Ti liu hng dn mn hc L lun v nh nc

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BI 5: B MY NH NC
1. MC CH, YU CU
- Mc ch:
- Yu cu: ngi hc cn nm c
+ Khi nim v b my nh nc, c quan nh nc;
+ c im ca b my nh nc;
+ Cc b phn cu thnh ca b my nh nc.
2. TI LIU THAM KHO
- H Lut H Ni, Gio trnh L lun v Nh nc v Php lut, NXB CAND, H Ni
2004.
- Khoa Lut H Quc gia H Ni, NXB HQGHN, Gio trnh L lun chung v Nh
nc v Php lut, H Ni 2005.
- Mt s l thuyt v kinh nghim t chc nh nc trn th gii, TS. Thang Vn Phc
PGS. TS. Nguyn ng Thnh, NXB CTQG, H Ni 2005.
- Th ch chnh tr th gii ng i, Hc vin chnh tr quc gia H Ch Minh, NXB
CTQG, H Ni 2003.
3. CNG NI DUNG
3.1. KHI NIM, C IM CA B MY NH NC
- Khi nim b my nh nc: l h thng cc c quan nh nc t trung ng n a
phng, c t chc v hot ng theo nhng nguyn tc chung, thng nht nhm
thc hin nhim v v chc nng ca nh nc.
- c im b my nh nc:
+ L cng c ch yu nht v c hiu lc nht thc hin nn chuyn chnh ca giai
cp thng tr v kinh t, chnh tr, t tng;
+ L cng c bo v li ch ca giai cp thng tr;
+ Nm gi ba quyn lc kinh t, quyn lc chnh tr, quyn lc t tng;
+ S dng php lut qun l x hi;
+ S dng hai phng php c bn qun l x hi l gio dc, thuyt phc v
cng ch.
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- Khi nim c quan nh nc: l b phn cu thnh ca b my nh nc, l t chc
(c nhn) mang quyn lc nh nc c thnh lp v c thm quyn theo quy nh
ca php lut nhm thc hin nhim v v chc nng ca nh nc.
- c im c quan nh nc:
+ mang tnh cht quyn lc nh nc;
+ nhn danh nh nc thc thi quyn lc nh nc;
+ trong phm vi thm quyn ca mnh, c quan nh nc c quyn ban hnh vn bn
quy phm php lut hoc vn bn p dng php lut;
+ gim st thc hin cc vn bn m mnh ban hnh;
+ c quyn thc hin bin php cng ch khi cn thit.
3.2. PHN LOI C QUAN NH NC
- Cn c vo hnh thc thc hin quyn lc:
+ C quan quyn lc nh nc;
+ C quan hnh chnh nh nc;
+ C quan t php.
- Cn c vo trnh t thnh lp:
+ C quan nh nc dn c (c quan do dn bu ra);
+ C quan nh nc khng do dn bu ra.
- Cn c vo tnh chm thm quyn:
+ C quan nh nc c thm quyn chung;
+ C quan nh nc c thm quyn chuyn mn.
- Cn c vo cp thm quyn:
+ C quan nh nc trung ng;
+ C quan nh nc a phng.
3.3. NGUYN TC C BN TRONG T CHC B MY NH NC
3.3.1. Nguyn tc tp quyn
- Ni dung nguyn tc tp quyn: l tp trung quyn lc nh nc vo trong tay mt c
nhn hoc mt c quan nh nc.
- u v khuyt im ca nguyn tc tp quyn.
- Nguyn tc tp quyn trong lch s t chc b my nh nc:
+ Tp quyn trong nh nc ch n, phong kin;
+ Tp quyn x hi ch ngha.
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3.3.2. Nguyn tc phn quyn
- Lch s nguyn tc phn quyn.
- Ni dung nguyn tc phn quyn: quyn lc nh nc phi b phn chia thnh quyn
lp php, hnh php v t php giao cho 3 c quan nh nc c lp nm gi.
+ Yu cu i vi c quan lp php;
+ Yu cu i vi c quan hnh php;
+ Yu cu i vi c quan t php.
- u v khuyt im ca nguyn tc phn quyn.
- Nguyn tc phn quyn c vn dng trong nh nc t sn.
3.4. B MY NH NC QUA CC KIU NH NC CH N, PHONG KIN
V T SN
3.4.1. B my nh nc chim hu n l
- c im: s khc bit gia phng ng v phng Ty, c th:
+ phng Ty, hnh thc nh nc da dng hn so vi phng ng, s chuyn
mn ha trong hot ng ca nh nc ngy cng cao. C quan xt x tch ra khi
c quan hnh chnh. Xut hin nhiu c quan mi trong b my nh nc (Hi
ng 5 quan gim st Sparte, Hi ng 10 tng lnh Athen, Hi ng quan n,
quan bo dn La M).
+ phng ng, ph bin hnh thc qun ch chuyn ch trung ng tp quyn. B
my nh nc mang nng tnh cht qun s, chu nh hng su sc ca tn gio.
T chc b my nh nc cn s khai v n gin. Chc v v quan ch cha r
rng. a phng ch l s m phng v sao chp trung ng.
3.4.2. B my nh nc phong kin
- c im: b my nh nc phong kin mang nng tnh cht qun s, gn lin vi ch
ng cp phong kin. Cc c quan cng ch (nh qun i, nh t) l nhng b
phn ch o.
- Cu trc c bn ca nh nc bao gm:
+ Quc vng: Gia a v cao nht trong b my nh nc, quyn lc ca nh vua
khng hn ch.
+ B my gip vic trung ng
+ H thng c quan, quan li a phng.
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3.4.3. B my nh nc t sn
- c im: b my nh nc t chc theo nguyn tc tam quyn phn lp. Gia ba
phn h lp php, hnh php, t php c s kim ch v kim sot ln nhau.
- V c cu gm c nguyn th quc gia, ngh vin, chnh ph v ta n.
+ Nguyn th quc gia: Trong nh nc qun ch lp hin l vua, kin lp theo
nguyn tc tha k quyn lc. Trong nh nc cng ha dn ch t sn l tng
thng, kin lp theo phng thc bu c bi ngh vin (nh nc cng ha i
ngh), hoc bi i c tri (nh nc cng ha tng thng), hoc bi c tri (nh nc
cng ha hn hp).
+ Ngh vin: L c quan i din quyn lc cao nht, c quyn ban hnh hin php,
lut. C th t chc thnh 1 vin hoc 2 vin.
+ Chnh ph: C th do ngh vin bu v chu trch nhim trc ngh vin (trong nh
nc qun ch lp hin, cng ha i ngh, cng ha hn hp), hoc do tng thng
thnh lp v chu trch nhim trc tng thng (trong nh nc cng ha tng
thng)
+ H thng c quan ta n.
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4. CU HI
4.1. Cu hi nhn nh
Hy trnh by quan im ring ca anh (ch) v cc nhn nh sau y theo hng ng
hay sai? Gii thch ti sao?
96) B my nh nc l tp hp ca cc c quan nh nc t trung ng n a
phng.
97) Cng ch l phng php duy nht c s dng trong cc nh nc bc lt.
98) Cc nh nc x hi ch ngha ch p dng phng php thuyt phc gio dc,
m khng cn thit phi p dng phng php cng ch.
99) Khng nht thit c quan nh nc no cng mang tnh cht quyn lc nh nc.
100) Hot ng ca c quan nh nc da trn ngn sch nh nc.
101) Mi thnh vin trong c quan nh nc u phi l cng chc, vin chc nh nc.
102) H thng chnh tr l mt b phn ca b my nh nc.
103) B my nh nc l mt b phn ca h thng chnh tr.
104) Doanh nghip nh nc hnh thnh v hot ng da trn ngn sch nh nc v
vy phi l c quan nh nc.
105) L thuyt phn quyn trong t chc b my nh nc cp n vic phn chia b
my nh nc thnh 3 nhnh c quan: lp php, hnh php v t php. Trong ,
nhnh hnh php s c v tr cao nht, biu hin qua quyn lc ca Tng thng
ngi ng u c quan hnh php.
106) L thuyt phn quyn trong t chc b my nh nc i hi s c lp tuyt i,
khng cn n s kim sot quyn lc trong hot ng ca cc c quan lp php,
hnh php v t php.
107) L thuyt ch quyn nhn dn trong t chc b my nh nc l ph hp v kh thi
i vi cc nh nc x hi ch ngha, v theo quyn lc ca nhn dn l ti
cao v khng th b chia tch.
108) L thuyt ch quyn nhn dn trong t chc b my nh nc khng chp nhn s
phn quyn, m ch l s phn cng quyn lc i vi c quan hnh php.
109) Khng nht thit lc no Ngh vin cng l c quan lp php, nhiu nc Ngh
vin ch l c quan quyt nh ngn sch ti chnh.
110) C quan lp php cc nc c chia thnh 2 vin th c gi l Ngh vin, cn
nu c quan lp php ch c 1 vin th c gi l Quc hi.
111) nhng nc m c quan lp php c quyn lc ln nht th c gi l Quc Hi,
cn cn bng quyn lc vi c quan hnh php th c gi l Ngh vin.
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112) Quc hi gm 2 vin ch tn ti cc quc gia c hnh thc cu trc nh nc lin
bang.
113) C quan lp php cc nc v c bn u c hnh thnh t vic bu c ca
nhn dn (c ngh vin, hay i vi h ngh vin) cho nn lun l c quan quyn lc
cao nht trong b my nh nc.
4.2. Cu hi tho lun
114) Anh (ch) hy ch ra v phn tch nhng u v khuyt im ca:
+ Nguyn tc tp quyn trong t chc b my nh nc.
+ Nguyn tc phn quyn trong t chc b my nh nc.
115) C quan im cho rng: nguyn tc phn quyn l du hiu c trng ca cc nh
nc t sn (phn chia quyn lc nh nc thnh lp php, hnh php v t php)
v tt yu khng th p ng c nguyn tc quyn lc nh nc thuc v nhn
dn, khng th ph hp i vi cc nc XHCN.
Anh (ch) hy trnh by quan im ca c nhn mnh theo hng ng h hoc phn
i i vi quan im trn.
4.3. Cu hi tiu lun, thuyt trnh
116) Anh (ch) hy trnh by nhng ni dung c bn ca nguyn tc tam quyn phn
lp (hay cn gi l nguyn tc phn chia quyn lc), trong c bit lm r
tnh cht kim ch cn bng i trng gia cc nhnh c quan mang quyn
lp php, hnh php v t php.