o i!ix




11= , i!!Jz: 7}? fffi M , * fPJ .n
PHIENAM
d6ng
Tich TrQng Ni dlf u tan, slf tat, xuat du u quan chi thu<;Jng,
vj nhien nhi than. TrQng Ni chi than, cai than Lo da . Ng6n
td:c, viet: "Quan ttl' ha than?". Kh6ng Ttl' viet: chi
hanh da, du Tam chi anh, Khau vj chi dai da, nhi huu chi
yen.
chi hanh da, thien vi c6ng, du nang,
giang tin tu ffii}C. Co nhan bat OQC than ky than, bat OQC ttl' ky ttl',
sli' lao huu Sd chung, trang huu Sd dl}ng, au huu Sd trudng, quan,
qua, co, d<)c, phe t?t gia, giai huu sCi duong; nam huu ph?n, nil'
huu quy; h6a o ky khi u aja da, bat tat tang u ky; life o ky bat
xuat u than da, bat tat vj ky. Thj co muu be nhi bat hung,
thiet t?c nhi bat tac, co hQ nhi bat be, thi vi
a6ng".
kj)
Tac gia-tlic philm
Bai nay trich trong thien "Le v(ln" chlieing "8c;ti dong", m6 tO Lioc md
ve m<?t xd hQi c6ng bang, ly tli&ng trong tlicng lai - mQt xd hQi dc;ti
dong, khi d6 thien hc;t, cua cai Ia cua chung cua mQi nglidi.
roAN THu' TV HQC CHU HAN
355
-
rU NGO
eD{li d6ng *[P]: the gioi hoa blnh thong nhat eDifW: tham dlf,
dlf vao .L{lp te (le te ell' hanh vao thang 12 moi nam)
xong eTan'ffi: khach .Qzuin im: m6n khuyet, cll'a khuyet
(cll'a c6 hai lftu gac a truoc cung dai ... ) .vj
bui ngui, ng?m ngui .ThanDI_: than thCi (cling viet
Ni fr:fl/E: ten cua Kh6ng Ttl' eNgon Yin fj!: tuc Ttl' Du (hQc tro
Kh6ng Ttl') eD{li d{lo*i]I: IOn (theo chu giai cua Trinh
la trj nude cua thai Ngli de) eTam d{li chi anh
"tam la 3 doi Thuong, Chu; "anh" la nguoi
tai nang xuat chung, chi nhung nhan v?t nhu Vli, Thang, Van,
Yo, Thanh Vuong, Chu C6ng, la nhung b?c thanh nhan ly
tu&ng cua Nho gia Iqp .Chi $: sach ghi chep (theo
thuyet cua Chu Ban; day cling c6 la chi vao", nhu
bai dich a duoi) .Cong 0: c6ng, chung J[: nguoi (c6
tai due) .Niingg: ngu'oi gioi (c6 tai nang) .Dil W: va (lien tU),
nhung c6 thuyet cho Wdung thong voi '*(ell') ngh1a la ell',
cat nhifc" eQuan gia rna khong CO VQ(Cling viet la eQua
: gia rna kh6ng c6 ch6ng .co JJJl: tre rna kh6ng c6 cha (m6 c6i
cha) eDI)c gia rna kh6ng c6 con ePhqn chile eQuy
con gai xuat gia gQi la "quy", day c6 la noi gia dlnh
tr& .Hoa hang hoa, tai nguyen .6 ky khi li dja
kh6ng cho chung bi bo phe duoi oat .Tang S:
cat chua tri life va lao life .6 ky bat xuat ll than dii
fu: sQ ding chung khong phat huy ra tu than
mlnh eMztu am muu, muu ke .Be' M: dong d?p tift
Hztng $: day len, n6i len eD{lO thiet lo{lll tijc M tr<)m
cap va gi?c {lp: n6i d?y, phat tac ra.
356
TRAN VAN CHANH
NG0PHAP
(cai): c6 le, duong nhu (ph6 tll') : (Cai than L6
da).
z (chi) trong cau (Khau vi chi dai da) la tan
ngu cua d<)ng tll' (dai). Trong cau phu dinh, tan ngu thuong
d?t trudc d<)ng tu ( khong viet: 1ft) (xem l<;1i phfrn II, bai
93, Ngil phdp ).
@ m (than) va T (til') thu nhat trong bai du'QC dung nhu
d<)ng tll'. Rieng chu r dung theo phep y d<)ng, c6 nghia "coi la
con", iJ day c6 th dich la"thuong yeu, nuoi duong ... ".
@ (thj co): vl the.
(thj vi): d6 gQi la, nhu' the gQi la la d<;ii tu chi' thi
d chi' l<;1i diu da n6i (J trudc ).
D[CHNGH[A
Dq_i ddng
Xua, TrQng Ni lam tan khdch, dlf ll te' chqp a nude LJ.
Vic dii xong, ra nghl choi a ch6 m6n khuye't, ngai bui ngui
rna than. TrQng Ni than d6 chang than nude LJ. Ng6n Yin a
ben, n6i: "NguC!i quan til than gi the'?". Kh6?ng Til ddp:
"Khuu nay kh6ng duqc kip thay dq.i dq.o thi hanh va cdc bf].c
anh hdn a Tam dai, rna chl c6 chi a viec lam cila cdc anh
. .
hdn ay thai.
"Dq.i dq.o rna thi hanh thi thien hq. La c6ng cqng (cila
chung}, ken nguC!i anh hdn, ell nguC!i tai nang, gidng ddu tin
thlfc, sua ddu hoa mlj-c, nen nguC!i ta kh6ng rieng than nguC!i
than minh, kh6ng rieng yeu con cdi minh, khie'n cho nguCii
gia c6 cdi nuong dlfa di chat dC!i, nguC!i tre c6 vic lam di
thi tho: nguC!i be c6 slf chan ddt di ldn len; hq.ng quan phu,
qud c6i cut, don chie'c va tan tt].t diu duqc nu6i du!Jng;
roAN THLI TV HQC CHU HAN
357
con trai c6 phf].n, con gdi c6 noi cho'n di nuong vi; do'i vdi
tai h6a, ghet rdng roi viii a d(i't, kh6ng cdn chua cd't a noi
minh; do'i vdi sue life, ghet rdng kh6ng ra til minh, kh6ng
cdn phdi lam Vl minh. ly cho nen mUu m6 diu dt;p tdt rna
kh6ng day ten, trqm cdp gitjc cudp kh6ng n6i dt].y;c6?ng
ngoai kh6ng phdi dong, the' gQi la dq.i d6ng.
HOANG THUC TRAM dich
. .
(Tu tuong dq.i d6ng trong cd hQc Trung Hoa, NXB. Van H6a, Ha
Nqi, 1950)
KINH THU :&
10
4Hf: 5 '!!.!.
,.,, s 11'-I:.

' o t;J\A ' , 191X
r ' , ' f!IJ1wi91X)(3:
' B : .n o
PHIEN AM
vo
Chu cong viet: "0 h6! Quan til' siJ, ky v6 Tien tri gia sac
chi gian nan, niii tac tri tiu nhan chi y. Tudng tiu nhan,
quyet phl,l dn lao gia sac, quyet til' nai bat tri gia sac chi
gian nan, nai nai ng<;1n ky dan, phu tac vii quyet phl;l
viet: ' Tich chi nhan v6 van tri' ".
(Thu(lng thli: Vo d{jt)
358
TRAN VAN CHANH
Chu cong
Tac gia-tac philm
Kinh Thu hay ThUqng thu Ia m(lt b s6ch trong h$ thong NgO Kinh
cua Nho gia. sllu t(lp nhQng van ki$n chinh trj . qudn sv van h6a .. . cua
Trung Quoc co dqi. trong khoang thai gian tCI thai Nghieu Thuan cho Wi
Tdy Chu. tucng truyen cung c6 qua toy san d!nh cua Khong TU. ban
dau c6 Wi 100 thien. nay chi con 30 thien. Doqn tren day trich tCI thien
"V6 d(lt". Ia lai cua Chu C6ng khuyen vua Thanh Vucng. dqi y n6i ke
lam vua tr! ddn phai biet nghl tdi noi kho va lo cho dai song cua ddn.
kh6ng dll<;Jc ham slj an nhan va hllC:ing tht,J.
TU NGO
Vo dqt cho c6 roi Quiin til slJ ky vo dqt
"quan ttl'" chi ngu'oi (J ngoi tren; d cau c6 nghia
la ngu'oi Hinh Q(,lO dan chung (J ngoi tren khong nen ham muon
du'c;ic an nhan hu'CJng th1,1 eGia silt 1* fi: n6i chung canh
t<ic (cay d(y, tr6ng trQt gQi la "gia", thu ho<:tch gQi la "sat")Niii
dqt J'J r6i moi nghi Wi sl.f hu'CJng th1,1 eTiiu nhiin chi y
;J\Az 1:&: noi kh6 trong long cua dan chung ("titiu nhan" chi dan
thu'ong; "y", cac chu giai eli cho la "nho vao", chi ca'y
tr6ng, y n6i: dan chung nho vao ca'y tr6ng dti song; Ton
Tinh Dien trong Thu(Jng thu kim c5 van chu so giai chu "y" la
TOAN THU TlJ HQC CHU HAN
359
"noi dau ngftm") eTztfJng ;f: xem, trong, nhln eNgq.n tho
b<;!O (nen vie't la Og) eDiin ro vole.
NGOPHAP
CD ;!t (ky) la ph6 tu bitiu thi khuye'n ! (Ky vo

JJ (niii): moi, r6i moi (lien tu).
@ Chu {:& (y) trong bai la d<)ng tu du'c;ic dung nhu' danh tu (qua
qua cua trc;i tu ke't ca'u z).
@ (quye't) (d<:ti til) Cua n6, kia, mlnh, dung nhu' chu A(ky)
lam dinh ngu: = A5ZJ:, JiAA-1- = AT .
@:; (phu Hie): ne'u khong thl.
D[CH NGH[A
Cha r6i
Chu Cong n6i : "Noi nguoi qulin til o La cho c6 rbi! Bie't truoc
cai kh6 khan cua Sf! gieo cay rbi moi nhan rbi thl bie't n(Ji nug
tf!a cua dan him. Xem br;m dan hm: cha mf n6 sieng cham gieo
cay. Con n6 Lg_i khong bie't tntOc cai kh6 nhQC cua gieo cay r6i
moi nhan rbi nen n6i x5ng, n6i can, khong thl khinh cha mlj! n6,
n6i rling: "Nguoi hbi truoc chdng nghe, bie't gi cd!' ".
NHU(jNG TONG djch
(Thu(Jng thu, NXB. Tan 1963)
m
11


E3
, , , , A{,'f*
, o Az , z o , Jt
360
TRAN VAN CHANH
/f1!f;E;=JtotB o
, ' Az , '' o , rm
@:z , o , , #a

PHIENAM
Tan
Mu<)i mu<)i nga tll' chi: nhU' huu nhat gioi doan doan y,
vo tha ky; ky tam hU'U hU'U yen, ky nhu huu dung; nhan chi huu
ky, nhu<Jc ky huu chi; nhan chi thanh, ky tam hieu chi, bat
xi nhU'<;fc tlf ky khfiu xuat; thi nang dung chi, di bao nga til' ton le
dan; chile huu l<Ji tai. Nhan chi huu ky, t?t di o chi;
nhan chi thanh nhi vi chi, ti bat t; thi bat nang dung, di
bat nang bao nga til' ton le dan; viet dai tai! Bang chi ng<)t
niet, viet do nhat nhan; bang chi vinh hoai, thU'<Jng nhat
nhan chi khanh.
(Thuf/ng thu: Tfln th?)
Tac giii-tac pham
DoQn nay trfch trong thien 'TOn th$' s6ch ThUqng thu, ban ve sl) can
thiet phai c6 dQc khoan dung cua nglldi bay t6i trong tr6ch nhi$m doi
vCii ddn vdi nlldc.
TU NGrJ
eTh? W:: eMuQi muQi !J3KIJ3K: eGidi fr: m<)t cai,
m<)t nguoi (lll'<;fng tU') eDoan doan lftiT lftiT: thanh khfi'n .y 11%: tr<J tt1
ngu am, dung nhu /5" eHliu huu ftft: khoan dung d<)
lU'<;fngeKy nhu hilu dung Jt:tzoff:@:: "ky" dung nhu JJ (nai);
"nhu", Cong DuCJng dan viet la (nang)
eNg{lngg: ke si luang, chi' nguoi c6 tai due eHieu U'a
TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHU HAN 361
thich .Bat xi /f1!f: khong chi .Le dan dan den, dan chung
.chzlc sach Dr;Ii hQC dn cau viet la rSJ (thU'<;fng) nghia la
may ra, ng5 hftu M{lo tQ.t nen viet la
thong voi t?t" la ganh ghet, do ky eNhi vi chi ti bat d{lt
"vi" la vi can tr&; "ti" la khien cho; "bat
la khong thanh c6 ch6 giai la khong thong den vua
.Bat niing khong dung thu ngll'oi khac, y n6i long
hyp hoi .Dai ljf5: nguy .NgQt niet khong yen .viet
B: tr<;f tlr aft u ca U, vo nghia Vinh hoai "vinh" la ph6n
vinh, "hoai" la yen 6n.
D!CHNGHlA
Lili thi cua vua Tiln M11-c ci)ng
Ta trdm tinh suy nghi: Nhu c6 m()t ngu&i bi toi c6 dac thanh
thl:(c, khong can tai gi khdc; long thi yeu diiu dung du(Jc ke
khdc; ke khdc c6 tai cilng nhu minh c6; ke khdc thong minh dac
hr;Inh thi long thanh thl:(c yeu men cha khong phdi chl yeu ngoai
nhu v(ly la ngu&i bi toi ay bie't dung ngu&i ma se gia gin
con chdu, le dan cho ta du(Jc; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt l(Ji cho nuoc
thay! Con ne'u c6 ngu&i bi toi thay ke khdc c6 tai ma ghen ghet;
thay ke khdc thong minh dac hg.nh ma ngiin can khien cho ke d6
khong thanh dg.t; the' la khong bie't dung ngu&i ma se khong gill
dur;c con chdu le dan cho ta; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt nguy cho nuoc
thay! Nuoc ma nguy bie'n thi do m()t ngu&i; ma nuoc ve vang, yen
6n cilng do phuoc cua m()t ngu&i (y n6i do ngu(!i bi toi hiin hay
khong).
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
362
TRAN VAN CHANH
? "
TA ft 1'
12
6:1$
r




.n o

r#

R=l --;-'r ----'7 ? El -do- ii J-h .n 0 :::t:t LU B . r .L..t; +ro El w ? ill ---1-.-- f:l:t;
,'Cffl m _A_ t<:_ 7E -'J'- , .. ,..., -!..!:. /, 1-l}-- lk, )1. 7E T . , , Y-.. E3
.n
. ,,, - 35.. R tA-
Y...A o Jed ' _1:1_ t::l
0
PH/EN AM
Gioi Chi Thoi bat thtfc I()c
Ta'n hgu thuang tong vong gia. Gioi Chi Thai ba't ngon 19c, 19c
pha't Thai vie't: "Hie'n cong chi tu cli'u nhan, duy quan t(;li
yen. Hoai v6 than, ngo;;ti n9i khi chi. Thien vi Ta'n, ta't
tu'ong hi1'u chu. Chu Ta'n ttf gia, phi quan nhi thuy? Thien thtfc tri chi,
nhi nhi tam tu dT vi ky ltfc, ba't vu h6? Thie't nhan chi tai, do vi
chi d;;to, hu6ng tham thien chi cong dT vi ky ltfc h6? H;;t nghTa ky tQi,
thu'cjng thuang ky gian, thu'cjng h;;t tu'ong m6ng, nan du xU' hi".
Ky mau vie't: "H;;tp du chi, dT tu thuy doi?"
D6i vie't: "Vu'U nhi chi, t9i htfll yen. Tha xua't oan
ng6n, bat thtfc ky thtfc."
TOAN THli Tl) HQC CHlJ HAN
363
Ky mau vie't: su tri chi, nhu'cjc ha ?"
D6i vie't: "Ng61t, than chi van da . Than tu'ong ftn, yen dt,1ng
van chi? du da".
Ky mau "Nang nhu' thi h6? Du nhu giai ftn".
To<:ti fin nhi tu.
Ta'n hfru du chi, ba't ho<;1ch, dT Mien Thu'cjng vi chi vie't:
"DT chi ng6 qua, tha tinh nhan".
(Ta truy?n: Hi cong nhi tlzljp tzlnien)
Tdc gia-tdc phllm
To Ia toe pham l!ch su hoan chTnh c6 16i ke chuy$n chi tiet
day du va sinh d(>ng nhat cuo Trung Quae co dQi. Ve toe gia vdthai
dQi CUO sach nay, CO nhieu y kien kh6c nhOU, nhllng thuyet dll<;iC
chap nhQn pho bien nhat cho rang d6 Ia toe pham cuo TO Khdu Minh,
mt su quon cuo nllac Lo thai Xuan thu. sou dll<;ic nhieu ngllai bo sung
them. Phon lon ngllai to deu cho rang To Ia m(>t quyen su d(>c
l(lp. nhllng cOng c6 ngllai cho n6 Ia sach dien giai kinh Xu6n thu- mt
b su bien nien cuo nlloc lo. Nien dQi ghi chep trong To ve cd
ban tlldng ung voi kinh Xu6n thu, co hoi deu khai dau tu nom 722 trlloc
CN (dai vuo An c6ng nlloc Lo nom dau). nhllng nom cu6i cung cuo
To so voi kinh Xu6n thu tre di 28 nom. tOe dung IQi a nom 453
truoc CN. ve ni dung. To ghi chep lqi kha day du va tlldng doi
c6 h$ thong nhQng sv ki$n lien quon den chinh tr! . kinh te, quan sv va
van h6o cuo cdc nlloc thai Xu6n thu (770-476 trlloc CN). trong chCing
mvc nhat d!nh do phon anh m(>t each trung thl,lc b mc;it cuo thai dQi
nay, tra thanh toe pham l!ch su rat c6 gia tr! doi voi vi$c nghien cuu xa
hi Trung Quae co dqi.
Bai tren day Ia mt doqn trich trong sach To thuc nien dqi
vuo Hi cong nom thu 24. ghi lqi doqn doi thoqi giao Gioi Chi Th6i voi ba
mE;) khi quyet djnh cung mE;) tCI choi l(>c vuo bo di a an cho den chet,
va thai d hoi cai cuo Tan Van c6ng.
T(J NGO
Giili Chi Tlzoi frzff : ten nguoi, c6 cho con vie't la Gioi Tu
364
TRAN VAN CHANH
Th6i 1f-r :Jt, la m<)t bg y t6i nho nguoi nu'oc Tgn doi Xu an thu,
tUng tron ch<;1y theo vua eLI)c tif@<,: l<)c, b6ng l9c eTiin htiu
vua chu' hgu nu'oc Tan, day chi Tan Van c6ng eTh1tllng jt:
thu'dng, ban thu'dng eTong vong giii ffL:13: (nhung) nguoi tron
Ch<;ly theo vua khi bi mat nu'oc eHien ci)ng fJ0: vua Hie'n c6ng
eHu?, Hoai vua c6ng va Hoai c6ng eTuy?t re: dut,
dut bo eTtJ ;JIB: te' tl.f eNhi tam ti't =-r: hai ba 6ng, cac
6ng, day chi nhung bgy t6i tron ch<;1y theo vua .vu b?y,
doi tra eTai !:l;J: ctla cai eTham tham lam eMong lua doi
eHrJ-p ,M: xem N gfl phdp d duoi elJ6i oan Vll'u 7t: t<)i, loi
eGiai cling (ph6 tu) eBfit ho(J-ch /f1f: kh6ng du'<;fc eMien
Thu(fng M!Lt: ten dat, thu<)c Gioi Hu'u tinh Son Tay ngay
nay elJiin EB: ru<)ng tu, dung d cung te' eChi ghi eTinh1li:
tuyen duong.
NGTJ PHA.P
CD rm ... (phi...nhi. .. ): ne'u phai ... thl la ... ,
kh6ng ... thl...: ?(Phi quan nhi thuy?).
/f?JF ... (ba't .. h6 ?): ciing Ia .. . u? (biu thi
phan va'ii): (Bat di?c vu hb?).
... ? ... (do ... hu6ng .. ): (rna) con ... huong gl...:
Z.!:t;J, ( Thie't nhan chi tai,
do vi chi d<;1o, huong tham thien chi c6ng di vi ky ll.fc h6?)
( nghia) trong bai la danh tli dung lam d<)ng tli theo
phep y d<)ng, dich la "cho .. .la (H<;! nghla
ky t9i).
(yen) tuong duong voi (u) (gioi tu) + z (chi) (d?i
tli): (T<)i hlju th?myen)= ;W)Z
(thljc ky thtfc): chu it dgu la d<)ng tu (nghia la
roAN THLf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
365
an), chu itthu hai la danh tli (nghia la d6 an).
(J) ;fi{TiJ? (nhu'Q'c ha ?): the' nao?, c6 du'<;fc kh6ng? (dung d
hoi y kie'n): ' :;51PJ? stl' tri chi, nhu(fc ha?) .
.El (tha): va l<;1i, va: p (Thii xuat oan ng6n);
tinh nhan).
D!CH NGHlA
Vua Tfln thucmg nhflng nguoi tong vong rna quen Gidi Chi
Thai. Thai khang nhdc vua, nen khang dut;tc tude l9c. Thai n6i:
"Vua Hie'n Cang c6 chin nguoi con, nay chl con m9t mznh nha
vua ... Troi chua mua'n tuyft nha Tf{n, cho nguoi lam chit
Ngoai Van cang ra, con ai dang coi vifc te' tlf nude Tf{n? Vgy
troi dii sdp d(it nhu the' nao rna hai ba ang kia ( chl nhflng nguoi
tong vong ma dut;JC thuCJng tude [QC) [[{y [am SUC cua mznh, chdng
phdi la tlf da'i mznh u? Lay tr9m tiJn cua nguoi, con gQi la ke
trQm, hua'ng tham cang cua troi rna nhgn lam cang cua mznh u?
Tham cang troi la tQi rna bJ dudi ( cung chl nhflng nguoi tong
vong do) cho [a VifC nghfa, COn bJ tren thz thuCJng long gian ay;
the' la tren dudi che dgy zan cho, kh6 [; vdi nhau [au dut;tc ".
Ba mf Gidi Chi Thai n6i:
- Con thil xin l9c di; khang xin r6i con c6 che't, ai vz con rna
trdch nha vua?
Thai dap:
- Dii che b9n bJ tai kia rna bdt chudc hQ thz tQi con n(ing h(fn.
Vd mznh dii c6 loi odn vua thi khang nen nhgn l9c nfla.
Ba mf n6i:
- Cung cri cho vua hay di, nen khang?
Thai dap:
- Loi n6i la van cua con nguoi. Than dii sdp di tln rna con dung
loi n6i to diim con nguoi lam chi? Nhu the' La cdu vinh hiin d6.
366
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ba mf! n6i:
-Con thit dut;Jc nhuvt;iy sao? Thai mf! con ta cung dn.
Rbi hai nguiti cung di dn va che't.
Vua Tan cho tim khang dut;Jc, lay da't Mien Thll(mg la ru9ng
cung te' Gi6'i Chi Thai va n6i: "Nhu vt;ly dl ghi lbi cua ta va neu
guong m9t nguiti ".
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
w
13


o o AA EJ : u- nf-? .n o EJ : u-
rfi_s_f?.nEJ:
rfi_s_f.nEJo:

, o
z o ;g:m an , , 1FAfLsm: , m:E&1I:z? fiA
o
W' - o

PHIENAM
An Til' ba' t til' qua n n:;t n
Thoi Vo Til' kie'n Duong Khuong nhi my chi, thu chi.
Trang cong thong yen. Thoi Tit thi chi. An Til' l?p u Thoi thi chi
mon Ky nhan vie't: "Til' h6 ?". Vie't: "D()c ngo quan da h6
tai, ngo til' da ?". Vie't: h6 ?". Vie't: "N go t()i da h6 tai, ngo
vong da ?". Vie't: "Quy h6 ?". Vie't: "Quan til' an quy? Quan dan
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
367
gia, khdi dilang dan, xa ti:lc thi chu. Thfrn quan gia, khdi vi ky
khftu thlfc, xa t3:c thi duong. Co quan vi xa t3:c til', t3:c til' chi; vi
xa t3:c vong, ti:lc vong chi . Nhu<;fc vi ky til' , nhi vi ky vong, phi ky
t11 thuy cam chi? Tha nhan huu quan nhi thi chi. Ngo
yen d3:c til' chi, nhi yen d3:c vong chi, tliong dung ha quy?".
Mon khai nhi nh?p, chftm thi c6 nhi khoc, hung, tam dung nhi
xua't. Nhan vi Thoi Tit ta't sat chi. Thoi Tit vie't: "Dan chi vQng
da, xa chi d3:c dan".
(Ta truyfn: Tudng ci)ng nhi th{jp ngii. nien)
AnAnh
Tac giii-tac philm
Bai nay trich trong To niE'm dQi vua Tucmg c6ng nom thO 25.
Ni dung chinh cua cau chuy$n xoay quanh vi$c bay t6i c6 nen hi
sinh than minh ho(ic tr6n chQY theo vua (khi mat nude) hay kh6ng. An
tu cho rang. bat lu(in vua hay be t6i, deu phai coi trQng l<;ii ich cua
quae gia va nhon don, lam than tu phai lay tieu chuan nay de quyet
d!nh thai d. hanh vi cua minh chu kh6ng nen trung thanh mt each
ngu mui (ngu trung), rat am h<;ip vdi quan diem "don vi quy, xa toe
thO chi, quon vi khinh" cua Mqnh tU.
TUNGU
.An Tii ten th?t la An Anh, tlj la Blnh TrQng, mot d<:ti
368
TRAN VAN CHANH
phu c6 tai cua nuoc T eThoi Vo Tii :tuc Thoi Trfi'
d<;ii phu cha'p chinh cua mtoc T eDllilng Khudng
qua phlf cua d<:ti phu a'p Duong (tuc Duong cong) eThu IfX: la'y
lam VQ (dung nhu thu) .Trang cong r0: T Trang cong
Thong )j: tu thong, thong dam eVong L: lu'u vong, ra nuoc
ngoai eLiing dan d ngoi tren dan chung ("lang" la VUQt len
tren, Ci ngoi tren) eXii tile nn Xa dti te' H?u th6, nn
Tac oti te' Nong, "xa tac"dti chi quoc gia, da't nuoc eKhilu
D 'jf: b6ng l()c eTll nijc f..Lam:: nguoi OUQC sung ai vl ca
nhan, chi cac toi than c?n trong rieng tu ("ni;ic" la than
thie't, gui) eHilu qulin i=fB": da .l?p ngoi vua (Trang cong
du'c;Jc Thoi Trfi' l?p len lam vua) difc (xem Ngil phdp
Ci duoi) eDung ha JI'1PJ: (xem Ngil phdp Ci duoi) eKhiii mCi
eHllng dung d? y eXii %: bo (dung nhu eDiic dan .'::
duc;Jc long dan.
\;
Td Khau Minh
NG0PHAP
CD (yen)= voi ba ta : Mf0Jjj% (Trang cong thong
yen).
(da hfi tai): trc;J tU lien dt,mg d cuoi cau, bitiu thi y
phan va'n ID<;lnh, bao ham chut cam than, CO thti dich la "u?",
?" d-hA- . ?)
t 01 sao. : -1=l l!:!. --:JP..X.. vQC ngo quan a o taz ... ..
roAN THV Tl,J HQC CHU HAN
369
* (an): dau?, ndi nao? (d<:ti tu nghi van, khi lam tan ngfi'
trong cau nghi van thl di;it truoc d()ng tu): quy?).
B-.':1ft (quan dan gia): ke lam vua cua dan. B- (quan) la
danh tU' dung nhu d()ng tU' .
(thiin quan gia): ke lam toi cua vua.
la danh tU' dung nhu' d()ng tU'.
(Hie til' chi): thl che't theo vua, vl vua rna che't. d
day nen hitiu la (Tac vi chi ttl') hoi;ic JE1t:z (Tac ttl'
11 chi), tinh lu<;Jc giOi tu (vi) (u).
(J) ll (tha): va (lien tu di;it cau dti chuytin y).
(yen diic): sao c6 thti ... , sao duc;Jc ... (qn:n tU' quen
dung).
1\ffilJ (dung ha): ndi nao, 0 dau tu nghi van):
? (Tuong dung ha quy?).
@) tt (ch'm) la danh tu (=chie'c goi) du'<;Jc dung nhu d()ng tu
voi nghia la "g6i len": (Cha?m thi c6 nhi khoc).
QD- (tam) la so tU' dung nhu ph6 tU' lam tr<:tng ngfi', c6 nghia
"ba - rffit:\ (Tam dung nhi xuat).
DJCH NGH[A
Vua bi m;m, An khong che't theo
Thai Vo Til thay Duong Khuong va khen ben lay lam vc;.
Trang Cong thong dam voi ba ta. Thai Til gilt Trang Cong. An Til
dang ngoai cila h9 Thai. Nhilng nguiJi di theo An Til n6i: "Chit
(theo) chang?". An Til n6i: "(Hd) rieng (la) vua cua ta sao (ma)
ta chit theo?". N6i: "Bo (nuoc ma) di chang?". An Til n6i: "(La)
t()i cua ta sao ma ta bo nuoc di?". N6i: "VJ (nha) chang?". An Til
n6i: "Vua chit, vJ dau?Ke lam vua cua dan, hd phdi di iJ ngoi
tren cua dan, (ma) la lam chu xii tdc. Ke lam dan cua vua, hd
phdi vi bbng l()c, (ma) la phf:tng sf! xii tdc. Cho nen vua vi xii tdc
370 TRAN VAN CHANH
ma chit thi chit thea vua. Niu vua vi minh ma chit, hay vi minh;
ma htu vong, (n{u) khang phdi nguoi dLtf!C sung di rieng tLt, thi ai
dam gdnh vdc vic d6? Vd, nguoi ta dii lf}p len lam vua rbi ma lr;zi
giit di. Ta sao c6 thi che't thea, va sao c6 thi luu vong thea, hay
vi dau (nila)?. "Cua miJ, An Tu vao, ga'i thi hai len dui va kh6c,
(rbi) dung dQ. y ba ldn nhdy chan len r6i ra. Nguoi ta bdo Thai Tu
dt se giit An Tu. (Nhung) Thai Tu n6i: "Ong ay la chb trang
mong cua dan, tha cho ang a'y thl se du(Jc long dan".
TVC. djch
*
14


fr , L rtn r:::. -J=:; r--L-- r--L-- rtn r:::. .t..t:. j;"' j;"' "rtn r:::. .t..t:. ,_.,_.. ,_.,_..
7'0_lLJIIJIP ' FlJE
0
JE'
0
JIIJIPt:.'-!;z:
0
'-!;z:'
rm J5 tJg D! o D! , rm J5 tJg o
t0 1=f * , * o 1=f , o ?!T :1t , 1& , 11u ;rr m * o

{,' o o ,
o
t0 , rm J5 o , rm J5 ID1X o , rm J5, e,, IT
o {}IT, o o
o o


TOAN THll n,1 HQC CHU HAN
371
PHIENAM
hQc chi
D?i hc;>c chi d?o, t?i minh minh due, t?i than (tan) dan, t?i chi
u' chi thi<$n.
Tri chi, nhi huu dinh. Dinh, nhi nang tinh, tinh nhi
nang an. An, nhi nang hf. Ltj, nhi nang dac.
huu ban, m?t; stf huu chung, thuy. Tri sd tien, tac
d?O hi.
C6 chi dt,IC minh minh due u' thien h<;l gia, tien tri ky quoc.
Dt,Ic tri ky quoc gia, tien ky gia. Dt,Ic ky gia gia, tien tu ky
than. Dt,Ic tu ky than gia, tien chinh ky tam. Dt,Ic chinh ky tam
gia, tien thanh ky y. Dt,Ic thanh ky y gia, tien tri ky tri, tri tri t?i
each
each, nhi tri tri. Tri tri, nhi y thanh. Y thanh nhi
tam chanh. Tam chanh, nhi than tu. Than tu, nhi gia
Gia nhi quoc tri. Quoc tri, nhi thien h<;1 blnh.
Ttf thien n.l' di chi 11 thu nhan, nhat thi giai di tu than vi ban.
Ky ban lo?n nhi m?t tri gia, phu h1. Ky sd gia b?c, nhi ky sd
b<;lC gia vi chi huu da.
(U kj: D{li hQc)
Tac gia-tac philm
DQi hQc Ia m<?t trong 4 s6ch cd ban trong b<? W thll cua Nho gia,
von Ia m(>t thien trong Le ky (thien thQ 42), tlldng truyen do m6n do
cua Khong Tu Ia Tang TU bien soqn. Den ddi Tong, Trinh Di (1033-1107)
va CHu Hi (1130-1200) tach thien nay ra lam thanh s6ch rieng cho nhp
vao bQ w thll. Nqi dung chu yeu cua s6ch duqc neu r6 C1 doqn trich
tren day (cOng Ia doqn dau cua s6ch fJQi hQC ), nhan mqnh vao tinh
thong nh6t kh6ng the tach r6i giQa vi$c tu thdn va sv nghi$p tri quoc,
blnh thien hQ.
372
TRAN VAN CHANH
T(/ NGO
eDqi h(Jc Trinh trong ky m1:1c h.Jc" giai Ia
"hQc r()ng" (bac hQc) eTqi 1: cot d (ph6 tlr) eMinh due
due sang, Trinh giai la "chi due" due tinh sinh tot
nha't cua con nguoi khi moi sinh ra eT!ziin cac nha chu
giai phn IOn cho chu ny nen viet la fi (Uin), dung nhu
d()ng tU voi nghia "lam cho moi, d6i moi" eLtf If,: lo nghi, nghi
ng<?i eNhi hqu m.ft: xem Ngil phdp Ci duoi eBiin mqt **: goc
ngQn Chung thiiy d u cuoi eTrj IE!: tri, cai tri, quan ly'
yen eTi '/ff: cha'n chinh, chinh don eTri ky tri gay nen
cai Iuong tri cua mlnh ("tri" la gay nen, dua toi) eCtich vqt
tn1 bo (sJ! che lap cua) vat due.
NGO PHA.P
CD (minh minh due): chu S)j du dung nhu d()ng tu
theo phep sii' d()ng, nghia la "lam cho sang". Cac chu
IE (chinh)(= lam cho ngay chinh), IDiX (thanh)(= lam cho trd nen
thanh thJ!c) cung c6 each dung tlfong tJ!.
@ m.f t (nhi r6i sau moi (lien tu, cung viet la m.ff& ):
(Tri chi nhi hqu huu dinh).
PJ..!n (m chf u): cho den (lien tu): Ei :7(-=f (Tt!
thien tii' di chili thu nhan).
(nha't th!): thay, ta't ca. lila viet kep cua -, dung
nhuph6 tu.
:e;:* (phil hi): kh6ng c6 d6 v?y. (phu) la ph6 tu
phu dinh; * (hi) la tr<! tu thi dinh.
*Z. :fir tQ, (vj chi hii'u da): chua c6 d6 v?y. Trong
cau phu dinh, z (chi) lam tan ngu ciia d()ng tu :fir (huu) d?t tntoc
d()ng tU (thay vl n6i:
TOAN THU'TI,I HQC CHa HAN 373
D!CHNGHlA
Dqo dqi h(Jc
Ml;lC dich CUa Sf:{ h{Jc rfmg cot liun sang cdi D{tc sdng CUa minh, cot
khiin cho nglli!i ta fT! dJi mfli, cot khiin cho nglli!i ta dilng b ch8 chi thi?n.
Biet ch8 phdi ditng thi sau mdi c6 chi hu6ng xdc dfnh dur;c. C6 chi
hu6ng xac djnh r8i sau mdi tfnh tam. Tinh tam r8i sau tinh tinh mdi
dur;c an hoa. Tinh tlnh an hOa r8i sau mdi suy nghf chin chiin. Suy nghf
chin chiin r8i sau mdi il{zt dU{Jc chi thi?n. V(lt gi cilng c6 goc ng9n, vi?c
gi cilng c6 dtiu cu6i. Biit dur;c eM truoc, eM sau cua sf:( v(lt, thi tiin
gAn din mftC dich cua Sf:{ h()c v(ly.
Thm xua ke muon lam sang cai due sang cua minh trong thien h{J,
thi tru{Jc het phdi tri dur;c nu{Jc minh. Muon tri dur;c nu{Jc minh, thi
truoc het phdi chlnh don dur;c nha minh. Muon chlnh don dur;c nha
minh, thi tru(Jc het phdi tu si:ta than minh. Mufin tu si:ta than minh, thi
tru{Jc het phdi lam cho tam minh dur;c ngay chinh. Mu6n lam cho tam
minh dur;c ngay chinh, thi tru{Jc hit phdi lam cho y dur;c chan th(lt.
Muon cho y thanh th(lt, thl tru{Jc hit phdi dua Sf:{ hiiu biit cua minh din
Cf:{C d9. Dua Sf:{ hiiu biet din Cf:{C d9, La cot (J eM trit bo Sf:{ che lfip cua
v(lt dflC.
Trit bo sf:( che Lap cua v(lt dflc, r8i sau mdi dua sf:( hiiu biet minh din
cf:(c d. Sf:( hiiu biet minh c6 de'n cf:(c d, r8i sau y minh mdi thanh th(lt.
Y c6 thanh th(lt, r8i sau tam minh mdi ngay chinh. Tam c6 ngay chinh,
r8i sau than mdi tu si:ta. Than c6 tu si:ta, r8i sau nha mdi chlnh don. NhQ
c6 chlnh don, r8i sau nu{Jc mdi yen trj. Nu{Jc c6 yen trf, r8i sau thien h{J
mdi thai blnh.
Tit thien ti:t cho den ke thui!ng dan, tfit cd dJu phdi Iffy sf:( tu than lam
goc. Goc dii lor;m rna ng9n lr;zi yen trf, thi khong thi c6 dur;c. Con ch8
phdi dung sue nhiJu rna lr;zi dung it, eM phdi dung sue it rna lr;zi dung
nhiJu, thi chua hJ c6 sf:( d6 v(ly.
TVC. djch
374
TRAN VAN CHANH
TRUNG DUNG $
15
$I*

DJ l( ; or liM , m o

' ' 0


!{ $ fD , * j:ill f:lz: , M o
PHIENAM
Trungdung
Thien chi vt Tinh, suat tinh chi vt D;;to, tu d;;to chi vt
Giao. D;;to da gia, bat kha tu du Iy da; kha Iy, phi D;;to da.
Tht co quan ttl' gioi th?n h6 ky so bat d6, khung Ct,J h6 ky sa
bat van, m;;tc h6 n, m;;tc h6 vi, co quan ttl' th?n ky d<)c
da.
Hi n<? ai l;;tc chi v! pha t, v! chi Trung; pha t nhi giai tn1ng tie't,
vi chi Hoa. Trung da gia, thien dia chi d;;ti ban da; Hoa da gia,
thien h;;t chi d;;tt d;;to da. Tri Trung Hoa, thien dia vi yen, v;;tn v?t
yen.
(U kj: Trung dung)
roAN THli n,l HQC CH(/ HAN
375
Tac gia-tac philm
Trung dung ban dau Ia mt thien trong sach ky (thien thu 31). sou
dllQc Trinh Diva Chu Hi tach rieng ra cho nhQp vao b W thll , ni dung
chu yeu trlnh bay thuyet tinh thi$n cua con nglldi va thuyet trung
dung 'kh6ng thai qua kh6ng bat cp' trong suy nghi, hanh dng. Doqn
trich tren day Ia doQn dau trong sach Trung dung, ban ve le trung h6a,
cot tuy CUO dQO trung dung.
TU NGO
.Thien 7($: cai troi phu cho nguoi .Suiit $: noi thea
.Tu du giay phut, choc hit .Giui M: phong, phong bi,
de chung .Dd tr6ng thay .Khiing elf- : lo s<;i, s<;i
.Trzing tiet : phu h<;ip tie't d<).
NGO PHAP
CD (chi vi): gQi d6 Ut, gQi la. Day la tu quen dung,
m9t hlnh thuc dao d;;ti tu tan ngu z (chi) ra phia truoc d<)ng tU'
(vi): (Thien chi vj tinh), thay vl
n6i: Z'l1-
... -ill, (da gia ... da) dung trong mQt ke't cau dinh nghia
(chiT thi stf dlnh don neu ra a do;;tn sau), dich
"la .. . v?y": ' 7CTZ. **-ill. (Trung dii gia, thien h;;t chi
d;;ti banda).
Sf (h6): (a) gioi tu chi noi chon, dung nhu (u), dich la
"a ch6": (Th?n h6 ky sa bat d6).
(b) gioi tu dung trong ke't cau so sanh, cling dung
(u'), dich la"hon, bang": h6 n).
D!CH NGH[A
Trung dung
Cdi triJi phu cho g9i La Tinh, noi theo tinh g9i La Dc;zo; tu sila
376
TRAN VAN CHANH
cho htJp D{;w g9i la Gido. Dr;w, la cdi khong phut nao c6 thi ri'Ji,
c6 thi"ri'Ji dutJc la kh6ng phdi Dc;w.
Cho nen, ngui'Ji quan til ran de th(jn tr9ng gifl dt;w C! nhilng luc
kh6ng ai tr6ng thay, stJ ri'Ji khoi dr;w C; nhilng luc kh6ng ai
nghe. Kh6ng gz ro bl'ing ch6 a'n gia'u, kh6ng gz ro rang bl'ing
sf! vifc nho nhijt, cho nen ngui'Ji quan til phdi th(jn tr9ng khi C! m9t
min h.
Mitng gi(jn bu6n vui luc chua phdt ra, g9i la Trung; phdt ra
diu trung tilt, g9i la Hoa. Trung, la go'c Mn cua thien dja; Hoa
la ch6 dr;lt dt;zo cua thien ht;z.
Dt;zt de'n cdnh gioi Trung va Hoa thz m9i v(jt trong tri'Ji da't diu
CJ dung ngoi thri, muon V(jt trong tri'Ji da't diu dutJC sinh soi na_'y
nC!.

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roAN THV n,l HQC CHU HAN
377
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PHIENAM
Cac ngon ky chi
Ttl' Lo, Tang Tich, Nhiem Huu, C6ng Tay Hoa th! tQa. Ttl'
viet: "DI ng6 nhat tntdng h6 nhi, v6 ng6 di da. Cu' tac viet:
"Bat ng6 tri da". Nhu tri nhi, tac ha di tai?".
Ttl' LQ sua't nhi nhi dai viet: "Thien chi quae, nhiep h6
quae chi gian, gia chi di su' lU, nhan chi di co Do da vi
chi, ti tam nien, kha sll' huu dong, tha tri phuong da".
Phu s.fn chi. "Cftu, nhi ha nhu?" .
Dai viet: "Phuong h.;iC that nhu' ngu h,IC Cftu da vi
chi, t! tam nien, kha sll' tuc dan. Nhu ky le di si quan
ttl'".
- Xich, nhi ha nhu?
Dai viet: "Phi viet nang chi, hQc yen. Ton mieu chi
slf, nhu' hoi d6ng, do an chuang phil, vi tu'ong yen".
- nhi ha nhu?
C6 sat hi, khanh nhi; xa sat nhi tac, dai viet: "D! h6 tam ttl' gia
chi
378
TRAN VAN CHANH
Til' viet: "Ha thu'ong h6? ca.c ngon ky chi da!".
Viet: "M9 xu an gia, xu an ph'-:Jc ky quan gia ngii Il:lc
nhan, a6ng tlr I'-:JC tha't nhan, d'-:JC h6 Nghi, phong h6 Vii Vu, vinh
nhi quy".
Phu til' vi nhien than viet: "Ngo dii' Di'm da ".
( Lu4n ngil: Tie n tielz)
Tac gid-tac philm
Lun ngCI Ia m(>t sach trong b(> W thll cua Nho gia. dll<;ic trinh bay
dlldi dQng"ngO ll,Jc' . kh6ng theo m(>t thO tl) 16-gfch nh6t d!nh. do m6n
d$ cua Khong TU ghi chep IQi nhOng IC:Ii dQy va vi$c lam cua Khong TU.
vdi n(>i dung boo quat tll tlldng cua Nho gia ve mQi llnh vl)c: triet hQC,
chfnh tr!. van hQc. giao dl,Jc ... Sach dll<;Jc d!nh hinh vao khoang dau thdi
Chien quoc (480-221 trudc CN). gom 20 thien. Bai tren day trfch a thien
'Tien tien' (thien thO 11). chllc:Jng 26. ghi IQi CUQC doi thoQi ve ly tlldng.
chi hlldng giOa thay tro Khong TLI.
TU NGU
L{), Tang Tich, Hilu, Cong Tiiy Hoa
0 iZ: 1a ten nhii'ng hQc tro cua Kh6ng Ttr eDi
J;) :vl (gidi tu) eNhat nh4t - B: m9t ngay, each n6i khiem ton,
ham y tu6i tac chenh chut it .vo ngo di dii ffl:1-J;)-lli, : chii'
dung nhu B (di) nghia 1a "thoi, dung, go b6" Czt Ji5: 1uc
blnh thu'ang .Suiit nhi $m: v<)i va, VQi vang, b<)p ch<)p .Thien
th{ing chi quoc nude c6 ngan co xe ("tMng" la c6
xe) eNizie'p t1: bi buc bach, bi ep .Gia chi 1JDZ: them vao a6,
l<;ti them Szt lil ffi1J.&: quan d9i thai xu'a 500 ngu'ai Ia m9t Iii',
2500 ngu'ai Ia mQt su', nen "su' lii'" dung a gQi chung quan d<)i,
chi chien tranh eTj c4p .tt&: xem Ngil phdp a du'di
eDii.ng dung ciim chien ePhlidng 1J: phep tac, d<;to ly
eSan Og: cu'ai mim : nghi va am nh<;tc,
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CH(/ HAN
379
nhac eSi' a(jieXichiffi: ten cua Cong Tay Hoa eTong mie'u chi
te tt! eH{)i d6ng fr[P] : h9i hQp d' ket
lien minh cua cac nu'dc chu' hftu va cung nhau vao kien
thien tlr eDoan chlidllg phil "doan" Ia ao "chu'ong
phil" la n6n .Tiiu tzldng ;J\;f: quan ph1,1 giup te (tu'ong
au'ong vdi ngu'ai khi'n nghi ngay nay)eDiim ten cua
Tang Tich eHi :ffi": ngu'ng l<;ti giii'a chung (chu giai cua Chu
Hi)eKhanh tieng bo dan xuong (tli tu'Qng thanh), c6 thuyet
cho la tieng con vang khi dut khuc nh<;tc eSo{ln il: each nghi,
n9i dung eM{} dung nhu' (m9 ), "m9 xu an" la cuoi mua
xuan .Qzuin gia ngu'ai thanh nien da qua d9i n6n (bi'u
thi tu6i truang thanh)eNghi {JT: song Nghi, ngu6n a phia
dong Trau tinh Son Dong ngay nay .Vii Vu
m<)t cai dan cao a te trai du mu'a thai xu'a, thai d6 ben ba
song Nghi a phia nam thanh cua kinh do nude Lo.
Kh6.ng Til Til L9 Nhdm Hilu
NGUPHAP
CD (ba't ngo tri da): la d<;ti tu tan ngii'
trudc d<)ng tU (tri) trong diu phu dinh, khong viet:
@ (nhu hoi)c): neu, neu nhu' (lien tu bi'u thi gia thiet).
fOJ tJ. (ha di) : lam gl, la'y gl.
380
TRAN VAN CHANH
.l:t& (ti den, den khi, d<Ji den (dung nhu gidi ttl).
(ha nhtf ?): (dinh lam) the nao? (c1,1m ttl quen dung
hoi y kien, each lam).
(nhtf): ho?c la, hay la (lien ttl), dung nhu' (ho?c):
:1J/\-t+. l1,1c that
D/CH NGHlA MJi ngliifi noi chi minh
Til U), Tang Tich, Nhdm Hflu va Cong Tay Hoa ngbi hdu.
Kh6ng Til n6i:" Cho ding ta c6 !On hon cdc anh chut it, nhwzg
chd c6 go b6 vdi ta (rna ngr;zi khong n6i). Luc bznh thuong cdc anh
bdo: "Chdng ai bie't ta ". Ne'u c6 nguoi bie't cdc anh thz cdc anh lay
tai nang gz ra dung?".
TilL() b()p ch()p trd loi: "M()t nUde c6 ngan c6 xe, bj ep gifla
hai nUde !On, lr;zi them c6 nr;zn chien tranh, nhan d6 dan chung d6i
kh6; Do toi rna cai trj nUde O:y thz den ba nam, c6 thi khie'n cho
dan chung dung cdm rna lr;ti bie't dr;zo ly nfla ".
Phu til (nghe xong) mlm cuoi. R6i lr;zi hoi: "Cdu, con anh thz
the' nao?".
EJdp: "M()t nUde vuong sdu, bdy chf!-c d(lm ho(lc nam sdu chf!-c
d(lm, Cdu toi cai trj nUde ay thz den ba nam c6 thi khien cho dan
chung dur;c no du. Con vi Ll nhr;zc thz phdi dr;i brJ_c quan til".
- Xich, con anh thz the' nao?
EJdp: "Khong n6i La dii lam dur;c, rna chl mong h9c trJ_p. Trang
ti tl! iJ ton mie'u, hay trong h()i nghj cua cdc chu hdu, XiCh toi
m(lc do Ll, d()i mii Ll, mong lam m()t vien quan nho phf!- giup
ttll".
- EJiim, con anh thz the' nao?
Dang ga'y dan sdt ngdt quiing, (Tang Tich) bo dan xuong, keu
keng m()t tieng rbi dang drJ_y, ddp: "Chi cua toi khdc vdi cdch nghT
cua ba anh d6 ".
TOAN THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN
381
Kh6ng Til n6i: "C6 sao dau? Ciing La ai nay to chi cua mznh ra
rna thai". .
(Tang Tich) thua: "Cuo'i mua xuan, y phf!-c mua xuan dii may
xong, nam sdu nguoi vita tu6i doi muoi v6'i sdu bdy dbng til (ddt
nhau) di tdm iJ Song Nghi r6i len hang mdt iJ dan Vii Vu, vita di
vita hdt r6i keo nhau vi nha ".
Phu til bui ngui than: "Ta chia se v6'i EJiim vrJ_y".
TVC. djch
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PHIENAM
nhan huu nha't the nha't thiep nhi xu tha't gia, ky luang
nhan xua't rae ta't yem tuu nhi,IC nhi phan. Ky the va'n sd du
ifm thlfc gia, phil quy da. Ky the d.o ky thiep viet: "Lu'cJng
382 TIV\N VAN CHANH
nhan XUat, tac tat yem tltU nhl,IC nhi phan, van ky dfi' thl,l'c
gia, phu quy da, nhi v! thuong hfi'u hi<in gia lai, ng6 tuong
gian lu'ong nhan chi so chi da ".
Tao khoi, thi tong lu'ong nh an chi so chi, bien quoc trung, v6
dfi' dam gia . Tot chi dong quach gian chi te gia, khat
ky du'; bat tuc, hl,l'u co nhi chi tha, thll' ky vi yem tuc chi d<;J.O da.
Ky the quy, cao ky thiep viet: "Luong nhan gia, so ngu'ong VQng
nhi chung than da, kim nhu'Qc thll'!"
Dfi' ky thiep san ky luong nhan, nhi tu'ong khap u' trung dlnh.
Nhi luong nhan v! chi tri da, thi thi tong ngo<;J.i lai, kieu ky the
thiep. Do quan tll' quan chi, tac nhan chi so dT du phu quy l<;1i d<:tt
gia, ky the thiep bat tu da, nhi bat tu'ong khap gia, co hi hi.
(Mq.nh Til: Ly Lau hq.)
Tac giii-tac pham
Mqnh Tu Ia m(>t sach trong b W thll. ghi chep hQc thuyet. ly lu(ln
cua M<;mh TU (ten th(lt Ia Kha. 372-289 trllCJc CN). m(>t dqi Nho gia c6
tam anh hlldng chi dung sou Kh6ng Tu. qua nhieu CUQC tranh lu(ln cua
6ng voi vua chua va m(>t s6 tri thuc dllcmg thai. Mqnh TU chu trueing
thuyet tinh thi$n. de xuong nhan nghia. phon d6i th6i vv l<;ii va chien
tranh xdm lll<;ic. de coo tinh than dan chu (qua cau n6i: dan Ia quy
nhat. rai den qu6c gia. con vua thl Ve phlleing di$n van chlleing.
c6 le Mqnh Tu Ia sach c6 gia tr! nhat trong b W thll. voi lc5i van hung
han. tham thiet. dung nhieu thi dv de hieu ma thu vj. ly lu(ln cht eM.
danh thep. Sach gam 7 thien (moi thien deu chia lam thll<;ing. hQ). den
ddi Tong dll<;lc Chu Hi chu giai va xep vao b W thll cua Nho gia. Bai
tren day trich Ci doqn cu6i thien 'Ly Lou hq'. chlleing thO 33. Ia mt
chuy$n ngv ng6n thdm tram sou sac. phe phon con dlldng tien than
kh6ng biet tv trQng ma day eve nhvc cua nglldi to d ddi.
TU NGU
.Ti nhan "/ff A : ngu'oi nu'ac eThie'p VQ le, thiep
eLlidng nhan NA : tU ngu'oi phl,l nfi' gQi ch6ng .Yem no ne
TOAN THV T\,1 HOC CHCI HAN
383
.Hiin giii : nguoi vinh hi<in, nguoi sang trQng .Gitin Hra, : do
xem, dom xem, rlnh xem .Chi z: di (d<)ngtli) .Tiio!i-: sang
sam (dung nhu' !f.) Thi nil!: di xieu, di di tat (dung nhu' di
m: day chi thanh eTot : cuoi cling, sau cling
tuong xay quanh thanh, thanh ngoai Phiin :1:1: phn
m<), m6 rna .Khat .Z: xin an Tha{-tP,: noi khac (d<;J.i tu chi
thi) .NgztiJng VQng tr6ng nho .Chung than suot
doi .San che trach, k<i xau eTrung dinhJi=l)}I: trong san,
gifi'a san (truac thm nha) eThi thi ni!!ni!!: han ho eKieu kieu
cang, len m(lt .Cd xem Nga phap o duai .Hi :ffi": it.
11t -f ...
Q
(
Mc,mh Til
NGU PHAP
CD ;f (ttiong): cling nhau (ph6 tu): (Tztdng khap).
:E!lt (nhtiqc thil'): nhu the (cl,lm tu quen dung).
(co): co h6, hu nhu': (Cdhi hi!).
D!CH NGHlA
Nguai mtC!c c6 ke c6 rnqt vf! cd rnqt vf! Le rna cung iJ rnqt
nha, nguai ch6ng di ra ngoai thi tll't say no ruf!u thjt r6i moi
Vf! cd hoi ch6ng cung voi nhTlng nguai nao an uo'ng thi n6i ding
he't thdy La nhTlng nguai phu quy cd.Nguai Vf! cd dern Long ngiJ rna
bdo rieng voi vr; Le rdng: "Ch6ng ta di ra ngoai, thi ta't say no
384
TRAN VAN CHANH
ntc;u thit r6i mai hoi cilng vai nh11ng nguoi niw an uong tht
n6i r!ing he't thdy la nh11ng nguoi phu quy, ma chila titng c6 ke
hiin gid nao cht7i, ta sdp sit a di dam ch6ng ta di nh11ng dau ".
Nguoi vc; cd tro dgy sam, di quanh thea hut nguoi ch6ng di
nh11ng dau, tht khdp trong nude kh6ng nguoi nao cilng dang n6i
chuy?n vai; cuo'i cung thay di ra me thanh ben dong chJ md nguoi
ta cung te: xin lay d6 cung thita ma an, chdng du tht dodi ma
di ra nt7i khdc, ay cdi say no chan du cua anh ch6ng nhu the'
day.
Nguoi vc; cd bdo nguoi vc; le r!ing: "Ch6ng ta ay,chung ta
con phdi trong nho vao suo't doi, ma nay nhu the' con nguong
v9ng nJi gi ! ". R6i cung vai nguoi vc; le odn mla nguoi ch6ng,
cung kh6c vai nhau o trong san. Ma nguoi ch6ng chila bie't r!ing
Sf! mtnh dii fQ ra, COn han h(J tf! ngoai di VQO kieu cang VOi hai
vc;.
Ca nhu nguoi quan til xem ra thi nh11ng nguoi di cdu phu quy
lc;i kia ma vc; cd vc; be nguoi ay chdng xa'u h6 ma chdng
kh6c l6c vai nhau ay, ngo hdu ding it ldm vgy.
NGUYEN HOU TIEN & NGUYEN DON PH[/C djch
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TOAN THlJ Tl,f HOC CHO' HAN 385
PHLENAM
Quan tii' kha khi di ky phu'dng
Tfch gia huu quy sinh ngu' u' Trinh Tu San; Tu San su
nhan sue chi trl. nhan phanh chi, phan vie't: IIThuy xa
chi ngu nguyen, thiu rae du'cJng du'cJng yen, du nhien nhi


Tu San vie't: IIDac ky sd tai, dac ky sd tai II nhan xua't viet:
IIThl,lc vi Tu San trf? Du' ky phanh nhi thlfc chi, vie't: dac ky sd
tai, dac ky sd tai II, c6 quan tu kha khi di ky phu'cJng, nan v6ng di
phi ky
(Mqnh Tz?: Vqn Chlidng thli(fng)
Tac giii-tac phllm
Bdi nay trich trong thien ' Vqn Chllong thllc;:Jng", chuang 2 sach Mqnh
Tu. doqn doi thoqi gilJa Mqnh TLi vC:ii Vqn Chuang. 6ng neu thi dl,l cau
chuyE;ln TLi San de chung minh: nglloi quon tl1 d6i luc cOng de b! ICia
doi neu ke ICia doi n6i nghe hc;:Jp ly va hc;:Jp vdi dQO cua he;>; kh6ng the
doi he;> m(>t each trai le.
TU NGO
Quy bie'u .Trinh Ta San tile Ton C6ng
Kiu, tu'ong gioi cua nu'oc Trinh eHi?u nhlin tx A: vien quan
nho phl;l tnich v ao dla ePhiin m?nh )X$: trd v bao cao (sau
khi da lam xong eN gil ngil []!1 : moi 10 do eDztdng
dudng clfa tu tu quay du6i .Du nhien nhi
th?fi5<: ffij WI: tlf dac ma di xa ma't (Chu Hi ) eThZJc lJt: ai (
tu nghi va'n) eDzt t6i, ta (d<;ti tu nhan xung ng6i thu nha't) eKhi
lUa d6i .Phttdng )J: d<;to ly, diu h<;1p le Vi)ng lUa d6i.
NG0PHAP
CD (u): cho (gioi tu dung d neu a6i tu<;1ng thl;l
(Quy sinh ngu'ztTrinh Tu San).
386 TRAN VAN CHANH
:tff.Z.?-IQ (sue chi trl): diu nfiy hiu ngfim da tinh lu<;jc gidi
tu (u) trudt b6 ngu chi noi ch6n (trl). Le ra phai viet:
:tff.Z. (Sue chi u trl).
trQ tU lam ngu VI cho m9t s6 hlnh dung tli:
!! (ngu nguyen), $$1% (Duong duongyen).
@ ch6c sau, trong giay hit, thuong dung nhu ph6
tu ket h<;1p vdi thanh (thiiu tile: m9t hit sau thl...).
(nhitn): cling la trQ tu lam ngu vi cho hlnh dung tli,
thanh ph6 tu lam lffiWI (Du nhien nhi ).
j;J (di): gidi tu chi phuong cua d9ng tac, hanh vi, c6
th dich la "bang": PJW\1-.JA:1J (Kha khi di ky phuong).
D!CHNGHlA
Ngitifi qulin tit co thi do'i hl) bling slj lu1u lj
Ngay xua, c6 ngu(Ji bilu 6ng Trjnh Ttl: Sdn m9t con ca so'ng. Ttl:
Sdn sai ngu(Ji coi ao dia nuoi con ca i'J ao. Nguoi coi ao dia ni{u
con ca an r6i tri'J vi trinh lg.i rdng: "Luc ddu vita thd n6 ra thi n6
CO Ve f(J d(J, giay fat thi no qudy duoi, rbi f/! ddc ma bO'i Vf:tt di
xa". Ttl: Sdn n6i: "N6 duc;c i'J dung ch6 cua n6 day, n6 duc;c i'J
dung ch6 cua n6 da'y''. Nguoi coi ao dia di ra n6i (v6'i ngu(Ji
khac): "Ai bdo Ttl: Sdn Ia tri ?Conca toi dii na'u an ma't, the' ma
6ng ay cung n6i: N6 dw;c i'J dung ch6 cua n6 day, n6 duc;c i'J dung
ch6 cua n6 day". Cho nen nguoi quan ttl: c6 thi !ita do'i h9 duc;c
bdng each hc;p le, chzl kh6 !ita gg.t bdng each trai v6'i dg.o ly cua
hQ.
TVC. djch
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BACH GIA CHV TlJ
Ef*ffir
TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
387
LIET TlJ T
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PHIENAM
Ngu cong di son
Thai Hang, Vuong Oc nhi son, phuong that bach ly, cao
ban Ky Chau chi nam, Ha Duong chi son Ngu
c6ng gia, nien tha cuu son nhi cu. Trung son chi
uk, xuat chi vu da, t1,1 that nhi mu'u, viet: "Ng6 du nhu tat
h.fc blnh him chi thong Dl.f nam, u Han am, kha
388
TRAN VAN CHANH
nhien tuong hua.
Ky the hie'n nghi, vie't: "DI quan chi lt;(c, ding bat nang t6n
Khoi Phii chi khau, Nhu Thai Hang, Vuong Oc ha, tha yen tri th6
th?ch?". T?p vie't: chu' B(jt Hai chi vi, An Th6 chi
To?i suat ttl' tOn ha dam gia tam phu, khau th?Ch kh'n nhu'ong,
ky b6n v?n u' B(jt Hai chi vi. Lan nhan Kinh Thanh thj chi suong
the huu di nam, thiiy san, khieu viing trq chi. Han thu djch tie't,
thiiy nhat phan yen.
Ha kht1c tri t' u tie'u nhi chi chi vie't: "Th?m hi! Nhu chi bat
DI tan nien du lt;I'c, ding bat nang hiiy son chi nhat mao, ky
nhu' th6 th?ch ha ?". son Ngu cong tru'ong tuc vie't: "Nhu tam
chi c6, c6 bat kha bat nhuqc suong the nhuqc tu! Ngii
tuy tii', huu tii' t6n yen; tii' ht;(u sinh ton, ton ht;(u sinh tu, tii' ht;(u
huu ttl', tii' ht;(u huu ton; tutu ton ton, VO cung quy dii, nhi son bat
gia tang, ha ho?n nhi bat blnh?". Ha kht1c tri t'u vo di ling.
(Li?t Ti't: Thang van)
Tac giii-tac phlm
Sach TL! con dllc;lc ton xung ld Xung hu chan kinh. tllcJng truyen
do m(>t nglloi thu(>c phai dQo gia ld Li$t Ngl) Khau (430-349 trlloc CN)
SOQn. nhllng truyen thuyet nay con bj dqt nhieu nghi van. C6 le n6 ld
m(>t c6ng trinh cua tp the nhieu the h$. den doi Tan (the ky IV) dllc;lc
TrllcJng Tram sllu tp vd chu giai. ban lllu truyen den nay gam 8 thien.
trinh bay tll tuang ElQo gia qua nhieu truyen thuyet. huyen thoQi. ngL,J
ng6n ... c6 y nghia hdm sue. te nhj. Bdi tren day ld mot ngL,J ng6n dqc
sac c6 tfnh than thoQi chep a thien 'Thong van'. ke chuy$n Ngu c6ng
doi nui. phon anh nghj ll)c kien cllong cua nglloi dan lao d(>ng thai co
trong Vi$C COi tQO thien nhien, dong thai n6i len chan ly: neu CO du
quyet tdm vd sl) kien tri thi kh6 khan ndo cung vuqt qua.
TUNGO
eThai Hang, Vudng Oc *iT ' hai nt1i Ci tinh Ha Nam
TOAN THlJ Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN 389
(Trung Qu6c) eNhljn f1]: nh?n (don vi do dai 8 thu'oc
doi Chu, tu'ong duong 6,48m bay gio) .Kj Chiiu thuoc Son
Tay va Ha ngay nay eHa Dudng iOJ !Wi: thu(jc tinh Ha Nam
ngay nay eNgu cong ong gia ngu ngoc eThii __: xem Ngrl
phdp Ci du'oi eTritng kh6, kh6 vl eTiic ngan trd Vu di
vong quanh, quanh co chau Dt;I', thu(jc tinh Ha Nam
ngay nay .Han song Han (phat nguyen Ci tinh Tay)
.Am phia nam eT{lp nhien tlidng hua m ;f lf: mQi ngu'oi
nhao nhao len cung a6ng tlnh eHie'n nghi lk, neu len
moi ngo vt;(c eKhoi Phzl Jtt)(: m(jt ngQn nt1i nho Ci Trftn
Lu'u, tinh Ha Nam eBi}t Hili m: vung CJ phia dong tinh
Ha .in thd tuc U Chau, thai xua thu(jc vung dong
Trung Quoc .Phu ngu'oi (dan ong) eKhln khai kh'n
.NhuiJng :1:1: oat .Cd lt: cai SQt .Ban ;g: cai ky eLiin nhan
A: ngu'oi lang .Kinh Thanh thi 5?-:t.IJ.X.E:: hQ Kinh
Thanh (hQ kep) .Sudng the m ngu'oi V(/ goa eDi nam j!:!1S:
dua con trai sinh ra sau khi cha da che't .san dt: thay rang sua
(mQc rang vinh .Ha khuc iOJEIB: kht1c quanh song .Tri tau
ong gia khon ngoan eChl J.l:: ngan can eHu? thong
minh, sang su6t eMao .::: co cay eTuc thCJ .c[{ ngoan
co, co chap eTri?t 1frx: t'y bo eNhu(Jc ye'u du6i eQuy [If: t?n,
he't eVo di c.l:).: xem Ngrl phdp CJ du'oi.
NG0PHAP
CD R (tha): (ph6 tu), d?t truoc so tu thi s6luqng
xa p xi: 4 RfL + (Nien thii cuu th? p ).
1lt/f' (tilng ba't): khong tung, chua tung (cl,lm tu quen
dung).
... fiJI? (nhu' ... ha?): lam sao du'(/c ... , lam the' nao au'(/.::,
390
TRAN VAN CHANH
lam gl... du<;Jc?: (Nhu Thai Hang, Vuong 6c
ha?), (Ky nhuth6 th<;1ch ha?)
@ !ME (tuy): du, du cho, cho du (lien tu) .
cPJ (vo di): dung nhu 1M l-J, "khong co gl khong con
each nao khong cPJJ!! (Vo mung).
D!CHNGHiA
Ngu cong ddi mli
Hai nui Thai Hcmg va VucJng Oc, chu vi r9ng bdy tram d(im,
cao nhf!.n, von iJ tc;ti phia nam Ky Chau va phia bdc Ha
DucJng. C6 ong Ngu cong iJ nui phia bdc, tu6i dii gdn chin muai,
nha iJ do'i di?n v6'i nui. Kho? Vl phia bdc nui bj cdn triJ, khi ra vao
diu phdi di vong, ong ben tf!.p hr;p nguiJi nha ban tinh: "Ta cung
cdc con co' sue san bling chuang ngc;ti di thong vai phia nam Dt!
Chau va phia nam song Hdn Thuy, c6 dur;c khong?". M9i nguiJi
lao nhao len cung d6ng y.
Vr; ong neu len mo'i ng(J Vf!C, n6i: "V6'i sue (gia) cua ong, chua
ti:tng san bling no?i cdi go nho Khoi Phu, tht lam gt dur;c nui Thai
Hang, VucJng Oc! Vd lc;ti da't, dd bie't do? vao dau?". MQi nguiJi xon
xao trd fiJi: "Qwing n6 ben biJ B9t Hdi va chiJ den phia bdc An
Th6 la xong". The' la Ngu cong ddn ba nguiJi qudy gdnh trong
ddm con chdu, cung dt:tc dd, dao da't, dung ky, s9t vf!.n chuyin den
ben biJ B9t Hdi. Dua con m6 coi cua ba goa pht:t gia dtnh h9 Kinh
Thanh, m6'i thay rang sila cilng chc;ty tung tang thea giup do h9.
Trdi qua cdc mua nang lc;tnh, m9t nam h9 mai vi nha m9t ldn.
C6 m9t Cf:l gia thong minh iJ ch8 khuc quanh song, cuiJi va
ngan cdn ong rling: "Ong thf!.t ch!lng thong minh! V6'i tu6i gia
sue ye'u nhu vf!.y, chua ti:tng nh6 dur;c m9t cay co iJ nui, tht sao
lam gt dur;c dong da't, dd the' kia!". Ngu cong tho dai, n6i: "Ddu
6c cua ong thf!.t co chap, co' chap den kh6 ma tdy bo dur;c, chllng
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
391
bling dur;c nhu dua be ye'u duo'i cua ba goa pht:t kia! Du toi c6
che't di, con toi vdn con if6; con lc;ti sinh ra chdu, chdu lc;ti sinh
con; con lc;ti c6 con, con cua n6 lc;ti c6 chdu; con con chdu chdu,
khong cung tf!.n; ma nui tht khong cao them, lo gt ma khong san
phllng dur;c ?". Ct:t gia thong minh iJ khuc quanh song khong trd
fiJi dur;c.
TVC. djch
m
20
1iJr



* ' .n
PHIENAM
Du'dng B6 phac cfiu
Duong Chu chi viet B6, y t6 y nhi xuat. Thien vG, giai t6
y, y truy y nhi phan. Ky diu bat tri, nghenh nhi chi. Duong
B6 n(), tuong phac chi. Duong Chu viet: "Tll' v6 phac hi. Tll'
doth! da. Huang gia, sll' nhu diu b<;1ch nhi vang, hac nhi lai, khdi
nang v6 quai tai ?"
Ti't: Thuytt phil)
Tac gia-tac philm
Bai ngl,l ngon tren doy trich trong thien 'Thuyet phu" sach TtJ,
ngl,l y khuyen ngLloi to nen canh tinh xet lqi loi cua mlnh trll<k khi trach
nglloi khac.
Tl) NGU
392
TRAN VAN CHANH
eDlidng Bfl em Duong Chu eDttdng Chu nguoi
nuoc thai Chien quoc, tlf la Tll' Cu, thu<)c phai D::to gia, la
nguoi chu truong thuyet vj nga .:Y .;&: : ao (neu dung nhu danh
tu thl dQc la "y") eTo' *: to trang, trang eTruy h,Ia tham, den
eCtiu j{Jj: con ch6 ePh? P;k: sua Huang gid rtJ1ft: lt1c truoc, lt1c
nay.
NG0PHAP
CD (vo): dung, cho (ph6 tu phu djnh, biu thi du khien).
ft (sii'): neu (lien tU biu thj gia thiet).
_Rfjg (khdi nang): ha c6 th, sao l::ti c6 th (ct,Im tll' quen
dung, biu thj phan van).
D!CHNGH[A
Dudng Bo' danh cho
Em cua Duong Chu Ia Bo: mijc do trilng ra di. Tr&i mua, ciJi
bo do trdng, mijc do den vl Con ch6 (trong nha) khong nhQ-n ra,
d6n ma sua. Duong Bo' giQ_n, djnh ddnh. Duong Chu bdo: "Chu
ditng ddnh. Chu cung nhu the' thai. Luc nay, ne'u con ch6 cua chu
di mau trilng, mau den, hd c6 thi khong Uly lam lfl sao?".
TVC. djch
LAOTU'
21
*T



TOAN THLI TV' HQC CHV HAN
393

o
PHIENAM
Thien
Thien h<;J. giai tri my chi vi my, tu' ac di. Giai tri chi vi
tu' bat di. Co huu v6 tuong sinh, nan di tuong thanh,
tru'ong doan tu'ong hinh, cao h<;J. tu'ong khuynh, am thanh tu'ong
hoa, tu'ong tuy. Thi di thanh nhan xll' v6 vi chi slf, hanh
bat ng6n chi giao. V<;J.n tac yen nhi bat tll', sinh nhi bat huu, vi
nhi bat thi, c6ng thanh nhi phat cu. Phil duy phat cu', thi di bat
khu.
Liio Ti't: Chudng 2)
Tac giii-tac philm
Lao Tu hay DQo due kinh cua Ldo TlJ (sinh ndm 570 trlloc CN) Ia
sach triet ly kinh dien cua phdi 8QO gia Trung Quoc, c6 dja vj va anh
hLJCing tll<Jng tt) nhll Lun nga ben Nho giao. Sach dll<;lc hlnh thOnh
trong thai Chien quoc. ban ve quy luqt v(ln dng cua the gioi tt) nhien,
neu len mt mau thuan va doi l(lp-thong nhat ian nhau trong hi$n
tht)c, phon doi st) ap bQc ve chinh trj, chu trll<Jng trd ve voi loi song
'thanh tTnh. v6 vi ' nhll xd hi cng san nguyen thuy. Den doi Duong,
Lt,Jc f)Qc Minh moi dem sdch Lao Tu ra chu giai ve am nghTa; ban con
lllu truym den nay gem 81 chll<Jng, tong cng khoang 5000 cha. c<J
ban viet bang vdn van. DoQn tren day trich Cl chll<Jng 2 sach Ldo Tl.t,
lu(ln ve le tll<Jng doi cua tot xau, thi$n de, hQu v6, kh6 de, dai ngan,
trlloc sau .. . , xem nhll can ban triet ly cua 8Qo gia.
394
TRAN VAN CHANH


1t..
Liio Tii
NGU PHAP
CD Wf (tu): thl (lien tu), dung nhu (tac).
B (di): r6i, v?y (trCJ tu cuoi cau, th!
d!nh): WTM-B (Tu ac di).
(yen): trCJ til lam ngu vi cho d()ng til: ... (Tac
yen ... ).
(phil duy ... thj di... ): chinh vl...cho
nen ... : (Phlt duy phat cu', thj dlbat khti').
D!CHNGH[A
Thien h{l
Khi thien d;u hilt cdi tot la to't thi d6 dii la cdi Xfi'U r6i. Khi
thien d;u hilt cdi la thi d6 dii la cai hd't r6i.
Cho nen cdi Hilu va cdi Vo sinh ra nhau, cdi kh6 va cdi dl
nghieng vao nhau, cdi dai va cdi ngdn giao tilp nhau, dm va
thanh chuyin h6a cho nhau, cdi di tru(Jc va cdi di sau di theo
nhau. Chinh vi vt;iy ht;ic thdnh nhdn thi hanh cdi Vo vi, thf!c
khong dung fiJi. Muon vt;it xud't ma minh khong
n6i, chung sinh ra ma minh khong chilm lay, minh lam ma khong
TOAN THll n,l HQC CHU HAN
395
ct;iy cong,cong lao hoan thanh ma minh khong ki cong. Chinh vi
minh khong ki cong, cho nen ( cong) m6'i khong ma't di.
PHAN NGQC djch
TRANG TU j{f -=f
22
,.-+. -EB -+-+--
'-9:: 7' " " * J
-++- .ffi1 * tA :t,g --'-? L.. r o r

-8 w
J ) ;'6\ J J!lt I) ;: i'?F- * _L
0
n J 1--1 lim ''" i--Ll J!lt 11-i::. :tf
El il3 J-1.1 .!1 ;$f C1 li" ::11:: -8 +; 6:0 il3 -7 ? .!1 -+-+--
' 7E "'"' * o . T - 1----l T -fl- ' ::;.<.... 7\ '"' ;<__ * . o
-=f B : r :1\t 9:: :1\t /f Z ? .11 o -=t- EJ : r :1\t

JoH-=fB:
o
PHIEMAM
An tri ngti l:;tc
Trang Ttl' du Ttl' du 11 Iuong chi thu'cjng. Trang Ttl'
vie't: "Du ngu' xuat du thung dung, Thi ngu' l<;tc da". Ttl' vie't:
"Ttl' phi ngu', an tri ngu' chi l<;tc?". Trang Ttl' vie't: "Ttl' phi nga, an
tri nga bat tri ngu chi l<;tc?". Ttl' vie't: "Nga phi ttl', co bat tri
ttl' hi. Ttl' co phi ngu' da, ttl' chi bat tri ngu' chi l<;tc toan hi". Trang
Ttl' vie't: "Th1nh tuftn ky ban. Ttl' vie't: nhu an tri ngu' l<;tc van gia,
ky di tri ng6 tri chi nhi van nga. Nga tri chi hao thu'cjng da".
(Trang Til: Thu thi'ty)
Tac giii-tac phiim
Sach Trang Tu dllc;IC coi Ia toe pham triet ly-van hQC xu6t sac nhat
cua ph6i DQo gia Trung Quoc. c6 d!a vi tllc:lng tlj nhll s6ch Mqnh TU
396 TRAN VAN CHANH
ben Nho giao. Toe gia Ia Trang Chu (369-298 truce CN), phat trien tll
tllong cua Ldo Tlt, chu trllang xu6t the, kh6ng ham song, kh6ng gMt
chet, kh6ng vui buon, kh6ng dl.,mg tom cai tqo vi$c d<Ji, coi phai, trai ,
x6u, tot, sang, hen deu nhll nhau ... Sac h gom 33 thien chia lam 7 thien
' N(>i thien' , 15 thien ' Ngoqi thien' va 11 thien' TQp thien', trong d6 phon
' N(>i thien' c6 tfnh nhat trf coo han va dll<;Jc nhieu hQc gia coi nhll Ia
phon chfnh thuc do Trang TLt (Trang Chu) viet. Bai tren ddy trfch trong
doqn cuoi thien ' Thu thuy' (thu(>c NgoQi thien), lun ve tfnh chu quan
cua nhn thuc con nglldi doi voi sl,l vt ben ngoai.
TU NGO
Tit nguoi cling thai vdi Trang Ti'i.Hlw
lztdng du tren song Hao d phia dong bac
Phl1<;5ng Duong tinh An Huy) eDu fil: ca du (m<':)t lo<;ti ca
trang) eThung dung thong tha eTzuin fi: noi theo, men
theo .Nhil -jx: ong, bac, may ... (d<;ti tli nhan xl1ng ngoi thu hai, cling
la d;rJ.
n?.:. ))'J
?( @
Trang Trl
NG0PHAP
CD t;i: (an): sao, lam sao (ph6 tu thi phan
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN
va'n): ? (An tri ngl1 chi l<;tc?).
(co): v6n, v6n cfi (ph6 tu).
397
@ (van gia): cai gQi la (dung khi chung mot cau
n6i): -=t-8 : !x* ... (Ti'i Nhu an tri ngl1l<;tc van
? ) .
gw ....
D[CHNGH[A
Sao bitt niim vui czia ca?
Trang Trl cung Trl dt;w chdi tren cdu song Hiw. TrangTrl
n6i: "Cd du ra chdi thong thd, d6 La ndm vui cua cd ". Trl
ddp: "Bdc khong phdi cd, sao bie't du(Jc niJm vui cua cd? ". Trang
Trl n6i: "Bdc khong phdi toi, sao bitt -toi khong bitt niJm vui cua
cd ?". n6i: "Toi khong phdi bdc, khong bitt bdc dii danh.
Nhung bdc vo'n khong phdi cd, thi hdn La bdc khong bie't du(Jc
niJm vui cua cd ". Trang Trl n6i: "Xin n6i Lt;ti tit go'c. Bdc hoi toi
sao bitt dLt(JC niJm vui cua cd, the' La bdc dii bitt toi bitt ma hoi
toi. Toi thi bitt diJu d6 iJ tren song Hao ndy".
TVC. dich
w
23
ift ift m:-=r

0 '8 : lr m .n rr 8 : lr il:t*tJ


? .n o .:A 8 : r & f3 .n o f3J3 6


398 TRAN VAN CHANH
r JWJ iL tt W /f tt Z o tt W /f M z , {JJ z rm JF t!1
.n 0
PHIEMAM
Tai du ba't tai
Trang Tll' hfmh u' son trung, kie'n m()c chi m?u thinh.
m()c gia chi ky bang nhi ba't thu da. Va'n ky c6, vie't: "Vo sa
kha d1,1ng". Trang Tll' vie't: "Thll' m()c di ba't tai, dac chung ky
thien nien". Trang Tll' xua't u' son, xa u' c6 nhan chi gia. C6 nhan
hi, th1,1 tll' sat nhi hu'dng chi. Th1,1 tll' thinh vie't: "Ky
nha't nang minh, ky nha't ba't nang minh, thinh sat?". Chu nhan
vie't: "Sat ba't nang minh gia ". Minh nh? t, tll' va'n u' Trang Tll'
vie't: nh?t, son trung chi m()c di ba't tai dac chung ky thien
nien, kim chu nhan chi di ba't tai tll', tien sinh tu'ong ha
xll'?". Trang Tll' tie'u vie't: "Chu tuong thu h6 tai du ba't tai chi
gian. Tai du ba't tai chi gian ttf chi nhi phi da, c6 vi h6 l1,1y".
(Trang Til: Sdn mQC)
Tac giii-tac philm
Bai nay trich CJ doc;m dau thien 'Sc:ln mc' (thuc Ngoc;ti thien) sach
Trang TU, Ia mt ngL,J ng6n ve thu(Jt xu the: muon khoi IL,Jy thon, phai
Vll<;Jt len tren CO tai VO bat tai, htJu dL,Jng VO VO dL,Jng, dong h6a VCJi
Dc;to ma tieu dao trong khoang bat chap mQi st) khen che.
TU NGO
.Tai fJ: tai nang (dung nhu' :t )ePhq_t {X,: d6n eChlJt:
dung .xa. %: nghi ngu .ca' nhan i!&A: nguC5i quen
bie't cil tii dua nho, dua tre, thang be eNhq_n ffi: con
( c6 sach giai la con ngong) .Hzt/Jng ..:F: the't dai (dung nhu
xem Ngil phdp a du'oi Minh nhqt S)3 B: ngay hom
TOAN THV T\,1 HQC cHa HAN
399
sau eTq_c nhqt B'F B: ngay hom tru'oc .Chu JW]: Trang Chu
(Trang Tll' t(t xu'ng) m6i lo, tai hQa, l1,1y.
NGO PHAP
CD tJ (di): nhC5: if. (Di ba't tai dac chung ky
thien nien).
;!t(ky): tru'oc s6 til trong m()t ke:
, ;!t- /f (ky nha't nang minh, ky nha't ba't nang
minh).
gl, nao, cai gl, cai nao, ngu'di nao ... tu nghi
va'n): (Thinh sat?).
D!CHNGHlA
Tai va bi{t tai
Trang Til di trong nui, thay c6 cay LOn cimh ld sum se. Nguili
don cay dung lt;zi ben ct;znh ma khong don. Hoi ly do, the nguili ay
ddp: "Vl khong dung duqc gi cd ". Trang Til n6i: "Cay nay nhiJ bdt
tai ma duqc so'ng trQn tu6i trili ".
Trang Til sau ra khoi nui, ghe nghl lt;zi nha mQt nguili quen.
Nguili quen mung rcl gQi tre gilt ng6ng lam thit diii khdch. Dua
tre thua: "M9t con bie't keu, m9t con khong bie't keu, xin hoi gilt
con nao?". Chu nhan ddp: "Gilt con khong bie't keu".
Hom sau, cdc h9c tro hoi Trang Til: "Hom qua, cay trong nui
nhiJ ba't tai ma duqc so'ng trQn tu6i trili, nay con ng6ng cua chu
nha Vl ba't tai ma chit. Tien sinh djnh iJ vao ch6 nao?". Trang Til
cuili ddp: "Chu n&y se iJ vao khodng giila tai va ba't tai. Giila tai
va bdt tai, c6 ve giong nhau day nhlhlg lt;zi khong phdi, cho nen
chua trdnh khoi li:tY ".
400 TRAN VAN CHANH
TVC. djch
r
24
lm*l
: ' ' - '
[9 *' i@ u o ftl OJ JI m , m: OJ m , N m , /f OJ
-a,lmB%

0
/f ifp ' lj J: fj'[ ; /f ' lj N: J-1) ; /f fi
o
PHIENAM
Tuduy
Quoc hau tu duy: nha't duy tac khuynh, nhi duy tac
nguy, tam duy de phuc, tu duy tac Khuynh kha -
chinh da, nguy kha an da, phuc kha khCJi da, ba't kha pht,IC
tho da! Ha vi tu duy? Nha't viet nhi viet nghia, tam viet liem,
tu viet si. ba't du tiet; nghia, ba't tl,l' tien; liem, ba't te ac; si,
ba't tong u6ng. Co ba't du tiet, tac thu'<;Jng vi an; ba't tl,l' tien, tac
dan v6 xao tra; ba't te ac, tac hq.nh tl,l' toan; ba't tong u6ng, tac ta
sl,l' ba't sinh.
( Quan Tit: M{tc dan)
Tac gia-tac pham
S6eh Quan Tu tVong truyen Ia toe pham eua Quan TrQng (mat nom
645 trvoe CN). Toe gia ten th<Jt Ia Di Ng6, tv Ia TrQng, ngvoi dot DTnh
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
401
ThVQng, mt ehinh tr! gia loi IQe dau thai Xudn thu, tUng gu.Jp eho Te
Hoan eong lam nen nghi$p b6. S6eh Quan TU ban dau e6 den 380
thien, den doi Han dVQe LVu Hvong chinh ly con 86 thien (ban hi$n IVu
hanh chi con 76 thien, mat 10 thien) . Bai nay trich trong thien 'ML,JC
Jon', thien dau +;n cua s6ch Quan Tu , neu o6n gieng m6i V:om nen
tang cho mt qu6c gia.



TU NGO
eDuy *i: day buoc mui xe, day C5 bon g6c luoi, moi
dut eKhuynlz {t]i: nghieng eNguy ffi: nguy, nguy
ePhztc fJ: d6 tat, ma't, eTluJ' j1fj: thu xep, xep
(dung nhu' W) thai do h<;Jp voi ly le va phep
de, .Nglzia : hanh vi chanh dang, nghia eLiem
: trong liem khiet .sl long thyn .Du tiit vu'<;Jt
khu6n phep eT(I tien lu6n cui tien than eUilng ;fi: cong
quyo, kh6ng ngay eXao tra gia doi, xao tni eH(lnlz
ff: phfim eT(I toim tl,l' nhien toan Vyn .Til gian
ta, bq., kh6ng ngay
NGO PHAP
CD IT. (chinh): lam cho ngay chinh (hlnh dung tu dung nhu'
dong tu): ftJfaJJI -1:!1 (Khuynh kha chinh da).
402
TRAN VAN CHANH
@ (ha vi): the nao gQi la(CI.Jffi tlt quen dung, hoi):
1
nr=rerrn<-H::? (ll, . , d ?)
PJ a V! tu uy ..
@ B (viet): gQi la, la (dong tu n()i dong khong hoan toan,
dung trong m()t do:;tn ke\ -Btl' ... (Nha't viet le,
nhj viet nghia ... ).
Qudn Tr9ng
D[CHNGHlA
Bon giing moz
Nuac c6 b(J'n gdng mffi: m9t gidng mo'i dllt thl nghieng, hai
gidng mo'i dllt thl nguy, ba giJng mo'i dllt thl do', bon gidng mo'i
dllt thl melt. Nghieng thl c6 the" lam cha thllng duQ'c, nguy thl c6
the" lam cha yen duQ'c, do' thl c6 the" df:(ng len duQ'c, mfit thl khong
the" dr;tt lt;ti duQ'c.
The' naa g9i La bon mo'i? M9t La hai La nghTa, ba La
liem, bon La sl.
La khong vuQ't khuon phep, nghTa La khong tf:( lu6n lf.:ly di
tien than, liem La khong che vic xfiu, slla khong thea didu ta vt;ty
( cang qw'(a ba't chinh). Cha nen khong vuQ't khuon phep thl ngoi
tren yen; khong lu6n lf;ly di tien than thl dan khong xda tra;
khong che vic xa'u thl pha?m ht;tnh tf:( nhien taan w;n; khong thea
didu ta vt;ty thl vic b(jy bt;t khong nay sinh.
TVC. djch
TOAN THUTI,I HQC CHOHAN
403
TUAN TU 1U .:r
25
1Dr

tJ[ o , , o
' ; B '


oo
-B- B * ' Z pJT -lli o -B- N5z: *
, z * o , ,
; ' ' o ' :JI=
flj }E -lli ' j: -=f o -fit ' :fl= g -lli ' M5 ?I iiJJ o
, o o o

' o
o o

o Z fiJ , Z , __t , ,
o M/\lfm Z1\ ffl
0 0 0
PHIENAM
Khuye'n hQc
Quan tu viet: "HQc bftt kha di di". Thanh, thu chi u' lam, nhi
404
TRAN VAN CHANH
thanh 11 lam; bang, thuy vi chi, nhi hfm 11 thuy. M9c tn,tc trung
thang, nh1,1 di vi luan; ky khuc trung quy, tuy huu do bat
phl,lC <finh gia, nhl,l sii' chi nhien da. Co illQC thl,l thang rae tn,(c,
kim tlfu Ulc lc;ii; quan tfr bac hQC nhi tamtlnh h6 ky, Ulc tri
minh nhi hfmh v6 qua hi. Co bat dang cao son, bat tri thien chi
cao da; bat lam tham khe, bat tri dia chi da; bat van tien
vu'ong chi di ng6n, bat tri hQc van chi da. Can, Di,
chi til', sinh nhi d6ng thanh, tru'Cing nhi di t1,1c, giao sii' chi
nhien da ...
Ng6 thu'ong chung nhi tu' hi, bat nhu' tu du chi sCi hQc da.
Ng6 thu'ong xi nhi vQng hi, bat nhu dang cao chi bac kien da.
Dang cao nhi chieu, ty phi gia truCing da, nhi kien gia vien.
phong nhi h6, thanh phi gia da, nhi van giii chu'ong.
Gia du rna gia, phi lc;ii tuc da, nhi tri thien ly. Gia chu tiep gia,
phi nang thiiy da, nhi giang ha. Quan til' sinh phi di da,
gia u' da ...
Tich th6 thanh son, phong vu hung yen; tich thiiy thanh uyen,
giao long sinh yen; tich thanh due, nhi minh tlf dac,
thanh tam bi yen. Co bat tich khu bQ, v6 di chi thien ly; bat tich
tiu lu'u, v6 di thanh giang hai. Ky ky nhat du'c;ic, bat nang
bQ; n6 rna gia, c6ng bat xa. Khiet nhi xa chi, hu illQC bat
chiet; khiet nhi bat xa, kim kha lfi.. v6 trao nha chi lc;ii,
can cot chi cu'ong, thu'c;ing thlfc ai th6, 'm hoang tuyn, dl,lng
tam nhat da. Giai l1,1c quy nhi nhi ngao, phi xa chi v6
kha ky thac gia, d1,1ng tam tao da ...
(Tuiin Tit: Khuye'n h(Jc ).
Tac gid-tac philm
Tudn Tlt (315-236 truck CN) ten th(lt Ia Huang. tv Ia Khanh nen con
gQi Ia Tudn Khanh. thay cua Ly Tll va Han Phi. Tll tLJC:ing cua Tudn TLt
TOAN THV n,1 HQC CHU HAN 405
can ban gi6ng Khong TLt eve quan quyen. le nghTa ... ) nhung IQi cvc
lljc do phd nhQng hQC thuyet khdc cua M(lc Tu. Trang Tlt. ke co MQnh
Tu. 6ng chu trlldng thuyet 'tfnh dc". ngllQc hdn vdi thuyet "tfnh thi$n"
cua MQnh Tlt .
Sdch Tuan Tu truyEm IQi cho den nay con 32 thien. trong so d6 chi
c6 4 thien Thien lu(ln. Giai te. Chfnh danh va Tinh dc Ia dllQc cdc hQc
gia thua nh(ln do chfnh 6ng viet, nhQng thien con IQi deu do nglldi ddi
sou them vao. Bai tren ddy dllQc trfch tu thien "Khuyen hQc", thien dau
trong sdch Tudn Tu. ban ve dlldng loi va mvc dfch hQC t(lp cua nglldi
qudn tu. chu yeu dung loi thf dl,J de thuyet minh cdc lyle.
Tuan Tu
TUN GO
.Khuye'n h(JC lfJ : khuyen khich slf hQC Lam cay cham,
rna u lam eThdng day thung, day !li* : ho lii'a cho cay
cong (dung nhu' 1*) eLuiin !liijij: banh xe eQuy 1_!1.: khu6n tron
(d1,1ng Cl,l d ve hlnh tron, cay com-pa) eCao kh6 (co ch6 giai
la chu [khao]: ho n6ng) eBt;w :phoi nang (dung nhu' BJ
[b()c], c6 ch6 giai la "kh6" elJinh ff: ngay eNhien?t;: xem
Ngu phdp Ci du'oi eLf da mai dao eTham kim
eTlnh tlf kim dim, tlf xet mlnh eTri tri (dung nhu'
eHanh fr: hanh vi, lam eQua 16i, diu 16i eKhe
khe (dung nhu' eTien vlidng )t.: cac vua hin minh doi
406 TRAN VAN CHANH
truck eDi ngon jA lOi d<,ty l<,ti .can -=f: nuoc Can (m<)t
nuoc nho, sau bi nuoc Ngo tieu ciing vie't I a fl)) Vift
nuoc eDi cac dan t<)c a phia nam Trung Quoc thai xua
eM{tch : dan t<)c a bac Trung Quoc thai xua (ciing
vie't la .xi nh6n chan (dung nhu {E:) .chudng !;: r5 .Gia
: nha vao eDli xe eL(Ji tuc tiJ )E: gioi di duang eNiing thuy
g 7](: c6 th l<)i nuoc (7j'( dung nhu d<)ng tU) eTuyfl ;f,B: di ngang
qua .Sinh dung nhu '1'1 (tinh) (theo thuye't cua Vuong
Ton) .Hung$.: sinh ra .uyen 1Wrl: VlfC sau eThiin minh :f$ S)j: tri
con nguai eThanh tlim tu tuang cua thanh nhan eKhui
nlta buoc (ciing vie't la eThqp gia + nglfa xe m<)t
ngay gQi la "gia", gia" la g6p l<,ti 19 trlnh muai ngay eCong
J}j: cong, thanh tich eBiit xa /f %: khong ngung tie'n len eKhiet
khac, ch<,tm, ch<,tm tr6 eLii ch<,tm khac .DJn con giun
dat (con trun) (ciing vie't la eD{lngtlim nhlit dii
d6 la vl dl,lng tam chuyen nhat eGiai fJi:: con cua .Ng{ly lffB:
chan, ngoe (trong bai n6i "ll,lc ngl,ly" la 6 ngoe, c6 le sai, phai
n6i "bat ngl,ly", 8 ngoe) .Tao lf%!: n6ng nay, VQi vang, but rut
khong yen (Vuong Llfc trong sach Co' dg.i Han ngil ciing giang la
"xoc n6i, nong n6i, n6ng nay", nhung con giang them nghia la
"khong chuyen nhat"). ,
NG0PHAP
CD (nhien): nhu the' (d<,ti tU chi thi biu thi thuc
(Nh\,1 sttchinhien da).
tf (hac): r<)ng (ph6 tu lam tr<,tng ngii', truoc d<)ng tu):
(Bac hQc), (Bac kie'n).
@ ' ' * (cao, ba chii' nay trong bai la
tinh tu dung nhu danh tu: /f 7( z (Bat tri thien chi cao ),
/f z *(Bat tri hQC van chi d{li).
TOAN THV n,J HQC CHU HAN
407
@ rro(nhi): rna, thl, day dung mH$SJj E! i![}(Nhi
minh tlf dac ).
tJ (vo di): khong Hiy gl, khong c6 gl, khong each gl
(cl,lm tu quen dung): /fijHl&' tich khu
b<), vo di chi thien ly).
D[CH NGHlA
Khuyen h
9
c
Nguui quan tit n6i: "Vifc h9c khong thi dung duqc". Mau
xanh ra tu cay cham nhung lg.i xanh hon cay cham; biing do
nude tg.o ra, nhung lg.nh hon nude. Khuc gb thllng trung voi day
mc, ho n6ng cho cong di lam bdnh xe; d9 cong cua n6 hqp voi
khuon trim. Du c6 mang ra phoi cho kho ci1ng khong lam th!lng
lg.i duqc, d6 la vi s ho cong khie'n n6 ra nhu the' v(ly. Vz the' nen
gb nhiJ day m/!C ma th!lng, dao kie'm dijt vao dd mai thl ben.
Nguui quan tit hQC r9ng ma mbi ngay phdi ba ldn kilm dilm lg.i
mznh thz tri tuf moi sang suo't va hanh vi se khong c6 lbi ldm. Cho
nen, khong ten nui cao thl khong bie't duqc trui cao; khong di de'n
khe sau thz khong bie't duqc da't day. Khong nghe lui lg.i
CUQ cdc bQC tien vuong thl khong bie't du(JC S/! !On rQng cua vifc
hQc. Nhilng daa con cua nude Can, nude Vift, dan Di, dan Mg.ch
khi sinh ra c6 cung tie'ng kh6c nhu nhau, nhung Lon len t(lp t[fc lg.i
khdc nhau, la do s gido h6a khie'n chung nhu thf
Ta thuung suo't ngay suy ngh'l (khong dau), chllng bling duqc s
hQc trong khodnh khdc. Ta thuung nh6n g6t di nhzn ra xa, chdng
bling s thay r9ng khi len chb cao. Len cao ma vdy tay gQi, tay
khong phdi dai hon, nhung nguui a xa ci1ng trong thay duqc. Xuoi
thea gi6 ma La ton, am thanh khong di nhanh hon, nhung
nguui a xa ci1ng nghe duqc ro. Nguui nhu vao ngl!a xe, khong
phdi h9 di duung gioi, nhung c6 thi di xa de'n ngan di;im. Nguui
408 TRAN VAN CHANH
nho vao thuyin, eheo, khong phdi La gioi boi lqi, nhung e6 thi
VU(ft qua song ngoi. Tinh eua ngu(!i quan til kh6ng phdi lt;t hon
ngu(!i khac, ehl Vt hQ kheo nh(! vao VQt 0 ben ngoai rna thai ...
Gam da't thanh nui, mua gi6 mdi no'i len tit d6; ehlia nude
thanh V/!C, giao fang mdi sinh ra 0 d6; tfeh lay ddu thi?n thanh
dlic to't, tht tinh thdn mdi dt;tt cdnh gidi cao, tri tu? mdi phat
triin, tu tuiJng cua thanh nhan mdi e6 du trong d6. Cho nen
khong g6p nhrlng niia bude (budc ngdn) lt;ti thi khong thi di de'n
ngan d(im; khong ehlia nhrlng dong nude nho tht khong thi
thanh song, biin. Ng!!a ky ngl!a ky mqt Ldn nhdy khong thi xa
de'n muoi budc; ngl!a hen keo xe di trong muoi ngay cung lQ_p
cong du(!c nho ch6 di miii khong dung. Khdc niia chitng r6i bo
tht gJ mf},C eung khong khdc dlit; ne'u khde miii khong ditng, tht
da cling eung khdc du(!e. Con giun da't khong c6 m6ng vuo't ben
nhQn va gan co't cling ehdc, nhung tren tht an du(!c bun da't,
dudi thi uong du(!e nude suo'i vang, la do df},ng tam cua n6
chuyen nha't. Con cua c6 sau ngoe va hai cang, nhung ne'u
khong c6 hang rdn hang luon tht eung khong c6 ch6 giJi than, la
Vl df},ng tam eua n6 nang no'i VQy ...
TVC.djeh
HAN PHI Tif r
26
9= >tt +


TOAN THU'TI,f HQC CHOHAN
409
PHIENAM
Thu chu dai tho'
Tong nhan huu canh gia. trung huu chu. Tho d'u
xuc chu, chie't canh nhi til'. Nhan thich loi nhi thu chu, ky phi,IC
tho. Tho ba't kha ph1,1c nhi than vi Tong quoc tie'u.
(Him Phi Ti't: Ngii do)
, _,.j, .. . . -,

_

_1 f ,,,
.,. . ""<. ':) . '
' "'
Tac gia-tac phlim
Han Phi (mat nom 233 trlldc CN) Ia cong tu nude Han cu6i thai
Chien qu6c. 6ng Ia hqc tro ma oung Ia nguai ph6t trien tu tuong cua
Tudn Tu, tro thOnh dQi bieu xu6t sac nhat cua phoi Phop gia thai Tien
Tan. Soch Han Phi Tu hi$n con truym IQi 55 thien, c6 gio tri co ve van
chll<Jng lan hQC thuQt, dllc;IC coi Ia toe pham noi bQC nhat cua the gidi
ban ve thuQt tri nude theo phop luQt. Bai ngl.) ng6n ngan tren ddy phe
phon tinh cdu n$, kh6ng biet bien thong cua con ngllai. trich a thien
"NgO do" soch Han Phi Tu.
TUNGO
eTong*: nuoc Tong (thai Chie'n quoc) eChiet tfT: gay eCanh
<"' "' K' =EJ? h'
: co y : mong, 1 VQng.
NGO PHA.P
CD rEI (nhan): nhan d6, vl the' (lien tu, bitiu thi nguyen nhan):
410 TRAN VAN CHANH
thich ky Ioi).
ffiS (vi): bi (giOi tu dung trong diu b! d9ng):
ffij * (Nhi than vi Tong quoc tieu ).
D[CH NGHlA
Giil goc cay d(Ji tho
C6 nguoi nuac Tong cay ru9ng. Trang ru9ng c6 go'c cay. Con
tho cht;zy go'c cay, giiy c6 chit. Vl the' (nguoi d6) bo cay cua
minh ma giil go'c cay, mong lt;zi bdt dut;Jc tho. Nhung tho thi khong
thi lt;zi bdt dut;JC nila, ma minh thi bj nguoi nuac To'ng che cuoi.
TVC. djch
w
27


-e:: + -7 8 /.a :EJ B . :E.. -e:: t.:f;. R!F , !;"; g-= B'l7 -7 n
17tc L
0
lv 111<. ' iJF.l 11" 1=1 1'T 13'1:. .JJ
0
JQS ifrp -9-"- L
0
IX
'I;'; ';:!::; 5!g X :(B
J!2S II.J lt::. ' ,.1" IV 111<.
0
AB: oB:
-til, .JJ 0
PHIENAM
Mai Iy
Trinh nhan huu dl;lc mai ly gia. Tien ttf dl;lc ky tuc nhi tri chi
ky tQa. Chi u' th! nhi vong thao chi. DI dac ly vi viet: "Ng6 vong
trl dQ". Phan quy thu chi. phan th! bai, tol;li ba't dac ly.
Nhan viet: "Ha ba't thi chi di' tuc". Viet: "Ninh tin dQ, v6 tl;l' tin
d
_,
a .
TOAN THVTl,l HQC CHU HAN
411
(Him Phi Tii: Ngo(li tril thuye't tii thrt(lng)
Tac giii-tac pham
Bai nay trich trong thien 'NgoQi tro thuyet to thllc;Jng' s6ch Han Phi
Tu. cong Ia mt ngl,l ng6n pM phon tinh cou n$ kh6ng biet bien thong
cua con nglloi.
TU NGO
eTrjnh nu'oc Trinh (thai Chien quoc) giay ef>{lc
do (chu nay con dQC la "d9" khi dung nhu' danh tu voi nghi'a la
"d6 do, so do", nhu' chu C5 sau) eThao :Jt: dm, nam, giu
.Biii W: nghi, bai.
NGOPHAP
CD & den khi (gioi tu): & J!Z(Cij.p phan).
cuoi cling, ben (ph6 tu): ba't dac
ly).
$ (ninh): tha th! sv ltfa chQn): $ f tin dQ ).
D[CH NGHlA
Mu.a giay
C6 nguoi nuac Trjnh muo'n mua giay. Truac tien tl! do Lay chan
minh r6i dij.t o chb ng6i. De'n cht;J quen c&m thea. Khi dii tim dut;Jc
giay r6i, anh ta n6i: "Toi quen c&m thea ni giay". Bm tro vi lay
ni giay. De'n khi tro lt;zi thi ch(J dii nghl ban, cuoi cung vdn khong
mua dut;Jc giay.
C6 nguoi n6i: "Sao khong thil giay bling chan?". Anh ta ddp:
"Tha tin vao ni giay, chu khong tin vao (chan) minh v(ly".
TVC. djch
m
412
TRAN VAN CHANH
28
?f !

?f ' B : r -B- ?f z ;fiJ , .n o A !!! B : r J; ) -=f
z ?f , -T z ! , 1PJ tzo ? .n o 9t g!!! o
PHIEMAM
Mau thufin
Nhan huu d1,1c mau du thuan gia. Dlf ky thuan chi kien,
m<;tc nang ham da. Nga nhi htfu dtf ky mau, viet: "Ngo mau chi
l<;1i, v6 bat ham da ". Nhan ling viet: "DI ttl' chi mau, ham ttl'
chi thuan, ha nhu ?". Ky nhan phat nang ling da.
(Him Phi Til: Thuyet lam)
Tac gia - tac pham
Bai nay trfch trong sach Han Phi Ttl. thien "Thuyet lam' .
T(/ NGrJ
eD{lC : ban eThudn ! : cai mQc ( do) eDlj W : khen
ng<;1i, ca t1,1ng, khoe eHiim : xuyen tha u (dam thung) eNga
nhifft ffi] :xem Ngil phdp a duoi.
NGrJ PHAP
CD 1ft ffiJ (nga nhi): may choc, bao lau (thl) (CI,lm
tll' quen dung): (Nga nhi htfu dlf ky mau).
/f (vo ba't): khong g'i khong (c1,1m tu quen
/f vo bat ham da).
@ fij_J :!zD (ha nhtf ?): the nao? (CI,lm tu quen dung hoi).
TOAN THll nJ HQC CHlJ HAN
413
D!CHNGHlA
Mau thudn
C6 nguiJi bdn m<)c va gido. (Anh ta) khen m<)c cua minh rdn
( de'n) kh6ng vQ.t nao c6 thl dam thung. Chdng bao lau, ( anh ta)
lc;zi khen cay gido cua minh rling: "f)q ben nhQn cua cay gido t6i,
kh6ng vQ.t nao (n6) kh6ng dam thung". C6 nguiJi ung loi n6i:
"(Anh tha) dung cay gido cua anh dam vao m<)c cua anh, thi the'
nao?". Nguoi ay kh6ng trd liJi dU(fc.
TVC. djch
m
Bai29
mitt
fLmzit , :ff , g
sJJ zitm , o zitt
, ? fiJT z , OJ .L-j_ -B- M' Z o ?JT tH 1\%
, o
te ;fiJ , rm m z .L-j_ , rm , ,
/f!&* o , rm
, , ; , l=l
o o
PHIENAM
Thue' nan
Pham thue chi nan, phi ng6 tri chi huu di thue chi chi nan da,
hlfu phi ng6 chi nang minh ng6 y chi nan da, hlfu phi ng6
cam hoanh nhi nang chi nan da. Pham thue chi nan, t<;ti tri
sa thue chi Him, kha di ng6 thue duong chi. sa thue xuat u vi
danh cao gia da, nhi thue chi di l<;1i, tac kien h<;t tiet nhi ng9 ti

414 TRAN VAN CHANH
tilt khi vin hi. sa thue' xuilt u' h?u l<,ji gia da, nhi thue' chi di
danh cao, tile kie'n vo Uim nhi vin Sl/ tlnh, tilt bilt thu hi. sa thue'
am vi h?u l<Ji nhi hin vi danh cao gia da, nhi thue' chi di danh
cao, tile du'ong thu ky than, nhi thifc so chi; thue' chi di h?u lQi,
tile am dt,mg ky ngon, hin khi ky than hi. Thll' bilt kha bilt sat
da.
(Him Phi Ti't: Thui nan)
Him Phi TTl
Tac giii-tac philm
Bai nay trich trong thien "Thue nan'. mt trong nhOng thien xu6t sac
nhat cua sach Han Phi Tu. ban ve diem m6u ch6t cua thut du
thuyet Ia phai nom vOng tdm ly va dl,IC VQng chon th(lt cua doi
phlleing.
TU NGU
eThui ft: thuye't phlJ.c (ne'u dung theo nghia "n6i" thl dQc la
"thuye't") eBi?n tranh bac, cai le eHoimh dijt
tung hoanh ph6ng d?t (cilng vie't eDlidng xung
vdi eAm xem Nga phap a du'di eHiin r6 rang, hin nhien
xem NgTl phap a dudi eSd if,'T[: lola eKhi bo .Sat
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
415
xem xet.

NGU PHAP
CD pff (sd): tr<J til ke't cilu truoc oong tu a bie'n dong tu
thanh mot ngu danh til (dich la "cai rna, rna, ngu'oi rna, ... "),
nhu' n6i pffft (Slf thue': ngu'oi rna ta thuye't phl,lc ... )
, dtiong): dung nhu' ph6 tu lam tr<:mg ngu, "am"
la ben trong, trong", "duong" la "ngoai ngoai,
gia (Sa thue' iim vi h?u l<Ji), (Tile
dlidng thu ky than).
D[CHNGHlA
Du thuye't kho
Du thuye't kh6, nhung kh6ng kh6 iJ ch6 tri thU:c cua ta du thuye't
dur;c vua chua hay kh6ng, cilng kh6ng kh6 iJ ch6 khdu tai
cua ta phat hiiu dur;c ro y cua ta hay kh6ng, cilng kh6ng kh6 iJ
ch6 ta c6 dam tung hoanh ph6ng dQ_t ddn he't y cua ta hay kh6ng,
rna kh6 iJ ch6 hiiu dur;c tam ly do'i phuang dl cho l(Ji cua ta hr;p
w5'i ttnh y cua hQ. Nhu do'i phuang ngh'l t<5'i danh df! thanh cao rna
ta dem tai lr;i ra thuye't thl ta't hQ cho ta la hllQ_u, tu each de hen
rna kh6ng dung ta, xa lanh ta. Ne'u do'i phuang nghf toi tai lr;i rna
ta dem danh df! thanh cao ra thuye't thr h9 cho ta la kh6ng hilt
muu tinh, kh6ng hiiu sat Sf! ttnh, ta't kh6ng thu ta. Do'i
phuang trong long thich tai lr;i rna ngoai mit lam h(J thich danh
df! thanh cao, ne'u ta dem danh df! thanh cao ra thuye't thl hi ngoai
h9 thu dung ta rna thf!c tam xa lanh ta; ne'u ta dem tai lr;i ra
thuye't tht hi trong h9 dung loi ta rna hi ngoai h9 xa ho ta. NhTlng
diiu d6 kh6ng thl kh6ng xet dur;c.
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
416
TRAN VAN CHANH
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PHIENAM
Kiem ai
Thanh nhan di tri thien vi stf gia da, tat tri chi sCi ttf
khdi, yen nang tri chi; bat tri chi sCi ttf khdi, uic bat nang tri.
Thi chi nhu' y chi c6ng nhan chi t?t gia nhien, tat tri t?t chi sCi ttf
khdi, yen nang c6ng chi; bat tri t?t chi sCi ttf khdi, tac phat nang
c6ng. Tri gia ha d<)c bat nhien? Tat tri chi sCi ttf khdi,
yen nang tri chi; bat tri chi sd ttf khdi, tac phat nang tri.
Thanh nhan di tri thien vi stf gia da, bat kha bat sat chi
sd ttf khdi.
Duong sat ha ttf khdi? Khdi bat tu'ong ai. ttl' chi bat
hie'u quan phi.J, sd vi da. TU' ttf ai, bat ai phi.J, co khuy phi.J
nhi ttf l<;ji; ttf ai, bat ai huynh, co khuy huynh nhi ttf l<;Ji;
ttf ai, bat ai quan, co khuy quan nhi ttf l<;Ji, thU' sd vi da. Tuy
phi.J chi bat tU ttl', huynh chi bat tU quan chi bat tu thgn, thU'
thien chi sd vi da. Phi.J ttf aida, bat ai ttl', co khuy ttl'
nhi ttf l<;ji; huynh ttf ai da, bat ai co khuy nhi ttf l<;ji; quan
ttf aida, bat ai co khuy thgn nhi ttf l<;Ji. Thi ha da? Giai khdi
418 TRAN VAN CHANH
bat tuong ai.
Tuy chi thien chi vi t?c gia dit%c ai ky that,
bat ai di that, c6 thiet di that di l<;Ji ky that. T?c ai ky than, bat ai
nhan than, c6 t?c nhan than di l<;5i ky than. Thu ha da? Giai kh&i
bat tuong ai.
Tuy chi phu chi tuong gia, chu u chi tlfong c6ng
qu6c gia dit%c nhien. phu cac ai ky gia, bat ai di gia, c6
di gia di 1<;5i ky gia; chu cac ai ky qu6c, bat ai di qu6c, c6
c6ng di qu6c di l<;5i ky qu6c. Thien chi Cl.J thu nhi di
hi. Sat thu ha tlf kh&i? Giai kh&i bat tuong ai.
NhlfQC su thien kiem tuong ai, ai nhan nhlfQC ai ky than,
do huu bat hieu gia h6? Thi phl.J huynh du quan nhu<;Jc ky than, 6
thi bat hieu? Do huu bat tu gia h6? Thi tu dt% du nhu<;Jc ky
than, 6 thi bat tu? C6 bat hieu bat tu v6 huu.
Do huu h6? c6 thi nhan chi that nhlfQC ky that, thuy
thiet? Thi nhan than nhu<;5c ky than, thuy t?c? C6 t?c v6 huu.
Do huu phu chi tuong gia, chu chi tuong c6ng
qu6c gia h6? Thi nhan gia nhu<;5c ky gia, thuy Thi nhan
qu6c nhu<;5c ky qu6c, thuy c6ng? C6 phu chi tuong gia,
chu u chi tuong c6ng qu6c gia v6 huu.
NhlfQC su thien kiem tuong ai, qu6c du qu6c bat tuong
c6ng, gia du gia bat tlfong d;;to t?c v6 huu, quan phl;l tu
giai nang hieu tu, nhUQC thu, thien h;;t tri. C6 thanh nhan di tri
thien h;;t Vi S\f gia, 6 dac bat cam 6 nhi khuyen ai? C6 thien h;;t
kiem tlfong ai tac tri, giao tuong 6 tac lo;;tn. C6 tu M?c Tu viet:
"Bat kha di bat khuyen ai nhan" gia, thu da.
(M(ic Ti't: Kiem di thzl(lng)
Tdc gia-tdc philm
M(lc Tll (468-378 tnJoc CN) ten th(lt Ia M(lc 8jch, nglloi nlloc Lo,
TOAN THll TV HQC CHU HAN
419
tUng di du ljch qua cac nlloc chll hau de tuyen truyen cho hQc thuyet
cua minh. 6ng cl)c ll)c binh vl)c gioi binh dan va cac nlloc nhllQc tieu,
chu trlldng "kiem ai" Cgom yeu mQi nglloi) va "phi c6ng' (phon d6i
chien tranh phi nghTa) . HQc thuyet 6ng dllQc the hi$n t(lp trung trong
sach M(Jc Tu , hi$n con dllQc 53 thien do cac m6n d$ 6ng gam g6p,
chinh ly lqi tU nhOng lei phat bieu cua rhay ma soqn thanh. Bai tren
day Ia toan thien "Kiem ai thLJQng' trong d6 toe gia neu ra nhOng ly do
cua tinh trqng loqn lqc, chien tranh, va sl) can thiet cua tinh than kiem
6i, cot tuy cua hQC thuyet M(lc TU.
TUN GO
.Kiem di eLotJn ooL : lo;;tn, r6i lo;;tn, lo;;tn l;;tc .Trj 21 :
cai tri .CongJ';x..: tri lit%u, danh, tan c6ng .Thi W :ti nhu .Tijt :
bt%nh t ePhiit 9t : kh6ng ( = ::f + Z ) eSdt quan sat, xem xet
eThdn ti't E2. -1-: t6i va con cai eKhuy Ji : thit%t thoi (day dung
nhu d<)ng tu, nghia la "gay thit%t thoi") eTil thuong eDj
khac (d;;ti tu chi thi) eDtJo t(ic tr<)m cuop eThiet Q: tr<)m
cap eDtJi phu * Quan d;;ti phu (chuc quan to thai xua, duoi
chuc quan Khanh, tren quan SI) .Cizzl hdu chu (vua
nhG'ng nlfOC dUQC de VUOng thai Xlfa cat dat phong , phai phl.JC
tung lt%nh vua, dinh ky c6ng va bao cao) eKhuyen WJ:
khuyen, khuyen khich, khich 1<%.
NGO PHAP
CD (yen): dung nhu (tac), nghia la"thl moi" (lien til d?c
dl;lng cua sach M?c Tu): ' ooL Z pfT , g 21 Z (Tat tri
lo;;tn chi sa tlf kh&i, yen nang tri chi).
. (nhu' ... nhien): dung trong mot ket cau so sanh,
la tr<;5 tu: U z r';x.. A z (Nhzl y chi c6ng nhan chi
gia nhien).
(duo'ng): nen, hay (ph6 ooL f6J ? (Dztdrlg
420
TRAN VAN CHANH
sat lo"m ha ttj khdi ?).
@ flj (I<Ji) trong bai OUQC dung nhu' OQilg tu, voi nghia "lam
l<;Ji": Jlij( 15 )( ffiJ fiJ (C6 khuy pht,I nhi tt,tlt;Ji).
den (gioi til): (Tuy
chi thien h<;1 chi vi d<;1o gia nhien).
rm B (nhi di hi): rna thai v?y (tr<J til lien dt,Ing, thi
xac dinh): Jlt ffiJ 8 (Ct,I thu nhi di hl).
(]) ;= (nhu'<Jc sii'): neu, neu nhu' (lien til thi gia thiet):
;= 7( T * t (Nhti(Jc sit thien h<;1 kiem tuong ai).
con, van con (ph6 til): j"gt1'f/f4:f3f? (Do huu
bat hieu gia h6 ?).
(o): lam sao, sao (ph6 tu nghi van): (0 thi
bat hieu?).
c 1'f (vo hii'u): kh6ng c6, c dung
@ ;= Jl:t (nhu'<Jc thii'): nhu' the, neu nhu' the:
;= Jlt , 7( T (Nhti(Jc thit, tac thien h<;1 tri).
D[CHNGH!A
Kiem ai
Thanh nhan coi virc cai trj thien la nhirm V cua minh, dt
phdi bitt tit dau ma ra,thi moi cai trj duQ'c; niu kh6ng bie't
tit dau ma ra, thi kh6ng thi cai trj duQ'c. Vi nhu nguCii thdy
thuo'c chila brnh cho nguCii ta vQy, phdi bie't brnh do dau ma ra,
thi moi trj dUQ'C brnh; ne'u khong bie't brnh do dau ma ra thi
khong thi trj brnh duf!c. Vic trj sao rieng khong the'? At
phdi bie't tit dau ma ra thi moi cai trj duQ'c; ne'u kh6ng bie't
tit dau ma ra thi khong thi cai trj duQ'c. Thanh nhan coi virc
cai trj thien la nhirm V cua minh, thi khong thi kh6ng xet xem
tit dau ma ra.
TOAN THV n,f HOC CHU HAN
421
Hay xet khui ra tit dau? Khui ra tit ch6 nguCii ta kh6ng
yeu nhau. Toi con kh6ng trung hie'u voi vua va cha, d6 g9i la
v4y.Con chl yeu minh, khong yeu cha, cho nen lam cha di lQ'i
cho minh; em chi yeu minh, khong yeu anh, chu nen lam ar>h
di lQ'i cho minh; toi chl yeu minh, kh6ng yeu vua, cho nen lam
vua di lQ'i cho minh, nhu the g9i la vQy. Cho du cha
khong thucJng con, anh kh6ng thucJng em, vua kh6ng thucJng toi,
thi cai d6 thien cung g9i la Cha chl yeu minh, khong yeu
con, cho nen lam con di lQ'i cho minh; anh chl yeu minh,
kh6ng yeu em, cho nen lam em di lQ'i cho minh; vua chl yeu
minh, khong yeu toi, cho nen lam toi di lQ'i cho minh.
The' la vi sao? Ta't cd sinh ra tit chb nguCii ta khong thucJng
ye u ldn nhau!
Du cho din nhilng ke trqm cuop trong thien cung tht Ke
trqm yeu nha minh, kh6ng yeu nha nguCii khac, cho nen trqm u
nha khac di lam lQ'i cho nha minh; ke cuop chl yeu than minh,
kh6ng yeu than nguCii khac: cho nen cuop cua nguCii khac di lam
lQ'i cho than minh. The' La vi sao? Ta't cd phat sinh tit chb
nguCii ta khong thucJng yeu ldn nhau!
Du cho din cdc quan phu lam nha ldn nhau, cdc chu
hdu danh nuoc ldn nhau cung tht phu ai cung yeu nha minh,
khong yeu nha khac, cho nen lam nha khac di lam lQ'i cho
nha minh; chu hdu ai cung yeu nuoc minh, kh6ng yeu nuoc khac,
cho nen danh nuoc khac di lam lQ'i cho nuoc minh. M9i virc ro'i
trong thien do nhilng virc ay ma thai vQy. Xet nhilng
vic ay tit dau ma ra? Ta't cd phat sinh tit chb nguCii ta khong
thucJng ye u ldn nhau vQy.
(Nay) nlu khiin nguCii trong thien g6m yeu ldn nhau,
yeu nguCii khac nhu yeu than minh, thi con c6 ke ba't hie'u nila
kh6ng? (Nlu) xem cha, anh va vua nhu chinh than minh, thi sao
422 TRAN VAN CHANH
lam vifc bt{t hiiu? The' thi con coke bt{t til nil a khong? Ne'u xem
con, em cung toi nhu chfnh than minh, thi sao lam vifc bf{t til?
Cho nen SIJ b!{t hie'u ba't til se khong cc5 nila.
The' thi con co td)m, cuap nila /rhong? Cho nen xem nha nguai
khac nhu nha minh, thi ai an tr9m? Ne'u xem than nguai nhu than
minh, thi ai cuap bc5c? Cho nen tr9m cuap se khong cc5 nila.
The' thi con c6 quan d9-i phu lam lo(ln nha tan nhau, chu hfiU danh
nuac tan nhau nila khong? Ne'u xem nha ngu('ri khac nhu nha minh, cbn
ai lam lo9-n? Ne'u xem nuac nguai khac nhu nuac minh, con ai danh
nhau? Cho nen d9-i phu lam lo9-n nha tan nhau, chu h&u danh nuac
tan nhau se khong c6 nila. Ne'u thien h(1 g6m yeu tan nhau, nuac nay vai
nuac kia khOng danh nhau, nha nay vai nha kia khong lam lo(ln nhau,
thi d9-o ti;ic se khong c6 nila, vua toi cha con tit va hie'u, nhu the' thi
thien h9- se trj. Cho nen bc thanh nh!in coi cai tri thien h(1 La
V!-f CUa minh, tht sao du(!C khOng cfim SIJ ghet rna khuyen SIJ yeu
nhau? Cho nen thien h(l g6m yeu nhau thi trj, ghet nhau thilo(ln. Vl vy
th&y Mi;ic Ti:t n6i ding: "Khong thi khOng khuyen khich stJ yeu nguiJi
khac" La nhu the' vy.
VAN KY Sl/ DOl TAN-HAN

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PRIEN AM
cong gian vu'ong chi bang
vuong ngu<Jc, qu6c nhan bang vuong. c6ng cao
vuong viet: "Dan ba't kham hi!". Vuong nQ, dac vu, sli'
giam bang gia. DI cao, tile sat chi. Qu6c nhan m(;lc cam ng6n,
dl;lO lQ di ml,IC. Vuong hi, cao c6ng viet: "Ng6 nang nhi
bang hi, nai ba't cam ng6n ". c6ng viet: "Thi chuang chi
da. Phong dan chi kh:u, u phong xuyen. Xuyen ung nhi
h{)i, thuong nhan ta't da. Dan nhu chi. Thi c6 vi xuyen gia,
quyet chi sl'r d(;lo; vi dan gia, tuyen chi str ng6n. CO' thien ttl' thinh
chinh, str c6ng khanh chi u si hien thi, c6 hien khuc, str hien
424 TRAN VAN CHANH
thu, su cham, tffu phil, mong tt,mg, bach cong gian, thu nhan
truyn ngu, c?n t?n quy, than thich b6 sat, c6 sll' giao hoi,
ky ngai tu chi, nhi h?u vuong cham chudc yen. Thi di stf hfmh nhi
ba't b<?t ( b<?i ). Dan chi huu khffu da, do th6 chi huu son xuyen
da. Tai dt,mg u thi h6 xua't; do ky huu nguyen tha'p di6n oc da, y
thtfc u thi h6 sinh. Khffu chi tuyen ng6n da, b<;1i u thi h6
hung, hanh nhi bi b<;1i, sd di phl;l tai dl,lng y thtfc giii da. Phu
dan ltf chi u tam, nhi tuyen chi u khffu, thanh nhi hanh chi, h6
kha ling da? Nhu<;1c ling ky khffu, ky du nang ky ha?". Vuong
phftt thinh, U thi quoc nhan ill<;lC cam XUftt ng6n, tam nien nai htu
vuong u
( Quoc ngii: Chu ngii)
Tac gid-tac phiim
Theo Ban c6 (toe gia soch Han thl.l) thl QuO'c nga cOng Ia soch cua
TO Khou Minh (toe gia bQ To ghi IQi ljch su cua 8 nude thdi
Xudn thu gom Chu, Lo, Te, Tan, Trinh, SCi , Ngo, Vi$t. tong cng 21
quyen. Bai tren ddy trfch Ci"Chu ngQ", ghi IQi chuy$n Thi$u cong can
vua l$ Vlldng ve Vi$c op che dll lu(ln cua quan Chung, dan tdi h(lu
qua that bQi Ia vua phai bi ddn duoi day sang dot Tr$.
TUN GO
.Thifll cong E 1}: m<?t hin clia Chu vuong eLf
vlidng II I : Chu vuong, ten la H6, con eli a Chu Di vuong, la
vua thu 10 nha Chu, n6i tie'ng b<;1o ngu<;1c, len ng6i nam 878 trudc
CN .Gian w : can ngan .Chi Jt.: ca'm -'Chi .Bang : n6i 16i
clia nguoi khac, n6i xau eDan bat kham mfnh dan
khong chiu n6i ha khac eli a VUa e Vf Vll f$j _6J6.: d6ng
cot nude eGiam :do xet eDi eliot) 15: dem nhung ke n6i
xau bao cao len eD{lO lf) di J;) : chi dung mat nhln
nhau d6 to y (kh6ng dam n6i ra) eNhi : ngung, th6i, day c6
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
425
nghia la "ngan .Chzt(Jng che lap ePhong d
phong, ngan ngua .xuyen zing nhi hf)i J rm m :song ilng rna
vo de ( vo bo ) .vi xuyen gia J II ::[3: nguoi tri ly song
nude .Quyet chi si't d{lo z la tru bo, "d<;1o" la
thong suot .vi dan gia nguoi quan ly (cai trD dan
.Tuyen chi si't ngon' z : tuyen truyn chi d<;1o ( gQi y
hudng ) cho hQ n6i ra .Thien ti't 7(. -=f : vua, hoang de', thien
ttl' eThinh chinh if@ J&: ng6i cai tri, nam quyn cai tri eCong
khanh quan l<;1i cao cap (doi Chu c6 Tam cong, Cll'u
khanh. Thai su, Thai ph6, Thai bao la Tam cong; Thieu su,
Thie'u ph6, Thie'u bao, Trling t6, Tu d6, Tong ba, Tu rna, Tu
khau, Tu khong la Cll'u khanh) .Lift si :YIJ: Thu<;Jng si, Trung
si, H<;l si, quan l<;li cap thap .Hie'-n thi tien dang nhung bai
tho bai ca trong dan gian len vua .cd hiin kluic "c6" la
nh<;lC quan (thoi XUa du la nhung nguoi fill mat); "khilc" la bai
ca (nhiu ban viet diin c6 le sai) .si't hiin tlut "sll'"
la sll' quan (quan chep sll');"thu" la sach sll' .szt cham ffi "su"
la chuc Thie'u khanh trong Cll'u khanh, "cham" la bai cham, m<?t
lo<;li van c6 tinh each khuyen ran tuong ttf nhu each ngon bay gio
eTau phu "tffu" la nguoi kh6ng c6 con nguoi; "phil" la dQc
ldn, dQc r5 rang .Mong "m6ng" la nguoi mu, c6 con
nguoi nhung khong tr6ng thay (giong nhu nguoi mac tang
nhan ap bay giO), "tl,lng" la dQC blnh thuong (khong CO len XUOng
giQng) .Thu nhan truyin ngii Eft A 1$ : nguoi blnh dan truyn
lOi (len vua) .Cijn thiln tijn quy Jl[ : "c?n thftn" I a nguoi
hftu c?n ben vua; "t?n" theo Qulin kinh binh nghia clia Du
thl la chu (tie'n), "quy" la can gian, "t?n quy" la tie'n gian
eThan thich bd sat m 1ffi : "than thich" la nhung quan d<;1i
cling dong hQ vdi vua; "b6" la b6 tile ch6 sai sot clia vua;
"sat'' la giam sat hanh chinh clia vua .cd si't v 9;:: "c6" la
426 TRAN VAN CHANH
quan Thai su', tuc nh<;tc quan coi v am nh<;tc, "sit" Ci day chi quan
thai sll' coi v thai tie't, phap, hai quan d<;ti ngu'oi thl
dung nh<;tc, nguoi thl dung a d<;t y do eGido hoz # d<;t y do
eKy ngiii tu chi 3t z: "ky ngai" chi su' ph6 da cao tu6i cua
vua ( sach ky , thien "Khuc n6i 50 tu6i la "ngai", 60 tu6i
la "ky" ); "tu chi", chu "tu" nghia la ran bao chinh don, "chi" chi
vua .Cham cluidc gia giam, din nhac, cham chu'oc eBat
bi)i :If kh6ng trai vdi tlnh ly ( "b9i" la nghich ) .Do ky hilu
nguyen thap oc "ky" chi da't dai;
"nguyen" la a6ng bang; "tha'p" la da't tha'p frm uot; la aa't
tha'p rna bang phng; "oc" la da't c6 dong song c6 th dung a
tu'oi du'c;Jc bc;zi li thi hd lutng vit$c chinh
tri cua quoc gia tot hay xa'u c6 th hit$n r6 ra eBj bc;zi 1iffi f&:
phong ngua vit$c xa'u l<;ti phat sinh ePh{t tang them .Thimh
nhi hanh chi JJX: ffiJ 1=J z: "thanh" la thanh thtJc; "hanh" la biu
19 tl.f nhien. Ca cau y n6i: ng6n cua nhan dan chinh la
nhung diu hQ da nghi ky r6i tl.f nhien biu 19 ra eKy dil niing ky
ha "du" la trc;J tU giua cau, v6 nghia; "ky ha" la
bao lau. Ca cau y n6i : sinh mt$nh cua quoc gia c6 th du'c;Jc bao
lau eLliu Vlidng li "lu'u" la du6i di; "Trt$" la da't
cua nude Ta'n, thu9c huyt$n Hoac tinh Son Tay (Trung Quoc)
ngay nay.
NGU PHAP
CD _t;) 15 (di cao): nen hiu la bang gia clio);
day la tru'ong hc;Jp tinh lu'c;Jc tan ngu sau gioi tu i:l. (di).
J1J (nai): gio mdi ( ph6 tu ): J1J /f ]& i ( Niii ba't cam ng6n ).
@ 1R (chi u'): cho de'n: (Sli' c6ng khanh
chili lit$t si ).
(u'thi h6): do d6 rna: (Tai dl;lng li
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
427
thi hfJ xua't ).
M (h6): ph6 tu nghi va'n, dich la "sao, lam
(Hdkha ungda?).
@ W ( dii') trong ca u ;13.; W g iPJ (K y die nang ky ha ?) la trc;J
tu giua cau, v6 nghTa. Trong Til truy?n, c6 nhung tntong hc;Jp
tu'ong tlf nhu' : -1:!1 ' ;13.; W iPJ ? (Thi minh da, ky die ky
ha ?) (TUO'ng cong nht thQ.p cau nien).
D!CH NGHlA
cong can vua vrtdng cam noi xau
L? vuong bc;w nguqc, nguC!i trong nuoc n6i x({u vua. Thi?u
c6ng tht{y vL;ly bdo vua: "Dan kh6ng chju n6i chinh sdch cua
vua ". Vua giL;ln, tim duqc m()t nguC!i d6ng co't nuoc V? r6i sai
di xem xet nh!lng ke n6i xa'u. bdo cdo ( c6 duqc nguC!i niw)
th! cho gilt ngay. NguC!i trong nuoc khong ai dam n6i g! nila,
ngoai duC!ng chl la'y mdt nh!n nhau dt thay cho lC!i n6i. Vua
kha]J khai bdo voi Thi?u c6ng: "Ta dii d?P he't duqc lC!i n6i
xa'u r6i, nen chdng ai dam n6i g! nila ". Thi?u cong n6i: "D6
chdng qua chl che lap vQ.y thai. Ngua mi?ng dan con nguy
hiim hon ch(i.n lap song nhdu. Nuoc ung viJ de th! hgi nguC!i
ta't se khong it. Ma dan cung gio'ng nhu song vL;ly. Cho nen
ngUC!i lo vi?c song nUOc th! phai khai thong cho song chay
suo't, ngUC!i lo vi?c dan th! phai ma hoi cho dan duqc n6i nang
tf! do. Vi vL;ly bL;lc thien til ng6i cai trj, phdi khie'n cho tu hang
quan lgi d{n .ke Sl dang thO, quan thai sU lo am nhgc dang
nh!lng bai hdt, quan sa dang sdch va cu, quan thie'u sU nhgc
quan khuyen can, nguC!i mu lam tho, nguC!i loa dQc sdch, nguC!i
coi bdch cong can gidn, dan thuC!ng lC!i len nguC!i tren,
cdc bdy toi than cL;ln he't long khuyen bdo, hang than thich cua
vua xem xet sila sai, cdc quan phlf trdch am nhc;zc va sil
428
TRAN VAN CHANH
cham lo dc;ty db, cdc b(ic ky lao trqng thdn lc;ti sila them vao,
sau d6 nha vua moi cham chu:oc quye't djnh. Nh(J v(iy vi?c
chinh trj thi hanh ra su6n se kh6ng c6 ddu trdi ly. Dan c6
mi?ng, cung gio'ng nhu da't c6 nui song, ngu6n h;i tit d6 rna
ra; (va cung) gio'ng nhu c6 da't phdng, da't trung, ru6ng to't cao
thap, com do nha d6 rna duqc. Dan chung dung mi?ng n6i ra
thanh lai, nhang vi?c hay diJ tit d6 duqc phdn dnh; phdt huy
dfiu hay phong bj dfiu diJ, do la each di lam tang them CC!m
do va cdc thtl d6 dung. Tram hq c6 ddu lo ngh'i trong long va
n6i ra iJ ella mi?ng, ddu gi minh cho la phdi thi lam thea, nhu
v(iy lam sao c6 thi dch tdc vao dau duqc? Con nhu muo'n bjt
mi?ng dan, thi c6 thi bjt duqc baa lau?". Vua win kh6ng nghe,
tit d6 dan trong nude kh6ng ai ddm phdt bilu y kie'n. Chl ba
nam sau, hq du6i vua sang so'ng luu vong iJ da't Tr?.
TVC. djch
cHIEN Qu6c sA.cH m
32

/f n z ff!J.iif o 1f3 J* o r:p !}t z Fo5 E1
1i111'.
: 1r OJJ{.s:F-? .n o a : 0" or .n o IE!Wrmf{z o ,



o o
TOAN THll Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
429
PHIENAM
Ba't tii' chi dtiQ'c
Huu hie'n ba't til' chi du<;jc u Kinh vuong gia. Ye't gia thao dT
Trung chi sT va'n vie't: "Kha thtfc h6?". Vie't : ""Kha"
Nhan nhi thlfc chi. Vuong n(>, sll' nhan sat trung chi sT.
Trung chi sT sll' nhan thue' vuong, vie't: va'n ye't gia, ye't
gia vie't: kha thlfc. c6 thlfc chi. Thi v6 t(>i, nhi t(>i
ye't gia da. Tha khach hie'n ba't til' chi du<;jc, thlfc chi, nhi
vuong sat thi til' dUQC da. Vuong sat v6 t(>i chi nhi
minh nhan chi khi vuong". Vuong nai bfrt sat.
(Chien quoc sach: Sil sach)
Tac giii-tac philm
Chien qu6c s6ch Ia b(> ky slj c6 tfnh ljch su ldn noi tieng cua Trung
Qu6c co dQi, chuyen ghi IQi nhOng ke hoQch , phllc:lng soch cua cdc
nha cam quyen va chfnh khdch tCi ddi Chu 8jnh Vlldng nom thO 17 (452
truce CN) den ddi Tan Thuy hoang nom thO 31 (216 truce CN), gom
nhOng mllu hay chlldc IQ, nhOng manh kh6e trong chfnh tri ngoQi giao
giOa cdc nude thdi Chien qu6c (475-221 trlldc CN). Ve ngh$ thu(it.
soch c6 nhieu chuy$n ly ky hap dan nhll thuyet, ldi van trau
chu6t. ky thu(it tV sv va mieu tO do dQt Wi trinh d coo. Ve toe gia.
chua xoc dinh dllc;Jc Ia ai; c6 nglldi cho Ia cua Khooi Thong. m(>t
thuyet sT ddi Hdn. BOn lllu truyen hi$n nay dd qua toy chTnh ly. sap dqt
IQi cua Lllu Hlldng (79-8 trlldc CN). chia lam 12 nlldc 86ng Chu. Toy
Chu, Tan. Te. sa. Tri$u. Ngt,Jy. Han. Yen. Tong. V$. Trung Sdn. tong c(>ng
33 thien. Bai tren doy trfch d "Sd sdch". neu len bai hqc: neu nom bat
dllc;JC van de mau chot, kheo leo giai thfch, CO thodt dllc;JC nguy
ce1. Trong thien "Thuyet 1om thllc;Jng" soch Han Phi TU cOng c6 m(>t
chuy$n h$t nhll bai nay. chT khdc nhau c6 vai chO.
TUN GO
.Kinh Vlldng ff!J I: tuc sa Khoanh Tuong vuong, vl nude sa
con c6 ten la Kinh eYet giii 1- : ngu'oi ph1,1 trach tie'p dai
430 TRAN VAN CHANH
khach eTrung XiJ chi si $ ,t z : chuc thi trong cung eDotJt
W: cuop H(y, gitft Ia'y.
NGOPHAP
CD Itt (co) trong ca u r!ij( it z ciJ' thtfc chi) la mot 16i
dao ngfi' quen dung, thay vl n6i r!ij( z (Cf{ thljc chi).
__ (tha): va l?i, hon nfi'a (lien tU dung cau thi
stf quan tang tien ): __ Jik /f .7E z ... (Tha khach hi en
ba't tll' chi du<;c ... ).
D[CHNGHlA
Thuoc hilt til
C6 nguoi dang thuo'c ba't tii cho Kinh vuong. Nguoi phf:t trdch
tilp khdch cdm mang vao ( cung). Quan trung Xff hoi: " (Thuo'c
nay) an dur;c khong?". (Nguoi ay) dap: "(An) dur;c". Quan trung
Xr;J nhan do gigt lay ma an.
Vua n6i gign, sai nguoi gilt quan trung Xr;J. Quan trung Xr;J sai
nguoi thuyit v6'i vua rdng: "Thdn c6 hoi nguoi coi tilp
khdch, nguoi coi tilp khdch n6i an dur;c, nen thdn m6'i an.
Nhu vgy thdn v6 t9i, ma t9i iJ nguoi coi tilp khdch. Vd lr;Ji,
khdch dang thu6c "kh6ng chit". (Nay) thdn an n6, ma nha vua
gilt thdn, thl n6 chinh la thuo'c "chit". Nha vua gilt ke t6i v6
t9i ma cho thay ro ra nguoi ta gr;Jt vua! ".
Vua ben thai, kh6ng gilt.
w
33

J1E >R 8 iA ffiJ it Z ' 1J1\ o 1J1\ B
TVC. djch


TOAN THlJ Tl,l' HQC CHOHAN
431




PHIENAM
H6 gia h6' uy
H6 du bach thu nhi thtjc chi, dac h6. H6 viet: "Til" v6 cam
thtjc nga da! Thien de sll' nga truong bach thu, kim til" thtjc nga,
thi nghich Thien de da. Til" d1 nga vi ba't tin, ng6 vi til" tien
tll' tuy nga quan bach thu chi kien nga nhi cam bat tfiu
h6 ?". H6 d1 vi nhien, co' to?i du chi Thu kien chi giai tfiu.
H6 ba't tri thu uy ky nhi tffu da, d1 vi uy h6 da.
(Chiin quoc sach: SiJ sach)
Tac gia-tac phtim
Bai ngl,J ng6n nay trich trong "Sd sach" cua Chie'n qu6c s6ch, doc;m
Giang Nhat thuyet Kinh Tuyen vllong. de chOng minh cho Tuyen vllong
biet cac nude sC:l dT sc;J Chieu He Tu6t (te tudng nude SC:l) chT vi hQ sc;J
oai cua Tuyen vllong ma thai.
TUN GO
.HiJ gia ho? uy : Cao mu<;n oai cQp (h6) .Thien di
7: w: Thu<;ng de, Troi.
NGO PHAP
CD t) ... di...vi ): cho .. .la .. . (Tll'dinga vi
ba't tin). Neu .L-Jm di nhau, cling c6 ngh!a "cho la": .L-Jm
:'R: jJ.l\ {j1 (Dz vi u y h6 da).
(nga) va -B- (ngo) la danh tu nhan xung ng6i
432
TRAN VAN CHANH
thu nhat (tlf xung); trong m<)t cau, c6 th dung hai tu nhan
xu'ng khac nhau . nhu'ng van cung mQt ng6i: .
r .l-) fit m /f { ' -i- m r 7t fj (Tll' dT ngll vi bat tin, ngo vj tll'
tien
@ "Me :i (co to<;ti): VI the mdi, nen (lien tu biciu thj ket qml):
fJE .l-) m ' !JiJ. Z fj (H6 dT vi nhien, cif to{li du chi
hanh).
D[CHNGHiA
Clio mrbfn oai CQp
Cr;p tlm cac gi6ng thu de' an thjt, biit du(fc con cdo. Cdo n6i:
"May chdng dam an thft tao dau. Thu(fng de' sai tao dang ddu
tram gi6ng thu, nay may an thjt tao La trdi Troi. Ne'u may
cho tao Ia khong dang tin, thi tao di tru(Jc may, may thea sau tao,
xem cdc gi6ng thu tr6ng thay tao rna c6 dam chdng bo
kh6ng? ". Cr;p cho La phdi, nen di cung cdo. Br;n thu tr6ng thay
bo Cr;p kh6ng bie't ding cdc thu s(f minh rna
cho la s(f cdo.
TVC. djch
m
34

J.tB.....t::L ... , .. 11"' t B tr::./1' J'-

' Sjj B /f ffi ' 1'f 7E :E$ .n o :E$ B : r B /f lli ' Sjj
B /f lli 1'f 7E .n o 13 /f M o ffi.t ffi z o


TOAN THU Tl,f HQC CHa HAN
433
PHIEMAM

Tric$u tha yen. To vj Yen vj Hue$ vuong viet: "Kim
gia thn lai, qua Djch thuy. phuong xuat b<)c nhi trac
ky nhl}c. hQp nhi ky ue. viet: "Kim bat vii,
minh bat vii, tile huu tll' dic$c vj viet: "Kim
bat xuat, minh bat xuat, tile hG'u tll' Luong gia
bat tuong xa. Ngu gia dac nhi tjnh dm chi. Kim Tric$u tha
Yen, Yen Tric$u cll'u tuong chi, dT tc$ chung. Thftn khung
cuong Tftn chi vi ngu phu da, co nguyc$n vuong thl}c ke chi
da ". Hue$ vuong viet: "Thic$n ". Nai chi.
(Chie'n quoc sach: Yen sach nhi).
Tac gid-tac phii'm
Bai ngl,l ng6n tren day trich CJ 'Yen s6ch nh!' Chie'n qu6c s6ch, ngv
y canh gi6c nglldi to kh6ng nen tranh gianh nhau mdi de choke dung
ngoai thu I<;Ji. Cau chuy$n nay do tQo ra cau thanh ngQ quen thuc:
"BQng du(lt tllc:ing tri. ngu6ng doc I<;Ji'.
nJ NCO
eDuij.t b{lng trtdng tranh ;E$ Con co va con trai tranh
nhau Yen m, hai nude thoi Chien quoc .To D{li
?!* : m<)t mu'u sT thoi Chien quoc vudng _ :vua Tric$u
Hue$ vuong .Tluin t6i danh tu nhan xung ng6i thu nhat,
dung trong sach c6) Dich 7J<.: song Djch (thUQC phia tay
tinh Ha Bac ngay nay, phat nguyen tli huyc$n Djch) .Bqc 91:
phoi nang eTrac m6 (d<)ng tu) eH(Jp c6 nghTa la khep
mic$ng .Kiim Ht: .ut :cai mo ( danh tU ) .Xuiit lli :
ra, a day nghTa la "rut ra" eLztiJng gid biit kluing tztdng xd
13 /f M: hai con kh6ng chju bu6ng nhau ra .Ctim
bat .Chi chong mc$t moi; day dung theo phep sll'
434
TRAN VAN CHANH
d<)ng, voi nghia "lam cho moi" D{li chting :*: 11\ :dan chting.
NG0PHAP
CD __ (tha): sap sll'a (ph6 tt1 bi'u thi sap xay ra):
JEfi__ {:lt tlza ph<:J.t Yen).
m (vi): VI (gioi tU dung d' neu len mlJC dich CUa hanh
... (T6 D<:J.i vj Yen vj vuong
viet...).
:tf (kim gia): nay, hom nay (ctJm tu quen dung::tf la tn;
tu d? t sa u danh tll' thai gian ) .
@ jj (phu'o'ng ): moi, vua moi (ph6 tU lam tr(,l.ng ngu):
!$ jj tfj BJ ( B<:J.ngplutdllg xuat b<:J.o ).
(tuc): thl (lien tu bi'u thj ket qua, dung nhli fllj [tac]):
S)j B /!' m ' 7E !l!t (Minh nh? t bat vG' ttlc huu tlf b(,l.ng).
chju (trej d<)ng tll'): /[' ;f kluing
tliong xa).
(j) j(z (tinh): cung (ph6 tu): :tf fffi j(zt#J Z (Ngu gia dac
nhi tjnlz dm chi).
!J... (ctl'u): lau (ph6 tu lam tr<:J.ng (Yen,
diu tliong chi ).
(th\}c): chin, ky (ph6 tu lam tr<:J.ng ngu): gf z -til. (
Th{tC kechi da ).
@ J1J (nai): ben, r6i (dung nhu ph6 tll' ): J1J Jl ( Niii chi).
D!CH NGH[A
Co trai tranh nlzau
Nuoc Trifu sdp ddnh nuoc Yen. To Dr;zi vi nuoc Yen n6i voi
vua Hu? vucmg (nuoc Trifu) rling: "Hom nay t6i (tit nuoc Yen)
din day, vita di ngang qua song Djch, c6 con trai vita hd vo (
TOAN THU T\)' HQC CHO' HAN 435
mi?ng) ra phoi ndng, thi mQt con co m6 w1o thjt n6, trai khep vo
lr;zi kfp lay mo co. Co n6i: "Horn nay kh6ng mua, ngay mai kh6ng
mua, thi se c6 con trai chit". Con trai cilng bdo co ding: "Hom
nay kh6ng rut mo ra du(Jc, ngay mai kh6ng rut mo ra du(Jc, thi se
c6 con co chit". Hai con kh6ng chju huang nhau ra. C6 mQt 6ng
chili cung bdt lu6n duQ'c cd hai. Nay nuoc Trifu sdp ddnh Yen,
Yen Tri?u chong qt nhau !au ngay den lam cho dan chung phdi
mt moi. Toi e rling nuoc Tdn hung mr;znh kia se lam 6ng chili n9
ma't, nen mong dr;zi vucmg nghi kY vifc d6 di ". Vua Huf vucmg n6i:
"Phdi". R6i thai khong ddnh.
TVC. djch
SlJKY
35









J't7E*!fiX' J7J51
" * L= :fit , 1F z #-til. " , /f' !
436 TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM
Vii ban ky tan
Thai sll' cong viet: Ngo van chi Chu Sinh, viet: Thua'n m1,1c cai
trung d6ng til', hlfu van H<;tng Vu di<$c trung d6ng til'. Vu khai ky
mieu du<$ da? Ha hung chi b<;to da?
Phu tha't ky chinh, Trftn Thi<$p thu n<;tn, hao ki<$t phong
khai, tt.tong du t!nh tranh, ba't kha thang s6. Nhien Vu phi huu
xich thon, thua the khai lung mft u chi trung, tam nien, to<;ti tuong
ngu chu di<$t phan li<$t thien nhi phong vuong
chinh do Vu xua't, hi<$u vi Ba vuong. V! tuy ba't chung, c6 di
lai, v! thuong huu da . Vu b<)i Quan, hoai sa, ph6ng tr1,1c
Nghia de nhi tlf l?p, oan vuong hftu b<;tn ky, nan hi! TV cang cong
ph<;tt, pha'n ky tu tri nhi ba't su c6, v! ba vuong chi nghi<$p, d1,1c di
life chinh kinh doanh thien h<;t , ngu nien tot vong ky quoc, than til'
Dong Thanh, thu<;Jng ba't giac ng1,1 nhi ba't tlf trach, qua hi! Nai
dftn "Thien vong nga, phi d1,1ng binh chi t<)i da ", khai ba't m?u
tai!
(Sil kj: H{lng V1i ban ky)
Tac gia-tac philm
Su kY Ia b l!ch su thuc hang tiEm phong xu6t sac cua Trung Qu6c. do
TLJ Ma ThiE'm (145-90 trLldc CN) ddi Han bien soc;m. gam 130 quyen. 526-500
chO. chep IQi l!ch su cac m(lt cua Trung Qu6c tCJ ddi Hoang de (thdi thLlc;Jng
c6 c6 tinh do sU) cho den doi Han vo de (khoang nom 100 trLJdc CN). Day
Ia m(>t toe pham vi dQi , c6 gia tr! co ve phLlc:Jng di$n van chLlc:Jng ian tLJii$U
l!ch su. Toe gia tv Ia TU TrLJdng.thay cha Ia TLJ Ma Dam lam Thai su l$nh. vl
ngay thdng benh vl)c bQn mlnh Ia Ly Lang trong vv bQi trn C! Hung Noma
b! ldi sam tau. phai ti thien. TCJ d6 ong quyet chi tp trung sac ll)c hoan
thanh b su ky de truyen ddi. Bai tren day Ia bai tan trich trong thien "HQng
VO ban ky" thuc phon "Ban ky" cua sach. toe gia nhn xet. danh gia nhan
vt anh hung bi k!ch HQng vo tren quan diem khach quan cua mt nha
chep su de th6y du cac m(lt Llu khuyet cua nhan vt.
TOAN THV n.J HQC CHO' HAN
437
TU NGO
eH{lng Vii Jj[ : ten H<;tng T!ch (232-202 trudc CN), la
nguoi chu xudng CUQC khai binh a Blnh Thanh cuoi doi tl/
lam Tay saBa vuong eBan ky **2,: nhung thien trong sach
Sit ry, chep vi<$c cua cac de vuong theo loi bien nien
.Tan W:bai tan (mot van, dung blnh m<)t nhan
hay m<)t va'n gl) .Thai su cong -A .9:0: quan chep sll' cho vua
(Tu Ma Thien tlf xung) .Chu Sinh ffl] .: m<)t nha nho u doi
Han eThuiln : vua Thua'n (m<)t trong Ngil de, sau vua Nghieu)
eTn'tng ddng ..::f: con nguoi doi, hai con nguoi (trong
.Mieu duf ffi 1% : con chau doi sau, dong d5i .Ha hung chi b{lo
dii? fBJ JlJ z ? : sao rna hung th!nh len nhanh chong v? y?
eTrdn Thifp 1tlJ: ten nguoi a da't Duong Thanh, la
nguoi anh hung tien da'y binh danh vao nam doi
Nh! the .Thi't n{ln ft: tien gay ra tai n<;tn ( cho
.Hao kift : nguoi c6 tai chi, hao ki<$t .Phong con ong
(xem Ngll phap a dudi) eBiit kha thiing so khong
xiet .Thila thua theo xu the, thua the .Liing
mJu cho d6ng ru<)ng, trong dan gian dung nhu D :bo
ru<)ng) ePhanlifl Jj- chia dt, chia xe, phan chia eVlidng hdu
I. f* : tt.tdc vuong va tude .Chinh i&: chinh l<$nh eBa vlidng
B I_: chua ba vuong .Bqi Quan ;:IFlf b<)i udc khong phong
cho Luu Bang da't Quan Trung nua (nhu da hua trudc) .Hoai Sl!
: nhd nude sa ("Boi Quan hoai sa" cling c6 noi d!ch la "bo
da't Quan Trung nhd nude sa, chi vi<$c H<;tng VG bo da't tl/
lam Tay saBa vuong, dong do a Banh Thanh) ePhong
1W : du6i di .Nghia di W: vua Nghia de, chi lam vua tren
danh nghia. Mdi H<;tng Vu ton Nghia de lam minh chu thu
ph1,1c dan tam di<$t khi xong vi<$c, H<;tng Vu bo Quan Trung
(kinh do sa (nude que huang cuaVG) r6i giet Nghia de,
438 TRAN VAN CHANH
t\f l?p Utm SCi Ba vuong eB{ln lam phan eTtf ciing cong ph{lt
tlf khoe cong lao ("cang" la tlf khoe; la cong
lao) .Phiin flf: khoe khoang eTzt tri fL :tai tri rieng
.suco?ffi""i5: coi nguoi xua la thfty chuck cac de vuong
xua) eLtjc chinh 1J 1iE : dung v6 l\fc danh eKinh doanh
:g :thong tri .Dong Thanh * C1 phia dong nam
Djnh tinh An Huy ngay nay, VG bj quan Han truy
sat, cuoi cling tron den Dong Thanh eGiac Jl; $: giac
ng9 ($dung nhu 1-g:) .nan 51: dan ly le bao chua, H[y co,
co.
NGOPHAP
CD z (chi): nay, sau day w, dung khi dan
chung illQt cau n6i, cau each ngon, ti,IC
ngu ... ): -?- M z ffl] ' EJ (Ngo van chi Chu sinh, viet...).
li (cai): duong nhu (ph6 tu thi suy
doan): Wif: -J- ( Thua'n mt,Ic cai trung d6ng til').
@ !It$ (phong ) trong bai la danh tu du<;Jc dung nhu ph6 W lam
ngu, nghia la "nhu ong": (Hao khdi).
;ffi W (tu'ong du ): cling nhau, Ian nhau: t W Jft * (Tudng
dil tjnh tranh).
t) * (di lai): den nay: JLIE _l.).* (C?n c6 di lai ).
$(t6t): cuoi cung: (Tot vong ky quoc).
(J) (than til' Dong Thanh): tinh lu<Jc gioi w (u)
truoc b6 ngu **fiX chi noi chon; nen la: **fiX(than
til' u Dong Thanh).
rED (thu'Q'ng): van con, rna con (ph6 tU): rED /f Jl; $ (
Thur;ng ba't giac ngt,I ).
_R (khdi. .. tai?): ha ... u? (each thuc thuong dung
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
thi phan va'n): li /f ? (Khdi ba't
dung tuong t\f nhu li ... (khdi ...
li ffi (VG khdi ky mieu da?).
D!CH NGHlA
439
m?u tai?). Cach
da?) C1 tren:
Bai tan cila chztdng H{lng Vii ban ky
Thai sil cong n6i: Ta nghe Chu Sinh n6i con milt cua Thuan
hznh nhu c6 hai con ngWJi. Lq.i nghe Hr;mg va cung c6 hai con
nguoi. Vu c6 phdi la dong doi cua Thua'n chang? Sao ma hung
thjnh len nhanh v(ly? Nha Tdn tha't chinh Sf! cua mznh, Trdn
la nguC!i ddu tien gay cho Tdn, (r6i) hao ndi len
nhu ong, cung nhau tranh gianh, khong thi ki xie't.
The' ma Vu khong c6 m9t thuoc m<}t ta'c da't, thita the' (cdc hao
vung len giila cho'n ru9ng d6ng, chl trong ba nam, dii dem
nam nuoc chu hdu dift Tdn, chia edt thien ma phong cdc tuoc
vuelng tuoc hdu, chinh lfnh do m9t tay va phat ra, xung la Bd
vuelng, dja vj tuy khong trr;n, (nhung) tit c(ln c6 de'n nay, chua
titng c6 v(ly. De'n khi Vu bo da't Quan Trung, nho nuoc So,
du6i Nghia de' di r6i tf:( l(lp lam vua, trdch oan cdc vue1ng hdu
phdn b<}i mznh, (thz th(lt la) kh6 qua v(ly. Tr! khoe cong lao, khoe
khoang tai tri rieng mznh ma khong noi thea nguC!i xua, cho rling
Vl Sf:{ nghifp ba VLtCing ma muo'n dung VU lf:{C danh dfp ( di) thong
trj thien chl trong nam nam cuo'i cung ma't nuoc, than che't iJ
Dong Thanh, con khong gidc ng9 ma chdng tf:( trach, th(lt la ldm
lJi VQy. L{J.i COn Vifn le "triJi ta, chrlng phai tQi cua ta VifC
dung binh ", ha chdng sai ldm u!.
TVC. djch
m
440
TRAN VAN CHANH
36
P]

m +.1-r :1__. --=- -1.7.. /.- .::13:: /.@. J A --=- r, r .::13:: -h n; rtn
""
0
QX.-t:l T ' {j _.. -3t:., I\ ' .V.A JL:Q _.., J.J
0
{/ffi {* IIIJ

o E1 :
r -=f z -=f ' /f m .n !It 111 i!Jj(: El : r :7( r
; .n o

f-?
Tu Mii Thien
PHIEMAM
H6a thtfc tt;i
Thu'ong lfrm thl)'c nhi tri le tie't, y thl)'c tuc nhi tri vinh nht,Ic. Le
sinh u huu nhi phe' u v6. C6 quan tU' phu, hao hanh ky due;
nhan phu, d1 thich ky h;tc. Uyen tham nhi ngu sinh chi, son tham
nhi thu vang chi, nhan phu nhi nhan nghia pht,I yen. Phu gia
the' ich chuang, tha't the' khach v6 sa chi, di nhi ba't l<,tc. Di
Dich ich Ng<,tn vie't: "Thien kim chi tU', ba't tU' u thi ". ThU'
TOAN THV Tl,t HQC CHOHAN
441
phi kh6ng ng6n da. C6 vie't: "Thien h<;t hi hi, giai vi lQi lai; thien
h<,t nhuong nhuong, giai vi lQi vang". Phu thien thi)ng chi vuong,
v<,tn gia chi hgu, bach tha't chi quan, thu'Qng do ho<,tn bgn, nhi
hu6ng tha't phu bien h9 chi dan h6?
(Slt kj: H6a th{tc
Tac gia-tac philm
Tren doy Ia doqn cu6i bai tva "H6a thVc li$t truy$n" sach Su ky, mt
chlldng quan trQng ban ve SV can thiet cua Vi$C san XUOt. trao doi
hang h6a trong doi song con nglloi. 0 bai tva nay. toe gia ung h sv
lam giau. they ro nguy co cua sv ngheo thieu. vl c6 thVc moi vvc
dll<;Jc dqo va c6 phu quy moi sinh dll<;Jc le nghia. Trong kho kinh truy$n
va co von Trung Quoc, nhQng loi ban thiet thVc ma thOm tram sou sac
nhll VQY Ia rat hiem they; so voi thai Tll Md Thien, c6 the con coi Ia
nhQng tll tu<Jng tao bqo, dll<;Jc ph6 dien mt each rat chon thanh,
nong nhi$t.
TUN GO
.Thztdng ldm kho th6c, vl)'a lua tilt le d(},le
phep .Vinh nh{tc vinh va nht,Ic eHilu c6 .vo
bftn cung, ngheo kh6 .Thich ii: theo .Ph{l pht,I them, them
vao eTht :dung nhu eDi Djch jjc: chi cac dan t()c
s6 a Trung Qu6c thai xua eNg{ln ng<,tn ngu, tt,Ic ngu
. Thien kim chi ti't, bi{t ti't zt thi -=f Z -=f /f m: dua con
nghln vang, kh6ng che't a chQ (y n6i : dua con nha gia u kh6ng bi
x\J' t\J' a ChQ dUQC, Vl ne'u n6 CO tQi, cha m(( n6 c(lng tlm each CUU
thoat n6) .Khong ngon lOi n6i su6ng .Hi hi gm 1
eNhztiJng nhztiJng 1:1: r6i ren .Thien thijng chi vztdng
-=f * Z .:E.: vua cua nude c6 ngan co xe (vua nude chu hgu nho)
eV{ln gia chi hdu Z : chu hgu du<;Jc phong a'p c6 v<,tn
ng6i nha .Bach tluft chi quiin B Z : chi d<,ti phu . That
442 TRAN VAN CHANH
phu :K : ngttoi blnh dan .Bien hQ chi dlin p z : ngttoi
dan dt1QC ghi vao hQ tich.
NGO PHA.P
CD PJ rm (di nhi): the' r6i, r6i sau (dung nhtt B rffi) :
t), ffi] /f (D"i nhi bat ).
f6j (thu'Q'ng do): con, rna con (ph6 tu). rm ?5l (nhi
huo'ng): huang chi, huang gl (lien til). f6j .. [ffi ?Jl "Thtt<;Jng
do ... nhi huang, la m()t each thuc co dinh quen dung.
D[CHNGHlA
Bai t{ta H6a th{tc li?t truy?n
Kho [u(Jflg ddy r6i moi hilt ll tilt, cCfm do du r6i moi hilt vinh
nhf:tc. Ll sinh (J ch6 giau du ma hi ho (J nCJi ngheo kh6. Cho nen
nguai qwin til ma giau thi thi hanh du(Jc due minh; ke tiiu nhan
ma giau thi dung sue minh vao nhrlng ch6 thich h(Jp. V?c c6 sau
thi cci moi sinh ra (J d6, nui c6 thdm thi loai thu moi lui toi (J d6,
nguai ta c6 giau thi nhan nghla moi phf:t h9a them vao. Nguai
giau ma ddc the' thi cang hiln hcich, tha't the' tht khcich khong con
ch6 dl di ( dl dung than), the' r6i khong vui nrla. Tlnh cdnh d6, a
nhrlng noi Di, Djch lr;ti cang ghe gom h(Jfl. Ngr;tn ngrl c6 cau:
"Dua con nghin vang, khong chet a ch(J".D6 chdng phdi La lai
n6i suong v(ly. Cho nen hdo rdng: "Thien hr;t &m l diu Vl l(Ji ma
lr;ti; thien hr;t ro'i ren diu vil(Ji ma di". Kia vua chua m9t nuoc c6
ngan c6 xe, chu hdu c6 ap vr;tn ngoi nha, quan dr;ti phu c6 tram
nha con lo ngheo, huang gi hr;tng tha't phu dan dii!.
TVC. djch
THUYE T UYE N 7B
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
443
37
*fiE rtJ
o JlB:
J o : r J o JlB : r '
J 0 : r OJ* ;
J 0
PHIENAM
Kieu tu'ong dong ti
Kieu phung cttu, cttu vie't: "Tll' tttong an chi?". Kieu vie't:
"Nga tttong dong ti". Cttu vie't: "Ha co?". Kieu vie't: "Huang
nhan giai o nga minh, d1 co dong ti". Cttu vie't: "Tll' nang canh
minh kha h1; bat nang canh minh, dong ti do o tll' chi thanh ".
(Thuyet uyin: Dam tilng)
Luu H uong
Ttic gid-ttic pham
Bai tren day duc;Jc trfch trong thien ')am tung sach Thuyet uydn.
sach nay gam 12 thien do Luu Huang (79-8 truoc CN) dai Toy Han
soc;m, chuyen suu t(lp nhQng mau chuy$n ho(lc giai thoqi l!ch SU, dong
thai cling c6 xen lan voi ngh! lu(ln, neu r6 cac le hung vong cua qu6c
gia va slj thanh bQi CUO chfnh trj, tai li$U tham khao rat r(>ng, van
444 TRAN VAN CHANH
chllcmg dieu luy$n.
TU NGO
.Kiert Jl : chim cu .n {JE : doi (sang noi khac) .Chi z : ai
eHtidng nhiin : ngttoi trong th6n x6m, ngu'oi trong lang
.canh : thay a6i.
NGO PHA.P
CD 3i (an): aau,noi nao tu nghi van a hoi noi chon) :
z ? (Tli' tu'ong an chi?).
JR (dong) trong bai la danh tu chi noi chon dung nhu' ph6
tu, lam ngu: JR fiE (Dong ti).
(minh) trong bai la a<)ng tu dung nhu' danh tu, nghla la
"tieng keu".
fPJ ?& (ha c6?): vl sao the? tU' quen dung a hoi ly
do).
@ (do): van, van con (ph6 tu).
D!CHNGHiA
Chim czl djnh diJi sang dong
Chim cu gijp chim cuu, chim cuu hoi: "Anh djnh di dau?".
Chim cu n6i: "Toi djnh doi sang phia dong". Chim cuu hoi: "Vz
sao the'?". Chim cu n6i: "Nguifi trong lang dJu ghet tie'ng keu cua
toi, vi the' toi doi sang phia dong". Chim cuu n6i: "Anh phdi thay
dJi dLtQ'C tie'ng keu m(Ji nen, ne'u khong thay dJi dLtQ'C tie'ng keu th
doi sang dong nguifi ta vdn ghet tie'ng keu cua anh ".
TVC. djch
LA THf XUAN THU g fj(
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHO' HAN
445
38


r
.n o f;t Jt, , A7J'*Z. o f;t
, o , f-? o
PHIENAM
Khiic chu diu kie'm
Sd nhan huu giang giii. Ky kiem tt,I' chu trung u'
thuy. Ct,I' khac ky chu viet: "Th! ng6 kiem chi sd tong Chu
chi, tong ky sa khac gia, thuy du chi. Chu di hanh hi, nhi
kiem bat hanh, du kiem nhu'QC thli', bat hOZtC h6?"
(Lii thi Xuiin thu)
Tac giii-tac phii?m
Sach La thj Xuan thu con gQi Ia La Jam do Ld Bat Vi (290 ?- 235
trllck CN) t(lp h<;lp cac m6n khach cua mlnh soqn ra vao khoang cuoi
thC:Ii Chien quoc, gom gop IC:Ii n6i cua trdm nha. Toan sach chia thanh
mllC:Ii hoi ky, tam ldm, sou lu(ln (th(lp nhj ky, bat ldm, lvc lu(ln), tong
c(>ng 26 quyen, n(>i dung lay Nho, 8qo lam chinh, dong thC:Ii cOng
tham bac nhieu hQC phai khdc, trCI thOnh toe pham tieu bieu cua ph6i
Tqp gia, cung cap vo khi tll tllCing cho vi$c thong nhat thien hQ va trj ly
qu6c gia cua nha Tan.
TUNGO
.Khiic tU : khac (c6 ban viet la khe' cling c6 nghla tttong
tt,I') y:JP- : qua, l<)i song eTrZJY : roi xuong eC{t
v<)i (ph6 tu) .Hoijc : lfim Ian.
446 TRAN VAN CHANH
NGOPHAP
CD * (hi): r6i (trQ tU biu th! slf ta't nhien hay da r6i):
fit B 1:Y * (Chau dT hf).
Ill\ X* '1"7. (bA't d'A h
2
- ? , h h' ..'
\!/ "'I" r a ... o. : c ang cung ... \1 . : cac t uc co
d!nh biu th! phan va'n: # .If ? (Ba't hb ?).
D!CHNGHiA
Khiic thuyin tim glidm
Nuac SiJ c6 nguai di qua song. Cay gu(Jm cua anh ta tit tren
thuyin rC!i xuo'ng nuac. Anh ta VQi khdc vao thuyin va n6i: "Day
La ne!i gu(Jm cua ta re!i xu6ng". Thuyin ditng, anh ta mai theo ch6
minh da khdc nhdy vao nuac tim gu(Jm. Thuyin da di r6i, ma
gu(Jm kh6ng di, tim gu(Jm nhu the', chdng cilng La Ldm Ldn Ldm u ?.
TVC. djch
A.NTuxuA.NTHu
39


a: o
r
, , , ,

J o
o
TOAN THll Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN 447
PHIENAM
An ttl' su SO'
An Til' chi, sa vu'dng tu An Til' tli'u, tli'u ham, lt;ti nht phUQC
nha't nhan vuong. Vuong viet: "Phu<;jc gia ht;tt vi gia da ?".
Doi viet: nhan da' tQa ". v u'dng th! An Til' viet:
nhan co dt;to h6?". An Til' ti tich doi viet: "Anh van chi,
qua't sinh Hoai nam tac vi qua't, sinh u Hoai bac tac vi chi;
d6 tuong tlf, ky thtfc vt ba't d6ng. sa dT nhien gia ha? Thuy th6 di
da. Kim dan sinh truang u ba't dt;to, nh?p sa tac dt;to, dac vo
sa chi thuy th6 sli' dan dt;to da ?". Vuong tieu viet: "Thanh
nhan phi sa du hi da, qua nhan phan thu yen".
(An Ti't Xuiin tlzu)
Tac giii-tac philm
Sach An Tu Xuan thu, gQi tat Ia An tu, gom 8 quyen, ke IQi nhOng
mau chuy$n ve ICii n6i, vi$c lam con li.Ju truyen IQi cua tlldng nlldc Te
Ia An Anh thai Xudn thu, do nhOng ngllCii dCii sou sllu t(lp IQi, kh6ng biet
r6 dfch xac ld cua ai. Day ld m(>t t(lp truy$n ky c6 n(>i dung tll tlldng
phong phu, ICii van sang sua; dCii Han dll<;ic Ban Co xep vdo 'TV b(>',
sou IQi xep vdo' Sub(>' trong tong t(lp 'W kho todn thll' cua dCii Thanh.
TU NGO
.An Ti't -f-: tlic An Anh (?-500 trudc CN), tlf la Blnh TrQng,
dt;ti phu cua nude thoi Xuan thu eSu di su (dung nhu dong
tll') .Tu : ban cho .Ham @jj: say, vui chen ePhli(Jc *f: tr6i,
buoc eNgh? eH{lt : xem Ngll phdp a dudi eT(Ja
*: pht;tm t9i .Anh An Til' tlf xung ten mlnh la Anh Quat
trai quit eHoai itt: song Hoai (a tinh Ha Nam, Trung
Quoc)eChl tR cay quit hoi, cay chanh gai (tuong tlf cay quit
nhung nho han, trai nho vt chua, c6 th lam thuoc, khong an
du<;jc) .D6 fjE: chi (ph6 tu biu tht slf gidi ht;tn) eTlidng tlf. f {J). :
448
TRAN VAN CHANH
hoi gi6ng nhau eHi dua giOn, vui dua (dung nhu 91) eQzui
nhiin -.A: ta (tie'ng nha vua tt;l' xung) eThii la'y, chu6c la'y
eBfnh m:nhl,lC.
NGOPHAP
CD ..f vi): lam gl la d<;ti tu nghi va'n):
*f tl f3 -t!1 ? (Phu'QC gia h(lt vi gia da ?).
-ill, (da) la trQ tu cu6i cau bi6u thi nghi va'n (xem thi dl,l
tren).
@ 11!!1 (co): v6n, v6n di (ph6 tu lam tr<;tng ngu):
7f!t A11!!1 Sf? nhan d<;to h6?).
@ pJT t) f3 filJ ? (sd di nhien gia ha ?): sa di nhu' the' la vl
sao? ( cai khie'n cho nhu' the' la gl, vl sao nhu the'?).
@ vo): le nao phai, phai la ... u ?
- (thu'ong dung ke't hQp voi cac trQ tu [da], Sf [h6] a cuoi cau):
Z 1J< (Diic vo sa chi thuy th6 sll' dan
d<;to da ?).
IX (phan): tnii l<;ti, l<;ti (ph6 tu, bi6u thi ke't qua ngu'Qc l<;ti).
D[CHNGHlA
An Til di su sang nzldc S(J
An Ti'l de'n ncli, vua nuac SiJ ban rut;u cho An Ti'l; rut;u dang vui
chen, c6 hai vien quan tr6i m9t nguoi tai truac mijt vua. Vua nuac
SiJ hoi: "Nguoi bj tr6i nay Lam Vl the'?". (Vien quan) thua ding:
"Day La nguoi nuac TJ, phg_m t9i an tr9m ". Vua nhin An Ti'l n6i:
"Nguoi nuac TJ vo'n gioi an trqm phdi khong?". An Ti'l roi khoi
chie'u thua: "Anh nay nghe n6i, quit sinh iJ phia nam song Hoai thi
La quit, sinh iJ phia bdc song Hoai tht La chanh gai, lei chl hoi
gio'ng nhau, nhung qua cua chung c6 vj khdc nhau. SiJ df nhu v(ly
La vi sao? La do thuy th6 khdc nhau. Nay nguoi dan sinh truiJng iJ
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
449
mtac TJ khong an trqm, vao iJ nuac SiJ tht an trqm1 chcing phdi La
thuy th6 (phong tt:tc) cua nuac SiJ Lam cho nguoi dan trit thanh
gioi an tr9m u?". Vua (nghe xong) cuoi n6i: "Thanh nhan chd.ng
phdi La nguoi ma mtnh c6 thi dua giiin dut;c, qua nhan lgi t
chuo'c Ldy nht:tc nha trong vi?c nay rbi ".
TVC. djch
m
40
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B : u- 8 9tfiff


- 71"*:-ill. o , o
-t11 : , o , z1\ , oo J!
z ' ' J 0
PHENAM
Ba't tu'ong
Canh c6ng xua't thu'ong son kie'n h6, ha tr<;tch kie'n xa.
Quy, An til' nhi va'n chi vie't: "Kim qua nhan xua't
thuong son kie'n h6, ha tr<;tch kie'n xa, dai sa vi ba't tuong
da ". An til' d6i vie't: "Qu6c huu tam ba't tu'ong, thi ba't dt! yen.
Phu huu nhi ba't tri, nha't ba't tuong; tri nhi ba't dl,lng, nh! ba't
tu'ong; dt,mg nhi ba't tam ba't tu'ong da. sa vi ba't tu'ong,
nai nhu'Qc thll' gia. Kim thuong son kie'n h6, h6 chi tha't da; ha
tr<;tch kie'n xa, xa chi da. Nhu h6 chi tha't, nhu xa chi
450
TRAN VAN CHANH
nhi kien chi, h:;tt vi bat tu'ong da ! ".
(An Tit Xzwn thu)
Ttic giii-ttic plzilm
Bai nay Ia chucng Canh cong li$p phung xa ho dT vi bat tudng An
TU gian" trong sach An TL! Xuan thu.
Tl) NGO
eBiit tziang /f tf.: lanh eCiinh cong :L} : vua Canh
c6ng nuoc eDz! W : dt! vao, day c6 nghTa la " (j trong d6"
eNhifm {f: : giao b6 tin
NGO PHAP
CD m (dai): e la, c6 le (ph6 tU, biu thi Stf suy doan) :
7i:l pfT /f tf. -tQ. (Diii sCi vi bat tu'ong da ?).
@ -tl1 (da) la trQ tu cuoi cau, biu thi nghi van (xern thi dl;l
vua tren).
. @ :;k (phu): trQ tu dgu cau,dung nhu' rnQt phat ngu a rnd dgu
rn()t do:;tn van nghi (v6 nghTa): :;k H rm /f ... (Phil huu
nhi bat tri ... ).
]!; (nai): chinh la :]!; ;;=tit 13 ( Niii nhu<;1c thtl' gia ).
:tm (nhtf): di den (d()ng tll').
ffi vi): vl sao, sao:-? ffi /f tf. -tl1 ! (HtJ.t vi bat
tu'ong da !).
D[CH NGH[f,.
Diim chdng limh
Vua Cdnh cong di san, Len nui gi;ip ho?, xuong chdm gi;ip rdn. Vua
tro cho gQi An Til den hoi rdng: "Hom nay ta di san, Len nui gijp
ho?, xuong chdm gi;ip rdn, e d6 La ch!lng Lanh chang!".
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHa HAN
451
An Til trd Loi rdng: "Nuoc nha c6 ha ch!lng Lanh, nhung
nhiing iiy khong dlf vao day. C6 nguoi ma khong hilt, La
mi)t ch/lng Lanh; hilt ma khong dung La hai ddu ch!lng Lanh;
dung ma khong tin nhi?m La ha ch!lng Lanh. Cdi g9i La ch!lng
Lanh, chinh fa nhilng ddu nhu the' diiy". Nay Len nui gi;ip hB, d6 La
ch6 o cua ho?; xuo'ng chdm gi;ip rdn, d6 La hang cua rdn. Den ch6
o cua h6, de'n hang cua rdn, sao La ch!lng Lanh!"
TVC. djch
HOAI NAM TV $1i .:r
41


o : u- .JJ o 131& J=J o
3i: rm o Z ' )( B : u- il:tiPJ /ft 3f- ?
.JJ
)(B : u- .JJ o 13-if-' o
7Et!+11 o
' )( .:r if
0
j!jj( z ' z ' 1 t /f OJ ' /f
OJ -tQ. o
PHIENAM
Tai ong tha't rna
tai th11<;1ng chi nhan, huu gia, rna v6 co vong
nhi h6. Nhan giai dieu chi. Ky phl;l viet: "Thll' ha Ctf bat vi
phuc h6?". Cu s6 ky rna tu'ong h6 tuan rna nhi quy. Nhan
452 TRAN VAN CHANH
giai h<:t chi. Ky phi.J viet: "Thll' ha elf bat nang vi hQa h6?". Gia
phu h.iong rna, ky til' hieu ky, dQa nhi chiet ky be. Nhan giai di'eu
chi, ky phi.J viet: "Thll' ha elf bat vi phuc h6?". Cu nhat nien, H6
nhan d<:ti t<ii. Dinh tning gia dan nhi chien, t<ii
chi nhan, til' gia p cll'u. Thll' d()c di ba chi co, phi.J til' tu'ong bao.
Co phuc chi vi hQa, hQa chi vi phuc, h6a bat kha CIJ'C, tham bat
kha trac da.
(Hoiti Nam Tu)
Tac gid-tac pha'm
S6ch Hoai Nom TCi do Hoai Nom vUdng Luu An nguoi dau doi Toy
Han bien SOQn, gam 2 7 thien, lay tU fUang fJQO gia lam nang c6t, ke't
hc;Jp vdi Nho gia, Phap gia, Am dlleing gia .. ., thllC:lng dllc;Jc coi Ia toe
pham cua TQp gia. Bai tren day n6i ve le hQa phuc kh6n llldng, trong
hQa c6 phuc, trong phuc c6 hQa. Cdu "Tai ong that md" tu ldu dd tr&
thanh mt thOnh ngQ thOng dl,mg Ia lay tU cdu chuy$n c6 y nghTa rat
thdm thuy nay.
TUNG[/
eTai ong 6ng gia Ci bien t<ii ("t<ii" la ch6 canh phong
ngoai bien gidi, a6n ai bien gidi) so, phap
t, phuong t (chi y, boc, tinh, tu'ong) Vo c6 t!z: v6 co
eHiJ chi chung cac dan t()c so Ci bac va tay
Trung Quae thai c6 eDiiu Fg: tham hoi (cling viet la m) eHit
qt filJ xem Ngll phdp Ci dudi ePhzic phtic, may .Czt
./3: qua, Ci l<:ti eTua'n rna 3 : nglfa tot, nglfa gioi, nglfa hay
eHlJ mung eH(Ja : tai hQa, nli ePhzi giau, c6
eLlldng _R: tot eHiiu ff : thich KY. nglfa eD(Ja
te, roi xuong dui, bap dui .Dinh trang T trai trang
.Dan huytn 515!: truong day cung .Bd Ji!Ez: que, thQt .Bdo
bao toan, bao eHoa 1t: Bien hoa foj: cling cling,
het.
TOAN THV Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
453
NGO PHAP
CD fPJ (ha le nao l;;ti, ha l;;ti, sao l;;ti (ph6 tu, dung
hoi nguyen nhan thi phan van ):
( Thll' hit qtbat vi phuc h6? ).
* (d:;.i): ph6 tu lam tr;;tng ngu, thi muc d() ldn m;;tnh
rat (H6 nhan dtJi tai).
% + n (ttl' gia cli'u): + :tLla m()t trong nhung
each thi phan so, nghia la "chin phgn mu'oi".
D[CH NGHlA


- f.\1
,JU,-.:.,'I,.Y . Y ..
Ong giit iJ bien tai milt ngifa
Gdn noi bien tdi c6 mqt ngu:oi gioi phu:ong thuQ.t, con ngl;(a
vo co vao dil't cua ngu:C!i Hb.Ngu:C!i ta dln hoi han an ui,
ngu:C!i cha n6i: "Vi?c nay hd chdng phdi la vi?c may?". Qua vai
thdng sau, con ngl;(a d6 mang theo con ngl;(a to't cua ngu:C!i H6 trC!
vt Ngu:C!i ta dln chuc mi1ng, ngu:C!i cha n6i: "Vi?c nay hd
chdng thi la vic rui?". Nha c6 nhdu ngl;(a to't. Dua con ong ham
cu:iJi ngl;(a, te gii.y dui, ngu:C!i ta de'n hoi tham an ui. Ngu:C!i cha
454 TRAN VAN CHANH
n6i ding: nay hd lt;zi chdng phai la may?". Qua m()t
niim sau, nguoi H6 ita vao bien tdi r{{t dong, nhilng nguoi iJ gdn
bien tai che't dln chin phdn muoi. Rieng nha nay vi co que chan
ma cha con cung bao toan nhau Cho nen may biln thanh
rui, rui biln tranh may, Sf! bie'n hoa khong thi cung tQ_n, [/? SQU xa
khong thi Luong tinh hlt.
TVC. djch
II, '
.A.? - , ""
CO VAN QUA CAC THdl

DCH TAM QUOC - {i;
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TOAN THV Tl.,1 HQC CHU HAN
455



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456 TRAN VAN CHANH


PHIEMAM
xua't su'
Thftn Lu<;5ng ng6n:
Tien de sang vi ban nhi trung d<:tO bang t6, kim thien
h<:t tam phan, lch Chau bl thll' nguy dip t6n vong chi thu
da. Nhien thi chi thftn ba't giai u n()i, trung chi chi si vong than
u ngo<:ti gia, cai truy Tien de chi thu ngQ, dl,lC bao chi u h<:t da.
Thanh nghi khai truong thanh thinh, di quang Tien de di due,
kh6i hoang chi si chi khi, ba't nghi vQng tv phi b<:tc, d1,1 tha't
nghia, di tac trung gian chi 19 da. Cung trung phu trung cau vi
nha't thti, trac ph<:tt tang bi, ba't nghi di d6ng. Nhu<;5c huu tac gian
ph<:tm khoa, vi trung gia, nghi ph6 huu ti ky hlnh
thudng, di chieu h<:t blnh minh chi tri; ba't nghi thien tu, sll' n()i
ngo<:ti di pha p da.
Thi trung, thi lang Quach Du Chi, Phi Y, D6ng Doan thll'
giai luang thlfc, chi h;r trung thuftn, thi di Tien de giari b<:tt di di
h<:t. Ngu di vi cung trung chi slf, slf v6 d<:ti titiu, ta't di tu chi, nhien
thi hanh, ta't nang bl b6 khuyet huu sd quang ich.
Tuong quan Huang Sung tinh h<:tnh th1,1c quan, hitiu suong
quan slf, thi d!J.ng u tich Tien de xung chi viet nang, thi di
chung nghi ell' Sung di vi doc. Ngu di vi doanh trung chi slf, slf
v6 d<:ti titiu, ta't di tu chi, ta't nang sll' hang hoa mi.Jc, uu
dac sd da.
Than thftn, titiu nhan, thll' Tien Han sd di hung long
da; than titiu nhan, thftn, thll' Han sd di khuynh d6i
da. Tien de t<:ti thai, moi du thftn thll' Slf, vi thuong ba't than
tile thong u Hoan, Linh da. Thi trung, thu<;5ng thu, trudng sll',
tham quan, thll' ta't trinh lu<;5ng ttl' tiet chi thftn da, h<:t
TOAN THll n,1 HQC CHOHAN
457
than chi, tin chi, tac Han tha't chi long, kha ke nhi dai da.
Thftn ban boy, cung canh u Nam Duong, cifu toan tinh
ulo<:tn the, ba't" du van d<:tt u chu hftu. Tien de ba't di thftn ti bi, 6i
tlf u6ng khuat, tam co thftn u thao lu chi trung, tu thftn di duong
the chi slf. Do thi cam kich, to<:ti hila Tien de di khu trl. tri
khuynh phuc, th1,1 u b<:ti quan chi te, ph1,1ng u nguy
n<:tn chi gian, nhi lai nhi hlfu nha't nien hi Tien de tri thftn
cifn co lam bang ky thftn di d<:ti slf da. Th1,1 dilai, tuc
d<:t uu than, khung thac ph6 ba't di thuong Tien de chi minh,
co ngu d() L6, tham ba't mao. Kim nam phuong di
dinh, binh giap di tuc, duong tudng sua't tam quan, bac dinh trung
nguyen, thu n6 d()n, nhuong tril gian hung, hung ph1,1c Han
tha't, hoan u cvu d6. Thll' thftn chi sd di bao Tien de nhi trung
h<:t chi chile da. Chi u cham chuoc t6n ich, tien trung
ng6n, tac Du Chi, Y, Doan chi da. h<:t thac
thftn di thao t?c hung ph1,1c chi ba't tac tri thftn chi t()i,
di cao tien de chi linh. Nhu<;5c v6 hung due chi ng6n, tac tnich Du
Chi, Y, Doan chi cii'u, di chuang ky m<:tn. h<:t nghi tlf
mu'u, di tu tu'u d<:to, sat n<:tp nha ng6n, tham truy Tien dedi
chieu, thftn ba't thang th1,1 an cam kich! Kim duong ly, lam
bitiu the kha'p, bat tri sd van.
GIA cAT LUONG
Tac giii-tac phrlm
Gia Cat Luc;ng (181-234) tLJ Ia Khong Minh. lam quem su cho Luu B\.
gil] chuc thua tudng. 6ng gioi cove binh phap lan ngoqi giao. thut tr\
nude. dci song thanh bqch. it viet van lam thd. Bai tren doy Ia mot bai
tieu bieu do Gia Cat Luc;ng viet dong len vua nom 227 (nien hi$u Kien
Hung thu 5 dci Thi.,Jc Han) trudc khi ra quon danh Ngi.,JY (gom 2 bai
trudc va sou; doy Ia bai trudc). duo ra nhung lei khuyen giai chon
thanh thom thiet ve chinh sl) d6i vdi vua nude Thl.,lc dudng thci Ia Hu
chu Luu Thien (con Luu B\) trong tinh the nguy nan cua dot nude.
458 TRAN VAN CHANH
Tf)NGO
.Xuiit szt l:l g[j]: xua't quan, ra quan .Biiu ::j{ : bai (to sd
dang len vua tau tr1nh cong eTien de' 7t *: vua tn.rdc
da qua doi (day chi Lu'u BD .Bang t6 g)H__: (vua) bang ("bang"
va "t6" c6 nghTa la che't) .iclz Chiiu Jit 111 : chi Han,
thu<)c m<)t dai tinh Tu Xuyen ngay nay eBi t? 1Ef moi
eTizu f;k: hie, thai bu6i eTiu't ngQ 9* dai m<)t each d?c
Quang )t: lam cho sang to Khoi holing J.i: md r<)ng
ra (cling vie't 5L.). VQng t{l phi bg,c * 13 * !: tlf coi re mlnh
Dan d{t thiit nghia iJ I DffiJ n6i nang khong thich dang .Trilc
phg,t tang bi i1J !mX, :;:: thudng cong ph<;1t t<)i, phai
tra i eTac gian pht;zm klwa {''!= $ lam nhung gian ta va
vi ph<;1m ($_cling vie't la eHiiu ty *=f P]: quan vien
thu<)c m<)t co quan eGidn bt;zt fiJHft: llfa, chQn llfa b<;1t
eTtt hoi y kie'n eKhuyet lqu 1ffi : loi thie'u s6t dung
nhu ]!;*) eTh{tC quiin mR on hoa va luang eHimg trqn
fj d<)i ngil, hang quan d<)i eHoa m{tc 5fD f:&: hoa
doan ke't Cf:& cling vie't la .Hoim LinhfB 11. : Hoan de' (147-
167) va Linh de' (168-189) la hai vua cuoi doi Han eBo'
y 1!J :t\: ao vai, chi nguoi blnh dan eTi xuat than hen
mQn eOi xem Ngil phdp d dudi eK/m tri giong ru6i,
chc;ty V(;lY lo toan eKhuynh plui.c ftJ[fl: nghieng d6, thua (chi
Lu'u Bi bi Tao Thao danh b<;1i a Duong Duong nam Kie'n An
thu 13, tuc nam 208) eNhi lai 'm *: til ba'y de'n nay (tuc tu nam
207 khi Lu'u Bj "tam co thao lu" moi Gia Cat Luc;lng ra giup, de'n
nam dang bai nay la nam 227) eLo yf!: song Lo, tuc song
Kim Sa ngay nay, do<;1n tu Nghi Tan trd len, cho giap gidi giua
Tu Xuyen va Van Nam eBiit mao /f :::: cho dat khong mQc
duc;lc CQng co eNo ngu kern, tai can tllm
thuong ("no" la nglfa "d<)n" la khong ben) .Gianlzung
TOAN THli Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
459
$ !.29: gian tra va hung b<;1o; day chi vua nude la Tao Phi
eC{tu do fi kinh do cil; day chi kinh do L<;1c Duong cua nha
Dong Han. Tao Thao thien do Hua Xuong, Tao Phi xung de'
lay Hua Xuong lam kinh do eCilu loi eMt;zn tho so
.Ciutdng f;: r6 ra eTtt tztu hoi, hoi han .Nhii ngon
ft lOi n6i ngay chinh, ngon chinh xac.
NGO PHAP
CD (cai): bdi vl, la vl (lien tu, thi nguyen
nhan): j! 7t * z ... (Cai tri tien de' chi thu ng<) ... ) .
(ngu): toi (each khiem J;) ... (Ngu dT vi ... ).
ta't d, thay (ph6 tu ): dT w
chi).
.PJT J;) (sd di): cai ly do khie'n cho:
ll:t 7t 1-)JHi ill (Thll' tien Han sO' di hung long da).
@ (6i): ph6 tu thi slf ton kinh ho?c tlf khiem, c6
djch la "phi cong"' "khong xung dang" ... , ho?c khong
djch: ;fi tt.e"cai tlf u6ng khuat).
+ -if. hlfu nhat muoi m<)t nam (m<)t
each vie't tren so 10, dQC la "hlfu").
(J) J;) * (di lai): de'n nay: ti[J J;) * di lai).
@ . "fR (chi u' ): de'n nhu (dung n6i sang y khac,
cling vie't . .Y [chi vu]).
/f ]}9} (bat thang): he't sue, vo cung, ra't (ph6 tu).
D[CH NGHiA
Bai biiu diing vua trzt{Jc khi xuiit quiin
Thdn La Lu(fng thua:
Tien eli difng nghip chua du(fc m9t nrla thi giila duifng v9i
biinf?. Nay thien hc;t chia ba, ich Chau nu3i qua La Luc nguy
460 TRAN VAN CHANH
cflp t6n vong vt;ly. Nhung cdc quan thj v khong bie'ng nhdc a
trong trdu ma cdc tL{(Jng sf trung thanh hy sinh a ngoai coi, la vi
nha (fn tri ng(} d(ic bit cua Tien de' ma muo'n ddp vai b
df[y. B dlt nen ma r(}ng cdi thinh van hdn minh di lam sang
to due !On cua Tien de: ma r(}ng cdi khi khdi cua bt;lc chi sf, khong
nen ldm ldn ma tl! coi re minh, nghe thea lCii thiin ct;ln, lam mflt
nghfa, di la]J conduCing tt;ln trung can gidn . Trang cung trong
phu diii nhu nhau, thuang thin, de, khong nen ba't cong.
Ne'u c6 ke gian ta trdi phep ho(ic nguCii trung thanh due thi
nen giao cho quan xet each hay thuang dl lam to cdi
chinh tri cong b!lng sang suo't cua b chu khong nen tu vj, lam
cho trong ngoai phdp lut;lt khdc nhau.
Cdc quan thj trung Quach Du Chi, Phi Y va quan thj lang
D6?ng Doiin la nhilng nguCii hdn lug thanh thl!c, chi huang
va tu ll! trung chinh va thudn ht;Ju, cho nen Tien de' d(ic bit
Gia Cat Lur;ng
tuyln len cho b Ngu y cho r!lng nhilng vic trong
cung, ba't kY la ldn nho, nen hoi y nhilng ong d6 r6i sau mai
thi hanh thi c6 thl b6i bo? dur;c chJ thie'u sot ma thu dur;c ich lr;i
ldn.
Quan tuang quan Huang Sung tinh lug thin ma binh
TOAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
461
tfnh, hiiu tha'u vic quan, h6i mai dur;c dung thrl truac kia, Tien
de' khen la c6 tai can, cho nen ai cung crl ong ay len lam do
do'c. Ngu y cho r!lng nhilng vic trong doanh, bat kj; la lan nho
hoi y kie'n ong ay thi c6 thl khie'n cho hang ngu an 6n, nguCii
gioi ke do dur;c chJ thich nghi.
Than vai thdn, xa ldnh ke tiiu nhan, d6 la le sa df dCii
Tien Han hung thjnh; than vai ke tiiu nhan, xa ldnh cdc hiJn
thdn, d6 La le sa dl dCii Ht;lu Han khuynh Tien de' h6i con
ngoi, mJi khi cung vai thdn b(m vic d6, khong ldn nao kh6ng
than tho tho'ng ht;ln cho Hoan de', Linh de'. Cdc quan thi trung,
thur;ng thu, tham quan la nhilng toi liem khie't, thanh cao,
c6 thl til tilt dur;c, b than tin nhilng ong d6 thi sl! hung thjnh
cua nha Han c6 thi tinh ngay ma dr;i dur;c.
Thdn vo'n La ke do vdi, cay ru(}ng a Nam Dug, chl mong ca'u
thd bdo toan tinh a thCii khong cdu dur;c hiin danh a
chu hdu. Tien de' khong cho thdn La hen mc;m, ma tl! khuat than ba
ldn kie'm thdn a cho'n thdo lu, ban lut;ln vai thdn vJ vic dug
thCii; do d6 thdn cam kich ma nguyn cung giong ru6i vai Tien de'.
Sau g(ip luc nghieng ngd, thdn nht;ln chuc trong luc trt;ln,
ph[fng trong luc nguy ngt;Jp, tu d6 tai nay dii hai muui mo't
nam. Tien de' bie't thdn ca'n tht;ln, nen luc Lam chung, uy thdc
sl! cho thdn. Tu khi th[f de'n nay, ngay dem lo ldng, chl sr;
khong lam trr;n dur;c vic uy thdc ma de'n due sang suot cua
Tien de'. Cho nen thdng nam qua song Lo, vao sau mdn hoang dii
tru trr;i. Nay phug Nam dii yen, binh gidp dii du, b nen
khuye'n khich thdn do'c xuat tam quan, tie'n len phug Bdc ma
binh djnh trung nguyen, may ra tt;ln d[fng cdi tai hen cua thdn ma
tru du6i dur;c br;n gian de, phifc hung dur;c nha Han, tra dur;c
kinh do cu. Nhu vt;ly La thdn bdo ddp dur;c Tien de' ma trung
thanh vai chuc pht;ln b giao ph6. Con nhilng vic cham chu(Jc,
tang gidm, dang nhilng !Cii tt;ln trung thi d6 Ia nhim Vlf cua cdc
462 TRAN VAN CHANH
6ng Du Chi, Y, Dolin. Chl xin bf h9 ph6 thac cho th&n vifc dfp
gi(ic ma phZ:tc hung Han th{lt, ne'u kh6ng c6 ke't qud thl xin tri t<)i
thdn di cao voi huong h6n Tien di Con nhu ne'u kh6ng c6 nhilng
lai ai chan hung d9o dtic, thl xin bf h9 trach lbi Du Chi, Y, Dolin
di lam ro Sf! bieng nhac cua hQ. Bf h(l cCing nen tf! muu tfnh, hoi
han d9o phdi, xet n(lp lai ngay, thlim nim di chie'u cua Tien de:
duf!c v(iy thl th&n cdm kfch on cua b h(l kh6ng bie't baa nhieu!
Sdp toi luc xa each, thdn thdo ta biiu nay ma nuoc mdt ddm
kh6ng bitt dli n6i nhitng gl nila.
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
D(H {i:
43


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TOAN THV Tl,i HQC CHU HAN
463
1=r1* ' B*f- ' ,
? o

o 1-j&*m '
PHIENAM
Quy khu lai tit
Quy khu lai vien tuong vu, h6 ba't quy? Ky tV dT tam
vi h'inh dich, tru truong nhi d(>c bi? Ng(> d1 vang chi ba't gian,
tri lai gia chi kha truy; thlfc me d6 ky vi giac kim thi nhi
phi. Chu dao dao d1 khinh duong, phong phieu phieu nhi xuy y.
Va'n chinh phu dT 1(>, h?n quang chi hi vi. Nai chiem
vu, tai han tai bon. D6ng b(>c hoan nghenh, tr1 ttl' h?u mon.
Tam kinh ttfu hoang, tung cue do t6n. a'u nh?p tha't, huu tU'u
doanh ton. h6 truang d1 tlf chuoc, mi<$n dlnh kha d1 di nhan;
y nam song dT ky ng<;to, thfim dung ta't chi dian. Vien nh?t thi<$p
d1 thu, mon tuy thie't nhi thuang quan. Sach phu lao di luu
khe', thai thu nhi du quan. Van vo tam dT xua't t1,1,
quy<$n phi nhi tri Canh e' e' dT tttong nh?p, phu co tung nhi
ban hoan. Quy khu lai thinh tuc giao d1 tuy<$t du; the' du nga
nhi tuong di, ph1,1c gia ngon yen du? Duy<$t than thich chi t'inh
tho<;ti, l<;tc dm thu d1 tieu uu. Nong nhan cao du d1 xuan
tuong huu slf u tay tru. m<$nh can xa, trao co chu, ky
di<$u dT hac, di<$c khi khu nhi kinh khau. M(>c han han dT
huang vinh, quyen quyen nhi thuy luu. Ti<$n v<;tn v?t chi
dac thai, dm ngo sinh chi huu! DT hi h6! Ng1,1 hlnh vu n(>i
phl,IC ky thai, h<;tt ba't uy tam nhi<$m khu luu? H6 vi h6 hoang
hoang, d1,1c ha chi? Phu quy phi ngo nguy<$n, de' huang ba't kha
ky. Hoai luang d1 co vang, thtfc tru<;fng nhi van ty,
dang dong cao dT thu khie'u, lam thanh luu nhi phil thi. Lieu thua
464 TRAN VAN CHANH
h6a di quy phu thien phl,lc nghi?
DAO TIEM
Ttic gia-ttic philm
Doo Tiem ( 365-427 ) tl,lla Uyen Minh, hi$u Ia NgO Lieu tien sinh, g(lp
thai IOQn IQC md bat ll,/C trllOC thai CUQC, 6ng t(J quan ve ru(>ng d an.
Khi lam chuc Huy$n l$nh CJ Banh Trqch, tUng n6i cau :' Tqi sao to vi
nom dau gqo ma chiu khom lung cui dau . Dao Tiem Ia toe gia dau
tien ma cOng Ia ngllai dQi bieu cho loqi von thCI dien vien cua Trung
Quae thai Dong Tan, voi lai le binh dj, tl,l nhien ma y ta rat thdm tram,
sou sac. Bai 'Quy khu lai tu' tren day gan giong nhll bdi thCI trQ tinh, Ia
m(>t trong nhQng bai t(J noi tieng nhat cua 6ng to canh song thanh ban
gian dj VO nhQng niem VUi dQm bQC d n6ng th6n khi toe gia moi Ve quy
an luc 41 tuoi.
TUN GO
.Lai *: xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi .Tit;$: bai tu (m()t van th
clung giG'a tho va phu, c6 th ca len clu<;1c) eH6 i!V va xem
Ngil phdp C5 duoi eTrt't trzt(Jng 1mJt&: nao, bu6n ba eGitin
d.i sll'a cho t6t eDtldng : t6c len, len, bay eli (vl gi6)
(dung nhu m ) eChinh phu iiE : nguai eli cluang eHi vi fj&:
rna sang eHimh vii fir : "hanh" la cll'a, "vu" la nha; la'y cay
chAn ngang lam cll'a gQi la "hanh m6n", y n6i don so eTtii !Itt :
xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi .Tam kinh :chi nhG'ng 16i eli nho trong
vuan quanh nha .Ton ft: chen u6ng ru<Ju, be, lQ, chai, blnh .H6
trlidng va chen u6ng ru<;ju eChzt(Jc r6t ru<;ju eMifn
i: liec nhln eKiza ;fiiJ :nhanh cay eDi nhan 'l'i:i :vui mung han
ha eKy ng{lo ban tinh gai vao ch6 ph6ng khoang kh6ng
chiu sv rang bu()c eDung tat chi dj an ?G H* z 3f: "dung
ta't"dien ta ch6 C5 nho chi clu a ng6i clui ra .Stich *:
dm, niim ePht'tliio ch6ng eLttu :tho thftn
nghi ngoi eKiiu tlzii m : ngftng len eHa ;@: xa x6i eT{t I]Jffi:
hang nui .canh "*: anh sang trai .t t rna t6i
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN 465
.Ban hoan ;f.Ef: b6i h6i, quyen luyen eGiti ngon "gia" la
thang xe (vao ngl,1'a), "ng6n" , xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi; "gia ng6n"
la thftng xe ra chdi eHilu s{l tl tay trz't ]Z" ffil: "sl.f" chi
canh tac, "tru" la ru()ng .Can xa rtJ *: xe c6 giang man (
gi6ng nhu xe c6 mui sau .Yiu difu rJ] : sau xa .Hac
khe nude duoi chan nui eKhi khu g6
.Han han di lut{Jng vinh 10\Ri\U [Q]*: phoi phoi vuon len
quyen dong nude nho eHimh htllt ff1*: lam va
nghi ( chiluc lam quan khi truoc va luc C5 fin bay gia ) eNg{t hinh
vii nQi hlnh trong vu trl,l, s6ng trong trai cla't .uy
tam {,': long tu bo het danh l<;1i .Nhifm klullttu {3:: 1i, ?fit : tuy
(den clau cling clu<Jc) .Hoang hoang 3,! 3,! : tam thfrn kh6ng
yen, nom nap .Dt htldng '$ : tren trai eTh{lc t@: dl.fa Van
fi: co, lam co .Ty vun g6c cay non .cao $-: ba ru()ng
nude .Tiu'ta hoa di quy tijn xu6i theo sl.f bien h6a
ttf nhien rna toi ch6 cung cua tinh
Diw TiJm
NCO PHAP
CD* (lai): tr<;1 tU bitiu thi sv du khien, thuc gil,lc, c6 th dich
la "th6i": khu lai
@ tJ1 (h6): sao (ph6 tu nghi va'n): i!V /f ? (HiJ ba't quy?).
@ a) Sao, sao (ph6 tu bitiu thi nghi va'n phan
466
TRAN VAN CHANH
van ): 11WJ ffi] 1 tru tntong nhi d<)c bi ?).
b) Gl, nao tu nghi van): ? (Phl;lC hi
nghi?).
trc;J tu (v6 nghia): 7( O[J phii thien

@ (tai. .. tai...): trc;J tu giup cho cau duc;Jc hai hoa
can xung: fZ (Tai han tai bon).
I (ngon): trc;J til, v6 nghia: (Ph!Jc gia
ngon yen du?).
D[CHNGHlA
Bai tit "Vi di thoi"
Vi di thai hi, ru9ng vuan sdp hoang vu, sao khong vi? EJii tf!
dem long cho hinh sai khie'n, sao con m9t minh bu6n bii, dau
thuong? Hiiu dt viing khong can n6,i, biit tuong lai co thi thea.
Chua thf!c di xa tren duang me; thay hom nay phai con hom qua
trdi. Thuyin phoi phoi nhf dua, gio hiu hiu th6i do. Hoi khdch
chinh phu vi con duang phia truoc; gi(jn dnh sang ban mai con
ma nhc;zt. R6i trong thay nha, vui tuoi, rang ru6i. Tiiu d6ng ra
chao mung, tre nho dt;i ngoai c6ng. Ra lo'i nho den vuan hoang,
hang tung, cue hiiy con day. Ddt con vao nha, co rut;u ddy ly.
Cdm n(jm, hoi tf! chuo'c; ngdm cay san, mijt vui. Dr!a ella s6 nam,
long phong khodng; thay noi ch(jt hfp, dl an nhan. Ngay ngay
dc;zo qua vuan r6i thanh thu; ella tuy co di;it nhung thuang dong.
Chong cay g(jy, tho thiln nghl ngoi; thuang nga?ng ddu, tr6ng ra
phia xa. May v6 tam bay ra hang nui; chim bay moi, bie't quay tro
vi. Canh mama sdp vao trong bong dem. VJ cay tung le loi, long
b6i h6i. vi di thai hi, hiiy doc;zn tuyft giao du. f)(Ji dii cung ta lla
bo nhau, con dung fiJi suong hi cdu chi nita? Ua lai noi chlia
chan tlnh cam cua nguai than thich; vui voi cay dan, cu6n sdch di
khuay lo. Nha nang baa ta mua xuan cte'n, sdp co VlfC lam tc;zi
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHa HAN 467
cdnh d6ng tay. Hoi;ic di chile xe giang man, hoi;ic cheo con thuyin
le loi. f)(i len loi t!m khe su(/i, lt;zi g(jp ghinh di qua go. Cay hon
ho huang din mau tuoi; suo'i em dim bdt ddu troi chay. Ngt;i
khen cho muon v(jt ddc thai; cam khdi dai ta xua lam nay nghl.
Thai hit r6i! Glli hinh trong vu tr- dut;c baa lau? Sao khong thd
long mijc y o di? Tc;zi sao con thdc mdc, muon di dau? Giau sang
chllng phai diiu ta nguyfn; chon de' huang kh6ng thi uoc ao. Nghi
bu6i sang dfp trai, mQt minh dc;zo choi, hay dung g(jy lam co, vun
mc;z. Len biii dong, ngam nga thu suong; den dong suo'i trong, lam
bai tho. Hiiy thu(jn thea Sf! bien hoa cua am duong ma vi cho'n
t(jn cung. Vui mf nh trai, con nghi ngiJ chi?
TRAN TRQNG SAN dfch
D[CHTHO
Di vi, sao chllng vi di?
Ru9ng hoang vuan r(jm, con chi khong vi?
Dem tam di hinh hai sai khie'n,
Con ng(jm ngui than viin voi ai?
An m'in thi sf! dii r6i,
Tit day nghilc;zi bie't thai moi La.
Lo'i di lc;zc chlla xa La ma}',
Nay khan r6i chllng dc;zi nhu xua.
Con thuyin thu(jn neo gio dua,
Gio hay hily do, thuyin lo lllng cheo.
Hoi hanh khdch Lo'i nao di toi,
Bong m(jp ma trai moi rc;zng dong.
Miin que neo buoc xa trong,
Chan ham ha buoc, duang mong toi nha.
Chc;zy don chu nam ba ddy to,
Dang cha 6ng dlia tre con.
Rdm ri ba khom con con,
468
Mliy cay tung cue hay con nhu xua.
Tay ddt tre vao nha mi:tng ro,
Rur;tu dau da sifn chua ddy vo.
Thot;tt ng6i tay da nghieng h6,
TRAN VAN CHANH
Cuoi nom san tru(Jc thap tho may canh.
Ng6i gdu cr;tt mQt minh tru(Jc so?,
Kheo cLing hay vita ch6 rung dui.
Tham vuon dt;to thu hom mai,
Cita du co, vdn then cai nhu khong.
Cho'ng gg.y dt;to quanh vuon lt;ti nghl,
Ngdm canh troi khi ghe trong len.
May dun may dam tl;( nhien,
Chim bay moi canh da quen lo'i
Bong nga bo'n bat ngat,
Quanh go'c tung, tl;(a mat thanh thO'i.
Tit day thl;(c r6i,
Thai xin tit tuy?t v6'i nguoi w'ing lai.
Vita da v6'i doi chdng hi?p,
Cdn chi ma giao thi?p v6'i ai?
Chuy?n tro than thich may nguoi,
Bt;tn cung dim sach khi vui do bu6n.
Nguoi lam ru9ng on t6n noi chuy?n,
T6'i xuan r6i sdp de'n vi?c ta.
Hoij.c sdm sila can xa,
Hoij.c khi dung dlnh ra coi d6ng.
Du6'i khe n9 nu6'c vong uon eo,
Ben duong kia go keo gg.p
Co cay mO'n mon mau xanh,
Suo'i tuon roc rach ben chay ra.
Ngdm muon vg.t duO'ng mua tuO'i to't,
Ngan chota thai trot gia r6i.
TOAN THLJ Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
Thai con may n6i o doi,
Khu luu sao chdng phong hoai tl;( nhien?
CCI chi nghl them ta'c dr;i,
Di dau ma ta't ta VQi chi?
Giau sang da chdng thie't gi,
Cung tien chua dl hf!n gilen chai.
Chi bdng luc chdu troi em a,
Vi?c vien va't va ma vui.
Len cao hat m9t tie'ng dai,
Xuong dong nu6'c chay ngam vai bon diu.
Hinh thl nay mif.c ddu tt;to hoa,
T6'i luc nao he't cd thi thai.
Long ta pho v6'i m?nh troi,
Dang ngo chi nila, cu vui ve hoai.
TU LONG djch
D(H DUONG -R
44
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JJJ't -iF
469


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rm t11 o t11 , m g , it /F :1J /F JE =t
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470 TRAN VAN CHANH
*0 ! 0
HcmDa
PHIENAM
Ma thuye't
The hliu Ba Nh<;lC, nhien hliu thien ly rna. Thien ly rna thuang
hliu, nhi Ba Nh?C ba-t thuang hliu. Co tuy hliu danh rna, chi nhl;IC u no
nhan chi thu, tlr u tao 4ch chi gian, ba-t err thien ly xu'ng da.
Ma chi thien ly gia, nha:t th\fc ho?c tuc nhat th<;1ch. Tif rna
gia bat tri ky nang thien ly nhi tlf da. Thi rna da, tuy huu thien ly
chi nang, th\fc bat bao, life bat ttic, tai my ba-t ngo<;1i kien, tha dl;IC
du thuang rna bat kha mic, an du ky nang thien ly da.
Sach chi bat di ky d(:lO, tlf chi bat nang ky tai, minh chi
nhi bat nang thong ky y, chap sach nhi lam chi viet: "Thien h?
vo rna". 6 ho! Ky chan vo rna da? Ky chan ba't tri rna da.
HAN DU
Tdc gia-tdc pha?m
Han DO (786-824) con c6 tenIa Han Xlldng Le, Ia nha van, nha thd
ion ddi 8Lldng, lam quan den chuc Binh b thi lang. Bai tren day chinh
Ia 'TQp thuyet thu tv (TQp thuyet tv!) in trong cdc b Co van quan chi,
toe gia mllQn cdu chuy$n ngl)a thien ly kh6ng gqp dllQc 86 NhQc
(nglldi nu6i ngl)a gioi) dE3 vi voi ke sT c6 tai chi nhllng kh6ng gqp thdi,
am chi va chi trich chinh sdch re rung nhdn tai cua nha cam quyen
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN 471
dlldng thdi.
TU NGO
.Bd Nlzqc 18 Ton Duong, tlf Et Ba Nh(:lc, nguai nuoc Tfin
thai Xuan thu, gioi xem tuong nglfa d biet nglfa hay nglfa dd
.Thien ly mii -=f day chi con nglfa gioi di duQc ngfm d?m
trong m<)t ngay nhung chua duQc nguai biet eBiin ti't cling
chet chung .Tiw tf: mang dlfng thuc an cho nglfa Ltch ff!:
chu6ng nglfa .Thqch :: don vi dong luang bang 100 thang thai
xua (khoang 104 lit) mii giaft 1-: nguai nuoi nglfa(it
dung nhu nghia la nuoi) .Biio : no .Tai my ::t tai, sd
truang Je, ra, to ra ,biu (dung nhu :fj[) eSdch m
: roi nglfa; day dung nhu d<)ng tu,"tien sach" la sai khien,
khin .Bat di ky dqo ;If khong theo nguyen tiic, loi
(cling c6 cho giai la: khong theo ban tinh cua n6) .Bat niing
thong ky y ;If g 3m ;!t khong hiu duQc y n6.
NGOPHAP
CD 1& (nhien r6i moi (lien tu chi ket
qua):i:!:t 18 1& -=f (The huu Ba Nh<;1c, nhien lzqu
huu thien ly rna).
- (nha't) dung nhu ph6 tu lam tr<;1ng ngu, nghia la "moi
lftn, m<)t I fin": 3fi : (Nhat thlfc ho?c tuc nhat
th<;1ch).
c6 khi, c6 le, c6 th (ph6 tu biu thi suy doan)
(xem thi dl;l vua dan tren).
@ ( thj ): nay, ay (d(:li tu chi thi d?t truoc danh
tll'): -111 ... (Tht rna da ... ).
@ 3i (an): lam sao? (ph6 tu biu thi phan van; day dung phoi
hQp voi trQ tu -111 [da] biu thi nghi van d cuoi cau):
lit -111? (An du ky nang thien ly dii?).
472 TRAN VAN CHANH
Ujl (o ho!): than oi! (than tu ).
(j) (ky ... ky ... ): trQ til, thi y nha'n rnc;tnh trong ca. u
hoi hfa chQn, c6 dich " hay H1":
;It JJ! ,W, ,W, t!1 ? (KJ chan v6 rna da, ky chan
ba't tri rna da ?).
D!CH NGHlA
Bim vi nglfa
Dili c6 Bd Nhg.c r6i sau moi c6 ngf:(a thien l"y. Ngf:(a thien ly
thuilng c6, rna Bd Nhg.c khong thuilng c6. Cho nen, tuy c6 ngf:(a
gioi nhung chl bi nhf:ic noi tay ke toi to, cung nhau chit noi x6
chu6ng mdng co, chdng dur;Jc g9i la ngf:(a thien ly.
Loai ngf:(a di dur;Jc nghin d(f.m, m9t ldn an c6 khi hit cd m9t
thg.ch th6c. Nguili cho ngf:(a an chdng bie't n6 c6 thi di dur;Jc nghin
d(f.m rna nuoi n6. Con ngf:(a ay, tuy c6 khd nang di dLtr;JC nghin
d(f.m nhung an khong no, sue khong du, thi tai can khong biiu
hi?n ra dur;Jc, va muon ngang bdng voi ngf:(a thuilng con khong
thi dur;Jc, lam sao yeu cdu n6 di nghin dif.m dur;Jc.
Sai khien n6 khong thea d(f.c tinh rieng cua n6, nuoi n6 khong
thi cho n6 phat huy hit tai nang, [a het no rna khong thl hiiu dLtr;JC
y n6. Cdm roi rna den ben cg.nh n6 n6i: "Thien hg. khong c6 ngf:(a!"
Than oil ThtJ.t khong c6 ngf:(a u? Hay la thtJ.t khong biit ngf:(a !.
TVC. djch
w
45
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TOAN THV n,l HQC CHlJ HAN
473
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474 TRAN VAN CHANH
Bfi xa gia thuye't
VInh Chau chi da san di xa , chat b<;tch chuang, xuc thao
m()c, tit. DI khie't nhan, v6 ngtf chi gia. Nhien nhi tich chi
di vi nhi, kha di di d<;ti phong, loan uyn, lau, khu ttl' co, sat
tam trung. Ky thuy, thai y di vuong t1,1 chi, tue' phu ky nhi.
MQ huu nang b6 chi gia, duong ky t6 VInh chi nhan tranh
bon yen. Huu Tu&ng thi gia, chuyen ky l<;Ji, tam the' hi. Van
chi, tat vie't: "Ng6 t6 ttl' u' thi, ng6 ph1,1 ttl' u' thi, kim ng6 tt! vi chi,
nhi nien, co tit gia s6 hi". Ng6n chi, m<;to nhu'<;Jc thich
gia. Du bi chi. Tha vie't: "Nhu'QC d()c chi h6? Du' tu'ong cao u' li St!
gia, canh nhu'QC dich, phi,IC nhu'QC phu, rae ha nhu'? Tu&ng thi d<;ti
thfch, u6ng nhien xuat the', vie't: "Quan tu'ong ai, nhi sinh chi h6.
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHa HAN
475
ng6 tu' dich chi bat h<;tnh, vi nhu'<;Jc ph1,1c ng6 phu, bat h<;tnh
chi da. Huang ng6 bat vi tu' dich, ecru di hi. Tt! ng6
thi tam the' eli thi huang, tich u' kim l1,1c tue' hi, nhi huang Ian
chi sinh thich, dan ky dia chi xuat, ky lu' chi hao
h6 nhi chuyn ty, co khat nhi don phau, xuc phong vii, ph<;tm
thii', h6 khu' d()c vang vang nhi ttl' gia, tu'ong t<;t da ". Nang du
ng6 t6 eli gia, kim ky that v6 nhat yen; Du ng6 ph1,1 eli gia,
v6 nhi tam yen; du ng6 eli nhi nien gia, kim ky that
v6 tli ngii yen. Phi ttl' ty nhi, nhi ng6 di b6 xa d()c t6n.
Han lai chi lai ng6 huang, khie'u hieu h6 dong tay, huy d()t h6
nam Hoa nhien nhi hai, tuy ke bat ninh yen.Ng6
tuan tuan nhi kh&i. Thi ky phuu, nhi ng6 xa thu'<;Jng t6n, thi
nhien nhi ngQa. tt! nhi, thoi nhi hie'n yen. Thoai nhi cam
thtfc ky th6 chi huu, di ng6 xi. Cai nhat tue' nhi ph<;tm tu gia,
nhi yen. Ky du' hi hi nhi l<;tc. KhC5i nhu'<;Jc ng6 huang Ian chi
dan dan huu thi tai! Kim tuy ttl' h6 thu, ti ng6 huang lan chi ttl',
ky hi, htfu an cam d()c da!" Du' van nhi dG bi. Kh6ng Tu
vie't: "Ha chinh manh 11 h6 da ". Ng6 thuong nghi h6 thi, kim di
TuC5ng thi quan chi, do tin. 6 h6! Th1,1c tri phu lim chi d()c huu
thi xa gia h6! Co vi chi thuye't, di si phu quan nhan phong
gia yen.
LIEU TON NGUYEN
Tac gia-tac philm
Lieu Ton Nguyen (773-819) tv Ia TU Hu, nguai dot Ha Dong Cnen
con gQi Ia Lieu Ha 86ng), cOng dllQc xep vao hang "bat dqi gia" ddi
E>Lldng Tong, nhi$t tam vdi ddi, sCI trlldng ve the van ngL,J ng6n va du
ky. Bai "Bo xci gia thuyet" tren doy dllQc 6ng viet vdi ham v c6ng
kich mqnh me vao dam tham quan 6 lqi dllc:ing thai vdi chinh sach
thue kh6a b6c lt don ngheo tqn xllc:ing tuy, sora con dc hc:in nqc
ran dc va con ' dQ hc:in cqp" nQa, nhll loi ket lu(ln mllQn C1 cou n6i
cua Khong TU.
476 TRAN VAN CHANH
TUNGO
eThuyit gft: loi n6i; cung chi m<)t van ttf stf kiem ca nghi
lu?n eVinh Cluzu 1jdll: ten dat, thu<)c tinh H6 Nam ngay nay
eSan itf :sinh ra eChiit 1f: tinh chat ket cau cua m<)t v?t gl; day
chi mlnh con ran eCiutdng Van eKhiet a: can eTich ijtl :
hong kh6, phoi kh6 eNhi ef!:: vien thuoc eDi 8: ngan l<:J,i, ch?n
dung, tri het eDqi phong -}( hui, cui eLoan uyin
Jfjg: tay chan co quap kh6ng duoi ra dt1<;5c eLiiu sung c6
eLf ghe d<)c eTam triing .=.. : trung tam thi (d<:J,o gia chia
ngttoi ra 3 u, ngtfc va bt,mg gQi la "tam thi"; "tam trung"
la 3 thu trung gay cho tam thi) eTiuii y :* ii: quan thai y
coi tri trong cung vua ePhzi. M: tru'ng thu, g6p; con
c6 nghia la "thue kh6a" eT{t lfflQj: thua ke, ke eCd
xem Ng!l phdp a dttai eThich 1$\G: bu6n lo, thttong x6t eBi
thttong h<:J,i, thttong x6t eNhu(lc :ij: may, 6ng, anh ... (d<:J,i tu
nhan xttng ng6i thu hai) eD{)c $ : oan ghet eLi slj gia %7_ :t3:
ngttoi coi nay (day chi vien quan dia phttong) .Djch .f)t:
pht;IC dich eUong nhien ?.f ran rt;I a (nu'ac rna t) eHzt{/ng m:
luc trttac, trttac day (cung viet la eBfnh W9 : khon kh6 eXzi.c
.: cung khon eDim f!j! :het eDon phiizt do moi rna
te nga ("don" la khon don, "phau" la te nga) eD{)c If $ khi
d<)c, chuang khi eTztdng tq if ff : hlnh dung ngttoi chet rat
("t<:J." la ngang dQc xen nhau) eNiing ji: trttac day eHiin
lqi : ke l<:J.i hung ac eKhiezt hieu alj. 5: ho het eHuy :
huy ho<:J,i, pha hong eHoa nhien 6n ao (cung viet
.Hiii .w<: kinh SQ eTuiin tuiin 'li!J 'li!J: chu y cn th?n, ron ren
ePhdu ffi: cai YO bang sanh .Thl nhien yen tam .Dan
dan____: sam sam, ngay ngay eNhiin phong A 00,: dan phong,
dan tlnh.
TOAN THll Tt,/ HQC CHU HAN
477
NCO PHAP
CD (u thD : a stf do, vl do (g6m giai tli va d<:J.i tu chi
thi each dung tttong ttf nhtt 3f Lit (h6 thll'), 3f (h6 thD a
do<:J,n cuoi bai: t6 ttl' ll thj);
!Rln 3f llt (Kim tuy ttl' h6 thi't ); -B- 3f (Ngo thttong
nghi h6 thj).
(co'): xuyt (ph6 tu ): 7E :t31)[ * ( Cd ttl' gia s6 hi) .
z (chi): d<:J,i tu dung cho ngoi thu nhat, thay cho fit (nga)
R fffi z 3f? (Quan tttong ai nhi chi h6?) .
trong bai dung theo phep sll' d<)ng, nghia la "lam
cho song, CUll song" (xem thi dt;I vua neu tren).
@ (thOi) dung nhtt ph6 tu tr<:J,ng ngG', nghia la "dung luc" :
fffi (ThiJi nhi hi en yen) .
(dii) cang them (ph6 tu lam tr<:J,ng ngG'): #d!fJ fffi
(Dtt van nhi dft bi).
(J) (phil): trQ tu v6 nghla (di;tt trttac tan ngG'):
.L-) 1* ID[ A 1$1 :t3 ... (DI si phil quan nhan phong gia ... ).
Ligu Ton Nguyen
D[CH NGHlA
LiJi ngudi biit riin
Cdnh d6ng Vfnh Chau c6 sinh ra m9t tha rdn lq, minh den vlin
trdng, df:tng vao cay co tht cay co che't he't; cdn de'n nguai tht v6
phuong cau ch!la. Nhung bdt dur;c n6 ma phoi kh6 de' lam thu6'c
478
TRAN VAN CHANH
vien thi tri du(Jc cdc chang hrli, chan tay co qudp, co? sung, ghe
df5c, lam tieu du(Jc thit tho'i, gilt du(Jc trung tam thi. Luc ddu quan
thai y theo l?nh vua cho gom bdt loai rdn do, mbi nam trung thu
hai Ldn; chieu mQ nhilng ngu&i co thi bdt du(Jc no, (n9p len) thay
cho thue' phdi nQp. Dan da't Vfnh tranh dua nhau bdt.
Co ngui1i h9 Tuong n9 chuyen mo'i l(Ji do da ba di1i. T6i hoi
anh ta thi dap: "Ong t6i che't vi rdn, cha t6i che't vi rdn, nay t6i
no'i nghi?p bdt rdn da mu&i hai nam, xuyt che't da may Ldn rbi".
Anh ta ki lc;zi vi?c do, ve mi;it co ve bubn thdm Ldm. Toi thu(Jng ht;zi
anh ta, va noi: "Chu oan ghet vi?c do Ldm phdi kh6ng? T6i se noi
voi quan dia phu(Jng thay d6i vi?c djch cho chu, chu dong
thue' lc;zi nhu truoc, the' co du(Jc kh6ng?". H9 Tuong ra't bi thdm,
nuac mdt ran dap: "6ng dinh xot thu(Jng ma muo'n cau song
t6i chang? Nhung sf! ba't hc;znh crla vi?c lam nay vdn chua biing
nJi ba't hc;znh phdi dong thue' tro lc;zi. Truoc day ne'u t6i kh6ng lam
vi?c nay thi khan kh6? da lau r6i. Tit ba di1i h9 nha t6i o lang nay,
tfnh toi nay da SQU muai nam, ma CUQC so'ng CUa ngu(!i dan trong
lang mJi ngay mQt cung khan, ru9ng da't san xua't du(Jc bao nhieu
he't nhdn, thu nhp trong nha n9p len he't, h9 gao khoc
ma d&i di nai khac, doi khat te nga, mdc mua mdc gio, chiu nong
chiu lc;znh, hit phdi khf dQc, thui1ng thui1ng che't thay niim chbng
cha't len nhau. Nhilng ngui1i truoc kia cung so'ng voi 6ng t6i, nay
trong so' mui1i nha kh6ng con du(Jc mQt; nhilng ngui1i cilng so'ng
voi cha t6i, nay mu&i nha kh6ng con du(Jc hai, ba; nhilng ngui1i
cung so'ng voi toi mui1i hai nam nay, hi?n trong mui1i nha kh6ng
con du(Jc bo'n, nam; ne'u kh6ng che't thi ciing phdi di1i sang nai
khac, toi nhi1 bdt rdn ma rieng con so'ng o day. B9n lc;zi hung de
toi lang t6i, ho het o phfa dong phfa tay, phd phach o phfa nam
phfa bdc, dm f gay kinh hodng, toi ga cho ciing kh6ng du(Jc yen.
T6i ron ren dang dy, ngo cai vo, thay rdn crla t6i vdn con, the' La
an tam niim ngrl, din thn nu6i rdn d(Ji dung luc dang len.Luc
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 479
binh thui1ng tro nha thl an du(Jc nhilng thac ngon crla nay
cho den he't tudi di1i. Vl mJi nam t6i chl phdi nguy tanh mc;zng hai
Ldn thai con thi han ho vui ve suo't nam, co dau nhu nhilng nguoi
khac trong lang ngay new ding phdi php phbng lo s(J! Nay du toi
co che't vi vi?c bdt rdn thi cung con La che't sau nhrlng ba con lo'i
xom, thi sao dam oan gi nila?".
T6i nghe ma cang them thu(Jng. Kh6ng Til noi: "Chfnh sach ha
khdc con dil h(Jn CQp". T6i da tung ngi1 l&i noi do, nay lay CUQC
di1i crla h9 Tuong nay di xet, vdn con thay dung. Than 6i! Ai bie't
cho rdng cai dQC ht;zi cua thue' ma nijng COn [f h(Jn cai dQC cua
rdn nila? Cho nen t6i vie't bai thuye't nay di mong d(Ji cdc nha
quan sat dan tinh hdu du(Jc tinh huang do.
TVC. dich
m
46
i:1 :,:UJJ; )C
**


T ' iX :0 U o * 7 El : r Jl:t i:i :!:JJ; t!1 o - If[
, 1i H: 5l , 7C &IJ riO .n o {,' ! rli ? Jli {-\:
00;1:?


, o '* Hln , ttt


, o , o
, o , o
' .19> A.[] o 3:: t!ltf ' J II S t o w tff ?I ?PJ ' ili
480
TRAN VAN CHANH

1* , 1IE 00 o *M?m 1E! , 111 o ll:t E



Jffi 1 " ,,l_;G JPJ F.J ff:b' l=l



o B ' FJ 1S 8 o
' !


jfc , , ' o ,


o

-)6 .lf!5 /T\\ Ott."'\\ WJ-. f-r ./'..... JJ< / .... Etf Ott. II\\ .JL
o o

, o o ,

o 0,\i- U ! Di Ul ! ! ffP ! tJ Wf ' * fPJ !

PHIENAM
Die"u c6 chie"n tru'<1ng van
h6! Blnh sa vo ngan, quynh bat kie'n nhan. Ha thuy
oanh dai, quftn scm eli phan. Am phong tl;ly, phong bi
huan. B6ng thao kho, lftm nhu'Qc su'ong thftn. Diu phi bat
thu cfinh vong quftn. Dlnh tntC5ng cao du vie't: "Thii' c6 chie'n
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
481
tru'ong da. Thuong phuc tam quan, vang vang quy khoc, thien
am van". Thuong tam tai! Tftn du Han du? Tuong du?
Ngo van phu ngl;ly dao tht.l, Kinh Han m9. ly
bon t'u, lien nien b<:10 19. Sa thao thftn ffil;IC, ha thuy d<:1 d9. Dia
khoat thien truong, ba't tri quy 19. Ky than phong phuc uc
thuy to? Tftn Han nhi hoan, da slf tu di. Trung chau hao do, vo
the' vo chi. C6 xung nhung h':l, ba't khang vuong su'. Van giao tha't
tuyen, vo thftn dl;lng ky. Ky binh huu di u' nhan nghia, vuong d<:1o
vu khoat nhi ID':\C vi. 6 ho! Y hi!
Ngo tuC5ng phu phong cha'n m':\c, h6 binh tu Chu
tuong kieu dich , ky mon thl;l chien. Da thl;l mao ky, xuyen h6i t6
Phap trQng tam hai, uy t6n LQi thoc xuyen cot,
kinh sa nMp Chu khach tuong bac, son xuyen cha'n huyen.
Thanh tich giang ha, the' bon 16i Chi nhu'QC cung am ngu'ng
be', lam hai ngung. Tich tuyet mC)t hinh, kien bang t<:1i tu. Chi
diiu httu sao, chinh rna trl tru. Tang khoang vo on, dQa chi
phu. Duong thll' kh6 han, thien gia cuong h6. lang sat khi,
di tu'ong tien d6. Kinh truy trQng, hoanh cong si tot. Do uy
tan hang, tuong quan phuc mC)t. Thi ct! dng chi ng':ln, huye't
man truong thanh chi Vo qui vo d6ng vi kho cot, kha
thang ngon tai!
C6 suy life thi tuyc$t. B<:1ch giao
bao dao chie't, lu'Bng quan xuc sinh ttl' quye't. Hang hi tai,
chung than di dtch; chie'n hi tai, cot sa Itch. Diu vo thanh
son tich ttch, chinh tru'ong phong tich tich. H6n phach ke't
thien trftm trftm, quy thftn t\,1 van mtch mich. quang
han thao doan, nguyc$t kh6 su'ong b<;ich. Thuong Him
tham ml;lc, huu nhu thi da!
Ngo van chi: Ml;lc dl;lng tot, d<:1i pha Lam h6, khai dta
thien ly, dC)n dao Hung No. Han khuynh thien tai dan life
phu. nhan nhi di, ky t(;li da h6? Chu trl;IC Him Doan, bac
482
TRAN VAN CHANH
chi Thai Nguyen, ky thanh S6c Phuong, toan su nhi Am
chi sach huan, hoa l:;tc tha nhan, ml,IC ml,IC quan thftn chi
gian. Tftn khai Truong thanh, canh hai vi quan, d6 d()c sinh linh,
V(;ln ly chu an. Han kich Hung No, tuy di"lc Am Son, chftm hai
bien da, cong bat b6 ho:;tn.
Thuong thuong chung dan, thuy vo phl,l phung
phl,l, uy ky bat thQ. Thuy vo huynh Nhu tuc nhu thu. Thuy vo
phu phl,l? Nhu tan nhu hG'u. Sinh da ha an? Sat chi ha cG'u? Ky
t6n ky m()t, gia m:;tc van tri. Nhan hG'u ngon, tuong tin
tu'ong nghi. Quyen quyen tam ml,lc, tftm mi kien chi. Bo
khuynh truong, khoc VQng thien nhai. Thien dta vi sftu, thao m()c
the bi. Dieu te bat chi, tinh h6n ha y? Tat hG'u hung nien, nhan
ky lu'u ly. 6 ho! Y hi! Thoi da! da! Tong c6 nhu tu. Vi chi
n:;ti ha! Thu t:;ti tu di.
LYHOA
Ttic gia-ttic plzilm
Ly Hoa (khoang 715- khoang 744 tnJdc CN). tv Ia Ha Thuc. do tien sT
trong nim hi$u Khai Nguyen thu 33 doi Duong (nam 735). lam quan
den chuc Gi6m sat nglj SU, vl b! quyen than ganh ghet, coo quan ve
song cu(>c doi nhan tan. 6ng noi tieng ve tai van chllc:ing, c6 t(>p Ly Ha
Thuc van tp. 'Dieu co chien truong van' Ia toe pham cong phu. thOnh
c6ng nh6t cua 6ng. dll<;lc viet khi con lam chuc Gi6m sat nglj su
phL,mg su di S6c Phllc:ing (m(>t phien tr6n cua nha Duong), tren dllong
di ngang qua bai chien trllong xlla ma cam toe.
TUNGO
eH{lo lz{lo menh mong eNgan :1:_&: gidi h:;tn, bo eQujnlz
1l : xa xoi .oanlz dtii ffii: vong quanh nhu dai ao .cu plzan
*lH5f: roi boi .Am !ff: den am U, u am, toi tam .Tizam t{lY
am d:;tm, tl,ly (hlnh dung dnh v?t tieu eHzwn B!
: toi den, toi mu eB6ng co b6ng eDinlz ffrf: di nhanh eDinh
tntiJng ,y :Bt: Doi Tftn, Han, cu 10 c6 dl,l'ng m()t cai dlnh
TOAN THU' Tl/ HQC CHOHAN 483
(tr:;tm), ra chuc dlnh truang coi tri an, to tl,lng; day chi
vien quan nho a d!a phuong eTam qzmn .=.. !![: chi chung quan
d<)i Ng{ty ijg: hai nude thoi Chien quoc eDao tlzzi fJ=X::
bat quan linh di phong giG' bien gidi .Kinlz, Him ff!J, nude
Kinh ( tuc nude sa ) va nude Han cilng a thoi Chien quoc eTri?u
mQ t5 va v?t chieu m<) binh linh ePiu/c z/c
Jlt: nghyn lOi (vl tuc gi?n hay qua dau thuong), muon
( cGng viet tl ) eTt/ di [9 cac dan t<)c s6 a bon phia
bien gidi Trung clzau $HI: trung nguyen eHao di{ ft : t6n
hao va hu hong eNiumg H{l 1)(; Jl: "Nhung", chi chung cac dan
tQC s6; "H:;t" la Hoa H:;t .Vztdng Sll ffi: quan d()i cua de
vuong eVan gitio : van trt va giao h6aeD{mg ky ffl :
dung ke l:;t .Ky binh binh danh bat ngo thu thang, v?n
dl,lng mu'u lUQC danh up d<)t ng()t eVlldng d{lo U[: duong loi
dung nhan due chinh phl,lc nguoi .vu klzotit vu vo
khong thiet thl,l'c, vong, vu khoat .Ky mon M c6ng
doanh tr:;ti quan d<)i .Mao ky Jjt fj}l;: chi chung co xi .Til luy?n
tJ3J-*: t6 giap Va bt hai lo:;ti chien phl,IC CUa quan linh, day
mu<;5n chi quan linh eTiclz ifJT: b6 ra .Ciing am 'jJ3 chi luc
cl,l'c l:;tnh trong khoang ret nhat cua mua dong eNgztng hiM M:
chi rang h6ng ngung tl,l giang kin .Hai ngung w jlf.l: chi noi cl,l'c
l:;tnh tay bac ("hai" la sa m:;tc IOn) .Chi dilu .!: chim du
eTri tn't 00: do dtf, tru tru, chftn chu .Tang klzoting *ll: ao
mua dong ("tang" chi chung hang ta ll,la, "khoang" la bong
ta) eBdng tang ?! : nho vao, dtfa vao .Sat klzi khi tan t:;t
cua khoang l<;tnh nhat trong mua dong eTruy tr9ng quan
nhu (chi chung cac v?t dl,lng dung cho quan linh) eD6 ziy :Wiff-1:
chuc quan vo thap han chuc tudng quan.Die'n lap kin (ch6
nay c6 ban viet chG' phau "te nga ") eXztc Tfl_: gap rut, cap
bach, buc bach .Mfclz mfclz : che phu, bao phu, phu kin
484 TRAN vAN CHANH
eM{tC 1'5c: chi Ly M1,1c (mot tl1ong gioi cua mrdc eliim HiJ
;f.:f\ t/3: bo toe thuoc Hung No .Phu 1ffi: he't sue kh6 nhoc eCizu
tr{tC Hiim Doiin ffl] jfc: Chu Tuyen vl1ong c1u6i
Doan eThimh tnt xay thanh (dung nhl1 dong ttl) Soc Plutdng
Jj jj: ph11ong bac; cilng co thuye't cho Soc Ph11cing la ten dat,

thuoc mot dai Ninh Linh V6 ngay nay eAm chi tv;:.?t: ngay
xl1a di danh trd cao te' d tong mie'u, t6 chuc ye'n gQi
la "ffm chi" eSdch lwiin * jjj: ghi cong lao vao the tre eM{tc
ffl{lC : dang Ve eli' chi Cung kinh, dung hlnh
dung thien ttl' dang ve nho nha on hoa eDiJ dQc
$: tan eChu an * mau do nhl1 mau .Cong bat bd
ho{ln :r:jJ /f c111Qc khong bu mat, lQi bat eT/utdng
tlutdlzg fi fi: nghTa goc la cay co xanh tl1oi, day y noi dong
dao.Ciutng dan ?$; .B:;: dan chung dong dao (?$;dung nhl1
nghTa la rat dong) eQuyen quyen lo bu6n eTii'm mj i!l
: trong giac rna eBif khuynh trztiJng 15 : mang ri1Qu
ra tren te' ngl1oi che't ("bo" la bay ra, late' ttf) eTinh
hiJn linh h6n .Tat lu1u hung nien, nhan ky btu ly
\ 129 if-, A !t ifrE Ill: sau cuoc chie'n ldn, tat co mat mua,
dan chung se luu l<;tc khong noi nl1ong ttfa eThi't t{li tzl di
1 [9 y noi thien ttl' thoi xl1a thi hanh vl1ong thtfc thi
nhan chinh, thu phi,!C ngl1oi bang due do, cac dan toe d bon
phl1c1ng long kham phi,!C, moi ngl1oi CU giil' Oat CUa
mlnh cho thien ttl', nhl1 the' se khong con chinh chie'n nil'a.
NGOPHAP
CD (tai): trQ tu thi cam than, thl1ong djch la
"thay!": ! (Thl1ong tam tai!).
(du): trQ tu thi phan van (cung vie't laW), co
dich la"l1?": dztHan dzt?).
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
485
(hfo'ng): hay la (lien tu): {i; ? (Tztmzg d<;ti
dl1?).
@ mE Wf? (thuy t6?): trong cau hoi, la tu nghi van lam
tan ngil' c111Qc trl1oc dong tu (thay vl noi: Wf
@ fffi (nhi hoim): trd sau, dung nhl1 t) f& (dT
(Tfrn, Han nhi holm).
@ ... ... (vo ... vo ... ): giil'a hai ttl don, nghTa Ut
"khong ... nao khong": the' vo chi) (= khong doi
nao khong co).
(J) .::k_ (phu): trQ ttl vo nghTa, d?t trl1oc tan ngil':
Ngo tl1dngp/u't bacphong chan nwc).
;E= (chi nhu'Q'c) de'n nhl1 (lien tu them y
khac): (Cizinlut(lc cung am ngl1ng be').
}j9J (thang): xie't, he't: PJ )]91 a (Kha tlziing ngon tai ).
@ tai): trQ tu lien th! nghi van - cam
than, tuy trl1ong hQp co d!ch la "11?" 11?" , "
thay! ": * (Hang lzl tai?) ( = hang 11?).
([D __ (tha): rna l<;ti (lien tu noi ke't 2 tu, Cl,lffi tu, thj
Stf cung t6n t<;ti cong gop cua hai tr<;tng th<ii):
:fD __ (Hoa l<;tc tha
;tt ... !t ... (ky ... ky ... ): liL.hay la: ;!t1;!t?9: (Ky t6n ky
mot) .
@ ... (tu'o'ng ... tu'o'ng ... ): vua ... vua ... : (Trtdng
tin tztdng nghi).
@ fi:!J 1t( ? (hay?): trong diu hoi, d<;ti tu nghi van lam tan ngil'
c111Qc trl1dc d()ng ttl thay vl vie't: 1N iOJ.
@ ;!t (ky): pho ttl th! mot tlnh huang se xay ra, co
d!ch la"se": A!t?frE!ll (Nhanky luu ly) .
@ WT (tu'): nay, do, the' (d<;ti ttl chi thj): c6
nh11 tzt).
486
TRAN vAN CHANH
@ ffi Z foJ (vi chi ha?): biet lam the nao? (CI}ffi tu
quen dung).
D!CHNGHlA
Bai viin vie'ng biii chien tntilng xzta
Baa La thay! Sa mg_c phdng khong ba, xa xa khong tha:v nguai.
Nuoc song quanh CO, nui non ro'i bai. Am dg_m hJ the thdm! Gio
bu6n, ndng quai. B6ng dat, co kho, Lg_nh nhu buo'i som suong roi.
Chim bay khan xuong, muong chg_y Lg_c bdy. Ong dinh truang bdo
toi rdng: "Day La biii chie'n truang xua, tilng La noi tieu ba
quan, thuang thuang co tie'ng quy khoc, nghe ri5 luc trai to'i tam".
Dau long thay! Tdn u, Han u, hay ct;'in dg_i u? Toi nghe noi: Unh
thu nuoc TJ, nuoc linh m9 nuoc Kinh, nuoc Him chg_y rang
ngoai muon dijm, phoi minh hit nam nay qua nam khac. Sang
chan nglfa tren biii co sa mg_c, dem l9i qua bang gia tren song.
Da't r9ng, trai dai, khong bie't duang vl Gai than vung guom
giao, ua't ac ngo cung ai? Til dai Tdn, Han tra vJ, co nhiiu
chuyfn voi bo'n r(l di. SI! to'n ht;zi tg_i miJn trung chau khong dai
nao khong co. Nhilng xa xua gQi fa Nhung djch, Trung hg_ dJu
khong dam khang Clf voi quan d9i cua Thien tzl. Van giao khong
truyJn ba, vo thdn thich dung phep ky binh. Ky binh khac
TOAN THV Tl,f HOC CHCI HAN 487
voi nhan ngh'la, cho vuong dg_o fa vu khoat, khong lam. Than oil
Than oil
Toi ngh'l din tr(in gio bdc tho?i l9ng sa mg_c, quan H6 thila co
qua:v nhilu. Chu tuong khinh thuang quan djch, din co'ng trg_i
cung giijc giao chien. Ngoai dbng dlfng ca xi, tren song cht;'it
chie'n baa. Phep nghiem long s(l, uy cao mg_ng hen. Mui ten sdc
xuyen thung xuong, cat bong rat dt;'ip vao mijt. Hai doan quan
chu, khach giao tranh, nui song rung d9ng, la/J loa. Tieng xe song
ngoi, the' long saln set. Den n6i trai da't dong kin, g6c hi lg_nh
lung. Tuye't chi{t cao ngt;'ip dui ve: bang rdn chdc bam tren rau.
Chim dil nghl ngoi trong to?, nglfa chie'n quanh qudn, b6i h6i.
Ngon tay duang roi fan da muo'n rach tung. Duong luc lg_nh
buo't f{y, trai cho bQn cuang H6, hong hach sat khi, din ddnh gie't
nhau. Trift thdng quan nhu, gie't hila binh linh. Do uy vila ddu
hang, tuong quan bj ta trt;'in. Thay la/J ba cdng LOn, mau ngt;'ip !6
thanh dai. Khong phan hift sang hen, thdy dJu fa xuong kho. Noi
xie't du(lc sao!
Tie'ng trong ye'u hJ sac tt;'in, ten hit sg_ch hJ day dr:tt, guom trdn
giao hJ dao bau gdy, hai quan VQi vii hJ quye't so'ng thac. Hang u,
trQn dai mQi Chien u, thay phoi biii cat! Chim khong tieng hJ
nui vdng ve, dem ddng dijc hJ gio diu hiu. H6n phach kit hJ trai
niJng niJng, quy thdn hJ may u am. Anh miJt trai !c;mh hJ co
ngdn, sdc vdng trang bu6n hJ suong trdng. Long dau mdt thdm,
phdi nhu the' khong?
Toi nghe noi: Ly dung quan cd phd r(l Lam, rna da't
dai ngan dijm, ru6ng duo?i hQn Hung No. TriJu Han xo nghieng
thien hg_, cua hit, sac nhQC. Dung nguai co't xang dang rna thai,
co cdn nhiJu dtiu! Nha Chu danh duo'i r(l Hilm Doiin den tt;'in
miJn Thai Nguyen phia bdc, xay xong thanh a Soc Phuong, giil
toan Vfn quan d9i tra vl Eo' cao tg_i nha tong mie'u, ghi chien
cong vao so? sach, dii vui ve lg_i an nhan, cung kinh, uy nghi trong
488 TRAN VAN CHANH
chon vua toi. Nha Tdn clit Trang thanh, dt;it di den tijn hi, bc;w
ngut;Jc sinh linh, mdu d9ng do tim muon dt;im. Nha Han ddnh
Hung No, tuy chie'm dut7c Am S(Jn, nhung go'i xu(Jng khdp d6ng,
cong chdng bo
Sinh dan trong khodng troi da't ai ma khong c6 cha mf? Ddt
diu nang diJ, S(/ khong so'ng !au. Ai ma khong c6 anh em ? Nhu
chan nhu tay. Ai ma khong c6 vt;J ch6ng? Nhu khdch nhu Cho
so'ng, dut;Jc (Jn gi? Gie't di, c6 ti}i gi? Con hay la ma't, nha chdng ai
bie't. C6 nguoi nao n6i, nila tin nila ngo. N6i lo bu6n a tren
mdt, trong long, khi nlim ngu trong thay nguoi than. Bay te' r6t
chen rut;Ju, kh6c trong phia chan troi. Troi ddt u sdu, co cay the
thdm. Khong den khi die'u te: tinh h6n nu(Jng tiJa chon nao? Ta't
r6i ma't mua, nguoi se linh Than oil Than oil Thai u, mnh u?
Tit xua nhu thi Con bie't lam sao? Nen lam sao cho bon rt;J di bdo
Vf da't dai CUa nha VUa.
TJMN TRQNG SAN djch
D(H TONG * {i;
47



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TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN 489
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PHIENAM
Xich Bich phu
Nham tua't chi thu, tha't nguy<$t ky vong, T6 til' du khach
phiem chu du u Xich Bich chi Thanh phong tu lai, thuy ba bat
hung. Cii' tii'u chuc khach, t1,1ng Minh nguy<$t chi thi, ca YSu di<$u
chi chuang. ThiSu yen, nguy<$t xuat tt dong son chi thtt<;5ng, b6i
490 TRAN VAN CHANH
h6i u dfiu ngu'U chi gian. B<;lch 19 hoanh giang, thuy quang tiep
thien. Tung nhat vi chi sCi nhu, lang V:ln khoanh chi mang nhien.
H:lo h<;lo h6 nhu bang hu nglf phong, nhi bat tri ky sCi chi; phieu
phieu h6 nhti di the dC) c vG h6a nhi dang tien.
V th! fi'm tli'u l<;lc khau huyn nhi ca chi. Ca viet: "Que
tr(;lo h Ian tu'ong, kich khong minh h to lu'U quang; di <i u di<iu h
du hoai, vQng my nhan h thien nhat phuong! ". Khach hG'u xuy
dC)ng tieu gia, y ca nhi hQa chi. Ky thanh o o nhien, nhti oan nhu
me), nhti khap nhti to, dti am bat nhti lG, vG u hac
chi tim giao, khap co chu chi ly ph1,1 .
To tli' thi<iu nhien, chinh kham nguy tQa nhi van khach viet:
"Ha vi ky nhien dii?". Khach viet: minh tinh hi , o thuoc
nam phi, thli' phi Tao M<;lnh Due chi thi h6? Tay VQng H<;l Khfiu,
dong VQng V6 Xuong, son xuyen tu'ong lieu, uat h6 thtiong
thuong, thli' phi M<;lnh Due chi khon u Chu lang gia h6? Phuong
ky pha Kinh Chau, h<;l Giang Lang, lu'U nhi dong da, lu
thien ly' tinh ky te khong, si tliu lam giang, hoanh sao phu thi, co
nhat the chi hung da, nhi kim an t(;li tai! Huong ngo du tli' ngu
tiu t1 giang chli' chi thti<;lng, lG' ngli ha nhi hG'u mi lC)c, gia nhat
chi thien chu, eli bao ton di tuong chuc. Ky phu du u thien
d!a, di<iu thuong hai chi nhat tuc, ai ngo sinh chi tu du, tien
truong giang chi vo cung! phi tien di ngao du, bao minh
nhi truong chung. Tri bat kha h6 d3:c, thac di huCing u
bi phong".
To tli' viet: "Khach tri phu thuy dG' h6? gia
nhu tu, nhi v! thuong vang da; doanh hu gia nhu bi, nhi tot m(;lc
tieu truCing da. Cai tuong tlf ky bien gia nhi quan chi, t3:c thien
d!a ding bat nang di nhat thuan; tlf ky bat bien gia nhi quan chi,
t3:c du nga giai vo da, nhi hlfu ha h6? Tha phu thien
d!a chi gian, cac hG'u chu; cfi'u phi ngo chi sCi hG'u , tuy nhat
hao nhi m(;lc thu. Duy giang thti<;lng chi thanh phong, dG' son gian
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 491
chi minh nhl d3:c chi nhi vi thanh, m1,1c ngC) chi nhi thanh
s3:c, thu chi VO cam, d1,1ng chi bat th! t(;lO gia chi VO
tang da, nhi ngo dG' tli' chi sCi cC)ng thich ".
Khach hi nhi tieu, tfi'y triin canh chu'oc, hao h<;lCh ky boi
ban lang t(;l. Tu'ong dG' chfi'm t(;l h6 chu trung, bat tri dong phuong
chi ky b<;lch.
TO THUC
To Thuc
Tac giii-tac philm
To Thuc (1037-1101) tV Ia TU Chiem. hi$u Ia Dong Pha. con cua To
Tuan. anh To Tri$t. deu Ia nhQng nha vdn-nhO thd noi tieng nhat dai
Tong. Do tien sl nom 21 tuoi (thai Tong Nhan tong). ra lam quan. nhung
tll tLJCing va tinh tlnh rat ph6ng kho6ng, sieu tho6t. c6 thai d(> trung
dung ve m(lt chinh tr!. Ia m(>t nha nho chju nhieu anh hLJCing cua Lao
Trang. 'lien Xich Bich phu' Ia bai van dllqc ILJu truyen r(>ng rdi nhat cua
ong. sang toe trong nien hi$u Nguyen Phong thu 5 (1082). tUc trong
khoang thai gian toe gia b! biem di Hoang Chou Cvl phon doi chll<Jng
trlnh cai each tao bQO cua Vlldng An Thqch), phai song vdi tam tlnh rat
sou mu(>n. phuc tqp. Ba thong sou. toe gia c6 d!p trc IQi Xich Bich va
lam them m(>t bai 'Xich Bich phu' noa. duqc nguai sou gQi Ia ' H(lu Xich
Bich phu' .
492
TRAN VAN CHANH
TT) NCO
eP/ul : mot th van ngam vinh c6 c6 vua nhu tho
vua nhu van xuoi , xua't . tU' thai Chien quoc a nude sa
eN/ziim tuat FX;: nam thu 5 nien Nguyen Phong dai Tong
tong (1082) .Kj 'if/1: da den ngay vQng ("vQng" la
ngay 16 Am lich hang thang) .To Ill To Thuc tt! xung
ePizie'm clziiu iz fit: boi eXiclz Bich day ntii Xich
Bich a Gia Ngu, tinh H6 Bac, tren ba song Duong Ttl'
eHting n6i len eChzi.c mai (ru<;1u) eMinh nguy?t chi thi
13Jj ,F3 Z chi bai xua't" trong phong cua Kinh Thi
.Yiu di?u chi chztdllg z chi chuang thu nha't trong bai
xua't" n6i tren eTiziiu yen j;-1,%: mot lat sau eBiJi hiJi
f@l: dung dfing, chu ( khong tien buoc ) .Dau Ngztu4 4-:
sao va sao Ngu'U d cho eNhiit
: ti chiec nho .slJ nhtt ?IT cho di den C"nhu" la di)
eLiing VUQt qua eV(ln kholmh t_W: hlnh dung song
rong Mang nhien '(: menh m6ng Bling Jut ng{t phong
flili @1 :bay len khong coi gi6 rna di dung nhu eDi
the' dQc lijp :@i:!t11/.lr.: vut bo dai , kh6ng chut tr6i buoc.
Vu hoa 1t: thanh tien ( ngu cua D<;to gia ) Khiilt huyin
go vao m<;tn ( d t<;to nhip cho bai hat). Tr(lO fijt
mai cheo ra truoc goj la [tuang], ra sau gQi Ia "tr<;to")
Que: ian fl, fij: c6 tinh each my xung Kich khong minh
13Jj : chi mai cheo .vao nude song trong suot ("khong
minh"la nude trong tha'y day, trang soi vao nude duang nhu trong
suot). To' btu quang 1t: chi di ngu<;1c dong tren
nude lung linh anh trang Diiu diiu hlnh dung moi tlnh
cam sau xa khong cung My nhiin nguai xua thuang
dung tu"my nhan" d tu<;1ng trung cho minh vuong thanh
chua cho mot ly tuang cao Khach chi si
Duong The Xuong, nguai a Mien True tinh Tu Xuyen,
roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
493
sanh am th6i sao hay .6 0 hlnh dung
tieng sao ren ri the luang eNhti oan nhzt mQ nhu ai
oan nhu quyen luyen eNiiuniiu hlnh dung tieng du duong
tdm b6ng .Biit tuy?t nhzt Iii ::f if- tJ:: du am khong dut, giong
nhu s<;1i w nho .va u hac chi tiim chi
(tieng sao) khien cho COn giao long nflm a Vt!C SaU phai nhay
mila ("u hac" la hang sau, day chi vlfc sau) .Khiip co chu chi ly
ph{t ill: J!ll fit z tieng sao khien cho nguai qua tren
chiec le loi phai kh6c ("ly la nguai dan ba chet
ch6ng) eThiiun/zien sac eM(lnlz
ten tt! cua Tao Thao eH(l Khau 0: thanh H<;t tren nui
Hoang Hoc thuoc V5 Han ngay nay, tuong do Ng6 Ton
dai Tam quoc dt!ng nen Vo Xztdng JEt@ : nay la thanh
tinh H6 Bac ket noi, vong quanh ePha Kinh
Chiiu, h<Z Giang Liing, thu(jn lztu nhi dong
nw ff!J HI' T ?I ' IIIJ[ ?m rm *: chi Tao Thao hang
Lu'u Tong a Kinh Chau, danh chiem Giang Lang r6i tien quan
theo huang dong nui Xich Bich. Kinh Chau la ten thuoc
Tuong Duong tinh H6 Bac ngay nay; Giang Lang, nay
cling thuoc H6 Bac eTr{tC lo F.Jffi li!J!: IOn hlnh chu
.Thien lj T hlnh dung noi duoi nhau den ngan
.Si tzlu r6t ru<;1u, chuoc ru<;1u eHoimh sao fli dm
ngang cay giao dai eNgtttiiu bat ca va don cui (dung nhu
dong tu ) .Giang chil ?I m: c6n nho tren song eLil {g: lam b<;tn
voi eHilu 1._: lam b<;tn voi eThien elm m fit: nho eBao
ton d6 dt!ng ru<;1u lam bflng trai ePhit du 9@ 9dH: con
phu du, con thieu than (song a ba nude khoang giua mua h<;t va
mua thu, sang song toi chet, thai gian song rat ngan) .Diiu
thztdng hiii chi nhiit tzlc mot h<;tt lila nho be
giua bin xanh menh mong Ham mo eHi?p
mang, da t .Di lutlJng @: du am .Th? giii nhzt Ill WI 13 :wr:
494 TRAN VAN CHANH
nude chay di the kia (lay trong cau sach LutJ,n ngil) eDoanh
dfty voi eBl xem Ngil phap a duoi eTieu trztlJng
ft: tang giam eThuiln khoanh .Thd phc't __ :;K: xem
Ngil phdp a duoi eT{lo vij.t gid j :=m: chi gioi ttf nhien eCqng
thich # ij: ci1ng thuang ngo<;tn eTrdn chen eHilO h{lch
thuc an ( thit ca ) va hoa qua .Boi him lang l{l fij :
mam chen ng6n ngang eTztdng de? chflm t{l tEl W.ttfii: ttfa vao
nhau ngu ("chffm" la cai goi, day dung nhti d()ng tu; "t<;t" la
trai).
NGO PHA.P
CD (ti): dung trong diu bi d()ng: 12 mJ (Khon ct Chu
lang).
1J (phtio'ng): duong khi, dang lt1c (gioi tu bitiu thi thai
gian):jj ;!tu& Jf!J 'lH .. . (Piutdng ky pha Kinh Chau ... ).
jj!!J (co): la (ph6 tu): (Co' nhat the chi
hung da).
@ * (dong): trong bai la danh tu dung nhu d()ng til, nghia la
"di phia dong" : ?nt ffi]* {j1 ltiU nhi dong da) .
@ { (Iii) va 1x (huu) trong bai la danh tU dung nhu' d()ng tu,
c6 nghia "lam b<;tn voi": (Lunguha nhi/u7u
mi l()c).
@ f.lt (bl): kia, cai kia (d<;ti tu chi thi dti chi
(Doanh hu gia nhu bl)(trong bai dich la trang kia ").
(J) __ (tha phil): va chang, va l<;ti, han nua (lien tu dfru
.. . (Thaplu't thien dia chi gian ... )
(canh): l<;1i lfrn nua (ph6 tu): (Tffy tdn cdnh
chuoc).
TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
495
D[CH NGHlA
Bai plui Tiin Xich Bich
Ngayrlim thdng bay mua thu nam Nham tua't, To til cung voi
khdch bai thuyin chai iJ duoi nui Xich Bich.
Hay hay gi6 mat, song lijng nhu ta, cdm chen ru(/U len mai
khdch, d9c bai tha "Minh nguyt" va hat m(}t chuang "Yiu diu".
M(}t ldt, mijt trang mQc len tren nui Dong Son, di lilng thilng
trong khodng hai sao Nguu, Da?u . Khi d6 suang toa tren mijt
song, ve nuc!c trong tie]J den chan trai. Tha h6 cho m(}t chiic
nho di ddu thi di, vu(/t qua tren mijt nuc!c menh mong
muon khodnh. Nh? nhang nhu cu8i gi6 di tren khong ma khong
bitt La di den dau; hc!n hiJ sung suc!ng nhu nguai quen dai dung
m(}t m/nh, mQC canh ma bay [en tien. \ll thi uo'ng ru(/U VUi !tim,
r6i go vao mr;m thuyin ma hat. Hat rling:
Thung thang qui cheo lan,
Thea vung trang to vu<Jt lan nuc!c trong.
Nhc! ai canh cdnh ben long,
Nhc! nguai qulin til ng6ng trong ben trai.
Trang bQn khdch c6 m(}t nguai tho?i o'ng sao, ben thea bai ca
cua ta ma h9a lc;ti. Tiing sao niio nung ren rl nhu sdu nhu thdm
nhu kh6c nhu than. Tie'ng du am win con lanh ldnh, nho tit nhu S<Ji
ta chua dut. Lam cho con giao long iJ duc!i hang to'i cung phdi
mua menh, nguai dan ba thu tilt (J m9t chile thuyin khdc cung
phai Sf:tt sui.
To til bu6n rdu sdc mijt, thu vc;tt do, ng6i ngay ngdn ma hoi
khdch rling:
-Lam sao lc;ti c6 tie'ng niio nung lam vtJ,y?
Khdch ddp rling:
- Cau "Minh nguyt tinh hi, o thuc!c nam phi" chling phdi La
cau tha cua Tao Mc;tnh Due d6 ru? Phia tiiy trong sang thanh H{l
Khii'u, phia dong ngo sang thanh Vii Xztdng, song mii no'i nhau
vong quanh, ciiy COl xanh lttdi, um tz'tm; do chling phdi za ndi
496
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tiw Mt;mh Dzlc hi khon vdi Chu Lang zt?
1
Duong khi Tiw Mt;mh
Due phd drl't Kinh Chau, xwJ'ng thanh Giang Lang, thw].n dong ma
sang m(it dong, tau be muon dr;im, ca tdn r(jp trai, rot chen ruc;u
dang tren m(it song, cdm ngang ng9n gido ngam cau the!, do thc
la anh hung m()t dai ma nay thi i'J dau? Huo'ng chi t6i vai bdc
ddnh cd, kie'm cui i'J tren bin song nay, kit b(;m cung tom cd, chai
bai vai huau nai, bai m()t chile thuyJn nho nho, nhdc chen ruc;u
di mai nhau, gi'Ji than phu du i'J trong trai da't, xem ta nho nhr;it
nhu m{)t ht;lt thoc i'J trong bf xanh, thuelng cho Sl/ song CUa ta
kh6ng baa lau ma khen cho con song nay dai v6 cung. V(iy ma
muon duc;c ddt tien bay di chai cho sung suang, om [{{y vitng
triing to ma song miii i'J dai. T6i kh6ng bie't lam sao duc;c nhu v(iy
cho nen na?y ra tie'ng rdu ri i'J trong con gio thodng!
To tit noi:
- V(iy the' bdc co bie't nuac va m(it triing kh6ng? Nuac chdy the'
kia ma chua titng di baa gia; m(it triing khi tron khi khuye't nhu
v(iy ma chua titng them bat baa gia. Bi'Ji Vl ta fl! i'J neli bien do'i ma
xem ra thz cu()c trai da't ding chl i'J trong m()t cdi chap mdt; ma
ne'u tl! i'J neli kh6ng bien d6?i ma xem ra thl muon v(it cung vai ta
dJu kh6ng baa gia hit cd, cdn gz phdi khen dau! Vd lg-i i'J trong
triJi da't, VQt nao CO chu ay, ne'u khong phai fa Cua ta thl ddu m{)t
ly ta ciing khong lay. Chl co ng9n gio mat i'J tren song cung vitng
triing sang i'J trong nui, tai ta nghe nen tieng, mdt ta tr6ng nen ve,
lay kh6ng ai cam, dung kh6ng baa gia hit, do la kho v6 t(in cua
Tc;w Hoa mala cdi vui chung cua bdc vai toi.
Khdch nghe v(iy, mitng ma cuai, rita chen rot ruc;u uo'ng ldn
nila. Khi d6 nhdm hoa qud dii khan, mam bdt bo ng6?n ngang,
cung nhau go'i ddu ngu i'J trong thuyJn, kh6ng bie't vdng dong dii
sang tit luc nao.
PHAN KE BiNH djch
1
DoQn in d(lm nay do chung toi them VOO, khong c6 trong ban djch g6c cua
=>han Ke Bfnh.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
D[CHTHcJ
Niim Nham Tua't, qua rlim thdng bdy,
Ong To c6ng cung may nguai quen.
Tren song Xfch Bfch con thuyin,
Gio hiu hiu tho'i, song em em ditng.
Cu()c mai khdch tay nang chen ruc;u,
The! minh yiu ngam rJn.
Non dong chc;t thay sang len,
Vitng triing lalitng gifla chiJn Da?u, Nguu.
Moe ngang song phau phau fan trdng,
Nuac in trai loang lodng ve xanh.
Bu6ng thea chie'c ld lenh denh,
De muon dc;t song m6ng menh coi ngoai.
L6ng l()ng ll!a lung trai cuoi gio,
M a bie't rling ditng d6 nai nao.
Nhi'Jn nha thodt len cao,
Hoa ra long cdnh bay vao coi tien.
Vui ve ruc;u nhdm liJn may chen,
Go nhjp thuyin ca't tie'ng hdt ran.
Hdt rling: "Cheo que' bu6m fan,
D(ip tung dnh sang, milt len nguc;c dong.
Xa thiim thdm trc;mh long tui'Jng nha,
Trang my nhan each tri'J phuong trai ".
Khdch liJn tho'i sdo h9a bai,
Vo vo tie'ng sdo nhu nguai khoc than.
Nhu min tie'c cam han m9i n6i,
Gi9ng ngan dai tl!a mo'i tCI vuong.
Hang sau qulin qut;Ii thu6ng lu6ng,
Thdm !lnh gdi hoa thuyJn su6ng Sl;ll sui.
Ong To xo'c do ng6i chlnh
Hoi khdch sao bu6n the' nay u?
497
498
Khdch rdng: "Trang sang sao thua,
Dim chim 6 thuoc lilng la nam.
Cau tho ay ai lam thua truoc,
Chdng phai Tao M(;mh Due do khong?
Vu Xuong, Ht;I Kha'u tay dong,
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nuoc non quanh qua't trung xanh xanh.
Ay chdng phai Tao binh thua n9,
Bi Chu lang ddnh eta' khong?
Kinh Chau vua moi phd xong,
Giang Uing dt;Ip eta' thuQ_n song xuoi
Song nghn d(im chQ_t tdu chien,
Trai bo'n phucmg che kin bong ca.
Giila vai l()C rur;u nhon nho,
Quay ngang ng9n gido ngam tho m9t bai.
Anh hung nha't tren dai lung Lay,
Ma bay gia nao thay o dau.
Huo'ng ta vot cui huang cau,
Lua doi tom cd, bt;In bdu huou nai.
m9t ld vui choi cheo cho'ng,
Rur;u lung bdu em gi9ng chuo'c luon.
Xdc va goi m(it kdn khan,
Teo teo ht;It thoc trong c6n hi xanh.
Thodng m9t choc kie]J sinh La
Khen con song nuoc chay khan cung.
Cdp tien choi chon non B6ng,
Tay om chi nguyt nhilng mong tr9n dai.
Bie't khong the' VQt nai the' dur;c,
Gi9ng bu6n ngam goi truoc gio bay".
Ong To rdng: "Khdch co hay,
Ka ka nuoc a'y trang nay tl6 khong?
Nuoc kia van xuoi dong chay xie't,
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Ma chua tung eli he't chut nao.
Trang kia co luc ddy hao,
Ma ta chua lhay khi nao bot them.
Cu luc bien ma xem trai da't,
Th chdng qua chop mdt ma thai.
Cu khi khong bien ma coi,
Th ai ai cung !au dai nhu nhau.
Va thrl ngam trong bdu vu trr!-,
Co vQ_t g khong chu dau ma.
VQ-t g chdng phai cua ta,
Dau tu m9t may, cho hoa nhung tay.
Chi tren nuoc hay hay gio tho'i,
Voi suan non roi r9i trang treo.
Tay nghe vang vdng tieng reo,
Mdt trong tha]J thodng co nhdu ve tuoi.
M(ic sue la'y nao ai dam giil,
Tha h6 tie u van cu chua chan.
Cua Trai kho df.:ln vo vim,
Ma doi ta hiiy choi tran La vui.
Khdch mung riJ ming cuai tay rot,
Nhdm Ct;In r6i mam bat ngo'n ngang.
lung cbja go'i trong khoang,
Qua say nao bie't tlii tang tang ngay.
' ..... ,..?
499
DAO NGUYEN PHO djch
w
48



500 TRAN VAN CHANH
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PHIEMAM
Duong Hiu ky
Khanh Lich tu nien xuan, Tll' Kinh trich thu Ba Llng
minh nien, chinh thong nhan hoa, bach phe cau
hung, nai trung tu Nh<:tc Duong lau, tang ky cvu che, khac
Duong hin kim nhan thi phti u ky thuQng, chtic du tac van dT
ky chi.
Du quan phu Ba Lang thang tr(;l.ng, t<:ti DC)ng Dlnh nhat h6,
ham vie-n son, thon truong giang, h<:to h<:to dang dang, hoanh
VO te nhai; trieu huy tjch am, khi tuQng V(;l.n thien, thii' tac
Nh<:tc Duong lau chi d<:ti quan da, tin nhan chi bj hi.
TOAN THLin,l HQC CHU HAN 501
Nhien tac bac thong Vu giap, nam cvu Tieu Tuong, thien
khach tao nhan, da h()i u thll', lam chi tlnh, dac vo di h6?
Nhu(!c phu dam vu phi phi, lien bat khai, am phong
nQ hao, trqc lang bai khong, tinh <fn son nh<:J.c tim
hlnh, thu'ong lU bat hanh, tu'ong khuynh tiep t6i, b(;l.C mQ minh
minh, h6 khieu vien d. Dang tu' lau da, tac huu khu quoc
hoai hu'ong, u'U sam tiy CO, man ml.J.C tieu nhien, cam CVC nhi
bi gia hi!
Chi nhu'Qc xuan hoa dnh minh, ba Ian bat kinh, thu'Qng h<:t
thien quang, nhat bich V<:J.n khoanh, sa au tu'ong c<fm Ian
du vinh, ng(;l.n chi dinh Ian, tic tic thanh thanh. Nhi tru'ong
yen nhat khong, h<:to thien ly, phu quang kim,
tinh anh tnlm bich, ngu' ca ho dap, thll' l(;l.C ha eve! Dang tu
lau da, tac huu tam khoang di, sung nhl.J.C giai vong, ba
tll'u lam phong, ky hi duong duong gia hi!
.
f .
f.

Gf If..
: [ :
-.
- --;><
502
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ta phu! Du thuong du c6 nhan nhan chi tam, dj nhj gia
chi vi, ha tai? Bat di v?t hi, bat di ky bi . Cu mieu duong chi cao,
uic u'U ky dan, xU' giang h6 chi vin, tac u'U ky quan. Thj tien
u'U, thoai u'U. Nhien tac ha thai nhi da? Ky tat viet:
"Tien nhien chi u'U nhi u'U, h?u thien chi nhi du! Y!
Vi tu nhan, ngo thuy du quy?
PHAM TRQNG YEM
Tac giii-tac philm
Phqm Trc;mg Yem (989-1052) , tv Ia Hi Van. Ia ngUC1i Cl Ng6 huy$n tinh
T6 Chou (nay thu(>c Giang To). do tien sl nom 1015, lam quan den
chuc Tham tri chinh sl) nhUng van song can ki $m thanh bqch, tung 6m
6p ly tuCing lo truce thien hQ. vui sou thien hQ' cua ke sl. Dung ra 6ng
c6 tinh each cua m(>t nhO nho tich cl)c han Ia m(>t nha van. Bai tren
doy dU<;Jc viet luc bi biem di vung xa. sou khi cu(>c vn d(>ng bien
phap cua vua Tong Nhon tong bi that bQi.

eNh(lc Dttdng Hlu Duong a phia tay thanh
Duong thuoc tinh H6 Nam ngay nay, nam doi voi h6
Dong Dlnh, tuong du<;1c xay vao dfiu doi Duong, noi cac
tao nhan khach thuong lui tOi .Ky [.: bai ky (mot van)
eKizanh Ljch ttl nien J!f Jrr !ZY if.: nam thu 4 nien Khanh
Ljch, tuc nam 1044 (Khanh Ljch la nien cua vua Tong
Nhan tong) .Dling Tzl Kinlz Ton Lu<;1ng, khi d6 do
stf vu cao, bj biem giG' chuc Tri chau a qu?n Ba Lang thuoc
Chau .vift minh nien S)j if.: qua nam sau eTiing xay dtfng
ma rong them eChtic dung nhu IJI Thilng tr(lng fJ9J : canh
d((p eH(lo h(lO dang : menh mong bat ngat (chu
dung nhu chu eTrieu /my tjch dttdng 3 Bl-)7 anh
nang bu6i sam va anh ta duong bu6i chi chung Stf bien d6i
tiet troi trong mot ngay . Tin nhiin chi thuij,t U A z ii.tt : chi
"Duong kim nhan thi phu" da n6i a tren eVu giap :
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
503
mot trong ba mom nui cua song Truong Giang, a phia tay
Ba Dong tinh H6 Bac eC{tc : xa suot den, thftng den, t?n cung
a eTieu Tztdng m ?ffi: song Tieu va song Tuong, sau khi h<;1p lu'U,
chay theo huang bac h6 Dong Dlnh .Thien khach quan
bj biem oi vung xa eDiim vii flrn: mua dfim eBiit khai /fF7fj:
,
khong eAn difu fli : giau anh sang (!Ji cling viet la 1ffi. )
. Tim hinh fJ bj ng?p mat hlnh .Tztdng cot bu6m
mai cheo eT6i J1!1: dut gay eB(lc ml) ! : ch?p toi
. Khu quoc 1;:, roi bo kinh thanh ("quae" la kinh do) .Uu sam
gl: lo bj giem pha .Tieu nhien It tieu the luong
. Xuiin hoa ciinh minh 5fD S)j : mua xu an tiet troi am a p,
anh nang tuoi d((p eBiit kinh /f fi: yen tinh, yen .sa iiu
con hai au (co tren bai cat eTttdng tij,p luc
bay luc dung tt,I t?p .ca.m liin vay ca dyp rtfc ro,
day dung chi ca .Ng(ln chl dinh Zan /. J.f H]lj : co chi tren
bo va co Ian (thorn ngat)ben bo song ("dinh" la dat phftng ben
bo song) .(; c ric hlnh dung mui thorn d?m da .Thanh
thanh 1f 1f: ve sum se tuoi tot, ve xanh tuoi ePhit quang difu
kim jt rtG. anh song nuoc lung linh trong giong nhu anh
ch6i CUa vang eTrifm bich iJC chi anh trang nhu ngQC bich
chlm a day nuoc. Nhiin nhiin 1- A: nguoi nhan (chi nguoi yeu
nuoc, yeu dan, due cao thu<;1ng) eMie'u dztdng : chi ch6n
dlnh .Giang h6 chi dan gian eTien ra lam quan a
dlnh eThoai : lui a fin .Thien h(l 7( r: nguoi trong
thien eVi xem Ngil phdp a duoi.
NCO PHA.P
CD (tiic): la, chinh la (ph6 tu, dung nhu dong
(Thll' tile Duong lau chi
quan da).
504
TRAN VAN CHANH
Hie): the' thl, the' rna (lien tu dung
y): ... (Nhien tile thong Vu giap .. . )
, 10J ? (Nhien tile ha thai nhi lq.c da ?)
m. vo): le nao (xem Nga phap C5 bai 39 "An
TtY su Sd") .
:Ex (nhu'<fc phu): de'n nhu, con nhu n6i de'n (lien tu
cau dung y): ;;g=xfl ... (Nhti{fe phil dam vii
phi phi ... ).
@ WT (tu'): nay (dq.i tu chi thi): ... (Dang tzt lau
da ... ).
_;;g:(chf nhu<;tc): de'n nhu (lien tu): ...
(Chi nhu{fe xuan hoa canh minh ... ).
(J) x!: (ta phu!): than oi! than tll', :;kla tr<;1 tu
thi cam than) .
@ c6 le thi suy doan) : ::W:= tf
z t;% .. . (Hoije di nhi gia chi vi .. . ).
;t:t: (ky): dq.i khai, c6 le, (ph6 tu, thi suy
Jt' B ... (Ky tat vie't...).
@) (vi): (ne'u) khong c6 (ph6 tu): VI& WT A ... (Vi tu' nhan ... ).
@ (thuy) (5 cau cuoi bai la dq.i tu nghi van, khi lam tan ngu
cho gidi tu W.Cdu) thl trudc gidi tll': (Ngo thiiy
dz1quy?)Ckhong noi:
Phr;zm Tr9ng Yem
roAN THll Tl)' HOC CHa HAN
505
D[CHNGHiA
Bai kj lilu Nh{le Dtldng
Mua xuan nam tha tit nien hi?u Khdnh Ljch, Dling Til Kinh bi
bie'm ra lam Thai thu quQ.n Ba Lang. Sang nam sau, chinh s
thong suo't, long nguai yen dn, tram vi?c phe' bo diu gay d!!ng lr;zi,
ben tu s!la Ldu Nhr;zc Duong, rna rqng quy mo cil, khdc tho phu
cua nhiing bQ.c nguai hiin dai Duong va nguai dai nay iJ ben
tren, bdo ta lam bai van dl ghi lr;zi vi?c nay.
Ta xem cdnh dr;p Ba Lang chl goi g9n trong mqt h6 Dqng
Dinh. NgQ.m nui xa, nuo't song dai, menh mong bat ngdt, ngang
khong be'n ba; dnh sang ban mai va dnh ta duong buo?i chiiu, khi
tu(/ng do'i thay muon ngan. Do chinh [a cdnh tu(/ng hung Vl cua
Ldu Nhr;zc Duong rna nhiing nguai dai truoc dii thuQ.t lr;zi ra't ddy
du. The' thi phia bdc thong de'n mom nui Vu, phia nam thdng su{/t
de'n hai nhdnh song Tieu, Tuong, nhiing ke bi trich gidng cung cdc
bQ.c tao nhan phdn nhiiu t/f h9p iJ noi nay, cdi tlnh ngdm trong
cdnh vQ.t cua h9 le nao chdng khdc nhau u?
Nhiing luc mua ddm tdm tii, suo't thdng khong tr;znh, gio lr;znh
gao thet, song dJfC xong trai, trang sao gia'u sang, nui non ft;fn
hinh; thuong nhan va li1 khdch khong di, cqt bu6m nghieng do?,
mdi cheo gdy doi, chiiu to'i mit mung, C9P gdm vuon hu. Luc ay
rna len tren ldu nay, thi co tam trr;zng cua nguai xa kinh do, nh(J
lang mg_c, lo giem, sf! che, truoc mdt chl toan m9t cdnh tieu so,
cam khdi rrJ't m/!C rna he't SUC bi thuong.
De'n nhu mua xuan am dp dnh ndng to't tuoi, song nuoc lt;ing
yen, tren du(Ji trai quang, mt;it song menh mong mqt mau xanh
bite; chim au tren biii edt luc bay luc tlf, dan cd hoi l9i tung tang,
co chl co fan ben ba, thelm ngdt xanh tuoi. Co luc hoi suong tren
h6 tan he't, trang vli.ng vt;ic soi xa ngan dt;im; dnh song nuoc lung
linh trong nhu dnh vang, bong trang yen tTnh soi nhu ng9c bich
chim trong day nu(/c, tie'ng hat thuyin cau xuong h9a nhau, vui ay
506
TRAN VAN CHANH
th(lt khong cimg t!J-n! Luc [{y ma len tren !du nay, thi c6 tam long
rqng miJ, tinh thdn yen vui, quen hit ca ndm yeu, n6i mang
nt(/u ra tn((}c gi6, n6i vui chan chaa lam sao!
Than oil Ta tung tim xet tam long cua biJ_c nhiin dac dai xua,
c6 le hr; khdc vai hai trc;mg thai tam tinh tren (vui, bu6n) La
sao? La vi nhilng biJ_c iiy khong vi v!J-t ngoai ma vui mung, khong
vi minh ma dau thue1ng; iJ ngoi cao trong chon trdu dinh thi lo
cho dan, iJ nai xa trong chon giang h6 thi La cho vua; the La tien
ciing lo ma thodi cung La, nhu the' thi c6 luc nao vui du(/c chang?
C6 le tilt phai n6i rling: "La truac thien hf!-, vui sau thien hc;l" Oi,
khong c6 nhilng biJ_c nguai nhu the: ta bie't thea ai?
TVC. djch
......
m
TOAN THLI TlJ HQC CHLI HAN
507
49

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PHIENAM
du ong
Trftn Nghieu Tu x;;t, duong the' v6 song. C6ng d! thll'
ttf cang, thuong x;;t u gia ph6, huu m;;ti du 6ng thich dam nhi
ngh chi, cll'u chi nhi ba"t khu, kie'n ky phat thi trung bat
cll'u, dan vi h;;tm chi.
Nghieu Tu va"n vie't: "Nhu tri x;;t h6? Ng6 x;;t ba"t tinh
h6?". 6ng vie't: "V6 tha, dan thu thl.,lc nhl?". Nghieu Tu
nhien vie't: "Nh! an cam khinh ng6 x;;t ?". Ong vie't: "D! nga
chuoc du tri chi". Nai thu nha"t h6 16 tri u dia, d! phuc ky
kb'u, tu d! thu'<Jc chuoc du lich chi ttf kh6ng nhi
ba"t tha"p. Nhan vie't: "Nga v6 tha, duy thu thl.,lc nh!".Nghieu
Tu tie'u nhi khitin chi.
AU DUONG TV
Ttic gia-ttic philm
Au Duong Tu (1007-1072) tV Vinh Thuc. bi$t hi$u Lvc Nhat cu ST. Ia
mQt nha tho- nha van sang tac rat mc;mh, dUc;1C xep vao hang bat dQi
gia cua thai Duong, Tong. Que d L6 Lang, do tien sT nam 1030. lam
quan den chuc Binh bQ thuc;mg thu. sou vi bat dong chinh kien vdi
508
TRAN VAN CHANH
VLJang An ThQch trong cu(>c bien ph6p dCii Tong Than tong ma xin ve
hllu. 6ng con Ia m(>t hQc gia, chu tri b Duong thu do vua sai bien
SOQn. NhQng sang toe cuq 6ng deu gom vao b(> Lt,JC Nhat CU Si tqp.
TUNGO
Au Duong Tu
Vo song kh6ng c6 hai, kh6ng ai sanh bang eCiing
khoe khoang ePho' II]: Vu'on .Dam j:}i: cai ganh (dung nhu' danh
tu) fi)C: ghe nhln, liec nhln eVi khe, (ph6 til) eH{lm
Wi: dfiu eTinh tinh xao, kheo ePhdn nhien : tuc
.Hd lo liij jji: trai bfiu h6 16 .Piuic N: tip len, len
eTii til tu, thong tha (ph6 tu) eThtt(lc cai thla, cai m6i
eLjch nho giQt eThfip u'ot (cling viet la eKhiln
du'a di.
NG0PHA.P
CD {8 (dan): chi (ph6 tu, th! Stf gioi hl;ln): fB z (Dan
vi hl;lm chi), fB (Dan thu thtJc nhi).
ffu (tlia): cai gl khac, nguoi khac (dl;li tu chi th! th! stf
tha chi): (V6 tha).
@ m (nhi): rna thoi (trQ tu CUOi ca U th! Stf hl;ln ch', dung
nhu If) : fB thu thtJc nhl).
ME (duy) chi (ph6 til, thuong phoi h<;ip voi [nhT] a cu6i dm,
cachdungnhufB [dan] C5 tren): (Duy thu thtJc nhf).
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHC/ HAN 509
D[CH NGHlA
6 ng lao ban ddu
Trdn Nghieu Tu La nguiti bdn gioi, duongthiti bl[y giit khong ai
sanh bling. 6ng cung tt! khoe khoang tai do, co t&n ong dang
bdn trong vuitn, co m9t ong lao ban ddu, dijt ganh xuong va ghe
nhin ong ta bdn, m9t h6i lau ma vdn khong di, tha'y ong ta bdn
muiti phat trung de'n tam chin, nhung ong lao chl khe gtJ.t ddu.
Nghieu Tu hoi: "Ong cilng bie't bdn chang? Ta bdn chllng cilng
kheo hay sao?". Ong lao dap: "Khong co gi khac, chllng qua chl
quen tay ma tho i ". N g hie u Tu tric g itJ.n no i: "Ong sao dam coi
thuitng ta bdn?". Ong lao thua: "Xem toi rot ddu thi bie't". Noi
r6i, ong ben lay cai bdu dl iJ duai da't, lay d6ng tdn up len
bdu, tit tit lay cai moi rot ddu nhlu qua L6 d6ng ma d6ng
win khong uat. R6i ong mai noi: "Toi cilng chllng co gi khac, chl
quen tay ma thai". Nghieu Tucuiti r6i dlong lao di.
TVC. djch
m
50
-Iti ' 1$ 3:. !:fi :ti
-t!t ffi -Iti ' ' ,l:) t5c z ' 7ffi $ 1J 1:) IDt
o

, :tl z , , 1roJ .L-J rJ liD 7ffi iM , iOJ
, ll:t.z?!T
t!1o
PHLENAM
Dc?c Thtiong Quan
The giai xung Ml;lnh Thu'ong Quan nang dac si, sT dT co quy
chi, nhi t6t ll;li ky ltfc di thoat u' h6 bao chi Tfin.
510
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ta h6! M<;mh Thuong Quan ke minh c'u cl<;to chi hung
nhi, khdi tuc di ng6n clac si? Bat nhien, chi cu'ong, clac
nhat si yen, nghi kha di nam nhi che thu'<;5ng ha thu ke
minh c'u cl<;to chi h,tc tai! Phu ke minh du cl<;to chi xuat ky m6n,
thu si chi sd di bat chi da .
VUONG AN THf,.CH
Ttic gid-ttic philm
vucng An Thqch (1021-1086) tv Gidi Phu. Ia nhO the- nM van dong
thdi cOng Ia mt nha cai each chinh trj- kinh te noi tieng nhat trong ljch
su Trung Quoc. DLlQc vua Tong Than tong ung h, giao cho chuc Te
tlldng nom 1069, 6ng mqnh me thl)c hi$n tan phdp (con gc;>i Ia bien
phap, toe mt loqt bi$n phap cai each) nhllng dllQc may ndm phai
th6i vl b! sv chong doi quyet li$t cua phai cl)u dang. Mqc dO vy,
nhQng tll tlldng cai each cua 6ng den nay van con anh hlldng, dllQc
nhieu the h$ ddi sou nghien cuu hc;>c tp. Bai van rat ngan chi c6 90
chQ tren day mllQn cdu chuy$n ve Mqnh Thlldng Quan chep trong
sach St) ky de phat bieu quan diem cua 6ng ve thut dOng nglldi va trj
nlldc, cho thay hoai boo va khi phdch khac thlldng cua toe gia.
TUNGO
eMt;mh Tluiilng Qulin :ifu :{5: ngu'oi nude thoi Chien
quoc, ten la Van, n6i tieng hao ket n<;tp ke si
clu mQi h<;tng, trong nha luc nao cling nu6i khoang 3000 khach
.Ddc si : clu<;5c long ke si .Tiwat 1m: tron tho at .nrl bao
JJE hum beo, hlnh dung st;( hung b<;to eKe minh cilu dt;w
ga gay ch6 tr()m (m()t khach thu h<;t cua M<;tnh thu'ong
Quan gia lam ch6, nua clem sua g<;tt linh canh vao kho vua lay
tr()m ao h6 cuu cl bao clap cho nguoi sung phi cua Chieu
vu'ong, nho cl6 rna clu'<;5c nang n6i vdi vua tha cho thoat n<;tn; khi
cli gap nude thl den cua Ham Coc d bien gidi vao luc nua
clem, m()t thu h<;t khac gia lam ga gay ' nhung con ga khac cat
tieng gay theo, linh canh cii'a quan tu'dng troi cla sang md cii'a cho
TOAN THLI n,1 HQC CHa HAN 511
qua, cli lQt clu'<;5c m()t luc thl c6 quan clucSi theo) eHi'tng fi:'ff:
thu lanh eDijc xem Ngil .phap (J dudi eThi?n tJ:: dt;(a vao
.Nam di?n f.i [ill: quay hu'dng nam ( y n6i d ng6i vua;
ngay xu'a quay hu'dng nam la clta vt cao, ch6 ng6i cua cle
vu'ong cling quay hu'dng nam nen n6i (J ng6i vua la "nam
.che'Ttin f!JIJ ph1,1c nude (y n6i khien cho vua
bai va xu'ng t6i vdi vua
D[CHNGHlA
DQc truy?n Mt;znh Thrtilng Qulin
Nguoi doi khen Mt:;mh Thuong Quan du(/e long eua ke Sl,
ke Sl Vl the' theo vdi ong, rna euo'i eung nh(J SUe eua hq di trOn
thoat nude Tdn hung br;w.
Vug An
Than 6i! Thuong Quan ehlla thu liinh eua bqn gia lam
ga gay eho SUa rna thai, lam sao dang di noi rling du(/e long ke
sf? Ne'u kh6ng vt;ly, df!a vao sue eua nude ehl edn du(/e
512
TRAN VAN CHANH
m9t ke sf thai, hdn c6 thi ngodnh m(lt huang nam xung ba ma
che' nuc'!c T&n, con dung chi sac cua bc;m hQC each ga gay
ch6 sua kia? BQn hQC each ga gay ch6 sua kia ra vao ella nha
6ng, d6 La ly do khie'n nhilng ki? sf (chan chinh) kh6ng de'n vc'!i 6ng
v(ly.
TVC. djch
m
51
fflJ








PH/EN AM
Ai lien thuyet
Thuy h}C thao ffiQC chi hoa, kha ai gia th?m ph6n. Tan Dao
Uyen Minh d<)c ai cue. Ttf Ly Duong lai, the nhan th?m ai mftu
don. Du d<)c ai lien chi xuat u ne nhi bat nhim, tr:;tc thanh lien
nhi bat yeu, trung thong ngo:;ti trlfc, bat m:;tn bat chi, huang vin
ich thanh, dlnh dlnh t!nh thlfc. Kha vin quan nhi bat kha tiet
ngo:;tn yen.
Du v! cue, hoa chi ffn d?t gia da; mftu don, hoa chi phu quy
gia da; lien, hoa chi quan ttl' giii da.
TOAN THll TV HQC CHU HAN 513
Y! Cue chi ai, h?u tin huu van. Lien chi ai, d6ng du gia
ha nhan? Mftu don chi ai, nghi h6 chung hi.
CHU DON DI
Ttic gid-ttic pha'm
Chu 86n Di (1017-1073) tv Mu Thuc. que Ci 8c;10 Chou (thuc
huy$n 8Qo tlnh Ho Nom ngdy nay). Ia mt nhd ly hQc dC1i Tong. Bdi
tren doy toe gia tO hoa sen nhllng cong de tO pham each cua mlnh.
co ngQi khi tiet kien trinh vd xem thLJC1ng th6i dC1i chQY theo danh IQi.
bieu hi$n quan diem c6 nhon tv minh lam tot vd giu mlnh trong sQch.
Chu Don Di
r(J NGU
.Phdn nhiu Lj Duung lai * *: tu doi Ly
Duong den nay (vua nha Duong hQ Ly, nen tl;lC gQi la Ly Duong)
514 TRAN VAN CHANH
eMdu ddn tift: hoa mau don .(1 ne ViifE: bun dQng eLien
song gQn, song Ian Ian eYeu frf_ : uy mi, lo, Iii
dQt cua cay leo eDinh dinh,y,y: sung sung, chot
vot eTjnh "@: trong sang, sang bong y@: dl;I'ng eTiet
khinh nhon,su6ng sa .Ngo{ln m: khinh thuong .in dij.t a
ffn h11CJng nau mlnh d' du'QC thanh
NG0PHAP
CD * (lai): den nay; dung * (dT lai): El * * (Tt! Ly
Duong lai).
ia (fch): cang (pho tu): ia (ich thanh).
:tf tiL (gia da): :t3 (gia) ngay nay du<;1c cac nha ngu phap
xep vao lo(;li trQ tu, thuong dich Ia"nguoi, cai, ke, lo(;li ... "; con
fu (da) la trQ tu cuoi cau bi'u th! phan doan d!nh,
thuong dung trong cau d!nh nghTa. :tf {Q (gia da) co th' t(;lm d!ch
"la cai ... , la lo(;li ... ": tR-' don, hoa chi
phu quy gia dii).
@ ut (y): 6i (than tll').
NhG'ng chu Ci cuoi bai du la d()ng tu dung nhu danh tli,
qua tac d()ng cua trQ tu ket cau z (chi): z chi ai).
D[CHNGHlA
Noi vi S{i yeu hoa sen
Hoa cua loai thdo rn()c duai nuac tren qm, nhilng tha dang yeu ra't
nhiJu. Dao Uyen Minh doi Tan chl yeu hoa cue. Tit doi L."Y Duang l9i
day, nguoi doi rat ua thich rndu dctn. Chl rieng ta yeu hoa sen m9c (J
chJ bun d(Jng bdn rna kh6ng nhdm, g()i song trong rna kh6ng ( c6 cai)
df!p iii lr:Ji, trong thong ngoai thdng, kh6ng d(Jt kh6ng canh, huctng toa
ra xa cang khoan khoai nhf! nhang, cb:tng len trong sang cao ngh?u,
c6 thi dang xa nhin rna kh6ng thi khinh nhan n6 duac.
roAN THU n,1 HQC CHU HAN
515
Ta cho rling cue la loai hoa dn dij.t; mdu dctn la loai hoa phu
quy; con sen la loai hoa quan til.
Oil Sl/ yeu cue, sau h9 Dao it nghe n6i din. Con sf! yeu sen,
git/ng vai ta c6 dli(/C ai chang? Rieng Sf! yeu mdu dctn thi h{/p vai
ra't nhiJu nguoi vij.y.
TVC. djch

DOl MINH BA {i;
52


516
TRAN VAN CHANH


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PHIENAM
cam gia ngon
Hang huu qua gia, thin tang cam, thip han thtl' bat h<)i,
xuat chi dip nhien, ngQc chat nhi kim sac. ky trung, can
nhliQC nhu. D\1 quai nhi van chi viet: "NhliQC so thi 11 nhan
gia, tliong di thtfc bien d?u, pht,mg te ttf, cung tan khach h6?
Tliong huyen di ngu c6 h6? Th?m hi tai vi khi da! ".
gia tieu viet: "Ngo nghip thi huu nien hi, ngo thi di
ttf ngo khu. Ngo th1,1 chi, nhan thu chi, vi van huu ngon, nhi d<)c
bat tile 11 ttl' h6? The chi vi khi gia bat qua hi, nhi d<)c nga da h6?
Ngo ttl' vi chi t\1 da! Kim phu b<)i h6 phu , tQa cao n gia, quang
quang h6 can thanh chi c1,1 da, qua nang th1,1 Ton, Ngo chi 1119c
da? Nga quan, da trliong than gia, ngang ngang h6 mieu
duong chi khf da , qua nang kien Y, Cao chi nghip da? khoi
roAN THu'Tl,/ HQC CHa HAN 517
nhi bat tri ngl.f, dan khon nhi bat tri cuu, gian nhi bat tri cam,
ph a p do nhi bat tri ly, tQa mi tile nhi bat tri si. Quan ky tQa
cao dliong, ky rna, tuy thufrn le nhi U phl tien gia, thi,IC bat
nguy nguy h6 kha uy, hach hach h6 kha tl1<;1ng da? Hl.fu ha vang
nhi bat kim QgQc ky nhu ky trung da tai? .Kim ttl' thi
chi bat sat, nhi di sat ngo cam!".
Dli vo di ling. Thoai nhi t\1 ky ngon, Dong
Phuong sinh ke chi l11U. Khoi ky the t?t ta gia da? Nhi
thac 11 cam di phung da?.
Luu Ca
Tac giii-tac philm
LUUCO
Luu CcJ (1311-1375) tt,t Ia Ba 6n, hi$u Ia Oc Ly TV, do tien si cu6i dCii
Nguyen (1333) . Khi Chu Nguyen ChllcJng (sou nay Ia Minh Thai To) khdi
binh Ci Chiet Giang, 6ng dll<;Jc mCii lam qudn sll, trd thanh m(>t trong
nhOng vj khai qu6c c6ng than cua trieu Minh. lam quan den ch(lc Ngl)
su trung thua; sou b! Thua tuong Ho Duy Dung vu coo ham hQi. buon
rau ma chet. Van 6ng c6 phong each chat ph6c va co. sd trLJCing ve
16i ngl,l ngon va tieu pham phung thich. Bai 'MQi cam gia ngon' tren
ddy dll<;Jc toe gia viet vao khoang cu6i dai Nguyen. Ia mt tieu pham
c6 gia tr! rat coo ve mqt phe phOn xd h(>i. mll<;Jn ICii ngLlCii ban cam de
c6ng kich mQnh me vao thanh phon quan IQi hu h6a dllcJng thai.
chuyen an tren ngoi trudc hlldng thl,l phe phon ma kh6ng c6 tr6ch
nhi$m gl vdi don: vdi nude.
518
TRAN VAN CHANH
TUNGO
eHimg m : dat Hang, thuoc thanh pho Hang Chau, dnh Chiet
Giang ngay nay nhien *' tuoi n.fc ro ePhdu U: m6
ra, b6 ra eNhrl bong v?t c6 d?ng nhu' tO bong) eThi
m : ban (dong tu) eTh{IC : cac phffm v?t, d6 O?C bay ra
(day dung nhli dong tu nghia la "bay ra") eBien diju R: d6
dttng thuc an thai xua: bien lam bang tre dtfng hoa qua, d?u lam
bang go dtfng ca thit, d hai dung trong cling te
dam eHuy'in fij: huyen khoe khoang khac lac (dung
nhli fiJ eHilu nien hi ff if.*: (da) c6 nam r6i eTh{t
ban ra eNgo til 1ffi-T: ong (d?i tu doi xung) eBi)i {Jm\ :deo eHo? phil.
JJE 1--j=: binh phu CO h!nh CQp (la v?t lam tin, thai Xu'a d!nh
dung a binh khin tu'ong) eCao ti da h6 (CQp), day
chi ghe da h6 Quang quang ve uy nghiem, ve oai phong
.can thimh T- nghia goc la giG' gin, bao thanh trl, sau
dung a chi nhung tliong lanh chong ngo?i xam giG' nlioc eC{t
tai nang; day chi nhan tai eTon Ngo Ton Yo thai Xuan thu
va Ngo Kh<Ji thai Chien quae la nhung nha binh phap n6i
tieng cua Trung Quae eNga ilift: cao IOn (day dung nhli dong tu)
eDa tm: keo eThan *$: dai dai (thai Xu'a si d?i phu that d lung)
eN gang ngang jp jp: hi en ngang eMie'u dztilng chi khi
Jj 't ;Z_ COng Cl,l CUa chon dJnh, nhan tai tri quae an
bang ("mieu duang" la nha tong mieu, chi dlnh) .y Cao
{jt Y Doan va Cao Dao (Y Doan la d?i thftn c6 tai due dai
Thuong, gitip vua Thanh Thang danh vua nha H?; Cao
Dao la thftn coi hlnh phap cua vua Thuan) eC/im
(khong cho lam) eDo''fJ..: b?i ho?i, hu' hong eT(Ja ng6i
khong (tt! nhien rna du'<;jc, khong phai mat cong sue) eMi hao
ton eLdm kho eTiuuin ru'<;ju c6 vi n6ng ("thuftn" la
rli<;ju m?nh, ru'<;5u n6ng; "le" la ru'<;5u ngQt) .(Iff : an no eN guy
nguy tt tt : cao vtit, cao voi VQi eHach hach i/ji/j. i]jjj.: khi the
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 519
NGOPHAP
CD (hio'ng ... tuo'ng ... ): la ... hay la ... (lien tU', thi stt chQn

(Tzidflg di thttc bien d?u, pht,mg te ttf, cung tan khach h6? Tctdflg
huyen ngo?i di ngu c6 h6?).
@ trong bai la danh tu dung nhu' dong tu, c6
nghia "lam "lay .. .lam (Ngo
thi huu nien hi).
ill 3f- (da h6?): d6 sao?, day a? (tr<! tu lien dt,mg, biu thi
nghi van xac dinh, d6ng thai ciing bao ham y cam than):
fffi 11] :f!;t ill f ? (Nhi doc nga dii hd?).
* z }SJ, (v! chi tti)=* JG!, z (vi tli chi), day la trliang h<;5p
dao ngG', alia tan ngu z ra tru'oc dong tu JG!, trong mot ket cau
phil d!nh.
520
TRAN VAN CHANH
X. (phil): trCJ tu: ... (Kimphu hoi h6 phu .. . ).
(h6): trej tu sau hinh dung tlr hay ph6 tu nhl1 m<)t
ngu vi, each dung tl1dng tl,l' nhl1 (nhien), kh6ng dich:
(Nguy nguy h6 kha uy).
(!) {g ? (da tai?): da'y 11? hay sao? (trCJ tU' lien dt,mg dung
cu6i cau phan va'n): )(_fPJ1i ... ' (Htfu ha
vang .. . , b?i nhu ky trung dii tai?).
-1- z til' thj chi ba't sat): trong cau nay,
chu i& (thj) la tan ngu cua d<)ng tU (sat) dl1ejc dao ra trl1oc
d<)ng tU qua tac d<)ng cua trej tu ket ca'u z (chi); le ra phai viet:
-f- (Kim tlr ba't sat thj).
PJ (vo di): kh6ng la'y gl kh6ng sao ... di1CJc, kh6ng
.. . di1CJc (cl,lm tu quen dung): vo
eli ling).
5i ... lfl) ? (khO'i ... da?): ha ... 11?, le nao .. . 11? (cu thuc phan
va'n tieu c6 dung -Sf- [h6]), [d11] thay cho If!) [da],
ca u vftn c6 y nghia tl1ong tl,l'): .R ;1t t!t ? (Khdi ky
phftn the ta gia da?) .
D!CHNGH[A
Ldi nglidi ban cam
a df{t Hcmg Chau co nguifi ban trai cay kheo gill cam, qua
nhllng mila nang !c;mh win khong tho'i. Lf{y ra trong tuoi rife
ra, cha't nhu ng9c, sdc nhu vcmg, nhung bfl ra trong ru9t thi kho
V{-tn nhu bong nat. Toi lay lam lc;z hoi: "Cam anh ban cho nguifi ta
dl bay len cai bien, cai cung ph{-tng cung te: diii khach
khua, hay dl khoe cai VO ngoai rna gr;zt ke ngu, mil? Anh lua
l9c qua liim!
Nguifi ban cam cuifi dap: "Toi lam nay dii lau nam, toi
nhif no dl nuoi than. Toi ban ra, nguifi ta mua vao, chua nghe ai
roAN THli TV HQC CHU HAN
521
noi gz, chl rieng khong du(JC VUa long VOi ong u? a difi, ke [ita gr;zt
nguifi khong phai it, hd chl co rieng toi do sao? Ong chua nghf
de'n do day. Nay nhllng ke deo ho? phil, ng6i ghe' da hfl, uy
nghiem thay nhllng ke tai nang gill nuoc, nhung c6 qua La duf!c
th{-t muu lu(Jc cua Ton Vo, Ngo Khoi chang ?Nhllng ke ddu
d9i cao non to, le'ch the'ch dai dai dai, hien ngang thay nhllng
tr9ng thdn o cho'n trdu dznh, nhung co qua du(Jc sf!
cua Y Dolin, Cao Dao khong? Cuop day len rna khong bie't ngan,
dan kho'n khfl rna khong bie't cuu, quan lr;zi gian ta rna khong bie't
cam, phdp br;zi hor;zi rna khong bie't sU'a, ng6i khong an to'n lua
trong kho rna khong bie't nh{-tc. Trang h9 ng6i tren nha cao, cuoi
ngf!a IOn, say ru(/u ngon, no thjt ca, thz ke nao rna chilng voi V<;Ji
dang sf!, hiln hach dang dl cho nguifi ta noi thea? Lr;zi di de'n dau
rna chiJ.ng thay nhllng ke ngoai thz nhu ng<;JC nhu vang rna ben
trong thz nhu bong nat? Nay 6ng chilng xet nhllng ke d6 rna chl
xet cam cua toil".
Toi nin thinh, khong hie't ddp ra sao. Lui gdm lr;zi lifi n6i cua
nguifi ban cam, thay co cdi gi9ng hor;zt ke cua Dong Phuong S6c.
Le nao nguifi do bi phdn the' t{-tC, cam ghet gian ta rna mu(/n trai
cam di che' nhr;zo do u?.
TVC. djch
D(H THANH m {i:
53



522
r'rti .(. J :;f %"< lr:o I 6' g-3- ,.@ 13Tl ?
37 .e.., ' !i!J?:"" .l.l. R ll''iff F3 P11 .f...IP
TRAN VAN CHANH

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TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
523
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1! M }1: @] Ji itz: -!:!1 o q!% R ! q!% R !
PHIENAM
Te' mu()i van
Can Long Dinh hCJi dong, tang tam mu()i To Van u' Thu'CJng
Nguyen chi Duong Son, nhi dT van viet: 6 ho! Nhu sinh u'
Chiet nhi tang u' tu', ly ngo hu'ong that bach ly hi; duong thai tuy
ki mng ao tu'dng, ninh tri thU' vi quy cot sd da?
Nhu dT nhat chi trinh, ng9 nhan ty ly, tri co nguy thac
l<;lc. Tuy chi sd t6n, thien thlfc vi chi; nhien nhi l1,1y nhu chi
thli' gia, vi thuong phi du' chi qua diL Du' au tong tien sinh th1,1
kinh, nhu sai kien nhi tQa, ai thinh c6 nhan tiet nghTa slf; nhat
dan tru'dng thanh, elf cung d<_to chi. 6 ho! SU' nhu bat thuc thi thu',
vi tat gian trinh nhu'CJc thi.
524
TRAN VAN CHANH
Du tr6c tat suat, nhcr phan ty xuat ky gian; tue' han trung
cuong, d6ng Him ky Kim du nhcr tang nhcr, nhi duong
chi tlnh hlnh dnh nhien ph6 m1,1c. Du cll'u tue', khe' thu trai ,
nhcr so song ke', phi don kiem lai, on "Truy y" nhat chuang.
Thich tien sinh tra he) van htong d6ng tll' am lang lang
nhien, bat giac hoan nhi, lien ho tac tac. Thll' that VQng
nMt stf da, nhcr t<;1i cll'u nguyen, duong phan minh ky chi. Du
nhu<;1c quan hanh, nhcr ki thuong bi d<)ng. Du tam nien, du
phi cung dim hoan gia, nhcr tong dong suong phu an xuat, nhat
gia sanh th! nhi tie'u, bat ky ngcr tong ha khC1i, d<;1i khai thuye't
Truong An dang khoa, ham sll' bao tin trl tao van nhi. Pham thll'
toa toa, tuy vi trftn tich , nhien nga nhat v! tll', tile nhat
bat nang vong. Ctfu Stf din ung, tu chi the ng(;lnh, nhu anh l!ch
l!ch, buc thu HO'i duong thai bat tuong e nghe tlnh tr(;lng,
la hi ky t6n. Nhien nhi nhcr di bat t<;1i nhan gian, tac tuy nien
quang dao lttu, nhi thai kha tai, nhi vo dcr vi chung an gia hi.
Nhcr chi nghia Cao th! nhi quy da, duong a nai,
nhcr phu trl, gia trung van thuan nhcr tr!. Thuong
v! ncr lttu trung t6i minh kinh nghia am nha cO' gia, nhcr tfiu
phi bat e', nhi u thll' vi khuye't nhien. CO' ttf nhcr quy tuy
v! nhcr bi, thtfc v! du hi. Du htfu truC1ng nhcr tU' tue'. nhan
gian truC1ng gia tien vong, kha tuong than Mu thac nhcr, nhi bat
v! nhcr chi tien du di khu da.
Tin nien du nhcr chung tieu thich tham, giam nhat
phftn tac hi, tang nhat phftn tac ttu. tuy sai do thu<;Sng
VO Sd ngu Nhcr lai sang tin, v! thuye't b<;li quan
da sll' kha hi kha ng<;1c chi stf, lieu tu nhat hoan. 6 ho! Kim nhi
u ngo tttong tai giao tong ha xu ho nhcr da!
Nhcr chi da, du tin y ngon vo h<;1i, vin die'u Duong Chau.
Nhcr htfu ltf thich ngo tam, trd nhan tfiu bao. chi mien truye't
di CtfC, a nai van VQng huynh quy phu, cuong ling vie't ". DI
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
525
du tien nhat m<)ng nhcr lai quye't, tam tri bat tuong, phi chau
d<) giang. Qua du di v! thai hoan gia, nhi nhcr di thln thai khi
Tu chi do on, nhat m1,1c v! minh, cai do nhftn tll' dai du da.
6 ho thO'ng tai! Tao tri quye't nhcr, tac du khC1i vin du, tile
du thu<;Sng hcru ky hll' tam trung ngon ye'u nhcr tri van, c<)ng
nhcr tru ho<;1ch da. Nhi kim di hi! Tru ngo tll' ngo<;1i, duong vo kie'n
ky. Ngo htfu bat tri ha tll', kha di kie'n nhcr, nhi tll' chi
hcru tri vo tri, dcr dac kie'n bat dac kie'n htfu t6t nan minh da.
Nhien tac bao thll' vo nhai chi ham, thien h6, nhan h6, nhi canh
dih6!
Nhcr chi thi, ngo di ph6 tll'; nhcr chi ncr, ngo di d<;1i gia; nhcr chi
sinh blnh, ngo di tac duy nhcr chi truan t!ch thu<;1ng v! mttu
nhi. Tien doanh t<;1i Hang, Giang quang Ha tham, the' nan quy
tang, cO' thinh mftu nhi ninh nhcr u tu, te' tao da. Ky
bang tang nhcr ncr a An. Ky h<;1 luang trung, nhat vi a da th! gia
Chu thi, nhat vi a huynh th! gia Dao th!. Duong Son khoang
nam vQng nguyen thap, tay vQng The Ha, phong vG thftn hon, ky
h6n hcru b<;1n, duong bat co tich. SC1 Ian gia, ngo tt! dftn nien
d<)c nhcr khO'c thi chi kim vo nam, htong ncr nha nha,
sinh nhcr tll' tai chu t6i nhi. Du tuy than t<;1i vi cam ngon lao,
nhi xi nguy phat ng6c, am ly ttf tri, tri t<;1i nhan gian, thu<;Sng ph1,1c
ky A Phftm vin quan Ha Nam vo tll' ncr, cll'u t<)c vo
kha ke' giii. Nhcr tll' nga tang, nga tll' thuy mai? Nhcr thang hcru
linh, kha nang cao nga?
6 ho! Than tin ky bat kha tuC1ng, than htfu bat kha tri,
khO'c nhcr ky bat van nhcr ngon, nhcr htfu bat kie'n nhcr thtfc.
Chi hoi phi du'ong, s6c phong da d<;1i, a huynh quy hi, do lG lG h6i
dft u vQng nhcr da. 6 ho ai tai! 6 ho ai tai!
VIEN MAl
Tac gia-tac philm
Vien Mai (1716-1797) tv Tu Tai, hi$u Gian Trai. nglloi Ci huy$n Tien
526 TRAN VAN CHANH
DUong tlnh Chiet Giang, t6c gia cua Tieu thUdng sdn phong thi van
t(Jp, TUy Vil9n tuy but ... Te mui van" 16 mt b6i van te kh6c em g6i rat
n6i tieng cua 6ng, trong d6 r:noi cau moi chQ v6 c6c tlnh tiet dll<;Jc ke
IQi deu goy cho nglloi dQC noi xOc d(>ng ng6o, kh6 cam dll<;Jc
nlloc mat.
TU NGO
eCan Long nien cua vua Cao tong nha Thanh
.Dinh h(li T nam Dinh hQi, tu'ong ling voi nam Can Long thli
33 (nam 1769) eDifn cling te eKi mqng &: : m()ng l<;l (ff.TI-
dung nhu' $f [ky]) eTrinh y chi kien d!nh eTy ly itt Ill: VQ
ho?c ch6ng bi bo rna xa nhau eThtic l(lc g{: {g:: khong du'QC nhu' y
(ciing viet j;tj{g:) eTh{l kinh :tr&: du'QC dQC kinh sach eSai kien
& sanh vai nhau .Cung tt! mlnh, dich than eThao JFS: thtfc
hanh .Phi{n tj gio tay ra .Cztdng 11: chet cling (dung nhu
11 ) eCanh nhien tinh ng() ePh6 m{tc ll : a tru'oc mat
eKht nghi ngoi eDdn kiem ao lt;1a mong eTruy y
1X.: ten bai tho trong "Trinh phong" Kinh Thi eTrti rna ra
.Lang lang : tieng dQc sach "e a", "oang oang" .Tile tile
ta'm tac (ng(ji khen) eVQng nhijt 8: ngay 15 Am lich
(ngay ram) eCtlu nguyen fL!ffi: duoi dat, cll'u eVifl -$:
Quang Ta y eKi niu a phi a sau ePhi cung ciim ' do
tien si eSanh thj Hit! : tr(jn mat nhln eTrztilng An dang
khoa "Truong An" chi kinh do, "dang khoa" la do
tien si eToa loa fJifffii : Vl;ln v?t eTrii'n tich stf tich
cii (da qua) .Diin zing lap dfry m()t bt;1ng .The ngt;znh:
tlnh cam bu6n kh6 nghen dfry a trong long eLjch ljch
ranh ranh, ro rang. nghe tre con (chi thai tho au) .La li"i
*f:Uf: ti mi dfry du .A niii my(ciing viet WJ nguoi nuoc
sa, tlic H6 Bac, gQi my la "a nai") eThuiin nhay mat (ra
to y (dung nhu' .Am biet r6 eNhii co' ft t5<::
roAN THLl nJ HQC CHV HAN
527
nhung bai hQc xua tao nha .uyin e' : nhu hoa thao,
nhu .Chung tieu m1 suot dem eThich thtim : do
hoi tlnh hlnh .Tiiu sai tj\ &: thuyen giam chut it eYfp
nlra nam nlra ng6i, hoi gfrn nhu' khoi
.Bt;li quan ' : thuyet da sll' eHoan'l'l: vui (dung nhu'
f.(). die'u : di vi eng dam tang xa .Mien truye't :
the tdm trQng eQuye't gj(: tit (ciing c6 nghia la n6i lOi
tu voi ngu'oi chet) eMinh : nham mat l<;li (n6i nguoi
chet) Vo nhai 1JI: vo bien, vo cling eHtim hoi tiec, hoi
ePh6 tuf;J t: giao di in eTruiin tjch tg '$: rna eTien
doanh 7t : phfrn ffiQ cua t6 tien eThi gia f3 : thiep, VQ le
.Khoting diiu B}l trong trai r()ng rai eNguyen thi{p lffi : da't
cao gQi la "nguyen", da't tha'p u'ot gQi la "tha'p" eThe Ha
nui The Ha, a phia dong bac Giang Ninh eKhi/c dif/
thi bai tho kh6c cha u (ngu'oi thiep hQ Ll;!C cua Vi en Mai
c6 sinh dlia con chet To Van la co, c6 lam bai tho ai dieu
chau) eNha nha 3f !f: tieng "bi bo" cua tre con hQc n6i eChu toz
m()t nam sau khi dlia tre sinh ra .Cztu tqc fL chin doi (
than tQC tn.fC tu doi mlnh tinh len tOi doi cha, ong n(}i, ong CO,
6ng so, tinh xuong tdi doi con, chau, chat, chit) eChl hoi *lf.J3<:
gift'y, vang b(;l.C dot khi CO tang te) eSoc phongifijjJE.:
gi6 bac (gi6 ba'c) .Lii Iii : thuong luon, lfrn.
NG0PHAP
CD$ (ninh): lam sao (ph6 tu thi phan van, thuong dung
phoi hQp voi trQ tu [da] a cuoi cau):
(Ninh tri thlr vi quy cot sa da?).
@ rm (nhien nhi): the rna, the nhu'ng (lien tit): rm .]f1 itr..
ll:t ... (Nhien nhi lt;1y nhu chi thll' ... ), ffij itr.. 8 ::f 1 A
(Nhien nhi nhu di bat t(;l.i nhan gian).
ll:L (thti'): d6, mlic d9 d6 (d<;li tit chi thi, chi mlic d())(xem .
528
TRAN VAN CHANH
thi d1,1 vll'a dftn tren).
ben, lin (ph6 tll'): lfS z (Ct! cung thao chi).
::k khai): d;;ti khai, d;;ti chac, uoc chll'ng (ph6
tll'): ::k f4 .. . (D<Zi khai thuyet Truong An dang
khoa .. . ).
-z:;; m (van nhi): the th6i, rna th6i (trQ tlr lien dl,lng
cu6i diu, cilng dung -z;;IO: tin trl tao van
nhl).
(J) fL (pham): tat ca (ph6 tll'): fL (Pham thli' to a to a).
(nhien): nhung (lien tll'): 3J<;- B * 1E ... (Nhien nga
nhat vi ttl' ... ).
fJ! thl, 1in (ph6 tll'): tifn
it (nghia): dung nhu' ph6 tU' tr;;tng ngCi', dich la llvl diu
nghia, theo diu nghia II: ?tz' z *5 .R ... (NhCi' chi nghia
Cao thi ... ).
QD -y Y... ifr.IZB (du htfu tntO'ng nhu tu tue): day la mot
ca u so sanh, le ra tru'oc chCi' ?tz' (nhCi') phai c6 them gioi tlr (11),
day 1119c bot.
neu, neu nhu' (lien ttl' thi gia thiet):
:13 7t c ... (Hoifc nhan gian trudng gia tien
vong ... ).
@ JjlJp (lieu): t;;tm (ph6 tll'): JjlJp ji-fA (Lieu tu' nhat hoan).
@{g (da): trQ tll', d?t sau m(>t c1,1m tU' ho?c c1,1m chu-vi chi
thai gian, dich la llkhi II: ?tz' z 1_9;f {Q ... (Nhu chi t dii .. . ).
t). (di): vao hk (gioi tlr neu len m6i quan thai gian):
7 .l-) * !ey ii * (Du di vi thai hoan gia).
@ RP (tuc): cho du (lien tll' thi nhu'Qng b(>):
RP 3M# f5J llf m ,c,, $ ;;;;; itz' M (Tuc du thuc;ing huu
ky hli' tam trung ng6n yeu nhCi' tri van).
@ (thang): neu, neu nhu' (lien tlr thi gia thiet):
itz' {fcj llf m ... (NhCi' thang huu linh ... ).
roAN THll nJ HOC CHU HAN 529
D!CHNGHiA
Van te'emgai
Mita dong niim EJinh h(;Ji nien hifu Can Long, ta chon cl{t em
gdi thll ba fa To' Vii.n tren nui Duong Son huyfn ThL{(;ng Nguyen,
va vie't bai vii.n nay dl te' em rdng:
Than oil Em sinh ra iJ Chie't Giang rna chon cfit iJ nai nay,
each que ta den bay tram di;im, ngay khi em moi sinh ra, cho dit
c6 m9ng lr.;z va tuiJng tu<;Jng hu do (den may) cii.ng lam sao bie't
dU<;JC neli nay fr.;zi fa neli chon giil hai co't CUa em?
Em vi m9t long giil vilng trinh tilt, gd cho nguoi khong h<;Jp ma
bi bo reli, den nbi trCI Vel khon khfJ. Tuy so' mfnh an bai nhung thf!c
La do troi xu i nen; the' rna lam em den nbi nuoc nay, chua
titng khong phdi fa lbi cua ta. ThuiJ nho ta thea thdy hQC, em ng6i
ngang vai cr.;znh ben, thich nghe nhilng chuyfn tift ngh'la cua nguoi
xua; khi truiJng thanh, him tf! minh lam thea nhilng ddu d6. Than
oil Ne'u nhu em khong bie't din Thi, Thu, c6 le khong chdc phdi
gian kho? giillay chil trinh den thi
Ta bdt de: em gia tay ra dl bdt giup; troi lr.;znh con de' chit
cllng do, anh em ta citng mang ra huyft chon de: Nay ta lifm em
chon em, rna cdnh tu<;Jng ngay hom ay hifn ra ri5 rang nhu truoc
mdt. Niim ta len chin tuo?i, ( c6 ldn) nghl ngai iJ phong sdch, em
chili hai bui t6c, mi;ic do don bdng min di den, citng nhau d9c
bai tha "Truy y". Vita luc thdy miJ ella buoc vao, nghe tieng hai
tre d9c oang oang, khong khoi mlm cuoi, mifng ell chi;ic luai khen
miii. [)6 fa chuyfn xdy ra vao ngay rdm thdng bay, em iJ duoi cllu
chdc win con nho ri5. Ta den tufli thanh nien di Quang
Tav, em dii niu do ta kh6c ra't thdm thie't. Qua ba nii.m sau, ta db
tie'n s'l nha, em tit phong cr.;znh phia dong bung mam tra buoc
ra, cd nha tr<;Jn mdt nhin cu(Ji vui ve, khong con nho luc d6
bdt ddu n6i nhilng chuyfn gi, nhung dr.;zi khdi n6i chuyfn thi ell
iJ kinh do, va VifC ngu(Ji chuyin thu baa tin thi db SOm hay td thf
530
TRAN VAN CHANH
thai. Tilt CQ nhflng chuyn Vf!-n V{jt ay, tuy dii thimh chuyn CU,
nhung ne'u ngay nao ta chua chit thl ngay d6 kh6ng thl quen di
dUtJc. Vic ca tran ddy m9t bf!-ng, hl nho !Oi la bi thuong nghfn
ngao, ht nhu tam dnh ro rang ra truoc mdt, nhung khi lt;zi gdn dl
ndm bdt thl n6 lt;zi bo di xa ma't. Ta an hijn ngay luc d6 kh6ng dem
nhilng tlnh trt;zng thai thu a'u di ghi chep kY lt;zi. The' nhung em dii
khong con iJ tren diJi, th[ du thiJi gian CO chay ngU(/C dong, thiJi
thU a'u co triJ lt;zi dUtJC, tht cung khong co ai la ngUiJi lam chting
cho nhilng vic ay.
Khi em thu ngh'la ly hon voi h9 Cao triJ vi, mf iJ nha nhiJ em
giup giijp, nhilng vic lien quan din chil ngh'la but mljc diu bdo
em lo liu. Ta ti:tng bdo trong dam con gai ra't it c6 ai hiiu roy
ngh'la kinh sach va thong thu9c diln co: chj dau em ch!lng phdi
kh6ng nhu ml thuijn thdo nhung c6 hui khiem khuye't vi nhilng
vic nay. Vl the' ti:t khi em triJ vi, tuy c6 dau long cho em nhung
th(jt ra lt;zi la ddu mi:tng chota. Ta lt;zi !6n han em b(/n tu6
7
i. Niu iJ
dili ke Mn han thuong chit truoc, thl ta c6 thl dem nhilng vic
h(ju stf ph6 thac cho em, nhung nao de em lt;zi ra di truoc ta.
Nam ngoai ta bnh, suo't dem em din tham hoi, bnh gidm bot
phdn nao thl vui, tang n(Jng phdn nao thllo bu6n. Sau bnh tuy c6
bot chut it, song win con ui odi nila ng6i nila nlim, khong c6 gl dl
tieu khiln. Em din ben ddu giuong, kl chota nghe nhilng chuyn
dang vui dang kinh ngt;zc trong tilu thuye't va dii sil, dl tt;zm nhiJ
d6 vui dUtJc chut it. Than 6i! Ti:t nay triJ di ne'u ta lt;zi bnh ldn
nila, thl bdo ta den nui nao dl g9i em cho dutJc!
Khi em bnh, ta tin loi thdy thu6c n6i kh6ng c6 gl nguy ht;zi,
nen moi di xa t(jn Duong Chau phung die'u nguoi quen. Em lt;zi S(/
ta lo cho em, nen ngan cdn kh6ng cho nguoi cht;zy bao tin cho bie't.
Den khi bnh tlnh dii trdm fr9ng, mf hoi em c6 tr6ng anh vi
kh6ng, em moi gUtJng dap "vang ". Truoc d6 m9t ngay ta dii nlim
m9ng thay em den n6i lili quye't bit, trong long bie't c6 diim
roAN THli Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
531
chdng lanh, v9i vii dap thuyin qua song Truong Giang triJ vi nha.
Qud nhien ta vi din nha luc giiJ mui, thl em dii tdt nghl vao giiJ
thin. Than nguili em hiiy con am, m9t ben mdt khong nhdm, chdc
la vdn co' nhjn chit di chiJ ta vijy. Than 6i dau don thay! Niu som
bitt ly bit em, thi le nao ta lt;zi danh di xa, ma du c6 di cung con
c6 vai chuyn trong long phdi cho em hay bie't, dl cung em ban
tinh voi nhau. Nhung nay thi ta't cd dii xong r6i! Tri:t khi ta chit,
hdn la kh6ng c6 ngay g(Jp nhau nila. Ta lt;zi kh6ng bitt ngay nao
chit, CO thf g{jp dUtJC em, ma chit rbi CO con bie't hay khong bie't,
CO dU(/C g{jp em hay khong dUtJC g{jp em, tht ro't CUQC lt;zi kh6 bie't
ro. The' thi om lay mo'i h(jn v6 bil nay la do trili chang, hay do
ngUifi chang, ma ro't CUQC cung thai the' Uf
Thu cua em lam, ta dii dua di in; con gai cua em, ta dii thay
m(jt gd ch6ng cho; cu9c dili cua em, ta dii vie't thanh truyn; chl
c6 m6 md cua em ta vdn chua tinh toan o'n thoa ma thai. Phdn m9
cua to? tien iJ Hang Chau, song r9ng nuoc sau (ngan each), tinh
the' th(jt kh6 mang vi que huang an tang, nen xin lnh mf ma tt;zm
chon ca't em iJ chon nay, di tin vic quet d9n cung tl Gdn ben
d6 chon ca't con gai em La a An. Phia duoi c6 hai ngoi m9, m9t
cua h9 Chu Ia nguoi thiip cua cha, m9t cua h9 Dao La nguoi
thie]J cua anh. Da't Duong Son r9ng riii, phia nam c6 thi nhin thliy
nhilng khodng da't cao thap, phia tay nhin thay nui The Ha, mua
gi6 som chiiu, h6n so'ng nuong nhiJ cho'n tha huang cua em cung
c6 nguifi lam bt;zn, chdc kh6ng tjch mjch le loi. Diiu dang thuung
tie'c Ia ti:t nam Miju ddn sau khi ta d9c bai thu kh6c chau cua em,
din nay ta vdn kh6ng c6 con trai, chl c6 hai dua gai vi:ta h9c n6i
bi b6, chung sinh ra sau khi em ma't, vi:ta moi thai n6i. Ta du mf
con so'ng mt;znh khoe chua dam n6i minh gia, nhung dii rang lay
ddu hoi, tlj minh ngdm bie't, bie't iJ tren coi diJi con dUtJC bao
ngay! A Pha?m di lam quan xa iJ Ha Nam, (n6) cung kh6ng c6 con
cai, trong dong h9 kh6ng ai no'i doi dUtJc. Em chit ta chon, nhung
532
TRAN VAN CHANH
ta chit ai chon? Niu em con c6 linh thieng, c6 thl bdo chota bie't
dur;c khong?
Than oi! Chuyfn luc sinh tiin cua em da khong thi nho
dur;c, chuyfn sau khi em mli't rbi cilng khong thl biit, kh6c em da
khong nghe fiJi em nvi, ti em cii.ng khong thi{y em din iin. Tro tdn
gili'y bay, gi6 bile tho'i anh triJ vi r6i ma vtin con ngody di
ngodj- nhin em. Than oi thuCJng thay! Than oi thuang thay!
PHIENAM
I
THd DUONG

54

fi 7], fj fi :d/'

fflj fr /f t&,
?I 1" 1& }}! {E .

B:;tc Tiin Hoai
Yen lung han thuy, lung sa,
D<;t b<;tc Tfin Hoai tli'u gia.
Thuong nil' bat tri vong quoc
Cach giang do xuong dlnh
TVC. djch
DOM[)C
Tdc gid-tac plza?m
Do Mvc (803-852) tl) Ia Mvc Chi. hi$u PhOn Xuyen. nglloi huy$n VQn
roAN THLITl,f HQC CHO' HAN 533
Nien. quon Kinh Tri$u (thuc thanh pho Tdy An tinh Thiem Tdy ngay
nay), von Ia mt nglloi hao hoa ph6ng dot. nom moi 18 tuoi do lam
dllc;!C bai ' A Ph6ng cung ph(J' noi tieng. Ong do tjen si trong nom thu
hoi nien hi$u Thai H6a (828) doi vua DUong van tong; trong thai gian
coi vi$c thll ky cho Dllcmg Tong Nhv Ci Dlldng Chdu. thllong mi$t mai Ci
chon thanh ldu tuu quan vui chdi thoa thfch. lam quan den chuc Giam
sat ngl) su. cuoi doi chuyen ra lam Thu su Trl Chdu va Ho Chou. Ly Mvc
dLJQc nglloi doi m$nh danh Ia Tieu Do (de phdn bi$t voi Do Phu Ia Ldo
Do) , con de IQi top thd Phon Xuyen thi tp 20 quyen.
TU NGU
eTiln Hoai $: song Tfin Hoai bAt ngu6n tU' Phien
Thuy, tinh Giang To, chay huang Uiy bAc vao song Truong
Giang eThlidng m1 fflj !;1:: : ca nil', ca ky eH/j.u dinh hoa 1& I}! {E:
ten m<)t bai tu (tu khuc) duqc lam ra trong bua do Trfin
chu (583-589, truoc doi Duong) dai Truong Quy Phi va cac tan
khach.
NGUPHAP
CD R (lung) trong bai dung nhu' d<)ng tu, voi nghTa la "bao
phu, che, to a, 16ng ... ".
(do): van con (ph6 tu).

534
TRAN vAN CHANH
D!CHNGHlA
Dem ghe thuyin song Tiln Hoai
Kh6i bao phu tren con song lc;znh, anh triing phu len m<J,t cat.
Ban dem (ta) dtJ_u thuyin iJ bin Tdn Hoai gdn quan ruqu. Nguai
ca nil kia khong hi bie't den mo'i htJ_n vong quo'c, nen iJ ben kia ba
song vdn (than nhien) hat khuc HtJ_u dinh hoa.
D!CHTHcJ
PHIENAM
Song Tdn kh6i toa, triing in,
Ben ngoai quan ruqu, con thuyin dem qua.
M<J,c ai tan nat nuac nha,
Chi em vdn hat bai "Hoa sau vuan ".
m
55
1:t pfT 5e,
B llt !fl,
A liD 1t if B3c ifi .
A
1:R
NG6 TAT TO djch

tich sd kie'n xu
Khu nien kim thll' m6n trung,
Nhan dic$n dao hoa tuong anh h6ng.
Nhan dic$n bat tri ha xu khu?
Dao hoa y clfu tieu dong phong.
THO! H(J
roAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
535
Tac gia-tac pha?m
Th6i H (khoang trlloc sou nom 804) tlJ Ia An C6ng, nglloi quqn B6c
Lang (nay Ia huy$n Djnh, tlnh Tn;c L$). lqn d(ln khoa trllong, den nom
thO 12 nien hi$u Trinh Nguyen (796) moi do tien sT. lam quan den chOc
sou cung Ia Tiet d sO LTnh Nom.
D!CH NGHlA
Di ch6 dii trong thay niim trztdc
Niim ngoai vao ngay hom nay, iJ trong cita nay. Guong m<J,t
nang va hoa dao diu citng anh len m9t mau hbng tuai thdm. Gia
day m<J,t nguai khong bie't dii di dau? Nhung hoa dao thi vdn cuai
cqt gi6 dong y nhu cu.
D!CHTHcJ
PHIENAM
Hom nay, niim ngoai, cita cai,
Hoa dao anh vai m<J,t nguai do tuai.
M<J,t nguai chdng bie't dau rbi,
Hoa dao dm d6 win cuai gi6 dong.
TRAN TRQNG KIM djch
w
56


/'m gJrr EE l- jLl-l
fif.- , ..t=t. E3 ,'"it;] _t_ 11E



Luong Cha u tit
B6 dao my tll'u, dt;t quang b6i,
536
TRAN VAN CHANH
DI,IC tl ba rna tht1<;1ng th6i.
Tuy ngQa sa truong, quan tie'u,
c6 lai chinh chie'n ky nhan h6i?
VUONG HAN
Tac gid-tac phiim
VUcJng Han Ckhoang truoc sou nam 713) tv Ia Tll vo. nguoi dot Tan
DUC!ng, Tinh Chou (nay Ia thanh ph6 Thai Nguyen, tTnh Sein Tdy) , luc
con tre tinh ph6ng dang, ua eM co bqc, do tien sT nam dau nien
hi$u Canh van (710) doi Duong Du$ tong, lam quan den chuc Gi6 b
vien ngoqi lang; c6 IQi mt van tp gom lO
D[CHNGH[A
Klute hat Llidng Chtiu
Ruc;u ngon bb diw dl;(ng trong chen dc;z quang. Dang djnh uong
thi tieng dim ti ba tren lLtng ngl;(a dii gif!c giii ra di. Nlu c6 say
sua nlim ngu (J noi sa truiJng, thi xin bc;zn ciing cho cuiJi. Boi vi
xua nay di chinh chien c6 may ai duc;c tro vi dau ?.
D!CHTHO
I
Ruc;u dao chen ng9c sang choang,
Tren yen, sdp uong, dii vang tieng ti.
Say liin biii edt, hd chi,
Nhilng nguiJi ra trt!-n, may khi lc;zi vi.
NG6 TlTTOdjch
II
B6 dao ruqu rot chen luu ly,
Muon uong ti ba gil;lC ngl;(a di.
Biii edt, say nlim, che ciing m(ic,
Xua nay chinh chien may ai vi.
BOJ KHANH DAN djch
m
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
PHIENAM
57

rw , ffi rjljlj * ,
?Imt,
LlJ
&

Phong
6 strong man thien,
Giang phong, ngu hoa doi sfru mien.
C6 T6 thanh Han San u,r,
ban chung thanh dao khach
TRUONGKE
Tac gid-tac pham
537
TrUeing Ke (khoang truoc sou nam 756) tv Ia v Ton, ngUoi C! TUC!ng
Chou (nay thuc huy$n TUC!ng DUC!ng tTnh Ho Bac), c6 kien thuc rng,
do tien sT nam thu 12 nien hi$u Thien Boo (753), lam quan den chuc TV
b vien ngoqi lang. TrUeing Ke c6 IQi mt tp the!, dUc;ic truyen tl,Jng
nhieu nhat Ia bai Phong Kieu dQ bqc" tren ddy.
..
Trug Kl
538
TRAN VAN CHANH
TUNGU
ePhong t!\ fit: ten dat, C5 each phi a tay Ng6 ti'nh
Giang T6 muoi eO qu<,l keu; cflng c6 thuyet cho "6
la th6n 6 C5 ngo<,li thanh C6 T6 eSiiu mien Yt .fi:: gi ac
silu; c6 thuyet cho "sftu mien" la mii Su Mien cilng C5 ngo<;1i
thanh C6 T6 eCo To nui C6 T6 C5 phia tay nam T6 Chau,
nen T6 Chau cilng gQi la C6 T6 eHiw San t{l LlJ chua Han
San C5 each thanh cua phu T6 Chau 10 phia tay (nay vfrn
con C5 Ng6, phia tay dat Phong
D!CHNGHlA
Benz glu! t{li Phong
Trang li;in, qug_ keu, suCing toa d&y trifi. Hang diy phong ben
biJ song ClAng voi ngQn faa dem cua chile chai niim ngu
m9t giti'c bu6n bii. Chua Him San J ngoai thanh Co To. Nlla dem
tie'ng chuang vang wing di toi cua khdch.
D!CHTHO I
Trang ta, tie'ng qug_ keu suCing,
Lila chai, diy be'n s&u vuCing gia'c h6.
ai d(lu be'n Co To,
Nlla dem nghe tie'ng chuang chua Him San.
. TAN DA djch
"
II
Mu suCing trangkhuQ,'t 6
Ri;ing phong chai lila ng6ng S&u Mien.
Co To duCing gia'c nguyen,
Chuang Han San go van lang du.
. TRAN YEN THAOdjch
m
TOAN THll n,J HQC cHa HAN
PHIENAM
58
JirllHf
'-
utm
/G ;g'
r,
Q-;r::s: I .. .. Q,. , .
J II 1i
--H- -++- ......... -++- !lllg 'iJ'_ '.Ill
1'5 -&! {'l" .
8 1PJ J1lf, ?


Hoang H::_tc Iau
Tich nhan dT thua hoang h<;!c khu,
Thli' d!a kh6ng du Hoang H<;!c lau.
Hoang H<;!C nhat khu bat phl,!C phan,
B<;!Ch van thien tai kh6ng du du.
Tinh xuyen lich l!ch Han Duong th1,1,
Phuong thao the the Anh Vil chau.
Nh?t m<? huong quan ha xu thi?
Yen ba giang thuc;5ng sll' nhan silu.
THO! Hlf;U
539
Tac gia-tac philm
Thai Hi$u (704-754) nglloi (J Bi$n Chou (nay thu<)c thanh pho Khai
Phong, tTnh Ha Nom), do tien sT nom thu 13 nien hi$u Khai Nguyen (725).
Tinh ong long mqn, thich co bqc, lla rllQu che. lam quan den chuc Tll
huon vien ngoQi lang. ThO 6ng dllQc ly Bqch khen hay va rat ne. con de
IQi dllQc m<)t t(lp. Th6i Hi$u noi tieng nhat voi bai "Hoang hQC lou". dllQc
d6nh gi6 Ia "c6i d(lc d! Chiem het co thien co" (thi$n thien co chi ky) .
540
TRAN VAN CHANH
TUNGO
eHoang H{lc tau Hoang H<;1c, a VG
Xttong, tinh H6 Bac. thuyet xtta c6 m<?t tien nhan la
Tli' An coi h<;1c vang bay qua chon nay (theo sach hai chi"),
va cung c6 thuyet n6i Phi Van Huy khi len tien da coi
h<;1c vang dung dap l<;ii a ch6 nay (theo sach "Hoan vG kf')
eKhong du du 1$1$: lo lUng mai tren khong eTinh xuyen
II: "tlnh" la troi t(;lnh, "xuyen" la song, chi song Han voi anh
m<)t troi chieu xuong eLjch ljch }fl)fl: trong thay r6 eThe the
j j: xanh tttoi, tttoi tot .Anh Vii chliu atl 1H: bai Anh VG, a
song Truong Giang, phia tay nam VG Xttong, tinh H6 Bac
eHlidng quan que httong.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHlf HAN
541
NGOPHAP
CD (khong): suong, tro (ph6 tu): (Thli'
dia khong dtt Hoang H<;1c lau).
filJ ? (ha xu thj?) la m<?t hlnh thuc dao ngu trong tho
ca, viet xuoi l<;1i la fPJ
D!CHNGH[A
uiu Hoang H{lc
Nguifi xua da cuifi hc;r.c vang bay di. N(fi nay chl con tr(f lc;r.i m9t
toa tau Hoang Hc;r.c. Hc;r.c vang m9t di kh6ng tra lc;r.i . Dam may
trdng tit ngan niim nay win liJ lilng tren kh6ng.
Song tc;r.nh tr6ng thay ro hang cay (J da't Han Ducmg. Co th(fm
mQC tot tU(fi tren bai Anh va. xu6ng bie't que hucmg la (J
chon nao? Khoi va song tren song khien cho long nguifi bubn ba.
D!CHTHO
Hc;r.c vang ai cuiJi di dau?
Maday Hoang Hc;r.c rieng tau con tr(f!
Hc;r.c vang di mat tit xua,
Nghzn nam may trdng bay giiJ con bay.
Han Ducmg song tc;r.nh cay bay,
Bai xa Anh Va xanh day co non.
Que hucmg khua't bong hoang han,
Tren song khoi song cho bubn long ai ?
TAN DA djch ( 1937)
m
59


542
PHIENAM




So'n phong xuan srf
TRAN VAN CHANH
Luong vien nh?t m<) lo<;1n phi nha,
Cl,l'c mtJc tieu tam Iuong gia.
Dlnh thtJ bat tri nhan khu t?n,
Xuan lai hoan phat cl,l'u thl hoa.
SAMTHAM
Tac giii-tac pham
Sam Tham (715-770) ngllCii (J Giang Lang (nay thuc Giang
Lang tlnh H6 BOc) , thu& nho m6 c6i. ngheo kho, do tien sT nom thu 3
nim ThiEm Boo (744), dCii lam quan c6 nhieu thong tram. 6ng tung
troi nhung nom & trn mqc, lam nhieu bai the1 to conh ly, niem
quan tai; c6 tp the1 gom 10 quyen.
Sdm Tham
TUNG[/
eLztdng vien khu vtton cua Luong Hieu vttong doi Nam
TOAN THV Tl,/ HQC CHO' HAN 543
Bac ( 420-581 ). Sach Tay kinh tgp kY chep: Hieu vttong
nude Luong thich xay dl,l'ng nha cll'a vuon tu<;ic ngay ngay den
d6 cau ca ban chim cling voi cac cung nhan va tan khach eCtfc
fj : nhln het mat phia Xa.
D!CHNGHlA
Ciinh xuiin nha tren nui
Trang vuon Luong, luc chdu ta nhilng con qut;z bay h8n lot;zn.
Trang mut het tdm milt chl thay c6 hai, ba n6c nha lo tho tieu
ddu. Cay trong san khong bie't rdng nguoi trong nha da di he't.
Nen m8i dq xuan vi vdn niJ nhilng bong hoa nhu ngay cu.
D!CHTHO
I
Troi to'i vuon Luong qut;z luqn lo,
Nha dau vut milt, n6c lua thua.
Cay xuan ch!lng bitt nguoi di he't,
Xuan den hoa con niJ gio'ng xua.
TAN DA djch
II
Vuon Luong chiiu to'i qut;z bay,
Neo xa trong thay mqt vai nha hoang.
Cay san nao bie't tang thuong,
Xuan vi lt;zi niJ nhu thuong hoa xua.
TRAN TRQNG KIM djch
m
60
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1o/.7 { t. {..L .
544
PHLENAM
IQ: 00.
[1=i] # , ft [1=i] *
0

TitAN VAN CHANH
Hoai thu'Q'ng hii'u nhan
Duong Til' giang dftu duong lieu xuan,
Duong hoa sftu sat d9 giang nhan.
s6 thanh phong djch ly dlnh van,
Quan huang Tieu Tuong, nga huang Tftn.
TR!NHCOC
Ttic giii-ttic philm
Trinh C6c (?-896) tv Ia Thu Ngu. ngvoi phu Vien ChOu (nay Ia huy$n
Nghi Xudn. tTnh Giang Toy). 7 tuoi do biet lam thc1. do tien si nom thO 3
nien hi$u Quang Khai (837). lam quan den chuc 06 quan lang trung
(nen con c6 ten Ia Trjnh 06 Quan). cu6i doi yl; (J on trong vung
NgVong ScJn roi mat CJ d6. Toe phom de IQi gom c6 Van dai bien 3
quyen. Nghi DUdng tp 3 quyen va Quo'c phong chfnh quye't.
TUNGO
eDlldng Tii giang -=f ?I: song Duong Til' Et m<?t khuc cua
song Truong Giang (j Trung Quoc eStit rat, rat chet di
du<;Jc (dung nhu ftt sau d9ng til' hlnh dung til' d lam b6
ngu, biu thj muc d<? cao) eLy dinh 11$: cai dlnh noi chi a tay.
D!CHNGHlA
Tt't bq,n tren song Hoai
Ddu song Duong Til, hang cay duong ldu dang d9 mua xuan
tuoi thdm. Hoa duong ldu khie'n cho nguifi qua song bu6n che't di
dur;c. C6 vai tie'ng sdo thdi de'n ngoi dinh noi ly luc trifi
chdu. Dung vao luc anh di vi Tieu Tuong con toi tri'J lr;ti da't Tdn.
TOAN THlJ Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
D!CHTHO I
Song Duong ngan ldu dua tuoi,
Hoa ducrng bu6n che't dr;t nguifi sang song.
Dinh hom tie'ng sdo niio nung,
Anh di be'n Si'J, toi di duifng Tdn.
NGO TlTTO djch
II
Ldu mua xuan, be'n song Giang,
Qua song ai thay hoa duong. ngQ.m ngui.
Gi6 dua sdo mu9n r6i,
Anh sang bln Si'J, ta lui coi Tdn.
TRAN TRQNG KIM djch
III
Bif Duong Tilldu xanh tuoi,
Hoa bu6n xe nat long nguifi qua song.
Gi6 dua tie'ng sdo chiiu hom,
Tieu Tucrng br;tn de'n toi non vi Tdn.
m
61
TRAN YEN THAO djch

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545
546
PHIENAM
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Ly
Thu'o'ng tie'n tii'u
TRAN VAN CHANH
Quan bat kien Hoang Ha chi thuy thien thu<Jng lai,
Bon luu aao hai bat pht)c h6i.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHV HAN 547
Quan bat kien cao aliong minh kinh, bi b<;lCh phat,
Trieu nhu thanh ti m() thanh tuyet.
Nhan sinh aac y tu hoan,
M<;1c sll' kim ton khong aoi nguyt$t.
Thien sinh nga tai tat huu dt)ng,
Thien kim tan hoan pht)c lai.
Phanh duong nguu tha vi l<;1c.
H()i tu nhat ti'm tam bach boi .
phu ttl', Dan Khau sinh,
Tien nru quan m(;lc alnh.
Du quan ca nhat khuc,
Thinh quan vi nga trac nhi thinh (thinh).
Chung c6 so(;ln ng<;>c bat tuc quy,
Dan nguyt$n truong tuy bat nguyt$n tinh.
c6 lai thanh hin giai tich mich,
Duy huu ti'm gia htu ky danh.
Trftn vuong tich thai yen Blnh L<;1c,
Dtlu tll'u thien tu hoan hudc.
Chu nhan ha vi ngon tin,
Kinh tu co thu aoi quan chudc.
NgG hoa rna, thien kim CUll,
Ho nhi tliong xuat hoan my tll'u,
Du nhi a6ng tieu V(;ln c6 u.
LY BACH
Tac gia-tdc philm
Ly Bqch (701-762) tl) Ia Thai Bqch. hi$u Ia Thanh Lien cu ST. c6 mE? Ia
nguoi Tdy Vl)c nen sinh ra a Toai Di$p (khu vl)c Trung A. nay Ia
Caddctan. doi Duong thu(>c An Toy do h(> phu). khoang muoi tuoi do
thong hieu Thi . Thu va cac sach cua bach gia chu tv. nhung khong thi
tien sT. chi ngao du bon phueing u6ng ruQu va lam thei. rat duQc vua
Huym tong yeu kinh. cung voi Do Phu. ong duQc coi Ia nhO thei ion
nhat cua doi Duong, duQc nguoi doi gQi Ia "trich tien' (tien bj giang
548
TRAN VAN CHANH
xu6ng tran. b! dQa) va ton 16 "thi th6nh' . 6ng b$nh chet. nhlJng c6
truyen thuyet pho bien ke rang trong IUC say rlJCJU, ong om b6ng trdng
Ci son.g Thai Trqch (thuc huy$n Dang >6. nay 16 tfl')h An Huy) ma bi
chet du6i . ThCI ong lam c6 den hoi mlJCii ngan bai nhlJng tan lqc hau
het. sou suu t(lp lqi chi con khoang gan mt phon mucii.
TlJNGO
eThlidng lien tuu jl th tho c6 nh<;tc phii c6
"Thuong tien tii'u", tac gia mu'Qn ten nay d t ten cho bai
tho [tu'ong] con dQC la thtidng, c6 nghTa la "xin"; nhiu
djch gia Hiu nay du djch la "slip", nghTa c6 ve kh6ng thong)
eHi)i tu at phai, nhat djnh se (trQ d()ng tll') eTriic mU:
nghieng (c6 ban chep la khuynh ftj) eC/umg cfi chuang
trong, do diu "chung minh dinh thtfc", d gQi chung nha giau c6
eT{clz m{ch tjch mjch, v<'ing ve eTriln Vlldng 3:.: tU'c Tao
Thtfc, con thU' ba ciia Tao Thao, thai Ngl}y Minh de du<;1c phong
lam Trftn vuong, trong bai "Danh d6" ciia 6ng c6 diu: Ctfu lai
yen Blnh L<;tc, my tii'u th?p thien eBinlz L{zc ijZ ten m()t
cung quan thai Ngl}y Tao, o vao tinh L<;tc Duong ngay nay .Kinh
tu nhat djnh phai, phai, nen (nghTa nhu h()i to fi o tren)
eNgii hoa mii 1i 1t .%: ngtfa c6 van nam mau, ngtfa quy n6i
tieng .Thien kim dtu T :& ao cuu gia dang ngan vang.
D!CHNGH[A
Xin dang rzt(lu
Anh kh6ng tr6ng tha:v sao, nuac song Hoang Ha til tren trC!i
chdy xu6'ng, chdy ra din bl kh6ng hi quay tro i. Anh khong thay
sao, tarn guCJng iJ nha cao, thuCJng cho mdi toe sang nhu tCJ
xanh, chiJu thanh ra tuylt trdng.
DC!i nguoi khi ddc .v hay nen ttl-n huang hoan cha nen di
TOAN THlJ n,l HQC CHU HAN 549
chen w1ng ndm trCJ duai dnh triing. Troi sinh ra ta co tai tilt phdi
co ch6 dung, ngan vang tieu hit rbi co.
M6? de, gilt triiu ell vui ve thoa thich. Nay Sdm phu trl va Dan
Khau sinh, co dang rut;Ju xin cdc anh cha dilng.
Ta se hat cho cdc anh m9t bai. Xin cdc anh vi ta ma ldng tai
nghe. Chuang, tr6'ng, c6 ban, chau ng9c diu kh6ng dang quy. Chl
mong say miii, kh6ng mong tlnh.
Xua nay cdc btJ_c thdnh hiin diu mo mjt. Chl co ke u6ng rut;Ju
fa danh win dl doi. Trdn vuCJng khi xua mo ti?c o cung qudn Blnh
U;zc, uong mu(!i ngan aa'u rLtt;JU, ph6ng tung VUi chCJi.
Chu nhan Vl sao noi it tdn? Hiiy nen mua lay rLtt;Ju di cung rot
vai cdc anh. Con ngl!a quy ngil hoa va do cilu gid dang nghin
vang. Hiiy gQi tre dem ra cdm the' do'i lay rLtt;JU ngon, di ta cung
anh uong cho tan mo'i sdu Vt;Ln co'.
D/CHTHO I
Con song Hoang lung troi tu6n nuac,
Xu6'ng biln rbi, co ngut;Jc len dau!
Nha cao, guCJng xot mdi ddu,
Sam con tCJ bile, to'i hdu tuye't pha.
Vui cho ddy, khi ta ddc y!
Duai vilng triing, dilng di chen kh6ng.
Sinh ta, trC!i co ch6 dung.
Nghin vang tieu hit, trong thay vl
Chen di dii, trau de ell gilt,
Ba tram ly, phdi hit m9t ldn.
Khau, Sdm hai hac than,
Rut;Ju keo xin cha ngdn ngilng thai!
Ta vi hac, hat chai m9t khuc!
Bdc vi ta, hiiy chuc ben tai:
TVC. djch
550
"NgQc, tiin, chuang, tro'ng m(jc ai,
Tlnh chi? Chi muon cho dai CUQC say".
Baa hiin thdnh den nay ai ro?
Phuong rLl(/U ta ten hQ ranh ranh:
Tr&n vuong hila tic qudn Blnh,
Muoi nghin diiu thoa tinh dua vui.
Chu nhan cho ngQ.m ngui tdn it,
Mua rLt(/U ta chen tit cung nhau.
Ao citu, ngl:(a gam di dau?
G9i con dem do?i vai h&u ngon,
Uong cho muon thuif tan hu6n!
TRAN VAN CHANH
NGO TlTTO dfch
II
Bie't chang ai, song Hoang Ha ngc;n nuoc lung troi,
Tuon den hi khan voi dLt(/C.
Bie't chang nhe, dai guong mai toe
Sam nhu to ma to'i da nhu suong.
Nhan sinh khi ddc y nen cang,
Khan niJ di chen vang tro duoi
Tai hilu le troi au hdn quylt,
Nghin vang kia tieu hlt con.
Luc vui choi nao nhdm thric ngon,
Ba tram chen cung nen d6n mqt CUQC.
Bdc S&m voi hac Dan moi chuoc,
nang len cho niJ dung tay.
Vi nguoi hat mqt khuc nay,
Xin nguoi hay !dng tai nghe Lily.
Tic chuang trong ng9c vang La may,
Cr1 nen say, say mai tlnh chi ma.
Thanh hiin xua cung vdng xa,
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHG HAN
Nguoi say ru(/u danh La vdn dl
Blnh truoc kia cung the:
Muoi nghin chung m(jc ke vui cuoi.
Tiin chu nhan hao qudn ngdn dai,
Hay mua rLl(/U cung nguoi moi r6t.
Ngl:(a hoa to't, do citu cung tf5't,
Gc;i d6ng ra ddi lii'y rLt(/u ngon,
Cung nguoi gidi kie/J hu6n.
VO DANH djch
551
(theo Do Bang Tn;mg
Vit Nam Ca triA Bien khdo, NXB. TP.
H6 Chi Minh, 1994 ).


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552
PHIENAM
Tac gia-tac philm
Hao
M<? Th<;1ch Hao thon,
Huu l<;1i d<;1 tr6c nhan.
Uio ong du tuong ta'u,
Uio xuat mon nghenh.
L<;1i ho nhat han<),
nhat ha kh6. '
Thinh tri tu:
"Tam nien thfmh thu,
Nhat nam thu chi:
Nhi nam tan chien ttl',
T6n gia tha thau sinh,
Ttl' gia truong di hi.
That trung canh vo nhan,
Duy huu nhil h<;1 ton.
Ton huu rna u vi khu,
Xuat nh?p vo hoan
Uio a'u hfc tuy suy,
Thinh tong l<;1i d<;1 quy.
Cap ling Ha Duong d!ch,
Do dac b! xuy ".
D<;1 ctl'u ngu thanh
Nhu van khap thanh yet.
Thien minh dang d6,
D<)c dil' Hio ong
[)Q PHU
TRAN VAN CHANH
86 Phu (712-770) tv Ia TL1 My. que goc C! TLJeing DLJeing (thuc H6
Bac ngay nay) nhling sinh C! huy$n Cung (thuc H6 Nom). thdi tre d<;>c
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHa HAN 553
sach nhieu va di du l!ch khap neii. c6 dV thi tien sl nhLJng kh6ng do;
nom 744 gqp Ly 8qch C! LQc Dlieing va hoi nglioi ket thanh bqn than.
Nom 751 ong dl) CUQC thi tuyer) hien CUO f)LJC:Ing Huyen tong nhling
khong dQt ket qua vl b! Ly Lam Phu trong trieu bai xich. phai (! IQi song
khon kho tqi TrLJC:Ing An mlioi nom. nho vy c6 d!p chvng kien day du
noi thong kho cua dan ngheo va nhQng canh bat cong cua xd hi.
Sou loqn An su. ong c6 den yet kien f)LJC:Ing Tuc tong va dli<!c bo
nhi$m chvc To thp di. sou b! biem lam TLJ cong tham quan C! Hoa
Chou. Cuoi doi ngheo kh6. ong dot co nha di ILJu vong r6i b$nh chet
tren mt chiec thuyen nho C! song TLJCing. f)o Phu sang toe the! rat
mqnh. voi phong each hon hu. ngon ngQ trang tr<;>ng va tl) sl) chan
tht. phon lon c6 khuynh hLJong phe phon hi$n thl)c xa hi bang each
mieu to nhQng canh kho trong dan. tham dam tinh cam yeu thLJCing
tho thiet doi voi lop nglidi cung kho va b! 6p b(!c; nhQng bai noi tieng
nhat c6 'Tam lqi' (Tan An IQi. f)ong Quan IQi. Thqch Hao IQi). ' Tam bi$t'
(Tan hon bi$t. Thuy lao bi$t. Vo gia bi$t). va bai ' Mao oc vi thu phong
sC! ph6 co' ...
TU NGU
eThq.ch Hizo t] thon Th<).ch Hao a phia dong nam
Thie'm, tinh Ha Nam eLq.i se: quan l<).i nho cac
vien sai djch a phii quan .Troc :tJE: bat .Du rru: Vu'Qt
(thu<)c An Duong, tinh Ha
Nam ngay nay) gai eHoizn je: lanh .A.'u ba
gia .Hiz D1tang iOJ ten cil ciia M<;1nh doi vdi
L<).c Duong, thu<)c tinh Ha Nam ngay nay eDjclz .f5t: lao
djch eXuy ;!;X: th6i, nau it: cac djch gia trudc day
u djch la "im, dut", nhung xe t trong ngil' d nh ket hc;ip vdi
cau ben .du'oi "nhu nghe CO tieng kh6c St,It sui" (nhu van
khap u yet) thl nghia nay c6 ve kh6ng xu6i. Tra trong cac tu
die'n c6, chil' con c6 nghia "xuyen qua", vl nen
hie'u la: "dem khuya (tac gia) nghe tieng n6i xuyen qua buc
vach, nhu' nghe CO tieng kh6c St,It sui", thl chu "nhu" ben
duoi moi c6 y nghia .u St,It sui .Tdn d6!W
554
NGO PHAP
l.l
-"}

--- -,
.Lt
TRAN VAN CHANH
CD- fBJ (nha't ha): sao rna qua bie't bao! (pho
til): (L'!-i h6nlui'tlza n!).
(canh): l<).i (pho tu): '* ffli A (Tha't trung canh
v6 nhan).
I

D6 Phu
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
555
D!CH NGHlA
Ke l{li thon Th{lclz Hiw
ChiJu ta'i de'n. tr9 iJ than Thgch Hew. Co ke lgi ban deni de'n
bdt nguifi. Ong gia vuf!t tuong tra'n. Ba liio ra cila don.
Ke lgi quat thdo sao ma qua git;i.n dill Ba liio khoc loc sao ma
qua khd sill. Ta nghe ba bli(Jc !Oi kill: "Ba dua con trai, dii di
linh thu iJ thanh Nghifp. Mr)t dua gili thu vJ, cho hay hai dua con
kia vita nu1i che't trt;i.n. Dua con hay gio chl sa'ng tgm bfl qua ngay.
Nhilng dua che't tht miii miii thai r6i! Trang nha hifn kh6ng con
ai, chl co mr)t thdng chau con ndm duc!i vu sila. Dua chau co mf!
chua di w:v ch6ng. NhLtng nguoi mf! ra vao kh6ng co cluf!c mr)t
mdnh qu6n lanh. Gia nay sue tuy ye'u, ciing xin thea 6ng lg.i vJ
ngay trong dem nay dl mau tiejJ U'ng cho vifc lao djch iJ Ha
Dug, ciing con lo kjp cho vifc th6'i com hila sang". Dem khuya,
tie'ng noi xuyen qua vach, nghe nhu co tie'ng khoc sui. Sang ra,
len du(Jng di tiejJ, chl con til bift mr)t mtnh vc!i 6ng liio.
D!CHTHCJ
ChiJu hom, tc!i xom Thgch Hao,
Duong dem co linh lao xao bdt nguoi.
Vuf!t tuong, 6ng liio tron r6i,
Cila ngoai, vf! m.r)t, hai mili chao.
Linh gam moi dillam sao!
M ke u nhu to hilt baa kh6' tin h.
uing nghe loi ranh ranh:
"Bacon dong iJ Nghifp Thanh cd ba.
Mr)t con mai nhdn nha,
Rdng: Hai con dii lam ma chie'n truilng.
Ke con vf{t vuilng dang thug,
Noi chi ke duc!i sua'i vang, them dau!
Trang nha nao co ai dau?
TVC. djch
556
TRAN VAN CHANH
C6 thling chdu nho duoi bdu sila hoi.
Chdu con m(! n6 chan nu6i,
Ra vao, qudn do td tai, c6 gi?
Than gia gan sue du suy,
Cung xin thea linh cung vi dem nay.
Ha Duong tai c16 sau nay,
Com canh hdu hila sam ngay, con tr6i".
Dem khuya tie'ng n6i im r6i,
van nghe nuc niJ tie'ng nguai kh6c thuong.
Sang mai, khdch buoc len duang,
Chl cung 6ng lao be bang chia tay.
NCO TlTTO dich
w
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T'JJ /;7cfJ M / \ :A
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at ot-tJJ -tJJ ,
7\JPK!J\JPKm :Em.
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557
558




+
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- HE :;r ll.
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t fPJ 12:\ t
ft 1: ::. ff-1 * *
t,qX.
'-3- RB -l.J.I., ffi II. xM
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fi. Jlf. ?I ,
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li. M fPJ

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.!=!=!. 1m: I I I W"'
.E.,,,, l-U riA) ...... El3,
D$jll}Jf f{E {t .

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6' 33- JMi ilr= Ji.X: /-
t;-0 -t:l am 1 r J::t. e fJ
p
fiP .
:;r ftz r::u mr v ,
1ilm g[ ]i M
g[ T g{E !Tit ?
?I HI PJ w

559
560
PHIENAM
TRAN VAN CHANH
TI ba hanh
Tgm Duong giang dg u tong khach,
Phong d!ch hoa thu sat sat.
Chu nhan h? rna khach t?i
Ol' tli'u d1,1c 5m vo quan
Tuy bilt thanh hoan tham tuong
thai mang mang giang t5m
Hot van thuy thu<;jng t'i ba thanh,
Chu nhan vong guy khach bilt phat.
Tgm thanh am viln dan gill thuy?
Tl ba thanh dlnh dl;lc ngG' trl.
Di tuong yeu tuong kien,
Thiem tli'u h6i dang trung khai yen.
Thien ho hoan thuy xuilt lai,
Do bao tl ba ban gia
trl;lc bat tam luang thanh,
Vi thanh khuc tuong hG'u tlnh.
lie thanh thanh tu,
T!f to blnh sinh bilt dac chi.
De mi tfn thu tl;!C tl;!C dan,
Thuyet tam trung vo slf.
Khinh lung nhien phl;lc
So vi Nghe thuang, Ll;lc yeu.
tao tao nhu cilp vG,
thiet thiet nhu tu ngG'.
Tao tao thiet thiet thac dan,
chau chau le,tc ngQc ban.
Gian quan oanh ngG' hoa
u yet lt.iu thuy than.
roAN THV Tl/ HOC CHa HAN
Thuy Hinh sap ngung
Ngung bilt thong thanh te,tm yet.
hG'u t.i t'inh am sinh,
Thli' thai vo thanh thang hG'u thanh.
Ngan b'inh pha thuy tuong b'inh,
Thiet ky d<)t xuilt clao thuong minh.
Khuc trung thu bat duong Him hoe,tch,
T(t nhilt thanh nhu
Dong tay phang vo ngon,
Duy kien giang tam thu be,tch.
Trfrm ngam ph6ng bat sap trung,
Chinh don y thuang khdi dung.
T!f ngon ban th! kinh nG',
Gia Ha Mo lang h?
tam hQc dac n ba thanh,
Danh thu<)c giao phuang nhilt b<).
Khuc bai ding giao tai phl;lc,
Trang thanh moi b! Thu Nuong do.
NgG lang nien thieu tranh dfru,
Nhilt khuc h6ng tieu bilt tri so.
dftu ngan tl kich tiet toai,
Huyet sac Ia qugn phien tli'u o.
Kim nien hoan tieu phl;lc minh nien,
Thu xuan phong dJng nhan d<).
tfru tong quan a di tli',
MO khu trieu lai nhan sac co.
Mon lanh l(,lC xa rna hi,
Lao d<;ti gia tac thuong nhan phl;l.
Thuong nhan trQng l<;1i khinh ly,
Phu Luong mai tra khu.
Khu lai giang khfr u thu khong
561
562
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nhieu minh giang thuy han.
D<:t tham hot mong thieu nien Sl,l',
Mong trang h6ng Ian can.
Nga van tl ba di than We,
Hl,l'u van thii' ngu trung We We.
E>ong thj thien nhai Iuan l<:tc nhan,
Tuong phung ha tat ding tuong thuc!
Nga tong khu nien ttl de kinh,
Trich cu ngQa Duong thanh.
Tfrm Duong dja tich vo am nh<:tc,
Chung tue bat van ti true thanh.
Tn,1 B6n giang dja de thap,
Hoang lo kh6 true nhieu tr<:tch sinh.
Ky gian dan mo van ha
Do quyen huyet vien ai minh.
Xuan giang hoa trieu thu d<:t,
Yang vang thu tii'u hoan doc khuynh.
Khoi vo son ca du thon djch,
Au a trao chiet nan vi thfnh.
Kim d<:t van quan tl ba ngu,
Nhu thfnh tien nh<:tc nhi t<:tm minh.
M<:tC tu canh tQa dan nhat khuc,
Vj quan phien tac tl ba hanh.
Cam nga thii' ngon luong cii'u
Khuck tQa xuc cap.
The the bat tl! huang thanh,
Man tQa trung van giai khap.
TQa trung khap h<:t thuy toi da?
Giang Chau tu rna thanh sam thap.
BACH CUD!
TOAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHa HAN
563
Tdc gia-tdc philm
BQch CU Di (772-846) tl) Ia LQC Thien. hi$u Ia HUC1ng SC1n CU ST. que CJ
HQ Khue (phfa dong bac huy$n Vi Nom tTnh Thiem Tay ngay nay).
nhUng sinh Ci huy$n Tan Trinh tTnh Ha Nom. tv nho tu chat dd thong
minh nhung nha ngheo. den nom 28 tuoi do tien sT. lam quan trai qua
cac chOc ThO su Hang Chou. roi To Chdu. c6 luc bi biem lam TU md Ci
Giang Chou. sou tri$u ve lam den Hlnh b thUc;Jng thU. 6ng sang toe
den gan 3000 bai the1. phon lon deu sang sua gian di. c6 tfnh blnh dan.
ai nghe dQC cOng hieu. Nhieu bai lay de tai tv CUQC song hi$n thl)c.
phon anh noi thong kho cua dan ngheo va cac m(lt tieu cl)c cua tang
lop thong tri dUC1ng thai Cnhu ' Mqi th6n ong' Ia mt bai tieu bieu).
nhUng noi tieng nhat van Ia mt so bai the1 tl) sl) trUong thien dm do
tfnh lang mqn nhu ' Truong h(ln co' va n ba hanh' .... dUc;Jc IUu truyen
rat rng rdi. Rieng bai ' TI ba hanh' tren ddy dUc;Jc toe gia lam trong
ndm Nguyen Hoa thO 10 (815) khi ong bi giang chOc lam TU md Giang
Chou. Trong loi tl)a cua bai nay. chfnh toe gia dd ke r6: ' Ndm Nguyen
Hoa thO muoi. to bi gidng ra lam chOc TU md Ci qun Cuu Giang. Mua
thu nom sou. di tien khdch Ci ben Bon. giOa dem nghe tieng dan tl ba Ci
tren cai thuyen. tieng lanh lanh nhu tieng Ci kinh do. Hoi ra. thl Ia mt
nguoi co no Ci Truong An. thuong dd hQc dan tl ba hoi thi$n tai hQ
va hQ Tao. Tuoi gia. sac kem. uy than lam VC! mt ngUoi lai buon. Lien
boo d(lt rUc;JU VO boo ddnh VOi khuc. f)dnh xong may khuc. nglloi ay
buon bd. tl) ke sl) vui che1i luc thieu thai. nay 1uu lqc tieu tt,Jy. Ci ne1i
giang ho. To ra lam quan Ci ngoai dd hoi ndm. diem nhien tl) an. dem
nay cam loi n6i cua ngUoi ay. moi dey den sl) gidng trfch. va lam bai
truong ca de t(lng nglloi ay. Bai nay c6 622 lai. d(lt ten Ia n ba hanh'
(Tran TrQng Kim. EJuong thi. NXB. Van H6a Thong Tin. 1995. tr. 136-137).
TU NGO
eHimh ff : ca hanh, mot tho c6 (tho nh<:tc phu tu thai Han
Ng1,1y tro xuong thuong dung "ca", "hanh" dfru eTilm
Dztdng pJJJ: song Tfrm Duong, mot do<:tn cua song Truong
Giang chay qua Tfrm Duong, o phfa bac Cii'u Giang, tinh
Giang Tay .Djch f)(: cay lau .silt silt xao X<;tt (tu tuc_jng
thanh, chi tieng gi6 th6i vao cay coi; ciing c6 cho giai la dlu hiu,
qu<;tnh hiu) .Chi/. nhiin hf! mii khdch t{li thuyin .:E. 1:E
564
TRAN VAN CHANH
fd: "chu nhan" la t<ic gia ttf xung; cau nay co sach giang: chu
nhan va khach cling xuong ngtfa, chu nhan va khach cling len
thuyn, phep tu tu gQi do la "hO" van" Quiin lmyin tg chi
chung am nhi;iC eMang mangrr::. rr::.: menh mong eTam : tham
ePiuit 1 : roi di, len duong .Am van s.g. : thftm hoi, hoi khe
eHdi diing [ill t!f: den da r6i mang trd l<:ti eGia che
eChuyin tr{tc bat huyin : v;)n tn,Ic gay vao day; chi
d{)ng tac so li;ii day dan truoc khi gay .Yim uc fLP: giau noi
lie che ben trong eTii ,E({!,: moi nghl, day chi y nghi bu6n (dung
nhu danh tu) eTif WI:: noi ra, bay to eTin tlu'i 11 -=F: theo tay, tuy
tay, m;)c cho tay (gay) eLiing til: vo day eNi?m fZ: : nan, ve
eM{lt :j;K: vuot eThiiu moe (trd tay li;ii gay dan) eVi dan,
gay .Nghe tlutung, L{tc yeu ' : ten hai khuc nhi;ic c6
eTao tao Of of: rftm ri (til tuc;5ng thanh) eThiit thiet 1:;7] 1:;7]: ni non
eTti ngil fl g: tho the tam Stf eThac t{lp xen Ian eGian
quan IUJ: riu rit, liu lo (til tuc;5ng thanh hlnh dung tieng chim
keu eHo{lt m: lu'u loat, troi chay eThan ghnh
eSap l: u dQng khong troi chay .u sa'u noi bu6n sau kin
eSinh 19 r6 ra eBinh ill: (nude) tung toe ra .Thiel kY. ili11%:
quan coi ngtja m;)c ao giap eDi)t xuat tb: d()t nhien xong ra
eBat phfm dan eHo{lch :a:: quet (m()t ngon dan thu'ong dung
ltic dut bai)( chcr ii dung nhu i!J) ePhiing J1t:fj: thuyn 'i1=J:
l;)ng yen eTra'm ngilm m: tftn ngftn, ng?p ngung, trftm ngam
(truck khi noi) dung ;g:: nghiem net m;)t li;ii eHa Mo
lang lang Ha Mo, tile lang H<:t Ma, mOt khu di;io choi a
ngoi;ii o ph! a dong nam thanh Truong An .Giao phttdng #_ :tfj: co
quan nha nude doi Duong chuyen coi v am nh<:tc ti;ip ky va d<:ty
ca mtia eD? nhat hi) m- ff3: ca mtia doi Duong chia lam ba be):
tQa be) h()i, l?p be) hOi va nha nhi;ic; nhat be)" la tQa be) h()i,
dien tren nha IOn, trlnh de) kha cao, d!a v! sang nhat .Thi?n
roAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
565
tai =t: nhi;ic su eThu Ntidng f;k ten thuong dung cua doan
ca mtia doi Duong, a day chi chung nhcrng ncr dien vien ca mtia
.Ngii Liing nien thiiu 1i j;: chi cori em nhcrng nha gia u
sang C1 kinh do ("ngu lang" la 5 lang cua eac vua doi Han, du (j
gftn vung Truong An, nhcrng nha giau co doi Han phftn nhiu a
noi nay) eTriin diiu phffm v?t t;)ng cho eac ca ncr
.Tieu hang bang ta non eDiin diiu ngan ti wN E:
chiec thoa bi;iC dftu tren CO kham bong hoa bang vang ("din" la
bong hoa vang; E quen dQC la dung nhu eKich tiel
toai gp u$: vl danh nh!p rna vo ePhien ti'tu o' (: ru'QU d6
lam vay bffn .ndng nhan m<)t each tuy mQt each de
dai eCo' cu, gia yeu eHif:ffi: giam bot, thua that el.ii.o d{li
-}(: tu6i IOn eK/ullai -t;:, *: sau khi di ("lai" la trQ tu, vo nghla)
eThiiu nihz S{i j; ca thoi son tre .Hdng Zan can
T-: hlnh dung cho son tren rna vl nude mat chay rna
bien thanh mau dQc ngang tai boi cang them (pho tu)
eTtlc tzi.'c ri d (tieng than thd) eTriclz giang chile d
nhan eNg(Ja b?nh W}: Bi;ich CuD! b! biem (giang chile d6i di
xa), Tu rna chi la m<)t chile a khong, nen noi la "ngQa chu
khong phai dau th?t eTiclz vang ve, heo lanh eTi
tni.c **' tt: chi am nhi;ic eBdn Giang ?I: tile Tftm Duong (co
ban chep la "B6n Thanh") .Hoang lo j{Jjj_: lau vang eKho
tni.c3tt: tre dang (cho ra mang co v! dang) eHoa
tt,IC ca lay ngay 15 thang 2 Am l!ch lam ngay sinh nh?t cua tram
hoa, gQi la tiet hoa trieu eDi}c khuynh jtJ[: uong ru'QU m()t
A?
mlnh eAu a tu tuc;5ng thanh, hlnh dung tieng nhi;iC don
it bien hoa eTrao chief O}ft: tu tuc;5ng thanh, hlnh dung am
thanh nho Vt,In. lac dac .n ba ngt1}f. M g: nhi;lC gay ra tu
dan tl ba eT{lm bong, chc;5t (pho tu) eTt't tu choi .Canh
t(Ja ng6i l<:ti lfin ncra ePhihz tac fp: dtfa theo nhi;ic
566
TRAN VAN CHANH
vie't thanh IOi ca eLztc/ng ci{u .R !A_: rat Hiu eKhzt(/c t(Ja BP lui
r6i l<;1i ng6i, lui ng6i eXtic {JE mau day dan
eChuyin '': cang them (ph6 tu) eThe the the 'luang
eHztdng rQ] ffif: h1c nay, vua r6i eYim khilp che
kh6c eThanh sam ao don xanh ( mau ao cua quan van doi
Duong tl1 bat phim, cll'u phim).
D!CHNGHiA
Ti ba hanh
Ddu song Tdm Duang ban dem ta dua ti&n khdch, La phong,
hoa !au xao xgt trong tieng gi6 thu.
')
Bgch Cu Dj
Chu nhiin (tdc gia) va khdch cung xuong ngl!a, buoc len
Nang chen ru(fu djnh uo'ng, nhung lgi khong c6 tieng sao
tieng dan.
Say chdng nen vui ma bu6n Vl sdp phai ly bit. Trang giay phut
chia tay, dnh triing tham xuong mijt nuoc song menh mong. Ch(ft
nghe tieng dan ti ba (viing vdng) tren song. Chu nhan quen triJ
ma khdch cung chdng len duang.
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
567
Chung toi thea tie'ng dim, khe hoi nguai gtly La ai? Tie'ng ti ba
dung lr;zi, muo'n tra lai nhung con chdn chu. Chung toi liin dai
thuyin lr;zi gdn xin cho gijp mijt, r6i liiy them ru(fu, do't lt;zi dim, miJ
lr;z i ti c ru(fu.
G9i ni't nhdu ldn, nguai d6 moi buoc ra, tay hay con om dan ti
ba che mflt nila mijt. Nguai d6 so lr;zi day, ga?y len vai tie'ng, chua
thanh ra diu nhr;zc gi ma dii hilu tinh.
Tung day phdt ra nhilng tilng u ua't ben trong; nhu bay to
n6i ba't ddc chi cua dai minh. Nang cui may, dl mijc cho tay ga?y
dan lien tifc, n6i ra hlt cdc vic vo hr;zn iJ trong long.
Nang v6 nh(! day, ve nhif!, vuo't r6i lr;zi m6c len. Luc ddu gtly
khuc Nghe thuang, sau dln khuc Life yeu. Day Mn r&m rf nhu mua
mau, day nho nl non nhu tho the tam s/!.
Tilng r&m rt nl non xen tr;zp vao nhau. Nghe nhu nhilng ht;zt
chau Lon, nho rai tren chile mam ngQc. C6 luc nhu tilng chim
oanh riu rit luu lodt duoi hoa. C6 luc nhu tilng nuoc suoi chay Sift
sui duoi bln nuoc.
C6 luc nhu nuoc suo'i dQng lgnh day dan ngung dut. Ngung dut
khong thong, tgm dung hdn. M()t n6i sdu hQ_n sau kin khdc b()c ra.
Khi ay nlu khong c6 tilng dan con han La c6 tilng dan.
C6 luc tilng phdt ra d()t ng()t nhu chile binh bgc ch(ft vi'i nuoc
w'ing tung t6e. C6 luc nhu doan quan ci'ii ngl!a mijc gidp sdt d()t
ng()t xong ra, tie'ng dao thuang vang len. Khi dut bai dung phim
quet vao giila day dan. Ca bon day cung phdt len m()t tilng nghe
nhu xe [ifa.
Nhilng con khdc iJ hai ben lijng im thinh thit. Chl thiiy
vdng triing thu trdng x6a giila long song.
Trdm ngam buong phim nhet vao giila hang day. Sila lgi xiem
do l() ra net mijt nghiem trang.
TI! kl:" Minh vo'n La con gdi chon kinh thanh, nha iJ duoi lang
Ha Mo. Niim muai ba tuo?i, hQC dLt(JC ng6n dan tl ba, c6 ten (J gido
568
TRAN VAN CHANH
phuifng bq thli nhcit.
M6i ldn ddnh xong khuc dim, tung khie'n cho cdc vj thifn
tai ni phf:lc. Trang diim xong, sdc df:p thuifng bj cdc co ca nil
ganh ghet. Con em nhflng nha giau sang i'J kinh do tranh nhau
tt;lng phdm vtJ.t. M9t khuc dan, du(fc thui'Jng kh6ng bie't bao nhieu
tam Lf:ia h6ng.
Nhflng chile thoa b9c c6 khdm bong hoa bling vang vi lay go
nhjp ma viJ tan. Qudn La do bj vay ba?n Vl ru(fu do'. Nam nay sang
nam khdc eli vui ve cuifi dua. Nhflng thdng ngay tuoi df:p huy
hoang dl diii qua eli trong trang thu, gi6 xuan.
Em trai phdi di linh, di chlt. Chdu qua sam lr;Ii, nhan sdc gia
di. Truac c6?ng vdng ve nglfa xe thua that. Den luc tudi clii cao
lam v(f m9t nguifi ldi huon.
Nguifi ldi huon tr9ng l(fi, coi thuifng slf ly bi?t. Thdng truac
6ng di mua tra i'J Phit Luong. Khi di r6i chl di minh t6i gifl
kh6ng (J ella song. Quanh chl c6 dnh trang sang va
nuac song lr;Inh.
Dem khuya t6i ch(ft nlim mo tha'y l9i nhflng vi?c xdy ra thifi son
tre. T6i kh6c trong giac mo, nhflng ch6 die'm son tren md bj hoen
o' toi bifi Vl nuac mdt".
Ta nghe tieng dan ti ba dii tho than, l9i nghe nhflng fiJi n6i nay
cang them ri rl.
Citng La nhflng nguifi luan lr;Ic i'J chon chan trifi, gt;lp giJ nhau
day cdn gi phdi tung quen nhau truac. Tit nam ngodi ta tit bi?t
kinh thanh, bj gidng chlic nlim kh6ng tr;Ii thanh Tdm Duong.
Tdm Duong La da't heo ldnh kh6ng c6 tieng am nh9c, suo't nam
khong nghe tieng true, tieng to. Ta i'J gdn song B6n, da't tha/J va
a?m uat, fau vang tre ddng m9c quanh nha.
iJ day sam chdu nghe thay gl? Chl c6 tieng chim cuo'c keu
thdm, tieng VU(fn hot bi ai. M6i khi gt;lp tilt hoa trieu ben biJ song
xuan hot;lc nhflng cdnh dem thu trang sang, ta thuifng ru(fu ra
roAN THLI TIJ HQC CHU HAN 569
uo'ng mqt minh.
Phdi dau kh6ng c6 tieng ca nui citng tiing sao trong than, song
tie'ng aydon di?u lac ddc kh6 nghe. Dem nay nghe ttlng dan ti ba
cua CO, nhu nghe tiing khuc nh(IC tien, tai ch(ft thong suo't.
Cha tit cho'i, hiiy ngbi l9i g({v them khuc nfla. Ta se dlfa thea
di?u nh9c vilt thanh lifi ca "Ti. ba hanh" cho co. Cdm nhflng lifi
nay cua ta, nang dang fr;Ii m9t luc !au, r6i lui lr;Ii ngbi xuo'ng \'(;in
mau day dan, tie'ng dan cang tri'J nen v9i vii.
Tie'ng nghe the Luong kh6ng gio'ng nhu tiing luc niiy. M9i
nguifi c6 mt;lt trong hila ti?c nghe lr;Ii ldn thli hai che mt;lt ro
if. Trang ch6 ng6i ai la nguifi kh6c nha't? Vr;It do mau xanh
cua quan tu mii Giang Chau uat d6m nuac mdt.
TVC. djch
570
D!CHTHO
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ben Tdm Ducmg canh khuya dua khach,
Qut;mh hoi thu, lau lach diu hiu.
Nguoi xuong ngf:(a, khach diing cheo,
Chen qu)mh mong et;m, nha chdu true ti.
Say nhilng Luong ng{li khi chia re,
Nuac menh mong duf/m ve trang trong.
Tieng ti nghe wing ben song,
Chu khuay khoa l{li, khach dung ddng xuoi.
Ldn tieng se hoi ai dim ta?
Ditng day to nan na lam thinh.
Doi ghe l{li tham tinh,
Chong den, them rLt(/U con danh life vui.
Moi mQC miii, tha'y nguoi ba nga,
Tay om dan che nrla mij.t hoa.
Vij.n clan may tieng d{lo qua,
Khuc tuy chua trQn, tinh eta thodng hay.
Nghe niio nuqt may day bubn bf!c,
Duong than ndm tam tzic bay lau.
May chau tay ga'y khuc sdu,
Giiii bay hit n6i truac sau muon van.
Ng6n huang bdt khoan khoan diu dij.t,
Truac Nghe thuong sau thodt Li:f.c yeu.
Day to nhuong ctd mua rao,
Nl non day nho nhu tro chuyfn rieng.
Tieng cao tha/J lf!a chen Ldn ga?y,
Mam ng9c dau b6ng na'y h{lt chau.
Trang hoa oanh riu rit nhau,
Suo'i tuon r6c rach, chdy mau xuo'ng
Nuac suo'i l{lnh, day manh ngitng dzit,
Ngitng clzit nen phut bij.t tieng to.
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
Om sdu, mang gi(in nga'n ngo,
Tie'ng to lij.ng ngdt, bay gio cang hay.
Blnh b{IC VG tuon dJ.y dong nLtOC,
Ngf!a sdt giong, xo xat tie'ng clao?
Cung dan li!a khuc than/: tao,
Tiing huang xe li:f.a, lf!a vao bo'n day.
La dong tay l{lnh ngdt,
M9t vdng trang trong vdt long song.
Ng(im ngui dan bat xe/J xong,
Ao xiem khep nep hdu mong giai Loi.
Rling xua vo'n La nguoi ke chf/,
C6n Ha Mo tru o fan La.
H QC clan tit thua mu'oi ba,
Ciao phuong df nha't sd eta chep ten.
Gii thifn tai sf/ phen ditng khuc,
A thu nucmg ghen luc di!m to.
Ngu tang, chang tre ganh dua,
Biit baa the thdm chuo'c mua tiing dan.
Vanh luf/c b{lc gtiy tan dip go,
Bzic qudn hbng hoen o' ruf/u roi.
Nam nam ldn lila vui cuoi,
Mdi trang hoa, chdng doai hoai xuan thu.
Bu6n em tra'y, l{li lo di thac,
Sdu hom mai ddi khac hinh dung.
Crla ngoai xe ngf:(a vdng khong,
Than gia mai kit duyen cung khach thucmg.
Khach tr9ng lf!i khinh duong ly each,
Mdi huon che sam tich ngubn khoi.
khong d(iu bin mij.c ai,
Quanh trang giiii, nuac troi l{lnh lung.
Dem khuya, Sf!C nha vong tudi tre,
571
572
trong hoa hoen ve phi{n son.
Nghe dcm ta clii chr;mh hu6n,
Lr;zi rdu nghe n6i nl non h'!i.
"Cung mt)t lua hen troi l()n d()n,
G(ip go nhau h9 siin quen nhau.
Tu xa kinh khuye't ha) !au,
TRAN vAN CHANH
Tdm Duong da't trich go'i sdu hom mai.
Cho'n cung tfch ai vui thich,
Tai chdng nghe dcm llfch cd nam.
Song B6n g6n cho'n edt ldm,
Lau vimg, true vo am th6m quanh hien.
Tie'ng chi d6 nghe sam to'i,
Cuo'c keu s6u, vuc;n n6i veo von.
Hoa xuan no, thu tron,
Ldn ldn tay chuo'c chen son rieng ngung.
Hd chdng c6 ca rung, dfch nt)i,
Gi9ng liu lo, hu6n n6i kh6 nghe.
Tt ha nghe dr;zo canh khuya,
Duong nhu tien nh(,lc gdn hen tai.
Hiiy ng6i lr;zi ga?y choi khuc nila,
Se vi nang sor;zn sila bai ca ".
Dung lau duong earn loi ta,
Lgi ng6i lf!a phirn dan da kip day.
Nghe niio nu('Jt khdc ray dan trul!c,
Khdp hoa tuon nul!c roi.
Lf ai chan chua hon nguoi?
Giang Chau tu rna ctuc;m rnui do xanh.
PHAN HUY V[NH dfch
THdTONG
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHCI HAN
PHIENAM
Tdc giii-tdc philm

64

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Thon hfmh
Ma xuyen son kinh cue so hofmg,
Tin rna du du da hung tn.tong.
Van hac huu thanh ham van 1<.1i,
s6 phong v6 ngu ta duong.
Duong le l(,lC yen chi sac,
Kiu m(,lch hoa khai b<,lch tuyet huang.
Ha Slf ngam du hot tru truong?
Th6n kiu nguyen tht,I tlf ng6 huang.
VUONG VU XUNG
573
vucmg vo Xllng (954-1001) tl) Ia Nguyen Chi, ngllai dot cv Do
574
TRAN VAN CHANH
(thuc tinh Son 86ng ngay nay), lam quan den chuc Han lam hQc sT.
6ng eve ll,!c phe phon loi tho c(/t nhd phu phiem rat thjnh hanh dau
doi Bac Tong. vade coo truyen thong hi$n thl,!c chu nghia cL)a 8o Phu,
BQch Cll Dj, c6 c6ng rat ion trong vi$c mara con dllong mCii cho thi co
doi Tong. Ong con de IQi tp tho Tieu sue tp.
TUNGO
eCzi.c Sd hoimg *J f}] ji: hoa CUC mdi nd vang (chi canh U
thu) eTin mii coi nglfa di tuy y eDii hung truiJng !f
hung choi vung ngoai thanh dang n6ng nan .van l{li
am thanh phat ra tU nhung hang tr6ng luc hoang h6n ("lq.i"
la am thanh, tieng keu ciia thien nhien, nhu' tieng gi6, tieng con
trung rii rich) eNgiim dzt sau khi ngam tho .Nguyen
cay c6i trong d6ng noi.
D!CHNGHlA
Di quanh x6m
Ngr!a di xuyen qua duang nui, hoa cue bdt ddu no vang; di
m(ic cho ngf:(a cu di di miii, vui thu dc;w choi vung ngoai
thanh dang nbng nan. Trang muon khe co tie'ng no'i len, chua
nhilng am vang buo?i chdu to'i; may ngQn nui im lim khong noi,
dung silng trong dnh chdu ta. Ld duang le r-ng, mau do nhu son;
hoa kdu mt;t.ch no, trdng nhu tuye't toa huelng thom ngdt. Vz sao
ngam tho xong lt;t.i bbng bu6n rdu, chilng qua vi chile cdu trong
xom va cay co'i tren d6ng trong ra't giong que ta.
D!CHTHO
Ngr!a xuyen duang nui cue khoe vang,
Buong long day cueing me'n cdnh lang.
Hang hoc vi vu nhu sdo to'i,
Nui non l(ing le duoi ta due1ng.
Canh duang r-ng ld son to thdm,
Ru9ng lua dam bong tuye't toa hue1ng.
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
PHIENAM
Ngam he't vi dau long tho'n thuc?
Cay go, cdu xom gio'ng que hue1ng.
NAM TRAN djch
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65

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fB

i&: fl.

Giang thu'<fng ngu' gia
Giang thu'<;5ng vang lai nhan,
Danai lu' ngu' my.
Quan khan nhat chu,
Xuat nh?p phong ba ly.
PHAM TRONG YEM
Tdc gia-tdc phllm
Xem a bai 'NhQC Dllong lou ky', trong phon Co vdn doi Tong.
TU NGO
575
eNgzt gia :f3: ngu'oi bat ca .Lzt ca lu', ca Vu'QC (m()t loq.i
ca rat ngon).
D[CHNGHlA
Ngztdi ddnh cd tren song
Tren song nguai di lt;t.i, chl thich cd vu(/c ngon. Anh hiiy nhin
xem m9t chie'c con, no'i chtm trong song gio.
576
D!CH THO
PHIENAM
Khdch tren song qua lt;zi,
Tam tdc cd vu(fc ngon.
Tha'y chang chile nho?
Nhap nho trong song c6n.
VAN CHANH
HOANG TAO dich.
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; .J lliL Jlt.J 7tsz.. ot: 1m
iS /.B 1!P- ;+. /.B
,_ 1v ::: 1"- ::r:. s 1v
/f W3 !.V\J1
ngdu

Canh le thien mau thtfc thien suong,
Ltfc din bl thuy ph1,1c thuong?
Dan dac chung sinh giai dac bao,
Bat tU luy ngQa tan duong.
LY CUONG
Tac gia-tac philm
Ly Cllc:Jng (1805-1140) tv Ia B6 Ky, ngllC:ii dot Vd (thuc tTnh
Phuc Kien ngay nay), Ia ngLJC:ii dung dau trong cuc kh6ng chien
chong qudn Kim xdm lllQc, c6 thC:ii gian lam te tlldng trong thC:ii
Tong Coo tong, sou vi phe dau hOng trong trieu thong the, dng u6t
uc ma chet. Thc:J dng hay, y ta phon nhieu chdn thl)c, cam dng
long ngllC:ii .
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
577
TU NCO
eTiz{lc jf: dfry eSu'dng *: kho llfl5ng thtfc eTiuldng
thlft1ng x6t, thuong hai .Cluing sinh 1f( nglfc1i ta, mQi ngtroi
.Luy mi. w.J: gfry go .Ng(Ja tim dlldng nam
duoi anh troi sap
D/CH NGHiA
Con frau
C{ly hila ngan mdu ru(mg, !elm cldy ngcm kho thr3c. Khi site da he't,
gan da nu)i thi ai lt;zi x6t thuunr: nila? Chl mong cho m9i nguC!i
du(fc no du. Sa gi minh gc1y g() nlim du(Ji hr5ng m(it trC!i sdp lr;tn.
1)/CH THO
Ru()ng cay nghin mdu th6c nghin kho,
Sac gan man ai bie't cho?
Chi mui'J'n nJ?L(r/i dC!i no du cd,
Chdu tim chdng qudn 6/n nc1m xo.
NGUYEN BiCH NCO djch.
rn
67
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....._. A-A- EIE .W, '';:ff
* F.R: ?R lll'l.-1. {,

LI.J JjZ
Btt 7t Sjj 'X.- t;J.
fifH1 ili f\i f Jlt,
1X M. 6 11.
:;(5 t * F3 '
ti H: 11Z:

578
PHIENAM
TRAN VAN CHANH
Du so'n tay thon
tieu n6ng gia tltu h6n,
Phong n;en lu'u khach tuc ke d6n.
Son trung thuy phuc nghi v6 10,
Lieu a m hoa minh hlfu nhat thon.
Tieu c6 truy tuy xuan xa
Y quan gian phac c6 phong t6n.
Tong kim nhu<;Ic hua nhan thua
Tn,1 tru'<;ing v6 thai khau mon.
Ll/C DU
Tac giii-tac plzilm
Lt,Jc Du (1125-1210) Ia m<?t nguai yeu nuoc dong thai cung Ia nha
thcJ ki$t xu6t cua Trung Quae. nguai dot ScJn Am (thu(>c thOnh ph6
Thi$u Hung tTnh Chiet Giang ngay nay), c6 chf lon trong vi$c chong
quan xam lu<;Jc Kim de boo v$ dot nuoc. Khi thi tien si. 6ng bi Tan C6i
trong trieu chen ep ham hQi . hoQn do ln dn nhieu phen; th6y chf
huang chong Kim kh6ng thanh ma trieu dinh thi bQc nhu<;Jc. 6ng dam
ra chT u6ng ru<;iu lam the! de tieu sou. Cu6i dai 6ng tra ve Sein Am song
CUQC d0i ngheo kho, gan gOi VOi n6ng don va lam nhieu bai the! t0
canh sinh hoQt a n6ng th6n. The! 6ng hi$n con de IQi khoang hcJn 9300
bai the! , nQi dung rat phong phu, c6 anh huang sou sac den thi co dai
sou. Bai tren day toe gia sang toe nom 1167. khi con ngoi roi a nhO.
TU NGU
eL{lp lllll ru'QU trong thang d an tet .H6n if:
dl}c eD6n heo (l<;in) nho eTieu cii sao va trong eTruy
tii.y du6i theo .xufin xii te xa mua xuan (ngay cung
thiin dat thai xua sau tiet xuan d du xin du<;Ic trung mua;
"xa" la thfrn xa, tuc th<in dat) eGiiin plzac :}J: gian d! chat
phac .co plzong r:!i @.\. : loi xua, phong each xua eNizim tlzi'ta
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 579
*' f-j: nhan dem trang sang ra dc;to choi nhaeTr{t
. trzt(lng t.f tj:: chong .vo tlzifi bat c(( Iuc nao.
D!CH NGHiA
Di cluJi xom tay ben mti
Dung cuoi ru'(Ju chc;Ip nha ndng Nam duqc mua c6 du ga
lqn cti giil khach. 0 da.v nui non trung di?p, ngli La khong c6 !O'i
L[!c Du
di. Giila ch6 !du r(im hoa thua, lc;Ii c6 x6m Lang. Trang sao thuc
ngay rl xii mua xuan gdn cte'n. Ao mu gidn di win con thai
xua. Tu nay ne'u c6 duqc nhilng dem triing sang ra dgo choi nhan
nhii. Ta se chong g(iy de'n g9i ciia irong dem ba't cu luc nao.
D!CHTHO
Dung tuong nha nang rU't;fU chgp .xoang,
Du(Jc mua diii kluich lqn ga sang.
Nui trum khe h9c ngiJ khong !O'i,
Ldu r()m hoa thua lgi c6 lang.
Cung tl uy nghi k?m tro'ng rt)n,
Th()i 12 cht{r phac do khan thuiJng.
580
PHIENAM
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tli nay l'i gr;'ip (1em trc'ing uJi,
Ch/)ng R4Y san;.? chai w' ctia l'Cmg.
NGUYEN BiCH NCO dfch
rn
68
J=3
LlJ W: 8 iilm J II,
-:r m 11.
J1 iMJ.A 'Y,
:t T x.tiliB3.
/fr:..'.

Htio'ng thon tu
L1,1c bien scin nguyen b<;1c man xuycn,
Tl'r guy thanh Iy vG nhu' yen.
Hu'cing th6n tu nguy9t nhan nhan thi6u,
Tai liett tam tang ht1u sap
ONGQUYEN
Tac gid-tac philm
6ng Quyen Ckh6ng ro nom sinh nom mat) tl,l 16 Linh Thll, nglldi dot
Vlnh Gia Cthuc chou 6n tinh Chiet Giang ngoy nay), thi Mn sT nhieu
ian kh6ng do, kh6ng tUng 16m quan. 6ng 16m the rat de y vi$c trau
chu6t cou chu, trQng hinh thuc, nhllng cling c6 nhung song toe c6 net
tl,l nhien, mdi me.
TU NCO
eTrl: quy -T chim do quycn, tuc con cuclc eTir i ldu :t T:
vua moi xong .sap till rB: c;}y lua.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
581
D!CH NGHiA
Thang trl if nong thon
M(}f nulu li!c phu khdp l'ung dc!'t cao, m()t mdu trdng ady
tren song do sdc trr!i phdn chie'u. Trang tie'ng cu6'c keu co
nnta rui hi't phci't tr6ng nhLf khdi may. Thdng tu if n6ng th6n it
cd nguoi nhdn rJi. Vtia xang vifc dau tifm lc;zi de'n Fife
ILia.
D!CHTHO
Xanh mLf(fl d6ng cao trdng x6a song,
Trang mua kh(5i toa, tieng quyen L6ng.
Thdng tu lang xom ai nhim r6i,
Vtia dut tlim trJ lr;i tr6ng.
HOA BANG djch
TU TONG

69
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- H!

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{JJ_
1J\

582
PHIENAM
Hoan khe sa
Nhat khuc Uin tu tliu nhat boi,
Khu nien thien khl qtu dlnh dai.
Tjch du'ong Uiy h;:t ky thai h6i,
v 6 kha n;:ti ha hoa l;:tc khu.
Ttf tang tu'ong thuc yen quy lai,
Tiu vien hu'ong kinh d()c b6i h6i.
TRAN VAN CHANH
YENTHU
Tac giii-tac plziim
Yen Thu (991-1055), tv Ia Dong Thue, nglloi Ci dot Lam Xuyen Cthue
thdnh ph6 Lam Xuyen, Vu Chdu, tlnh Giang Tdy ngay nay) doi Tong,
do tien sf. lam tllong doi vua Nhan tong kiem Khu m(lt su, tfnh thdng
than h9e rng, sang toe rat nhieu th<J van, e6 nhQng bai tu trong sang
va e6n lllu truyen ' Ng9e ehdu t(lp' . w Ia mt the tM bien the
eua Nhqe phu, e6n Ho6n khe sa Ia ten mt tu di$u do Ly LQp (937-978)
thai Ngo dqi sang toe, toan di$u gom 42 ehQ.
D[CHNGHiA
Roan klze sa
Hdt xong m9t khuc tit moi u6ng m()t chen rur;u. Khi triJi niim
truoc va dinh dai vdn nhu cu. Bong tjch duang ngii xu6ng vi phia
tay bao giiJ quay trif l9i. Hoa rai di milt ch!lng biit lam the' nao.
Chim en bay tro vi nhu dii titng quen nhau. VuiJn nho duiJng tham
m9t minh tha thiln.
D[CH THO
Xong m9t bai tit, u6ng m9t ly,
Ldu xua, cdnh eli vdn cony.
Bong nga v& tay bao giiJ l9i?
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Hoa rai hit, bie't lam chi!
Tt!a nhu quen tru(Jc en bay v&,
VuiJn nho duiJng tham ch(jm bu(Jc di.
TVC. djch.
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11t A,

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"ifJ?
*!t. mi.
71<: ' =E sn
F3
L_v Thanh Chie'u
583
584
PHIENAM
Tac giii-tdc phiim
Nhti mt)ng
Tac dc,t vG so phong u,
Nung thuy bat tieu tan tliu.
Thf van Iiem nhan,
Khuoc d<;to hai duong y ctfu.
Tri phil?
Tri phil?
Vng thj h,IC phl h6ng Sall.
TRAN VAN CHANH
LY THANH CHIEU
Ly Thanh Chieu (1081-1151) hi$u Ia DiAn cu SL ngLJdi dot Te Nom (nay Ia
thanh pho Te Nom. tinh Sc:ln 86ng). Ia mt nCJ tlJ nhan (ngLldi sang toe t(l) noi
neng. Khi nhO Tong chQy ve phia Nom. b6 song trong bLldc loQn ly nen do viet
dLlc;Jc nhieu bai thd bieu 1 sou sac nnh cam yeu nL16c. NhLJ mng 1$nh Ia ten
mt tCJ di$u pho bien. toan di$u c6 33 chCJ. Con "L$nh' cong gQi Ia neu l$nh'
Ia mt the ngan nh6t. chi c6 hoi den ba vn phach va thLJdng c6 hoi doan.
D[CHNGHiA
Nlut m(mg l?nlz
Dem qua nnta thua gi6 thifi glip. M(Jt giac ngu say vdn khong lam
tan he't hoi men con lt;i. Thi:t hoi nguC!i to gai trong nha. (Nang) lfli n6i
hoa hai duC!ng \!(Jn nhu xua. C6 bitt khang? C6 bie't khong? Chinh
fa cay Ia xanh tot them len nhLtng bong hoa dii roi tan lfl.
D[CHTHO
Dem qua gi6 m9nh mua thua,
Hoi men n6ng gia(: vJn chua kip tan.
Hoi thiim co gai cuon nuin,
Hai cluC!ng nang lfli n6i rling vJn nhu.
C6 bie't u? C6 bitt u?
Hoa kia roi !a chit them xanh.
TVC. dfch
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Phtin tht? hai
KINH LUJ.N PHJ.T GIAO
;:_ Sf .i.. : 14P

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585
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0
PHFENAM

gia, da chi tinh xling. Thj giac ng() tt! tam, cull d()
chung sinh, dao vien man giii chi due Nhu Trung Qlloc
chi ton xung Kh6ng Tli vi thanh nhan nhat hull ljch sli, hull
slf thlfc. Nhi ky trf nang life vu'U sd d1 ton xung vi
PMt chi trf thj chllyen vi pha tru tham, san, si, diing
nao. chi nang life, xac nang sli nhat thiet chung sinh,
ly nhat thiet khd, clac CUll canh co ng6 nhan du'ong chi
hQC PMt.
(Sd dii.ng Phijt lu)c giao khoa tim')
Tac giii-tac phrlm
Boi nay Ia bai dau tien trong sach Sd ddng Pht hQc gi6o khoa thu
do Thi$n Nhdn (Trung Quoc) bien soQn. Ia mt quyen sach dLJQc soQn
586 TRAN VAN CHANH
bang chu Han cho nhung nglloi budc dau hoc Ph(lt. vdi lei van va cau
chu de hieu; hi$n tqi nude to c6 ban d!ch cua TV kheo Thfch Hanh Tn,1
(1904-1984). Tren day Ia bai dau tien trong quyen 1.
TU NGO
.Tlnh Xling m: gQi ta: t .Giac ngi} Jl 'IB: tinh thlic, giac ng<)
eT{i tam {,, :cai Him cua m'inh, tl,l' Him eCccu di} :cuu va
giup cho Vu'Qt qua b kh6 nhu' rJJO .Cluing sinh
cac loai c6 sl,( song va c6 cam giac eVien miin 1iJ jjjllj: trQn dfry,
dfry au .Dzcc hifu1le5J1t: danh tot eT{m Xling #ffl}: gQi
m<)t each kinh trQng eTri huf '& sang suot, tri sang (cling
OQC "tri c6 hai lo(,li: tri hiu biet va tri xuat the, tri xuat the
a6ng nghTa vdi Bat nha) ePha trz'i tru bo, pha bo eTham,
san, si, nllJn jtf tham lam, du, si me va kieu ng(,lo
ePhiin niio bu6n nao tinh cua tam thuc
sinh ra cac phap bat lam con nguoi b! vu'ong mai trong
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 587
Juan h6i) eNizat tlziet -1;7] : tat ca, mqi eCzcu canlz '9Z ket qua
dich sau cung muon d<;tt tdi .Ngo nhan g A: chong ta.
NGOPHAP
CD ... - fi (nhu ... nha't d:;tng): y nhu ... (dung trong ket cau
so sanh, thong trong van Bach
l=f=l z # m tL r (Nizzi Trung Quae chi ton
xu'ng Kh6ng Tll' vi thanh nhan nlzat d{lng).
Jt (vu'u): cang ... hon: jt * (Vtiu
@ chuyen): chuyen, rieng ut:, chi (ph6 tu): . ..
(Th! chuyen vi pha tru ... ).
@ cac thu, nhung ngu'oi (nhu') .. . (cac nha ngu phap
Trung Quoc nay xep vao tr<J tu, dung trong m<)t
jtf, (Pha tru tham, san, si, m<;tn
ddng nao).
D!CH NGHlA
Plzljt
Pht, tie'ng keu tdt cua hai chil "Pht da" tile La clue cua bc
dii Giac ng9 noi f1! tam va cau d9 m9i foai dc;a ae'n qua vi vien miin.
Cung ml)t each nhu dan tl)c Trung Hoa ton xung due Khdng Ti:t
La m9t bt!c thanh nh(Jfl, c6 ljch si:t, c6 st! th.t. Song tri hu? va
nang lf!c cua Pht thl!On han, cho nen chung ta ton xung Ia Pht.
Tri hu? cua Pht, mi:tc dich phd trit baa nhieu phiin niio: tham,
san, si, va m{ln v. v ...
Nang lt!c cua Pht quye't lam cho ta't cd m9i loai, xa lla ta't cd
kho?, holm toan an huang nhilng st! vui, vi Le ay chung ta cdn phdi
Lp chi h9c Pht.
THiCH HANH TRl) djch
m
588
TRAN VAN CHANH
2

ND !'liJ o itt t;JJ tvJ r.ill Wfl i8 o

o
fit itt # ?JT gJt z :;r Jt !lt A 1:. :*: J;2

o
PH!ENAM
Phap
Phap, tuc phap tac. The gian nhat thiet giai hG'u djnh
ly, giai hG'u quy Nhan di9c nhien, ky phap vttu chu
Co de quoc thanh nhan, giai hCtu str nhan hanh chinh
quy chi phap, nhttle giao, phap LJUY Lf(k artng thj da.
Nga The Ton sd thuyet chi phap, tuy bflt chi thl't, nhien 11
nhan sinh phap, tri tttong dong. Ky vttu yeu giii, thj
giao ngo nhan thu ngG gidi, hanh bat chinh dT bat that nhan
each, co nhan 11ng dtt<ing hQC phap.
(Sd dclng Plzijt h9c gitio klwa tlut)
Tac gid-ttic plza?m
Day Ia bai thO 2 trong quyen 1 sach so dong Pht hQc gi6o khoa
thu.
Tl) NCO
eDjnh /j ):E.flt[: lyle nhat dinh, djnh ly eQuy ph(lm tfli8: mau
m!fc, tieu chuffn, khuon phep, phep de .C!m m{it W: ti ml,
chu dao .Chinlz quy IT ttl: dLtong chfnh, dLtong dung .The' Ton
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN 589
tu dung ton xung Ph?t t6 Thlch Ca Mau Ni .Ngii giili
1i "ffX: nam kieng cam cua d<;1o sal sinh, tr9m cap, ta
dam, n6i xang va uong ri1QU eBat clzinlz d{lo /\ li. tam con
duong giai thmit khoi kh6, gom: chinh kien, chinh tu duy, chinh
ngG', chinh chinh chinh tinh tien, chinh
chinh d!nh.
NCO PHAP
CD RP (tt1c): tUc Ia, chinh Ia, la; RDchl Ia m9tph6 tu, nhung
trong m<?t ket diu d!nh nghia, n6 c6 gia tr! nhu d9ng tu voi nghia
nhu thj): $, !'jlj(Phap, tti'c ph<ip tile).
nhien): cGng nhu the tu quen dung):
lo<;1i di?c nlzien).
@ da): d61a, chinh la, Ia nhtt the v?y (mQt hlnh thuc dao
tri tfm ngG' ra tntdc thttong dung trong m9t ket diu d!nh nghla, gom
tu (thi) va trc;f tu * (da), tl1ong duong voi ... t!1 nhung OI1(1C
oua ra phia saudi chung voi t!1 ):
le giao, phap lu?t, quy uoc dng tlzi dii).
ft /f 1.[ !l:t (tuy ba't chi thli'): du kh6ng chi (co) the.
@ (tf): doi voi (gioi tu): ... (Nhien ,, nhan
sinh phap ... ).
* 5. tri): d<,ti d<;1i khai, din ban (ph6 tu): * 5:.
(D{li tri tuong dong).
(j) jt :t3 (ky vtfu yeu gia): cang quan trqng h<in
Ia ...
f)f; duo'ng): nen, phai, dn phai (ph6 tu).
D!CH NCHlA
Plzap
Phdp, tU'c Ia phep tdc. Ta't ca muon Sf! muon \'t;'it trong the' gian
nay, v(lt nclo cung e<) f.v nhU't djnh l'a c6 khuon mlfu cua m5.
590
TRAN VAN CHANH
Loai nguoi ciing the: nhLtng khuon phep cua loai nguoi cang
chu cldo hun. Ch.o nen cdc blfc Thanh nhun trong m6i nuO.c, vj
Thanh nhun nao ciing co nhilng phuung phdp lam cho con
nguoi eli vao con cluong chun chdnh nhu: ll gido, phdp lu(jt va quy
wJc v. v .. .
Con phuung phdp cua clue The' Ton chung ta khong nhilng
the' thai, clo'i vai phuung phdp ngu(!i cloi, ch6 khdi ciing
rift giong nhau. NhLtng ch6 co't ye'u hun he't La chung ta m6i
nguoi cdn phdi giil gln nam giai cam va thlfc hanh thea phdp "Bat
chdnh ", cti cho khoi mat tu each lam nguoi, vlle ay chung ta
cdn phdi h9c Ph(jt phdp.
THiCH HANH TRl) djch
m
3


[P] o [P] o .::. J;r tO [P] fi. o [ZIJ tlJ fO [P] t';;J o li D fO 1m
o o o


al$ , o
PHIENAM
Tang
Tang gia, tang gia chi tinh xung. Y vi hoa h<;1p chung. Hoa
huu l1,1c chung: Nhat, gioi hoa d6ng tu. Nhi, kien hoa d6ng giai.
Tam, than hoa d6ng tr1,1. Tu, l<;1i hoa d6ng quan. Ngli, khftu hoa
v6 tranh. L1,1c, y hoa d6ng Co thu tang ttf, thtjc tu
roAN THu' T\,1 HQC CHOHAN
591
dofm chi danh da .
Nhat nhan, nh! nhan, tam nhan giai bat dac xung tang, tat tu
tu nhan dT thu<;1ng, nai kha xung tang. Tang tJ!, nai tu chi
doan danh xung, co ung co ket tang doan, lJ!c h(> phap,
phi sJ! da .
(Sd ddng Ph/jt hQc giao klzoa tlut)
Tac gid-tac pham
Day Ia bai thu 3 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Pht hQc giao khoa
thU.
TUNGO
eTiing su' nam (dan 6ng di tu eTiing gia
doan tu chi doan cac vi tl kheo, tl kheo ni, cling
nhu' cac sa di (trong tru'ong h<;1p, cac cu' sT cling du'QC
vao Tang gia) eCiu'ing fl.: eQzuzn t!;j: chia eTranh
cai eTh{IC Jl: thJ!c (la)(ph6 tlt) eC{/ kit *5: ket ch?t,
cling co, doan ket eHi?p l{lc ta j]: h<;1p sue eH{) pluip bao
chinh phap cua
NGO PHAP
CD (ba't kh6ng du<;1c ("bat" la ph6 tu, "dac" la tr<;1
d(>ng tlt).
@ \ (ta't tu): dn phai , at phai (ph6 tu).
@ .[:) (di thtiQ'ng): trd len (c1,1m til quen dung): [Zg A
(Tu nhan di tlut(lng).
(nai):
a) moi, thl moi (ph6 (Niii kha xung tang).
b) la, chinh la (dung nhu' d6ng d(>ng tu trong m(>t ket cau
d!nh nghTa) ZIIJG:1Sm(Tang tJ!, niii
592
TRAN VAN CHANH
tli' chi dofm thti danh xling).
Danh tu hay m danh ttl c6 Ia m clinh ngu b6
nghTa cho danh ttl khac m9t each trlic tiep thong qua
tr<J tu ket cau Z (chi). $ r (Ph4t tii') c6 viet
z $ -T (Ph4 t clzi til'); 11= 1B *-ill (Phi ph4 n ngo<). i
st! da ), c6 viet la 11= 1B z (Phi ph4 n i clzi
st! da ).
D!CH NGHiA
Tiing
Tiinf?, La tie'nf? ke u tdt cua hai chil "Tang gia" c6 nghia Ia
"hoa hr;p chung ", '' nghla Ia mqt nh6m nguifi c6 tdnh cdch
hoa hqp va cung d chung l'di nhau. Hoa hqp c6 sdu nghla:
Mqt, d6ng mqt gidi luQ_t hoa thuQ_n drf cung nhau tu tQ_p; hai,
St/ thd\' bie't hoa thuqn de' gidi thich cho nhau hiiu; ha, thdn
thi hoa thuQ_n ctd' cung rJ chung vdi nhau; h6'n, c6 lr;i lqc nen
cung nhau hoa thuqn ctrf chia d6ng ddu; niim, 1/ti n6i phdi
hoa thuQ_n kh6ng nen ciii IJy tranh h(fn thua; sdu, tdm '' Lu6n
Lu6n hoa thuqn, vui ve tdn thanh .\; ki{n hay va tuy hl hQc
hc;znh t6't ...
Dtl sdu nghla tren, nuJi gQi La "T(rng". Chil Tang ddy,
chinh La nu}t danh ti:t chl chung cho m(}t dodn thrf d ttl ctla
PhQ_t vQ.y.
Mqt ngu/ti, hai nf?U'Cti, ba ngur!i dtiu kh(Jng thl gQi La
Tang; tit /J(J'n nguifi sdp len nuJi dur;c gQi Tang. Chil Tclng clii
La tie'ng gqi chung cho mqt doan thrf d ttl ctla PhrJt, thi Le
tL'tt nhien ta phdi ctlng co' doan ke't T(fng gia, hip ll;(c h(}
phdp, khong phdi ld vic ngoai /J(fn ph(ln vQ.y.
THiCH HANH TR(j djch
w
TOAN THV Tl,/ HQC CHO' HAN
593
4
;Jjg $. fE
;Jjg z &t O z O ll< i II 0
.t.t: an .L.t: --t-. 1- Em rt :;lj::o r * x 6-++- ffi-h * x
F.lt:>"iJF.lt::JJ
0

0
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0
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PHIEN AM
Thich Gia Mau Ni
Thich Gia thj chi tinh. Mau Ni thj chi danh. Nga
quoc djch vi 'Nang nhan Tich ". Nang tuc nang 11/c. Nh5.n
tuc tu bi. Tjch gia, bat vi kh6 l(,lC S(j c19ng. gia, bat vi
nao s(i nhieu. d() d() tha, c6ng c.1uc vien man. Co Thich
Gia M5.u Ni. Kim nga boi ky thi chi at; tli', tuc LCng hQc
chi Nang nhan Tich tai toan chan chinh tli'.
(So dcing Ph(lt h(Jc giao khoa tlut)
Tac gilt-tac pllilm
Day Ia bai thO 4 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Pht hQc gi6o khoa
thU.
TlJ NCO
di) di) tha GJ rf. fJ;t 1-tJL: u{) mlnh va d() ngu'oi khac eNgii
bol tl< II: chung t6i, chung ta.
NCO PHAP
CD thO: cla Ia .
RP (tl'ic): thl (dung nhli LCng hqc
594
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ph?t... ).
(tai): moi, thl moi (thuong dung trong B<;1ch tho<;1i, d?ng
gian th viet Et :}): *i Jf JI -T (Tai toan chan chfnh Ph?t
ttl').
D!CH NGHiA
Tlziclz Ca Mtlu Ni
Thich Ca (Thich Gia) La h9 cua Ph(j.t; Muu Ni (Mau Ni) La ten
cua Ph(j.t. Tau djch: "Nang nhe!n Tjch m(ic ".
Nang, ttlc Ia Nang lijc; Nhe1n, ttlc Ia Tit bi; Tjch, !a kh6ng bi sf!
kho vui lam b(j.n long; M(ic, La kh6ng bj vi?c phiin niio lam ro'i
loc;m. Tf! d(} va d(} tha, c6ng dtlc duc;c vien man. Cho nen hi?u
Ngai !a Thich Ca Muu Ni.
Ngay nay chung ta eta La d? til cua Ngai thl le d! nhien phdi
h9c theo ccii due tanh "Nang nhe!n Tjch m(ic" cua Ngai. The' moi
dang g9i la m(}t Ph(j.t til chan chdnh.
THiCH HANH TR(j djch
m
roAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
595
5

'*

- a en R'F =n. # r;;m =gg -Ei' m -;t=; m Bn m 'l-n. -;t=; Bn
-g. 11.'-t'. 7E HJ IX PP ' -:f.X. R Yi!- ' Fl 1'3 Yi!- AIJ Yi!- o ' 'Fl 1'3 AIJ
o JtJ;) , , t:l:F@frotl1 o
PHIENAM
La han B6 tat
La han huu tam nghTa: nhat, pha tam d()c nhi, ling nhan
thien cung; tam, lai the bat sinh.
B6 tat thj An D9 ngu, nga quoc djch vi giac huu tlnh. Giac tuc
giac ngQ, huu tlnh tuc chung sinh. Ng6n ky dT Ph?t phap giao
nhan, nang ljnh chung sinh khai ngQ, xuat kh6 hai da.
(Sd dling Phqt h(Jc gido khoa thzl)
Tdc gid-tdc pham
86y Ia bai thO 5 trong quyen 1 s6ch Sd dang Pht hQc gi6o khoa
thU.
Van Thu b6 tat
596 TRAN VAN CHANH
TU NCO
eLai the' * iit: doi sau .Kiwi ug(j 1m '['g: gi<1c ng<), hi'u ro
eKhiJ hai "f5 {!IJ:: h' kh6 (bi'n kh6).
D!CH NCHiA
La lul.u vii B6 tat
La han CcJ ba nghla: ( 1) Phd git;lc tam d(5c (tham, s{in va si); (2)
dang th9 sv cung chfang cua ngui'!i va trr/i; (3) (1(/i sau khong con
sanh tu (luan h6i) nila.
136 tcit m)i du theo tie'ng ln D9 Ia "B(j ctJ Tat (1da ", Tau djch:
"Citic hilu tlnh ''. Giac, tuc hi gicic ngq; Hilu tlnh hi chung san h.
Nghla La 136 tdt (1em Ph()t phap dg_v nguai Jcl cr) nclng tvc khie'n
cho chung sanh duc;c ta ng('J l'G ra khoi biln kh6'.
THiCH HANH TR(j djch

Th()p belt La hcin
w
roAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN
597
6

fr , rr ffl , lf\l , lfJ1HB- m o r:r 11.
' o '

.e:;:.
/;7:f) tbfJ
0
PHJENAM
Tu hanh
Tu hanh giii, tu di vi, xii ac thu thin, ly tong
da. Hanh tQa ngqa yeu cung klnh, thuyet thoai yeu boa blnh
khiem ton. Y bftt tham san si, than bat sat dam. KhJu bat
h.tong bat ac khfi' u, bat vqng ngG', bat y ngG', bat khiet huan
tU'u Thi vi tu hanh.
(Su dciug Phijt lzQc giao klwa tlul)
Tac gia-tac philm
Day Ia bai .thu 6 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Pht hQc gi6o khoa
thU.
TU NCO
eLtldng thi?t 3: n6i hai IOi .Ac khflu 0: n6i dieu ac
(hung dG') eVQng ugil -%: n6i xhng .y xien .Khie't
an uong eHuan ii: mi;in, an m;;in (con c6 nghia la lo;,ti thuc an c6
chat cay nhu' hanh, toi ... ).
NCO PHAP
CD :fj" fi. (hanh trv tQa ngQa) trong bai Ia 4 a<)ng tu deu
au'<)c di:mg nhu' danh ti:f.
598
TRAN VAN CHANH
(ye'u): phai (tr<;1 d()ng tu): $ iiff. (YelL cung kin h).
ffiS (thi vi): d6la ... : ;JJ!: vi tu hanh).
D[CH NGH[A
Tu himh
Tu hrmh: Sila do?i hanh vi, bo dillam lanh, xa lla the' lf:lc, thea
df!.o. Va khi eli, dang, ng6i, nlim phai c6 oai nghi, luc n6i nang
cdn phdi on hoa nha nht;in va khiem nhu&ng; y khong tham s{m va
si; than khong sat sanh, trqm cilp va dam 6; mifng khong n6i hai
l&i, khong n6i l&i hung dil, khong n6i difi tra, khong n6i l&i theu
dft chuyfn it xfch cho nhdu, kh6ng an nhilng d6 rur;u thjt v. v ...
Thl g9i fa tu hanh.
THiCH HANH TR[/ djch
m
7


rm 1& :f!z o 1PJ tJ ID% ? :g: n t:& Ii. m
o ;g 1I\ t'' , ND 5f. ID% ' ili Z ti rm 'IR o
PHIENAM
QuanAm
Quan Am gia, toan xung Quan The Am. Thll' B6 tat quan
khan the nhan xung danh chi am thanh, nhi h?u cuu chung sinh
da. Nhien am thanh ha dT nang quan khan? Cai B6 tat nang ll;IC
can ho dl;lng. Nht1<;1c y tl! giac thich, tuc phan quan, nang van the
gian am thanh chi tl,( tinh nhi ng() dc:to gia.
(Sd dling Phqt hf)c giao klzoa thtt)
roAN THli Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN 599
Ttic gia-tac philm
86y Ia bai thu 10 trong quyen l sach Sd dang Pht gi6o hQc khoa
thU.
TU NGU
ciin n t:&: sa u giac quan: nhan t), nhi (tai), ti (ti)
(mGi), (lu'oi), than (than), y (y, kha nang suy nghT) .HtJ
Ii. Rl v?n dl;lng Ian nhau t{nh tt.: cai tinh nam sau
mqi tu'\"lng, cai nga.
DuO'ng Ldu Quan Am
600
TRAN VAN CHANH
D!CH NGHiA
Quem Am
Quem Am hi ten tdt, f1(Ji cho du lei Quan The' Am. Nghla lei l'i
B6 tdt nay luon luon xem xet tie'ng him cua nguiri dr!i .utng nifm
de'n danh hifU cua Ngcli, /"(j[ Ngcli li2n de'n d(j cho cluing sanh a\.
Nhung, vi sao Ngcli xem xer dU"(fC tiitng tclm.")
-Ddp: Bdi 1'/ ]J(j tdt nay dii cluing du(fc l'ien th/Jng cr3 tid sdu
ccln dung lc'in nhau. Ne'u ccln ni' theo 111(71 ft! gidc mel gidi thfch, thi
vj Brj tdt mlv, dem ccii nghe tie'ng tclm tronfi d(Ji md nghe tr(! IQi ft!
tanh CUCI minh, cfe'n khi thudn lhi!C /11Q dU"(fC 11firJ d(!O \'(ly.
THiCH HANH TR(j djch
m
8
[ZgWi
rzg : Wi :: , w Pr m o rz:g + JL4 tJ:tc :JU
iWJL'
Orp /;70 "P .... ,
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ill Fs9 N [E) o
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0
PHJENAM
Tude'
Tu ue: ae gia, thim da. Thich t6n thuyct phap tu
cU'u nien, giai dl t<.1 tude vi cuong llnh.
TOAN THV n,f HQC CHU HAN 601
(Nhat) Kh6 de: tam gidi U.J.O dJng xac thL(C thi khf): the
gian khC) qua.
(Nhj) Tflp de: tham san dJng nhi thap ll]c chting phicn nao
xac thj tlw kht) chi nhan: the gian kh6 nhan.
(Tam) Di0t de: A Ia han dJng ode Niet ban qua xac tiWc thi
xuflt the gian l<fc qua.
(Tu) Dao de: bat chinh tam that phfi'm xac tlWc thi
tlw lac chi nhan: xuat the gian nhan.
(Sd acing Phijt lu)c giao klwa tlut)
Tac gid-tac philm
Day Ia bai thu 72 trong quyen 4 sach Sd dang Pht hQc gi6o khoa
fhU.
Tl) NCO
.Tidch Ton tude g9i Phflt Thich Ca Mau Ni .Tlwyit
J
J/uip '<' -1:.: <
1
iai ve dan Phat .Liet Jfi
1
: liet ke kd ra
n)t r;. .._ o b . . . IJ . '
eCu<lng tinh MiliJ #&: phfrn c6t yeu, clf<jng !Tnh .Tam gi{li .=.. W: ba
the gidi gom sac gidi va v6 sifc gioi eL(lC d(IO
sau duong tai sinh, sau coi: Ngui:ii, Tn:Ji, A-tu-la, Ng<:! quy, Dja
ngl]c, Sue sinh .A Ia han pD] H tile La han eNiet him ;! ly
tu()ng cao nhflt tat d tu tftp cua giao mu6n oat tlii,
chi dnh gidi tinh thfrn sau khi ua di9t sinh tu Juan hoi mt)i
oat dV<.ic, dich lL( am chil Ph<fn Nirvana, djch y Ia "di0t
d()", "tjch di9t ", "v6 vi", v.v ..
D(CH NGHlA
Tri' de'
Chii' De' hi cluic th(lt. fHtc Thfch Ttm thuye't jJ/uip 49 mlm, c12u
dung pluip Tu de' him gi2rzg mfJ'i, nhu sau 11(/y:
602
TRAN VAN CHANH
1. Khff de': Trang ba coi sdu duong ... chdc chdn la kht/: day la
cai qua khff (;the' gian.
2. T(lp d{ Nhilng tham, san si ... hai muai sau m6n phiJn niio,
chdc chdn la nguyen nhan di chju khff: day la cai nhan kh6 cua
the' gian.
3. de': Nhu nhii'ng b(lc A Ia hdn ... dii chung c1Ut;Jc qua Nie't
ban, chdc chdn Ia vui: day La qua vui cua xua't the' gian.
4. fJf;w c1{ Tu Bat chdnh dr;w va Ba muai bay philm trt;J dt;zo ...
chdc chdn la cdi nhan eli huang cai vui: day La nguyen nhan vui
cua xua't the' gian.
THiCH HANH TRl/ djch
m
9

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, o ,
, J? , , rgJ o - 11i , x gr llJt
o ?JT * rss , JE. * o E! st , 3 u , /f M im ,
' ;Jjjz:pJT mt
0
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o ?JT t.J , o ,
# iAAi Z f4 o .R , M WI o n1: 1i
, 11 o 1i , o ?JT

TOAN THU n,1 HQC CHU HAN
603
o t"5 Jffi A* z x VL o 1 t t]Jx 1 tr z /f o JPK B)j f!IH1

*:RilJliJ!f , :t:;rjjziTL?m o ,

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0
PHIENAM
phap Lien hoa Kinh tlf
Duong Chung Nam Son Thich Dl;lo Tuyen
Phap Lien Hoa Kinh gia, thong chu giang linh chi
b6n (ban) tri da. Uftn ket Dl;li Hl;l , xuat bi thien linh. Dong
Chan Dan, tam bach du tai. Tay Tan De VTnh Khang
(Khuong) nien trung, Truong An Thanh Mon, Don Hoang B6 Tat
True Phap HO gia, so phien thll' kinh danh Chanh (Chinh) Phap
Hoa. Dong Tan An De, Long An nien trung, Hoang
Thi, Quy Tu' sa mon Cuu Ma La thu phien thll' kinh, danh
Phap Lien Hoa. Tuy thi Nhan ThQ. D<:1i Hung ttf, Bac
Thien True sa mon Xa (D6) Na, Cap Da, sa phien gia, d6ng
danh Phap. Tam kinh trung dl;lp, van chi h6 Thai sa
tong thu(,ing, giai hoang b6n. Tv du chi phftm, bat
vo ky lu'u, Ct,l nhu' Ttf lich, co sa phi t.
Phu di Linh Nhl;lc giang linh, phi Dl;li Thanh vo do khai h6a.
Thich h6a sa phi tich duyen vo dT d<,lo tam. sa dT Tien Uyn
cao thanh, co phan tiu dl;li chi Kim Ha co dl;lO thu
ban man chi khoa. Khai phi giao bi thua thai, vo tuc hl;lch ky cao
h<)i. Thi tri ngG thien thoai tich, vi tan (tien) tang m(;ln chi tru.
NgG bach thQ (tht,I) ky, cau sung h6a chi tich. sa dT ph6ng
604
TRAN VAN CHANH
quang th!Jy, khai phat thlnh chi giao nguyen. Xuat dinh
uLC<1ng due, sLCdng hut; (tu<';) chi hoang ILCcic. Hti th6ng
dai chi van quy. H6a thanh dan tfch uuycn chi bat truy.
chau (chu) minh ly tanh (tinh) chi thLC(ing tai . Tac tlnh thi
ng() chi da phu<ing. Tu nghTa mln (uycn) nhicn, trfin duy vien.
Tu phi d<:ti ai khuech (khoang) te, bat tr9 nich chi trfim lULl; nhut
(nhat) eve bi tam, chling h6n me chi that tanh (tinh). Han chi
Duong bach du tai, t6ng ljch qufin tich, tu thien uu true. ThQ
trl thanh (thinh) gia, v6 xuat thli kinh. Turing phi C<i giao tucing
khau, tinh Tri Thang chi di trfrn. Van nhi tham kinh, diu Oai
(Uy) Yu<ing chi uu tich. Triep u kinh thu, tv nhi t6ng chi . Thu dftc
tao tinh luc can, nguong ti:r ton chi gia h(ii . Ttlc thanh tu due, xu
d(i (th<1) chi huyn du. Hoang tan mac cung, vTnh di chu Mu
van nhT.
Tdc giil-tac pluim
Xem tieu su toe gia trong phon ru ngu Ci dUdi.
TU NCO
Dr;zo Tuyen
.i!
'if
phap Lien hoa kinh gqi t5t Ia kinh Phdp
twa, duc;c truy0n ba rat n)ng, g6m 7 quy'n, Iuc <.1fiu 27 phfim, sau
them phrt'm "Ba 8at Da" thanh 28 phrt'm, do Cuu Ma La
TOAN THU n,J HQC CHU HAN 605
djch nam 406. Trude d6 con c6 ban djch cua True Phap H() trong
nam 2R6 gqi Ia Chfnh Phdp hoa kinh 10 quycn 27 phfrm va sau
d6 m()t uich khac niTa, nam 601, ctia Xa Na Da va
Ma Cap Da, b6 dinh ban cth CULl Ma La gqi Ia Thiem
phdm Difu phdp Lien hoa kinh, 7 quyn, 27 phrt'm( nhu bai tu
tren da neu). Day Ia mOt trong nhung b0 kinh chti yeu ct.'!a
giao thua, neu ro Tam thua (Thanh van, Duyen giac, B6 tat)
quy m<}t mtli thi:ra), diu hoa cac thuyet phap cua
Tiu thi:ra; cho ding tat ca chung sinh c6 du tri kicn cua
Ph.;it cho mQi nguoi khai phat va ou c6 thE thanh Ph.;it eHoiiug
truyin Eft.: ba r()ng rai eT{l #;)(: bai tva (loi n6i ofiu sach,
cGng viet 1a ff) .Thiclz D{lo Tuyen tang nhan
Trung Quoc doi Duong, que d Ngo Hung (thu()c H6 Chau, tlnh
Chiet Giang1) Ia nouoi sana lap ra Luat tong a Trun1! Quoc. Xuat
' b b . . .._.
than gia dlnh quan (cha tung lam L<:ti b() ThLC\"ing thtr
Trfrn), nhung len 10 tu6i Tuyen da bo nha len Truong An
hQC d<;10 (i chua Nghiem, nam sau cat toe quy y; nam 20
tu6i thQ Cl,l tUC gi(ii Va hQC Ju.;it trong 10 nam, Ji;in lQi khap b6n
phHtjng tim OL(c}ng hQC h<Si, tnfck tac va ujch thu.;it rat nhi0u
.TJzolzg Mt: g6m het ca, t6ng ket .Giang linh 11: giang th.in
.uiln kit ifJfil. *5: ket t;:ip .Thien linh T li%: ngan nam eD(li H{l
* nude Thien True (nay Ia An DO) .Chiilz Dan ._: chi
nude Trung Quoc .Don Ho{/ng BiJ tat :g: jlji: dm c6 ten la
True Phap H(), g6c ngLfoi Chi, xuf{t gia tu luc R tu6i
.Thanh mon cua dong nam thanh Tru(ing An doi H<ln (co
mau xanh) .Citu MaLa Thi).p mOt djch gia
Kinh t n6i ticng cua Trung Quoc cung vdi cac ttl ujch Dg i
phdm Bat nhii kinh, Phap twa kinh, Duy Ma C(lt kinh, Kim cuvng
kinh, ... va cac b() nhLf Trung lu(irz, Bdch lu(ln, Th(lp nhi nu)n
lu(ln, Dqi tr d(J lu(ln, Thanh thf!c lu(ln ... Quy Ttt m()t mC(ic
606
TRAN VAN CHANH
c6 (j Tay Vl,l'c doi Han eXa Na con gQi Xa Na Da
(523-600), mot tang doi Tuy, nguyen quan (j An Do
.Cap Da con gQi la D<;tt Ma Cap Da (?-619): mot tang
nhan chuyen dich kinh doi Tuy .Tam kinh tri'tng dq_p
- *&* ba kinh giftm chan len nhau, y n6i mot kinh
dich toi ba eVan chl)r_l': van tu va y chi eH6 trdnliJ*:
pho bay b6 sung nhau .Tong tlut(lng * f6J: sung thu<;fng .Chi
pham 3t

cac phftm chia nhanh khac nhau (do nguoi

d!ch) eBift kf Xa Na Da dich rieng mot "Ph6
mon phftm trung tl;lng nen gQi la (nhG'ng bai
rieng) .cao thanh -6- IJ)t: lay phuong phap tl,l' tu tl! chung n6i cho
nguoi khac biet hQ tu hanh d<;tO qua .co' 11lfllh u. o[J: lOi ph6
thac do khi sap eDq_o tlu't ban miin chi khoa
khi sap phiin thuyet tu giao
thanh hai khoa ban tl,l' giao va man tl,l' giao eThz't fl : b<;tn, d6ng
b<;1n eLinh Nhq_c tuc nui Linh Thuu iJ phia dong bac thanh
Vuong Xa nuoc Ma Da thuoc Trung An eTien Uyin
1w tuc vuon Loc noi phap luan dfru tien sau
khi thanh d<;to .Kim Ha -& ngoai thanh Cau Thi Na
thuoc Trung An, noi thi t!ch duoi goc b6 .Phong quang
hifn th{ty 155<: :YtfJHlffi : ph6ng hao quang va lanh .Hi't
trq_ch ;f] '{;: ngoi nha ml;lc, chi tam gioi sinh n.1 eNhlj,p dq_i A.}\.:
ba xe nho (tam thua) dftn ba xe IOn bo tning (nhat thua) vao;
ham y tam thua quy nhat thua Van quy )!:_ tfl: van tl,l' va
khoang each giua hai dfru trl;lc banh xe, d hai c6 sl,l' thong
nhat tieu chuftn, nen dung chi tinh thong nhat eHoa thanh
1ttJJX.: chi phftm "H6a thanh dl;l" trong kinh Phdp hoa eHf chiiu
buoc ng<;>c vao cheo ao c6 anh. chang nha ngheo
den uong ru<;Ju say mem (j nha mot nguoi b<;tn than giau c6; khi
anh b<;tn gap di moi COt vien ngQC vao cheo ao cua anh
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
607
nha ngheo, nhung khi tlnh anh nay van khong biet, tiep ti.,JC
CUOC song ngheo kh6ooo) eTq_c tlnh #: dao gieng (mot thi du
chep trong phftm "Phap su", kinh Phdp hoa) .Uyin nhien
r6 rangy nhu cG eD{t trd.n neu thi trlnh bay eDq_i ai
}\. -R_ : thuong x6t IOn eKhoang te' A)J cuu giup r<)ng rai
.Bq_t t&: keo ra khoi .Chilng j?]S: cuu vat eTr{tC W1: cuon (kinh)
.Cd giao tztdng khiilt .f tO: co t<:to duyen cho giao,
giao hoan bi cho co .Tri Thifng D<;ti Thong Tri
Thang, vi giang kinh Phap hoa .uy Vttdng Uy
Am Vuong, vi dfru tien trong kiep Trang Nghiem doi qua
khu .Ttl dtlc 12:9 bon due Thuong, L<;tc, Nga, T!nh LCJc thfl
: chi the gioi cl,l'c l<;tc, cho A Di Da (j eHuyin du ":t
con duong eDi l<;ti .Hij,u 1&.: doi sauo
NGU PHAP
CD E3 (tt! du): con, ngoai ra con, con ra, ky du, con l<;tio 00
khac (Cl;lm tU quen dung, do gioi tu j Va bat dinh SO tu hQp
thanh): ' (T{tdttchi phfrm,
(phi): neu khong phai: 7\. El3 1*1 1t (Phi d<;ti
thanh vo do khai h6a)o
El3 (vo do): khong do dau, khong each gl, khong
(each dung tuong tl,l' .L-j [vo di])(xem thi vua dan tren)o
ffE (duy): trQ tu giua cau (vo nghia): Diftj 'l'ft (Dl;l
duy vien)o
E3 Ctt! phi): neu khong phai la (lien tu th! gia thiet
c6 tinh phu d!nh): R (T{i phi d<;ti ai)o
tB (vo xua't): khong gl han tu quen dung so
sanh): (Thl;l trl gia, vo xuiit tht1
kinh)o
CDJ,ft (thu): may ra, ng6 hrru (ph6 tu): (Tiul
608 TRAN VAN CHANH
cHic tao tjnh 11,1c can).
(chti): cho (gioi tu dung nhu' lu'], neu doi tu'<.jng thu
m<)t d(>ng t<1c, hanh vi): ;j<. (Vinh di clzrt
D/CH NGHiA
Lili vi holing kinlz pluip Lien hoa
Sa man Thich Dc;w Tu.ven iY nui Chung Nam thu<1t.
Kinh Diu phdp Lien hoa ndv thl5'ng nhie/J hdn _\' thj hin cua
chu Ph(lt. Bdn kinh ndy ke't ttJp tc:;ti nuoc Dr;ti Hr;t (Thien True), c6
cd 1000 nam. Sau truy&n qua phuong Dong tqi nude Chan Dan ta
&1 tren 300 nam. /3(3 tat Don Hoang True Phap H9 djch dc1u tien
kinh n&y t(li cua dtmg nam thiinh Truong An vao nien hiu Vlnh
Khuong diJi ''ua Hu De' nha Tay Ta'n di;it ten Ia Chanh Phap Hoa.
Sa man Cuu MaLa ThtJp nguiii nu/1c Quy Tu djch !dn ke' kinh ndy
\'clO nien hiu Long An doi l'ua An De' nha Dong T!tn, nhlim nam
Hoilng Thl doi H(lu Tdn, la:y ten fa Di?u phap Lien hoa. Sau lc:;ti
cd hai sa mon J ''ung bdc Thien True lei Xa Na QU(It Da va Dc:;tt
Ma Ca/J Da, tQi chua Dt;li Hung Thin cung djch ke' tie/J hai
biin truoc \'clo nien hi?u Nhon Th9 doi Tuy ciing li/r ten lei Diu
ph a p Lien hoa.
Ba IH3'n djch ndv phdn nhi&u c6 sv trung ldp, van tit _\' chl d&u
thiiy ph6 bcly bd sung nhau rzhung dU(Jc ngur';i c1i!i kirzh chu9ng \'a
holing truy&n Ia bdn djch dc/i H(lu Tdn. Ngoeli ra thl cdc chi phdm
hit k d&u ciirzg c6 nguyen luu, n.hu trong Tt! ph{/m eta ki, nen
khong cdn phdi nhdc lc:;ti.
Oil Vic Lirzh Thuu giarzg trdn, ne'u khong phdi Ia btJc Dc:;ti
Thanh thl khong lc.lm sao ma khai h6o du(fc; C(Jrl C(f thch h6a,
bdng chdng nhif duyen truoc thl khong hi\ gl mel chi Wng.
The' nen. ch/fn Tien Uyin chuyln Phdp Luan, can co c6 chia ra
dqi , tilu sai kh.ac; nai Kim Hcl thj tjch truyJn trao, dc;w mciu phan
!elm nua, trr;n ( quyBn, thtJt) hai khoa. Ha chdng phdi lei cho du
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 609
dur;c gido huan d&y du cdc thita thl cung kh6ng du di khdo nhtJp
cao h9i Phap Hoa n&y.
V(Iy moi bie't: 5000 ty kheo riJi bo phdp tfch chinh La nhilng bc;m
nguiJi tang thuqng mt;zn, con 500 d til nh(In th9 ky, La nhilng
B6 tat tfch h6a kinh chu9ng sL:( khai thi kin ng&m ma phi!- tiep Ph(It
hanh h6a v(Iy.
Vt the: Nhu Lai ph6ng hao quang, hifn tanh La miY bay
c9i ngu6n vic thlnh gido, con xwl't dfnh biiu duong due cd chu
Ph(It La neu ro Ph(It hu ( th(It) cao xa, sau r9ng.
Nha ml!-c, thong suo't vao trong khu6n phep LOn.
H6a thanh, ddn ddt chdng roi lt;zi duyen xua.
C9t chau cheo do, hiin bay ly tanh lu6n con miii.
Dao gieng ch6 thap, neu ro khai ng9 von nhdu bl
Van tit nghfa tyro rang, ddn di!- biiu thf sau xa. Niu due Nhu Lai
kh6ng vi thuong x6t LOn lao, giup do r9ng khdp, thi lam sao vot
du(JC ke dang Chtm ddm ChOn SOng sau; niu ngai khong Vl long tit
hit mL:(c, thi lay gl cuu nguiJi han me dang xa riJi chan tanh.
BiYi the: tit Han den Duong, hon 600 nam to?ng ke't cdc b9 kinh
c6 tren 4 000 quyin, nhung duqc th9 trl hung thc;mh nha't thi kh6ng
gl qua bdn kinh n&y.
Phdi chang co gido gi;ip nhau la di kiem bf di tr&n tit thai Due
Dc:;ti Thong Tri Thdng Nhu Lai; nghe ma th&m kinh la di thanh
toan cong due thua sot cua cd PhtJt Oai Am Vuong.
Vt v(Iy, ngay (j d&u kinh ki bay di neu gi&ng mo'i, ngo h&u som
sc:;tch sdu can, mong chiJ gi;ip h9i lanh cua tu ton Di Li;ic (hoi;ic h9i
lanh Linh Son cua Tu Ton Thich Ca); mau thanh bo'n due, di
nuong neo m&u thdng din coi CL:(C lc:;tc Tfnh Bang. LiJi tan trr;
chdng cung, mong luu lc:;ti diJi sau miii miii v(Iy.
LY VIf;T DUNG djch
(in trong Kinh Dc:;ti thita Difu phdp Lien hoa Giang lu(In
cua Sa mon Thfch Thong Btl'u, NXB. Ton Giao, 2002).
m
612 TRAN VAN CHANH

* 3} . .n o
r.gAA
.g M ! itz: pfT
0
% fiJ * !
PHIENAM

;f
'I

Cuu MaLa Thijp
djch gid kinh Phdp hoa
Hoa
Nhi thai cao Xa L<;1i Phat:"Nga tien bat ngon Chu PMt
The Ton di chung chung nhan duyen thi dl;l ngon tu phuong
thuyet phap, giai vi A da la tam tam b6 da? Thi chu
sd thuyet, giai vi h6a B6 tat co. Nhien Xa L<;1i Phat! Kim duong
pht}C di thi dt} canh minh thll' nghia. Chu huu tri gici di thi dt}
giai.
"Xa L<;1i Phat! Nhu<;jc quae ap tt} huu trudng gia, ky
nien suy tai phu v6 lu<;1ng, da huu chtt o6ng
b()c. Ky gia quang duy huu nhat man. Da chu nhan chung,
nhat bach, nhi bach, nai chi ngil bach nhan chi tn,1 ky trung.
Duong cac hu co, tuong bich o6i trt} din hu luang dong
khuynh nguy. Chu tap cau thai thuc nhien hoa khdi, phgn thieu
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
613
xa trttdng gia chu ttl', nhu<;1c nhi chi tam
thll' trung . .
"Trudng gia kien thi hoa tong tu khdi, tuc kinh
bo, nhi tac thi Nga tuy nang u thll' sd thieu chi man, an 6n
xuat; nhi chu ttl' ofing u hoa n()i, truoc hi hi, bat giac
bat tri, bat kinh bat bo. Hoa lai buc than, kh6 thong thiet di, tam
bat yem v6 du xuat y.
"Xa L<;1i Phat! Thi trudng gia tac thi tu duy:" Nga than thu huu
ltfc, duong di y gioi, nhu<;jc di ky an tong xa xuat chi". Pht}C canh
tu duy: "Thi xa duy huu nhat man, nhi pht}c titiu. Chu ttl' au
tri, vi huu sd thuc, luyen truoc hi xu, dttong dQa vi hoa
sd thieu. Nga dttong vi thuyet bo uy chi Stf. Thll' xa di thieu, nghi
thai t xu at, v6 linh vi hoa chi sd thieu
"Tac thi di, nhu' sd tu' duy, Ct} cao chu' ttl': "Nhu ofing toe
xuat!" Phl;l tuy lan mftn, ng6n dl;l dt}; nhi chu ttl' ofing
tru'oc hi hi, bat khfing tin tht}, bat kinh bat uy, lieu v6 xuat tam.
pht}c bat tri ha gia thi hoa, ha gia vi xa, van ha vi that. Dan
dong tay tftu hi, thi pht} nhi dl.
"Nhi thai Trudng gia tuc tac thi Thll' xa di vi hoa sd
thieu, nga chu ttl' nhu'QC bat thai xuat, tat vi sd phgn_ Nga
kim duong thiet phu'ong ljnh chu' ttl' ofing, mien tu'
"Phl;l tri chu ttl' tien tam cac huu sd hao chung chung tran
ky di chi tlnh tat truoc, nhi cao chi ng6n: "Nhu
afing sd kha hao, hi huu nan nhu nhu<;1c bat thu,
tat uu hoi. Nhu thll' chung chung duong xa, l()c xa, nguu xa, kim
m6n kha dT du hi. Nhu ofing l1 thll' hoa nghi toe
xuat lai. Tuy nhu sCJ dt}C, giai du'ong du nhu".
"Nhi thai chu ttl' van pht} sd thuyet tran chi thich ky
co, tam cac dung ho tuong suy bai, qnh c()ng td
tftu tranh xuat hoa tqch.
614 TRAN VAN CHANH
"Thj thai Truang gia kien chu tli' ang an 6n dac xua t, giai t1
tu cu d;:to trung, 19 aja nhi tQa, v6 ph1,1c chuang ng;:ti, ky tam thai
nhien, hoan hi dung du'Qc.
"Thai chu' tlr ang cac b;:tch phlf ng6n: "Ph1,1 tien sa hua
hao chi Clf, duong xa, l()c xa, ngu'u xa, nguyc$n thai tu du".
"Xa LQi Phat! Nhi thai Truang gi a cac tu chu' ttl' ang nhat
xa. Ky xa cao quang, chung bao trang hic$u, chu tap Ian thuan, til
dic$n linh. Htfu t1 ky tht1<;1ng tru'ong thiet hien cai, dic$c di
tran ky t;:tp bao nhi nghiem sue chi . Bao thang giao thuy chu
hoa anh. Trung phu dien, an tri dan chm. Gia di
ngu'u, phu sac sung khiet, hlnh xu hao, huu d;:ti can lljc, hanh
b() blnh chinh, ky nhu' phong. Hlju da b()c tung nhi thj vc$ chi.
"Sa di gia ha? Thj Truang gia tai phu v6 chung
chung chu' tang, tat giai sung nhi tac thj nic$m: "Nga tai
v6 cljc, bat ling di h;:t lic$t xa du chu' tlr ang. Kim thlr au
a6ng, giai thj ng6 tlr, ai v6 thien dang. Nga huu nhu' thj that bao
d;:ti xa, ky so v6 lu'Qng, ling au'ong ang tam cac cac du chi, bat
nghi sai bic$t. sa di gia ha? DI nga thli' chu cap nhat quoc do
tht1<;1ng bat, quy ha huong chu' tli'?". Thj thai chu' tlr cac thua d;:ti
Xa, OaC Vj ding, huu, phi b6n sa VQng.
"Xa LQi Phat! V nhu y van ha? Thj Truang gia ang du chu' ttl'
tran bao d;:ti xa, ninh huu hu vQng phu?
Xa LQi Phat ng6n: "Bat da, The T6n! Thj Truang gia dan ljnh
chu ttl' aac mien hoa toan ky khu mc$nh, phi vi hu vQng. Ha
di co? Nhu'QC toan than mc$nh, tic$n vi di dac hao ngo;:tn chi Cl.f.
Huong phl.fc phuong tic$n, t1 bi hoa tr;:tch trung nhi te chi. The
T6n! Nhu'Qc thj Truang gia nai chi bat du toi nhat xa, do bat
hu' VQng. Ha di co? Thj Truang gia tien tac thj y: Nga di phu'ong
tic$n ljnh tlr dac xuat, di thj nhan duyen, v6 hu' VQng da. Ha
huong Truang gia tlf tri tai phu v6 lt1<;1ng, d1,1c nhieu ich chu tli',
roAN THV Tl)' HQC CHV HAN
615
aftng du xa ".
Phat cao Xa Loi Phat: "Thien tai! Thien tai! Nhu' nhu sa
. . . . .
ng6n. Xa LQi Phat! Nhu Lai dic$c ph1,1c nhu thj " ...
(Difu pluip lien hoa kinh: Phiim Thi d(t)
Ttic giii-ttic plzflm
8oc;m tre n day trich trong quyen 2. pham' Thi dt./ kinh ph6p lien
hoa. do CUu Ma La Thp djch. M(>t trong nhung d(lc diem noi b(lt cua
kinh nay Ia dung thf dl.) de thuyet ph6p. ma thf dl.) ve ng6i nha ILia Ia
m(>t bai ngl.) ng6n xu6t sac c6 tinh Mu bieu. Trang s6ch Bqch thoqi
van hQc su. hQc gio Ho Thich (Trung Qu6c) cOng c6 trich dan doQn
nay voi it loi binh lu(ln ngan:' Kinh Ph6p hoa tuy kh6ng phoi Ia tieu
thuyet nhllng Ia m(>t b s6ch c6 nhieu thO vi van hQC. trong d6 c6 m(>t
s6 ngl.) ng6n c6 the dllc;!c coi Ia ngl.) ng6n hay nh6t trong van hQc the
gioi '.
nJNGO
eNhi thiJi xem Ngil phdp a duoi eChiing cluing fl. fl.:
cac m6n, thu, cac (chi so .A nij.u da Ia tam mifu
tam b6 di a - m - :g j:,{t: v6 thu'<;jng chanh ang chanh
giac .Thi d(t V Dffif: thi dl.f, ti d\1 (each dung nhung slf vic$c don
gian de n6i cho ngu'ai khac biet hQ chua .xa
L(li Phat % ;fiJ 9f;: m()t trong 10 de$ ttl' cua eQuoc f{p t(t
l{lc thanh thj th6n x6m eSuy m{li gia yeu .D6i
l{lc m: hu' hong xieu eChu tap f5j [![: vong quanh eTiul.c
nhien bong nhien .Tntac me luyen, ham me .Giai
ao .Hifp (dung nhu' .Bo' llJ l:fiJ SQ sc$t .Thieu
chay eNghi tlziJi tij.t xuat phai mau ra cho kjp luc
eThat chay nha, dung nhu' hoa) eTau hi iE:IJl
choi, ch;:ty gion .Piutdng tifll :1J ff.: phuong phap tic$n d"l;lng
eTien tam )t tam y tru'oc a6 eTran ngo{lll ft 3JL: a6 choi quy
bau .Khii PJ: slf thich h<;1p, slf ua thich .Hi lulu ::ffi-f::f: hiem c6
616
TRAN VAN CHANH
eDiing nhu? hao hue, non eTizoi hili j:i: xo d'y eTz[ cii.
dt;w [9 flj duong IOn thong ra bon phi a (nga tu') eTluii nlzien
thu thai (tho thoi) eDiing dzt(lc liji: vui mung nhay nh6t
eTrang lzi?u [ t(: trang tri, trang hofmg eLan thudn f): lan
can, chan song eHie'n cai rjJ! :fi: man che tren xe eNglziem SllC
trang sue eBdo tlzling giao l{lc Jftilixm1:: day
lam bang quy dan ke't vao nhau eT/u'ty clut lzoa anlz
tren day bau co treo hoa co va tua ru dung
nhu 1t,) eTn'tng plzu uyin dien M:: trai ch6ng bao xung
quanh nghia la keo dai ra quanh co, day chi' day
bau treo cac tua ru vay quanh bon ben trong xe) eDan clzilm
A-tt: goi mau do .sung khie't 7tf}g: day da se, beo chac
eXu 9*: eCiut tang -: cac kho gom
chua cua cai .sung dijt tran .vo qtc
vo vo cung (til dung ph6 bie'n trong kinh .Thien dang
thien eTiuft bdo dt;li xa -t Jf 7:. -*: xe that bao (xe c6
trang sue bau eDdng tiim long cong blnh Quy
Ill: thie'u Difc vi tling lzilu co du<;1c cai truoc nay
chua tung c6 eHzt V{Jng ngong hao, khong c6 co sCi, khong
c6 din eli eDiin fB: chi' dn (ph6 tu) eB{lt te' tit ifff: cuu ra khoi,
cuu vot eTol tiiu nlziit xa ;j\--*: chi' xe de (xe de nho nhat,
xe huou kha IOn, xe trau IOn nhat) eNhiin duyen [EJ nguyen
nhan, duyen co, ly do eNizieu ich :@: tang them.
NG0PHA.P
CDm ffiJ (nhi thO'i): khi ay, ltic ay; Cl,lffi tu quen dung ph6 bie'n
trong kinh nghia tuong duong voi va (thi
thoi), c6 neu vai thi dl,l trong bai:
cao Xa L<;1i Phat).
:Bt :f3 ... (Thj thiJi tnrCing gia kie'n chu ttl' ... ).
roAN THVTl,l HQC CHU HAN 617
r 8 X ;;;;; ... (TiziJi chu ttl' cac ph1.,1
ngon ... ).
Me (co) trong kinh PMt c6 khi dung phoi h<;1p voi (vi)
thanh .. Me (vj ... c6) nghia nhu _1;). z i!& (dl... chi c.o ),
[ZJ z Me (nhan ... chi co') ... trong Van ngon thong thuong, dich
la "vlly do ... ": (Giai vj h6a B6 tat co) vl
cho B6 tat), ne'u vie't theo loi thong thuong thl phai vie't:
(Giai vj hoa B6 tat chi co)
iii (Giai nhiin vj h6a B6 tat).
Ngoai ra, rat thuong khi khong dung d chG' (vi) rna chi'
dung duy nhat chG' i!Jj( (co) di?.t sau c1.,1m til chi' nguyen nhan, nhu
c6 dan thi d1.,1 khac Ci sau: ky
co), thay vl vie't :Jt (Nhiin thich ky ... Nen nho,
loi vie't nay chi' c6 trong nhG'ng ban dich Han van cua kinh
(xem them Ngil phdp trong bai 12 phia sau).
;; .. (nai chi): cho de'n (cl,lm tu dung rat ph6 bie'n trong
kinh -a ' =a ' ;; _ Ii a A (Nhat bach, nhi bach,
niii chi ngil bach nhan).
cvm: (phQC canh): (Cl,lm tu quen dung trong kinh
canlz tu duy).
fJ :)( z ?JT (Vo linh vi hoa chi siJ thieu
day Ht ke't ca'u bi d9ng .. Zfiff(vi ... chi sCi), c6 bo bot chG'
z (chi) rna cau van du nghia.
B (di) voi nghia "da r6i, r6i" d?t sau dQng tu lam b6 ngG' Ia
each dung d?c chi' c6 trong kinh fp ;2: B (Tac thi
dl). Trong loi vie't thong thuong (d Van ngon lan
B (di) luon luon la ph6 tu lam ngu va d?t truoc
d9ng tu. Cau dan tren ne'u vie't xuoi theo loi thong thuong, se la:
B f1= ;2: (Di tac thi ;2: B 11= (Thi dl tac).
CDT vo): hoan toan khong, khong chut:
618
TRAN VAN CHANH
T
ffiE w 'f vo xu at y' ).

1F 1!1. pht.Jc): cling l;,ti (xem 1)\ du'oi).
fBJ :f3 (ha gia): cai gi, cai nao: /f fiJJ :f3 , 1PJ
(Bat tri ha gid thi hoa, ha gid thi xa).
@ -:z:;;-fPJ (van ha): ra sao, the nao: -:z:;;-fPJ lza vi
that?); CV nhu y van ha?).
I[D (thoi): dung luc (dung nhu ph6 tu Hun tr<;mg ngu) :
;g: /f t:l (Nhu'QC bat thdi xuat).
' pJT vi Sd phn), a day, danh tU chi v?t chu
d()ng la :A (hoa) du'QC tinh lu'QC. Cau nay viet du se la :
pJT vi hc'Sa s1J phftn).
@ (ngon) voi nghla "ding", trong kinh Ph?t dung thay cho
chu EJ (viet) thong thu'ong: ffij f5 Z a ... (Nhi cao chi ngon ... );
{. B :X: ... (Cac b<;tch ph1,1ngon ... ).
(@) * (lai) t sau d<)ng tu dti bitiu thi ket qua cua d()ng tac,
each dung nhu' trong Han ngu d<;ti (B<;tch tho<;ti):
:::)! t:l * (N ghi toe xu at lai).
@ !i. ;f (hli tuo'ng): Hin nhau (ph6 tu, each dung nhu Han ngu
d<:ti): Ji. fi (HJ tztdng th6i bai).
@ tranh nhau (ph6 tli): c<)ng trl
tfru) (trong cau nay,# [c<)ng] cling la ph6 tu).
@ * (tranh): tranh nhau, dua nhau, gianh (ph6 tu):
t:l :)( t (Tranlz xu at hoa tr<:tch).
@ pJT ij_ :f31PJ ? (sO' dl gia ha ?): ly do vi sao, vi co gi, vi
sao?(c1,1m tu thuong dung trong kinh Ph?t).
@) giai): thay tat d (ph6 tu): x 1:@
(Tat giai sung d?t).
m f6j ... fPJ 6t . .. (do thtfQ'ng ... ha huong ... ): (rna) con ..
huang gl...: ffll*&-m' 1r5J/f!I' cap nhat
quoc, do tlui(Jllg bat quy' lza lzuolzg chu' tu').
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
619
$ ... /f ? (ninh huu ... phu?) (chu /f dQc Ia phzt, dung
nhu' :a): c6 ... kh6ng? (bitiu thi nghi (Ninlz
lu7u hu' VQngphi't?). So sanh voi cau sau day trong Ly hoijc luQ.n:
fPJ t:l . ? :7tt13.& /f ? (Ph?t tong ha xuat sinh?
Ninh lu7u tien t6 c?p quae ap plzi't?) PhQ.t til dau sinh ra, c6 td
tien va lang nuac gi khong ?(X em bai 17 a sau).
@ {13 (dan): chi (ph6 tu): Ijnh chu
tu mk mien hoa n<;tn).
@ (d5c): du'QC (trQ d<)ng tlr) (xem thi dl,l vua tren) .
@ fPJ t) ? (ha dl co?) la Cl,lffi tu quen dung trong
kinh Ph? t, dti tlf hoi tlf tra lOi, djch la "vi sao the?", tu'ong auong
voi (ha co?) trong Van ng6n thong thu'ong.
@ m 1!1. (huong pht.Jc): huang chi, huang gi (lien tu):
t5t :1J ff jl( t z (Huang ph{tc phuong 11 bi
hoa tr<;tch nhi b<;tt te chi).
iDJ m (ha huong): huang chi, huang gi (lien tu) : 1PJ t5t :13
E! M, A . . . (Ha huolzg truang gia tlf tri ta i phu v6
lu'<;1ng ... ).
@ dung nhu' ph6 tu lam tr<;tng ngu voi nghla "cung,
nhu' nhau, nhau" chi thay dung trong kinh Ph?t:
W--}( $ (Diing du d<;ti xa).
(tai): trQ tu bitiu thi cam than, c6 thti djch la "thay":
' ! tai, tai!).
# 1!1. ;If:: pht.JC nhtf thD la Cl,lffi tu quen dung rat ph6
bien trong cac kinh Ph?t, djch "cling l<;ti nhu' the".
D[CH NGH[A
Ngoi nlza li'ta
Khi ay PhQ.t bdo ngai Xd Lf/i Pha't. "Ta truac dau khong n6i
rling cdc PhQ.t The' Ton dung cdc m6n nhon duyen lai le thi
620
TRAN VAN CHANH
phue1ng ti?n rna n6i phdp La dt;Io Vo thu(!ng chdnh ddng chdnh
gidc u? Cdc ddu n6i d6 vi dt;Iy B6 tat w;zy. Nhung Xd Lr;i
Phfi't! Nay ta se dung mt thi di chl ro lt;Ii nghia d6, nhilng
nguoi c6 tri do thi rna dt;lng hiiu.
"Xd Lr;i Phfi't! Nhu trong quo'c a/J lt;Ic c6 vj Dt;Ii Truong gid
tu6i da gia suy, cua giau v6 lur;ng, c6 nhdu nha rung va cdc toi
to. Nha ong rng !On rna chl c6 m9t ella di ra vao, nguoi o trong
d6 rat dong hot;lc mt tram, hai tram cho din nam tram nguoi, lriu
gdc da vdch phen d6, ct hu nat, trinh xieng xieu nga,
bon phia d6ng mt luc lila b6ng nrfi len do't chdy nha ella.
"Cdc nguoi con cua Truong gid hot;lc muoi nguoi , hot;lc hai
muoi nguoi, hot;lc de'n ba muoi nguoi o trong nha d6.
"Truong gid thay lila tit bon phia nha chdy len, ldn ra't S(! s?t
rna nghi rling: "Ta dau c6 thi o noi ella nha chdy nay, ra ngoai ra't
an 6n, song cdc con o trong nha lila ua vui choi giCJn khong hay
biit, khong S(! Sff, lila den do't than dau khrf rrJ't lifm rna long
chdng nham lo, khong c6 y cdu ra khoi ".
Xd Lr;i Phfi't! Ong Truong gid d6 l9-i nghi:" Than va tay cua ta
CO mt;mh nen dung Vt;lt QO hOQC dung ghi ddng til trong nha rna ra
ngoai". Ong lt;Ii nghi: "Nha ndy chl c6 m9t cdi ella rna lt;Ii hf!p
nho, cdc con tho be chua hilu me ddm choi gian hot;lc vap nga bj
lila clo't chdy, ta nen vi chung n6 rna n6i nhilng vi?c dang S(!. Nha
nay da bj chdy phdi mau ra, cho ell bj lila do't ht;Ii. Nghi nhu
the' r6i thea ch6 da nghi d6 rna bdo cdc con: "Cdc con ra maul".
Cha ddu thue1ng x6t kheo n6i dl d6 rna cdc nguoi con ua vui
chOi chdng khfing tin chju, chdng S(! Sft, trQn khong CO long muon
ra, lt;Ii cung chdng hiiu gi la lila, gi la nha, the' nao La ht;Ii? Chl eli
dong tay Cht;ly giCin nhin cha rna thai.
"Ba:v gio Truong gid ldn nghi:" Nha ndy da bj lila !On do't
chdy, ta cung cdc con nlu khong ldn ra chdc se bj chdy, ta nay
nen bay chuoc phue1ng ti?n khien cho cdc con dt;lng khoi nt;In nav".
roAN THll T\,1 HQC CHa HAN 621
"Cha bitt cdc con win c6 long thich cdc d6 choi bdu lt;I
Lung, nlu c6, chdc chung n6 ua ddm, rna bdo cdc con rling: "Day
ndy la nhilng m6n it c6 kh6 dt;lng rna cdc con c6 thi vui choi, ne'u
cdc con khong ra lay, sau chdc bu6n an nan. Cdc tha xe de, xe
huou, xe trau nhu the' ndy o ngoai ella c6 thi dung dt;Io choi, cdc
con o noi nha lila nen mau ra day, tuy y cdc con muo'n, cha se
cho cdc con".
"Luc bay gio cdc nguoi con nghe cha n6i ct6 choi bdu df!p vila
y minh, nen long m6i nguoi mt;Inh me xo da?y ldn nhau, cung
dua nhau ruo?i cht;Iy, tranh ra khoi nha lila. Khi d6 Truong gi(i
thay cdc con dt;lng an 6?n ra khoi nha lila, o trong duong nga
tu ng6i noi da't tro'ng khong con bj chuang ngt;Ii, tam 6ng tho thai
vui milng han ho.
"Bay gio cdc nguoi con thua voi cha rling: "Cha luc nay
haa cho nhilng d6 choi to't df!p, nao xe de, xe huou, xe trau, xin
ban cho ".
"Xd Lr;i Pha't! Khi d6 Truong gid cho cdc con d6ng m9t
tha xe !On, xe d6 cao rng chung d9n bling cdc m6n bdu, lan can
bao quanh, bo'n phia treo linh, lt;Ii dung man lQng giang che 0
tren, cung dung d6 bdu df!p to't lt;l rna trau d6i d6, day bling bdu
kit thdt cdc ddi hoa ru xuo'ng, n?m chie'u mim mt;Ii trai ch6ng, go'i
do eli tren, dung trau trdng keo, sdc da m{jp st;Ich, than hinh to't
df!p c6 sac ra't mt;Inh, buoc di ngay bling mau lf! nhu gi6, lt;Ii c6
dong toi to eli hriu ht;I d6.
"Vi co sao? Vi ong Truong gid d6 cua giau vo lur;ng, cdc tha
kho tang thdy ddy ng{jp, ong nghi rling: "Cua cdi cua ta
vo qtc, khong nen dung xe nho xa'u kern rna cho cdc con,
nay nhilng tre tho nay la con cua ta, d6ng yeu khong thien
l?ch, ta c6 xe bling bay bdu nhu the' so' vo lur;ng, nen
long binh ddng rna cho chung n6, chdng nen sai khdc. Vi sao?
Ddu dem xe cua ta d6 khdp cho cd nguoi m9t nuoc hay con khong
622
TRAN VAN CHANH
thie'u hui/ng gi cdc con". Luc ay cdc ngu(Ji con ng6i xe lan
. dt;'ing chua titng c6, kh6ng phdi ch6 trudc kia minh tr6ng.
"Xd Lqi Pha't! y cua 6ng nghi sao? Ong Truong gid d6 d6ng
dem xe trau bdu /On cho cdc ngu(Ji con, c6 L6i hu w;mg chang? Xd
Lqi Pha't thua: "Thua The' Ton! Kh6ng, 6ng Truong gid d6 chl
lam cho cdc ngu(Ji con dt;'ing khoi m;m lila, toan than mg.ng chung
n6, chdng phdi La hu w;mg. Vl sao? Ne'u duqc toim than mg.ng him
dii duqc d6 choi to't df!p, huang nila La dung phuong tifn cuu vat
ra khoi nha lila. The' Ton! Ddu 6ng Truong gid d6 nhan den
chdng cho ml)t th(t xe ra't nho con chilng phdi hu v9ng. Vl sao? Vl
6ng Truong gid d6 tru(Jc c6 nghl nhu vdy: Ta dung chuac phuong
tifn cho cdc con dt;'ing ra khoi, vi nhan duyen d6 nen kh6ng hu
V9ng vgy. Huang gi 6ng Truong gid ll! bie't minh cua giau v6
luqng muon lqi ich cdc con rna d6ng cho xe /On!".
Ph(lt bdo ngai Xd Lqi Pha't. "Hay thay! Hay thay! Nhu loi 6ng
n6i. Xd Lqi Pha't! Nhu Lai ciing lg.i nhu the'" ...
TH!CH TRf T[NH djch
m
11
JL {" 15 1 r*J
! - w tit + fl J1 , fPJ {" 15 1 Jir pg o *tE tm
tzo* #11?t iiD o [9 iiD ,
o
ire : , rm
! '
)t} 0
ire ' itz: r:r 7t iPJ rtr ?
! J:/=1 ' ' )j;:ifl*ffi\ ' '
roAN THV nJ HQC CHU HAN
623

0
it ! ifr [EJ iilJ :ff ?
! ' 0
( 0 0 0 )
it : ifrfiff Jir , F }tl 00 1111* Ill ,
1il:tlit J:/=1 ' /f * :f3 o
it ii= : i:!t ! 1 lit/f * ff , :ff o
ire ' ifr # fto o ifr z ,e,, m:- w 8J3 T o :;g: ifr iW rtr 8J3
T ,e,, Jf:t:E Jir pg o T r*J Jir ' :ff * 7t Ji J:/=1
, , gl?f, ,
t , IDit-@! 8)3 T ft D iilJ /f ? , /f pg :z:: iilJ )t} ? i!l5z: I!!
, ifr Jl T ,e,, , pg ' o
PHIENAM
Pha cha"p Him than n()i
The Ton! Nhat thiet the gian chung di sinh, d6ng tuong
thuc tam cu than n<)i. Tung quan Nhu Lai Thanh Lien Hoa
nhan Nga kim quan thli' phu ciin tu trftn chi
nga nhu thi thuc tam thtfc cu than n<)i.
cao A Nan: Nhu kim tQa Nhu Lai giang duong, quan
Ky Da Him kim ha sa
- The Ton! Thli' trung cac thanh tjnh giang duong Ca' p
Co vien, kim Ky Da lam thtfc tc,ti duong ngoc,ti.
-A Nan! Nhu kim duong trung tien ha sd kien?
-The Ton! Nga tc,ti duong trung, tien kien Nhu Lai, thu quan
dc,ti chung, nhu thj ngoc,ti vQng, phuong chuc lam vien.
-A Nan! Nhu chuc lam vien nhan ha huu kien?
- The Ton! Thli' dc,ti giang duong h<) du khai khmit, c6 nga tc,ti
duong dac vien chiem kien.
( ... )
624
TRAN VAN CHANH
cao A Nan: Nhu nhu sa ng6n than giang duong, hQ dCi
khai khoa t vi en chuc lam vie.n, huu chung sinh thll'
duong trung, ba't kie'n Nhu Lai kie'n duong gia.
A Nan dap ng6n: The' Ton! duong ba't kie'n Nhu Lai nang
kie'n lam tuyn, v6 huu th1 xu.
- A Nan! Nhu nhu thj. Nhu chi tam linh nha't thie't minh
Nhu<;5c nhu tin sa minh lieu tam thlfc than noi . Nhi
thai tien h<;5p lieu tri noi than, pha huu chung sinh tien kie'n than
trung Mu quan Tung ba't nang kie'n tam, can, tl, vi,
triio sinh phat truang can chuyn dao, thfmh h<;5p minh lieu
nhu ha ba't tri? Ta't ba't noi tri van ha tri Th1 co ling tri,
nhu ng6n giac lieu nang tri chi tam, tn,I than noi, v6 huu thj
xu.
(Liing nghiem kinh, quyin I)
Ttic gia-ttic plzilm
Kinh Lang nghilm con c6 ten day du Ia EJqi Pht dinh Nhu Lai Mt
Nhan tu chOng lieu nghia chu 80 tat vqn hqnh ThU lang nghilm kinh.
gQi tOt Ia DQi Pht dinh Thu lang nghiem kinh hoC;ic ThU lang nghiem
kinh do Bat Thich M(lt De thai Duong Trung tong (cung voi hoi nglloi
nOa) djch tv chO PhQn sang cho Han. gam 10 quyen. Ni dung chinh
cua kinh cho rang: MQi v<';it trong the gian deu Ia nguyen tam (cai tam
dau) sang su6t vi di$u cua Bode. tam tinh tron khap boo bQc co mlloi
phlleing; vl chung sinh khong thou ro cai 'ban tinh thanh tjnh vi di$u'
cua tl) tam nen lllu chuyen mdi trong v6ng sinh tl!. can phai thien djnh
de ph6 vo nhOng loQi tri kien "dien dao". thong qua cac thO b<';ic tu
hOnh tv thap den coo moi dQt den cung trQng th6i di$u giac. thOnh
dQo vo thlJQng. DoQn tren day trich trong phon dau cua Kinh Lang
nghiem. trong d6 Ph(lt dung 16i n6i thi dt.,J de pha chap cho A Nan thay
tam khong phai Ci trong than.
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
625
TU NGU
.Tti.ng quan ,WEft: nhln .Niut Lai *: nghia den la
"Nguoi da de'n nhu the'", danh chi giac ngQ cao nha't,
day dung a gQi Thanh lien hoa nhiin 1'1J :iJ; * _N: mat
sen xanh, chi mat PMt (mot hlnh thuc my xung) .Phii canf tH:
xac thjt, than xac .Tzi.' tra'n !Z.9 sac, huang, v1 xuc .A Nan
em hQ rna cling Ia mot trong 10 ttl' cua .Gilmg
dttilng nha giang (noi thuye't phap) .Ky Da ldm t.Ef: W2 t*:
rung Ky Da .Cap Co vien *&iiJl\ vuon Ca'p C6 Doc .CJui.c 1!1:
nhln, ngam .Chihn !JI: nhln ra xa, xem .vo lucu tlzj xzl
kh6ng c6 cho dung, kh6ng dung (ctfm W dl,lng
cua kinh
NGU PHAP
CD fiiJ p!f :( (ha sd a dau, a noi nao (CI,lffi tu quen dung).
[ZQ (nhan): nho vao (gidi tu): lEI fiiJ Je, (Nizdn ha huu
kie'n).
@ 1[\ hii'u): cling c6 ... sao? (biu th1 phan va'n):
3)\ * j:_ 1:E !lt ::t r::j:t /f Je, * Je, j} :f3 ?(Di?c lucu chung
sinh thll' duong trung, ba't kie'n Nhu Lai kie'n duong
? ?)
g1a ..
(pha hii'u): kha c6, c6 th nao c6 .. . kh6ng? (biu th1
phan va'n, each ca'u tliong ttj nhli huu] a
tren): * j:_ 7t Je, r::j:t 1& ft j} ? (Phil lucu chung sinh
tien kien than trung quan ngo<:ti:'
@ cho du (lien tu biu th1 slf nhu<;5ng
b
UM X .t...t:; s (T , b _, - k' _, )
Q : iWt -' I' lk. x ... ung at nang 1en ....
fiiJ (nhu' ha): sao , sao l<,ti (ctfm tu quen dung a hoi):
?(Niutlza ba't tri?).
(J) ' ( ta't): neu, neu nhli (lien tu biu thj gia thiet): /f pg
626
TRAN VAN CHANH
-:z:;: 1PJ )'}? (Tat bat n<)i tri van ha tri ngo<:t i ?).
@ -:z:;: fPJ (van ha): lam sao (Cl,lm tit quen dung a hoi, rat ph6
bien trong kinh PMt va ngu h,rc cua cac thin su (xem thi d1,1 vua
dan tren).
D!CH NGHlA
Phd chap tam lJ trong than
Bc;tch the' Ton! Ta't cd muoi log.i chung sanh tren the' gian diu
cho tam thric (J trong than. Nay con nht;ln dur;c mdt con (J tren m(it
con va tam thric (J trong than, nhu mdt Thanh Lien Hoa cua Nhu
Lai cilng (J tren m(it Nhu Lai vt;ly. Nay con xem t1? tra'n (siic,
/uidng, vj, XllC) dta than XGC nay clzl d tretz mijt COil, Vl the' biet
tam thljt lJ trong than
1

Pht;lt bdo A Nan:
- Nay nguoi ngbi trong gidng duong cua Nhu Lai, nhin thay
rung Ky Da (J ch6 nao?
- Br;Ich The' Ton! Giang duong r9ng riii thanh tjnh nay trong
VLfOn Ca/J Co D9c, con rung K_v Da thi (J ngoai gidng duong.
-A Nan! Bay gio nguoi (J trong gidng duong tru6c tien thay gl?
- Bc;tch The' Ton! Con (J trong gidng duong tru6c thay Nhu Lai,
sau tha:v dc;ti chung, r6i nhin ra ngoai m6i tha'y rung cay.
-A Nan! Nguui tha'y rung cay, do nhan nao dur;c tha:v?
- Bc;tch The' Ton! Vt ctla so? gidng duong mo trong nen con (J
trong tha'y suo't ben ngoai.
Pht;lt bdo A Nan:
- Nhu nguoi vua n6i, than (J trong gidng duong, nho ctla mo
trong nen tha:v rung cay; ma c6 chung sanh nao (J trong gidng
duong chdng tha'y Nhu Lai, lc;ti thay rung cay ben ngoai chang?
DoQn in d(lm nay do chung t6i dich them vao. kh6ng c6 trong ban dich cua
Thfch Duy Ll,lc.
roAN THU Tlj HOC CHO' HAN 627
-Bc;tch The' Ton! 0 trong gidng duong chdng thi{y Nhu Lai, lc;ti
tha'y rung diy ben ngoai thi chdng dung.
-A Nan! Nguoi cilng nhu vt;ly, linh tam cua nguoi ta't cd sang to,
ne'u tam sang to cua nguoi tht;lt (J trong than thi truck
tien phdi ro trong than. Vt;ly c6 chung sanh nao tru(Jc thay
trong than r6i sau mai vt;lt ben ngoai chang? D3.u chdng thay
duf!c tam, can, ty, vj thi cdc ch6: m6ng ra, t6c dai, gan chuyin
ciing phdi thay chri, sao lc;ti chdng thay? Ne'u trong than con
chdng tha'y thi lam sao thay vt;lt ben ngoai? Cho nen nguoi n6i
"cdi tam gidc tri tri:t (J trong than" La chdng dung.
THiCH DVY U/C djch
m
12
1!i)E
?f,z: .tt li ! ;5 tji {,' ' {;' 1 )E
0
1 )E t51: ' t!t

o o
'** 7'1" +J-r ' 'i'C ' A It- o s ..<7 .e:;:. 'i'C o
i0 J' f1.X.. t=J Tf .N-- 1J "I' 1ffl A ;:E ---t=l m .AL
PHIENAM
djnh
Nhu tl khuu (kheo)! Nhu<;jc nhiep tam gia, tam tac t<:ti
Dinh. Tam t<:ti Dinh co, nang tri the gian sinh phap tuong.
Thi co nhG' thuong cluong tinh tan (tien) tu t?p chu Dinh.
Nhu<;jc clac Dinh gia, tam tac bat tan. Thi nhu tich thuy chi gia,
trl de cluong. Hanh gia nhi, vi tri thuy co,
tu thin clinh, linh bat I? u that. Thi danh vi Dinh.
(Di giao kinh)
628 TRAN VAN CHANH
Tac gia-tlic pham
Kinh Di gi6o con c6 ten day du Ia 'Ph(lt thuy bat nat ban IUc;Jc
thuyet giao gidi kinh' do cuu Ma La Th(lp dai H(lu Tan djch. 1 quyen,
ghi nhung lai dQY cua Ph(lt Thfch Co khi sap nh(lp di$t cho cac d$ tu
ve vi$c gil] gidi. tG de va tu hanh.
TU NCO
.Tiziin djn/z phu'ong phap tu d<;tt kinh
tinh giac, giai thoat, giac ngQ, con gQi la "quan tu'dng" eNiu?
ddng dr. '!fj.: cac ngu'oi .n klutu (kheo) tt ..E[: ngu'oi dan 6ng xuat
gia, khat sT (quen dQc la ti kheo) eNizitp tam thu lay cai
tam l;:ti .Djnh )E: thai trung tinh thfrn len me)t doi ttt<;ng
duy nhat bang Slf lang lQC tu tu cua tam eP/zap ttlang $ ;f:
tu'ong cua cac phap, chi chung tu'ong tr;:tng, tfnh chat, danh tu,
khai cung cac ham nghTa cua chung cua Slf .Tinh talz
(tielz) filf 3i: nang life y chi lam tranh bat
(yeu to thu sau trong Bat chfnh d;:to) eThi nlut ti nhu' eDe
dttilng bode eHimlz gia fj :f3: nguoi thlfc tu
.Uju that ffi d mat.
NG0PHAP
Q) it{ (co): da giang giai C1 bai 10. Nhac l;:ti: day la each dung
chi c6 trong cac ban djch kinh va sach ;f]j(:(co)
c6 nghTa la "v1" dung nhu' chu[E] (nhan, lien tu), nhung l;:ti d?t ra
phfa sau, nhu djnh co) (djch la "v1 tam C1 cho
djnh"), tu'ong du'ong voi [E]{,'fr JE(nhan tam djnh) (djch la"vl
tam C1 cho djnh") trong Han ngu thong thu'ong. D6i khi cling dung
;f]j(: (vj ... co) voi cung me)t y nghTa nhu'cau du'oi:
trf thuy co); dung .1--). .. . Jtt(dLco): v6
sd dac co) nhu' trong Bat nhii Ba fa mQ.t da Tam Kinh (xem bai 14
C1 sau).
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
629
m (nhi): nhu' the tU chi thj, each dung ph6
bien trong kinh
D[CH NGHlA
Thiin djnh
Ti kheo cdc nguoi! Ne'u minh thau nhie'p cdi tam, thi tam Cl noi
Djnh. Nhif tam Cl noi Djnh, nen minh bitt duc;c cdi tucJng phdp
sanh va dift Cl the' gian. Vt;ly nen cdc nguoi thuifng phdi tinh tan tu
tt;lp cdc man Djnh. Ne'u minh ddc Djnh, thi tam chdng tan for.;m. Tl
nhu nha kia tile nucJc, kheo sila d9n bif (te. Trang hanh gid ding
the: Vl tile nucJc Tri huf, nen kheo tu Thiin djnh, chdng di cho
nucJc Tri huf rl ma't. Vt;ly keu fa Djnh.
DOAN TRUNG CON djch
w
13

W:*

. . , o o o
: '

%f1J9f; ! {B
y ' t5<: fpj 3$2 0
PHIENAM
Ctfc the' gioi
Nhu' thj nga van, nhat thoi Xa quoc, Ky Th1,1 (ThQ)
Cap C6 DC)c vien, du d;:ti t1 khuu (kheo) tang, thien nh! bach ngu
630
TRAN VAN CHANH
tMp nhan cau. Giai thi d:;ti A la han, chung sa tri thuc: Tntang
Hio Xa L<;1i (LY.) Phat, Ma ha Ml;lc Lien, Ma ha Ca Diep (
... ).
Nhi thai, Ph?t cao Tntang lao Xa L<;1i Phat: Tong thj tay
phu'ong qua th?p V:;tn uc Ph?t d(), huu the gioi (giai) danh viet
Ctfc L:;tc. Ky d() huu Ph?t, A Di Da, kim t:;ti thuyet
phap.
Xa L<;1i Phat! Bi d() ha c6 danh vi ctfc l:;tc? Ky qu6c chung
sinh, vo huu chung kh6, dan thl;l chu' l:;tc, c6 danh Ctfc L:;tc.
(A Di Da kinh)
Tac giii-tac plza'm
Kinh A DiDo con c6 ten 'Tieu V6 LV<;Jng Tho kinh' hay "Tieu kinh'. cac
chua thVCing gQi Ia Di Do til3u bon (de phon bi$t vCii Di Do dQi bon Ia
V6 LUc;Jng ThQ kinh) do cvu Ma La Thp d!ch tC/ Phqn sang Han vao
nom 402. gom 1 quyen. Kinh to canh the giCii t!nh d(> cl)c lqc cua Pht
A Di Do a phvcmg toy. n<Ji kh6ng c6 moi sl) kho. chi thv huang nhung
dieu vui sLICing.
TU NGO
eNhli tlzi ngii viin f1X; M: toi nghe nhu' vfty (kinh la
do A Nan, ttl' cua l:;ti sau khi PMt nMp nen
thttang c6 cau nay; xem Ngil phdp a dttoi) eKy Clip Co Di)c
vien vttan Ky ThQ Cap Co D()c (dnh tjnh xa c6
vu'an cay a thanh Xa do m()t vj truang gia thai d6
la Cap Co D()c mua cung cho va chtt tang d lam noi hoang
phap) eXa Vf quoc kinh thanh Xa (cua nu'oc Cau
Tat La, noi trj vi cua vua Ba Tu' eDgi ti khztu tiing
* .tt _fr cac vj tl khu'u d:;to cao due trQng, IOn tu6i eDgi A Ia
han at/i: cac ttl' cua la d:;ti tl khttu va chung
qua A la han; cung dung d ton xttng vj A la han vj su' c6
TOAN THV Tl) HQC CHU HAN
631
cong due rat IOn trong tang chung eC/ulng sl! tri tlulc 1fit pff
nhung ngu'ai rna mQi ngttai biet eTntl!ng liio ft: tu d ton
xu'ng vj t1 khu'u c6 due, xuat gia tu hQC da lau eMa ha Kiin
Libz = iiJ m.t:i@: D:;ti Ml;IC Lien, m()t trong 10 d:;ti ttl'
cua ("rna ha" c6 nghia la "d?i", "IOn") eMa ha Ca die'p
= iiJ D<:ti Ca Diep (m()t trong 10 d:;ti ttl' cua Ph?t) eP/u]-t
di) f9f, : da't Ph?t, coi Ph?t (chu [th6], kinh Ph?t chu Han
thttang phien am la dq) lgc fi rat vui su'ong (nu'oc Ctfc
L:;tc con gQi la An l:;tc qu6c, An du'ong qu6c, Thanh thai qu6c,
noi sung sttong yen 6n, khong c6 kh6 nao, trai voi coi ta ba) .A
Di Da g6c chu Ph:;tn la Amitabha, djch ra chu Han la
"V o Ltt<;1ng ThQ", nghia I a s6ng la u vo ltt<;1ng kiep (khi t
Thich Ca dang thuyet phap giao h6a chung sinh a coi ta ba th1
t A Di Da dang a nude Ctfc L:;tc tiep dan chung sinh coi
Tjnh d()).
NGU PHAP
<D :;lik li{j (nhu' thi nga van): toi nghe nhu' vfty. Day la
Cl;lffi tu dl;lng nhu'ng rat ph6 bien chi c6 trong kinh dung
a do<:tn rna dftu kinh trong d6 (nhu' thi) }a b6 ngu du'QC dao
ra tru'oc. d trong kinh cung c6 tru'ang h<;1p khong dao,
chi bo ca chu ngu tx (nga), c6 th d6i chieu do:;tn dftu m()t
s6 kinh dttoi day tha'y:
Truong A ham kinh: tx M ' - 19t 1% 1If;j m
0 0 0
(Niut
thi nga van, nhat thai t:;ti Xa qu6c ... ).
Trung A ham kinh: f1X; M ... (Nga van nlut thf ... ).
Tang nh(l't A ham kinh: M ... (Van n/ut tlzf ... ).
w ... (dii' ... diu): cung voi; cu thuc chi c6 trong
kinh cGng dung trong do:;tn rna dftu kinh d gioi
luc d6 dang cung voi ai (Han ngu thong thu'ang chi
632
TRAN VAN CHANH
dung chiT W, kh6ng c6 chiT {j! d sau): W :k ' -f- = 8 li
+ )\ {j! (Dl? tl khttu tang, thien nhj bach ngG nhan diu).

D!CHNGHlA
-r 111 f.tl -;t 4 14 - *- + a .If. f. f..


:


' r- "*l j' .f:i 'r .tt *hUt :J. Jt- t


Jot r, <- li-*"' .fa. .fJ (. ..t. f '* 1111 :;.1 tt. Jt

Jf. f -T lit. ;.t ;{ .4 ip # 1i .f1. t r1
A

Xd Lr;i Ph(J.'t va Mf!.c Lien
ddn til quy y Phijt Da
The' gidi. C{tc L{zc
Toi nghe nhu vdy, c6 milt hie, Phijt ngl! trong vuCin Ky Th9
CajJ Co Dilc thuilc do thanh Xd voi dc;zi ti kheo tang, ta't cd
(
roAN THL1 Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
633
Ia milt ngan hai tram nam muoi vf. Thdy La bl!c Dc;zi A Ia han
ma ai ciing bie't, nhu la: TruiJng liia Xd Ly, Pha't, Ma ha Mf!.c
Lien, Ma ha Ca Die/J ( ... ).
Luc fiy, Ph(jt phdn v6'i Truirng liio Xd Ly Phfit rli.ng: Bdt til day mil di
phuC!ng tay, qua muCii v{ln uc coi Phijt, c6 milt the' gidi keu la Cl!c
Lc;zc. a coi a:v. c6 due Ph(jt, hi?u A Di Da, ngai duC!ng thuye't phdp iJ d6.
Ndy Xd Ly, Pha't oi! T{li sao coi a:v g9i la Cl!c Lc;zc? a t{li nu6'c
a.:v. ta't cd chung sanh khong c6 kh6, toan huiJng cdc vui
su6'ng, nen keu Ia Cl!c Lc;zc.
DOAN TRUNG CON djch
m
14
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o fiJ-f-,

4Hf ,rrL. ;f /. - , 4Hf RB "B" ..::+- a. , 4Hf ++. o ;' 4Hf RB
D ,L!J, ,, ,, S Yf'.fS!I!I{r;;.,

-TI:- 4Hf .:#. ];']; 4Hf -++- -1$:. :,rTf. 4Hf 9<' 0 -TI:- 4Hf /. B I ' I 4Hf /. B +i-r
' 1J"' '' " -i:::J 7 L it:iL a J.!::! ' a 'lJ' ... " 1V" o Y..A II " PJ 1 n.x..



.h E3 + 7d! pp E3 + BlR pp E3 ,m,- 1- pp E3 ,m,- pp .L.t:.
'-37 ' 7E /\. T't' Ju ' 7E /\. :t:J FL ' 7E twi _L FL ' 7E 1W; :q= "T .fl.J ' 131::.
w 3 . w :;r- o 35( m9: m m J!E &D a

634 TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM
Bat nha Ba Ia t da Tam kinh
Quan Tl! B6 tat hanh tham bat nha ba la da thai,
ngu ufln giai kh6ng, dQ kh6 ach. Xa Lqi ttl,
s5c di kh6ng, kh6ng di de, s5c tCrc thi kh6ng, kh6ng tCrc
thi s5c, tu&ng, hanh, thCrc phl;lc nhu thi. X a Lqi ttl, thi
chu phap kh6ng tu&ng, sinh, du, tinh,
tang, giam. Thi c6 kh6ng trung v6 s5c, v6 tu&ng, hanh,
thCrc, v6 nhan nh'i ty (ti) than y, v6 s5c thanh huang vi xuc
phap; v6 nhan gi&i, nai chi v6 y thCrc gi&i. V6 v6 minh, v6
v6 minh nai chi v6 lao ttl, v6 lao ttl V6 kh6
v6 tri v6 d5c. DI v6 sa d5c c6, B6 tat doa y Bat
nha Ba la da c6, tam v6 quai v6 quai c6, v6 hfru
khung b6, ly dien dao m()ng tu&ng, eCru canh ban.
Tam chu- y Bat nha Ba la da c6, d5c A da la
Tam Tam b6 C6 tri Bat nha Ba la da, thi thfrn
chu, thi minh chu, thi v6 thuqng chu, thi v6 chu,
nang trtr kh6, chan thl!C hu. C6 Bat nha Ba
la da chu, tCrc chu : ba la
ba la tang b6 tat ba ha.
(Bat nhii Ba Ia mijt da Tam kinh)
Tdc gid-tac plza'm
Kinh do Huyen Trang dci 8LJC1ng d!ch vao nom 649 tQi chua TCJ
An. Ten kinh day du Ia Mo ha B6t nha Ba Ia mt do Tam kinh. Ma ha
ldn. dQi; Bat nhd : trf tu$; Ba Ia mt do : d6o bi ngQn (= qua den
be ben kia. cuu c6nh); Tam kinh : kinh n6i ve tdm.
roAN THV TV HQC CHV HAN
635
Trang
TUNGO
.Qulin TtJi iJl El :(: tuc Quan The Am B6 tat (quen doc la
Quan The Am B6 tat) .Ngii uin Jij{:,i: nam ufln, bao g6m sfic,
tu6ng, thfrc chi than va din tuc sau giac quan;
la dm giac; tuC5ng la nhung dm giac, khai xua't phat
tu tam khi sau giac quan tiep xuc voi ngo(;li dnh; hanh la mQt y
dinh, m9t chu tam c6 thti toi stf t(;lo tac; thuc la stf biet)
.Khong con goi la tinh kh6ng, trong kinh Bat nha, "kh6ng"
du'QC xem la cai Chung nha't CUa ta't ca mQi tu'Qng mau
nhau, va "kh6ng" kh6ng khac nhau (theo Tit ctiin
Ph{).t h9c cua Chan Nguyen va Nguyen Tliong Bach) eBJ ad tat
doa:g: }Jt it : B6 tat (Bodhisattva), chi ngu&i da tl! giac duqc
ban tinh, ph6 dQ chung sinh .Die A da fa Tam mi?u Tam bb
636
TRAN VAN CHANH
d'e W :g, a.:=. m - if d<;lt dtrQ'C VO thtrqng chanh
chanh giac Yit di ... tat ba ha
ilii iiJ : diu chu, y n6i: khi dung tri Bat nha cho
CUu canh r6i, thi tam thi nhtr nhtr (Theo Thich Thanh Ttr, Bat nhii
gi:ing 1991 ).
MC)t tac gia Tay phuung, 6ng J. Bacot, da phien am va djch
cau chu nay nhtr sau: Gate, gate, par-agate, parasamgat'e, badhi
sviiha.
Taus aJTivent, aJTivent,
A1rivent sur ]'autre Jive.
Taus ensemble ani vent sur ]'autre Jive,
Glaire a 1'/lluminatian.
(Tftt cii di qua, di qua; qua ba ben kia; moi nguai
qua ba ben kia; d<;1t ba giac ng()).
Trong t<;1p chi Tir Quang ( 10.1951 ), Thuqng toa Lien c6
ghi m()t ban djch chfr Han nhu sau:
D(J khU; d(J khU;
Ctiu kinh d(J khU:
Ctiu kinh chung d(J khU;
Giac ng(J t6c vien thanh.
Nghiii fa:
Di qua, di qua,
Qua din b& ben kia.
M9i ngurJi d6ng qua din b& ben kia,
sv giic ng(J chong tron thanh.
(Theo Chanh Tri, Bat nhii Ba fa m$t da tiim kinh gidi, Sai
Gon, 1962).
roAN THli Tl,t HQC CHU HAN
637
D[CHNGHiA
Tlim kinh Bat nhii Ba la mqt da
B6 tit Quin Tv Tpi khi hilnh siiu phep Bit nhii Ba fa miit da,
sai thiy niim uin dtu kh6ng, dem d(J tit ca kh6.ach. (Ph$t b:ia): Nay
Xi LQi tif: Sifc ching kh:lc kh6ng, kh6ng ching khic sifc. Sifc t&c fa
kh6ng, kh6ng tt1c fa sifc. Th9, tur3ng, hanh, tht1c cilng i{li nhu thi. Nay
Xa LQi tif, d6 JiJ tur5ng kh6ng ctla cac phap, ching sanh, ching
ching nho; ching S{/Ch, ching them, ching b6t. Thi nen, trang cai
kh6ng kh6ng c6 sifc, kh6ng c6 th9, tur3ng, hilnh, tht1c; kh6ng c6 milt,
tai, mili, Ju6i, thiin, f; kh6ng c6 sifc, thanh, hUV77g, vj, xuc, phap;
kh6ng c6 nhfin gi6i, cha din kh6ng c6 f tht1c gi6i. Kh6ng c6 v6
minh, cling kh6ng c6 hit v6 minh, cha din kh6ng c6 Jiia tif, cling
kh6ng c6 hit Jiia ttl: Kh6ng c6 kho: t$p, d.aa, kh6ng c6 tri. cling
kh6ng c6 difc. Vi kh6ng c6 scf difc, nen B6 tat (B6 dJ tat doa) Jam
thea phep Bit nhii Ba fa m$t da nay thi tiim kh6ng con quai ng{li; vi
kh6ng con quai ng{li, nen kh6ng COn Jdnh S(!, xa Jia tit c:J dien d:Ja
m(Jng tur3ng, dr;rt tai ctiu canh Niit ban. Cha nen biit phep Bat nhii
Ba fa m$t da nay fa d.ai thdn chu, fa d.ai minh chu, fa v6 thUQ11g chu,
fa v6 ding ding chu, c6 thl trir hit m9i dau kho: chfin thvc kh6ng htr
gi!J. Cha nen n6i (thdn) chu Bat nhii Ba fa m$t da, fa n6i chu r3ng:
Yit di, yit di, ba fa yit di, ba fa tang yit di, b6 dJ tat ba ha.
TVC. djch
m
15

tB *:m
o o
638
TRAN VAN CHANH


o o


0
PHIENAM
GiOi mon
che, xuat gia gia ngil h:;t di tinh chuyen gioi
ngil h:;t di phu'ong niii thinh giao tham Th! co sa di the
l:;tc, tien thQ (th1,1) gioi, thu dac dang dan thQ Kim danh
vi sa di, nhi b6n (ban) sd thQ gioi, ngu gia mang h6 bat tri, cu6ng
gia hot nhi bat hQc, nghi thoan vong y cao vien,
kha khai hi. Nhan thu gioi lu'QC giai s6 ngil', sti m6ng hQC tri
sd huang phttong. Hao tam xuat gia gia, thiet y tuan hanh,
vi ph:;tm. Nhien viti kheo (tl khttu) gioi chi giai the,
vien vi b6 tat gioi chi can ban, nhan gioi sanh (sinh) d!nh, nhan
d!nh pha t ), thu co thanh tlfu thanh d:;to, bat ph xu at gia
chi chi hi. Nhtt<;1c nh:;to quang li'im, tlf dttong t:;tng toan
thu'.
(Sa di ltt4t nghi ye'ultt(fc)
Tac gia-tac philm
sa di lut nghi yEfu IUC;fc do Chdu Hoang. d$ tu thL,J Bo tat giCJi Cl
chua Vdn The bien soc;m. Ten sach c6 nghTa Ia "Ban yeu lll<;jc ve giCJi
luqt va cung each cua Sa di'. Doqn tren day Ia loi n6i dau sach trich Cl
' ThllQng thien. GiCJi luqt m6n' (thien tren. m6n giCJi luqt).
roAN THlJ n/ HQC CHU HAN
639
TU NGO
.cht iM: quy d!nh .Giui ltt4t cam (gioi rna
tang, ni cilng nhu' ngu'oi tu t<;ti gia phai tuan thu) eHCJ. chi so
nam sau khi ngttoi tu hanh da th1,1 gioi xuat gia eTinh chuyen
ff[ $: chuyen tam dtt<;1c tinh tu'ong .sa di i::J.>jm: tang ho?c ni
moi gia tang gia th1,1 mttoi gioi; nil' sa di dtt<;1c gQi Ia sa di ni
eThinh gido thanz thiin ft nghe hQC giao ly va ng6i
eThe' ICJ.c m: cat t6c, xuong t6c (qo dftu) eThi)p gi{li
mu'oi gioi (g6m: kh6ng sat sanh, kh6ng tr()m cap, kh6ng ta
dam, kh6ng n6i doi, kh6ng uong ru'QU, kh6ng an qua bil'a, kh6ng
nghe ca hat va dtf cac tro vui choi, kh6ng trang xuc dftu
thorn, kh6ng ngu giu'ong cao em, kh6ng dinh Iiu
b:;tc ha the gian) .Mang hiJ bat tri rna mit
khong biet ("h6" la tr<J tu) .cudng gia ke cu6ng, ngttoi
dien eNghi .: nghi, d!nh, dtf d!nh eThoan dilng M vu'Qt btfc,
Vu'Qt cap eVi)ng y y kh6ng eMong hQC ngu'oi
moi hQC VO long eSlf /utdng phztdng pJT j]: hu'ong phai hu'ong
tai .Thiet y W y quyet d!nh, quyet y .Tuiin himh 311:Y: tuan
theo va thi hanh, tuan hanh .Giai the W: (thang) .BiJ tat
gitii gioi cua m()t B6 tat trong D<;ti thua (c6 den 58
cam ky) eLtt4t t[J.ng phftn thu ba trong Tam t<;tng, quy
d!nh song cua cac tang, ni.
NGOPHAP
(J)j] JJ (phtio'ng nai): moi, r6i moi (ph6 tu): :1J
(Piutdng niii thinh giao tham
m d'n cho, nhat thiet dung, dung, cho
(cl;Jm tU quen dung): 'j'Jj; 2Jj (Thi)n vi)t vi ph<;tm).
f,ft (thu co'): ng5 hftu, may ra, hi VQng (ph6 tu): !?;t
(Thzl cd thanh ttfu thanh d<;to).
640
TRAN VAN CHANH
D!CHNGHlA
Mon gim luijt
Phijt quy djnh, nguoi xuf{t gia niim vi tru(Jc phdi chuyen h9c
va tinh tuong vi giai lu(jt, niim vi sau mai nghe gido ly, tham
thiin djnh. The' nen cdc vj sa di xu6ng t6c r6i, truac hit phdi liinh
th9 muoi giai [u(jt, ki do mai buac len giai dan liinh th9 C{-l tuc giai.
Ngay nay, g9i La sa di rna do'i vai giai luijt cua minh liinh th9, nguoi
ngu thi mo mit kh6ng bie't, ke cu6ng thi xao liing kh6ng h9c, liin
nghl vur;t bf!c, mo mong cao xa, thijt dang bui ngui. Vt vijy rna t6i
dem muoi giai fu(jt lu(/C giai vai [oi, dt nguoi SO h9c bie't phuong
troi rna h9 phdi huang tai. Nhilng nguoi xua't gia vai tam chi tift,
hay thie't y tuan hanh, th(jn tr9ng dang eli vi Nhu vijy mai
gdn thi lam thim lam thang cho tl kheo giai, xa thi lam d lam g6c
cho b6 tat giai. R6i nhan giai sanh djnh, nhan djnh phdt ngo
hdu thanh lf!U thdnh kh6ng ph{-l chi huang xuat gia. Niu thich
xem cho ri)ng thi tf! nen xem xet toan thu trong Lu(jt
THiCH TRf QUANG djch
m
16




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roAN THlJ Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
641
.} ' M
0
B !El ' BJJ
0
1i t:if LI:Ut;;
Jm l.!t n : A ffi 7t i+X1f: o
: o AtJifXm
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PHIENAM
gioi
Phu tinh gioi gia, ngu ba la m9c thoa thi da . Tam the'
chu' sd dl thfmh d:;to gia, v6 du u' thtl' da. C6 van huu pha gia
dac danh tl khu'u; v6 pha gia dac danh vi ngo:;ti d:;to. Thtl' nai chi
huu thl;l du v6 thl;l chi vi da. Thlf nhi phtfc pha thu'Qng danh tl
khu'u, hu6ng toan thlf nhat thie't tinh gioi nhi hlfu kien trl gia tai!
C6 t:;ti b6 tat dl thtl' d9 sinh, vi lai hanh nhan do chi giai
tho at.
Kinh van: Gioi nhu' blnh dia, v:;tn tong sinh. Gioi nhu'
luang y, nang chung Gioi nhu' minh chau, nang pha
h6n am. Gioi nhu' nang d9 kh6 h::li. Gioi nhu' anh
l:;tc, trang nghiem phap than. Huu tQi gia du'ong sam h6i. Nhu'QC
bat sam h6i gia, ky tQi ich tham. Nhat that nhan than, v:;tn kie'p
bat phtfc. Kim tuy an, minh trieu nan bao. Nghi trl thtl' phap,
t6c d9 sinh ttl'; phl;lng vi su', tien y gioi Iu?t.
c6 due huu ng6n: Qua ha tu dl;lng dao ng:;tn bat tu
Thtl' cai c6 nhan dl gioi vi nhi kim bat dl
thtl' vi do chi, nhi dac dao ubi ng:;tn gia, ti<in hi.
(Kh6a Jut l{tC)
Tac gia-tac phitm
Bai tren ddy chep trong s6ch Kh6a hU tvc (quyen trung) cua Tran
Thai tong (1218-1277) . Toe gia ten th(lt Ia Tran Canh. vua dau ddi Tran
(Vi$t Nam) . len ng6i nom 1225 khi mdi 8 tuoi . 6ng rat sung dqo Ph(lt. c6
luc buon vi$c ni b trong trieu cflnh do bo tr6n len tu Cl chua Phu Von
642 TRAN VAN CHANH
tren nui Yen Tlt nhllng b! bat ve. Nom 1258, Thai tong truyen ng6i cho
con ro.i len lam Thai thllQng hoang de cung coi vi$c nlloc. dllQc 19
nom thl mat, thQ 60 tuoi.
TUNGO
eTh{t gidi tiep nh?n gioi lu?t cua Ph?t giao eTjnh gim
gioi thanh (gioi cua nguoi tu hanh; than IOi
n6i, tam y nho theo gioi rna trd nen thanh thoat khoi ffiQi
nao, tham dt,Ic, lftm rna den du<;jc c6i Niet ban) eTanz the'
clut Phq-t.::.. cac Ph?t trong ba doi (ch1 Ph?t qua khu,
va vi lai, tuc Ca Diep, Thfch Ca Mau Ni va Di L(lc) ePhift {-i:
chiec be, chiec mang eAnh i{zc chuoi ngQc ePiuip than
$ J}: m9t trong ba lo<;ti than cua m9t vi Ph?t; phap than la tlnh
th?t slf cua Ph?t, a6ng nghTa voi Chan nhu .Sam hoz an nan
eKitp ti.J: doi kiep (ch1 thai gian rat dai; moi kiep c6 bon giai do<;tn
sinh, thanh, ho<;ti, CUa the gioi) eCo dllC gQi chung cac
b?c cao tang aoi truoc (giong nhu b?c boi) .Bl ng{ln fEZ/: bo
ben kia (bo giac ngQ, VUQt khoi vong sinh ttl', luan h6i).
NG0PHAP
(phu): trQ tu dftu cau (xem Ngli phdp cac bai truoc).
-tQ. (thj da): xem Ngli phap d bai 2.
J!; (nai): la, chlnh I a: Jlt J!; :ff W. M- :3t z ffiHi1 (Thll'
niii ch1 huu thl;l du v6 tht,I chi vi da).
Dr. (hu6ng): huang gl (lien tu).
(tai): trQ tu cuoi cau, thi phan van.
(cai): khai, c6 le (ph6 tu).
D[CH NGHiA
Bim ve' th{t gidi
Tjnh gidi tie'ng Phg_n fa ba fa di m()c thaa. Tam the' chu Phit sa
TOAN THL1 Tl,J HQC CHO HAN
643
dl thanh dg_a diu khong thi khong qua thl:l giai. Cha nen noi rdng:
ki! hilu ro duqc d,6 duqc ten Ia tl khea, ke khong hiiu ro
duqc d6 gQi Ia ngag_i dg_a. Day Ia chl nguai chju thl:l
gi6'i va khong gidi viy. gidi r6i ma lg_i phd bo con duqc
ten Ia t! khea, huo'ng nguai haan taan chju thl:l m9i tfnh gidi ma
!t;ri kien tri nila! Cha nen cdc b6 tat hi f n tg_i dem d6 elite' d()
chung sinh, ma nhilng nguai tu hanh dai sau cii.ng nai thea duang
c16 eli duqc gidi thadt.
Kinh n6i rdng: Gidi nhu mQ.t da't bling, mQi thi?n tit d6
sinh ra. Giai nhu thdy thuo'c gioi chila duqc cdc b?nh. Giai nhu
hg_t minh chau, phd va mQi to'i tam. Gidi nhu be, vur;t qua
bi khb. Gidi nhu chubi ngQc, lam phdp than trang nghiem. Ke c6
t()i cdn sam ho'i. Ne'u khong sam ho'i, t()i cang sau them. M()t !dn
ba ma't than minh thi muon kie/J khong thl tim lg_i . Ngay nay tuy
yen, mai sau kh6 giil.
Viy nen giil phep nay, vur;t mau qua duang sinh til; tha Ph(lt
lam thdy, trudc he't tuan thea gidi lu(lt.
Bic co due c6 n6i: Qua song nen dung mdng, de'n be'n he't cdn
thuyin. Nhu v(ly nguai xua cai gidi Ia thuyin fa mdng. Ngay nay
nhilng nguai khong dung phue!ng ti?n d6 qua song ma tdi dur;c ba
ben kia thi thl!c Ia hie'm v(ly.
DO VAN HY-BANG THANH djch
(Tha van Ly Trdn, NXB.Khoa hQc Xa h9i)
m
17




644
TRAN VAN CHANH
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TOAN THVTl,f HQC CHU HAN
645
PHIENAM
tong ha xua't sinh?
van vie't: tong ha xuat sinh? Ninh hilu tien t6
qu6c ap phu? Giai ha thi hanh? ha h6?
Mau Tu vie't: Phil tai van da! Thinh dT bat lu<;Jc thuye't ky
ye'u.
Oii van h6a chi vi da, tich liiy due, s6 thien uc
tai bat kha ky ky. Nhien Him thai, sinh u Thien True,
gia hlnh u T!nh vuong phu nhan. Tru tim m<)ng thua
tUQng than huu lt,IC nha, han nhien chi, cam nhi dt,l'ng.
DT tu bat tong hilu hie'p nhi sinh. DQa dia hanh
that bQ, ell' hilu thu vie't: "Thien thu<;Jng thien mT hilu du nga
gia da ". Thai thien d!a d<)ng, cung trung giai minh. Ky
vuong gia thanh y pht,IC san nhat nhi. Cuu trung rna
nhG cau. No tt! Xa N?c, rna vie't Vuong thttang
su tuy thai tu. Thai tu hilu tam nhi tu'ong bat chung
hao. Than truang tru<;Jng lt,Ic, th giai kim dinh hilu nht,Ic ke'.
Giap xa nhu su tu, tt! phuc thu ba thien buc luan,
quang chie'u ly. Thu lu<;Jc thuye't ky tuong. Nien that
vuong vi phi, Ian qu6c nil da. Thai nl' tQa thien toa, tim
di sang. Thien kh6ng minh am duong nhi thong.
hoai nhat nam lt,Ic nien nai sinh. Pht,I vuong tran vi thai ttl', vi
hung cung qwin, ky nil bao ngQc tinh u Thai tu bat tham
the' y t6n due. Nien cuu, tu bat ban
ho Xa l?c kh6a chi, quy phil ell' phi nhi xuat
cung, minh khue'ch nhien bat tri sd Vuong dan
bat hu hi, truy chi Vuong vie't: "Vi hilu nhT thai
dao thinh chi, kim ky hilu nhi nhu ngQc nhu khue, duong tt,Ic
l<)c vi nhi khu ha vi?". Thai tu vie't: vo thuang hilu t6n
duong vong, kim dt,Ic hQc d<) thoat phuong". Vuong tri
646 TRAN VAN CHANH
ky di kien, khdi nhi hoan. Thai ti.i' kfnh khU'. Ttt h.:1c nien
to<;1i thanh yen. SCI di chi sinh gia bat han .
bat thao m<)c hoa anh, thfch h6 cuu y hi khich, trung lG' chi
thai diL SCI di sinh Thien True gia, thien dia chi trung xi.i' ky trung
hoa da. sa trU' kinh pham huu nhj bQ, h<;jp bat U'c ttl' thien
quyn. Ky quyn ngon di ha, tiu quyn thien ngon
di thtt<;1ng. th1,1 giao thien d<) thoat nhan dan. Nhan di nhj
ngu ne hoan nhi khU'. Ky kinh gioi tl,IC t6n, ly
nang hanh chi, dac vo vj, phuc lttu the. Trl ngu gioi gia,
nhat l1,1c trai. Trai chi chuyen tam nhat y, hoi qua ttf
san. Sa mon trl nhj bach ngu gioi, trai, ky gioi phi
l1u ba tac Sd dac van da. Uy nghi tien chi du c6 chi din le vo dj.
Chung canh giang t1,1ng kinh, bat dtf the Stf. Uio Ti.i'
viet: "Kh6ng dU'c chi dung, duy thj tong". Ky ttt chi vj da.
(Ly hoijc ltt4n)
Tac giii-tac phiinz
Ly hoc lu(Jn con c6 nhOng ten khac Ia M6u Tl! tY hoc /u(Jn hay
M6u Tl! do Mau TL! (con gQi Ia Mou TLt Bac) cu6i doi 86ng Han bien
SOQn, gom 37 chLJCing, Ia sach lun chOng ve nguyen ly Pht giao xuat
hien kh6 sdm CJ Trung Qu6c, dll<;c thu gam va xep vao quyen 1 sach
Hoang minh t(Jp cua Tong Hlju doi Nom trieu. Toe gia nglloi Ci qun
ThLJCing Ng6 (thu(>c Ng6 ChOu tlnh Quang Toy ngay nay), nom 189
tUng chQY loQn qua Giao Chi (mien Bee Viet Nom ngay nay) , von Ia
m(>t nha nho dQc r(>ng kinh truven cung cac sach cua phai tu tien
nhllng deu kh6ng tin ma IQi dc biet hOm m dQo Pht, nghien cOu
them co hQc thuyet Lao TU. Mou TU bi dLJiun dllang thai che trach
cho rang do ly khai vdi NgO kinh, nen 6ng lam ra sach Ly ho(Jc lu(Jn
neu len tUng diem nghi van lien quan den dQO Pht de bien giai, dan
chOng r(>ng cac lun chOng cua Khong, Lao de binh vljc dQo PhQt.
cho rang tinh than cua Nho va 8QO c6 Slj nhat trf ve con ban vdi tll
tLJCing dQo Pht. Ve tU ngO, ngO ph6p va van phong trong sach, Ly
ho(Jc lu(Jn c6 each the hi$n gi6ng nhll nhOng sach kh6c cua Nho gia.
roAN THV n,l HQC CHCI HAN
647
T)NG0
.Quoc dp : thanh va ap, chi chung noi thanh thi, trong bai
c6 nghia nhtt "que httong xU' sCI" .MJn thong minh (tac gia
dung "bat man" nghia la Stf ngu dot voi y n6i khiem) .Thien tni.c
7:. *k: ten cu gQi nttoc An DQ eB{lch Tjnh vrtdng 8 @- .:: quen
dQc la "B<:tch Tinh vttong", con gQi la Tjnh vttong, vua cha
cua thai ti.i' Tat Da (tU'c Thich Ca sau nay) ePhu nhdn
:;K )\: VQ Ejl: c6 thai eHiep : stton .Thanh y w tx_: ngttoi
hiiu, thj tl ki bui t6c bilng thjt (day chi thjt g6
len) eGidp xa tJi l$[: xttong dttoi rang, xttong lQi (nttou) dttoi
("giap" la go rna; trong bai djch phfa dttoi, djch gia Le
That chi djch theo nghia chu "giap" la go rna chU' khong djch tu
"giap xa") .Phi VQ cua thai ti.i' .Uin quoc f4E nttoc
lang .Trdn vi ft{l:: yeu quy (c6 le la chu Jit[vi]
nghia la quy trQng) eHrtng J11.: xay cat eCwzg qulin ' fm: nha
ci.i'a cung danh cho vua chua ghe nghi trong lllc di choi d
ngoai .Ky mcf$..17:.: ca nil, ky nu (ngttoi con gai lam ca hat
a mua vui cho mQi ngttoi) .Kh6a cttoi (ngtfa) .Khuech
nhien m ?:,: reing khong eBdt tri sll t{li /f pJT :(: khong biet C1
noi nao .Hrt hi hU'c nd, th6n thU'c elMo thlnh tluin chi
du xin thfin eKhue f1: ngQc khue eDi cang them
(ph6 tu) eKinh klul di loi tat eM{lnh h{l thang dfiu
mila .Hi khiclz *: "hi" la vai mjn, "khich" la vai tho
(*fcung viet la*a) eTrung lr7 $ g: chi thang ttt am ljch eNgon
: chu (chi so chu trong bai viet cuon sach) eNe hoim
chi Niet ban .Trai chay, trai gioi .Ho'i qua tdn
E1 $JT: an nan hoi cai .Uu ba tdc ngttoi tu gia,
ctt si .Uy nghi tiin chi mX; {ti _L[_: oai nghi di dU'ng, tac phong eli'
chi .Diin le nghi .Chung nhqt canh d{l B 3t suot
ngay suot dem, d ngay dem.
648
TRAN VAN CHANH
NG(/ PHAP
CD $ .... ? (ninh ... phu?): xem m1,1c 20 trang phn Ngu
phap cua bai 10.
'i' m ! (phu tai va'n da !): m9t h'inh thuc daa vi ngu
ra tn.tdc trong cau cam than (neu viet xu6i l?i th'i la
-tJ1 ! ).
ii (cai): trq til dftu diu (kh6ng dich): 1!fj ... (Ctii van ... ).
J;) (di): vao h.1c (gidi til thi thai gian): .L-). IZ.:9 jj J\ B ftf.
(Ditu bat nMt tong mau hiep nhi sinh).
ft (mi): kh6ng ai, kh6ng g'i ( d9-i til v6 chi, dung nhu'
du nga gia da).
(htqc): so, so qua (ph6 til): Ill me ;1t .f (Thii' lu(lc
thuyet ky tuong).
rJ) l!J (nai): mdi (ph6 til): jj l!J (L1,1c niii sinh).
@ l1l m 1:. (duy thj tong): chG' otE di;it tru'dc tan ngG' :i][
(d?a) du'a tan ngG' ra tru'dc d()ng til 1:. (tong) qua tac d()ng cua
d6ng d()ng (thi). Cau tren c6 dich "chi d9-a la thea", dich
xu6i l9-i la "chi theo d9-a". Cau true daa ngG' nay thong d1,1ng
trang sach c6 til thai Tien Tftn, c6 neu them vai thi d1,1 khac:
(Duy tG'u thtfc tlzi nghi): Chi ban den ru'CJu va
thuc an (Thi Kinh: Tiiu nhii, Tu can).
-IJfE(Jp (Duy tlzi thinh): Chi vang thea (Td
truyfn: Turmg cong nhj thqp bat nien).
-Ol !It (Duy du rna thu thi chiem): Chi nhln len dftu
ngtfa cua ta (Td truyfn: Turmg cong th(lp til nien).
D!CHNGH!A
Phqt til diiu sinh ra?
C6 nguai hoi: Ph(lt tit dau sinh ra? C6 td tien va lang nuac gi
khong? Da lam dut;Jc gi, giong nguai nao?
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
649
Mau Til dap: Giau thay cau hoi! Xin dem do't nat n6i qua diim
chinh.
Boi nghe cong tr(,J.ng giao h6a cua Ph(lt, tich chua dt;w due,
hang ngan lie dai, khong sao ghi chep. Nhung khi sdp thanh Ph(lt,
thi sinh iJ Thien True, mu{Jn hinh nai vt;J vua Tlnh. Ba ngu
ngay, m()ng thay cuiJi voi trdng, than c6 sau nga, han ho thich
thu, him xuc cdm rna c6 thai. De'n thang tu mbng tam, Ph(lt thea
suan ben phdi cua mf! rna sinh, dt;it chan xuong da't, di bdy buac
gia tay phdi len, n6i: "Tren trai duai trai khong c6 gi hrm Tal".
Bay gia trai da't rung trong cung sang ngai. Hom ay, nguai
hdu (J cung vua cilng sinh ra m()t dlia con. Trang tdu ngf!a trdng
ciing cho ngf!a con bu; ddy ta ten Xa Nt;ic, ngf!a ten La Trdc.
Vua thuang sai thea thai til. Thai til c6 ba muai hai huang to't, tam
muai ve df!p, minh cao tru{Jng sau, than sdc vang, dlnh ddu c6
nhf:lc ke: rna nhu su til, luiJi che dut;Jc mt;it, tay c6 ngan xoay, co,
sang chie'u Vt;ln dt;im. Day La n6i qua tuang Ph(lt. Nam muai bdy
tuo,i, vua cha bdt lay cong chua nuac lang lam vt;J. Thai til
ngbi thi dai chb, niim thi rieng giuang. trai r()ng sang rna am
durmg thong dbng. Ba c6 mang con trai, sau nam mai sinh. Vua
cha tran quy thai til, df!ng cho cung difn kY nil, db chai chau bau,
bay truac mdt. Thai til khong ham thu vui duai dai, muo'n giil
due. Niim muai chin tuo,i, ngay tam thang tu, nila dem g9i Xa
Nt;ic dong yen Trdc VU{Jt thanh. Quy thdn nang diJ, bay ra
khoi cung. Hom sau bbng nhien khong bie't iJ dau. Vua cung quan
dan thdy Sf:lt sui, duo,i tai canh dbng. Vua bdo: "Khi chua c6
con, cha edu xin Thdn, nay dii c6 con, nhu ng9c nhu tran, nen no'i
ngoi tuac, chli bo di dau?".
Thai til tau: "Muon v(lt vo thuang, c6 rbi phdi ma't. Nay muo'n
hQC d() thoat muai phurmg".
Vua bie't thai til da curmg quyet, bim dr:tng len Thai til di thr!ing,
suy tu vi sau niim thi thit.nh Ph(lt. So df ngai sinh vao thang tu
650 TRAN VAN CHANH
mua d6 fa Luc khong n6ng khong cay co dom hoa, coi do
lOng ch6n, mijc ao thua mong, La tie't tru.ng Lf1 VQy. S(J d'l Ph4t sinh (J
Thien True La ch8 trung hoa trong troi da't v9y. Kinh do Ph9t vie't
g6m de'n mu(Ji hai bQ ht;Jp tam llC bon ngan Vt;Jn quyin. Quyin llfn Vt;Jn
loi tro xuo'ng, quyin nho ngan Loi tro len. PhQt thien cau vat
giai thoat nhan dan. Nhan ngay muoi lam thting hai nh9p tjch ma di.
Kinh diin va giai Lu4t tie/J lf;I.C t6n tt;Ji, noi theo ma lam, ciing vo
vi, phuc den doi sau. Ke gii1 nam gioi, m9t thting sau ngay trai; ngay
trai gioi thl chuyen tam vao m9t y, hoi L8i ma tf! dBi mai. Sa man gif1
hai tram nam muoi giai, giai a'y khong phai cho uu ba tdc du(/c nghe
v9y. Oai nghi di dr:tng cung diin ngay xua khong khtic. Suo't ngay
thau dem giang tf;tng kinh, khong tham df! vifc doi.
Liio Ti:t n6i: "Due Lon chua dung, chl theo ". Y d6 la v9y.
LE M!).NH THAT djch
(TBng IQp van h9c Ph9t giao Vi?t Nam)
m
18

o
o -Wfa$' o
o . 1::zts:tJ*
riME ;f ' riME ::g:.:;: ;f ' riME ;f ' '
' o
PHIENAM
Tam chan nhu'
Tam chan (chon) nhu gia, tuc thi nhat phap gioi d<:ti t6ng
tuong pha p m6n th{
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
651
SCi vi tam tfnh bat sinh bat Nhat thiet chu phap, duy y
vQng nhi huu sai Nhtt<;1c Iy. vQng tac v6 nhat
thiet dnh giOi chi tuong. Thi co nhat thiet phap, tong ban dT Iai
Iy ng6n thuyet ntong, ly danh tlf tuong, ly tam duyen tttong, tat
canh blnh dng, v6 huu bien di, bat kha pha ho<:ti, duy thi nhat
tam, co danh chan nhu.
(D(li thi'ta klzlli tin lu/jn)
Tac gia-tac philm
fJQi thua khoi tin /u()n. l quyen. tllCing truyen cua Bo tat Ma Minh
(the ky 1-2. An 8). do Tam tqng phap sll Chan De (499-569) dci Lllc:ing
djch tu chu Phqn sang chu Han. Ia b lu(ln dqi thua thou t6m nhung
giao ly sou xa cua Ph(lt. lay Nhlllai tqng lam ly lu(ln trung tam; quan
tri$t nhung nghla ly quan trQng ve tinh. tllCing cdc phap, dong thCii
bi$n bi$t r6 rang yeu chi Duy tam Duy thOc; lam sang r6 sl,f sai khac
giua me va ng. giua vQng va chan. giua tjnh va nhiem ... ; cho mQi sl,f
v(lt c6 trong the gioi deu Ia slj hi$n r6 cua Chdn nhll.
TU NGO
.Plzap gi{Ji Jf.: dnh gioi cua cac phap .Plzap mon
nhung bai kinh PMt ho?c nhung phuong phap d<:tY dtta den
giac ng(> eV<Jng nghT ngQi kh6ng chfnh dang, nghT
.Tong ban di lai f:f:z(s:.l-)*: tu nao den gio eTi'it canlz
chung quy, cuoi cling eCiul.n nlut thti tinh doi cuoi
cling cua V?n Slj, d6 ]a thti tinh bat d(>ng, thliong hang, VUQt len
tren mQi ly thuc; Chan nhtt la m(>t khai quan
trQng cua giao d<:ti thua.
D[CH NGHlA
Tfim cluhl nlut
Tam chan nhu tile La cai luang r9ng Lon vo cung vo Cf!C cua
tam, bao trum khdp phap gioi, n6 laban thi cua ta't ca phap man.
652 TRAN VAN CHANH
Nghfa La, tam tanh khong sanh Ta't cd phdp chl nuong vao
V9ng rna c6 ngan sai muon khdc. Ntu lla tam tac
chdng c6 ta't cd tuong cdnh gioi. Boi the: tri't cd phdp tit nao din
giiJ na tuong n6i nang, na tuong danh tit fiJi le, na tuong tam
duyen nghl ng(/i, ro't rdo binh ddng khong biin do?i, khong thi
phd hog.i, chlla mi}t tam, nen g9i d6 Ia Tam chon nhu.
THICH THif;N THONG djch
Chan Di
d!ch gia DC;li thua khdi tin
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TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
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653
Du gia lun con gQi Ia Ou gia sU dja lun Ia toe pham ccJ ban cua
Duy thuc tong va Phap tudng tong, tucmg truym do dQi luan sLl An D(>
Ia Yo Trude (the ky IV-Y) viet theo ldi gi6o h6a cua 86 tat Di L(lc (Ph(lt
tLlcJng lai). Day Ia b(> lu(ln tam co nhat cua dQO Ph(lt, trinh bay toan
b(> gi6o ly cua Duy thOc tong. Ban PhQn ngQ cua Ou gia /un chT con
m(>t phon, nhLlng toan b(> ban d!ch cha Han va cha TOy thi con
giQ du, dLl<;Jc lllu hanh r(>ng r6i nhat Ia ban djch cua Huyen Trang gom
100 quyen.
PHIENAM
t t6 stf tich
Tong thien thoai thai,
sinh huu ph1,1 mau.
TC;li gia th! anh nhi,
hQc cht1 ky
Hi l(;lc du hanh,
Xuat gia kh6 h(;lnh.
tlfu ngo(;li O(;lO hQc,
Hang ph1,1c t1 thien rna.
Thanh phap luan,
D[CH NGHlA
Bai vi slj tich Phqt t6?
Tr! triJi xuong nh(lp thai,
sinh c6 cha mf.
CJ nha La con tre,
T(lp h9c cdc kY nghf
Ch(Ji biJi cung vui ve,
Xua't gia lam kho? hg.nh.
Thea h9c thdy ngog.i dg.o,
Giang ph-c dur;c Ma vuong.
Thanh Ph(lt chuyin phdp luan,
654
Thi d<;1o nh?p Nat ban.
Chu b<;1c phuc chung sinh,
Bat nang kien Nhu Lai.
(Du gia luQ.n)
TRAN VAN CHANH
TruyJn nhl)p Nat him.
Cdc. chung sinh phuc,
Khong duqc thay Nhu Lai.
PHAM QUYNH djch


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PHIENAM
Thanh de nha't nghia
Cll': Luong Yo De van D<;it Ma d<;1i su: "Nhu ha thi Thanh de
nhat nghia?". Ma van: "Khuech nhien v6 thanh". De viet:
"D6i tram gia thuy?". Ma van: "Bat thuc ". De bat khe. D<;1t Ma
to<;1i d<) giang chi Ngl,ly. De h?u ell' van Chi C6ng. Chi C6ng van:
TOAN THV n,l HQC CHU HAN
655
h<;1 hoan thuc thll' nhan phu?". De van: "Bat thuc". Chi C6ng
van: "Thll' thi Qwin Am D<;li SI, Ph?t tam an". De h6\
to<;li su khu thinh. Chi C6ng van: "M<;!C d<;!O h<;l phat su
khu thu, h<;1p qu6c nhan khu tha bat h6i ".
(Rich Nham
f )
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Tb Bb DJ Ma
Ttic gia-ttic plzilm
Tren day Ia bai thu nh6t (d$ nh6t toe) trong 100 bai cua 8/ch Nham
II,JC, mt t(lp ngG IL,JC noi tieng cua cac thien sll Trung Quoc, con c6
ten gQi day du Ia Pht qua Vien Ng Thien su 8/ch Nham Jvc. S6ch
gom 10 quyen do thien su Tuyet Du TrQng Hien doi Tong tt,mg co (tL,Jng
co Ia dung c6c cau thd c6 am v(ln de blnh lu(ln c6ng 6n thiEm), Vien
Ng Khac Can doi Tong blnh xlldng (ban lu(ln ve cd ngG hOnh vi cua
nglloi xlla). va do thien sll Pho Chieu doi Thanh bien t(lp. "Thanh de d$
nh6t nghTa" Ia tu ngu thien hQc. chT chan ly toi coo. chan ly chi eve
huyen di$u cua Ph(lt gi6o. thien gi6o.
TU NGO
.ci't : dl,lng ngu cua tong, c6 nghia la "neu len c6ng an
.Lztdng Vo vua Vo De nha Luong, m<)t 6ng
vua rat sung d<;!O Ph?t cua Trung Qu6c, len ng6i nam 502, c6 dip
d6i tho<;1i voi B6 D<;1t Ma nam 520 khi D<;it Ma vu<;jt den
656
TRAN VAN CHANH
tinh Quang Dong elJf!-t Ma df!-i su M * ffi : tuc B6 t Ma
(?-528 536), t6 thu 28 sau (j An Do va la So t6 cua
tong Trung Qu6c, tac phfi'm c6 Thiiu thi{t /ftc man, 1 quy'n
eKizue'ch nhien : r6ng khong : hi'u y, any eNgtJ.y
:nude Ngl;ly thai Tam Qu6c (Trung Qu6c) Qtuin Am lJf!-i Si
fmif*-: ten gQi cua B6 tat Quan The Am .Tam lin {;'EP :
chi cho phap; Him an c6 nghia la yeu chi
phap cua thfry cho ttl'; ngu'oi du'QC tam an la ngu'oi
OUQC "an kha ", Ou'QC phep hoang h6a noi phap cua thfry eHf!-pliJ
: d, toan; qu6c" la d nude, toan qu6c.
D/CH NGHlA
Thanh de' d? nhiit nghia
Cong dn neu ra: Lue1ng Vo De' hoi su Ma: "The' new la
Thanh de' d? nhi{t nghla?". Dr;I.t Ma ddp: "R6ng khong khong
thdnh ". Vua hoi: "Ke ddp lai trdm la ai? ". Ma ddp: "Khong
hilt". Vua khong hiiu y. Ma ben qua song den nuoc Ngfty.
Sau vua neu len vi?c ndy hoi hoa thu(Jng Chi Cong. Chi Cong n6i:
"B? c6 hilt nguai n&y khong?" Vua n6i: "Khong bie't". Chi
Cong n6i: "Nguai ndy Ia Qudn Am Si truyin tam an Ph4t".
Vua ho'i hrJ.n, ben sai su di thlnh tro Chi Cong n6i: "Dung n6i
b? sai su di thlnh lam gi, du nguai trong cd nuoc di thlnh nguai
ay cii.ng khong fro ".
TVC. djch
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PHIENAM
Tham d6 quyet
657
Jl 0
Nhat du'ong t9a thu, h6t huu tang van: chi du
thanh, ky nghia van ha ?".
Su van: "Ly trung du'ong cue, chi dfru thl;lc khi oanh ".
Tien van: HQc nhan bat h<)i, thinh tai chi th! ".
Su van: 'Tru kim o chieu, lai ng9c th6 minh ".
Tang hl;l'u van: "DI ho<;1ch su' chan chi, co th! nhu' ha ?".
Su van: "Bat thuy ban klnh man khu, nhat tao tha
hoi ha chi?".
T
. / "T ',
1en van: ..
Ttic giii-ttic plzii'm
(Tizam d6 lziin quyet)
Tham do hien quyl!3't. d!ch tieng Vi$t Ia "Bay r6 bf quyet cho cac
thien tang'. tdc pham cua thien sll Vien Chieu (999-1090) ddi Ly (Vi$t
Nom). Toe gia hQ Mai ten Tn)c. Ia con ba Linh Thai h(lu VQ vua Ly Thai
tong; thuc nho rat thong minh hieu hQC, sou tu dQO Ph(lt. tn,l tri chua
Cat Tlldng. Theo truyen thuyet. mt dem trong thien d!nh. sll thay Bo
tat Vdn Thu cam dao mo bL,mg minh. rua rut va trao cho di$u dllcjc .
TG d6. sll tdm doc sou ngon ngQ Tam mui. giang kinh thuyet phap
thao thao. Toe pham deu b! mat. chi con truyen IQi sach Tham do hien
658
TRAN VAN CHANH
quye'f. ghi IQi nhOng ldi doi d6p cua thien sll Vien Chieu ve le dQO sdu
xa cua Pht gi6o vJi c6c d$ tu va thien kh6ch.
D!CH NGH[A
Bay ro hi quye't cho ngttiJi tlzam viilz
2
C6 vj tang hoi: "Pht].t va thdnh khdc nhau the' niw?".
Su ddp: "Trung duCJng cue niJ duai riw, tren canh oanh h6t
thanh tao dju dang".
Tang thua: "Cdm tr;z th&y chl dr;zy, h9c nhan chdng h<?i, xin lr;zi
neu bay ra".
Su ddp: "Ngay thi v&ng nht].t chie'u, dem dln dnh trang soi ".
Tang lc;zi hoi: "EHi clur;c chan chl cua th&y, con CCI thi
dgy the' nao? ".
Su ddp: "Bling thau nuac d&y kh6ng chu y, m<?t luc chan
h
' h '?"
Ol lC gt. .
Tang thua: "Da tr;z! ".
THiCH THANH TU djch
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Djch gia Thfch Thanh TQ djch tu "thorn do" Ia nglloi thorn van. Th(lt ra. tu nay
chi c6 nghia Ia cac thien tang" .
TOAN THll n,f HQC CHU HAN
659
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PHIENAM
Tha't but cau
An trQng nhu son, ngii dinh tam sinh vi tuc thu. Than dac ly
trftn cau, til' phuong thanh tl,I'U. Sa! Xuat the' nhan do,
pham tlnh phau? Hie'u til' hin ton, hao huang chan khong
cuu. Nhan thll' ba ngii sac phong chuang nhat but cau.
Phong lu loan tru, an ai khien trin ha hm1. Ho9-t quy
kiu tuong thu, duyen hoan phan thu. Sa! Vi luong tru
mau, phi gia dai nuu. Thu pha oan gia, cac tl,l' tftm mon
Nhan thll' ba ngu thuy phu the nhat but cau.
Than tl,l' sang vu'u, vi nhi ton tac u'u. Uc tich Yen Son
kim t6n phu? Sa! Tat canh huu thai hu'u, t6ng quy
vo Thuy thuc duong nhan, v9-n c6 thuong nhu clJ'u. Nhan thll'
ba que' til' lan ton nhat but cau.
Doc chiem ngao dftu, thuye't nam nhi dac y thu. Kim an
660
TRAN VAN CHANH
huyn nhu' dfr u, thanh the phi thuang cii'u. Sa! Da thiu u6ng trl
du, d6ng nhan h?o thu. M()ng giac hoang luang, nhat tieu vo ha
huu. Nhan thii' ba phil quy cong danh nhat but cau.
Phil tl vu'ong ne d?O hoan thai nga d?O stiu. gia da
sinh thl}, diic gia u'u khuynh phuc. Sa! D?m ph an thiing tran tu,
n?p y nhu' tu. Thien dja ngo lo, di,li h? ha tu cau. Nhan thii' ba gia
xa din vien nhat but cau.
Hc;>c hai tru'ang luu, van tr?n quang mang XC;l dfi'u ngu'u. Bach
tung trung tfru, dfru tii'u thi thien thu. Sa! Cfrm tu man hung
ha tu khoa khfru. Sinh ttl' can tin, ban tt! bat tuong cuu.
Nhan thii' ba cai the van chuang nhat but cau.
H? thu'dng xuan du, ca vu tru'ang trung l?C Stf tru. Yen vu me
hoa lieu, ky tii'u ngu than huu. Sa! Nhan d trlnh phong luu, kh6
quy than Kha tlch quang minh, rna la khong h6i thu. Nhan
thii' ba phong tlnh hoai nhat but cau.
Df,.l SU LIEN TR)
Tac gia-tac phli'm
Tren ddy Ia toe pham cua dQi sLJ Lien Tri (1535-1615) doi Minh. Trung
Qu6c. Toe gia h<;> Tham. ten Chou Hoang. tv Ia PhQt Hu$. hi$u Ia van
The. nom 32 tuoi xuat gia. theo h<;>c voi cac thien su Bien Dung. lieu
Nham. 6ng tru toe kho nhieu. toe pham dll<;Jc nguai dai sou t(lp h<;Jp IQi
thOnh Van The ph6p h61. 34 quyen. Bai "That but cdu" tren ddy dLJ<;Jc
ILlu Mnh rat r(lng trong ddn gian. dQi y cho rang dai nglloi tat co deu
kh6ng. neu len quan diem ccJ ban "sac t(Jc th! kh6ng" cua dQO Ph(lt.
TU NGO
.Ngii dlnh .li

: nam V?C (thai xu'a di,li phu te le dung ngG
dinh, sau cung dung d chi nam thu thjt cua cac loai bo, de, l<;1n,
ca, nai) .Tam sinh =- tt :ba con v?t dung d te la bo, de, l<;1n
(heo) eTrtin ciilt Fo : bl} i m eTi't dc.zo -T : di,l o lam con .sa
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 661
:than til (til dQC theo am ph() thong la Cha, dQC theo phien
thiet la SrJ + gia fhief, biu thj Sl.f nhiJ:c nhd doi dap, CO th
djch la "nfry, day ... ") ePhdu g:u :phan tach r5 rang ePhong
clutdng !f;J *: W so niem kin d tau len nhung co
.Nhlit b1it cliu - 1;) :m()t net x6a het (thin tong dung d chi
pha tril trftn duyen) eLil { : b?n be eT/ul {i : b?n, d6ng b?n
(thu Iii' d chi ngu'ai cling bc;>n dai)eKhien triin * :vuong
.Kiiu :gia, gia b(), rave (ph6 tu) ePhlin thi't )j-.:f. :chia tay
.Tnl mliu rml bu()c eGia tiJo :gong eNilu tB: :xing xich
.T!uc :xem ky .Sang v1tu :Jj tt :ml}n nhc;>t (cling chi n6i dau
kh6) .Yen Sdll Diju tlJ W :ong Yen Son hQ (ten la Vu
Quan, nguai dai H?u Tan, Ngu d?i [936-946], c6 nam nguai con
du du'QC ong d?Y d6 rat chu dao nen du thanh danh) eVo hiju
m 1& :khong c6 con cai noi doi .Que' ti't [an ton J;% :thanh
ngu dung d gQi khen con chau ngu'ai khac eDi)c chie'm ngao
dtiu 1i] 2:; j :d6 nguyen eMc.zn tlzuyet f n6i,
n6i chi, n6i gl (cGng viet la ft) .udng ti :toi, phi cong, vo lch
eTri ctiu ;:J( :giong ru6i kiem tlm .D6ng nhan hc.zo th1i
ngu'ai gia t6c b?c nhu'ng gu'ong van h6ng hao
nhu' tre con .Sinh th{t }t : chju kh6 eKimynh pluic {tJ[ fi:
nghieng d6 .Trlin tu : m6n an quy eNc.zp y rr-J :t( :ao va
eDc.zi hc.z * M_ :nha r()ng .Ha tuf6J :dn chi, dn gl eCiilt
:dtfng nha .Quang mang 1t c :anh sang ch6i lQi, anh sang rtfc
ro eNg1tu Dii'u 4-4 :sao Nguu va sao Dfru (trong Nhj th?p bat tu)
.Khoa khii'u D :n6i khoac, khoac lac .Cai t!t the,
nhat dai, vo djch .Tnl fm] :dong due .Yen vii. ffi :mu'a bl}i,
mu'a phun .Hoa WP :hoa va lieu .Nhiin di R@; :tru'oc
miit, nhan tin :thlch y .Than hijuJJ;r 1& :sau khi chet
eVa /d 'l'lftfi: thung, tho (til nay dQC theo am ph6
thong la m6/u6, dc;>c theo phi en thiet la vong+ qtii thietva lai+khd
662
TRAN VAN CHANH
thieb ePhong nguy?t tinh hoai J$1 ,FJ :tlnh gi6 trang.
D!CHNGHlA
Bay xoa S{lCh
An niJng nhu nui, ddu co cung te' bo ngon de .be a cilng chua du
ddp Cha mf c6 lla duqc trdn, dgo lam con mC!i trr;m.Ndy!
Cdi nhan do fan xua't the: pham tinh sao hi!u? Con thdo chdu
nen xet tim den le chan kh6ng. Vt;Jy nen, sCI chue1ng niem kin
ngu sdc, x6a sgch cho xong.
Loan phuqng bgn bdu, di an vuC!ng bt;Jn luc nao thai. Quy so'ng
vo girl liiy nhau, he't duyen cung danh chia bi?t. Ndy! Cd hai cung
rang bu9c, gong mang xich tr6i.Xem thay ro oan gia, m6i nguoi
ti! tim phue1ng tro'n chgy. Vt;Jy nen, phu the khang khit, x6a sgch
cho xong.
Than wa ung nh9t, chilng vi con chdu ma lo xa. Nha xua 6ng
Yen SC!n h9 Dt;Ju, nay c6 con kh6ng ?Ndy! Cuo'i cung ciing c6 luc
thai, ro't CUQC kh6ng nguoi no'i doi. Ai bie't nguoi nay ma nghin
xua cung vt;Jy. Vt;Jy nen, con quy chdu ngoan, x6a sgch cho xong.
Db dgt trgng nguyen, cha n6i nam nhi thoi ddc y. An vang treo
ri!c ro, thanh the' tht;lt lau dai. Ndy! Baa nhieu giong ru6i tim cdu
v6 ich, tu6i gia ddu bgc. Tlnh gia'c ke vang, cuot len m9t tie'ng
chilng con gi. Vt;Jy nen, phu quy c6ng danh, x6a sgch cho xong.
Giau sdnh vue1ng hdu, nguoi han hoan thi ta sdu mu9n. Ke tim
cdu chju kh6 nguoi c6 duqc lo nghieng d6. Ndy! Ce1m dgm
bgc con he1n tran tu my vj, do vd nhu theu. Troi da't La tranh
ctla ta, nha LC!n cdn chi ca't. Vt;Jy nen, nha cita ru9ng vuon, x6a
sgch cho xong.
Bi h9c menh m6ng, van chue1ng toa ngoi ng6i Nguu, Ddu. Di
trong fum bach ngh?, da'u ruqu nghin bai thCI. Ndy! Ga'm theu ddy
ngi!c, cdn chi khoe me. Song che't truC!c mdt, nita chrl cuu kh6nz
xong. Vt;Jy nen, van chue1ng cdi the: x6a sgch cho xong.
TOAN THV TV HQC CHa HAN 663
Xuan hg rang che1i, mua ca vui vai bgn dong ddy. Mua lam
lgc duong hoa, !du, co ruqu gay vui ve bgn be. Ndy! Say me thu
phong luu, che't r6i chju khd. Tile bong thoi gian, thfn thung
ngodnh lgi chl hu kh6ng. Vt;Jy nen, gi6 trang tinh y, x6a sgch cho
xong.
LE KiNH TAM va TVC dfch
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TRAN VAN CHANH
Kim trung rna khi tl1<;fng tan.
Ngan cau tinh tru quang thuy
Phan minh kie'n ban lai nhan.
2
Son cu hfc hQc ngo tong,
d1:mg tien tu kh6 kh6ng.
Bat thuc ban lai chan ffil,IC,
Niem hoa vi tie'u tang gia phong.
3
Son ct1 u .fn bach van tham,
HQc tien duong ye'u thuc tam.
roAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
ph6ng chi chu phap gioi,
Quy6n.chi thoai bat dung cham.
4
Son ct1 hQc d<,to chi du tam,
Ha tat khu khu huang
ell' be) dt1ong dang bao sC1,
tuong hoang dang chan kim.
5
Son ct1 phan chie'u khan tam
Thoai be) nguyen lai thi tht1<;fng
c6ng phu v6 gian
Tat duong tham thau t6 su
Tiic gia-tiic pham
665
Sdn cu bach Vinh (MQt tram bdi th<J (j nui) in trong chll<Jng 99
sdch Quy nguyen frt/C child sang toe cua dqi sLl Nhat Nguyen
Tong Ban (1020-1099) c5 chua Dien Khanh doi Tong. gam 100 bdi
th<J that ng6n t(l tuy$t. moi bdi deu khdi dau bang hoi chl] 's<Jn
eLl' (cJ nui). Tren ddy ld phon trich 5 bdi dau cua Sdn cu bach
vinh.
D[CH NGHlA
MQt triim bai thd lJ mli
1
() nui, guong xua dtiy bt;im,
Nay lau chui thdy liim ve tuoi.
Ngdn cdu 59-Ch, l9-i sang ng&i,
Phdn minh thdy ro mt;it ngu&i ban lai.
666 TRAN VAN CHANH
2
(J nui, hQC d(;W Thdn dii ngq,
Ngay thuang nen hiiu kh6' v6'i khong.
Ne'u khong biit ro nhan dung,
Cdm hoa, cuai nf:t, gia phong con gl.
3
0 non, ndu dam bach w1n,
Ai ma hQC dt:;w, tru6'c c&n bie't tam.
Ph6ng ra phdp gi6'i bao ham,
Thu be nho cdi cham khong vao.
4
0 nui, hQC dt;w cdu tam d6,
Cdn chi bo bo oJ tim dau.
BucJc len La t6'i bdo lau,
Ld vang du thdm sdnh sao du(Jc vang.
5
(J nui, phdn chiiu soi tam dja,
Bu6'c lui La chinh thi bucJc len.
Cong phu nh(it nh(it no'i ldn,
At La hilu thi{u dt:;w KIM djch

"""
,.-" .._.r _, /.........:.
;/ ( ( v' / I cJ$)
' '- /N- &:
r;P-

\
I { I . :Ill . \....-L."'--..)
Nha't Nguyen Tong Ban
TOAN THU Tl,t HQC CHU HAN
Phtin thu ba
VAN
g - a a ). , _1..
,;:;.. .5- j(., aa

1
;:1 t::. !?
)j',/
667
*EI1f

;:It::./
)j',; 0
' tft J: 7E T , 81 -ill :X: ifD T ,
8 -=f- o ,
* o , ,
J: , till ?flE T N o m ft : u- $ B JJ:t , ,
, ..o o


o
* Z: , ft !PJ 1=r o
, , T- B ; 8 _t
, T!:f .t.]fi1t* o *B

- m , o 1s ,
o 1t*B*


u- , , ..o o

668
TRAN VAN CHANH
fr * * T , rf:iJ x r:r 1 J \ , =t OJ j@J o 11!1 tt
tO 11!1 o U Bjj j@J )]'- *,I@ 11!1 ft 3- ::f
* *' , E1 ctm ::f OJ o 1 s f-t!L *-!- !E T , i
u J:. o 11!1 *-g fZ 1!,10 T 81- for r : u 11!1 *-g fZ
o
T <Hi" ;s:rt. \7 Dflii "':1:. F;5 fr7. fr7. s:':J rm; ++' ++' 1' M
8
:n: JJ.h
= ' "(' -p: {g
0
.A. /!Ill iJL. 7f,. rn ,.';'\ /){!;; "fX.
0
"fX.
1
u
1
R. B -;k

if.*cs1 A , E1 , ,
T !

r J
0

3* F3 o J=J
a: , , 1'" o i'f w+-r-

gJH-tJL o :rz 11!1 1'lJ 1 J \ , 1'lJ * m , ?w
w 1'lJ J?m HJX m , .r 1'" , rss ::f *
Jfi o OJ , F3 a: , ::f :g T o
11!1 JtJ - J:. 1ID fJ rQ:J J:. *Is : 11!1 W:f s'J .r r rQ:J 1I

1.& t* ill ?m 1'" * T o J.Z t:\ n T 1m , '/'8 11!1 , m '/'8 3 v

o j@J jJX m , -r- 1 ill J:. E1 1'"
o , o 11!15fouAE:u

o j@J-frft: r fu
1 ! J o fZ o T @
ft : r ' J o

x*To
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN 669

/f B o 11!1 y x T *.
o ! 2



::lt*i& -1*-gfZ 1 *ftm: r

/f * J o ftJ !U 1t * '

g w 1-t!Lif !
0
Tac gia-tac pham
Chu TV Thanh (1898-1948) tv Ia B(>i Huyen. que a huy$n Thi$u Hung.
tTnh Chiet Giang, nhllng sinh Ci Giang To; tot nghi$p dQi hc;>c Bac Kinh, Ia
nha van- nhO thc:i- hQC gia noi tieng cua Trung Quoc hi$n dQi. t6c gia
nhung tp B6i anh, Tung tfch, Au du fQp ky, ... T6c pham cua 6ng dll<;lc
trich giang nhieu trong c6c s6ch gi6o khoa cua Trung Quoc. Rieng bai
"B6i anh' tren day dllQc viet trong nom 1925, c6 the coi Ia m(>t trong
nhung toe pham van xuoi tieu bieu cua 6ng.
Tl) NGU
.Bo'i anh hlnh anh sau lung .sai Sll
[chaishi]: chuc Vl:l .Giao ta xiFP [jiaoxie]: giao (trach cho
nguoi khac, giao (cho nguoi ke eHQa bat ddlz himh
/f -"-ff [huobudanxfng]: hQa kh6ng di mot mlnh (hQa lien tiep
xay ra) .Bon [bensang]: ch<;ty VQi nha lo tang
(cho nguoi than thuoc) eThoc thoc [susu]: long rong, hi cha
(nuoc mat) eBie'n m(li )f [bifmmai]: ban eDiin chi
[dianzhl]: dm co, dm the .Khuy khong JiiJ [kuTkong]:
mac n<;l, n<;l eTham d(lm [candan] : am d<;tm .Piui. nhiw
670 TRAN VAN CHANH
[fuxian]: d kh6ng, that eMztu slj [m6ushl]: lo
tinh c6ng tlm lam eNi?m thll (nianshu]: di. hQc
eDu cuolzg i,Orlli [y6uguang]: di dc;to choi, du ngoc;tn, du Him eCau
luu 1;J .rgg [goulfu]: hru lc;ti, d lc;ti eTra phong * m [chatang]: nguoi
ban, nguoi ph1,1c v1,1, b6i phong (d quan trQ) .Chzi.c pho
Ill Ofi [zhufu]: do eTi't te' 1-TMB [zTxl]: ti mi, ky lu'ong ePhong
tam 1f1 ,e,, [fangxTn]: yen tam eThoa thie'p ! [tuotie]: thich hCJp,
thoa dang ePiui [po]: rat eTn't trii [ch6uchu]: do dl;l', lu'ong
ll;l', chu .Nhat lzi)i -tf [yThul]: m<)t lat; cGng nhu' -tf 5G
[yThulr] eKy th?t ra eYert khan
can quan trQng .xa tr{lm .$tit; [chezhan]: nha ga .Phiert
[piao]: ve (tau, xe) eChiert khan 1[ [zhaokan]: tr6ng coi
eHimh lj f=y * [xfngli]: tui d6 mang theo khi di duong eCzt{Jc phu
JJBU x [jiaofO]: phu khuan vac .Tiiu phi ;J\:1' [xiaofei]: b6i
duong, boa, cho them .Thuye't tho{li [shuohua]: n6i
ePhiertlzt(lng 7C [piaoliang]: dyp, hay, eli, tai, soi eSap
chiiy [chazuT]: n6i xen vao eGidn j* [jian]: chQn eD{li y
-J::. 1.. [dayT]: ao khoac ngoai, ao choang eTiiu tam ;J\'L,' [xiaotuo]:
ca':n th?n .Kinh tlnh [jTngxTng]: tinh ngu (cGng
tinh]) eChzi.c thac IJIH:[zhutuo]: giao ph6, gdi,
nho eChiert fff! [zhaoylng]: cham nom, san s6c .vu
c6 hu, kh6ng thl;l'c te', kh6ng linh hoc;tt eLi?u lj ;f2j-f_! [liaoiT]:sap
xe'p, lo eBd bd [baba]: bo, ba eNguy?t dai ! [yuetai]:
ga .sach lan [zhalan]: hang rao, lan can .Dong tay
* iZ [dongxT]: a6, a6 dc;tc .co' khach [guke]: khach hang
eThiit d{lo [tiedao]: du'ong sat eBa [pa]: treo len, leo len
.Ban til [pangzT]: nguoi beo m?p .Phi srj [feishl]: kh6
khan, 16i th6i eN/ut(lng cho eMii quai
:f.fl- [magua]: ao khoac ngoai (m<)t ao ngan 16ng ngoai ao
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
671
dai cua nam gioi) eBan san JMlj JfJll} [panshan]: kh?p khieng eTham
[tan]: tho ra phia tru'oc ePhan leo, vin, niu .su.c
*fEi [suo]: co lc;ti eThuc m [sh1]: lau chui .Ph{l 'I'B [pa]: SCJ .Bift
nhan 3UA [bieren]: nguoi khac .sam :tl [chan]: dlu, ao .Nhfit co
niio nhi- M [ylgunaor]: tat d., toan bQ .Phac tl [pO]: phui
.Khinh [qTngsong]: nhy nhom, nht;! nhang, thmli mai
eMi)t i5t: [mei]: kh6ng c6 Quang cdnh [guangjTng]: canh,
tlnh ciinh .Chi tri Jt :p.J [ zhTchf]: chong do, gang sue .To' {i!& [zuo ]:
lam .Liio cdnh [laojTng]: ciinh gia .D6i dztang [tuitang]:
mat tinh chan nan, bu6n nan eXti.C mC tlzlldllg hoai
[chumushanghuai]: tlnh hlnh tr6ng thay khie'n dau
long .Toa tiet JJ=! [ suoxie ]: v1,1n t .Diim kj 1h!i [ d1anj1]:
nho, nghi de'n .Bang til )JJJ-=f [bangzi]: canh tay eDfmg thong
dau don, nhuc nhoi eL(Ii h{li ghe
gam, qch eTr(l [zhu]: dGa (cGng dQc la tru) eC/ut da
eD{li khzi chi ky
ngay ra di vTnh vi en, ngay che't eTinh oanh Eili [jTngyfng]: trong
sang, 6ng anh.
NGOPHAP
CD T r6i (trQ tu, thi sl;l' khng dinh, sl;l'
da xay hfi'u nhi nien du'
tft J 7E T (T6 mftu tu :Jj(, T ?I (Nga m6n qua
giang); 1E T 11 (Giang dinh gia
}J';t /f :g: T (Tl;l'u bat dung di
11 (dfch): a) Nguoi, cai, (dung nhu [gia]
trong Van ng6n): ... (Nga toi bat nang vong
ky dich thi ... ) .
b) Cua ... , thUQC ... (trc;1 tu ket cau, dung nhu'
672 TRAN VAN CHANH
z [chi] trong Van ng6n, ket h<Jp djnh ngu voi danh tu):
f-t!J, 8
1
0 (Tha dich boi anh).
c) Tu dung cu6i diu khing djnh ngu khi:
(Nga ban lai yeu khudich).
(na): a'y, nQ, kia (d<;ii tu chi thi): nien);
(Na thai ... ).
@ iE (chinh thi): chinh E1, dung la .
voi (gioi tll'): toan
din tnroc ph1,1 than bon tang h6i gia).
(dao): du<Jc (dung sau d()ng tu):J'l :Xm (Kien dao
ph1,1 than).
(J) (khdi): den (dung sau d()ng tu): )( t.El3: (Hlfu
nrong khl!i t6 m: u ).
@ tiE (dja): m()t each (trQ tu dung nhu' [nhien] trong Van
ngon, ket hQp VOi tU Cl,lffi tu dung trt10C n6 t<;!O thanh
tr<;1ng ngu): /f iB ?lit T (Ba't ca'm th6c th6c dia luu
h<;1 nhan sandia tfi'u dao thiet d<;1o
bien).
@ fr (hao may rna, du'QC cai la (ph6
(Hiio t{li thien v6 nhan chi 19)
(gia ta): nhung ... nay, nhung ... a'y: .t/:L B r (Cia ta
ttl').
@1.& (hiin, ra't (ph6 til): * $ 1t 1H rli (Gia
trung quang canh hdn thj tham d<;im).
ffi T (vi vl: T W * ... (Nha't ban vi
tang slj ... ).
(ye'u): phai (tr<J d()ng tu) : (Phl,l
than yiu dao Nam Kinh muu slf).
@ttL (da): cling (ph6 tu, dung nhu' trong Van ng6n):
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
673
(Nga dii yeu h6i Bac Kinh thu);
'1'8 1-tl! 7@- 5l ' tl1 'l'B 73U A 7@- 5l (Ph<:! tha khan .kien, da ph<;1
nhan khan kien).
@1]! ben, thl (ph6 til): IX ff: [1:1] 1T (Nga man tifn
d6ng hanh) .
@[Ej ffi (nhan vi): nhan vl, vl (gioi tu chi nguyen nhan):
IEl * Jt (Ph1,1 than nhiin vi slf man g).
@; (djnh): chac chan, nha't djnh, dut khoat (ph6 tu):
* 8 5 /f (BandT thuyet dinh ba't tong nga) .
(thi): I a: :& ff MH thi ttl' te).
@I{S (dan): nhung (lien tu): fS /f 1J!x>C.' (Dan tha
chung u' ba't ph6ng tam).
(chung u'): CUOi cung, rot CUQC (ph6 tu) (xem thi d1,1
vua dan tren, cling viet ).
(pha): kha, ra't (ph6 til): T-f1 (Phd tru tru
lieu nha't h()i).
@;!t jf (ky thtjc): ra, ky thlfc (ph6 tu):
;!t Jf IX if. 8 =+twx, (Ky nga na nien dT nhj tue).
(qua): qua (dung sau d()ng tll'): - XJ\. (DT
lai vang qua luong tam thu); iit (Tu xu yen qua thiet
dao).
?.X :fj (mt)t huu): kh6ng c6 (xem thi d1,1 ke duoi).
M rna): gl, cai gl, diu gl (d<;ii tu):
i5t :fi:@ M 8'0 T (Thj m()t huu th/jm ma yeu khfi'n dich
lieu).
(hoan thD: van (pho tu): E3
(Chung 11 quyet djnh lzoiw thi t\f ky tong nga khu).
@ a (ttj ky): tlj mlnh, dich than (xem thi dl,l vua dan tren).
m- (Iuong tam): nhiu IXm.=.@JifJf-t!J, .. . (Nga
lttiJng tam h6i khuyen tha ... ).
674
TRAN VAN CHANH
/G , (bat tat): khong dn phai, dn phai, dn gl
phai (ph6 tu): /G , 1::. (Bitt tlit khu).
_R (chi): chi (ph6 tu, bitiu thi gidi h<;1n): ... (Tha
chi thuye't. .. ).
,* (tru'oc) [zhe], cling vie't la:.
a) sau m()t so d()ng tu, lam thanh gioi tu:
w @I* (Can trrtuc phi.} than bon tang h6i gia). Vai thi dl.} khac:
ld* (Duyen trrldc)(=men theo);lj!,EJ* (Trieu trrtuc)(=huong
...
b) D?t sau hlnh dung tu, bitiu m()t tr(;lng thai van con
tie'p tl.}c: (Tha mang trrldc chieu khan hanh
ly).
c) sau d()ng tu, bitiu dang tie'n hanh la
"dang"): * {ij trrldc co khach); 1'5 (Doi
trztuc hac bo titiu m<;1o).
@*(thai): rat, qua (ph6 tu): ii * * T (Hanh ly tluii da
lieu).

a)Phai, dn phai (ph6 tu): (Difc
huang cuoc phu hanh ta titiu phi).
b) Du<;1c (d?t sau d()ng tu): (Tha mon chi
nh?n difc
@.tl:I:J (ta): m()t it, m()t so, m()t vai, it phfrn nao (lu'Qng
tli, bitiu so ltt<;1ng khong xac (Hanh ta titiu
(Ttf nhien yeu phi slf ta).
tt (tai): moi (ph6 tu, thu'ong viet theo gian thti la =t ):
PJ 1::. (Tai kha qua khu).
(hoa): cung, voi (gioi tu, dung nhu' [P] [d6ng]):
f-D 11ft il (Hoa tha mon giang gia
TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
675
thi): th?t la ("chan" la ph6 tu):
t\J3B ff,J 13)3 (N ga na thoi clzlin thj thong minh qua

1'10\<t_!Z! (t ) } ,-;. - . ( h ' ' ) l JJ.h =A X -+- 'iHi
ong : uon, cu, ma1 p o tu : Y!: 1 i5JL ao ..- 1' /'-{if; 7C
(Tiing giac tha thuyet tho<;1i bat d<;1i phieu ltt<;1ng).
gt (ttfu): ben, thl (lien tu): bitiu th! ke't qua phat sinh trong
tlnh huang nao d6: , (Giang d!nh
lieu gia tong nga thu'Qng xa).
cho (giOi tu): 11Ml:JJtt* 5E T *-* 81-s.N
(Tha clip nga gian dinh lieu khao xa mon dich nhat trudng y tU');
-18 *1 :Jjt (Tha ta nhat tin clip nga).
5_N (tru'ong): cai (lu<;1ng tu): - 5N r (Nhat trrtdng y tU').
(tu'ong): dem, mang (gioi tu a du'a tan ngu len tru'oc
a()ng tu, dung nhu [ba]): :JJt 1-lli*1 :JJt 81 *:XX
f:tr. (Nga tztdng tha cap nga to dich tU' mao d<;1i y pho hao tQa vi).
@/f ye'u): khong nen, dung, cho: /f y_ 18 (Biit yiu
thl.} lu'dng); /f Jb (Biit ye'u u d()ng).
@: (tnfc): qua la, th?t la: El t-=f:(Thac tha mon
tqtc thi bach thac).
@)fffi __ (nhi tha): va l<;ii, va l(;li, hon nua (xem thi dl.} ke' du'oi).
(gia d:;mg): nhu the: ffi] __ :Jjt *if *c 81.A (Nhi
tha nga gia dtpzg d<;ii nien ky dich nhan).
@iff tl[ (nan ha, le nao, sao l<;ti (ph6 tli bitiu thi phan
van, thuong dung phoi h<!P tr<! w M [rna] a cuoi dl.u, tuong
du'dng voiR .. Sf? [khoi ... h6?] trong Van ngon):
*4:E! eM? (Nan dt;w hoan bat nang ly tlf ky rna?).
@tl[ rang (thu'ong dung sau d()ng tu [thuyet], tu'dng
du'dng voi B [viet] trong Van ngon ho?c [ngon] trong Kinh
van Ph?t giao): lli ... (Nga thuyet d(lo ... ).
@n[g (ba): di, nhe, dau, ... (trQ tu cuoi cau, thi a6ng y'
676
TRAN VAN CHANH
khng d!nh, suy doan, thuc gi1,1c ... ): (Nga tfru ba);
ji:Ji (Tien khu ba) ...
(vQng): (huang) (gidi ttl, dung nhu fi [vang]):
V(Jng xa ngm,ti khan nhat khan).
nha't khan): la hlnh thuc l?p d<)ng ttl,
thi thai gian rna d<)ng tac triii qua tuong doi ngan ngui;
"khan nhat khan" c6 d!ch Ia "nhln qua m<)t ti ... ".
(ky ca): vai cai, vai nguai: IJ<; Jl r 1i (Nga
mai ky eli quat tii' khu); @Jf * i!" ... (HG'u ky eli dong
tay) ...
liu (dao): den (giai ttl): ,FJ !HTfru dlio na bien
dai).
l- @I (nha't ca): m<)t nguai, m<)t cai (@! Ia Iu<;1ng ttl):
)( @l W:f r (Ph1,1 than thi nhiit eli ban tu').
J:: (khu): d? t sau d<)ng tu chi slf di d<)ng, phucing huang va
Slf tiep t1,1c: fJt @j r :Ji (Nga mai ky ca quat til' k/uc).
lai): von, von di:

ban lai
yeu khu dich).
@ .R (chi hao): danh phai, bu<)c long phai (ph6 ttl):
.R Yf ft!L 1i ( Chl hao nhu<;1ng tha khu).
YoJ (kha thj): song, nhung, nhung rna (lien
ttl):PJ j@ ... (Kha thj tha xuyen qua thiet ... ).
(tai): Ifin niTa (ph6 tu): rQ] J:. ;jfs (Luong cuac
tlii huang thu<;1ng sue); biio khai quat til'
tfru).
@[Qj (htiong): huang len, phia (giai W chi huang):
rQ] ti. ftji (H1t{Jng ta vi khuynh) (xem them vi d1,1 vua dan tren).
(gia): nay, ay tu chi thj): (Gill thai).
@* (lai): tr<;1 tu d?t sau d<)ng tu thj xu huang:
Il<; N f.& 'l:R: ?m * (Nga dich nhan han khoai lt1u lai);
roAN THU TV HOC CHU HAN
677
(Xuat lai); [ill* (H6i lai); jl * (Tien lai); J:. * (Thu<;1ng
lai) ...
VQi vang,VQi (ph6 tlt):
T can khi'ln thuc can lieu nhan
(khdi): len (dung sau d<)ng ttl khac):
bao klzdi quat til' tfru) (so sanh vai ml,lC
(J) ) .
@to (hoa): va (lien tu): 1-tft tO IJ(; IE fU-* J:. (Tha hoa nga tfr u
dao xa thu<;1ng).
@:(:E a (giai tlt, thi noi chon):
157. 1 ft. S
1
] Bz * ?x. .1:. (Ph6ng t{li nga dich bl i y tht1<;1ng).
@JR (u thj): the r6i, sau do: n'2' ?x. J:. cU tlzi
phac phac y tht1<;1ng dich ne th6).
@{JJJ (ttja dfch): nhu', tlfa nhu, giong nhu', c6 ve:
{,' (Tam ly han khinh tung t{ta dich).
(m()t): khong c6 (d<)ng tu): (Ly bien mQt
nhan).
$(do): (ph6 til): ;E(Ph1,1 than
hoa nga do thi dong bon tay tfru) .
(hii' da): rat {$: T * * (T6 lieu /u"t
da slf).
(na): lam sao (ph6 til thj phan van): ... (Na
tri ... )(Lam sao biet dt1<;1c, nao nga).
(ph6 tu): (Na
tri lao dnh khu{Jc nhu thii' d6i duang!).
b)Mat, di (d?t sau d<)ng ttl khac): :5BP ft. :If
H (Vong khzt{Jc nga dich bat hao ).
(chli da): (thuang dung cho slf v?t truu tt1<;1ng):
(Chu da bat
uoc): khai, cole (ph6 tu):
678 TRAN VAN CHANH
* (D{li zt8c d<;1i khu chi ky bat hT).
(ai): 6i (than tli.).
D[CH NGHlA
Hinh bong saulltng
T6i xa cha t6i da hon hai nam nhung ddu lam cho t6i kh6ng
baa gi(! quen du(JC fa htnh bong sau lung cua cha toi.
M9t ngay mua dong
nam do, ba nqi t6i milt,
cha t6i cung vita thai
vi?c, thQ_t dung la m9t
ngay h9a heft don hanh.
Toi tit Bdc Kinh den Tit
Chau, djnh cung cha vi
nha chju tang. Den Tit
Chau gqp cha, thay d6
dc;zc ngo'n ngang trong san
nha, t6i lc;zi nha den ba nqi, kh6ng sao ngan du(Jc nuac mdt chay
ran rl:la. Cha t6i noi:
- Vic da nhu the: kh6ng nen lo bu6n, cung may rna troi kh6ng
de'n n6i dut tuyt duong song cua ta!
Vi nha cdm ban d6 dc;zc, cha t6i dii tra xong khoan thie'u hl:lt,
nhung lc;zi phai vay tdn di lo vi?c rna chay. May hom do, ttnh
canh trong nha thQ_t am dt;zm, phdn Vl VifC tang, phdn khac Vl cha
t6i tha't nghip phai iJ kh6ng suo't ca ngay. Xong vic chon ca't,
Nguoi phai di Nam Kinh tim vic muu sinh, con t6i cung phai triJ
lc;zi Bdc Kinh tie'p tl:lC vic hQC, hai chung t6i cung len duong.
Den Nam Kinh, co bc;zn hfn di dc;zo choi, dii iJ lc;zi day he't mqt
ngay. Sang hom sau, chung t6i qua song de'n Pho' Kha'u. Miii xe'
chiiu mai len xe di vi huang bdc. Cha t6i vi c6ng vic bQ_n rqn
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
679
luc ddu dii noi dut khodt kh6ng dua t6i di du(Jc, baa m9t nguoi
b6i phong thc;zo vic iJ mqt qudn tr9 di cung vai t6i. Cha t6i can di
di;in lc;zi 6ng ta miii, he't sue ky luffng. Nhung r6i Nguoi vdn kh6ng
an tam, s(J nguoi b6i phong kh6ng dang tin cQ_y, nen hoi do d m9t
lat.
Nam ay thc ra t6i dii hai muoi tu6?i, dii co djp len xuo'ng Bdc
Kinh vai ldn, nen vic dua don do'i vai t6i chdng co gi la quan
trQng. Cha t6i luffng l mqt h6i, cuo'i cung quye't djnh vdn t minh
dua t6i di. T6i co' khuyen Nguoi iJ lc;zi, nhung Nguoi chl ddp:
- Kh6ng sao, di chung no di kh6ng to't dau.
Qua song r6i, chung t6i vao nha ga. T6i mua ve, cha t6i bQ_n
tr6ng coi hanh ly. Hanh ly nhdu qua, phdi cho them it tiin tra
nuac cho cdc phu khuan vdc mai di qua dti(JC. Cha t6i tra gid vai
h9. Luc ay t6i thQ_t thong minh qua ldm, cu cam thay Nguoi noi
kh6ng du(Jc hay Ldm, ne'u kh6ng co minh xen vao thi kh6ng xong
du(Jc vic. Nhung cuo'i cung cha t6i cung tra gid xong, dua t6i len
xe. Nguoi ch9n cho t6i mqt chie'c ghe' gdn sat ben crla. T6i mang
chie'c do khodc mau tim rna Nguoi dii may cho t6i trai ca'n thQ_n
vao ch6 ng6i.
Nguoi can di;in t6i phai ca'n thQ_n tren duong di, ban dem tlnh
ngu m9t ti, coi chitng trung gio lc;znh. R6i nho nguoi b6i phong
tr6ng chitng t6i kY luffng. Trang hng t6i cuoi thdm vi tinh vu vo
lli'n tha?n cua cha t6i, bQn hQ chl bie't co tiin, giJi cho hQ thqt cung
nhu kh6ng. Vai lc;zi t6i dii fan khan the' nay, le nao kh6ng t minh
lo liu du(JC? Oi, bay gio nha lc;zi, luc ay t6i thong minh thQ_t!
T6i noi:
- Con di nghe ba.
Cha t6i nhin ra ngoai xe mqt lu(Jt r6i baa:
-Di ba mua may trdi quit, con ng6i day, ditng di dau.
T6i ngoai hang rao thim ga ben kia co may nguoi ban d6
dang cho khdch. Muo'n di de'n do, phai di qua duong sdt, phai
680
TRAN VAN CHANH
nhay xwJ'ng r6i lt;Ii leo len. Cha toi la nguai m(lp mt;J.p nen di qua
tlj nhien phai hoi kho khan m9t ti. Toi von djnh di nhung Nguai
khong chju. Toi trong thay cha toi dtiu d9i m9t chile non nho vai
den, m(ic chile mii quai den ben ngoai chile do bong mau xanh
d(lm, kh(lp khilng di den duang silt, minh tit tit khom xuong chua
de'n n6i kho khan lilm. Nhung Nguai di qua duang silt r6i, phai
leo len thJm ga phia ben kia thi khong di dang nila. Hai tay
Nguai niu ch(it ben tren, hai chan lt;Ii rut len, tam than n(ing nJ
cua Nguai hoi nghieng vJ phia trdi l9 ve gilng gu(fng . Bay gia
trong thay bong lung Nguai, nuoc milt toi ch(ft trao tuon. Nhung
toi VQi lau nuoc milt S(f Nguai va nhilng nguai chung quanh trong
thay. Khi toi nhin ra ldn nila thi cha toi dii om nhilng trdi quit do
di quay tro lt;J.i. Luc bang ngang duang silt, Nguai d(it rai rae
nhilng trdi quit xuong da't truoc, leo xuong, r6i lt;Ii om quit len di
tie/J. Dln luc qua toi ben ndy, toi VQi vang buoc xuong do lay cha
toi. Hai nguai cung tro lt;Ii xe, mang ca dong quit di tren chile do
khodc da cua toi. The' r6i Nguai phui may cdi tren do cho St;J.Ch
bun da't, trong long co ve nhf! nhom lilm. Ldt sau, cha toi bao:
- Thai ba di, qua den ben ay se vie't thu saul
Toi nhin theo. Cha toi di du(fc vai buoc, quay lt;Ii nhin toi r6i
noi:
-Thai, con vo di, o trong khong co ai.
D(fi cdi bong lung cua cha toi khua't hlin vao ddm dong nguai
dang qua lt;J.i, khong con nhin thay nila, toi moi vao ng6i xuo'ng,
nuoc milt m9t ldn nila lt;Ii trao ra.
May nam gdn day, cha con toi ke nam nguai bile, tinh canh
trong nha ngay m9t sa sut. Cha toi tit nho ra ngoai lam an, m9t
minh chong do, dii lam khd nhdu vi?c lcJn. De dau canh gia lt;Ii
bu6n nan den the'! Nhiing ddu Nguai trong thay t(ln milt ma
dau long, le ta't nhien khong thi nguoi ngoai di du(fc. Tinh cam
ay cha't chua trong long tlj nhien phai phdt l9 ra ben ngoai;
TOAN THU' Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
681
nhilng phiJn todi nho nh(it trong gia dinh thuang lam cha toi ndi
nong. Nguai cu xil voi. toi ddn ddn khdc truoc. Nhung moi gdn
hai nam nay chacon khong g(ip nhau, Nguifi dii quen hit nhilng
chuy?n khong to't vJ toi, luc nao cung nho ngh"i de'n toi, din cdc
con toi. Sau ngay toi din miJn Bile, Nguai co vie't cho toi m9t
blic thu, trong thu noi: "Ba win binh yen, chl co cdnh tay dau
nhlic ghe gam nen ctim dua cdm but th(lt ba't ti?n, co le ngay ra
di v"inh vi in khong con xa ". DQc de'n day, trong dnh if trong
suo't trao ra ben khoe milt, toi nhu trong thay lt;Ii chile bong sau
lung cua cha toi voi than hinh m(lp mt;J.p m(ic do bong xanh va
chile ma quai vaiden. 6i, khong hilt bao gia toi moi du(fc g(ip
lt;Ii Nguai.
TVC. djch
m
2
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rtJ ns15 ' 1$-%'

0,!? .n 0 : r J.-)ats1 .n 0

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0
682
Do'i chiiu vdi Van ngon:
-r G.
/ 1' Yt. ..<_ ft.
TRAN VAN CHANH

1r ar 1t -t ? .JJ o : 1r ar .n * if7 1t o 1-t , "'-



0 0
Tiic gia-tiic phlm
Bai nay g6c trong sach Han Phi Tu. thien "Thuyet ldm". do Ton Tfch
Tin viet IQi bong van Bqch thoqi. in trong quyen The do ngv ng6n tU
diffn Thllqng Hoi W thll Xu6t ban xd xu6t ban.
NGU PHAP
(J)JL. RD tuc): lin, tuc khac.
re (ba): dem, la'y .. . (gioi tu dung d neu tan ngii' ra tnrdc
d9ng tu): E ji 81i: (Ba tha tong tien vuong cung khu).
C6 th them vai thi d1.,1 cau c6 giOi tu (ba):
T (Nga ba gia ban tiu thuyet khan hoan
lieu) (T6i dii d9c xong cu6n tiiu thuye't nay);
gia ban thu doi h6i ca'p tha)(Dem cu6n
sdch nay vi cho n6) ...
khong? (trQ tu cuoi cau dung d hoi, tuong duong
voi f[h6]trong Van ngon): (Gia dong tay
kha dl ng?t ma?).
(thuye't): rang sau dQng tU khac, nhu chii' :i][ (d(,lO]
trong B<_tch tho(,li EJ [viet] trong Van ngon): ... (H6i
dap tlzuyet ... ).
gt (ttfu): ngay (ph6 tli): T (Nha't ba
roAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
683
thu'ong qua lai t{tu ng? t lieu).
{t rna): gl, nao (d<:li tU nghi va'n):
fjG 9: ft /11 W (N ga m9t huu thijm ma t9i).
(J)JJt; (u'ng cai): dn phai, phai (tr<! d9ng tu, hay d9ng tu
nang ffl! gJ< 1$-% ' ( Ung cai thj truyn quan).
W ;tt ... /f :tzo ... (du ky ... hoan bat nhu): neu .. .l(,li sao
bang ... :

JWa ' /f :!zD f' fj!x_ ! (Dz1 ky ba nga gia ca vo t9i dich
sl sat til, biliu minh nan d(,li vuong thl,l lieu nhan gia dich bin,
hoim biit nlutba nga thich ph6ng ni !).
@JW, (ni): dfty, CO (trQ tu CUOi cau biliu thj xac nh?n mQt Si!
tMt, ham y khoa trueing khen ngQi (xem thi d1,1 tren).
D[CH NGHlA
Thuoc trziiJng sinh biit til
C6 nguai dem dang vua nuoc SiJ m9t g6i thuo'c truang sinh ba't
til, nha mqt vien quan hdu chuyin ngay vao cung. Khi vien quan
n9 buoc vao cila cung, m9t sT tht[y g6i thuo'c, hoi:
- ThwJ'c nay iin dut;JC kh6ng?
Vien quan hdu ddp:
-An cha.
Vien sT n9 nghe vt;ly gidng ngay lay g6i thuo'c, ma Lay mqt
vien bo vao nuo't. Vua SiJ hay ay, ntfi trt;ln L6i
dznh, truyin vo sT dem vien sT di chem ddu. Vien sT nha
nguai de'n truoc m(f-t vua Sa, thua:
- Toi c6 hoi vien quan hdu, 6ng ta bdo "iin t6i moi dam
iin. Toi nao c6 t9i gz, nguai c6 t9i phdi La vien quan hdu kia moi
dung. Vd lr;zi, day La thuo'c truang sinh ba't til, t6i moi u6ng vao
dr;zi vuong dii muon gie't t6i thz n6 dau phdi La thuo'c truang sinh
684 TRAN VAN CHANH
bitt tit, d6 chinh fa thuo'c ta't tit. Ma fa thuo'c ta't tit thz ke dang
thuo'c da lila do'i dt;zi vuO'ng, .y moi dang chlt. Nay ke c6 tqi dc;zi
vuO'ng khong gilt, lc;zi gilt ten sf VO tqi nay. Ro rang dc;zi VUO'ng
da mdc lila nguoi ta r6i, xin dc;zi vuO'ng xer lc;zi cho toi dur;c nho!
Vua So nghe tau, ben tha chem vien sf.
Tf. DUY CHAN djch
ngon, NXB. Tre, 1998)
m
3

JL + j@] LlJ o 5! itl A 1 jjf
, o :tt
?/K lW ' : r '


R + ff 1 !Je _t J o JL + : r f.% 1t PM' /f lfJl

121 J o JL + 1H 1 ill : r {fl\ gc f:E : *ft 121.tt
JJe ! J o
Do'i chie'u v{Ji Van ngon:
'



o r J o a: r o
a : r o J o
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHC/ HAN 685
Tdc giii-tdc philm
. Bai nay goc trong U3 ky. ban djch Bqch thoqi cua sach Sd trung
von ngon von tudng dich tinh tfch do 8qng Kien Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi
xuat ban xd xu6t ban.
TU NGO
eKhdo jl;: dtfa vao eHiio tzlflng fJ gi6ng nhu eCong cong
00: cha ch6ng eGiiio 05(: dn eTrzlflng phu ch6ng . Gid lj
d day .Ni mon {f]\ in cac anh, cac nguoi .
NGOPHAP
CD+ :S- phn): ra't, het sue (ph6 tu): (Th(lp
phdn thuong tam) .
:ft (tinh): va rna con, d6ng thai: :ft ?/K r ... (Tjnh phai
Tu LQ).
(diic): trQ tu ket ca'u giG'a d9ng tu va b6 ngu chi trlnh
dQ, dich la "den, den muc", kh6ng dich b6 ngG' chi
trlnh dQ nay n6i chung thuong do hlnh dung tu, ph6 tu cac
c1,1m tu khac dam kh6c diic hao
thuong tam a). C6 th dan them vai thi d1,1:
phien dich diic han hao) (Anh a'y dich ra't t6t);
ffu T (Tha giang diic gia do tieu khC1i lai
...
@I!Jii!J (a): trQ tu (tuong duong voi 1:i1 [da] trong Van ng6n):
giG'a diu, biu thi Stf dlnh d6n a neurad sau:
' kh6c
hao thuong tam a, hao tu<;Jng lien truoc huu ky bi th6ng dich
stf).
cu6i diu, biu thi stf dinh, dich la "day":
! (Tan dich th6ng tr! ti
686 TRAN VAN CHANH
lao h6 hoan ye'u 1<$ h<;ti a!).
(Hio): tu dfru hay to cua danh tu: Jff.(Liio h6).
ft m (vj rna): vl sao (ct,Im tU quen dung hoi
nguyen do, thuang phoi h<;p voi [niJ a cuoi diu): mft M /f
lffl ? (Vi thljm ma bat ly khai gia ly ni ?).
(ni): tr<; tu cuoi diu dung hoi (tuong duong
vdi ill thi nghi van trong Van ng6n) (xem thi dt;I vua dan
tren).
@ 13: (tn.J): l<;ti, lay, ky, chac, du<;c ... sau dc)ng tll' khac):
m6n ky tqt). Vai thi dt;I khac: ilr!if:f:(Tr<;tm tqt)
(Dung l<;ti); to {3:- i1 { (Kha u tr{t nhat phong tin) (GiG' l<;ti m9t
buc thu); tr{t) (Cfrm lay) .. .
.tt ... ... (tL.hoan ye'u ... ): so vdi ... con ... (dung trong
ke't cau SO sanh) (xem thi dt,I dan a ffit;JC @ b a tren).
(Xem them tit ngilva bai djch o PHAN NANG CAO, trang 352-353)
w
roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN 687
4
m mx
' -:7( ' tJRfU T -!l:

' ' o
' ,

, ?JT o 8\iX


Doz chitu v{Ji Van ngon:





o
Tac gia-tac philm
Bai nay g6c trong Chien qua'c s6ch. ban djch Bqch thoQi cua sach
So trung Van ng6n tuang dich tinh tfch do 8(lng Kien Li$t chu bien. Van
Hoi Xu6t ban xd an hanh (2002).
TU NGU
eTilm trao tlm, kie'm eNgljt ot: an eTrlw tJR: tum, bat
eH6ly con cao eThien dt:J(*: thu<;ng de', troi eDam cam
dam d. eDiw biw ch<;t y tron, bo ch<;t y eD{lo ly
U[ )][: ly le, le phai eTri d{lo U[: bie't eH{li ph{l 'I'El s<;.
688 TRAN VAN CHANH
NGU PHAP
CD:tt.Jl (tinh tha): con, rna con (cung vje't la]t_E_):
Jt- tha thljc chi).
:J: di, mat sau d()ng tU khac chi slj mat di):
Dt; :f:!j[ 1:?; difu tha m6n).
(gia thi): d6 la, nhu' the' la.
* (nhu' qua): ne'u (lien tu).
M (na rna): the' thl, thl (lien
tu): P.f ;E 1 fD\ B1 iW [] ... (Na ma nga ta": u t<:ti ni dich
... ).
khan): la tu'Qng l<:ti d()ng tll'
thi thoi gian rna d()ng tac tnii qua tttong d6i ngiin ngui, ngil'
khi hoa diu, d6i khi cilng bi'u thi slj lam thll' m()t d()ng tac
nao do: ik H. T (Kiuin khan bach thu man kie'n
lieu nga).
fl (gia nhtt the'.
- (nha't khdi): cung (ph6 tu):- ;E (Nhat khdi tftu).
(moo): dung sau d<:ti tu nhan xttng sau danh tU
chi ngttoi, v4t d' bi'u thi s6 c6 th' dich la "de",
"chung", "bQn" ... : a ik (Bach thu mon); 1:?; (Tha
m6n) ...
>1:?; (tha m6n): chung n6 (chi ne'u chi ngttoi nam thl
dung ffu chi ngttoi nil' dung
Q})IEJ ffi (nhan vi): vl (dung nhu' gioi tu): ffi '1'8 El
(Thi nhdn vj h<:ti ph<:t tlj ky tai dao bao ).
(Xem them titngftva bai djch C! PHAN NANG CAO, trang 431-432)
m
TOAN THLI Tl,f HQC CHU HAN 689
5
t,U **
1-ti!B1 T
ffl 7J 1 fd 3j t,U T @ 5et : r 61 T
E!',_Jm 1J .n o fd T H't 1-tl! t,U 61 ill 1J T 1]<:


Dol. chie'u v{Ji Van ng6n:

r

Tac gia-tac pham
Bai nay g6c trong La thj Xu6n thu, ban d!ch BQch thoQi cua sdch Sd
trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tich do 8(1ng Kien Li$t chu bien.
Van Hoi Xuat ban xd an hOnh (2002) .
TU NGU
eDifu j:!j[: roi, rot eCdp mang VQi, VQi va eCa @: m()t
cai eDja plutdng ill:1J: noi, cho eBa cai, cay ... (ltt<;jng tu)
.rau ;E: di (chu y: trong Van ng6n 7!:nghia la ch<:ty) .H6 d6
fWl1*: vo vffn.
(Xem them tit ngft va bai djch b PHAN NANG CAO, trang 445-446)
w
690
TRAN VAN CHANH
6

1 JLI 3J Ji 131 till 1J , Jffi Jf 8'J A
, fii! s'J i!i5l till fu tV3 A s'J f:E till o A %1: f-ti!
' u- .n o
i!V3 A 131 @J * T o A fm iW * t5L fii! '
: u- ? .n o Ji:l

1tt1T T fii! 131 :l\JiR o A fm * %1: f-ti! , 1.1 A : u- Jft




' ffi :13 131 1 t ?9: BJ[ 81 , Jft ttf1H4 81 o
Dol chie'u v6'i Van ngon:




U"
N A + ? .n o - -f ' t}] A :k . o T ;;tf- q I 5t

-ti A , A ' 1t. ur , i*- ur o
Tac gid-tac philm
Bai tren day g6c trong Hoai Nom tu. ban djch BQch thoQi cua sdch
Sd trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tich do D(lng Kien Li$t chu bien.
Van Hoi Xu6t ban xd on hdnh (2002).
TOAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
691
y(! NGO
.Nhlin moll. A nguoi, nguoi ta .An ely %1:: an ui, khuyen
giai .Ciul.c lu;c. tYL chuc mung .Nhi ti't con trai, nguoi
con .Hl lzoan ua thich .Suiit doCJn gay eDCJi t!zo'i
* dui, dui eDuy dQc 'j't m: chi rieng (ph6 tu) eQua .:
thQt, que eDuyen j!jj(: ly do, duyen co ePiul.c khi c6
phuc eTij.n ddu 1[: ch6 cling, cuoi eD{Ili?u yl[ *4: tinh trlioc.
(Xem them ta ngU: va bai djch b PHAN NANG CAO, trang 452-453)
w
7
:;fu. ;g {$

fii! , rm *1-T 1i\ * f-tl1 s'J fPJ re 131
FJft tfj * 0 0-* ! :;fu. ;g .R /f ll=t 13/;J

21 , tm * s1 :1J , R ;f; , 1-:J.
* fii! oo W1 m arm *'l , m z A

IE s'J /f * fii! s'J JJj o
Dol chie'u v6'i Van ngon: 1" 11t
P,.





692
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tac gia-tac phiim
Bai tren ddy cua VUong An ThQch ddi Tong. ban djch BQch thoQi
trong sach Sd trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tfch do Dqng Kien
Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi Xu6t ban xd an hOnh (2002).
TUNCO
Quy ph{t quy thu?n .y klzao {R dlfa vao eDiw thoat
tron thoat .ung lu?u :fm co .Diiu klzao 3 : mtong nho
nguoi khac.
NCO PHA.P
CD -gg (nang cau): co kha nang, co th(tr<;1 d()ng tu).
1;' (tong): tu d6, nho d6 (Uin ngu cua gioi tu f: dl1<;1c tinh
l11<;1c ).
!PJ ... - (d6ng ... nhat ban): nhu, giong nhu:
fi:lJ J]E (DiJ'ng h6 baa nhiit ban tan
@) .R /f bat qmi): qua chi... rna th6i (thuong
dung ket h<;1p voi H T, xem thi d1,1 ke duoi) .
T (bai rna thoi, thl thoi, the thoi (tr<;1 tu): .R
ll=t j;f 1iJJ 8/;J ft T (Chi bat qua thi na ta
h()i ke minh d'u dich nhan dich thu linh biii
1-J (dich neu (biu thi gia thiet): /f m 81 6
... (Bat thi gia dieTz tho(li ... ).
(J) .R ye'u): la, chi' dn (lien tu) : .R ftl- ::g
(Chlye'u dac dao nhat danh si).
(Xem them titngilva bai djch aPHAN NANG CAO trang 510-511).
m
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
693
8


ru o *a fri fu 1-ili , 1-tl18yt r o -x.
fD it fiJ !If A ' w 1i f=g 81 9w A* ' Olj. ftd:i





o
x Ht m 1 * o 1-ili m 86 , 8yt f:
:t fu j;--@1 T o A ,

, A 1:E ? ?9: 5E W r12! ? J o : r

J o
Tac gia-tac pham
Bai tren ddy trich trong Kinh Thanh ban d!ch chu Han. sach ' Tin
mung theo Thanh Gio-an'. doQn 8. tu cdu 1 den cdu 11.
TU NCO
.Ngoqi ngl) )7} tlnh .Da to Chua Giesu (tli
djch am) .cam liim Sdll w LlJ: nui Oliu .Thanh tao
sang .Ciui.ng bach tinh *afri:toan dan .van Sl )(:chi' cac
kinh su .Phap 1. tr(li nlziin $ fiJ Jf A: nguoi Phariseu (tli djch
694 TRAN VAN CHANH
am) eHimh diim f]- f=g: ngo(;li tlnh eMa tiiy [9: Thanh M6se
(tu d!ch am)ePhiin pho q)}Oft: do, bao eTiu;ch da'u
ci.fc da.Tizitluim tham do, thli' .Ba blnh cai
chu6i, du6i eLoan cui xuong eBiit tr{t /f {3:: kh6ng
ngung.Tizijng lu; *UT: con l<;ii eNiutng van.
NCO PHAP
CD M (rna): trQ w cuoi cau hoi, dung nhu o,! , d!ch la
"sao?", "kh6ng?": A5E{tr\81WM? (Mot huu nhan d!nh nT
dfch tQi ma?).
(bai): trQ tu cuoi cau th! ngil' khi du khien:
! (Khu bai !).
D[CH NGHiA
NgztiJi dan ba ngoqi tinh
Sau d6, ai nc{y triJ vi nha mznh. Con Dlic Giesu thz de'n
nui Oliu. Vzia tdng sdng, NguiJi triJ l(li din thiJ. Toan dan
de'n voi NguiJi. NguiJi ng6i xuo'ng gidng d(ly hq. Luc d6, cdc
kinh suva nguiJi Phariseu ddn de'n truoc m(it Dlic Giesu mqt
phf:t nrl bf bdt g(ip dang ngoc;i tznh. HQ di chj ta dling iJ girla,
r6i n6i voi NguiJi: "Thua Thdy, nguiJi dan ba ndy bj bdt qud
tang dang ngo(li tznh. Trong sdch LuQ_t, 6ng M6se truyin cho
chung t6i phdi nem dd h(lng dan ba d6. Con Thdy, Thdy nghT
sao?". HQ n6i the' nhdm thil NguiJi, di c6 bdng co to' cdo
NguiJi. Nhung Dlic Giesu cui xuo'ng la'y ng6n tay vie't tren
da't. Vi hQ eli hoi miii, nen NguiJi nga?ng Len va bdo hq : "Ai
trong cdc ong S(lCh tQi, thz eli vi?c dd ma nem trUOC di ".
R6i NguiJi l(li cui xuo'ng vie't tren da't. Nghe vQ_y, hq bo di
he't, ke truoc nguiJi sau, bdt ddu tzi nhrlng nguiJi Lon tu6i. Chl
TOAN THVT\,1 HOC CHa HAN
695
con mqt mznh Dlic Giesu, va nguiJi phf:t nrl th! dling iJ girla.
. NguiJi ngdng len va n6i :"Nay chj, hq dau cd r6i? Khong ai len
dn chi sao?". NguiJi dan ba ddp:"Thua 6ng, khong c6 ai cd". Dlic
Giesu n6i : "Toi cung vQ-y, t6i khong len dn chi dau! Thai chi eli
vi di, va tzl nay dang ph(lm ti}i nrla! ".
NHFEU NGUCJI D[CH
( Kinh Thdnh trqn bq Cifu Uoc va Tan Uoc,
NXB.TP.HCM, 1998)
\
m
9




696






9 18\ 1 WP r'J 11X fi 7C ili o
Tac gia tac philm
TRAN VAN CHANH
Bai thd tren in trong ThUong thftqp cua Ho Thfch (1891-1962) . Toe gia
tv Ia Thfch Chi. nglloi a huy$n Tfch Khe tlnh An Huy. tung di du hQc a
My. Ia nha van-nh6 thd-hQc gia ki$t xuat. c6 c6ng dau trong cuc v(ln
dng Tdn van h6a (giai doQn 1917-1919) cai each ng6n ngO va van
hQC CUO Trung Quoc thai hi$n dQi.
TUNGO
eBinh nhqt lfZ 8 : luc blnh thu'ong eMuQn trtim trtim iJL iJL:
bu6n u n1 eTfJi na dudng cao dtiu :( WP r'J a tren
dftu cay du'ong lieu, day cling c6 nghia la "cj cao tren GgU cay
du'ong lieu" eLllfjng tinh tinh 7C t:fu Efl
8
: nhap nhanh, lap lanh
eDja ili: tu vi cua hlnh dung tll'.
D!CHNGH[A MQt vi sao
Ta ra't thich mi, mQt Vl sao qtc kY to LOn,
Dang tile ta kh6ng g9i duqc ten mi.
Luc binh thuang tri'i.ng sang, dnh triing dii che hlt cdc sao tren
trai, nhung vdn kh6ng che lap duqc mi.
Hom nay sau con mua gi6, tilt trai bu6n u ua't, ta nhin khdp
ben troi chdng tlm thay chut dnh sang nao,
Quay ddu lc;zi,
Chl thay c6 mi ndm cao tren ddu hang duong ldu, vdn lap ldnh
nhli xua.
TVC. djch
III
THu' PHAP
-F

i' it
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
699
TA.P THU PHAP BUT LONG

f.* ;T" .3'- ,.. . '.i.'
-=r a R

Plziln mi)t
.,? ,
TONG QUAT
I. KET CAU CUA CHU HAN
Ta dn xet ke't diu cua chu Han va dl;l'a theo d6 rna vie't
chu cho dung.
D
Trai qua phai, tren

xuong duoi.
[]
Trai-t phai
Jt 11IJ 1\ FJf 7Jo itt aJl
E]
Tren -t duoi - ;t -6 ,{. t11 .tl:- Ul7
- 7J 5l. p jE.
lQ)
Ngoai -t trong
@1 111 oo ffl
I]]
Trai -t giua -t phai
111 r:r

Tren -t giua -t duo
--- -f- , 1...::...' ,y, a
lE
Trai -t phai tren -t
1t- vt 1
9
1!!- {Jt li
phai duoi
ED
Tren -t duoi trai -t
Of 1Jl jft l.fi 4f" J'o a
8
Q **-
duoi phai
(;9
Tren trai-t tren
aJJ 1f,' % 1;. 18-
phai -t duai
...IJIL JilL ,,,, ,.........., <6 ... ..:.:t:-
700
LE ANH MINH
Khi viet chO' Han ta khong nen dung but nguyen ttl' vl
net but se bj hu. Co dung but ch1, but mlfc kim, but may born
mtfc, ho?c cac IO<;li but da born mlfc tau san do Trung Quae san
xuat chuyen viet chO' Han. Viet chO' d<;1i khai co hai chfnh:
cuong but va mao but. Cuong but (but sat) chi cac but may
born mtfc (ho?c cac tuong tlf); mao but la but long (long soi,
tho, v.v.).
11. NHAC auv TAC VIET CHOHAN
Da neu r6 trong phgn md dgu cua sach nay, day xin nhac
tom tat cho de nho:
1. Ngang truoc s6 sau.
2. Phfty truoc mac sau.
3. Tren xuong duoi (tren truoc duoi sau).
4. Tnii qua phai (trai truoc phai sau).
5. Ngoai vao trong (ngoai truoc trong sau).
6. Ngang truoc phfty sau.
7. Giua trai phai (giG'a truoc hai ben sau).
8. Yao xong dong ctl'a (vao truoc dong sau).
+ th?p - +
Anhan ) A
-=:... tam
7( thien
1-t hoa
}3
!r.. ta
r*
I { fL ft
J n JJ A

roAN THll Tl,f HOC CHU HAN
7.]( thuy
1m tu
J JJ JJ/ JJ<
nPlp-q[9
Ill. VIET CHOHAN BANG BUT LONG
701
Viet chG' Han but long (mao but) moi la chinh tong. Khi
kh6 thu phap vdi but long thl sau nay du ta viet chG'
bat eli but g1 chu cling du Sau day la m<)t so co
ban v thuphap:
1. Van phong tu bao )1:_ m !Z:9 Jf
Thea truyn thong thl chi co bon btl'u boi trong van phong
(van phong tu baa):
* Giay (chi r.0
* Mlfc
* Nghien (nghien :fiJI)
* But
Giay cho dan nha ngh la giay Tuyen ', thuong gQi la
"xuyen chi" (dQC tn;ti cua Tuyen chi irJ1:), mong nhu giay
quyen van thuoc hut, dung cho d thu phap Ian h<)i hQa, nhung
dat tin. Giay Tuyen co hai sinh chl (giay song, chua
dung phen, dung cho thu phap) va thf:lC chl (giay chin, da
dung phen, dung cho h<)i hQa). t?p ton rat nhiu giay,
ta nen dung giay thuong, mien hut ffil/C (nhu giay baa) la dUQC.
Mtfc co hai mlfc thoi va mlfc nude. Mtfc thoi co chat keo,
tot thuong co mui huong. Mlfc tot thl sau khi viet xong, ta
b6i tranh chO' khong bj nhoe mtfc. Mtfc nude trap
dt,mg nhung khong du d<) sanh, ta dn mai them mtfc thoi tang
d<) sanh each dung mlfc rat quan trQng, ra cac qua
khac nhau tren tung chat hay cac giay. Trang ngh gQi la
702
LE ANH MINH
phap (phep dung mtfc). Mai mtfc cling la each c6
tay tnroc khi dim but vie't chii'. N6i chung vie't chii' tren gifry khong
hut nuoc thl mtfc phai di;ic, tren gia'y hut nuoc nhu gia'y Tuyen thl
mtfc hoi sanh. Dung pha mtfc qua loang.
Nghien mtfc c6 cac dang khac nhau, nhung nguyen tac la
c6 m9t d9 nghieng nho cho mtfc dQng v mQt phia. Khi mai
mtjc thlnho mQt vai giQt mi;ic trfrp vao cho hoi uot day nghien. R6i
mai thai mtjc theo chiu kim d6ng h6, thinh thoang nho them vai
giQt mi;ic trfrp. Pha che' vua du cho m9t lftn sll' dt;mg, khong nen d6
qua mi;ic trfrp vao nghien. Mtfc dung khong he't se dQng
thanh v'y va ci;in cau tren nghien.
Nghien mtfc doi Khang Hi 3 mcft czla m9t thai mtfc
But c6 lo<;ti: trung, d<;ti. Long but c6 lo<;ti cling (nhu
long s6i) c6 lo<;ti mm (nhu long tho) va c6 lo<;ti pha tr9n cac lo<;ti
long theo m9t ti thich h<;5p cho ca tranh ve lftn chii' viet. Khac
voi cay but cua phuong Tay chu ye'u viet chG', mao but cua Trung
Qu6c c6 vua viet chii' vua ve tranh. N6i chung viet chii' nen dung
but long s6i, con ve tranh thl tuy theo truong h<;5p va tuy theo
qua mong mu6n rna ta sll' dt;mg cac lo<;ti but khac nhau. Khi thu
phap nen dung but co trung vie't chi1' Han trong cac o vuong moi
qnh IOn chung 5 hay 6 em. Khi bat dftu thl phai di tu chu
trung khai (khoang 5x5cm). Khong nen bat dftu bang khai
(chii' Khai nho chung m9t phan vuong). Chi khi viet chu to ta moi
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 703
nghien CUu dUQC but phap va cac but the'. Khi thuftn tht,IC thl chG' viet
ph6ng to thu nho dang.
Cac b9 cua but long:
* Dao tuye"n llWJ SQi day nho a mQt dftu quan but, dung treo
but len gia but sau khi sll' d1,1ng.
*But qu?m can quan but, bang true.
* But hao bup long, gi6ng bup sen chua n&.
*But din phfin bup long dinh voi qmln but.
*But d6 b1,1ng bup long.
*But phong tiem ngQn but.
*But but (bang true hoi;ic nhtfa).
Vie't xong, ta rll'a s<;tch but, m6c dao tuye'n vao m9t cai gia
ngQn but quay xu6ng da't. Khong nen dung but m<;to vln6 lam
hu long but.
* Bon nla but bJng ng9c
2. Ngu chi phap 1i ?t.;
Day n6i each dim but (chap but ). Ngu chl chap
but phap 1i J:t $; hay ngu lt! chap but phap 1i + J:t
la do L1,1c Hi Thanh ;ffi- doi Duong sang t<;to. Nam ng6n cua
ban tay c6 ten:
* M6.u chl (ng6n cai)
* Th{tc chl (ng6n tro)
* Trung chl $ (ng6n giG'a)
704
* Vo danlz chi M, 1S :tl (ng6n ap tit)
* Tiiu chl;J\m (ng6n tit).
Nam ng6n ung voi nam chu (ngG tt! 1i ::f: ):
* Ytm 1)ID;: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n cai ep vao quan but.
LE ANH MINH
* Ap dl,lng cua ng6n tro ep vao quan but, doi ling voi ng6n cai.
* Ciiu tac d1,1ng cua ng6n tro ttfa vao quan but, dung m6c
quan but c6 bup lOng huang vao long ban tay.
* Cach ;f%: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n ap tit, m6ng tay ng6n nay ap vao
quan but, dfty quan but nay ra ngoai.
* Di tg;: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n tit, ep sat vao ng6n ap tit trQ ltfc
cho ng6n ap tit.
ng6n ng6n
glua L.f tro
(cau) 0 . .
ngon ng_on ap ut
cal /' "\.(each) .
(yern) ngon ut (de)
Xem tiet quan but trong hlnh tren day: hai ng6n eai va
tr6 k<:;p lay quan but, r6i ng6n giua ap vao quan but, r6i m6ng
tay ng6n ap tit ch(;lm vao quan but, va ng6n tit ap sat vao ng6n ap
tit. C6 b6n ltfc tac d1,1ng vao quan but mili ten). Ng6n cai va
ng6n tr6 lam tl,l'a giG' cho but vung, cac ng6n con l(;li dung
m6c va dfty quan but c6 ngQn but ffiQt each linh ho(;lt. )6 la
each dm but viet chu khai.
Tuy theo thu' chu ClfC IOn (d<;li tl,l') cay but IOn
(d<;li but) rna each dm but cGng khac. Cach dm but t(;lO ra
qua khac nhau, giong nhu each dm but long ve tranh. Tuy
nhien, moi hQC thu' phap thl phai ap d1,111g ngil chi chap but phap.
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
705
Xem hlnh sau day:
2
4
Hlnh 1 tre n day theo dung Ngii chi chap but phcip cu a
L1,1c Hi Thanh. Cac hlnh 2, 3, va 4 la bien th'. Viet ti'u
khai lj\fl' (chu khai nho) thl vi tri cua ng6n cai va ng6n tro
d khoang 1/3 quan but phia ngQn. Viet trung khai
9=I (chu khai vua) hay d<;ti khai * (chu khai IOn) thl vi
tri cua chung d giUa quan but.
Khi chap but ta phai nho khftu quyet "chi thlfc, chudng hu"
nghia la ng6n tay ap vao but, con long ban tay
trong r6ng. Nhln nghieng, ng6n cai va ng6n tro t<;tO thanh
phu'Qng (phu'Qng nhan _& ).
3. oan phap Hn$:
Day laky phap cua c6 tay (oan; cilng dQC la uyin), g6m c6:
* Chiim odn ;tt gJB (goi co tay): ban tay trai up va lot duoi
co tay ban tay phai, tuc la co tay phai goi nh<:; len ban tay
trai, va tru'Qt nh<:; tren d6 khi viet chu. Ho;J.c c6 tay phai chi
ap nh<:; tren m;J. t ban (ban tay trai kh6ng 16t d ben duoi). Khi
viet ta chi' lay sue m<;tnh cua ng6n tay (chi' ll,l'c) rna khi'n
ngQn but. Oan phap nay dung khi ta viet ti'u khai ho;J.c trung
khai .
706 LE ANH MINH

-,
:I
'/
------
Ngu chl phap Cham odn
cham odn huy'en odn df;li huy'en odn
* odn (treo c6 tay): cung gQi d'e uye'n tuc
la c6 tay lo hl'ng kh6ng tlfa vao dau ca, nhtrng khuyu tay thl
Ch<:tm m?t ban. Khi viet chu, ta chuytin d()ng ca eanh tay, c6
tay, va ng6n tay. Oan phap nay dtrQC dung khi ta viet d<:ti khai.
* D{li olm -}( (treo h6ng c6 tay): cung gQi
tnru (treo khuyu tay). Toan be) eanh tay kh6ng tlfa vao dau
ca. Khi viet chu, ta chuytin d()ng ca canh tay, c6 tay, va ng6n tay.
Oan phap nay dung khi ta dung viet d<:ti tV (co lOxlO em) ho?c chu.
thao.
4. Nhan phap RN $
Khi viet chu, mat ta trung nhln thng vao chu, kh6ng dtr<;jc
nhln nghieng.
s. Than phap Jft $
TOAN THLI Tl,f HOC CHCI HAN
707
* The' ng6i: Ta ng6i ghe, ngay ngan, hai vai ngang nhau,
. lung thng, kh6ng tl nglfc vao ban, hai chan dti tV nhien, kh6ng vat
treo chan, kh6ng rung dui, tay trai tren to gia'y giu cho n6 c6
dtnh tren ban. trung tu' tu'dng, hoi thd hoa. MC)t s6 nha
khi c6ng con ng6i kiet gia ho?c ban gia tren ghe khi viet
chu.
* The' dzlng: Ta dU"ng viet d<:ti tlf (chu vu6ng moi C?nh it nha't la
10 em). Ho?c ta dung hai chan song song, khoang each hai ban
chan bang vai; ho?c ta dung chan phai a tru'oc, chan trai C5 sau.
Than hlnh ngay ngan, t'inh, dung d<:ti oan. MC)t s6
nguoi luc viet chu thl hay u6n eo, co mua may, tay c6 tlnh
run nhu' bt chung parkinson. D6 la phong each bang m6n ta d<;to, ta
kh6ng nen bat chtroc. Du ng6i hay dung, ta dn trung khi llfc d
h<:t dan (vt tri du'oi r6n khoang m()t d6t tay), hoi thd hoa.
Thl ng6i
708
LE ANH MINH
Thldt1ng
s. But phap *$
a. Khai but, hanh but, thu f:Y*, 1&*:
* Khdi bzit con goi la but m * , but ---r * .
C6 ba each:
CD ngon but dua sang tnii r6i keo sang phai;
CD ngon but dua len tren r6i keo ngang;
Q) d?t ngon but vao la keo di luon.
Cach CD va CD gQi la h6i phong @]a. Ta bat bu9c phai h6i
phong khi viet cac tht1 th{ khai. each Q) dung khi viet
chu hanh, chu thao.
* Himh bzit la buac trung gian giua khdi but va thu but, tuc la
khi ngon but di d9ng ra net chu.
* Tlzu bzit: du ta keo net ngang hay net s6, den cuoi net, ta dung
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHU HAN 709
ngQn but va thu h6i theo huang ngt1QC m9t chut r6i nhac but
len. Xem hlnh sau:


l& A
b. Tang phong & IQ phong & D; a:
* Tang phong cling goi fin phong (giau ngon but) hay
nghich phong (ngt1<;5c ngon but). Khi khdi but, ta huang but
ngt1<;5c muo'n keo (nghjch phong). Khi thu but ta huang
ngu<;5c da keo (cling gQi la h6i phong @] &$ ). Tang phong
lam cho net but dfry d?n, khi h;fc sung man, ngoai nhu trong cuong.
* L9 phong cling goi xuat phong t1 a , tuc la a 19 net but do
luc khdi but ta khong tang phong va luc thu but ta khong h6i phong
rna keo ngon but di luon. Net but 19 phong cling dn c6 gan co't,
biu 19 tinh thfrn.

- 2)
li!ltl

c. Trung phong & trAc phong $ &$ & &$:
* Trung phong cling gQi chinh phong IE&$, tlic la khi blip long
dung g6c vai m?t giay. Ngon but chinh giua net but,
sl;f h6n h?u, dfty d?n. Khi mai t?p viet, ta nen dung trung
phon g.
710
* Trifc phong la khi blip
long dung xien voi mi;tt gia'y.
NgQn but nim mOt ben net
but. But tiem va but do cling
tiep xuc va di d()ng tren mi;tt
gia'y. phong thich h<,jp
viet chu hanh, chu thao. Khi
moi viet, ta kh6ng nen
dung phong.
trifc >
1!.!
trung
LE ANH MINH
""
<
d. Chiet phong & chuyen phong 1JT & ''
* Chief phong la du'a ngQn but t(;lO net ga'p. Chiet phong t(;lO ra
phuong but
* Chuye'n phong la chuyn ngQn but t(;lo net cong. Chuyn
phong t(;lo ra vi en but (tron).

oJ2


e. De but & an but &

of!( t IJJ

* J-e but: keo ngQn but nhang tren mi;tt gia'y, net but

roAN THV T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
*An but: a'n ngQn but, t(;lO net tho,
t. Tru but & qua but &
711
* TrU. but: ngQn but dung nhu' a d.c cho cu6i net hay a g6c C(;lnh
chu.
*Qua but: net but lu'ot nhanh tren mi;tt gia'y, nhu'ng c6 sue hfc.
NgQn but luc di, luc dung, luc nhanh lt1c t?o ra tiet ta'u.
g. Thu?n but
Tuy theo thu' th ma thu tt! net but phai h<,jp voi quy
viet chu.
h. Khong himh rr:
Tru'oc khi h? but cho ngQn tiep xuc mi;tt gia'y, tay ta dm but
viet thli' phia tren cao cua mi;tt gia'y, u'oc lu'<,jng ket ca'u cua chu va
bQ" CIJ.C cua ta'm thu' phap.
7. Phu'dng phap
thu' phap c6 hai each chinh: M6 va Lam theo cac
mftu chu c6 san (thiep cua cac d<;ii thu' phap gia. Cac tt! thiep
va bi thiep (nhung thac bantu* tren cac bia da)
du'<,jc ban ra't ta c6 th su'u tftm va
a. Mo thiep.
M6 la m6 phong chu'oc) theo mftu:
* Ta phong anh {j:] (can-ke, calquer): Ta la'y m()t to
gia'y mong di;tt len tren trang chu mftu, cac chu mftu se hlnh
10 mo qua trang gia'y mong. Ta dung but d6 theo.
* Ddn cau Ta la'y m()t to gia'y mong di;tt len tren chu
712
LE ANH MINH
mau, r6i dung but chl ve dttong tim cua tung net chi!. Sau d6 ta
ly t0 giy ra ngoai, r6i d\fa theo cac dttong tim nay rna phl,IC h6i
cac net but cua chG' d6.
* Song cau Ta la'y m()t t0 gia'y mong d?t len tren chu
mau, r6i dung but chl ve dttong cua tung net chu. Sau d6 ta
la'y to gia'y ra ngoai, r6i dl,l'a theo cac net chG' rong chi c6 dttong
nay rna phl,IC h6i cac net but cua chG' (thao tac nay gQi la
diin thl/c Jf: la'p

Chu mau Song cau
"' "'

fldn cau Ellen thl/c
b. Lam thiep :
Uim c6 hai lo<;1i: Cach Him Doi
* Cach lam viet nhai theo mau chu c6 san theo m()t
khung c6 phan chia ti (gQi la each t.fi ). Lam tttong tl,l' nhtt each
thuc rna cac hQC sinh trung hQc dung t?p ve ban d6. Cac each
thong d1,1ng la Cziu cung each fL ':f.;g. (khung 9 o vuong), fl!
each * * t.e (khung theo g(;lch ngang va cheo theo chG' * ),
H6i fl; each @] ::f:t.fi(khung hlnh chu h6i @] ). EJi-en tz; each
EE ::_f: :f.;g. (khung co 4 o vuong nhtt chu EE ).
M()t so tl,l' thiep va bi thiep ban san (J sach da ke o r6i
(thttong la theo ctl'u cung each). Doi voi cac tl,l' thiep va bi thiep
TOAN THll TlJ HQC CHCI HAN
713
khong c6 ke o, ta lam nhu' sau: La'y m()t ta'm gia'y trong ho?c m()t
ta'm plastic trong r6i dung but ml,l'c den khong .phai rna ve cac
khung nhtt tren voi kich co khac nhau. Khi viet, ta d?t
khung de len chu tha'y ti cac net v3i nhau. Tren gia'y t?p
viet, ta cling ve khung phan 0 nhtt v?y va canh theo tung 0 rna
ve net chu. nay y nhtt ve ban d6.

Cziu cung each tz;cach
@JEB[Ij
H6i tr;cach EJi-en tz; each
* f>oi lam giong nhtt thao tac CUa m()t hQa Sl Ve
thftn. Ta chG' mau trttoc nhln cho ky cac net r6i trl,l'c
tiep dung but viet chG' th&ng vao m()t to gia'y hoan toan khong
stl' dt,mg ctl'u cung each hay cac each tttong tl,l'. each lam giup ta
dttQC ket ca'u cua chG' (klt the' *5 vi tri net but chinh xac trong
tich cua c6 nhan. Doi lam giup ta d<;lt dtt<;5c but
va thfrn thai cua tich.
Qua trlnh t?p thong thttong c6 tom dt ma'y chu:

=ii!i p;fi ;:fl:::;

QC iiJ!t, mo am n:!:m, 01 F3.
* D()c (dQc) Ht xem xet ky lttong chG' mau. D()c theo nghia
r()ng ' cling la tham bac cac thtt tlf thiep, bi thiep, cac m?c
tich cua c6 nhan; dQC sach lu?n thtt phap nghien cuu but
714 LE ANH MINH
phap, but the, ket th, chuang phap; nghien CUU Sif tien hoa cua
chu Han.
* Mo va lam cla giai thich tren, tuc la giai cloc:tn thifc hanh.
* Boi la boi tl,mg, la ghi nho nam long, giong nhu hinh "
m() t chu mau vao trong thuc. Khi ta viet chu cl6, duC1ng nhu
n6 truoc ta.
Phuong phap hlnh" rat huu khi hQc chu Han va
thu phap. Ta ng6i kiet gia hay ban gia, trung tu tudng
nhln m()t chu h6i lau, r6i nham mat lc:ti. Trong khi nham mat, trong
udu ta ra hlnh anh cua chu cl6 r6 m6n m()t y nhu ta cla
thay truoc cl6. D6ng thC1i ta dung ng6n tay tro ve trong khong khi
chu cl6. Chieu nay gQi la truu khong t{l m9t cl()c
chieu rna vua DuC1ng Thai Tong m-:;;t*(Ly The Dan *t!t.JX) cla
dung a hQc but phap cua Vuong Hi Chi Chieu nay rat
khi ta hQC chu hanh, nhat la chu thao VOn la ffiQt thu th
gian udc chu Han trong vai net but.
Khi hc:t thu cong phu, ta phai noi theo thu th cua m()t clc:ti thu
gia nao cl6. Thi chu khai, ta c6 th chQn Lziu the' WPR,
Nhan the' Au the' hay Tri?u the' jffiJm, tU'c la cac th
khai thu cua cac clc:ti thu gia clC1i cluC1ng nhu: Lieu Cong
WP0tfi, Nhan Chan Khanh Au Duong
hay khai thu cua clc:ti thu hQa gia clC1i Nguyen la Mc:tnh Phil
Ban clfiu, ta theo cac tif thiep cua cac clc:ti thu gia tren.
Giai cloc:tn nay gQi la nhljp thiep Khi thufin ta phai c6
net sang tc:to rieng cua chinh mlnh, mang ca tinh cua mlnh. Giai
cloc:tn nay gQi la xuiit thiep te
Moi hQC thu phap phai bat tu chu khai va phai la trung khai
(moi chu khoang 5x5 em); clung tieu khai. Ta nen
roAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
715
Lieu th va Nhan the a net chu c6 gan cot. Khi chu trung khai
cua ta cla tht,JC, ta moi tiu khai Va hQC qua chu hanh,
chu thao. M9t so hQC vien cling c6 the hc:t thu cong phu voi Au the
the. Trong giao trlnh tif hQC nay, chung ta se nghien
khai thu cua Lieu Cong va Nhan Chan Khanh. "Nhan
can LiJu oft" (Nhan th c6 gan, Lieu th c6 xuong) la
m9t lOi tan tl,mg la u clC1i khi life va gan cot cua hai thu th nay.
>oi khi VI non n6ng muon toe thanh, nguCJi moi hQC rna VQi
ngay chu hanh hay chu thao, qua cifc ky tai h<;ti la net
chu yeu cluoi vl thieu khi life va gan cot; sau nay muon quay l<;ti
voi chu khai thl net but cla thanh kh6 stra chua.
m
Phdn hai

1
*/\
VINH Tl} BAT PHAP
>6i voi khai thu, c6 nhan lay chi! vfnh 7]<. lam co so
vl chi! nay chua 8 net co ban cua mQi chi! Han. Do cl6
c6 ten la vinh lt! bcit phcip. Tuong Vuong Hi Chi
x Z. (321-379) h<;t thu cong phu kh6 chu vfnh nay
trong 15 nam. Vuong Hi Chi thuo nho hQc thu phap noi
phu nhan, mqt ncr thu gia ten la Thuoc flj (272-
349). Tu clC1i Vuong Hi Chi xu6ng clC1i con la Vuong Hien
Chi x z. (344-386), den chau bay cloi la Tri Vinh
su 1k ljj (?- ?), bi quyet la a chi! vfnh,
716
LE ANH MINH
nhu'ng ly thuye't nay van con bf Trf Vinh su' da
ly chu vfnh, ten vinh llf bat phtip, tit d6 ly thuye't
nay moi du'QC ra fQng rai. .
VInh ti.f bat phap c6 8 net co ban:
I. ( dim = net cha'm.
2. L:)c fiJ (hoanh tl) = net ngang.
3. Nfi s6.
4. Djch !li(cau m6c.
5. Sach m' :fjj!) =net ha't len phai.
6. Lu'Q'c :5Ufl!IJJ =net xien dai .
7. Trac =net xien ngan.
8. (n<:ti =net mac (giong luoi dao, luoi mac).
*
(iR;)
16' PM
"!1<8.)


'

a
a <'A)
ra, net 2 va net 3 t<:tO ra mot net nua la chiet t.JT(net
t6ng cong la 9 net. Cac net co ban nay bien h6a da d<:tng v6 cling.
Tuy k la mot net but nhu'ng Si.f c6 net chinh la sv ket hQp
cua hai net khac nhau nhu':
J, L, 1. z. r ....
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN 717
Bien the cac net:
'...!-

/ .te

....,
,.........._

Ji_

.
/A
"-A
(*

1 + J 1-



lo
!-;_,

32 THE BIEN HOA TRONG ViNH Tl,J' BAT PHAP
., , _.,
CUA L Y PHO QUANG
Den doi Nguyen, Ly Ph6 1f, da cai bien vinh ti.f bat
phap thanh 32 the bien h6a nhu' sau:
1. Quai th<:tch 1:J (da l<:t).- 2. Vuong an 3.: cua vua). -
3. Thiet tr1,1 tt (trl,l sat). - 4. Gi<li trao M 1T\ (m6ng cua). - 5. H6
nha J1E ;f(ding c9p). - 6. Te giac ftj (sung te). - 7. Diu trac
(mo chim m6).- 8. Kim dao 7J (dao vang).- 9. chau
M J)K (ngQC treo). - 10. Thuy chau J)K (ngQC ru). - 11. Long trao
r6ng). - 12. Qua tit )]. r(trai dua). - 13. H<:tnh nhan
h<:tnh nhan). - 14. Mai h<:tch qua mo). - 15.
Th<:tch 1:J M (lan can da).- 16. Tt1<;1ng gian (the nga). -
17. Thuy cham treo).- 18. Tu<;1ng hot hot nga).
- 19. Khuc xich 8B R. (thu'dc ga'p).- 20. Phi nh?n m Hi (nh?n bay).-
718 LE ANH MINH
21. Long vi nf=. (duoi r6ng).- 22. Phu'<;Jng si 11. (canh phu'<;Jng).-
23. Su khffu 5gi!io su' til').- 24. Dap diu 1;1 (m6c len).- 25.
Bao cai Jf (lQng quy). - 26. Kim truy ;jt (truy vang). - 27.
qua :)(: (giao treo).- 28. Phi dai m; m (dai bay).- 29. Hi
(bu'om gion). - 30. Ban long 9!1 (r6ng cu()n). - 31 .
Ngam cling Ii'!: (de' keu).- 32. Du ngu' iiff-fi.;l, (ca l()i).
10
.[j
21 ;m
1/\
L/ 1s .
( )
3

tt=
4
l'f
m
saM.

100
.rt!Et:
11.D
imfl\
12 c:::::>
C\ 7-
(}
C/" 13
!!f{:
;;
14

w.
15 c:::>
E-M
18
lft
m
19

.

m


320

flU




32 D9'ill'
2.6
roAN THIJ Tl/ HQC CHV HAN
719
2
,..,? ,
DIE_M ,
? " " "
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
phap la each vie't net chilm. Net chilm cua Lieu Cong
c6 8 nhu' sau:
1

6
1. ThLIC!ng diim __t : tren cling, con gQi la
phuang ddu dilm 1J hay ht;mh nhan dilm f- ,
chi dung trong bQ mien r-- .
* each but:



CD Tang phong (giilu ngQn
but); a> ngQn but
len; Q) ngQn but
qua phai; Dua ngQn but
xuong; 0:> H6i phong (keo
ngQn but giilu n6). -
Thi d!.f: cac chu thu mi)t
720
LE ANH MINH
2. dim T : o duai.
,,
* each but:
CD Khoi but theo ngQn but; Q)
Keo ngQn but qua tnii vong xu6ng;
Q) ngu<;1c thu but.
Thi d1,1: net cham ben tnii chu ifF , chu xich # , va net cham
duai ch6t ben tnii cua chu luang .
\
3. Ta dim tr_ : ben tnii. Day la net cham chinh giua
cua chu tam \.;' net cham bla tnii cua chu tat .)/.; .
* each but: CD Khoi but nghich phong; Q) Be ng9n
qua tnii; Q) Be ng9n xu6ng; Vong
3

5
ngQn but qua phai va dua
Dung ng9n but va hat len phai.
Thi d1,1: cac chu tam \.;, ta't ,
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
721
e
4. Huu dim -;b : ben phai. Trong vinh fl! bat phap
g9i n6 Ht trcfc D6 la net cham bla phai cua chu tam \.;.
* each but:

CD Khoi but nghich phong; Q) Be ngQn qua
phai; Q) but qua phai r6i vong xu6ng;
H6i but, huang len tren, thu ngQn but.
Th
' d ' h...... A lij b . A' ;5k ( h- A' ? L" " c A
1 1,1: cac c u L c IT tat cua teu ong
gi6ng chu chi .t. c6 them hai net cham).
,....---.,----r---,
5. Ta thUf1ng dim tr___t tren-tnii. D6 Ht hai net
cham tren cling cua bQ thuy i .
* each but:
CD Khoi but phong; Cl but
qua phai r6i vong xu6ng; Q) H6i but, huang
len tren, thu ngQn but.
Thi d1,1: cac chu tham )f_, nguyen 51., thao i@ .
722
LE ANH MINH
6. Huu thLif1ng die,m 15 J: : Dim tren-phai, con gQi la
khoa dtfu (con nong nQC).
* each but:
2
-
3
<D KhC1i but nghich phong; Q) Chuyn but qua
phai; Tie'p t1,1c vong xuong; H6i but,
4
5
huang len tren va dung Ha't nhanh ngQn
but xien qua tnii d6ng thoi thu but.
Thi d1,1: net cha'm tren-phai cua cac chG' thuong 1', duang 1i ,
chuang:;=-.
7. Ta diem 7I. T : Dim duai-trai trong b9 hoa "".
* each but:
,
<D KhC1i but phong; Q) Chuyn but qua
trai vong xuong; H6i but, huang len tren va
3
thu but.
Thi d1,1 : cac chG' vo $.it,, chie'u RR, nhien
roAN THlJ Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
B. Huu diem 15 T : Dim duai-phai .
* each but:
<D KhC1i but phong; Q) Chuyn but
qua ph1H r6i vong xuong; H6i but,
3
huang len tren, thu ngQn but.
Thi d1,1: cac chG' /\ , thi iF, nhi fr- .
m
3
KHIEU PHAP 13t $
? ;;: "'
CU A LIEU CONG QUYEN
723
Khieu phap con gQi la phap d6 la cac net ha't xien tu
duai len hay tu tren xuong. Cac net ha't cua Lieu C6ng c6 8
nhu sau:
724
LE ANH MINH
,
"',
1. Thu'!ng huang khieu _tf81 J?'t: Net hat xien len tren-
phai, nhu' net ha-t du'oi cling cua b9 thuy i hay b9 bang ; 0
* each but:
CD Thu?n phong keo but xuong; CV Vong ngQn but len tren; Q)
H6i phong va dung lt;li; Hat but len tren-phai, va thu but.
Thi dt,I: cac chu thr:t ;X., lucmg iff_ (chu lucmg cua C6ng
c6 them m9t net ngang), thanh 0
2. huang khieu T rf=D J?'t: Net nay trong vTnh t1! b{lt pfuip gQi la
trcic OJ. G9i n6 la trcic (chirn m6) vi sau khi but, ta hat nhanh
TOAN THll Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
725
ngQn but xuong giong nhu'chirn m6 vao cay trac m9c ,I@OJ:;;i'().
'
* each van but:
CD Khdi but ngh!ch phong; CV but qua ph:h
r6i dung l(;li; Q) H6i but, ha-t nhanh xuong va thu
ngQn but (19 phong).
Thi dt,I: net hat xuong trong b9 thao .... cua cac chu mr;zc
3. Ta huang khieu 7I_ r8J J?'t : Net nay con gQi la binh phift
tuc la net ha-t ngang qua trai.
*each but:
CD Khdi but ngh!ch phong gia-u
ngQn; CV ngQn but vong qua
phai; Q) H6i phong, dung lt;li va ha-t
ngQn but qua trai, thu but (19 phong).
Thi dt,I: net ha-t qua trai tren dftu cac chu thien -t, h6 1'-, hucmg

726 LE ANH MINH
4. Hii'u hLiilng khieu ::tJ r8J : Net hftt xien qua phai. Net
nay trong vfnh tlj bat phap gQi la sach m.
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; CV
Chuyn but qua tnii r6i dung
Q) Hdi but, hftt nhanh xien
len qua phai va thu ng<;>n but
(l() phong).
Thi d1,1: net hftt d ben tnii cac chu dja Jt, tuCJng .:)% ), cong
(b9 ben phai la lf!c -}] nhu'ng Cong vie't thanh
dao 7J ).
5. Ta thuqng khieu 1I _t : Net ha't xien len qua
tni i, nhu' trong bQ thu { ' net but eli tu tre n xuo ng, dung i
rdi hat xien qua tnii. Net nay trong vfnh tf! bat phap g<;>i la
djch j!j.
* each but:
l),
CD Khdi but phong; CV but
xuong; H6i but, du'a ng<;>n but len, dung
r6i ha't nhanh qua trai va thu ng<;>n but (19
phong).
Thi d1,1: net hftt trong b9 thu { d ben tnii cac chG' xa #i, tie'p .;t.l.,
.tt.
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHOHAN 727
6. Hii'u thLif1ng khieu ::tJ _t : Net ha't xien len qua phai.
Net nay cGng g<;>i la hoimh khieu tJH}t, bdi vlla bie'n cua net
ngang du'oi cung cua b9 ngQC .:E.. N6 tu'ong tlj nhu' net hilu huang
khie u ::tJ r8J .
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; CV but
qua trai r6i dling Q) H6i but, hftt nhanh
xien len qua phai va thu ng<;>n but (19
phong).
Thi d1,1: cac chG' hifn J]L, ly JJ., htu Jti,.
7. Hii'u ht;l khieu ::tJ : Net xien xuong phai, nhu' net ben
trai cua chG' c9ng *' hay net xien ben trai b9 thao .....
* each but:
'
CD Khdi but nghich phong gia'u
ng<;>n; CV ng<;>n but vong qua
phai; Q) Dung va keo ng<;>n but
xuong phai; H6i phong, thu but.
728 LE ANH MINH
Thi d\1: cac chu cung hoimg t'-, tan 1tt.
B. Ta h? khieu tc T : Net xien xu6ng trai, nhu net duoi-
trai cua chu [ifC ,\ .
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong gia'u
ngQn; <D ngQn but vong qua
phai; H6i phong, dung va ha't
ngQn but xu6ng trai, thu but (19 phong).
Thi d\1: cac chu kY ft-. , ngo * , dil .
w
4
HOANH PHAP tfi
? A "
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
Hoanh phap gQi la each vie't net ngang nhu' chu nha't va cac
bie'n cua n6. Cac net ngang cua Lieu C6ng c6 8
nhu' sau:
roAN THV Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN 729

1.,.
4JI//Ia6 2_.
--
Y1"":
--
3--

4

Cac net ngang nay c6 ten: (J) Ao hoimh, () Blnh hoimh, (]) D()t
hoanh, @ Yeu te hoanh, CIY Yeu tho hoanh, Ta tiem hoanh, 0
Hilu tiem hoanh, @ Hilu diu hoanh.
1. Ao hoanh [!!] tJi: Net ngang lorn (trong vinh tlf bat phap gQi
la li;ic ':b ) .
* each but:
3
CD Khdi but nghich phong; <D ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i
dung Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; Nang
ngQn but m()t chut, r6i qua phai, dung H6i but, qua
trai va thu gia'u ngQn but (tang phong).
Thi dl): cac chu thien :k, phu }._,nguyen .it .
730
2. Binh hoimh ljZ tfi: Net ngang (ng9c an ).
* each but:

5
LE ANH MINH
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ngQn but xu6ng tnii r6i
dung h,ti; Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; Nang
ngQn but mot chut, r6i qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua
tni i va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong).
Thi dt,I: net ngang duoi cling cua chu tam ..::... , ngii 1L; va net
ngang cua chu biit .
... -._ ..... ...
- - ....
........ .... '
- -. , I ... _/
........ ... -
- -
3. Dqt hoanh [:J tfi: Net ngang cong len (trong vfnh tf! bat
phap gQi la l(tc ipiJ ).
* each but:
2- 3
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i
dung l;;ti; Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; Nang
TOAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
731
ngQn but mot chut, r6i qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua
trai va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong).
Thi dt,I: net ngang dai nhat trong cac chu kY va thu :f.
4. Yeu te hoanh *IB tfi : Net ngang c6 eo manh.
2- 3
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i
dung l;;ti; Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; Nfmg
ngQn but mot chut, r6i qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua
trai va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong).
Thi dt,I: net ngang dai nhat cua cac chu v8 khi .
5. Yeu tho hoanh ;f.. tfi: Net ngang c6 eo tho
* each but: CD Khdi but nghich phong;
ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i dung l;;ti; Dua
ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai;
Nfmg ngQn but mot chut, r6i
732
LE ANH MINH
1
qua phai, dung H6i but, qua tnii
va thu gia'u ngQn but (tang phong).
Thi d1,1: net ngang ngan cua cac chu lurl.n ffifij, nghj gi.
6. Ta tiem hoanh fi.. tw : Net ngang, nhQn ben trai.
* each but:
<D Khoi but 19 phong;
but qua phai r6i dung Dtta
ngQn but xu6ng r6i dung H6i
phong, thu but.
Thi d1,1: cac chu tntiJng bui phu r-i= .
7. Htl'u tiem hoanh :;b tw : Net ngang, nhQn ben phai.
* each but:

<D Khoi but nghich phong gia'u ngQn;
ngQn but xu6ng r6i dung
Dtta ngQn but qua phili, thu but (19 phong).
Thi d1,1: net ngang tien trong b9 thao ++-- cua cac chu nhur;c
TOAN THU T\,1 HQC CHO' HAN
733
8. Htl'u cau hoanh :;b 1;) tw : Net ngang c6 m6c ben phai.
* each but:
1
2,;;;;_
(J) Khdi but nghjch phong dl gi{[u ng9n; Chuye'n ng9n
but xuong vd dUng 19-i; (]) fJua ngQn but len sang phdi, dUng 19-i;
@ Chuye'n ng9n but xuong, dt1rzg !9-i; (I) H6i phong, thu but (!9
phong).
Thi Net ngang m6c cua b9 mien b9 ho F' trong cac
chu an 3J:, xll
'' ---.,-,, ._.:---r-1 ---,I
5
THY PHAP !i: 1.t '
? A A A
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
734 LE ANH MINH
Thl;l phap la each viet net s6.
Nguyen tac chung d viet net s6 la:
'2'
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
(?) Chuyn ngQn but qua phlti, dung l<:ti ;
Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l<:ti;
Chuyn ngQn but qua tnii m<)t chut;
H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
C<ic net s6 cua Lieu C6ng c6 8 hlnh dang nhu sau:
.J J .l .I 1 1 .f .t
1. Trt.fC thLJ @ : S6 (thuy 19 Ji: suong bu6ng).
2 * each but:
1
3
5 ... 4
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
(?) Chuyn ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti;
Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l?i;
Chuyn ngQn but qua trai m<)t chut;
H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
Thi dl,l : net s6 trong b9 m9c
* cua cac chu tuong if' lam iff' chu f.*.
2. Ta ho thLJ tr. 5Jll : s6 cong phi a trai nhu cai cung
(cling gQi bcii
roAN THLI Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
1
2
3
5
4
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
(?) Chuyn ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti;
Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l<:ti;
Chuyn ngQn but qua phai m<)t chut;
H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
Thi dl,l : net s6 cua cac chii' thtin su ij],
quy &ffl.
735
Chu y: Lieu C6ng bo di net phia tren-trai cua chu
suva chii' quy.
3. Huu ho thLJ -;f:j 5Jll : s6 cong phia phai nhu cai cung
(cling gQi huong rQ] ).
* each but:
2
1 SlJ
5 "4
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
(?) Chuyn ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti;
Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l?i;
Chuyn ngQn but qua trai m<)t chut;
H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
Thi dl,l: net s6 bla tr<:ii cua cac chii' mon
, va'n , khai 1*-l .
736
LE ANH MINH
-
4. Yeu te thLJ *IE : s6 co eo manh (trong vfnh tf!
bat phdp gQi la n6 g.).
1
4
2 * each but:
3
5
e
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
a> ngQn but qua phai, dung h;ti;
a> Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung h;ti;
ngQn but qua phai mot chut;
H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
Thi d1,1: net s6 trong b<) tam '!' cua
cac chu 1)\;,, tft, .. n_h....:. 'IEE:....:.F.!.,..._--.,-__
5. Yeu tho thl.) :f.El s6 c6 eo to (ciing gQi
thie't CQt Sat).
3
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
a> ngQn but qua phai, dung l1;1i;
a> Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung lt;ti;
Thu but nht.tng kh6ng h6i phong.
Thi d1,1: net s6 cua cac chu th6 ,
sinh net s6 ben phiii cua chu cam 1t 0
TOAN THlJ T\,1 HOC CHU HAN
737


111



) .... .,...
1 ....
.,.
.....,
I ,.....
.,.
-
--
- -
6. Thuqng tiem thl.) S6 thang, nhQn dau (cling gQi
h
_.l d? !?-Jf. Attr )
uyen am /JJEJ. eo .
1
2
* each but:
CD but, 19 phong; a> Dt.ta ngQn bUt
xu6ng, thu but nhu'ng kh6ng h6i phong.
Thi d1,1: net s6 trong ru<)t b9 miinh
llll cua cac chu ich i;it' cdi ); net s6
cua bQ vuong .:E trong chu hoimg 0
7. H? tiem thl.) _t S6 nhQn du6i (ding gQi huyin
kim treo). ,
2 * each but:
3
CD Khdi but nghich phong; a> Dt.ta ngQn
but qua phai, dung a> Keo ngQn but
xu6ng, thu but (19 phong).
Thi d1,1: net s6 cua chu dan cua
chu thg_p +, chu duong $ trong cac
chu diin f.!f_, thiin :j:!j!,
738
LE ANH MINH
8. Loan CLIOC fhl! Mill 2: : S6 cong chan.
1
2 * each but:
Q) Khoi but nghich phong; CD Dua ngQn
but qua ph<li, dung l<:1i; Keo ngQn but
xu6ng; Chuycin but sang phai, dung l<:1i;
0) H6i but, thu but (tang phong).
Thi dt}: net s6 cong chan cua cac
chu di:8' that -t' ni fE .
Cong Quyen (778-865) ,
D<:1i thu phap gia Cong WD011 tlf la Thanh
nguoi doi gQi ong la Gian Nghi Ong s6ng vao doi
Duong, que quan a Hoa Nguyen W, thu<)c Kinh
la vung dong nam *I cua tinh Thicim Tay g). Ong
lam quan den chuc Thai Ttl' Thieu Su Ong chuyen
thu thci Khai va Hanh. Net chu ong trang nghiem ran roi, quan chinh
d?n chinh hai hoa, phong (dfty d?n). Duong Thai
Tong rat ham m<) thu phap Cong c6 lftn hoi ong but
phap. 6ng tra lOi: 'Tam chinh uic but chinh." (Tam
TOAN THll Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
739
doan chinh thz but phap doan chinh). Dung la van la nguoi, net chu
thci ca tinh.
Mot nha ly thuphap doi T6ng la Chu Truong Van tl:J-:fk)C
da tung viet trong quycin Tc Thu E>or;zn *-1 IWf ding: "[Cong
chinh thu hanh khai, giai phffm chi t6i, thao bat
that nang, cai ky phap xuat u Nhan, nhi gia di tu kinh phong
tlf danh nhat gia." [1} 11] iE & rr m ' z m '
, (Chil
khdi va chil hanh khdi [cua C6ng La hang to'i cao trong
cac di?u pha'm; chil thdo ciing kh6ng mdt tinh nang d6; n6i chung
thu phap cua ong phat xua't tli Nhan Chan Khanh, nhung 6ng da
tang them Sl/ c!lng coi va phong nhuq,n, tl! 6ng x!lng danh La m9t thu
gia rieng bi?t). Nguoi doi da t6m thu thci cua ong va cua Nhan
Chan Khanh (708-784) trong cau "Nhan can c6t"
(Thu thci Nhan Chan Khanh c6 gan, thu thci cua
Cong c6 xuong.) Tac phffm dci l<;1i con c6: Tong Le thie'p b(;tt
Thdn sach quan bi bi thap bi
Kim Cucmg kinh bi Lan E>znh thi thie/J
M6ng chie'u thie'p v.v.
6
PHIET PHAP :ffi&
? A ,...
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
phap la each viet net phfty. Nguyen cic chung viet net phfty
la: Q) Nghich phong huang len, tang but; CD ngQn but qua phai,
dll'ng l<:1i; Keo ngQn but xien xu6ng; Thu but (19 phong).
1
740
LE ANH MINH

Cac net cua Liu C6ng c6 8 hlnh dang nhu' sau:

.,
8
1. Trtfc (te giac te).
/''
* each but:
CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but;
a> ngQn but qua phai, dung
l<;1i; Keo ngQn but xien xuong; @
Thu but (19 phong).
Thi d1,1: net trong cac chu td ti., tc;1i 1, gid
2. Ho 5Jl\ tff&: Net phify cong nhu' cai cung (cling gQi lu(fc

TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
2
3
* each but:
CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but; a>
ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti;
Keo ngQn but xien cong xuong; @ Thu
but (19 phong).
Thi d1,1: net phify ben trai cua cac chu dc;1i
*thai -A ,phu
3. Yeu te Net phify c6 eo manh.
* each but:
CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but; a>
ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti;
Keo ngQn but xien xuong; @ Thu but (19
phong).
Thi d1,1: net phify bla trai cua cac chu
nguyen Jffi:, hQ.u [f1, duang .
'' ---,,
741
4. Yeu tho Net c6 eo tho m?p. Net
nay giong la Ian nen gQi ian phi?t l<:ti giong nhu'
742
LE ANH MINH
trang non nen g9i ttm nguy?t phi?t if ,Fj
* each but:
CD phong hu'dng xu6ng, 19 phong;
a> Keo ng9n but xu6ng, thu but (19
phon g).
Thi dt,I: net ben trai cua cac chu kien
, d9 fJf_ , trim .
5. Loan dau Net c6 cong l<;ti.
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
a> ng9n but qua phai;
Keo ng9n but xu6ng;
Thu but nhu'ng kh6ng h6i phong.
Thi dt,I: net cua cac chu hilu hilu
ti, tuy
6. Loan vf Net ga'p du6i (con g9i hbi
phong phi?t
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
3
* each but:
CD Nghich but, tang phong; a> Du'a ng9n
but qua phai, dung Keo ng9n but
xu6ng, dung Du'a ng9n but len tren
mot chut; Ha't ng9n but qua trai, thu
but.
Thi dt,I: net bla trai cua cac chu
thimh JJX., uy thinh
7. Truong khtlc E!B Net dai gap khuc.
7
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; a> Du'a ng9n
but xu6ng, dung l<;ti; Keo ng9n but len
phai, dung l<;ti; ng9n but qua
phai va keo xu6ng trai; Thu but (19
phon g).
Thi dt,I: Net ga'p khuc cua cac chu
hr;t Jl,
8. Doim khtlc Net ngan gap khuc.
743
744 LE ANH MINH
* each but:
CD KhC1i but nghich phong; <D Dua ngQn
but xuong, dung h;ti; Keo ngQn but len
phai, dung l:;ti; Chuyn ngQn but qua
phai va keo xuong trai; <1l Thu but (19
phong).
Thi dl,l : Net phfty ngiln ga'p khuc trong b9
thi /J\ ciia cac chu bi fA), phuc tuiJng

m
7
PHAP 1* tt
? A A
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
phap la each viet net mac. Nguyen t<fc chung d
viet net mac la: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; <D
Chuye'n ngqn but ngu'qc xuong phai; Keo ngqn but xien
xuong, dung Keo ngqn ngang qua phai, thu but (19
phong).
TOAN THll Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
Cac net mac ciia C6ng c6 8 h1nh dang sau:
1. Trt.fc n?i @: 1* : Mac (kim dao n{li 7J 1* ).

*each but:
1
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
<D Chuyn ngQn but ngu'QC xuong phai;
3 4 Keo ngQn but xien xuong, dung l:;ti;
Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but
(19 phong).
Till dl,l: net mac trong c:ic chu d{li * , xa .
745
2. Ho n?i 5JJH*: Net mac cong nhu' c:ii cung (cung gQi ki?t

746


LE ANH MINH
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
ngQn but ngu'Qc xu6ng phai;
Q) Keo ngQn but xien xu6ng, dung
@ Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but
(19 phong).
Thi dl;l: net mac cua cac chfi' dt;Li 7:.., thien 7(., kim .
3. PhU'Cing dau n?i j]JH*: Net mac c6 dgu vu6ng (con gQi
la trdc nr;zi fj!U 1* ).
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; ngQn but xu6ng,
dung Q) Nhac nhy ngQn but ngang qua phai, dung @ Keo
ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong).
Thi dtJ: net mac cua b9 xuoc L trong cac chu dr;zt :it, phung ,
dr;zo
TOAN THllnJ HQC CHU HAN
747
4. Tiem dau n?i JH*: Net mac nhQn dgu (cling gQi khuc
d
,;, . rl-h 5"' tr-;. )
au nr;zt r:m ,fi. Jf.-
* each but:
CD phong 19 but; Keo ngQn
but xu6ng phai; Q) Keo ngang ngQn
qua phai, thu but (19 phong).
Thi dtJ: net mac ben phai cua cac
chfi' nhQ.p A , phfin jJ-, * .
5. Truong n?i 1* : Net mac dai.
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; ngQn but
xu6ng, dung Q) Nhac nhy ngQn but ngang qua phai, dung
@ Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong).
Till dtJ: net mac cac chfi' chi Z, tuc ;E , sieu .
6. Doan n?i Net mac ngan.
748
LE ANH MINH

* each but:
Q) KhC1i but thu?n phong; (?) Keo ngQn
but xu6ng phai; Q) Nang len m9t chut
va keo ngang qua phai, thu but (19
phon g) .
Thi d1,1: net mac ngan ben phai cac chii' gia * tu(Jng trifn

7. Trtfc phan @I Net mac ngtt<;1c (t1,1c gQi la
phan kha'u & to).

* each but:
Q) KhC1i but thu?n phong; (?) Keo ngQn but
xu6ng phai, t<;w vong cung, dung but; Q)
H6i phong.
Thi dl,l: net n?i trong b9 khie'm, b9 thu
cua cac chii' du sO'IQ: .
8. Khuc phan n?i ff!3 !)f. : Net mac ga'p ngtt<;1c.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN
* each but:
Q) KhC1i but nghich phong; (?) Dtta ngQn
but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xu6ng trai,
dung l?i; Be ngQn but xien xu6ng phai;
Keo ngQn but t?o dttong cong, dung l?i;
H6i phong, thu but.
749
Thi d1,1: net mac ga'p cua b9 nii' trong cac chii' nhu :flO. nht1 ifJ:.,
difU
w
8
QUYET PHAP
? A A
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
Quye't phap la each vie't net m6c cau. Miii cau hu'ong sang trai.
Cac net m6c cua Cong c6 8 hlnh dang sau:
750
LE ANH MINH
--:)
4
1. Trlfc quyet M6c cau (trung
2
3
5 -4
* each but:
CD Nghich phong huang len;(?)
ngQn but sang phai; Q) Keo ng<;m
but xuong, dung @) Keo ngu'QC
ngQn but len; Hat ngQn but qua
tr::li, thu but (19 phong).
Thi dt,I: net m6c cau trong cac chu thita
*, lai * ( *), dong *.
2. Ho quyet Net m6c cau cong nhu cai cung.
TOAN THli Tl,f HOC CHV HAN
3
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; (?) Chuyn ngQn
but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xu6ng,
vong cung; Dung but, dua ngQn len tren
m<)t chut; Hat ngQn but qua trai, thu but.
Thi d1;1 net m6c diu trong cac chu hb f,
thita if.c, va f.
751
3. Cao quyet Net m6c cau cao (con gQi la khuc xich
EI:ER: thuoc gap).
2
4
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; (?) Chuyn ngQn
but qua trai; Q) Keo ngQn but qua phai;
Chuyn ngQn but, chie't but; Keo ngQn
but xuong; Dung but, dua ngQn len tren
m<)t chut; 0 Ha't ngQn but qua trai, thu but.
Thi d1;1 net m6c cau cua cac chu dbng dorm II].
4. Ai Net m6c cau thap (kinh n6 !WJ -g.).
752 LE ANH MINH
* each but:
Tuong tl! cao quye't nhung bu'oc <3)
vie't tha'p hon.
Thi d1,1: net m6c diu ben phai cua
cac chii' nhi ffij' va m' thuqng f5j .
5. Ta quyet *4 JlftX: Net m6c diu xien.
- . * each but:
Tu'ong tl! cao quye't nhu'ng bu'oc <3)
vie't xien ben tnii.
Thi d1,1: net m6c diu ben phai cua
cac chu dao 7J ' uac f-J' ciiu .
6. Nhi khuc quyet = EIB JlftX: Net moe diu c6 2 khuc.
1
each van bUt:
2
3 CD KhC1i but nghich phong;
ngon bUt qua tnii;@ Keo ngon bUt qua
phai; ngon but, chie't but; <3)
Keo ngQn but xu6ng, thu but 19 phong.
roAN THVTV HQC CHU HAN
753
Thi d1,1: net m6c diu cac chu vi F,%, kiem
7. Tam khuc quyet-=- EIB JIPX: Net m6c cau ga'p thanh 3 khuc
(gi6ng chu s6 3).
* each but:
2 Vlfl"'71_ CD Khbi but nghich phong; ngon but
qua trfu.; Q) Keo ngQn but qua phai;
ngQn but, chiet but; <3) Keo ngQn but xu6ng;
1 Y T<;to dtfong cong S; 0 Thu but 19 phong.
Thi dl,l: net m6c dm nay trong b9 .xU&- cua cac chu di ji, d{lO it[.
8. Tu khuc quyet [9 EIB JlftX: Net m6c cau ga'p 4 khuc.

},
* each but:
CD KhC1i but ngh!ch phong;
ngQn but qua trai; Q) Keo ngQn but qua
phai; ngon but, chie't but; <3)
Keo ngQn but xu6ng; T<;to du'ong ga'p
chG' V; 0 duong cong, dung but;
Hoi but, hftt ngQn but qua trai, thu but 19
phon g.
Thi dl,l: net m6c cau cua b9 [{p ( B) trong cac chG' do =W.
b9 , v(in .
754
m
9
CAU PHAP fP]tt;
? A "
CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
LE ANH MINH
Cau phap la each viet net cau c6 miii nh9n huang qua phai.
Cac net cau ctla Lieu C6ng c6 8 hlnh dang sau:

4
1
1.--
1. Tri/C cau cau thng.
TOAN THlJ T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
2
3
4
* each but:
CD Ngh!ch phong huang len;
ng9n but sang phai; a> Keo ngQn but
xuong, dung l<;ti; ng9n but;
Ha't t<;tt ngQn but qua phai, thu but (19
phong).
Thi d1,1: net cau trong cac chu y {;&, nang
.<..t; d M>-
t;,
2. Ho cau 5JJl cau cong nhu' cai cung.
* each but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ngQn
but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xuong, t(;lO
vong cung; Dung but, dua ngQn len tren
m9t chut; Hat ngQn but qua phai, thu but.
Thi d1,1 net cau trong cac chu nga ::fjt, tLt
hifx.
755
3. Cao cau rm Net cau cao (con g9i la phu nga
756 LE ANH MINH
ng6ng n6i).
* each but:
Q) Khdi but ngh!ch phong; <D ngQn
but qua phai; Keo ngQn but xuong;
5
T<;1o vong cung; Keo ngQn but qua phai,
dung but; H6i phong, ha't ngQn but len,
thu but.
Thi du net cau cua cac chu t! ), pht;tm kY *C
4. Ai cau fril: Net cau tha'p (hoimh qua ti:Jt).
* each but:
Q) Khdi but thu?n phong; <D Keo
but t(;lO vong cung; Dung l<;ii, h6i
phong, ha't len, thu but.
Thi dt,I: net diu cua chu tam ,c,,,
va bQ tam ,c,, cua cac chu ta't 1:::\'
tLt
5. Til cau fril: Net cau xien.
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
*each but:
Tu'ong tt! h6 cau nhu'ng nhu'ng bu'oc
viet xien ben phai.
Thi dt,I: net cau ben phai cua cac
chu hoijc thjnh thiin 3l! .
6. Nhj khtlc cau =EiB fril: Net cau c6 2 khuc.
?
* each but:
Q) Khdi but ngh!ch phong; <D ngQn
but qua phai; Keo ngQn but xuong xien
qua tnii; ngQn but, chiet but;
Keo ngQn but xuong, ha't len, thu but 19
phon g.
Th
' d ' A ' h;-" A k
0
h ft.< h A
0
y_A-
1 t,I: net cau cac c u tuy(!t rH:J m ''= QL
7. Tam khtlc cau - HE fril: Net cau ga'p 3 khuc.
757
758
LE ANH MINH
* each but:
Gi6ng cao diu (phu nga) nhttng tha'p
han. Thi dt,I: net cau d chan cua cac
chu tien )t;, quang jt, khdc 5[,.
B. Tu khuc cau 1m 8:13 Net diu ga'p 4 khuc.
* each but:
<D Khdi but nghich phong; @
ngQn but qua tnii; Keo
ngQn but qua phai;
ngQn but, chiet but; Keo ngQn
but xu6ng; t<;to duong cong;
Dung but, h6i but; 0 Ha't ngQn but
len, thu but 19 phong.
Thi dt,I: net cau cua cac chu pham fL, phong 1$.1., hang 11tJt.
m
PHU LUC

I. Tam tt! kinh
II. M()t sfi mfiu thri phap minh hQa
III. Chu thao vie't Hit dung trong kinh
760
phl:J ll:JC I
TAMTUKINH
= 2
---:) 'I'.:L.
TRAN VAN CHANH
VAN THVdNG
phien am va dich nghia
1. Nhan chi sd
2. Tinh ban
3. Tinh tl1dng
4. tl1dng vien
5. Ctiu ba't giao
6. Tinh nih thien
7. Giao chi dc,to
8. Quy di chuyen
9. Tich Mc,tnh mftu
10. Trc,tch lan xll'
11. Til' ba't hQC
12. E>oc,tn cd trii'
13. Yen Sdn
14. HG'u nghia phl1dng
15. Giao ngii til'
16. Danh ciiu dl1dng
17. Duong ba't giao
18. Ph1.,1 chi qua
19. Giao ba't nghiem
20. Sl1 chi nQa (dQa)
21. Til' ba't hQC
22. Phi sd nghi
A z *JJ

'li f Jli
f

tt JJ


1::-=?.JI!.
E3 .rm. WJ-






f!l



gffi z 'IW

?JT 1l
Con nguoi k:hi moi sinh
Tam tinh v6n 111dng
Tinh net gftn gi6ng nhau
quan dftn k:hac
Neu khong du<;1c giao d1.,1c
Tinh net ben d6i thay
Phudng phap giao d1.,1c hay
La'y chuyen sau lam trQng
M<:; Mc,tnh Til' ngay truoc
Tim chQn x6m ng1.,1 cl1
Con ch!u hQc hanh
(M<:;) be gay thoi
Yen Sdn thud truoc
C6 each giao dl.,lC hay
Dc,ty nam con thanh d<;lt
Tieng d6n k:hap ndi ndi
Nuoi con rna d<;ly
La sai lftm cua cha
DC;l y ct6 rna khong nghiem
L6i t(;li thfty bieng nhac
Ngl1oi con ch!u hQc
>6 la diu khong nen
TOAN THli Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
23. Au ba't hQc
24. Uio ha vi ?
25. NgQc ba't trac
26. Ba't thanh k:hi
27. Nhan ba't hQc
28. Ba't tri ly
29. Vi nhan til'
30. Dudng thieu thai
31. Than sl1 hii'u
32. le nghi
33. H11dng cll'u linh
34. Nang on t!ch
35. Hieu 11 than
36. Sd dudng thuc
37. Dung tu tue
38. Nang nhl1<;1ng le
39. De 11 truC1ng
40. Nghi tien tri
41. Thu hieu de
42. Thu kien van
43. Tri m6 s6
44. Thuc m6 danh
45. Nha't nhi
46. nhi bach
4 7. Bach nhi thien
48. Thien nhi vc,tn
49. Tam tai gia
50. Thien E>!a Nhan
51. Tam quang gia

53. Tam cl1dng gia
54. Quan thftn nghia
i}J /f
f6J


A
;If J!.

!j' o:t;.
EB y 1-J"<j
m gffi -;x


g 1fti


Mt ll9
g

1l 7t




-rm+
+rma
arm.:P

-::t:13
7(1EA
.:=.7't:13



761
Tu6i nho khong ch!u hQc
Khon iOn lam dl1<;1c gl
NgQc khong qua gQt giiia
trd thanh chi
Con nguoi k:hong ch!u hQc
hitiu ly le glq
Da lam mot nguoi con
Ngay k:hi con nho tu6i
Nen gftn thfty gftn b(;ln
HQC p mQi le nghi
Hoang Hudng moi chin tu6i
Biet lam a'm chieu gil1ong
Hieu thao voi cham<:;
Biet nay lam gl1dng
Kh6ng Dung moi b6n tu6i
E>a biet nhl1ong qua le
Ton kinh anh ca
Nen sam biet nay
Truoc tien lahieu de
Thu den la tha'y nghe
Biet dl1<;1c nhii'ng con s6
Hitiu r6 m6i danh tU
Tu mot tinh den ml1oi
Tu muoi rna den tram
Tu tram rna den nghln
Tu nghln rna den V(;ln
Cai glla "Tam tai"
>6 la ''Thien E>!a Nhan"
Cai glla ''Tam quang"
M?t troi va trang sao
Cai gl la ''Tam cudng"
Nghia vua toi gan b6
762 TRAN VAN CHANH I TOAN THV T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
763
55. Ph1,1 til' than
x:-=rm
Tlnh than thttong ph1,1 til'
86. M9c kim

Am thanh "Kim"
56. Phu ph1,1
* 9w lltwi
Dc:to vfj ch6ng hoa
87. Ty du true
** w t'J
Am thanh 'Ty" va 'True"
57. Vie't xuan hc:t

GQi la xuan la hc:t
88. Nlii bat am
l'J J\ 1-
D6 gQi la "Bat am"
58. Vie't thu dong
El f.X
GQi la thu la dong
89. Cao ding t6
WI"
Tren la ''Cao" 'T6"
f1'lJ E3 I'
59. Thii' tu thai
lit [Z] (f-f Ay b6n rnua la
90. Ph1,1 nhi than

Dttoi de'n cha va rnlnh
60. ba't cling

Tmin hoan rnai vo cling
91 . Than nhi til'
Mlnh r6i lc:ti de'n con
61. Vie't Narn
El WJ
GQi la Narn la
92. Til' nhi ton -=fffi)f*
Con n6i tie'p de'n chau
62. Vie't Tay Dong
EJ[Z*
qQi la Tay Ia Dong
93. Ttt til' t6n
-=f t%
Tu doi con doi cha u
63. Thii' til phttong
lit [Z] jj Ay b6n phttong la
94. Chi ding
De'n the'
64. Ung h6 trung
JJ!f-l=j=l U'ng voi mot trung tarn
95. Nai cii'u toe
HQ chin doi - "Cii'u toe"
65. Vie't Thuy Hoa El 7_k :)( GQi Ia Thuy Ia Hoa
96. Nhan chi luan A z fli1f
La luan thttong con ngttoi
66. Moe Kim Th6

GQi la Moe Kim Th6
97. Ph1,1 til' an
An tharn tlnh ph1,1 til'
X ilJ'
67. Thii' ngu
lit :n fr
Day chlnh la ''Ngu hanh"
98. Phu ph1,1 tong
* 9w fjf
V CJ cling ch6ng hoa
68. Ban h6 s6

Ban cha't do s6 til'
99. Huynh t3:c huu
5(, 1ft:_
Anh qui ern trong nha
69. Vie't nhan nghia El {- GQi la nhan la nghia
100. t3:c cung 1t
Ern phai kinh anh chi
70. tri tin
91 {i3 GQi la tri, tin
101. Truong rae
Tren phai nang do dttoi
71 . Thii' ngu thttong
lit :n 1ft
D6 chinh la ''N gu thttong"
102. Au de :Y.}J
Con tn-; theo tren
72. Ba't dung v?n

Khong th lam roi loan
103. Quan de kinh
Lam vua dn din trQng
73. Dc:to lttong co

Gi6ng lua "Dc:to, Luong, Co"
104. de trung
toi phai trung
74. Mc:tch thii' de

Gi6ng lua "Mc:tch, Thii', T3:c"
105. Thii' nghia
Day la rnttoi nghia
75. Thii' l1,1c c6c

Day gQi la "L1,1c c6c"
106. Nhan so d6ng A fi!T IPJ
Ngttoi ngttoi tuan theo cling
76. Nhan so thtfc
A fi!T Con ngttoi dung d an
107. Pharn hua'n rnong fL IDII
Pharn lam giao di,IC
77. Ma ngt.tu dttong
4-$
Cac gi6ng ngl,l'a, trau, de
108. Tu giang cuu

phai nghien CUll sau
/...,......., R
78. Ke khuyn thi

Cac loai ga, ch6, lCJn
109. Tuong hua'n hb IDII i!l
Giang giai cho tt.tong
79. Thii' li,IC sue lit --"- 3Z:
D6 gQi la ''LI,IC sue"
110. Minh cu
SJ3 'PJ
r5 rang tung cau
/\ E!3
80. Nhan so ttf
A fi!T Con nguoi thttong chan nuoi
11l.Vi hQC gia

Da lam ngt.toi hQC gia
q::-
81. Vie't hi no
El :w GQi la mung la
112.Ta't huu so

p ke' ban u
82. Vie't ai Cl,l
El 'l:l GQi la bu6n la kinh
113. Do Hie'u kinh El3 q:
HQc ngay tu Hie'u kinh
83. Ai 6 di,IC
:s::a ,,,
GQi la yeu, ghet, rnu6n
114. Chi Tu thu'
R6i tie'p de'n T/1 thu
JlJ' ffA
84. Tha't t'inh Cl,l
-t 'IW
D6 v6n la bay t'inh
115. ngu gill
=.fl.. ==li i3 Cho tdi sach Lugn ngil
i'ii!B ao
85. Bao th6 each

Am thanh "Bao" 'Th6" ''Cich"
116. Nhi thien =+Rli
Bao g6rn hai rnuoi thien
117. til'
Do man d6 Kh6ng Til'
764
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
765
118. Ky ngon
Ghi l<;J.i nhii'ng loi hay
150. T6n tr! B- E:l K
Ghi che' lttu t6n
119. M<;J.nh Tu gia
Con c6 sach Mc;mh Trl
151. D<;J.i Doi
* lj\
D<;J.i Doi va Doi
120. That thien chi
-tmll::. Bao g6m la bay thien
152. Chu L ky rr :tl
Chu thich sach kY
121. Giang d<;J.o due /.!!!i
Giang giai v d<;J.O due
153. Thu?t thanh ngon
Giai lOi thanh hin
:l!:!. i.e.,
122. Thuye't nhan nghTa 1-
Ban v nghTa v nhan
154. L Nh<;J.C b! tl {W
Sang to L va Nh<;J.c
123. Tae Trung dung
1'F $1M Sang tae sach Trung dung
155. Vie't Qu6c phong
G9i la tho Qu6c phong
124. Nai Kh6ng Cap
JJ fL 1& D6la ong Kh6ng Cap
156. Vie't Nha Tt,mg EJ m t'W
G9i la Nha va Tt,mg
125. Trung bat thien
Chii' trung khong thien
157. tu thi
Tue la b6n lo<;J.i tho
126. Dung bat dieh
Chii' dung d6i thay
158. Phu Ty Hung .tt $.
Lai Them Phu, Ty, Hung
127. Tac D<;J.i hQe
f'F *
om ...L- GQi la sau lo<;J.i tho
Sang tae saeh Dc;zi h9c
159. thi /' D'
128. Nai Tang Tu
JJfjj-1- D6 la ong Tang Tu
160. Dudng ph(mg v!nh
IDi
Hang nga y thuong ngam v!nh
129. Ttf tu t
fl$ Tutu than, t gia.
161. Thi ky vong L::
Tho ca da that l<;J.C
130. Chi blnh tr!
if {E; Den tri blnh thien ha
162. Xuan thu tac w f.X f'F
Sang tac kinh Xuan thu
131. Hieu kinh thong

Hieu kinh phai tinh th6ng
163. bao bie'm
Chua ti'n loi khen trach
132. Tu thu
[9 Tu thu cling thanh
164. ac l.JU
Phan r5 ac
133. Nhu kinh
;'\ Den nhu la kinh
165. Tam gia
- f' ::!3
Ba nguoi nao viet
134. Thiiy kha d9e

Moi e6 hQe du<;1e
166. Hii'u Cong Duong 1=f 0 -':
D6 la ong Cong Duong
135. Thi Thu Dich
Cac kinh Thi, Thu Dich
167. Hii'u Ta thi i=ftia
L<;J.i c6 ong Ta th!
136. L Xuan Thu
.1 w f.X
' .
168. Hii'u C6e Luong

Va ca ong C6c Luong
k);, Xuan thu
137. kinh 5JJt ...L- ' {{{
D6 gQi la kinh
169. Kinh ky minh *< SJ3
Kinh saeh to tuong
% /'\
I!I.
138. Duong giang du
Cfin tim toi nghien cuu
170. Phuong d(>c Tu
15 -1-
Moi dQe de'n Chu Tu.
t=l - '
EE o ..-
139. Hii'u Lien son
ff:@ilJ
Con e6 kinh Lien son
171. Toat ky ye'u ti ;!t
Rut ra diu trQng yeu
140. Hii'u Qui tang
1=f Con e6 kinh Qui timg
172. Ky ky stf
Nhd stf lon lao
p /"
141. Hii'u Chu Dieh

Con c6 kinh Chu Djch
173. Ngu Tu gia Ii-1-::!3
Nam nhan tieu
142. Tam Dieh tuong
- $
Ba kinh du to tuong
174. Hii'u Tuan Duong i==film
C6 ong Tuan ong Duong
143. Hii'u Mo 1=f lit!. ::--
C6 sach sach Mo
175. Van Trung Tu )($-1-
C6 ong Van Trung Tu
,..,. ....
144. Hii'u Huan Cao
1=f g),, ffi5
C6 saeh Huan saeh Cao
176. C?p Lao Trang
Cung voi ong Lao Trang
145. Hii'u
C6 sach saeh Menh
177. Kinh Tu thong
Jm
Kinh, Chu Tu thong
= OfJ
146. Thuchi ao
Rat huyn sa u. xa
178. D(>e chu su

DQC de'n cae lo<;J.i su
147. Nga Co eong
=IX 0 Ong Co cong eiia ta
179. Khao the' $St!tffi
Khao CUll eae the'
148. Tac Chu I
f'F fflJ tl Sang tae saeh Chu ll
180. Tri ehung thiiy
*-1
r5 ca truoc sau
149. Tnroc
----'-lit!.
Viet ra sach
181. Tt! Hi Nong

Tu Hi, Nong
/'\ ""
766
.
TRAN VAN CHANH TOAN THV Tl,( HQC CHll HAN 767
182. Chi Hoang De

Den thai d:;ti Hoang De 214. Thuy kiem tinh
1#
Moi thau tom 1:;ti du<;1c
183. Tam Hoang
5J}E-s
I) =- .3:::
Nen g9i la Tam Hoang 215. nhi the
1$ =tit
ngoi qua hai doi
184. cu thu<;1ng the ,@_ttf:t d thai ky Thu<;Jng c6 216. sa Han tranh

L:;ti tranh gianh Han sa
185. Duong HG'u Ngu

Duong De va HG'u Ngu 217. Cao T6 hung
tEl JI!
Day binh thai Cao T6
186. Nhi De
5JJE -

Nen g9i la Nhi De 218. Han kien
lt
Nha Han dlfng co d6
187. Tuong nhiep nhu<;Jng ;f t1 Tlf nhuong ngoi cho nhau 219. Chi Hieu Blnh
:4 Sf
Den doi vua Hieu Blnh
188. Xung thinh tri
rf5
La thai ky thinh tri 220. Vuc:Jng Mang soan

Ngoi vua, Vuc:Jng Mang cuap
189. H:;t huu Vu

Nha H:;t c6 vua Vu 221. Quang Vu hung
1GiltJI!
Quang Vu deDay binh
190. Thuong htru Thang

Nha Thuc:Jng c6 vua Thang 222. Vi Dong Han
F.&*
Lam nen nha Dong Han
191. Chu Van Vu
fflJ)Cilt
Nha Chu vua Van. Vu 223. Tu bach nien [984
Tnli qua b6n tram nam
192. Tam Vuong
5m-3:. D6 g9i la Tam Vuong 224. Chung u Hien

Cu6i cling la vua Hien
193. H:;t tit
1$-1-
H:;t ngoi ke 225. Ngt,ly Tht,lc Ngo

Ba nude Ngt,ly Tht,lc Ngo
194. Gia thien h:;t
Coi nude nhu nha rieng 226. Tranh Han dinh
* Wtt
Tranh nhau ngoi nha Han
195. Tu bach tai
T6n t:;ti b6n tram nam 227. Tam qu6c
5m-m
GQi la thai Tam qu6c
196. Thien H:;t xa
3.1 tt
Mat co d6 nha H:;t 228. Luong Tan

Chuyn sang thai Luong Tan
197. Thang ph:;t t H:;t
{)t Vua Thang vua H:;t 229. T6ng ke

Tiep den la T6ng,
198. Qu6c Thuong

Lay qu6c la Thuong 230. Luong thua

R6i Luong ke tt,lc
199. Ll;lc bach tai
Trai qua sau tram nam 231. Vi Nam
F.&rJfl3
La thai ky Nam
200. Chi Trt,l vong

Den Trt,l vuong thl mat 232. Do Kim Lang

Do Kim Lang xay dlfng
201. Chu Vu Vuong
fflJ:fEt.
Nha Chu vua Vu Vuong 233. Blk Nguyen Ng\ly
7C
Blk c6 Nguyen Ng\ly
202. Thuy tru Trl;l
Q 0
Da tieu vua Trl;l 234. Phan Dong Tay
5t*
Phan chia ra Dong Tay
203. Bat bach tai
J\ 8 Tri vl tam tram nam 235. Vu Van Chu f:)(fflj Vua Vu Van nha Chu
204.T6i truong cii'u

T6n t:;ti la u dai nhat 236. DG' Cao

/' ["8] }=I
V oi Cao Hoan nude
205. Chu Bong
ffllm*
Nha Chu doi Bong 237. Bai chi Tuy

m F.!
Cho den doi nha Tuy
206. Vuong cuong trt,ly .3:. Ky cuong da suy Sl;lp 238. Nhat th6 vu -f:
Thl th6ng nhat dat nude
207. Sinh can qua
Gay lo:;tn l:;tc binh dao 239. mit tai

Ch&ng du<;1c bao doi
208. Thu<;:Jng du thuyet
Mot thai thinh du thuyet 240. That th6ng tlf
Lk *1t
But m6i day ke
209.Thuy Xuan thu W- fjc Trude la thai Xuan thu 241. Duong Cao T6

Ben doi Duong Cao T6
210. Chung Chien qu6c m Sau la thai Chien qu6c 242. Khai nghia su ffi
L:;ti khai nghia day binh
- 211. Ngu ba cuong
1i a 51i Nam ba m<;tnh ra doi 243. Tru Tuy lo<;tn

Tru lo<;tn l<;tc nha Tuy
. 212. That hling xuat
-t:: /lll:fj Xuat biiy cuong qu6c 244. Sang qu6c co

Dlfng co d6 dat nude
213. Doanh Tftn thi

Den vua Tftn hQ Doanh 245. Nhi
=+1$
Hai muoi lftn n6i
768 VAN CHANH
lOAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
769
\.
246. Tam bach tai

Tnli qua ba tram nam
278. Thanh Thu?n Tri
.!.. Nha Thanh vua Thu?n Tri
F.l "' [:]
247. Luong chi
z
Bi nha Luong tieu
279. Cu kinh

Cat cu chie'm kinh
248. Qu6c nlii cai
J1J
Qu6c ben d6i thay
280. Chi truyn
Truyn de'n doi thu muoi
249. Luong Duong Ta'n Lh h.t<;1t Luong, Duong, Ta'n
281. Tuyen Th6ng t6n
Vua Tuyen Th6ng thoai vi
250. Han Chu
7Jz :l JWJ
R6i de'n Han va Chu
282. CU' T6ng th6ng
*JC
CU' T6ng th6ng cai tri
251. Xung Ngii
m 1i 1-t
GQi la thai Ngii
283. Cong hoa thanh # 50 JJX:
Thanh nn cong hoa
252. Giai huu do

Du c6 nhung nguyen do
284. Phl;IC Han Th6
r:l
Da't nude Han kh6i phl;lc
253. Viem T6ng hung

Viem T6ng da'y binh
285. Dan qu6c hung
Dan qu6c Trung Hoa
254. Th\1 Chu
']?: IWlt*
H?u Chu
286. Tra'p nhi stl' tr=9::
Hai muoi hai stl'
255. bat truyn
+ J\ f$
Muoi tam llinn6i ngoi
287. Toan tu
MQi chep trong nay
256. Nam Bik h6n fj ::It y_EB Nam Bac T6ng h6n
288. Tai tri i:i
Ghi thai tri
257. tha't stl'
+t9::
Sach stl' muoi bay
289. Tri hung suy
im. Ro thai cuoc hung suy
0 /'
258. Lieu du Kim
.Elil .4-
C6 nude Lieu nude Kim
290. Doc stl' gia
9:: :f3
Nhung ai nghien cuu stl'
..,. ..... :Tii
259. Giai xung de'

Du da tUng xung de'
291. Khao tht,tc ll;lc

Tham khao tu nay
260. Nguyen Kim

Nguyen da tieu Kim
292. Thong c6 kim
Hiu xua va nay
261.
ff.*i!t
Ke't thuc doi nha T6ng
293. Nhuoc than ml;lc
Nhu dUQC nhln mat
262. Chim Trung Qu6c {ti$ Xfun chim nude Trung Hoa
294. Khfiu nhi tl;lng D ffi]
dQC stl' sach
263. Kiem Nhung Dich
:Mt=rxAJ<
Th6n tinh Nhung va Djch
295. Tam nhi suy
{,, rm m
Tam tri phai ngftm suy
264. CU'u tai

Chin muoi nam trai qua
296. Trieu u tu W3 wr
Sam sam nhu the' nao
265. Qu6c to ph
t'F }g
nude da suy Sl;lp
297. Tich u tu
Chiu chiu ciing nhu
266. Thai T6 hung
* t.
Vua Thai T6 da'y
298. Tich TrQng Ni 1- 19=' ffi
Ong TrQng Ni thuCi trudc
267. Qu6c Minh
* SJ3
Qu6c la Minh
299. Su Thac ffi Jj
Coi Thac la thfiy
268. H6ng Vii 5dE JEt
Nien la H6ng Vii
300. C6 Thanh hin
l'fo Thanh hin xua nay
lj ?;,, EE. --
269. D6 Kim Lang

Djnh d6 Kim Lang
301. Thuc;1ng dn hQc r6J J}j *
Vftn hQc hanh dn mftn
270. Dai Thanh T6
JJX: t13.
De'n doi vua Thanh T6
302. Trung Unh M!I$%
Ngay xua Trung Unh
271. Thien Yen Kinh
1t
Doi do tdi Yen Kinh
303. Doc LJ lw?.n -.
HQc LJ lw?.n chuyen dn
m: .,R, _g
' ' 5RB
272. tha't the'
+ti!t
Doi vua thu muoi bay
304. Bi ky si f
Ong da ra lam quan
273. Chi Sung Trinh
*
Nien la Sung Trinh
305. HQc tha dn *__J}J
Ma vftn cham chi hQc
274. Quyn yem tu
1-ltt
Nam het mQi quyn hanh
306. Phi b6 bien
co lam sach
275. Kha'u nhu Him
Jt& t*
Gi?c gia nhu rung co
307. Tude true gian t'J rJi
Che tre lam vCi ghi
276. Chi Ly Sa'm
* r!!ij
R6i de'n thai Ly Sa'm
308. Bi v6 thu
':&: Wf
Nguoi ngheo kh6ng c6 sach
1 "" E3
277. Thfin khi phfin
t$ 14:
D6t pha khap noi noi
309. Tha tri __ *ll.
Bie't gang sue kien trl
770
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
771
310. hrong
N !!!*- Xa nha treo bui toe
342. Bi dinh ngQ 'IR
HQ nhung nguoi thong thai ll!..\
311. Truy thich c6
wu Dui nhQn xien bap dui
343. Nhan xung ky

Doi gQi la ky
312. Bi bat giao
/f' HQ thieu d?y ct6
I
344. Nhi au hQC :i}J
B<:J.n nho dang theo hQc
313. Ttf dn kh6
Ttf hQC cang kh6 cong
345. Duong chi J"!x: z
Nen bat chudc hQ di
314. Nhu nang huynh
fi 11 Den la tui dom d6m
346. Thai Van Co f$
co gai Thai Van co
315. Nhu anh tuyet
: Va anh tuyet dem dong
347. Nang
.L.I:,
C6 tai choi dan gioi
!'!!:. := '
316. Gia tuy
* ff
Tuy gia dlnh ngheo kh6
348. T? D<:J.o Ufin ili m&
Kla nang T? D?o Ufin
317. HQC bat chuyet
HQc t?p khong ngung
349. Nang ngam vinh
Biet ngam vinh thi ca
318. Nhu phtJ tan
fjf Nhu gui cay ban cui
350. Bi nu til' -9; -=f
HQ la con gai
319. Nhu quai giac
fi3 Chan tra u sach treo sung
351. Tha thong __
Ma thong thai tai ba
320. Than tuy lao
$} ff *
Tam than tuy moi
352. Nhi nam til'
Cac b<:J.n 1a nam til'
321. Do kh6 hQc
1" :g: Van hQC hanh kh6 cong
353. Dttong thieu thanh
Tu6i nho sam thang hoa
133;:/
322. To Uio
7]{ Xua ong To Uio
354. Duong Luu Yen
Luu Yen doi nha Duong
323. Nh! th?p that
=+t
Nam hai muoi bay tu6i
355. Phuong that tue

Vua moi len bay tu6i
324. Thuy phat phan
9{5 fl Moi phan dau vuon len
356. ell' d6ng $1$
Dac ell' la d6ng
325. Doc thu tjch
f
DQC thong ffiQi kinh sach
357. Tac Chfnh ttf f!= 1E '=
Lam den quan Chfnh ttf Q E3 El
326. Bi ky Hio
Thl ong da cao nien
358. Bi tuy au ff :i}J
Tu6i ong tuy con nho
327. Do hoi trl
1" Hoi tiec vl muon mang
359. Than di si #r B 1
Nhung da di lam quan
328. Nhi tiu sinh
lj\ B?n la hQC tro nho
360. Nhi au hoc :i}J
B?n nho hay gang hQC
329. Nghi tao tu
___._.lf-83
Nen suy nghi sam hon
361. nhi tri rm 5:
co len Ia d?t thoi
__
330. NhuQt: Luong
__,.._. 'fl.
Nhu xua ong Luong H?o
362. Huu vi gia
Nhung ai lam nhu ::t:l * )j',_,
331. Bat th?p nh!
J\+=
Tam muoi hai tu6i r6i
363. nhuQc th!
#--H-E3
Cling thanh t1JU nhu' nguoi
::t:i"7E
332. Doi d?i dlnh
rlt *
Trude dlnh doi dap
364. Khuyn thu d?

Ch6 dem khuya canh giu
333. Khoi da si
D6 cao gioi hon nguoi
365. Ke tu
Ga gay gQi sang troi
334.Bivanthanh
fff JJX: Ong gia rna thanh d?t
366. cfiu bat hQc
Neu khong chiu hQC hoi
335. Chung xung di
ffij' :W
Xem la 1? doi
367. H?t vi nhan?
Thllam sao nen nguoi ?
/ ft} ..,...,
336. Nhi tiu sinh
!J\ 1:.
Nay hoi cac b?n tre
368. Tam th6 ty
K D **
Con biet nha ta
337. Nghi l?p chi
__._.fl.-:
Sam chi di thoi
369. Phong nhu'ong t @I
Con ong biet gay m?t __ \
338. Oanh bat tue
T6 Oanh mdi tam tu6i
370. Nhan bat hoc
Ngu'oi khong chiu hQC hanh
339. Nang vjnh thi
Da biet ngam vjnh tho
371. Bat nhu' v?t /f'
du'QC nhu con v?t
340. Tiet that tue
?, t
Ly Tiet vua bay tu6i
372. Au nhi hQC Y.JJ rm
Tu6i nho hay gang hQC
341. Nang phu ky .L.I:, BJt m
Biet lam phd choi co
373. Trang nhi hanh rm 1i
Lon khon rna dua tai
!'!!:. ' '
772
374. Thttong tri quoc
375. H? tr?ch dan
376. Duong danh thanh
377. pht,I m:u
378. Quang u' tin
379. Thuy tt
380. Nhan di tii'
381. Kim man doanh
382. Nga giao tit
383. Duy nhat kinh
384. Cfin huu c6ng
385. Hi v6 ich
386. Gioi chi tai
387. Nghi h!c


T 5':

/v' .Lp.
WJ..

iE f&
A 51:+
iK

,hl:r -X.<
It 'ltr.

1Hf: /..:0..
;I \ \ iii!.
t&zij!G
1f*il1J
TRAN VAN CHANH
Cao pht,Ic Vt,I t6 quoc
Thap ich cho dan sinh
Thanh danh them ro
Cha my cfing vinh
Sang danh noi tien t6
Lttu truyn tdi sinh
Ngttoi ta cho con cai
Yang b?C dfiy SQt sanh
Chung ta d?y con cai
Chi la sach la kinh
Chuyen dn at thanh d?t
Du hi l<;1i g1
Tranh choi boi v6 ich
Gang tien len di!
TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHa HAN 773
phl) ll)C II
MQT s6 MAU THV PHAP MINH HOA
* 17tl
..of,l ;lJ: .P ihl
II :.J , "lf1 -A ill'r:2

.&j''' ..fw:_ J
:.4 iJ -41 -;ft
de. ft. f.\ f , Ja Ji
t; i :It'- A:
- .-! !ill'
...... 1 .f=- ,Al. -,fit

. / *.:<.. l!J
... ) g_- 1 :-.
'Tl f -
: :? .... ..

'3 t Jl(t:::Jii'- }fr'-
vf
,, .
n<- 1 I!
f
- U&k
1. Lan Dinh if! thilp Ni ;f Jt .P.5
cua Vucmg Hi Chi .I. (dO'i TB:n)
774
TRAN vAN cHANH 1 roAN rHVTl,f Hoc cHa HAN 775
J!J
\71
l*J


1fr
+ 1
').
2. Khai thu cua Cong .ffi (dai Duang)


8f \iii
:flJ :?.

_:bt- ].lfff -
fJ -{j 1J\ :f111
t1i

3. Khai thu cua Nhan Chan Khanh (dai Duang)
776
VAN CHANH
tl
.,.,


'f fL
ao ''- /_ ...
.J )- -'J ,I -j-
iiL l/1.. g

. ..
- "1ft &'=
f \ill
+

oa --
, ....
-
--l '

{3


.l- /_!J
ita
4. Ciiu Thanh Cung Minh IL m_. 1; ,.R it,
khai thu cua Au Duang Twin ( dai EhrO'ng)
TOAN THLI n,t HQC CHCI HAN

\ . \ i .

t. t.-
. -.. r."'-'il I
:.."' ,_/
(

-f'l
.:: ,.
5. Thu "S<lu kim 1t tntng
cua vua Huy Tong f.u $ (dO'i TO'ng)
777
778 TRAN VAN CHANH




6. Kluli tht1 cua To ThU'c fA: , m9t trong tU'
thu gia dO'i T6ng (To, Hoang, Me S<ii- tU'c la
To ThU'c, Hoang Dl.nh Kien, Me Phe, va Sai Kinh)
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHV HAN
r(ijij = nJ
!"il r:

7. Thu pha p hanh khai cua
Hoang Dl.nh Kien if M. (dO'i T6ng)
779
780
TRAN VAN CHANH

;b /i_ :i?,.
I;?:J N-
. \:.P

)tf Vk {t
(;} i

8. Hanh thu cua Phe-* -=i# (dai T6ng)
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN
..t ,,
If' . .J






781
9. Chu tinh fA-, hanh thu cua Nh:;tc Phi -!I; tit (dai T6ng)
782

.........
TRAN VAN CHANH

t
.!1:-


'(1
10. Th9 Xuan Dztilng ky fi -tc., thu phap
M<;1nh Phu ;{!it.. M (dO'i Nguyen)
TOAN THll Tl,f HQC CHV HAN
783
A ) < l Q) 4 ,
v ) ' I) /) J

I '}:2 ->=-
l}
'1 ...
)/ ..,y 4 ,;;; /).1_
:J -, {Jx_
./Z t 121
, !!. 1\! ,.j
Vi T fsi.l

)11 1 vf
1i 1
('/.. ip
k ?'

11. Hanh thu cua Van Trttng Minh 3::. aJ! ( dO'i Minh)
784
VAN CHANH
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CH(/ HAN 785
1'cb ;tgr +
phl:J ll;IC Ill
A ,..:' _, ? K '
MOT SO CHU THAO VIET TAT DUNG
* as Jil
TRONG KINH PHAT
14?
tt. 'jf.j
.ffll 33
"(D_,( W\ +
:7ffir -Jff


M

0 0

MI Jt M I&

f
1!1


j
-.tr
-t
i!l
"E1



I '
c:p 1.5{_ .?.:r.


m:
.Ei
J;1J
J'L _.."

otu
7'o
$
tJJ}
5l


=
.5%
;fr+l
= 1- ,g_: ...
TJ



t
J,
t


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-b
-IX t
... , -- ..
!llJ J: tr -;)

lJ1E

w



l$.j
f%
t;j
J.W
k .fk
12. thu cua vua Can Long #. Ft- ( dai Thanh)

q_
t

!l



fk hI
786
TRAN VAN CHANH
fJfj_



4:
J}J
;s:n..
-o
.><..
il->L
f;Ji
'lm fr .
ff
*
Pi:

tt
-t
fJ;
"

h


It')
EP

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llU
*
1lt


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/]\
'
[E] l{p
t:l
tJ It I :6 J Jt t,
-
-
i\1\i I I YE I I f?ll I tL I k!} I fiJ
f I I JC ?tp I n'
TOAN THlJ Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
;t \f.!'*
tlllif\t\$y

*

I *
w
iFfi[
.;.,
t.

n 1

fl_

El
{


GP-
:0:
=E.
.g;j:



787
fB 1
v
-Y2


M
1JZ
iJL



l
I

788
TRAN VAN CHANH
il
,fi
m oox

ii
.........._
hJt;
f
t

+t
tl
I '.b.
..._
b.
w

Ngudn tai True Uim Cu ST, Phl)t gido Nan tt! Tt! diin
Jt ::f: ::f: Thuong Xu an Th\1 Thu Phong, Dai Loan, 1990.

TOAN THlJ Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
789
MUCLUC
. .

LOI NOI DAU lW .................. .. ............................................ .. .... V
THU Ml)C THAM KHAO '$!; ..................................... VIII
Pluin mli dilu
NHaNG v.AN DE cAN ........ .... ........... 15
A.ChQ Han: tfnh chat vd cau tqo .... .................................. ..... 17
B. St,l ph6t trien cua hlnh the chQ H6n ................................... 28
C. Van de viet chQ H6n ........................................................... 32
D. van de gian h6a chu Han ...... .......... .................... ...... ........ 34
E. C6 tong cng boo nhieu chu Han ? ........ .. ............. .... ....... ..... 37
F. C6ch tra vd dQc chQ Han trong tu dien .................................. 38
G. C6c b chQ H6n ......................................................................... 50
H. C6ch viet chu Han .... .... .............. ...... .............................. ..... 61
I . Van ng6n vd Bqch thoqi ...................................................... 64
I. NHAP ...... ............ .............. .............. 79
BAI KH6A: Tu bai 1 den bai 126 ......................................... 81-315
NGCJ PHAP:
So tu ................................................................................ 81
Danh tu .. ...... .. ...... .... ........ .............. ...... ...... ..................... 84
Hlnh dung tU :g: ...... ...... ...................... ....... ..................... 88
Vi trf cua so tU trong ket cau so ILJ<;ing ................................. 1 03
C6ch dung mt so danh tU don vi .......... ... .......................... 105
Dq i tU {i; ....... .. ...... ... ..... .... ..... ... .. ........ ... ........ .. ........... .. : .. .... 124
Dng tU ........... .... ............ .... . , .......................................... 130
790 TRAN vAN CHANH TOAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN 791
Dng tu dung nhll hlnh dung tCI ......................................... .. 136 Kinh Thi- Sd tU ............ .. .......................................... 325
Ph6 tU fj} ............ ... .. ......... ......... .... ............ ...... .......... ...... 139 Tu thll- NgO kinh lz:9 ...... .. ...... ..... .. ...... .. .. .... ... .. ...... ...... 348
G''. t ' A"::J 145
101 lJ ')j j'jPj .......... ... ... . ....... . ................. . ................................. .
Bach gia chlltu .................. .. .. .... ................ .. ........ ... 386
Lien tu ................ ........ ... ........ .......................................... 147
van ky sv doi Tan- Han .... .. .............. ... ............ .... 422
T rQ tu !I}J PJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 71
Co van qua cac thai dqi Jff {i: --6 )( ........ ............ ............... .. .. 454
Tha n t u OJ PJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Tho Duong ..... ........ ... .... ...... .. .......... ...... .. ... ..... .. ... 532
Cau va cac thanh phon cua c a u 1JJW1JJIJJJ)t)f ...... .. .. 221
ThoT6ng .. .... ...... ... ............................ ... ..... .... .. ... .. 572
D6u cdu !li H 5J}t ... ........... ... ........ .. ........... .......................... 226
TCITong * PJ ...... ... .. .. ....... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ... ............ ... 581
Ch
, a- - . - , =n 'tl =m =n 228
u ng va V!

.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... ..
Tan ngO ........................................ .. ................................ 236
T -

=n. 224
rqng ngo n;\ i'io ............ .. .... .. .............. .. ...... .. .... .... ................ ..
Philn thu hai = :Jt
KINH LUA,N PHA,T GIAO .. .. .... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. ........ .... . 585
B _, - =n. 250
ongOrFfli'io .. ... ....... ... ............. ... , ...... ... .. .. ....... ... ... ..... .
Philn thu ba =- :Jt
Th - - rml =n. 254
UQC ngu l!l'U i'io .... ..... ... ... ....... .. .............. ........... ..... .... ..... ... ... .
VAN BACH THOAI 8t)( ..... .. .. .. ...... .......... .. .. .... ........ .... .. ..... 667
Djnh ngO ; ' ...................... ...... .......... .. .. .. .. .... ...................... 257
e f) > . - B ,....__ " li 259
ong V! ngo i PJ uL ao .. .......... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ........ .. .......... ..
T - . - ffi- 1Jo =n. 266
rung g1a ngO EEl. ao .......... .. ........ .. .................................... ..
Ph ' h, - =n. 269
lJc c 1 ngo r s ao .... .. .................. ...... .. .... ........ .. .. .... .. .. ..
Ill. THu' PHAP T : .......... .. .... ...... .... .. ............. .. ........ .. .. 697
Phon mt: TONG QUAT .. .... .. .. ..... ........ ,. ...... .... .... .. .... . , .. ............... 699
... ..... ..... .1' l j
Phon hoi : LUVE;:N Tf\P .. ..... ......... ....... , ... ... .. .. .... .. ........ ... ... .. ........... 715
Ket c6u lien dng illb ...... ........ .. .. .......................... ... 281
1.Vinh tv bat + J\ & .... .. ............ .. ............ .. ................ 715
Ket c6u d$ h$ hay kiem ngo thuc 1* *5 tm .................. 285
2.Diem phap!lJ$ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen ........ .. .. .. ............... 719
Cdu tTnh ILJQc thdnh phon 1J' ffi&1JJ .. .......... .... ..................... 287
3. Khieu phap cua Lieu C6ng Quyen .......................... . 723
Danh tCI dung nhll dng tu .... ........ ...... ..................... , ........... 308
4. Hodnh phap tfi $ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen ...... .. .. .... ...... .. ... 728
Dng tu dung theo phep trf dng .............. ...... .... .. ............. 311
5. Tht,J phap cua Lieu C6ng Quyen .. ........... .... ....... ....... 733
Danh t u dung nhll ph6 tCI .... .. ........ ...... .. .. .. .. ... ..... .. ..... , .. , ..... . 313
6. Phi$t phap .m& & cua Lieu Cong Quyen ...... .. .. ......... .. .. .... . 739
Hlnh dung tu dung nhll danh tu .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ................. 318
7. Nqi phap f* &cua Lieu Cong Quyen .. .......... ........ .. ......... 744
Hlnh dung tCI dung nhll dng tu ...... .. .. .. ...... .... ............. ....... 318
8. Quyet phap Lieu Cong Quyen ... .... ........ ........... 749
Hlnh dung tCI dung nhll ph6 tCI .... .. ...... .... ..... .. ...................... 320
9. Cau phap Lieu Cong Quyen .... .. .... .. ......... ......... 754
Hlnh dung tCI d ung nhll danh tCI ...... ...... ... .... .... .. .................. 320
So tu dung nhll dng tu .. .... .. .......... ........ .. ... .. .. .... .. ............... 321
So tu dung nhll ph6 tU .. .. .. .. ...... .... .... .. ........... .... .. .... .. .... ....... 322
PHL,J Ll)C ............ .. .. ......... .. ........ .... .. .... ..... .... .. .. ...... .. ..... .... ..... ....... 759
1. Tam tv kinh- .... .... ................. .... .. .. ........ .. ........ .. ...... .... ... .. 760
II.Mt so mau thll phap minh hQa * .................. 773
II. NANG CAO $ : it ............................ ..... ... ....... 323
III.Mt so chO thao viet tat dung trong kinh Pht R . 785
Philn tlucnhiit :Jt
vAN sD TRIET TINH TUYEN y_ 31: ................ .... ..... 325 Ml,JC Ll)C ... .... ......... .... ........ . .. . ...... ... . . 789
TOAN THU TV HOC CHU HAN
Tran Vli.n Chanh - Le Anh Minh

NHA XUAT BAN TRE
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DT : 9316289-9316211-8465596
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In xong va n()p ltru quy 3 nam 2008.