TCVN : 2012

Xut bn ln 1
CNG TRNH THY LI
YU CU ! THU"T THI#T #$ THI CNG
V% NGHI&' THU H( ')C N*+C NG'
Hydraulic structures Technical requirements for design,
construction and acceptance of decreasing groundwater level



H% N,I - 2012
1
TCVN TIU CHU.N /U0C GI1
'23 l23
Trang
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1 Phm vi p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Ti liu vin dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Thut ng v jnh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Kho st phc v thit k v thi cng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1 Yu cu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Kho st ja hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 Kho st ja cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Thit k h muc nuc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1 Yu cu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 Ni dung ca n thit k h nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3 Cc iu kin bin dng tnh ton, thit k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4 Cc phuong php h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.5 Tnh ton thit k h muc nuc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.6 Chon my mc, thit bj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6 Thi cng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1 o ho, rnh t ng thu nuc hoc thot nuc . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 o ging thung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3 H ging kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.4 Lm lp loc bng ct si bao quanh ng loc ca ging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.5 Mt s yu cu quan trong khc khi thi cng ging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.6 Lp t my mc, thit bj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Nghim thu h thng h muc nuc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.1 Vn hnh th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.2 Nghim thu ua vo khai thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8 Vn hnh h thng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9 Dng hot ng v tho d h thng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 An ton khi thi cng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ph lc A (Tham kho) : c tnh co bn ca mt s loi ct si trong h mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ph lc B (Tham kho) : Phuong php bom ht nuc th nghim xc jnh h s thm ca t
nn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ph lc C (Tham kho) : Thit k ng loc ca h thng h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ph lc D (Tham kho) : Tnh ton h muc nuc ngm bng phn mm 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ph lc E (Tham kho) : Xc jnh vn tc gii hn V
gh
c th thi cng lp loc ph xung
quanh ng loc ca ging bom nuc h muc nuc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
L45 n65 7u
TCVN : 2012 Cng trnh thy loi Yu cu k thut thit k, thi cng v
nghim thu h muc nuc ngm, uoc xy dung trn co s kt qu nghin cu
v tng kt vic thi cng h muc nuc ngm thuc t nuc ta trong thi gian
qua, theo quy jnh ti khon 2 iu 13 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k
2
thut v im a, khon 1 iu 5 ca Nghj jnh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 01
thng 8 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph quy jnh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca
Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut.
TCVN : 2012 do Trung tm Khoa hoc v Trin khai k thut thy loi thuc
trung i hoc Thy loi bin son, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn
nghj, Tng cc Tiu chun o lung Cht luong thm jnh, B Khoa hoc v
Cng ngh cng b.
3
C8n9 t:;n< t<=> l?5 @ YAu 3u BC t<uDt t<5Et BE$
t<5 38n9 FG n9<5HI t<u <J t<K IL3 nMN3 n9I
Hydraulic structures Technical requirements for design,
construction and acceptance of decreasing groundwater level
1 O<JI F5 PK Q2n9
Tiu chun ny quy jnh yu cu k thut trong tnh ton, thit k, thi cng v nghim thu h muc
nuc ngm xy dung cc cng trnh thy loi. C th p dng tiu chun ny thi cng h muc
nuc ngm khi xy dung cc cng trnh xy dung khc.
2 TG5 l5Hu F5Hn QRn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau y rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny:
TCVN 5308 - 1991 : Quy phm k thut an ton trong cng tc xy dung;
TCVN 8478 : 2010 Cng trnh thy loi Yu cu v thnh phn, khi luong kho st ja hnh trong
cc giai oan lp du n v thit k;
TCVN 8477 : 2010 Cng trnh thy loi Yu cu v thnh phn, khi luong kho st ja cht trong
cc giai oan lp du n v thit k.
S T<uDt n9T FG 7Un< n9<VW
Tiu chun ny s dng cc thut ng v jnh ngha sau:
SX1
0n9 lY3 (filter pipe)
on nm su nht ca ging. i vi ging thung, cu to ca ng loc l mt on ca ng ging
nhung trn c cc l cho nuc ngm i qua. i vi ging kim th ng loc uoc cu to t mt
khung c dng hnh lng, bn ngoi qun nhiu lp dy ng c k h cng ngy cng m rng dn
t trong ra ngoi hnh thnh mt lui loc. Nhim v ca ng loc l chi cho nuc ngm chui t ngoi
qua lp loc vo ging uoc ht ra ngoi, cn cc ht t ct ca nn uoc gi li bn ngoi thnh
ng loc.
TIU CHU.N /U0C GI1 TCVN : 2012
SX2
Tn9 lY3 K<2 bZn9 3Pt [\5 (additional sand and gravel filter)
Lp ct hoc si (i khi dng hn hop ct v si) bao quanh bn ngoi ng loc c nhim v lm tng
kh nng ht nuc ca ng loc, gim nguy co tc ng loc do cc ht t, ct nh hon bjt kn lui loc
ca ng loc. Tng loc ph bng ct si loc c th uoc hnh thnh tu nhin trong qu trnh ht nuc
ngm qua ng loc hoc uoc thit k v thi cng theo mt cng ngh nht jnh.
SXS
CPt 3<> (drift sand)
Hin tuong ct bj nuc ngm li ra khi mi h mng, tri theo dng nuc v i vo trong h mng.
SX]
'J3< [=5 (sand boil)
Khi y h o nm trn tng ct v p luc y nguoc ca nuc ngm ln s hnh thnh cc ch ct
bj cun theo nuc ngm i ln b mt y mng. Hin tuong ny goi l mch n hoc mch si.
Mch n c th xut hin on l hoc nhiu ch, cn goi l tp on mch si.
SX^
HH [_ t<5 nMN3 (drainage coefficient)
Th hin kh nng thot mt luong nuc ngm cha trong khi t ra bn ngoi. H s thi nuc k
hiu l , uoc xc jnh theo cng thc sau:

V
V

n
= (1)
hoc theo cng thc :

w n
n
d

=
(2)
trong :
V
n
l th tch nuc thot ra t khi t, m
3
;
V l th tch khi t, m
3
;
n l rng ca t, % ;
y

l

khi luong ring ca ct t, t/m
3
;
y
n
l khi luong ring ca nuc, t/m
3
;
W l m phn t ca t, % .
C th tham kho trj s ca mt s loi ct si trong ph lc A.
SX`
Tan< 95T nMN3 (water retaining capacity)
Kh nng luu gi mt luong nuc nht jnh trong khi t sau khi qu trnh thot nuc kt thc.
Tnh gi nuc k hiu l a
g
v uoc biu thj bng cng thc:

V
V
a
g
g
= (3)
hoc:
a
g
= n - (4)
trong :
V
g
l th tch nuc gi li trong khi t, m
3
;
V l th tch khi t, m
3
;
Cc chi s n v gii thch trong cng thc (1) v (2)
] <b [Pt K<23 F2 t<5Et BE FG t<5 38n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
]X1 YAu 3u 3<un9
]X1X1 Truc khi tin hnh thit k v thi cng h thp muc nuc ngm cn thu thp cc ti liu chnh
sau y:
a) Ti liu v ja hnh, ja mo, kh tuong v thy vn ca khu vuc thi cng xy dung;
b) Ti liu v ja cht v ja cht thy vn khu vuc xy dung cng trnh, k c din bin muc nuc
trong cc ging nuc sinh hot ca nhn dn cc vng dn cu ln cn;
c) Nng luc thi cng ca nh thu, kh nng cung ng vt tu, my mc thit bj v nhn luc cho vic h
thp nuc ngm;
d) Cc iu kin v dn sinh, kinh t - x hi khu vuc du n c th tc ng n qu trnh thi cng xy
dung cng trnh.
]X1X2 Tn dng ti a cc ti liu c v kho st ja hnh, kho st ja cht trong cc giai on lp
du n v thit k xy dung cng trnh thit k v thi cng h muc nuc ngm. Chi kho st b sung
thm phn khi luong cn thiu so vi quy jnh ti 4.2 v 4.3. Yu cu k thut, ni dung, thnh phn
v khi luong kho st ja hnh, kho st ja cht trong cc giai oan lp du n v thit k xy dung
cng trnh thuc hin theo TCVN 8477:2010 v TCVN 8478:2010.
]X1XS Cn nghin cu k h so thit k cng trnh lm r cc yu t sau y:
a) Cao trnh y mng, kch thuc v cu to h mng;
b) Kh nng c th phn on thi cng cc b phn cng trnh;
c) Thi gian phi tin hnh h muc nuc ngm v tin thi cng cng trnh.
]X2 <b [Pt 7UW <;n<
]X2X1 Phi c ti liu bnh v cc mt ct doc, mt ct ngang khu vuc h mng cng trnh xy
dung vi t l t 1/100 n 1/200. i vi cng trnh cp v cp c bit c th dng t l 1/500.
]X2X2 Phm vi o c m rng ra pha ngoi ung vin h mng ti thiu 20xH, trong H l su
h mng. Trn bnh v cc mt ct thuc phm vi o c phi th hin uoc vj tr cc h khoan
kho st ja cht, cc ao, h, sng ngi, cc cng trnh thi nuc v ht nuc ngm, ng thi c
nhng cng trnh khc c nh hung n su vn ng ca nuc ngm.
]X2XS Phi c bn thuyt minh nu chi tit cc ni dung khng th hin uoc trn bn v, ng thi
phi nu ra cc kin nghj hoc luu trong qu trnh thit k v thi cng h muc nuc ngm.
]XS <b [Pt 7UW 3<t
]XSX1 Bnh b tr cc l khoan kho st v l khoan th nghim ti khu vuc xy dung c t l t
1/200 n 1/500. Trn bnh phi th hin chnh xc vj tr, kch thuc v su ca ao h, dng
chy l thin, nhng ngun cung cp hoc khai thc nuc ngm v cc cng trnh khc vng ln cn
nhung c nh hung n muc nuc ngm ca khu vuc xy dung.
]XSX2 Lp cc mt ct doc v ct ngang ja cht ti khu vuc h mng c t l t 1/200 n 1/500 v
phi th hin n su ln hon 2xH, trong H l su h mng tnh t muc nuc ngm tu nhin,
nhung khng nh hon 5 m. Khong cch gia hai mt ct k nhau khng qu 20 m. Trn cc mt ct
phi chi dn y vj tr cc l khoan, muc nuc ngm tu nhin trong cc l khoan ti cc thi im
khc nhau trong thi on cn h muc nuc ngm.
]XSXS Khoan hoc o kho st ja cht khu vuc nm ngoi phm vi h mng phi t n su
khng nh hon 10xH trong H l su h mng.
]XSX] Khi xy dung cc cng trnh gn sng, gn bin phi bom nuc h muc nuc ngm n
su ln v duy tr trong thi gian di t mt thng tr ln, cn kho st thm cc vn sau:
a) Ch thy vn, ja cht thy vn, mc bi lng to thnh cc tng kp st lm nh hung n
tnh ng nht v ng hung ca t nn;
b) Kh nng xut hin v phm vi xut hin ca hin tuong karster cha nhiu nuc trong cc lp
vi v cc lp nham thch nt n nhiu;
c) Ht nuc th nghim trong cc l khoan c th du tnh h s thm ngang v ng ca t nn
thuc phm vi h mng cng nhu vng ln cn.
]XSX^ Thuyt minh tnh hnh ja cht phi nu r cc loi t v phn b ca chng ti khu vuc xy
dung. c bit cn chi r cc thng s kho st v th nghim nhu thnh phn ht, tnh cht co l, h
s thm, h s thi nuc v thnh phn ho hoc ca nuc ngm. C th tham kho phuong php
bom ht nuc th nghim xc jnh h s thm ca t nn trong ph lc B.
^ T<5Et BE <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
^X1 YAu 3u 3<un9
Tnh ton thit k tiu nuc h mng v h thp muc nuc ngm khi thi cng xy dung cng trnh phi
p ng uoc cc yu cu co bn sau y:
a) Kt hop vi bin php tiu nuc mt khi cng trnh phi thi cng trong ma mua hoc khi c ngun
nuc mt khc chy vo h mng;
b) Khng ph hy trng thi tu nhin ca nn cng trnh ng thi phi m bo su n jnh ca mi h
mng v an ton cho cc cng trnh l thin hoc cng trnh ngm gn khu vuc thi cng xy dung;
c) Ph hop vi bin php tng quan v thit k v thi cng xy dung cng trnh;
d) D thuc hin nhung phi m bo vic o mng v thi cng cng trnh trong iu kin kh ro;
e) Tng chi ph cho vic h thp muc nuc ngm l ph hop.
^X2 Nc5 Qun9 3=W 7d Pn t<5Et BE <J nMN3 n9I
^X2X1 Cn c vo c im ja cht nn, su cn h muc nuc ngm, kh nng cung cp my
mc thit bj v nng luc ca nh thu m lua chon phuong php h thp muc nuc ngm ph hop.
Cc phuong php lua chon c th l nm ngang (rnh, ho hoc ng chn nm ngang), thng ng
(h thng ging thung hay ging kim) hoc hn hop.
^X2X2 Khi p dng phuong php h muc nuc ngm bng h thng ging, c th b tr cc ging
thnh mt hng hoc hai hng vy xung quanh h mng, vy xung quanh tng phn h mng hoc b
tr thnh hai tng ging v v.
^X2XS Phi c bnh m t chnh xc vj tr cc ging h muc nuc ngm, cc ng o p kim tra
muc nuc; cc t my bom, ng ht v ng y, h thng x nuc (mng, ng, rnh), ung vin h
mng v cng trnh s xy dung, cc cng trnh v ung ng dn nuc trn mt t hoc ngm trong
vng ln cn cng trnh xy dung.
^X2X] Cc mt ct ngang, mt ct doc h mng th hin uoc chnh xc vj tr cc ging h muc nuc
ngm, ng o p, cao ca ng loc, my bom, ung vin cng trnh hin c v s xy dung.
^X2X^ Thit k cc gii php h tro tng kh nng ht nuc ca ng loc hoc thit bj loc nng
cao hiu qu h muc nuc ngm nhu lp ct si loc xung quanh ng loc, x l tng kp st hoc thu
knh st tng kh nng thm nuc ca t nn theo c ba chiu (tham kho ph lc C), bin php
x l phng st l mi cc b bng coc tre, phn rom, vi ja k thut hoc tng loc nguoc v v .
H CH:
1) Khi thit k gii php h tro tng kh nng ht nuc ca ng loc hoc thit bj loc phi ng thi thit k bin php thi
cng chng;
2) Dng lp loc bng ct, si nh bao quanh ng loc ca ging c hiu qu ht nuc tt trong trung hop nn l ct mjn, ht
u v c cc tng kp st mng nm xen k gia cc tng ct nhung gi thnh tuong i cao v kh thi cng hon. Ngoi ra
khi gp dng nn ny cng cn xem xt vic dng vi nuc p luc cao choc thng cc tng kp st nhm tng cung tnh
thm theo phuong thng ng. Phm vi thuc hin gii php ny bao gm ton b din tch mt bng h mng cng thm
phn m rng t 70 m n 120 m v mi pha, cn su ly bng 1,5 H trong H l su t ging.
^X2X` Khi c tng nuc p luc nm khng su dui y mng th phi t cc ng o p o ct
nuc p luc v tnh ton nh gi kh nng bc nn. Nu khng m bo th phi b tr thm cc l
khoan tu chy.
^X2Xe Thng k tnh nng ca my mc, thit bj dng h muc nuc ngm, dng c kim tra, o
lung k c cc loi ng v vt tu chuyn dng.
^X2Xf C bn v lp rp thit bj, chi dn cng ngh thi cng cc ging h muc nuc ngm k c lp
t cc ng o p. ng thi cng cn chi r cc b phn thit bj, vt liu cn gia cng ti hin trung
^X2Xg Xc jnh r ngun in nng v so cung cp in phc v cng tc h muc nuc ngm.
^X2X10 Chi dn phuong thc x nuc t my bom v bin php tiu nuc mt h tro.
^X2X11 Nu phi tin hnh h thp muc nuc ngm trong thi gian di, luu luong ht nuc ln v h
thng h muc nuc ngm b tr gn cc cng trnh khai thc nuc ngm ang hot ng, bt buc
phi nghin cu nh gi nh hung ca vic h thp muc nuc ngm n iu kin lm vic bnh
thung ca cng trnh khai thc nuc ngm. Phi c gii php k thut ph hop hn ch tc ng
xu do hot ng h thp muc nuc ngm trong h mng cng trnh gy ra v gii php ny phi
uoc co quan qun l cng trnh khai thc nuc ngm chp thun.
^XS CP3 75hu B5Hn b5An Qin9 7j tan< tbPn$ t<5Et BE
^XSX1 Cc chi tiu chnh dng thit k h muc nuc ngm phi p ng cc yu cu sau y:
a) Phuong php v so b tr h muc nuc ngm phi ph hop vi c im ca t nn v kt cu
ca cng trnh xy dung;
b) Nuc ngm khng uoc thot ra mi h mng m phi cch y mng ti thiu 0,5 m m bo
h mng uoc kh ro v n jnh, thi cng cng trnh uoc thun loi v an ton;
c) Cn c vo tin o h mng v thi cng xy dung cng trnh xc jnh thi gian h muc nuc
ngm n cao yu cu v duy tr trong mt khong thi gian nht jnh;
d) Ph hop vi kh nng cung cp my mc, thit bj nht l thit bj chuyn dng nhu h thng ging
kim ca nh thu thi cng.
^XSX2 Tnh ton, thit k h muc nuc ngm phi xt n trung hop c mua hoc c ngun nuc
ngm, nuc ngoi lai khc c th chy vo khu vuc h mng m khng th ngn chn uoc.
^X] CP3 K<Mkn9 K<PK <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
^X]X1 O<Mkn9 K<PK t<Pb nMN3 nZI n9Wn9
Khi muc nuc ngm cn h khng su, vic o ho, o rnh khng qu kh khn th nn dng
phuong php h muc nuc ngm theo phuong ngang nhu ho, rnh hoc ung ng chn trong t
thu nuc ngm. Khi p dng phuong php ny phi thit k thm cc kt cu loc nuc ngm t
y v chy doc theo ho, rnh (xem ph lc B) thu nuc ri thot ra ngoi bng tu chy hoc chy
vo cc h tp trung nuc ri bom ra ngoi.
^X]X2 O<Mkn9 K<PK t<Pb nMN3 t<ln9 7mn9
Khi muc nuc ngm cn h xung su, rt kh cho vic o ho, o rnh th phi dng phuong php
tho nuc thng ng. Ni dung ch yu ca phuong php ny l khoan o cc ging tp trung
nuc v bom nuc t h thng ging ua ra ngoi. Tu tng trung hop c th ca h mng cng
trnh, c th lua chon cc loi ging sau y h thp muc nuc ngm:
a) ing thung: ing uoc cu to bi ng ging v bn dui l ng loc. Khi h ging phi dng
my khoan ung knh ln, xi nuc p luc cao hoc o moi bng th cng h ng loc ri sau
h tng on ng ging v cui cng lin kt chng li thnh ging hon chinh. Dng my bom chm
t trong ging hoc dng my bom c chiu cao ht nuc ln t trn mt t bom nuc t ging
thi ra ngoi. C th chi cn dng mt ging hoc kt ni nhiu ging thnh tng hng chy doc theo
h mng hoc vy xung quang h mng. Vt liu lm ging c th l g, b tng hoc b tng ct thp,
thp, nhua tng hop, hoc bng loi vt liu khc c kh nng gi n jnh thnh ging khng bj hu
hng trong qu trnh bom ht nuc h thp muc nuc ngm. ing thung uoc p dng trong
trung hop t nn l dm si, ct th hoc ct va c h s thm t 10
-2
cm/s tr ln;
b) ing kim: H thng thit bj chuyn dng h muc nuc ngm, hot ng theo nguyn l bom
chn khng v thung uoc dng khi t nn l ct va hoc nh, c h s thm nm trong khong t
10
-2
cm/s n 10
-3
cm/s.
^X^ Tan< tbPn t<5Et BE <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
^X^X1 T:;n< tL 3P3 bMN3 tan< tbPn
Vic tnh ton thit k h muc nuc ngm cn thuc hin theo trnh tu cc buc sau y:
a) Cn c vo phuong php v so b tr h muc nuc ngm chon so b tnh ton xc jnh
ung vin h thp muc nuc ngm v tng luu luong nuc ngm cn bom t h mng cng trnh.
Ty tng trung hop c th ca tng cng trnh v thi gian thi cng, c th phi xt n t hop cc
trung hop tnh ton nhu nu ti 5.3.2;
b) Kim tra cc kt qu tnh ton theo cc chi tiu chnh nu trong 5.3.1. Nu khng tha mn cc
chi tiu ny th phi b tr li h thng h muc nuc ngm, k c p dng bin php phn ot h muc
nuc ngm theo chiu su hoc theo mt bng ca h mng, thm ch phi thay i c phuong php
h muc nuc ngm ri tnh ton li t u. Nu tha mn th thuc thuc hin cc buc tip theo;
c) Tnh ton thit k ng loc ca ging. Trong trung hop cn thit phi thit k c lp loc ph bng ct
si bao quanh ng loc (xem ph lc C);
d) Tnh ton lua chon loi my mc, thit bj tiu nuc h mng ph hop vi kh nng p ng ca nh
thu thi cng;
e) T b tr chi tit h thng my mc, thit bj chon;
f) Tnh ton khi luong cc cng vic cn thuc hin. Cn c vo jnh mc, on gi v ch chnh
sch hin hnh ca nh nuc v ja phuong lp du ton chi ph cho hng mc cng vic h muc
nuc ngm.
^X^X2 O<Mkn9 K<PK tan< tbPn
Tu tng trung hop c th ca cng trnh m lua chon mt trong cc phuong php sau y tnh
ton thit k h thp muc nuc ngm:
a) i thit t nn l ng nht v ng hung, c th dng cc cng thc thng dng v tnh ton
thy luc nuc ngm uoc gii thiu trong cc gio trnh, ti liu hoc s tay cng tc nn mng hin
c tnh ton.
b) dng cc phn mm chuyn dng uoc kim nghim trong thuc t. Ph lc D gii thiu mt
phn mm 3D ang uoc s dng rng ri trong tnh ton h muc nuc ngm.
^X` C<Yn IP> I63$ t<5Et bU
^X`X1 Cn c vo su muc nuc ngm cn h, kch thuc h mng, luu luong nuc cn bom,
kh nng cung cp my mc, thit bj chon loi my mc, thit bj v phuong php h muc nuc
ngm ph hop. Cc phuong php h thp muc nuc ngm quy jnh ti 5.4. Khi p dng phuong php
h thp muc nuc ngm bng ging thung th dng loi my bom chm hoc my bom ht su.
^X`X2 Cc thng s k thut ch yu cn luu khi chon my bom h muc nuc ngm l tng ct
nuc cn bom, su ht nuc, c tnh cng tc, cng sut bom, loi nng luong tiu th. Khi chon
my bom chm cn ch kch thuc bn ngoi ca my bom ph hop vi kch thuc ung knh bn
trong ca ging, ng ht v ng y.
^X`XS Khi p dng gii php h muc nuc ngm bng h thng ging kim lp t hai t my bom tr
ln th phi chia ng gp tng on ng vi tng nhm ging.
^X`X] Phi chun bj my mc, thit bj du tr m bo duy tr muc nuc ngm uoc h thp
theo ng yu cu trong sut thi gian thi cng k c trung hop c l hoc mua ln. luong my
bom du tr phi ly bng 100 % nu chi thit k mt my lm vic v ly bng 50 % nu c hai my
lm vic tr ln.
` T<5 38n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
`X1 nGb <Gb$ :on< 7j 7pt _n9 t<u nMN3 <bp3 t<bPt nMN3
Cc ho, rnh uoc o bng th cng hoc co gii. gia c thnh bn ca ho, rnh c th dng
coc, vn c g hoc thp kt hop vi vng chng ngang.
`X2 nGb 95En9 t<M4n9
`X2X1 C th dng bin php o th cng kt hop vi cn trc o moi ging. Vi ging g th
o n u chng n . Vi ging b tng ct thp hoc ging thp c th o moi bng th
cng hoc xi nuc p luc h ging theo phuong php h ging chm. Cng c th khoan l bng
my khoan ung knh ln chuyn dng t ging.
`X2X2 Khi h ging bng phuong php xi nuc trong tng ct ht nuc mnh nn kt hop bom kh
nn vo y ging. Trn ung ng dn kh ca my nn kh cn b tr van tu ng ngn khng
cho nuc i nguoc vo my nn kh.
`XS HJ 95En9 B5I
`XSX1 Tr trung hop gp t cng phi dng my khoan to l t ging cn phn ln l dng
bin php xi nuc h ging. Trnh tu h ging nhu sau:
a) Lp ghp ng loc vi cc on ng ging thnh ging hon chinh. Nu ging qu su, ng ging
qu di th ban u chi lp mt s on ng ging d lp t;
b) Kt ni ging vi ng dn nuc p luc cao bng cao su uoc ni vi my bom;
c) Dng gi 3 chn dung ging thng ng ti vj tr cn h;
d) Bom xi nuc ph hu t nn u ng loc v h chm ging ti su yu cu. Luong t bj
ph hu u ng loc theo nuc chy nguoc ln mt t. Ngoi trong luong bn thn gip ging tu
h chm, trong mt s trung hop c th phi b tr thm ngoi luc n ging chm xung. p luc
cn thit ca nuc ph hu t nn v h ging phi t t 0,5 MPa n 0,8 MPa. Luu luong bom
cn thit t 35 m
3
/h n 40 m
3
/h khi dng ging nh v t 80 m
3
/h n 120 m
3
/h khi dng ging c ln.
`XSX2 Khi nn l ct mjn v c cc tng kp st nm xen k gia cc tng ct, tc h ging cn
duy tr trong khong t 0,5 m/min n 1,5 m/min to ra khong trng xung quanh thnh ging v
lm tng kh nng tp trung nuc ca ging.
`XSX2 Khi h ging kim bng xi nuc, nu gp t cng cc b th phi dng my khoan to l ri
mi uoc tip tc. Nu gp cc tng kp st hoc thu knh st th cn h ging t t hoc nng ln
h xung vi ln m rng khong trng xung quanh ging lm tng kh nng tp trung nuc ngm
chy doc theo ging xung ng loc.
`X] LGI lNK lY3 bZn9 3Pt [\5 bWb quWn< _n9 lY3 3=W 95En9
`X]X1 i vi ging thung, trnh tu thi cng lp loc nhu sau:
a) Khoan o ging ung knh bng D, trong D l ung knh ng loc v l chiu dy lp loc;
b) t ng chn;
c) t ging uoc gn ng loc vo trong ng chn. Qu trnh t ging phi m bo ng loc v
ng chn l ng trc;
d) ct si loc vo khong trng gia ng chn v ng loc, to rung ln cht lp loc sau rt
ng chn ln. Khi ct si lm lp loc phi p ng yu cu sau:
- Chiu cao lp ct si khng cao hon y ng chn 1,0 m khi ung knh ng loc 15 cm v khng
qu 2,0 m khi ung knh ng loc 15 cm;
- au khi rt ng chn th chiu cao lp ct si loc cn li trong ng chn phi cao hon y ng chn
ti thiu 0,5 m.
`X]X2 i vi ging kim khi thi cng trong mi trung ct nh c th lm lp loc ph theo phuong
php sau:
a) au khi lp v jnh vj ging kim ti vj tr cn h th lp mt khung lng thp bao quanh ng loc.
ung knh lng ly bng D2, trong :
- D l ung knh ng loc do nh my ch to cung cp, thng thung l 110 mm;
- l chiu dy lp loc, thung ly bng 15 cm.
b) Vt liu lm khung lng l thp c ung knh 6 mm. Ton b din tch xung quanh ca lng uoc
p bng lui thp mm soi nh c mt lui 5 mm 5 mm. ct si loc vo khong trng ca lng
xung quanh ng loc v ln cht to thnh lp loc ph. Bom nuc p luc 1,0 MPa vi luu luong ti
thiu 150 m
3
/h to ra khong trng c chiu dy t 15 cm tr ln xung quanh ng loc v ging
c th tu chm xung do trong luong bn thn hoc khi cn c th dng nhn luc n xung;
c) Nu gp kh khn th c th chi ct si loc n mt na chiu cao ng loc ri bom xi nuc h
ging. Khi ging t n cao yu cu th gim luu luong bom vn tc nuc i ln xung
quanh ging t n gi trj gii hn (k hiu l V
gh
) m bo c th th ct si chm xung to thnh
lp loc xung quanh ton b chiu cao ca ng loc. C th xc jnh trj s ca V
gh
bng thuc nghim
tham kho phuong php tnh ton ph lc E. Cn ch l khi ct si loc phi t t v u
xung quanh ging;
d) Kim tra kch thuc lp loc uoc to ra bng cch o khi luong ct si vo xung quanh
ging v kt hop vi thuc o dui su;
e) Trung hop nn l ct mjn, ht u v c cc tng kp st mng nm xen k gia cc tng ct, c
th dng nuc p luc cao choc thng cc lp ny ging nhu khi h ging (xem 6.3).
`X]XS Ct si lm tng loc phi sch. Nu bn th phi ra loi tr cc ht st.
`X]X] Kim tra b phn loc ca ging bng cch nuc vo ging. ing no ht nuc qu chm
so vi cc ging khc th ging c th bj tc, nu khng x l uoc phi lm ging mi thay th.
`X^ 'ct [_ >Au 3u quWn t:Yn9 B<P3 B<5 t<5 38n9 95En9
`X^X1 Nu trong h mng c sn mt luong kh ln nuc ong th vic ht nuc ong cn uoc tin
hnh ng thi vi h thp muc nuc ngm. Tc h muc nuc tn ong phi uoc theo di v
iu chinh cho ph hop vi tc h muc nuc ngm trnh hin tuong bin dng, st l mi h
mng. Trong qu trnh bom phi thung xuyn kim tra qu trnh h muc nuc ngm. Nu thy xut
hin cc bin dng th cn gim tc hoc tm dng bom nuc ong hoc phi dng coc tre, phn
rom, vn c g v v chng hay p p trc mi bng ct si.
H CH: Theo di qu trnh h muc nuc ngm bng cch quan st bin ng muc nuc trong cc ng o nuc uoc
chn sn trong t nn.
`X^X2 Truc khi thi cng h muc nuc ngm bn cnh cc cng trnh c th cc bn c lin quan
phi cng nhau nghin cu k hnh dng, kch thuc mng, quy m ca cc cng trnh xy dung
ni trn v cc cng trnh ngm khc nhu ung dy cp, ng dn nuc v v c bin php phng
nga, iu chinh bin php thi cng h muc nuc ngm.
`X^XS Vj tr x nuc thi phi cch xa mi h mng t 100 m tr ln. Nu x truc tip vo cc cng
trnh dn nuc khc th phi uoc su ng ca co quan qun l chng.
`X^X] tng kh nng ht nuc ca my bom v tng hiu qu tiu nuc h mng, phi o tng
t nm trn muc nuc ngm truc khi lp t h thng thit bj h muc nuc ngm.
`X^X^ Phi quan st k cu to ja cht cc h khoan trong qu trnh khoan lp t ging. luong
h khoan phi lp tr ja cht v m t ja cht h khoan ph thuc vo kch thuc h mng nhung
khng uoc t hon 3 h v uoc b tr cc vj tr cch xa nhau. Cc ti liu ny uoc luu trong h so
thi cng, uoc dng kim tra ti liu kho st ca thit k, ng thi l cn c nghj iu chinh
thit k khi cn thit.
`X` LrK 7pt IP> I63$ t<5Et bU
`X`X1 Truc khi lp t my mc, thit bj cn phi kim tra cc vn sau:
a) Chng loi theo quy jnh ca thit k;
b) Khng bj hu hng, long ri, mo m, rch thng, nht l ng loc v lui loc;
c) Chng chju uoc su n mn, xm thuc khi tip xc vi nuc ngm.
`X`X2 Phi lp t cc ging, tuyn ng, my bom v cc thit bj ph tro nhu van, ng h o p luc
v vtheo ng so m thit k quy jnh.
`X`XS i vi h thng ging kim, phi lp t ging truc sau ni ging vi ng gp v cui cng
mi kt ni vi my bom.
`X`X] Cc mi ni dng kt ni cc b phn my mc, thit bj vi nhau phi m bo kn kht v
chn khng cn thit. u ren ca cc b phn truc khi lp ghp u phi qun dy gai hoc bng
keo v qut son chng ri. Phi m bo vo ht ren khi kt ni cc b phn.
`X`X^ ng gp ca h thng ging kim phi uoc t trn cc thanh m t nm trn mt t
uoc san phng. dc ca ng t 5 % n 20 % v dc v pha my bom.
`X`X` Phi c so lp ghp h thng, trong tt c cc ging v b phn thit bj phi uoc ghi s
hiu v ghi y cc vn sau y:
a) Loi my v cao trc my bom;
b) Cao y ng loc ca mi ging;
c) luong ging kt ni vi mt t my bom.
e N9<5HI t<u <H t<_n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
eX1 VDn <Gn< t<s
eX1X1 Vn hnh th h thng h muc nuc ngm phc v cng tc nghim thu v ua vo s
dng. Tu tng trung hop c th ca cng trnh nhu s luong ging v so b tr ging, tin thi
cng xy dung lua chon phuong n vn hnh th cho tng ging, tng nhm ging hoc ng thi
cho c h thng ging.
eX1X2 Chi cho php vn hnh th h thng h muc nuc ngm khi cc ni dung chnh dui y sau
khi khi kim tra p ng uoc yu cu ca thit k. Kt qu kim tra u uoc ghi chp chi tit trong
h so hon cng:
a) o b tr ging v vj tr t ging, kch thuc ca tng ging, chiu di v ung knh ng dn,
thng s k thut ca cc loi my mc v thit bj dng h thp muc nuc ngm lp t;
b) kn nuc (khng c nuc r ri t cc ung ng dn nuc) v kn chn khng;
c) u ph hop gia luu luong ht nuc v chn khng so vi thit k yu cu;
d) Khng c ct v tp cht trong nuc bom ln.
eX2 N9<5HI t<u 7MW FGb B<W5 t<P3
Chi nghim thu cho php h thng h muc nuc ngm trong h mng cng trnh hot ng sau khi
vn hnh th v lm vic bnh thung lin tc trong 24 h p ng uoc yu cu ca thit k. Cng tc
t chc nghim thu thuc hin theo ng quy jnh hin hnh.
f VDn <Gn< <H t<_n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
fX1 H thng h muc nuc ngm cn uoc vn hnh lin tc theo quy jnh ca thit k, nht l khi
ang o mng. Ngoi cn b k thut chju trch nhim vn h thng, on vj thi cng cn b tr tho co
kh, tho in kim tra, pht hin v x l kjp thi cc hu hng trong tt c cc ca lm vic.
fX2 Trong sut thi gian vn hnh h muc nuc ngm, cc vn sau y phi uoc ghi vo s
nht k thi cng:
a) Luu luong bom ca tng my bom hoc ca tng ging;
b) Cc s o trn ng h o p luc;
c) Cc su c v my mc v thit bj xy ra, du on nguyn nhn v cch khc phc;
d) Muc nuc trong tng h o hoc trong cc ng o muc nuc ti cc vj tr khc nhau;
e) iu kin thi tit v cc su vic c lin quan khc xy ra.
CH THCH:
1) Khi ang bom ht h muc nuc ngm, c th p tay vo cc ung ng ht nuc t cc ging bit kh nng ht nuc
thng qua nhit ca chng. Khi cm thy mt lnh v ma h hay m v ma ng l chng t ging ht nuc tt;
2) Luu luong nuc bom ln s gim dn khi muc nuc ngm gim dn n cao yu cu. Cn theo di v iu chinh luu
luong bom nhm gi muc nuc ngm cao cn thit.
g tun9 <bJt 7cn9 FG t<Pb Qv <H t<_n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
gX1 Dng hoc gim mc hot ng ca h thng h muc nuc ngm phi cn c vo yu cu
ca thit k v tnh hnh thuc t thi cng cng trnh.
gX2 Khi dng hai tng ging kim h thp muc nuc ngm th phi tho d tng dui thp truc.
Trong khi tho d tng ny th vn phi duy tr su lm vic ca tng trn.
gXS Phuong php v phuong tin tho d phi m bo khng gy hu hng my mc, thit bj v
m bo kh nng s dng li ca chng uoc tt. i vi ging kim th c th dng gi ba chn hoc
cn trc nng ging ln sau bom nuc p luc vo ng loc ra sch t ct bm xung
quanh ng loc.
gX] Tt c my mc, thit bj sau khi tho d phi uoc ra sch, bi m chng ri v bo qun
trong kho.
gX^ Cn c vo yu cu phng chng thm v an ton trong qu trnh thi cng xy dung cng trnh
quyt jnh mc san lp ging v hon tr li mt bng h mng sau khi tho d h thng h
muc nuc ngm cho ph hop.
10 1n tbGn B<5 t<5 38n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
Ton b qu trnh thi cng h muc nuc ngm phi tun theo TCVN 5308 1991.
O<2 l23 1
(Tham kho)
np3 tan< 3k bn 3=W Ict [_ lbJ5 3Pt [\5 t:bn9 <_ I6n9
wn9 1X1
np3 t:Mn9 w25 CPt IUn CPt FuW CPt t<8 x\5
tyI
[\5 lNn
1. ung knh
ht d, mm 0,1 0,25 0,5 2 10
2. Hm luong, % 75 50 50 50 50
3. rng n, % 43 39 36 33 28
H s thm K
t
,
cm/s

T 0,0023
n 0,0145
T 0,0145
n 0,0280
T 0,028
n 0,087
- C ln ct:
T 0,087 n 0,115
- Khng ln ct:
T 0,173 n 0,230
0,23
H s thi nuc

T 0,10
n 0,15
T 0,15 n
0,20
T 0,20 n
0,25
T 0,25 n
0,35
- -
O<2 l23 w
(Tham kho)
O<Mkn9 K<PK bkI <zt nMN3 t<a n9<5HI {P3 7Un< <H [_ t<I 3=W 7t nhn
wX1 xk 7d b_ t:a l| B<bWn 7j <zt nMN3 t<a n9<5HI
wX1X1 Hzt nMN3 tu Ict l| B<bWn
Xung quanh l khoan cn b tr cc ng quan trc muc nuc ngm. Khi bom ht nuc th nghim c
th bom mt cp luu luong hoc nhiu cp luu luong vi nhiu ln bom khc nhau. Cc s liu thu
uoc l luu luong bom, mc h thp muc nuc ngm trong l khoan cng nhu trong cc ng quan
trc v thi gian bom nuc t tnh ton xc jnh cc thng s cn tm. o th nghim ny
uoc p dng cho trung hop din tch h mng nh v su h muc nuc ngm khng ln.
wX1X2 Hzt nMN3 tu Ict 3<iI l| B<bWn
Cc l khoan uoc b tr theo so sau: mt l khoan hoc vi l khoan ht nuc uoc t trung
tm, cn cc l quan trc uoc b tr xung quanh. o ny c uu im sau:
a) chnh xc cao hon so ht nuc t mt l khoan, th hin y cc c trung thy vn ca
ton b nn mng cng trnh v cc vng ph cn;
b) Xc jnh uoc cc iu kin bin ca nuc ngm trn bnh v trn cc mt ct ngang, su lin h
gia nuc mt v nuc ngm, lin h gia cc tng cha nuc v bn knh nh hung khi ht nuc.
wX1XS Hzt nMN3 t<}b n<6I 3P3 l| B<bWn
wX1XSX1 Cc l khoan ht nuc uoc b tr trong vng nh hung ca nhau. C th ht nuc ng
thi tt c cc l khoan hoc c th ht nuc tng nhm vo tng thi im khc nhau. Ht nuc theo
nhm c nhng uu im sau:
a) Xc jnh uoc kh nng h muc nuc ngm st vi thuc t v cho kt qu chnh xc hon;
b) Khc phc uoc nhuoc im khi ht nuc trong mt l khoan do khng th m bo uoc mc
h muc nuc ngm ln (thung khong 3 m);
c) p dng cho trung hop din tch h mng ln v nn mng cng trnh c c im ja cht thy
vn bin i phc tp.
wX1XSX2 luong l ht nuc th nghim nn chon t 1 l n 4 l v s l quan trc t 3 l n 10 l
ty theo mc ng nht ca nn cng trnh.
wX1XSXS Chon khong cch t l khoan ht nuc n cc l quan trc sao cho trj s h thp muc nuc
ngm l quan trc th nht khng nh hon 20 % v l quan trc th hai khng nh hon 10 % so
vi l khoan ht nuc trung tm. C th tham kho bng B.1 b tr khong cch t cc l quan
trc n l khoan ht nuc trung tm.
wn9 wX1 - <bn9 3P3< tu l| B<bWn <zt nMN3 ~ t:un9 tI 7En l| quWn t:r3
LbJ5 7t nhn Tan< 3<t 3=W <bn9 3P3< t_5 7W tan< tu l| B<bWn <zt nMN3 t:un9 tI
m
nMN3 n9I
nEn l| quWn t:r3 t<m 1 nEn l| quWn t:r3 t<m 2
1. Ct ht mjn v va
C p
Khng p
80
10
150
15
2. Ct ht th
C p
Khng p
200
15
450
30
3. Cui si
C p
Khng p
200
25
450
40
4. nt n
C p
Khng p
80
30
150
50
wX1XSX] Cc l khoan ht nuc uoc b tr nm trn mt tia i qua l ht nuc trung tm. ung
knh l khoan ht nuc phi m bo t uoc my bom chm v ung ng dn nuc khi cn thit
phi s dng loi my ny.
wX1XSX^ Thi gian ht nuc th nghim ph thuc vo muc nuc ngm cn h thp, c im ja cht
thy vn ca t nn, m bo trng thi ca nuc ngm chy n l khoan ht nuc l gn t n
trng thi n jnh trong phm vi b tr cc l khoan th nghim v phi p ng yu cu sau y (c th
tham kho bng B.2 xc jnh thi gian ht nuc th nghim):
a) Trj s h thp muc nuc ngm ti l khoan ht nuc khng nh hon 3 m c th hnh thnh r
rng phu h thp muc nuc ngm;
b) Hiu s h thp muc nuc ngm gia l quan trc uoc b tr ln cn v l xa phi ln hon 30
cm nhm m bo chnh xc cho php.
wX2 Tan< tbPn 3P3 t<8n9 [_ Fh t<I 3=W 7t nhn
wX2X1 Cn c vo kt qu quan trc ht nuc th nghim, cho php s dng cc cng thc c sn
trong cc ti liu k thut chuyn ngnh v thit k nn mng tnh ton.
wX2X2 Khi nn mng c n lp c chiu dy khc nhau, c tnh cht co l v h s thm khc nhau, cc
lp u l ng nht v ng hung. H s thm tuong uong ca ton b nn, on vj l m/s, uoc
tnh ton theo cc cng thc sau:
a) H s thm tuong uong ca ton b nn theo phuong thng ng, k hiu l K

:
n
n
2
2
1
1

K
d
....
K
d
K
d
d
K
+ + +
=
(B.1)
b) H s thm tuong uong ca ton b nn theo phuong ngang, k hiu K
X
:
d
d K ... d K d K
K
n n 2 2 1 1
x
+ + +
= (B.2)
trong :
d l chiu dy ca ton b nn, m;
d
i
(i t 1 n n) l chiu dy ca lp t th i, m;
K
i
( i t 1 n n) l h s thm ca lp t th i, m/s.
wn9 wX2 - T<45 95Wn <zt nMN3 t<a n9<5HI
LbJ5 7t nhn
HH [_ t<I B
m/d
Tan< 3<t 3=W
nMN3 n9I
T<45 95Wn <zt nMN3
d
Hzt nMN3 tu 1
l| B<bWn
Hzt nMN3 tu
3<iI l| B<bWn
1. nt n v caster
ha, cui si khng ln
ct, ct va v ng nht
30
C p
Khng p
T 2 n 3
T 3 n 4
T 3 n 5
T 4 n 6
2. Cui si c ln ct v
st
T 10 n 30
C p
Khng p
T 3 n 4
T 4 n 6
T 4 n 6
T 5 n 7
3. Ct th v va khng
ng nht
T 5 n 10
C p
Khng p
T 3 n 5
T 5 n 7
T 5 n 7
T 7 n 10
4. Ct cht
T 0,5 n 5
0,5
p luc cao
p luc cao
T 3 n 5
T 5 n 7
T 5 n 7
T 7 n 10
O<2 l23 C
(Tham kho)
T<5Et BE _n9 lY3 3=W <H t<_n9 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
CX1 <5 PK Q2n9 K<Mkn9 K<PK <J IL3 nMN3 n9I t<}b K<Mkn9 nZI n9Wn9
CX1X1 N9u>An tr3 3<un9
Ho hoc rnh t cc ng thu nuc ngm uoc thit k nhu cc knh thot nuc bnh thung.
CX1X2 XP3 7Un< 3<5hu :cn9 7P> 3=W :on<$ <Gb
Chiu rng ca rnh, ho k hiu B
h
(khng k kt cu gia c thnh bn) nn chon nhu sau:
a) Khi ung knh ng loc D 0,5 m : B
h
= D 0,9 m.
b) Khi ung knh ng loc D 0,5 m : B
h
= D 1,2 m.
CX1XS C<Yn 7c Q_3 t<Gn< bAn 3=W :on<$ <Gb
dc thnh bn ca ho (rnh) uoc th hin qua h s mi dc M = cotg , vi l gc gia mi
dc thnh bn ca ho vi mt phng nm ngang. Khi ho hoc rnh su khng qu 5 m v thnh bn
khng cn gia c th h s mi dc thnh bn c th chon theo bng C.1. Trong trung hop t nn bj
bo ha nuc hoc khi ho su hon 5 m th phi thng qua tnh ton n jnh xc jnh h s mi
dc ca thnh ho cho ph hop, k c phi dng thm bin php gia c nhu c v ging chng.
wn9 CX1 - HH [_ IP5 Q_3 t<Gn< bAn 3=W <Gb$ :on<
LbJ5 7t
HH [_ IP5 Q_3 tMkn9 mn9 FN5 7c [u <Gb
m
1$^ Tu 1$^ 7En S$0 Tu S$0 7En ^$0
1. t p 1,00 1,25 1,50
2. Ct si m (khng bo ha nuc) 1,50 1,75 2,00
3. t ct 1,25 1,50 1,75
4. t st 1,00 1,25 1,50
CX1X] C<Yn Ba3< t<MN3 _n9 lY3
Cn c vo luu luong nuc cn dn qua ng loc ( uoc xc jnh thng qua tnh ton thy luc nuc
ngm chy vo h mng) tnh ton xc jnh ung knh ng loc. Cho php tham kho cc bng
tnh thy luc ung ng dn nuc trong cc ti liu k thut hin hnh xc jnh kch thuc ng loc.
Khi tnh ton cn xc jnh dc t ung ng loc v cn c vo bnh b tr h thng rnh, ho
chon t ng loc theo dc ny. C th tham kho bng C.2 xc jnh dc t ng loc.
wn9 CX2 - nc Q_3 7pt _n9 lY3
nM4n9 Ban< _n9 lY3
mm
nc Q_3 t_5 t<5ju 3=W _n9 lY3 tMkn9 mn9 FN5 lbJ5 7t nhn
xt CPt
200 0,0020 0,0030
T 200 n 300 0,0015 0,0015
300 0,0005 0,0005
CX1X^ Cu tJb 3=W _n9 lY3
Vt liu lm ng loc c th l b tng, b tng ct thp, thp, cht do hoc cc loi vt liu khc c
tnh nng tuong tu. Trn thnh ng b tr cc l thu nuc c dng hnh trn hoc khe rnh. Kch thuc
l thu nuc ca ng loc tham kho bng C.3. C th lm khung c dng ng ri qun xung quanh bng
dy ng hoc inox to thnh ng loc. Cch b tr cc l thu nuc trn thnh ng loc nhu sau:
a) L hnh trn b tr theo lui vung hoc hoa mai;
b) L hnh ch nht b tr thnh hng so le nhau.
wn9 CXS - a3< t<MN3 l| t<u nMN3 3=W _n9 lY3
H;n< QJn9 l|
a3< t<MN3 l| t<u nMN3 tan< t<}b bc5 [_ Q
^0
3=W 7t nhn
CPt 7dn9 n<t CPt B<8n9 7dn9 n<t
L trn T 2,5 n 3,0 T 3,0 n 4,0
Khe, rnh T 1,25 n 1,5 T 1,5 n 2,0
Mt lui T 1,5 n 2,0 T 2,0 n 2,5
CH THCH :
1) d50 l khi luong ht t c kch thuc bng v nh hon c ht c ung knh l d chim 50 % khi luong ton b;
2) Trj s nh cho trong bng uoc chon khi t c c ht nh, cn trj s ln dng khi t c c ht ln;
3) Chiu rng khe, rnh c dng ch nht l con s ghi trong bng, cn chiu di ly t 4 n 6 ln chiu rng.
CX1X` Cu tJb lNK FDt l5Hu _K Ipt n9bG5 3=W _n9 lY3
Hnh C.1 gii thiu so cu to lp vt liu p mt ngoi ca ng loc. Lp vt liu ny c tc dng
lm tng kh nng ht nuc ngm ca ng loc ng thi hn ch ng bj tc, nht l khi t nn l ct
mjn ln ph sa. Khi p lp loc thnh hai lp th lp ngoi dng ct tu nhin cn lp trong dng dm
si c cht luong tt, khng bj phong ha. Chiu dy ti thiu ca mi lp vt liu t 15 cm n 20 cm.
Khi lp loc chi p mt lp th dng dm si nh. Thnh phn ht ca cc lp loc ny phi tha mn
iu kin sau:

10
d
D
5
50
50
< <
(C.1)
trong :
D
50
l ung knh ht ca lp bn trong m tng khi luong ca nhng ht c ung knh nh
hon c ny chi chim 50 % khi luong t;
d
50
l ung knh ht ca lp bn ngoi m tng khi luong ca nhng ht c ung knh
nh hon c ny chi chim 50 % khi luong t.
t 80 cm n 120 cm
1
2
3
4
5
1
5
3
4
W nGb <Gb IP5 t<ln9 7mn9 36 3<_n9 7v b nGb <Gb FN5 IP5 Q_3$ B<8n9 3<_n9 7v
CH DN:
1 ng loc;
2 Lp dm m cht vo t nn;
3 Dm si;
4 Ct th;
5 t p ti ch.
H;n< CX1 - Cu tJb 3=W lNK FDt l5Hu _K Ipt n9bG5 _n9 lY3
CX2 <5 PK Q2n9 K<Mkn9 K<PK t<Pb nMN3 t<ln9 7mn9 bZn9 <H t<_n9 95En9
CX2X1 T<5Et BE _n9 lY3 3=W 95En9 t<M4n9
CX2X1X1 Thit k ng loc ca ging thung uoc thuc hin sau khi c phuong n b tr cc ging
trn mt bng hoc trn cc mt ct ngang ca h mng trn co s xem xt c im ja cht ca nn
v tnh ton thy luc nuc ngm.
CX2X1X2 Xc jnh ung knh l thu nuc ca ng loc theo trnh tu sau:
a) Cn c vo thnh phn cp phi ht ca t nn tnh h s khng u theo cng thc:
90
40
u
d
d
C =

(C.2)
trong :
C

l h s khng u;
d
40
v d
90
l ung knh ht m tng khi luong ca cc ht c ung knh ln hon chi chim
40 % v 90 % ca tng khi luong t;
b) Nu kt qu tnh ton cho h s khng u C
u
3 th t coi nhu l ht u v ung knh l thu
nuc d
tn
ly bng d
40
cn khi C
u
6 th t nn coi nhu c ht khng u v d
tn
ly bng d
30
. Trong
trung hop ny mt s ht c nh trong t nn s chui qua l thu nuc v xung quanh ng loc s
hnh thnh mt lp loc mi c h s thm ln hon h s thm ca t nn.
c) Thnh phn ht ca ct th v ct mjn c th tham kho bng C.4:
wn9 CX] - T<Gn< K<n <Jt 3=W 3Pt t<8 FG 3Pt IUn
LbJ5 3Pt
nM4n9 Ban< <Jt
mm
Q
S0
Q
]0
Q
^0
Q
e0
Q
g0
Ct th 0,750 0,625 0,525 0,300 0,200
Ct mjn 0,250 0,200 0,175 0,125 0,075
CX2X1XS ung knh ca ng loc thng thung bng ung knh ging. c th lp t my bom
chm trong ging uoc d dng, cn cn c vo luu luong cn bom t ging chon ung knh ng
loc cho ph hop. C th tham kho bng C.5 xc jnh ung knh ca ng loc:
wn9 CX^ @ /uWn <H 95TW lMu lM?n9 3n bkI tu 95En9 FN5 7M4n9 Ban< _n9 lY3
LMu lM?n9 3n bkI$ l[ `$S 1S 2^ Sf ^e f2 110 1g0
ung knh ging, mm 152 203 254 305 356 406 508 610
CX2X1X] Cn c vo ung knh ca ng loc, vn tc nuc ngm i qua l c trn thnh ng loc (tham
kho bng C.6) v luu luong cn bom t ging s tnh uoc chiu di ng loc theo cng thc sau:

=
lo g
g
V D
Q
L
(C.3)
trong :
L l chiu di ng loc, m;
Q
g
l luu luong cn bom t ging, m
3
/s ;
D
g
l ung knh ng loc, m;
V
lo
l vn tc nuc ngm i qua l c trn thnh ng loc, m/s;
l t s gia tng din tch ca cc l c trn 1 m di ng loc v tng din tch thnh bn ca
on ng loc ny.
wn9 CX` @ VDn t_3 lNn n<t 3=W nMN3 n9I B<5 3<u5 quW l| 3=W _n9 lY3
HH [_ t<I 3=W 7t nhn$ IQ 2^0 120 ]0 20
Vn tc ln nht ca nuc ngm khi
chui qua l ca ng loc, m/min 3,6 2,4 1,2 0,9
CX2X1X] Khi nn l ct mjn, c nuc ngm v c d
40
nh hon 0,25 mm th xung quanh bn ngoi ng
loc cn phi c lp loc ph bng si nh nm gia thnh ng loc v t nn tng kh nng ht
nuc ca ng loc v ngn khng cho ht mjn i vo lm tc ng loc. Chiu dy ti thiu ca lp si
ny l 15 cm. Cao ca n phi cao hon inh ng loc 3 m. Thnh phn ht ca lp si ny phi tha
mn cc iu kin sau y:
a) d
70
ca si xp xi bng 4 ln d
70
ca t nn khi t nn c thnh phn ht l u v bng 6 ln d
70
khi thnh phn ht ca t nn l khng u;
b) H s khng u C
u
ca si bng 2,5;
c) d
90
ca si bng ung knh l trn thnh ng loc.
Thnh phn ht ca lp si c h s khng u C
u
= 2,5 dng lm lp loc ph bn ngoi ng loc ca
ging c th tham kho bng C.7.
wn9 CXe - T<Gn< K<n <Jt 3=W [\5 Qin9 lGI lNK lY3 K<2
on vj l milimet
Q
S0
Q
]0
Q
^0
Q
e0
Q
g0
0,875 0,750 0,675 0,500 0,300
CX2X2 T<5Et BE _n9 lY3 FG lNK lY3 K<2 B<5 Qin9 95En9 B5I
CX2X2X1 H thng ging kim l thit bj chuyn dng uoc ch to sn. ng loc ca ging kim uoc ch
to bi mt khung hnh ng v xung quanh c qun mt vi lp dy ng to thnh lui loc. Khi
bom nuc, lui loc ny chi cho nuc ngm chui qua v gi li cc ht t. ing kim ht nuc uoc
l nh trong ging c chn khng do my bom chn khng ca h thng ging kim to ra.
CX2X2X2 ing kim uoc dng h muc nuc ngm trong iu kin t nn l ct va v nh. Khi
nn l ct mjn, bi tch ph sa, nht l khi c tng kp st nm xen k gia cc lp ct th kh nng ht
nuc ca ging kim s gim xung rt nhiu hoc bj tc, dn ti khng th h muc nuc ngm n
su mong mun. Trong trung hop ny cn c thm lp loc ph bng ct si bao quanh ng loc v
chiu su ca lp loc ph ny bng khong 2/3 chiu su ca ging kim. Thit k lp loc ph ny
tuong tu nhu i vi ging thung nu C.2.1.4. khc phc c hiu qu cc nh hung xu
ca nn ct mjn ln ph sa c cc tng kp st, khi thi cng cn p dng thm cc gii php khc nhu
nu ti 5.2.5 v 6.4.2 ca tiu chun ny.
O<2 l23 t
(Tham kho)
Tan< tbPn <J IL3 nMN3 n9I bZn9 K<n IhI St
tX1 O<Mkn9 t:;n< tbPn <Y3
Phuong trnh tng qut biu din chuyn ng ca nuc ngm trong mi trung thm c dng:
t
h
W

h
K
y
h
K
y x
h
K
x
s yy xx

(D.1)
trong :
K
xx
, K
yy
, K

l h s thm theo cc hung x, y v ( l hung thng ng);

h l muc nuc ngm ti vj tr (x, y, ) thi im t;
W l mdul dng thm hay gi trj b sung hoc gi trj thot i ca nuc ngm ti vj tr (x, y, )
thi im t;
S
s
l h s thi nuc on vj, 1/m.
tX2 O<Mkn9 K<PK 955
tX2X1 Phuong trnh D.1 m t dng nuc ngm trong iu kin khng cn bng cho mi trung
khng ng nht v dj hung. gii phuong trnh ny bt buc phi tm hm s h(x,y,,t) tho mn
D.1 v tho mn cc iu kin bin. u bin ng ca gi trj h theo thi gian s xc jnh bn cht ca
dng chy, t c th tnh uoc tr luong ca tng cha nuc cng nhu tnh ton cc hung ca
dng chy. Phuong trnh D.1 uoc gii bng phuong php gn ng - Phuong php sai phn hu
hn. Phuong php ny phn chia khng gian lin tc thnh thnh cc khng gian ua h phuong
trnh o hm ring D.1 v mt h phuong trnh tuyn tnh. luong phuong trnh trong h bng s
cc lui chia x, y, , t. Nu chia cng nh th kt qu thu uoc t li gii sai phn cng gn vi li
gii ng ca phuong trnh D.1.
r
j
c
i
k
Tng cha
n c (K)
1
2
3
4
Bin ca tng cha n c
trong min tnh m hnh
ngo!i min tnh m hnh
r
j
"hi# $ ca c%t th &
c
i
"hi# ' ca h!ng th i
k
"hi# ( ca tng th )
H;n< tX1 - xk 7d <bP <H t<_n9 7UW 3<t t<u Fyn B<u FL3 n9<5An 3mu
tX2X2 Hnh D.1 m t qu trnh ri rc ho khng gian. Khng gian nghin cu uoc phn thnh cc
lp cha nuc theo chiu thng ng . Mi lp cha nuc li uoc chia thnh cc nh hon. Vng
hot ng ca nuc ngm trong mi tng cha nuc uoc nh du l trong min tnh. Nhng
thuc vng khng c nuc hoc nuc khng th thm qua th uoc nh du l ngoi min tnh.
Trn co s cn bng lui (i, , k) v cc ngun theo buc thi gian t
m-1
n t
m
, c uoc h phuong
trnh sai phn tng qut sau:
C
i,-1/2,k
(
m
k , , i
m
k , 1 , i
h h

) C
i,1/2,k
(
m
k , , i
m
k , 1 , i
h h
+
) CC
i-1/2,,k
(
m
k , , i
m
k , , 1 i
h h

) CC
i1/2,,k
(
m
k , , i
m
k , , 1 i
h h
+
)
CV
i,,k-1/2
(
m
k , , i
m
1 k , , i
h h

) CV
i,,k1/2
(
m
k , , i
m
1 k , , i
h h
+
) P
i,,k
m
k j i
h
, ,
Q
i,,k
= s
i,,k
(r

c
i
v
k
)(
1 m
k , , i
m
k , , i
h h

)/(t
m
- t
m-1
) (D.2)
trong :
C, CC, CV l dn mc ca lp cha nuc ti (i, , k);
P l luu luong trao i on vj ca h thng;
Q l tng luong nuc trao i ca h thng vi bn ngoi;
r
,...
c
i
,v
k
l khong sai phn theo phuong x, y, ;
s l h s thi nuc v t
m
, t
m-1
l hai buc thi gian k cn nhau.
tX2XS ii h phuong trnh D.2 bng phuong php lp. Chia nh khong thi gian (t
m-1
,t
m
), kt qu
nhn uoc l li gii gn ng ca h phuong trnh. Khi t tng ln th h s thay i. Khi h t uoc su
n jnh (h
t
h
cp
) th muc nuc t uoc su cn bng ng v ti y kt thc qu trnh tnh ton.

h
m-1
=
h
m-1,n
"*t cao m+c n c tnh , c cho - c th.i gianm/1
0t th1c tnh to2n cho- c th.i gian m/1
B3t # tnhto2ncho - c th.i gianm
h
m,0

h
m,1

h
m,n-1

h
m,n

0t th1c tnh to2n cho - c th.i gian m
B3t # tnhto2ncho - c th.i gianm41
h
m+1
=
h
m+1,n
"*t cao m+c n c
tnh, c cho - c
th.i gian m41
5#6ao %ng
7 h
m8n
9 h
m8n/1
7nh: h;ngi2 tr<
chnh =>ch cho ?h@?thA#2
trnhtnhto2n, c coi =!
ho!ntBt CD'
H;n< tX2 - xk 7d 955 <H K<Mkn9 t:;n< F5 K<n
tXS n5hu B5Hn b5An 3=W bG5 tbPn
tXSX1 C 3 loi iu kin bin chnh sau y gii bi ton h muc nuc ngm:
a) p luc uoc xc jnh truc, chiu cao muc nuc ngm h khng i (cn goi l iu kin bin
Dirichlet);
b) Luu luong uoc xc jnh truc, luu luong Q khng i (cn goi l iu kin bin Neuman);
c) Luu luong trn bin ph thuc vo su thay i ca p luc, Q= f(H) (cn goi l iu kin bin
Cauchy hoc bin hn hop).
tXSX2 Trong tu nhin nhng bin ny uoc m phng l sng, bin, knh thot, mch l, tung chn,
gc, bc thot hoi, thm xuyn, l khoan ht nuc hoc p nuc...
tX] n9 Q2n9 K<n IhI V5[uWl 'bQlb K<5An bn ]X2X0X1^1 [n {ut nyI 200` 3<J>
t:bn9 I85 t:M4n9 5nQb[ XO7j tan< tbPn <H t<_n9 95En9 <zt nMN3
tX]X1 Cc buc s dng phn mm nhu sau:
a) Buc 1: Khi ng phn mm: tartProgramsVisual MDLWVisual MDLW 4.2:
H;n< tXS - G5Wb Q5Hn B<~5 7cn9 K<n IhI V5[uWl 'tL ]X2
b) Buc 2: Thit lp h on vj tnh ton, xem hnh D.4:
H;n< tX] - G5Wb Q5Hn t<5Et lDK <H 7kn FU tan< tbPn
c) Buc 3: Thit lp cc thng s ca mi trung thm v jnh hung gii bi ton, xem hnh D.5:
H;n< tX^ - G5Wb Q5Hn t<5Et lDK 3P3 t<8n9 [_ I85 t:M4n9 t<IX
d) Buc 4: To ging quan trc v ging ht nuc, xem hnh D.6:
H;n< tX` - G5Wb Q5Hn tJb 95En9 FG 3P3 t<8n9 [_ <zt nMN3 3=W 95En9
e) Buc 5: Nhp muc nuc ngm v iu kin bin v ngun nuc nhu sng, h v v... xem hnh D.7:
H;n< tXe - N<DK tG5 l5Hu IL3 nMN3 n9I FG 75hu B5Hn b5An
f) Buc 6: Chy chuong trnh, xem hnh D.8:
H;n< tXf - C<J> 3<Mkn9 t:;n< tan<
g) Buc 7: Xem kt qu tnh ton th hin cc hnh t D.9 n D.11:

H;n< tXg @ '8 t BEt qu tan< tbPn bZn9 <;n< n<
H;n< tX10 - H;n< n< Fh BEt qu tan< tbPn
H;n< tX11 - nM4n9 quWn <H 3ct nMN3 t:bn9 3P3 95En9 quWn t:r3 t<}b t<45 95Wn <zt nMN3
tX]X2 Phn mm ny cng cho php ly kt qu t cc file c dng *.txt trong thu mc luu file tnh
ton ny.
O<2 l23
(Tham kho)
XP3 7Un< FDn t_3 95N5 <Jn V
9<
7j 36 t<j t<5 38n9 lNK lY3 K<2 {un9 quWn< _n9 lY3 3=W
95En9 bkI nMN3 <J IL3 nMN3 n9I
Vn tc gii hn c th tnh theo cng thc:
V
gh
= P
1
W
cs
(E.1)
trong :
V
gh
l vn tc gii hn ca nuc i ln t y ging, m/s. Khi thi cng khng ch vn tc i ln
ca nuc khng uoc vuot qu trj s ny khi ct si lm tng loc ph vo xung quanh ging th
ct si c th chm xung y ging v hnh thnh lp loc ph bao quanh ng loc ca ging;
P
1
l h s, c th ly t 0,2 n 0,3;
W
C
l th thy luc ca ct si lm lp loc ph, m/s. C th xc jnh W
C
bng cch tra bng
E.1 hoc tnh theo cng thc sau:
50
1
cs
d . g . 1 , 1 W

= (E.2)
y
1
l khi luong ring ca ct si, kg/m
3
;
y l khi luong ring ca nuc, kg/m
3
;
g l gia tc trong trung, m/s
2
;
d
50
l ung knh c ht ca ct si m tng khi luong ca tt c nhng ht ln hon n chi
chim 50 % tng khi luong ct si, m.
wn9 X1 - /uWn <H 95TW 7M4n9 Ban< <Jt FG 7c t<8 t<=> lL3
ung knh ht, mm 0,10 0,12 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,40 ,00 5,00 10
th thy luc, mm/s 5,12 7,27 11,20 17,20 29,10 40,70 138 308 435