S GIO DC V O TO H NI

V HI TON HC H NI
==========================
NGUYN VN MU, NGUYN HU
(Ch bin)
CC CHUYN TON HC
BI DNG HC SINH GII
(Tm tt bo co Hi ngh khoa hc)
H Ni, 26-27/04/2012
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K HOCH V CNG TC CHUN B HI THO KHOA HC
CC CHUYN TON HC BI DNG HC SINH GII
NM 2012
I. Thi gian, a im, thnh phn:
1. Thi gian: 3 ngy (25,26,27/04/2012)
2. a im: Phng hp, Hi trng Trng THPT Chu Vn An H Ni
3. Thnh phn:
- B Gio dc v o to: Lnh o B, Lnh o v GD Trung hc;
- Lnh o LH CHKHKT HN
- Cc tp ch: Ton hc tui tr, Ton tui th;
- Hi Ton hc H Ni; Hi Ton hc VN,
- Cc tc gi c bi ng k tham d Hi tho;
- Cc phng Gio dc v o to, huyn, th, mt s trng THCS (c danh sch km theo);
- Truyn hnh, bo, i.
4. Ban T chc v Ban chng trnh Hi tho (km Quyt nh):
II. Ni dung chnh ca hi tho:
- i mi cng tc qun l gio dc giai on 2012-2015 v nhng nh hng mi.
- nh gi thc trng phng php dy hc Ton, nhng thun li, kh khn trong i mi
phng php dy hc; xut cc gii php c th, kh thi v i mi phng php dy hc b
mn.
- c bit cc chuyn o to, bi dng hc sinh, sinh vin gii, tham gia cc k thi hc
sinh gii cc cp hng nm, ...nhm nng cao cht lng o to.
III. Cng tc chun b
Trc 30/03/2012 - Thnh lp Ban T chc, Ban chng trnh
Lnh o S GD v T
Trc 15/04/2012
- Chun b ni dung Hi tho: Thng bo v tp hp cc bi vit, In n k yu
(Ban t chc, Hi TH, S GD)
- Chun b chng trnh vn ngh, luyn tp
(Trng THPT CVA)
2
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- In v gi giy mi (Ban t chc, Hi TH, S GD)
- Lin h cc n v lin quan m bo an ninh, an ton giao thng, in, nc, ...
S GD v T HN, Trng THPT CVA (Anh Dng)
-Trang tr, khnh tit: Khu hiu, Hi trng ln, 2 Hi trng nh, hoa, nc ung ...
Trng THPT CVA (Anh Dng)
- Chun b hi trng, m thanh, nh sng, my chiu,..
Trng THPT CVA
- Tng v sinh ton trng Trng THPT CVA
- Chun b nh khch (4 phng), phng tin i li Trng THPT CVA
Sng 26/04/2012
n tip i biu Trng THPT CVA
Ghi danh sch i biu v pht k yu
Trng THPT CVA
B tr ch ngi trong Hi trng (Dnh 3 hng gh gia cho i biu)
Trng THPT CVA
Ph trch chng trnh vn ngh cho mng (nu c)
Trng THPT CVA
Phng tin trnh chiu, loa i
Trng THPT CVA
26/04/2012 Ni dung chng trnh Hi THHN
Tra 26/04 Chun b n tra
S GD v Anh Dng (HT THPT CVA)
Chiu 26/04/2011
T 13h30-16h00 Ni dng v iu hnh 2 Hi tho chuyn
Hi THHN
16h15-17h30 Hi tho tng kt phin ton th
BTC (Anh Mu+Anh )
3
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Ti 26/04/2011
n ti (cho cc i biu xa (40 xut))
S GD v T (Anh Quang), Anh Dng (THPT Chu Vn An)
Ngy 27/04/2012 Chng trnh Ta m bn trn
Chun b phng tin a n,
S GD (Anh Tun)
Ni dung hot ng
Hi THHN (Anh H), S GD (Anh Tun), Trng PT DTNT H Ni (Anh Ph)
Cc ngy Hi tho: Quay phim, chp nh v t liu
Hi THHN (Thm Ngc Khu)
4
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CHNG TRNH CHI TIT
Ngy 25/04/2012
14h30-16h30 Hp Ban T chc v Ban chng trnh, tng duyt bo co.
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu
Ngy 26/04/2012
08h00-8h30 n tip i biu Phng GDPT v Trng THPT CVA
08h30-9h00 Vn ngh cho mng Trng THPT CVA
09h00-9h05 Tuyn b l do, gii thiu i biu m Xun Quang, Ph Vn Phng
09h05-9h15 Pht biu khai mc Nguyn Hu
Pht biu dn Nguyn Vn Mu
09h15-09h25 Pht biu ca i biu
- GS TS V Hoan Ch tch Lin hip cc Hi KHKTHN
- TS V nh Chun V trng V GDTH B GD v T
09h25-11h30 Cc bo co phin ton th
1. NGT Hn Lin Hi:
Mt s kin v vn bi dng hc sinh gii hin nay
2. PGS Trn Huy H:
Vai tr ca Hi THHN trong cng tc hp tc o to vi cc s GD v hot ng chuyn
mn v bi dng hc sinh gii
- ThS Ch Xun Dng (HT THTH CVA):
V hot ng chuyn mn ca CLB Ton hc HN
- TS Phm Th Bch Ngc:
Vai tr ca Tp ch TH v TT trong bi dng HSG ph thng
- ThS V Kim Thu:
Hot ng ca Tp ch Ton Tui th
- ThS Trn Vn Khi (HN-Amsterdam);
V cc chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii ca HN
- ThS L i Hi:
V t chc cc k thi HSC Th HN
11h30-13h00 Ngh n tra
14h00-17h30 Cc bo co chuyn Ton hc bi dng GV v cc vn lin quan.
iu hnh THCS: GS. Nguyn Vn Mu, ThS. Ch Xun Dng
1. PGS H Tin Ngon
Tng s cc cch phn chia mt tp hp thnh cc tp con ri nhau
2. TS Nguyn Vit Hi
Nhng bi ton thi hc sinh gii lp 9 v s hc
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3. TS Nguyn Vn Ngc
Mt s dng ton v chia a thc i xng
4. ThS Nguyn B ang
ng thng Simson
5. ThS L Th Thanh Bnh
Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS
6. GV Nguyn Th Minh Chu
Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut cp THCS
7. ThS H Quang Vinh
Php nghch o v ng dng
8... Cc bo co mi ng k ti hi tho.
iu hnh THPT: PGS. Trn Huy H, PGD S L Ngc Quang
1. PGS Hong Ch Thnh
Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp
2. PGS Nguyn Thu Thanh
Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m
3. PGS V nh Ho
Bi ton t mu th
4. GS Phm Huy in
Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn cha ht
5. GS ng Huy Run
Phng php Graph
6. TS Trnh o Chin
Mt s lp phng trnh hm dng Pexider v p dng
7. PGS m Vn Nh
Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp
8... Cc bo co mi ng k ti hi tho
Phin tng kt: GS. Nguyn Vn Mu, ThS Nguyn Hu
18h00-19h30 n ti (dnh cho cc i biu tnh xa)
Ngy 27/04/2012
-Cc bo co khoa hc hi ngh bn trn.
- 11h30: n tra
- 16h00: Xe xut pht v H Ni.
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Mc lc
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Nguyn Thy Thanh
Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Trn Nam Dng
Nguyn l cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Trnh o Chin, L Tin Dng
Mt s dng tng qut ca phng trnh hm Pexider v p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ng Huy Run
Phng php Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
H Th Mai Dung
Mt s tnh cht ca hm li, lm bc cao v p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Nguyn Th Minh Chu
Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut cp THCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hong t H
nh l Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
L H Qu v Phm Xun Thnh
V mt s bi ton v phng trnh hm gii bng phng php sai phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Hong Ch Thnh
Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
m Vn Nh
Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
V nh Ha
Bi ton t mu th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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Nguyn ng Pht
Mt s tnh cht ca t im trong mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Nguyn Vn Ngc
Mt s bi ton v chia ht i vi cc a thc i xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Trn Vit Anh
S dng s phc gii ton t hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Quch Vn Giang
Chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php tham s ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
L Th Anh oan
Tnh n nh nghim ca mt s phng trnh hm Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Phm Th Nhn
Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Trn Vit Tng
Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n sinh bi phi ng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Trng Ngc c
Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Phm Huy in
Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn cha ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Nguyn B ang
ng thng Simson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
H Quang Vinh
Php nghch o v ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Trng Ngc c
Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
o Xun Luyn
Mt s bi ton c xy dng t cng thc Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
L Th Thanh Bnh
Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Phm Th Bch Ngc
Chuyn cho i s 9: Phn nguyn v ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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Li ni u
Nguyn Vn Mu, Ch tch hi Ton hc H Ni
Nguyn Hu , Gim c s GD v T H Ni
Ha nhp vi c nc cho mng ngy gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc v ngy
Quc t lao ng 01.05 v thc hin cc chng trnh i mi gio dc Th , S Gio Dc v
o to H Ni phi hp vi Hi Ton hc H Ni ng t chc Hi tho khoa hc Cc chuyn
Ton hc bi dng hc sinh gii ti trng THPT Chu Vn An, thnh ph H Ni vo cc
ngy 26-27/04/ 2012
y l hi tho u tin theo tinh thn k kt phi hp hot ng gia S Gio Dc v o
to H Ni v Hi Ton hc H Ni bn v lin kt bi dng hc sinh gii v bi dng hc sinh
gii mn ton Trung hc ph thng v Trung hc c s.
Hi tho khoa hc ln ny c tin hnh t 26-27/4/2012 ti thnh ph H Ni hn hnh
c n tip nhiu nh khoa hc, nh gio lo thnh, cc nh qun l, cc chuyn gia gio dc
v cc nh ton hc bo co ti cc phin ton th v cc cn b ch o chuyn mn t cc s
Gio dc v o to, cc thy gio, c gio b mn Ton ang trc tip bi dng hc sinh gii
mn Ton bo co ti cc phin chuyn ca hi tho.
Ban t chc nhn c gn 30 bo co ton vn gi ti hi tho. Song do khun kh rt
hn hp v thi gian, khu ch bn v thi lng ca cun k yu, chng ti ch c th a vo
k yu c 20 bi, nhng bi cn li s c ch bn gi qu i biu khi thc hin chng
trnh bo co chuyn chnh thc ca hi tho.
Ni dung ca k yu ln ny rt phong ph, bao gm hu ht cc chuyn phc v vic bi
dng hc sinh gii ton t l thuyt th, t mu, i s, gii tch, hnh hc, s hc n cc
dng ton lin quan khc. Bn c c th tm thy y nhiu dng ton t cc k olympic trong
nc v quc t...
Ban t chc xin chn thnh cm n s hp tc v gip ht sc qu bu ca qu thy gio,
c gio v c bit l ton th thnh vin semina ton HKHTN v cc cu lc b ton H Ni
tch cc tham gia c c cun k yu vi ni dung thit thc v rt phong ph ny.
V thi gian chun b rt gp gp, nn cc khu hiu nh v ch bn cun k yu cha c
y , chi tit, chc chn cn cha nhiu khim khuyt. Rt mong c s cm thng chia s
ca qu i biu. Nhng kin ng gp lin quan n cun k yu ny xin gi v a ch: Hi
Ton hc H Ni, phng 303 nh T1, 334 Nguyn Tri, H Ni.
Xin trn trng cm n.
TM Ban T Chc
Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Hu
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Mt cch tip cn nh ngha hm m
Nguyn Thy Thanh, Trng HKHTN H Ni
Mi phn s thng m mu s l ly tha khng m ca 10 c gi l phn s thp phn.
Chng hn:
3
10
,
32
100
,
123
100
l nhng phn s thp phn. Thng thng ngi ta vit cc phn s
thp phn di dng khng c mu s, tc l
3
10
= 0, 3;
32
100
= 0, 32,
1234
1000
= 1, 234.
Ta lu n tiu chun:
s hu t dng biu din bi phn s ti gin
p
q
khai trin c thnh phn s thp phn
hu hn iu kin cn v l mu s p ca n khng c cc c nguyn t ngoi 2 v 5.
Ngc li, phn s thp phn hu hn bt k:

0
,
1

2
...
n
l s hu t

0
,
1

2
...
n
=

0
,
1

2
...
n
10
n
,
trong t s
0
,
1

2
...
n
l s nguyn gm
n
n v,
n1
, chc,
n2
trm...
T tiu chun trn suy rng cc phn s cn li ch c th c khai trin thp phn v hn

0
,
1

2
...
n
tc l phn s thp phn m i vi s t nhin k bt k tm c s t nhin l > k
sao cho
l
> 0.
Nu phn s thp phn v hn m k t mt ch s thp phn no ca n mt nhm cc
ch s lp li v hn ln theo mt th t nht nh c gi l phn s thp phn v hn tun
hon v nhm cc s c gi l chu k. Chng hn ta c
1, 21, 353535... = 1, 21(35).
Quy tc I. Mt phn s thp phn v hn tun hon thun bng mt phn s thng m t s
l chu k v mu s gm ton ch s 9 vi s lng bng s ch s ca chu k.
Quy tc II. Mt phn s thp phn v hn tun hon tp bng mt phn s thng m t s
ca n c c bng cch ly s c biu din bi cc ch s thp phn ng trc chu k th
hai tr i s c biu din bi cc ch s thp phn ng trc chu k th nht, cn mu s l
s c vit bi s ch s 9 bng s ch s ca chu k v s ch s 0 tip theo bng s ch s
thp phn ng sau du thp phn nhng trc chu k th nht.
Bn cnh cc phn s thp phn tun hon cn tn ti cc phn s thp phn v hn khng
tun hon. Chng hn s: 0, 101001000,..., tc l sau du thp phn ta vit lin tip cc s 10,
100, 1000, ..., hay s 0,123456... c thnh lp theo quy tc l sau du thp phn ta vit lin
tip mi s t nhin. Cc phn s thp phn v hn khc nhau c coi l nhng s khc nhau
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nhng c mt ngoi l: mt phn s thp phn hu hn dng c th vit duwosi bn dng hu
hn dng c th vit di bn dng sau:

0
,
1

2
...
k
=
0
,
1

2
...
k
00...
=
0
,
1

2
...(
k
1)99...
=
0
, apha
1
...(
k
1)9
Bn cch vit ny xc nh cng mt s. Chng hn 2,5 = 2,5000... v 2,5 = 2,499... l xc
nh cng mt s.
Ngoi mi tnh cht m tp hp cc s hu t c, tp hp s thc R cn c mt tnh cht rt
c bit phn bit n vi tp hp Q- l tnh cht lin tc. Tnh cht c din t di
dng hnh hc bi tin Cantor:
Gi s cho dy cc on thng

n
= x R : a
n
x b
n
, n = 1, 2, ...
lng nhau v tht li, tc l
i)
n

n+1
, n = 1, 2, . . .
ii) di d[a
n
, b
n
] = b
n
a
n
0 (n ).
Khi tn ti duy nht mt im (s) ng thi thuc mi on thng
n
.
T tin Cantor cng trc tip rt ra rng s thuc mi on thng cng l gii hn chung
cho dy cc u mt bn tri v dy cc u mt bn phi. Ta hy hnh dung rng nu ng
thng c mt ch khuyt th ta c th tm c mt dy nhng on lng nhau tht li ch
khuyt . V nh vy khng c im no chung cho mi on c (hnh v), tri vi Tin
Cantor.
Xt xp x thp phn s thc bi cc s hu t. Cho s dng ty
a =
0
,
1

2
... (1)
di dng s thp phn. S
a
(
n) =
0
,
1

2
...
n
(n = 0, 1, 2...) (1

)
c gi l xp x thp phn thiu th n ca s a. l mt s hu t
Tip theo xt ly tha vi s m v t.
Trong bo co ny ta xem xt ly tha vi s m t nhin, m, khng v hu t cng cc tnh
cht ca chng l bit. nh ngha hm m ta ch cn xt ly tha vi s m v t.
Xy dng nim i n nh ngha ly tha s m v t v chng minh cn c ca nh ngha.
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Nguyn l cc hn v mt s p dng
Trn Nam Dng, Trng i hc KHTN TP HCM
Bi vit ny c pht trin t bi vit Cc phng php v k thut chng minh m chng
ti trnh by ti Hi ngh Cc chuyn Olympic Ton chn lc ti Ba V, H Ni, thng
5-2010 v ging dy cho i tuyn Olympic Vit Nam d IMO 2010. Trong bi ny, chng ti tp
trung chi tit hn vo cc ng dng ca Nguyn l cc hn trong gii ton.
Mt tp hp hu hn cc s thc lun c phn t ln nht v phn t nh nht. Mt tp con bt
k ca N lun c phn t nh nht. Nguyn l n gin ny trong nhiu trng hp rt c ch
cho vic chng minh. Hy xt trng hp bin! l khu quyt ca nguyn l ny.
Xt phng php phn v d nh nht.
Trong vic chng minh mt s tnh cht bng phng php phn chng, ta c th c thm mt
s thng tin b sung quan trng nu s dng phn v d nh nht. tng l chng minh mt
tnh cht A cho mt cu hnh P, ta xt mt c trng f(P) ca P l mt hm c gi tr nguyn
dng. By gi gi s tn ti mt cu hnh P khng c tnh cht A, khi s tn ti mt cu hnh
P
0
khng c tnh cht A vi f(P
0
) nh nht. Ta s tm cch suy ra iu mu thun. Lc ny, ngoi
vic chng ta c cu hnh P
0
khng c tnh cht A, ta cn c mi cu hnh P vi f(P) < f(P
0
)
u c tnh cht A.
Nguyn l cc hn c th c ng dng chng minh mt qu trnh l dng (trong cc bi
ton lin quan n bin i trng thi) trong bi ton v th, hay trong cc tnh hung t hp
a dng khc. Cc i tng thng c em ra xt cc hn thng l: on thng ngn nht,
tam gic c din tch ln nht, gc ln nht, nh c bc ln nht, chu trnh c di ngn nht . . .
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Cc chuyn Olympic Ton chn lc,Ba V , 5-2010 .
[2] on Qunh ch bin, Ti liu gio khoa chuyn ton - i s 10, NXB GD, 2010.
[3] http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/05/fermats-last-theorem-n-4.html
[4] vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/nh l Sylvester-Gallai
[5] www.mathscope.org
[6] www.problems.ru
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Mt s lp phng trnh hm dng Pexider v p dng
Trnh o Chin, Trng Cao ng S Phm Gia Lai
L Tin Dng, Trng THPT Pleiku, Gia Lai
Phng trnh hm Pexider l phng trnh hm tng qut trc tip ca phng trnh hm
Cauchy quen thuc. Bi vit ny cp n mt s dng tng qut ca Phng trnh hm Pexider
v vi p dng ca n trong chng trnh Ton ph thng.
Phng trnh hm Pexider c bn gm bn dng di y (li gii c th xem trong [1] hoc
[2])
Bi ton 1.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f (x + y) = g (x) + h (y) , x, y R. (1)
Bi ton 1.2. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f (x + y) = g (x) h (y) , x, y R. (2)
Bi ton 1.3. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R
+
tha mn iu kin
f (xy) = g (x) + h (y) , x, y R
+
. (3)
Bi ton 1.4. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R
+
tha mn iu kin
f (xy) = g (x) h (y) , x, y R
+
. (4)
Xt mt s dng tng qut ca phng trnh hm Pexider. Di y l mt s dng tng qut
ca phng trnh (1) gn gi vi chng trnh ca h ph thng chuyn Ton.
Bi ton 2.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f, f
i
(i = 1, 2, ..., n) xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn
iu kin
f
_
n

i=1
x
i
_
=
n

i=1
f
i
(x
i
), x, x
i
R. (5)
Bi ton sau y l mt dng tng qut kh c bn, m phng php quy np khng th p
dng trong li gii. Mt s phn chng minh c s dng mt s kin thc c bn, khng qu kh,
ca i s tuyn tnh v Phng trnh vi phn, thuc chng trnh c s ca Ton cao cp.
Bi ton 2.2. Tm tt c cc hm s f, f
i
, g
i
(i = 1, 2, ..., n) xc nh v tn ti o hm (theo
mi bin s c lp x, y) trn R tha mn iu kin
f (x + y) =
n

k=1
f
k
(x) g
k
(y), x, y R, n 2. (6)
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Phng trnh hm Pexider tng qut c nhiu p dng trong vic nghin cu mt s vn
lin quan ca Ton ph thng. l mt s p dng lin quan n cc php chuyn i bo ton
yu t gc ca mt tam gic.
Bi ton 3.1. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
sau: Nu A, B, C R, A+B +C = , th A
1
+B
1
+C
1
= , trong A
1
= f (A), B
1
= f (B),
C
1
= f (C).
Ta thy rng, vi ba gc ca mt tam gic cho trc, c th to ra c ba gc ca mt tam
gic mi v do c th suy ra c nhiu h thc lng gic lin quan n cc gc ca tam gic
. Hn na, bng cch phi hp nhng phng php khc nhau, ta cn c th to ra c nhiu
ng thc v bt ng thc lng gic khc, v cng phong ph. Sau y l mt vi v d.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] J. Aczl (1966), Lectures on Functional equations and their applications, Chapter 3, pp.
141-145, Chapter 4, pp. 197-199.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n hm dng c bn, K yu Hi tho
khoa hc "Cc chuyn chuyn Ton bi dng hc sinh gii Trung hc ph thng", H Ni,
2011.
[3] D.S. Mitrinovic, J.E. Pecaric and V. Volenec (1989), Recent advances in geometric inequal-
ities, Mathematics and its applications (East European series), Published by Kluwer Academic
Publishers, the Netherlands, Chapter V, pp. 64-69.
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www.VNMATH.com
Phng php Graph
ng Huy Run, Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin H Ni
Rt nhiu bi ton khng mu mc c th gii bng cch thng qua th m suy ra p n.
Phng php ny c gi l phng php graph (hay phng php th)
gii bi ton bng phng php graph cn thc hin ln lt hai bc sau:
1. Xy dng th m t quan h
Ly cc im trn mt phng hoc trong khng gian tng ng vi cc i tng cho
trong bi ton. Dng ngay k hiu hoc tn cc i tng ghi trn cc im tng ng.
Cp im x, y ty c ni vi nhau bng mt cnh vi c im t khi v ch khi cc
i tng x, y c quan h (t) vi nhau. Khi bi ton cho c chuyn v bi ton D
trn th.
2. Da vo cc kt qu ca l thuyt th hoc l lun trc tip m suy ra p n ca bi
ton D bng ngn ng th.
3. Cn c vo vic t tng ng khi xy dng nh v cnh ca th, m dch p n t
ngn ng th sang ngn ng thng thng, tc l p n ca bi ton T.
qu trnh gii ton c n gin ngi ta thng thc hin gp bc 2 v bc 3.
Vn dng tnh cht ca chu trnh Hamilton
1. Cuc hp c t nht ba ngi. Mi i biu n d hp u bt tay t nht mt na s i
biu c mt. Chng minh rng lun lun c th xp tt c cc i biu ngi xung quanh mt bn
trn, mi ngi u ngi gia hai ngi, m i biu ny bt tay.
2. Tp M gm t nht 3 s nguyn khng m. Mi s u c c chung vi t nht mt na s
s thuc tp M. Khi c th ghi tt c cc s thuc tp M ln mt ng trn, mi s u
ng gia hai s, m n c c chung.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Claude Berge Thorie des Graphes et ses applicatious. Dunod, Paris 1967.
[2] V nh Ha nh l v vn v th hu hn. Nh xut bn Gio dc H Ni 2001.
15
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[3] ng Huy Run, L thuyt th v ng dng. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut 2000
[4] ng Huy Run, By phng php gai cc bi ton lgich. Nh xut bn khoa hc k
thut 2002.
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Mt s tnh cht ca hm li, lm bc cao v p dng
H Th Mai Dung, THPT Amsterdam - H Ni
0.1 M u
Trong nghin cu cc bi ton hay v kh, cc bi ton thi hc sinh gii, ta thy vic kho st
cc hm s kh vi c mt vai tr rt ln. c bit, vic nghin cu tnh li (lm) ca cc hm s
kh vi bc 2 cho ta rt nhiu kt qu th v, a ra c nhng tnh cht ca hm s, m t ,
dn n nhng pht hin mi trong cch gii cc bi ton ng dng, nht l trong cc bi ton
cc tr. Khng nhng th, i vi hm s kh vi v hn, vic nghin cu hm s li (lm) c bc
ty cn gp phn xy dng y hn na h thng cc hm li (lm) bc cao.
nh ngha 1. [xem [1]] Hm s f(x) c gi l hm li (li di) trn tp [a; b) R nu vi
mi x
1
, x
2
[a, b) v vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta u c
f(x
1
+ x
2
) f(x
1
) + f(x
2
) (1)
Nu du ng thc trong (1.1) xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
th ta ni hm s f(x) l hm li
thc s (cht) trn [a, b).
Hm s f(x) c gi l hm lm (li trn) trn tp [a, b) R nu vi mi x
1
, x
2
[a, b) v
vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta u c
f(x
1
+ x
2
) f(x
1
) + f(x
2
) (2)
Nu du ng thc trong (1.2) xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
th ta ni hm s f(x) l hm lm
thc s (cht) trn [a, b).
Tng t ta cng c nh ngha v hm li (lm) trn cc tp (a, b), (a, b] v [a, b]. Ta s dng
k hiu I(a, b) nhm ch mt trong bn tp hp (a, b), (a, b], [a, b) v [a, b].
Xt biu din hm li.
nh l 1 (xem [1]). Hm f(x) li trn I(a, b) khi v ch khi tn ti hm g(x) n iu tng trong
I(a, b) v s c (a, b) sao cho
f(x) = f(c) +
x
_
c
g(t)dt.
Tng t, ta cng c biu din i vi lp hm li nhiu bin.
Xt hm s thc nhiu bin F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
). Gi s, ng vi mi b s (z
1
, z
2
, . . . , z
n
) m
z
1
z
2
. . . z
n
ta u c
F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) F(z
1
, z
2
, . . . , z
n
) +
n

i=1
(x
i
z
i
)
F
z
i
.
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Hm s thc nhiu bin tha mn iu kin trn c gi l hm li nhiu bin. Khi , hin
nhin
F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) = max
R(z)
_
F(z
1
, z
2
, . . . , z
n
) +
n

i=1
(x
i
z
i
)
F
z
i
_
.
Tip theo, ta xt lp cc hm li bc cao v mt s tnh cht c bn ca chng. Trc ht, ta
nhc n cc tnh cht c trng v cng l nh ngha ca hm ng bin v hm li quen bit.
Tnh cht 1. [[2] Dng ni suy] Hm s f(x) ng bin trn tp I(a, b) khi v ch khi vi mi
cp s x
1
, x
2
I(a, b), ta u c
f(x
1
)
x
1
x
2
+
f(x
2
)
x
2
x
1
0. (3)
Tnh cht 2. [[2] Dng ni suy] Hm s f(x) li trn I(a, b) khi v ch khi vi mi b ba s phn
bit x
0
, x
1
, x
2
I(a, b), ta u c
f(x
0
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
+
f(x
1
)
(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
x
0
)
+
f(x
2
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
0. (4)
nh ngha 2. [[2]] Hm s f(x) c gi l nli trn I(a, b) khi ng vi mi b n +1 s phn
bit trong I(a, b), ta u c
f[x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
] :=
n

j=0
f(x
j
)

(x
j
)
0,
trong
(x) :=
n

k=0
(x x
k
).
Tng t ta c cng c nh ngha hm lm bc cao.
nh ngha 3. [[2]] Hm s f(x) c gi l nlm trn I(a, b) khi ng vi mi b n+1 s phn
bit trong I(a, b), ta u c
f[x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
] :=
n

j=0
f(x
j
)

(x
j
)
0,
trong
(x) :=
n

k=0
(x x
k
).
S dng khai trin Taylor, ta d dng chng minh bt ng thc sau i vi lp hm li bc
bn. Cc kt lun ny cng ng i vi lp hm li bc chn ty .
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nh l 2 ([2]). Cho hm s f(x) c o hm bc bn khng m trong (a, b), tc l
f
(4)
(x) 0, x (a, b).
Khi ta lun c bt ng thc sau:
f(x) f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
2!
+
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
3
3!
,
x, x
0
(a, b).
Tng t, nu hm s f(x) c o hm bc bn lun khng dng trong (a, b), tc l
f
(4)
(x) 0, x (a, b).
th ta lun c bt ng thc sau:
f(x) f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
2!
+
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
3
3!
,
x, x
0
(a, b).
H qu 1 ([2]). Vi mi a thc bc bn
P(x) = x
4
+ ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d,
ta u c
P(x) P(x
0
) + (4x
3
0
+ 3ax
2
0
+ 2bx
0
+ c)(x x
0
)
+
(12x
2
0
+ 6ax
0
+ 2b)(x x
2
0
)
2!
+
(24x
0
+ 6a)(x x
0
)
3
3!
, x, x
0
R.
Cng tng t nh php biu din hm li (lm) thng thng.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2005 Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2007, Ni suy v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin), Trn Nam Dng, Nguyn V Lng, Nguyn Minh Tun, 2008,
Chuyn chn lc - Lng gic v p dng, NXB Gio dc.
[4] Nguyn Th Thu Hng, Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng gic dng khng
i xng, K yu HNKH "Gii tch hin i trong nghin cu v ng dng", Hi Dng
14-15/6/2008, 138 - 141.
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Mt s dng ton lin quan n dy s c quy lut
cp THCS
Nguyn Th Minh Chu, Trng THCS L Qu n, Cu Giy, H Ni
Tm tt ni dung
Trong chng trnh s hc lp 6, ngoi cc bi tp tnh ton n gin da trn cc quy tc,
tnh cht c bn ca cc php tnh m cc hc sinh c rn luyn thng qua cc bi tp trong
SGK v SBT, cn c mt dng bi tp tnh ton trn cc dy s, dy phn s c quy lut m da
vo nhng quy lut tnh ton , hc sinh c th gii ton mt cch sng to, lgic, em li nhiu
hng th say m trong hc hc tp, pht trin t duy, tr tu, pht huy nng lc sng to, nng
khiu ton hc ca hc sinh.
Trong chuyn ny, cp mt s dng ton tnh ton trn cc dy s, dy phn s c quy
lut v mt vi tri nghim nh hng t duy hoc pht trin t duy hc sinh nhm bi dng
nng lc hc ton cho cc em hc sinh c kh nng hc gii ton.
Ni dung kin thc:
Vi dng bi tp v dy cc s, dy cc phn s c quy lut, ta thng dng cc phng php
sau:
- Phng php phn tch s hng tng qut ri kh lin tip tnh tng cc dy s, dy phn
s c quy lut, gii ton tm x, v cc bi ton c lin quan.
- Phng php lm tri chng minh bt ng thc v cc bi ton lin quan. Vi phng
php ny ta thng dng tnh cht ca bt ng thc a mt v ca bt ng thc v dng
tnh c tng hu hn hoc tch hu hn.
tnh tng
S
n
= a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ + a
n
.
Ta biu din a
i
_
i = i, n
_
, , qua hiu hai s hng lin tip ca mt dy s khc. Chng hn
a
1
= b
1
b
2
; a
2
= b
2
b
3
; . . . ; a
n
= b
n1
b
n
S
n
= a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ + a
n
= b
1
b
n
tnh tch hu hn P
n
= a
1
.a
2
.a
3
. . . a
n
ta bin i cc a
k
v thng ca hai s hng lin tip
nhau :
a
1
=
b
1
b
2
; a
2
=
b
2
b
3
; . . . ; a
n
=
b
n1
b
n
P
n
= a
1
.a
2
, a
3
. . . . a
n
=
b
1
b
2
.
b
2
b
3
. . .
b
n1
b
n
=
b
1
b
n
Tip theo, xt bi ton tm s cc s hng ca mt dy s c quy lut
Bi ton 1. Tm n sao cho tng ca 2n s hng
1
1.3
+
1
2.4
+
1
3.5
+ +
1
(2n 1).(2n + 1)
+
1
2n(2n + 2)
=
14651
19800
.
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Bi ton 2. Tm s nguyn dng n tha mn
2.2
2
+ 3.2
3
+ 4.2
4
+ 5.2
5
+ + n.2
n
= 2
n+10
Bi ton 3. Chng t rng tng ca 100 s hng u tin ca dy sau nh hn
1
4
.
1
5
;
1
45
;
1
117
;
1
221
;
1
357
; . . .
Bi ton 4. Chng minh rng
A =
3
4
+
8
9
+
15
16
+ +
2499
2500
> 48.
Bi ton 5. Chng minh rng
a) n! > 2
n1
(n 3)
b) 1 + b + b
2
+ + b
n
=
1 b
n1
1 b
(b ,= 1)
c) 1 +
1
1!
+
1
2!
+ +
1
n!
< 3.
Bi ton 6. Cho cc s dng a
1
; a
2
; . . . ; a
n
. Chng minh rng
C
2
n
_
1
a
1
a
2
+
1
a
1
a
3
+
1
a
1
a
4
+ +
1
a
1
a
n
+
1
a
2
a
3
+
1
a
2
a
4
+ +
1
a
n1
a
n
_

4
_
1
a
1
+ a
2
+
1
a
1
+ a
3
+
1
a
1
+ a
4
+ +
1
a
1
+ a
n
+
1
a
2
+ a
3
+
1
a
2
+ a
4
+ +
1
a
n1
+ a
n
_
Tm iu kin ca a
k
(k = 1; 2; 3; 4; . . . ; n) c ng thc.
Bi ton 7. Cho cc s t nhin a
1
< a
2
< < a
n
. Chng minh rng tng A:
A =

a
2
a
1
a
2
+

a
3
a
2
a
3
+ +

a
n
a
n1
a
n
< 1 +
1
2
+
1
3
+ +
1
n
2
C rt nhiu bi tp khc v dy s v dy cc phn s c quy lut. Cc bn c th tham kho
thm trong bo Ton hc tui tr, bo Ton tui th, cc sch Chuyn ton tham kho.
Bi hc rt ra
T nhng dng ton nu trn gip c cho hc sinh cc kin thc v k nng :
Rn k nng tnh ton
Rn k nng phn tch v tng hp kin thc ton hc
Rn kh nng t duy logic, sng to, pht huy tr lc cho hc sinh
Rn kh nng suy lun t n gin n phc tp, t c th n vic tng qut ha cc bi
ton gip hc sinh nhn nhn cc vn mt cch thu o, ton din.
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nh l Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan
Hong t H, Trng THPT Trn i Ngha, k Lk
Phng trnh hm l ti ang ngy cng c nhiu ngi quan tm nghin cu. Bi ton
phng trnh hm thng xuyn xut hin trong cc k thi hc sinh gii, thi Olympic quc gia,
khu vc v quc t. Cc dng bi ton v phng trnh hm rt a dng v phong ph. Tnh
cht c trng ca mt s hm s sinh ra lp phng trnh hm tng ng. Bo co v nh l
Lagrange v cc phng trnh hm lin quan nhm trnh by tng quan mt s dng phng trnh
hm sinh ra t biu thc ca nh l v gi tr trung bnh Lagrange cng mt s ng dng trong
vic chng minh bt ng thc v to ra cc bi ton bt ng thc.
0.1 Cc phng trnh hm lin quan n nh l Lagrange
Chng ta u quen bit nh l gi tr trung bnh ca php tnh vi phn.
Mnh 1. Nu hm f : R R t gi tr ln nht hoc gi tr nh nht ti mt im c trong
khong (a, b) th f

(c) = 0.
Mnh 2. Hm f : R R lun t c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn bt k mt
on ng v b chn [a, b].
nh l 1 (nh l Rolle). Nu f lin tc trn [x
1
, x
2
], kh vi trn (x
1
, x
2
) v f(x
1
) = f(x
2
), th
th tn ti mt im (x
1
, x
2
) sao cho f

() = 0.
nh l 2 (nh l Lagrange). Vi mi gi tr thc, hm f kh vi trn mt khong I v vi tt
c cc cp x
1
, x
2
trong I, tn ti mt im ph thuc x
1
, x
2
sao cho
f(x
1
) f(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
= f

((x
1
, x
2
)). (1)
nh l Lagrange cho php chng ta c lng t s
f(b) f(a)
b a
,
do n cn c gi l nh l v gi tr trung bnh (Mean Value Theorem).
nh ngha 1. Cho cc s thc phn bit x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
. T sai phn ca hm f : R R c
nh ngha
f[x
1
] = f(x
1
)
v
f[x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
] =
f[x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n1
] f[x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
]
x
1
x
n
, n 2.
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T nh ngha trn, chng ta c
f[x
1
, x
2
] =
f(x
1
) f(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
v
f[x
1
, x
2
, x
3
] =
(x
3
x
2
)f(x
1
) + (x
1
x
3
)f(x
2
) + (x
2
x
1
)f(x
3
)
(x
1
x
2
)(x
2
x
3
)(x
3
x
1
)
.
Theo nh ngha 1, phng trnh (1) tr thnh
f[x
1
, x
2
] = f

((x
1
, x
2
)). (2)
t f

((x
1
, x
2
)) = h(x
1
, x
2
), chng ta c phng trnh hm
f[x
1
, x
2
] = h(x
1
, x
2
).
nh l 3. Cc hm f, h : R R tha mn phng trnh hm
f [x, y] = h(x + y), x ,= y (3)
nu v ch nu
f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c v h(x) = ax + b,
trong a, b, c l cc hng s thc ty .
H qu di y c suy trc tip t nh l 3
H qu 1. Hm f : R R tha mn phng trnh hm
f(x) f(y) = (x y)f

_
x + y
2
_
, x ,= y
nu v ch nu
f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c
vi a, b, c l cc hng s ty .
nh l 4. Nu a thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c vi a ,= 0 l nghim ca phng trnh hm
f(x + h) f(x) = hf

(x + h) (4)
vi mi s thc x (0, 1) v h R 0 th =
1
2
.
o li, nu mt hm f tha mn phng trnh
f(x + h) f(x) = hf

(x +
1
2
h)
th nghim l mt a thc bc hai.
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nh l 5. Gi s s, t l hai tham s thc khc khng. Hm f, g, h : R R tha mn phng
trnh
f(x) g(y)
x y
= h(sx + ty), (5)
vi mi x, y R, x ,= y nu v ch nu
f(x) =
_

_
ax + b nu s = 0 = t
ax + b nu s = 0, t ,= 0
ax + b nu s ,= 0, t = 0
tx
2
+ ax + b nu s = t ,= 0
A(tx)
t
+ b nu s = t ,= 0
x + b nu s
2
,= t
2
g(y) =
_

_
ay + b nu s = 0 = t
ay + b nu s = 0, t ,= 0
ay + b nu s ,= 0, t = 0
ty
2
+ ay + b nu s = t ,= 0
A(ty)
t
+ b nu s = t ,= 0
y + b nu s
2
,= t
2
h(y) =
_

_
ty vi h(0) = a nu s = 0 = t
a nu s = 0, t ,= 0
a nu s ,= 0, t = 0
y + a nu s = t ,= 0
A(y)
y
+
(cb)t
y
nu s = t ,= 0, y ,= 0
nu s
2
,= t
2
vi A : R R l mt hm cng tnh v a, b, c, , l cc hng s thc ty .
H qu 2. Cc hm f, : R R tha mn phng trnh hm
f(x) f(y)
x y
= (sx + ty)
vi mi x, y R v x ,= y nu v ch nu
f(x) =
_

_
ax + b nu s = 0 = t
ax + b nu s = 0, t ,= 0
ax + b nu s ,= 0, t = 0
tx
2
+ ax + b nu s = t ,= 0
A(tx)
t
+ b, nu s = t ,= 0
x + b nu s
2
,= t
2
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(y) =
_

_
ty nu s = 0 = t
a nu s = 0, t ,= 0
a nu s ,= 0, t = 0
y + a nu s = t ,= 0
A(y)
y
+
(cb)t
y
, nu s = t ,= 0, y ,= 0
nu s
2
,= t
2
y A : R R l mt hm cng tnh v a, b, c, , l cc hng s thc ty .
nh l 6. Nu f l hm kh vi tha mn phng trnh hm
f[x, y, z] = h(x + y + z) (6)
th f(x) = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d, trong h l hm s lin tc v a, b, c, d l cc hng s thc ty .
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 1997, Phng trnh hm, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin), 2010,Cc chuyn chuyn ton bi dng hc sinh gii trung
hc ph thng, K yu hi ngh khoa hc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu, ng Huy Run, Nguyn Thy Thanh, 2002, Php tnh vi phn v tch
phn hm mt bin, NXB HQGHN.
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Bt ng thc nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[5] P.K.Sahoo, T.Riedel, Mean Value theorems and Functional Equations, World Scientific, River
Edge, World Scientific 1998.
25
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V mt s bi ton v phng trnh hm gii bng
phng php sai phn
L H Qu, Trng THPT Duy Tn, Kon Tum
Phm Xun Thnh, Trng THPT L Li, Kon Tum
Phng php gii cc bi ton v dy s (hm s xc nh trn N), phng trnh hm rt a
dng nh chnh yu cu ca chng. Trong bi vit ny, chng ta s dng phng php sai phn
gii mt s bi ton v dy s, phng trnh hm.
Cng thc truy hi l mt biu thc tuyn tnh
Ta xt trng hp h thc truy hi cho l h thc tuyn tnh
a
0
x
n+k
+ a
1
x
n+k1
+ + a
k
x
n
= f(n)
vi a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
k
(a
0
,= 0, a
k
,= 0) l cc hng s th bi ton c th c xem nh mt phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh.
V d 1 (Anh 1980). Tm tt c cc dy s (a
n
) tha mn a
n+1
= 2
n
3a
n
v (a
n
) l mt dy s
tng.
Li gii. Xt phng trnh sai phn
a
n+1
= 2
n
3a
n
(1)
t a
n
= u
n
.2
n
. Thay vo (1), ta c
u
n+1
.2
n+1
= 3.u
n
.2
n
+ 2
n
u
n+1
=
3
2
u
n
+
1
2
. (2)
Phng trnh ny c nghim tng qut l
u
n
= C.
_

3
2
_
n
+
1
5
a
n
= C.(3)
n
+
1
5
.2
n
.
V dy (a
n
) tng nn a
n+1
> a
n
. Do
3C.(3)
n
+
2
5
.2
n
> C.(3)
n
+
1
5
.2
n
, n N.
4C.(3)
n
<
1
5
.2
n
, n N. (3)
Vi C > 0 th (3) tng ng
1
20C
>
_

3
2
_
n
, n N. Ta khng chn c C, v khi n chn th
_

3
2
_
n
+.
Vi C < 0 th (3) tng ng
1
20C
<
_

3
2
_
n
, n N. Ta cng khng chn c C, v khi n l
th
_

3
2
_
n
.
26
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Vi C = 0 th a
n
=
1
5
.2
n
l dy s tng.
Vy dy s cn tm l a
n
=
1
5
.2
n
.
Tip theo, xt cng thc truy hi l biu thc tuyn tnh vi h s bin thin ch yu bng
phng php t dy s ph, a v phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh v xt bi ton tnh tng
cc s hng ca dy s.
Xt mt s bi ton nng cao.
Ti liu tham kho
1 Nguyn Vn Mu, Nguyn Thy Thanh, Gii hn dy s v hm s, NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
2 Nguyn Vn Mu, Mt s bi ton chn lc v dy s, NXB Gio Dc, 2003.
3 Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin), Chuyn chn lc Dy s v p dng, NXB Gio Dc, 2008.
4 Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin), Mt s chuyn Gii tch bi dng hc sinh gii Trung hc
ph thng NXB Gio Dc, 2010.
5 Phan Huy Khi, 10.000 Bi ton s cp Dy s v gii hn NXB H Ni, 1997.
6 V Dng Thy (Ch bin), 40 nm Olympic Ton hc Quc t, NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
7 L nh Thnh (Ch bin), Phng trnh sai phn v mt s ng dng, NXB Gio Dc, 2001.
8 B J Venkatachala, Functional Equations, Prism Books PVT LTD, 2002.
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Mt vi k thut gii tch trong t hp
Hong Ch Thnh, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin H Ni
Khi gii quyt mt vn hc ba no chng ta thng hay ngh n vic p dng cc cng
c khoa hc hin i, phc tp m t ch ti cc cng c khoa hc c in, n gin. Nu bit
vn dng cc cng c khoa hc n gin ng ch th nhiu bi ton hc ba vn c th c gii
quyt mt cch nhanh chng. Trong bi ny chng ti trnh by hai k thut gii tch n gin
hay c dng khi gii cc bi ton t hp. l k thut hm sinh v nguyn l thm - bt.
1. K thut hm sinh
Gi s c mt dy s thc v hn: a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
. . . Ta lp chui lu tha:

n=0
a
n
x
n
(1)
nh ngha 1. Nu chui lu tha (1) hi t n mt hm A(x) no th ta gi hm A(x) l
hm sinh ca dy s a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
. . .
Trong nhiu trng hp ta cha bit dy s nhng bng nhng l lun hp l ta li bit hm
sinh ca n. T hm sinh liu ta c tm c dy s sinh ra n hay khng? Nhn vo ng thc:
A(x) =

n=0
a
n
x
n
Ta d dng thy rng y l khai trin Maclaurine ca hm A(x). Th th:
a
n
=
1
n!
d
n
dx
n
A(x)
|x=0
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . (2)
Nh vy, cng thc (2) cho ta mt cch tm dy s t hm sinh ca n. Khi gii cc bi
ton t hp, vic tm s cc nghim ca bi ton thng l cng vic u tin phi lm. Vi nhiu
bi ton phn vic ny tng i kh khn. K thut hm sinh gip ta gii quyt kh nhiu bi
ton hc ba trong thc t.
2. Nguyn l thm - bt
Gi s ta c hai tp hp A v B. Hin nhin:
[A B[ = [A[ +[B[ [A B[
By gi thm mt tp C na. Th th:
[A B C[ = [A[ +[B[ +[C[ [A B[ [A C[ [B C[ +[A B C[.
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Vy vi n tp hp th kt qu s nh th no?
Nguyn l thm - bt: Vi mi b n tp hp A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
n
th:
[
n
_
i=1
A
i
[ =
n

i=1
[A
i
[

1i<jn
[A
i
A
j
[ +

1i<j<kn
[A
i
A
j
A
k
[ +(1)
n1
[A
1
A
2
A
n
[
Tnh ng n ca nguyn l trn d dng chng minh bng quy np theo s cc tp hp.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] J. Ginsburg, Determining a permutation from its set of reductions, Ars Combinatoria, No.
82, 2007, pp. 55-57.
[2] T. Kuo, A new method for generating permutations in lexicographic order, Journal of Science
and Engineering Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2009, pp. 21-20.
[3] W. Lipski, Kombinatoryka dla programistw, WNT, Warszawa, 1982.
[4] D. Singh, A.M. Ibrahim, T. Yohanna and J.N. Singh, An Overview of the applications of
Multisets, Novi Sad J. Math., Vol. 37, No. 2, 2007, pp. 73-92.
[5] Hong Ch Thnh, Gio trnh T hp, NXB HQG H Ni, 1999.
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Tham s ha th phng v ton s cp
m Vn Nh, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni
0.1 Tham s ha
Xt mt th quen bit trong mt phng R
2
cho bi phng trnh di y:
() : y
2
= x
2
+ x
3
.
y l mt th i qua gc ta O(0, 0). m t cc im khc na trn th, ta thc hin
php bin i bng cch t y = tx v thay n vo phng trnh th. Ta c t
2
x
2
= x
2
+x
3
. Khi
x = 0 ta c im O(0, 0). Khi x ,= 0 ta c im (x = t
2
1, y = t(t
2
1). im ny s tr thnh im
gc ta khi t = 1 hoc t = 1. Vy mi im trn th () c ta (t
2
1, t(t
2
1)), t R.
Mt iu lm ta phi ch l im O(0, 0) s tng ng vi hai gi tr khc nhau ca t, cn
nhng im khc ch tng ng vi mt gi tr ca t.
nh ngha 1. Cho a thc f R[x, y] R. Tp V (f) tt c nhng im (a, b) R
2
tha mn
phng trnh f(x, y) = 0 c gi l mt th phng.
V tt c nhng a thc f, g R[x, y] vi f = g, R 0 hoc f
r
, r N

, xc nh cng mt
th phng nn ta ch xt a thc f = f
1
. . . f
s
vi cc a thc bt kh quy phn bit f
i
thuc
R[x, y]. Nu a thc f l kh qui, chng hn f(x, y) = g(x, y)h(x, y) v c hai a thc ny u c
bc ln hn 0, th V (f) = V (g) V (h) vi V (g) c xc nh bi phng trnh g(x, y) = 0, cn
V (h) bi h(x, y) = 0 v V (g) ,= V (h).
B 1. Cho hai a thc f, g R[x, y] khng c nhn t chung. Khi V (f, g) = V (f) V (g)
l mt tp hu hn im.
Mnh 3. H phng trnh (A)
_

_
f(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
f, g R[x, y]
c gii qua phng trnh a thc mt n.
nh ngha 2. th phng V (f) c gi l th phng hu t nu c hai hm hu t
(t), (t) R(t) ca bin t v c hai khng ng thi thuc R tha mn f((t), (t)) = 0.
th phng hu t c quan h ti vic tm cc nghim (a, b) R
2
ca phng trnh f(x, y) = 0
hoc tm cc im thuc th phng vi ta l nhng s hu t hay xc nh nhng im
khng tm thng vi ta nguyn thuc a tp Fermat V : x
n
+ y
n
z
n
= 0, n 3.
Khi biu din th phng V (f) qua x = (t), y = (t) R(t), ta ni rng tham s ha
c V (f). Vic tham s ha th phng qua cc hm hu t nh sau: Chn im P V v
vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng (d) qua P sao cho (d) ct V ti ng mt im th
hai khc P.
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Mt vi p dng
V d 1. Vi a Q
+
, chng minh rng h phng trnh sau y c khng qu 12 nghim hu t:
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= a(x
2
y
2
)
29x
2
y y
3
1 = 0.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh sau trong Z :
_
x
3
+ x
2
z y
2
z = 0
5x + y = 21z.
B 2. Gii h phng trnh trong Z :
_
_
_
x
2
9

y
2
4
= z
2
3x + 7y = 9z.
V d 3. Xt b ba Pythagor (u, v, w) Z
3
vi uvw ,= 0 v u
2
+ v
2
= w
2
. Vn t ra: Tm
cc b ba Pythagor nguyn thy, c ngha: (u, v, w) = 1.
B 3. Gii phng trnh
x
2
9
+
y
2
25
= z
2
trong N.
V d 4. Tm cc s nguyn x, y, z tha mn (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= 2z
2
(x
2
y
2
).
V d 5. Tm tt c cc b ba (u, v, w) Z
3
vi uvw ,= 0 tha mn
wu
2
u
3
u
2
w 5uw
2
3w
3
= 0.
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www.VNMATH.com
Bi ton t mu th
V nh Ha, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni
0.1 nh ngha th v v d
nh ngha th
Khi nim th trong cun sch ny l mt m hnh ton hc c th dng gii quyt kh
nhiu bi ton v vn ton hc. Mt th c th hiu n gin l mt h thng cc nh v
cc cnh ni cc nh ny vi nhau.
Hnh 1: Bn khu vc Cu giy.
V d 1. Mt bn giao thng l mt th. Cc nh ca th l cc nt giao thng (ng
ba, ng t ng...), cn cc cnh ca n l cc con ng giao thng ni cc nt giao thng vi
nhau. Trn bn giao thng cc cnh (cc ng i ca n) c th c hng (nu l ng mt
chiu) hoc khng c hng (nu n khng phi l ng mt chiu, xem hnh 1).
Bn trong hnh 1 c th biu din thnh mt s cc ng i v nt giao thng . Bn
giao thng trn c th biu din thnh th vi cc u ng t v ng ba l cc nh ca
th, cn cc ph ni chng l cnh.
nh ngha 1. Mt th c hiu l mt b hai tp hp hu hn: Tp hp nh v tp hp
cnh ni cc nh ny vi nhau.
32
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s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Hnh 2: th Petersen v hai cch biu din trn mt phng.
V d 2. Ngi ta hay biu din cc cng thc ha hc di dng th.
Thng thng ngi ta hay biu din th ln mt phng vi nh ca th l cc im
c t m hoc khuyn trn ... , cn cnh l cc ng cong hoc on thng ni cc nh ny
vi nhau. Vi hai nh a v b ca th, ta k hiu cnh khng c hng ni a vi b bi (a, b)
v cnh c hng ni chng bi [a, b]. Trong trng hp c nhiu cnh ni a vi b th ta gi cc
cnh ny l cnh kp v k hiu cnh th n ni chng bi (a, b, n) (nu l cnh v hng) hoc
[a, b, n] (nu l cnh c hng).
Nhng cnh dng (e, e) vi e l nh ca th v hng c gi l khuyn ca th.
th c phn loi theo tnh cht cnh ca chng. Mt th c gi l th v hng
nu tt c cc cnh ca chng u l cnh v hng. Hai nh khc nhau ca th v hng
c gi l k nhau hoc lng ging ca nhau, nu nh chng c ni vi nhau bi mt cnh.
Nu hai nh a v b ca mt th G = (V, E) l k nhau, ta c th vit (a, b) E.
th c gi l th c hng nu tt c cc cnh ca n l u l cnh c hng. nh
xut pht ca mt cnh c hng cn c gi l nh u, v nh kt thc ca cnh c gi
l nh cui ca n.
Trong trng hp mt th c c cnh v hng cng nh cnh c hng th th c gi
l th hn hp. Mt th c gi l th n nu n khng c khuyn v khng c cnh
kp. Ngoi ra, ta gi th im l th c ng mt nh v khng c cnh no. th rng
dng gi mt th khng c nh v cnh no c.
Khi biu din mt th trn mt phng, chng ta thy c nhiu khi hnh biu din ca chng
l nhng cm tch ri nhau khng c ni vi nhau. Tng ng vi mi hnh ri nhau nh vy
l mt th thnh phn ca th cho m ta s gi l mt thnh phn lin thng ca th
cho trc.
chnh xc ho khi nim lin thng, trc ht chng ta ni hai nh ca mt th cho
trc l lin thng vi nhau nu c mt dy cnh k tip ni chng vi nhau trong th cho.
Tt nhin l mt nh cho trc lun c coi l lin thng vi chnh n (c ni vi chnh n
bi mt dy cnh k tip c di 0).
nh ngha 2. Cho trc mt th G v mt s t nhin k 2, ta ni G l mt th k-lin
thng (nh), nu nh G l mt th lin thng v nu nh b i mt s t < k nh ty ,
th thu c vn l mt th lin thng.
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V d 3. th Petersen trong hnh 2 l mt th 3-lin thng, v n l mt th lin thng,v
ch khi b i ti 3 nh, ta mi c th thu c mt th khng lin thng v khi b i 2 nh
ty , th Petersen vn cn lin thng.
Tng t khi nim lin thng nh, ta gi mt th lin thng l th k-lin thng cnh
nu nh b i t hn k cnh, t th ban u ta vn thu c mt th lin thng. Khi nim
lin thng cnh t c nghin cu ti hn khi nim lin thng nh.
Thng thng ta k hiu s thnh phn lin thng ca mt th G cho trc bi (G). Nu
G l mt th c n nh ri nhau, th (G) = n.
nh ngha 3. Cho trc mt th G. S t nhin b nht tha mn iu kin: G l th
k-lin thng (nh) nhng khng k +1- lin thng (nh), c gi l ch s lin thng (nh) ca
th G.
V d 4. th Petersen trong hnh 2 c ch s lin thng l 3.
Tng t nh vy, ta c th nh ngha ch s lin thng cnh ca mt th G cho trc, l
s nh nht sao cho G l mt th k-lin thng cnh m khng k + 1- lin thng cnh. th
Petersen trong hnh 2 l mt th c ch s lin thng cnh l 3.
Khi nh ngha ng i ni hai nh a v b ca mt th, ta lun gi thit rng cc nh a
v b ny phi khc nhau. Trong trng hp a v b c ni vi nhau bi mt cnh, th khi thm
cnh (a, b) vo, ta thu c t con ng cho mt chu trnh. Nh vy chu trnh l mt dy
cnh k tip khp kn sao cho mi nh ca th c i qua khng qu mt ln.
Chu trnh c k hiu bi vic a ra cc cnh v cc nh lin tip nhau trn chu trnh.
Chng hn, nu chu trnh C i qua cc nh p
1
, p
2
, ..., p
k
v cc cnh e
1
, e
2
, ..., e
k
th ta vit
C = (p
1
, e
1
, p
2
, e
2
, ..., p
k
, e
k
, p
1
).
Trong trng hp th l mt th n, th thay v vit r cc cnh v cc nh, chu trnh
c xc nh duy nht qua vic gi tn cc nh n i qua. Chng hn, chu trnh C cp trn
c th vit thnh:
C = (p
1
, p
2
, . . . , p
k
, p
1
).
S cnh ca chu trnh c gi l di ca chu trnh v thng thng hay c k hiu bi (C).
Mt khuyn lp thnh mt chu trnh c di. D thy rng mt th cho trc ch c chu trnh
c di 2 nu nh n c cnh kp. Trong mt th n mi chu trnh c di t nht l 3.
Mt th khng n hin nhin lun c t nht mt chu trnh (c di 1 hoc 2). Trong th
n khng phi lc no ta cng c th tm thy mt chu trnh. Chng hn trong cc cy l cc
th ta s ni ti chng sau ta khng tm c mt chu trnh no c.
Cc bi ton t mu c 3 loi ch yu:
1. T mu cc nh (sc s)
2. T mu cnh (ch s Ramsey)
3. T mu min (bi ton 4 mu, gi thit Hardwiger)
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Rt nhiu bi ton t mu chng t rng chng l nhng bi ton rt kh v th v, chng
hn nh bi ton 4 mu. T lu cui th k 18, nhng ngi th t bn Anh nhn thy
rng t mu bn ch cn 4 mu l sao cho hai quc gia c bin gii chung s c t
mu bi nhng mu khc nhau. nh l gn nh l hin nhin sau y cho ta mt phng php
xc nh c cn di ca sc s.
nh l 1. Cho mi th G vi bc ln nht , ta c
(G) + 1.
nh l 2. Mt th cho trc G vi t nht mt cnh c sc s bng 2 khi v ch khi G khng
c chu trnh l cnh.
Vn t 4 mu ln u tin c cp vo nm 1852 bi Francis Guthrie khi ng th t
mu bn nc Anh v ng nhn ra rng ch cn bn mu khc nhau l . ng em vn
ny hi ngi anh trai l Fredrick, lc ang l sinh vin ca trng i hc Hc vin London
(UCL). Fredrick a vn ny hi thy ca mnh l nh ton hc Augustus De Morgan nhng
ngi thy cng cha bit r vn ny.
Ngi u tin gii thiu vn ra trc cng chng l nh ton hc Arthur Cayley vo nm
1878 ti Hi Ton hc London, ng ch ra ngi cp vn l De Morgan.
Ngi u tin chng minh nh l ny l Alfred Kempe vo nm 1879. Nm 1880, c thm
mt cch chng minh khc ca Peter Guthrie Tait. Nhng n nm 1890 Percy Heawood ch ra
sai lm trong cch chng minh ca Kempe, v n nm 1891 Julius Petersen ch ra sai lm trong
cch chng minh ca Tait.
Trong vic ch ra sai lm ca Kempe, Heawood cn chng minh rng tt c cc th phng
c th t c bi nm mu khc nhau.
Trong nhng nm 1960 v 1970, nh ton hc ngi c l Heinrich Heesch pht trin
phng php s dng my vi tnh cho vic chng minh vn .
Nm 1976, cui cng th nh l cng c chng minh bi Kenneth Appel v Wolfgang Haken
ti trng i hc Illinois vi s tr gip ca my vi tnh.
Bi ton 4 mu. Ngi ta c th dng 4 mu t cc min ca mt th phng sao cho
khng c 2 min no cng mu c cnh chung?
Lu . Bi ton 4 mu l trng hp c bit ca gi thuyt Hardwiger.
nh l bn mu l nh l ln u tin c chng minh bng my vi tnh. Tuy nhin mt s
nh ton hc khng ng tnh vi cch chng minh ny, bi v con ngi khng th kim chng
trc tip c cch chng minh. Do vy, mun tin vo chng minh ny th ngi ta phi cng
nhn s chnh xc ca Trnh bin dch v phn cng my tnh c s dng chy chng trnh
chng minh.
Tuy vy cng phi ni r l nh l ch ng vi nhng quc gia l vng min lin tc, khng
ng trong trng hp cc quc gia c th cu to t cc vng t x l nh trong hnh 3.
Bi ton 1. 1. Trn mt phng vung c nh du mt s vung. Chng minh rng c
th dng 4 mu t mu cc vung ny sao cho khng c 2 vung no cng mu c
nh chung.
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Hnh 3: Bn khng t c bi 4 mu.
2. Trn mt phng c mt th phng cc mt l cc tam gic c t mu bi 2 mu en
trng sao cho cc mt cng mu khng c cnh chung. Chng minh rng c th nh s cc
nh ca n bi 1, 2 v 3 sao cho mi tam gic khng c 2 nh no c nh bi cng mt
s.
3. Trn mt phng c mt th phng cc mt l cc tam gic m cc nh ca n c nh
s bi 1, 2 v 3 sao cho mi tam gic khng c 2 nh no c nh bi cng mt s. Chng
minh rng c th t mu cc mt bi 2 mu en trng sao cho cc mt cng mu khng c
cnh chung.
4. Chng minh rng cc mt ca th phng t c 4 mu sao cho khng c 2 min no
cng mu c cnh chung nu nh n c chu trnh Hamilton (chu trnh i qua tt c cc nh
ca th).
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Sach, H, Graphentheorie Leipzig 1970.
[2] Flachsmeyer, J., Kombinatorik VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 1972.
[3] V nh Ha, Ton ri rc, NXB HSPHN 2010.
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Mt s tnh cht ca t im trong mt phng
Nguyn ng Pht, Trng i Hc S Phm H Ni
0.1 Gii thiu
nh ngha 1. Hnh to bi bn im phn bit A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
trong mt phng, trong khng
c ba im no thng hng, gi l mt t im phng" (hay hnh t nh"), k hiu t im
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
nh tp hp ca bn im A
i
,, i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Tam gic T
i
c cc nh l cc hnh chiu vung gc ca nh A
i
ca t im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4

trn cc cnh ca tam gic

i
(A
j
A
k
A
l
) xc nh bi ba nh cn li A
j
, A
k
, A
l
gi l tam gic
chiu hay tam gic bn p (pedal triangle, orthic triangle) ca A
i
trn tam gic
i
, k hiu T
i
,
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, i, j, k, l l mt hon v no ca tp hp bn s 1, 2, 3, 4.
T im c cc nh l hnh chiu vung gc ca cc u mt ca mt cp cnh i din
A
i
A
j
, A
k
A
l
trong cc php chiu vung gc cnh ny ln cnh kia, gi l t im chiu" ca t
im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
trn cp cnh i din A
i
A
j
, A
k
A
l
ca n, k hiu Q
ij,kl
.
Nu bn im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
khng ng phng th ta c t im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
khng ng
phng v khi t im cng l t din A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
. n gin, ta k hiu t im (phng hay
khng ng phng) l A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
thay cho k hiu A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
.
Sau y l mt s tnh cht ca t im phng ngoi tnh cht chung c nu di y m
chng ta quen thuc (chng ti khng trnh by chng minh) ca mi t im bt k (ng phng
hay khng ng phng). K hiu T hay / l mt phng hay khng gian Euclid 2 hoc 3 chiu.
nh l 1 (chung cho mi t im trong T hay /). Trong mt t im bt k A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
, tch
di cc cp cnh i din A
2
A
3
.A
4
A
1
.A
3
A
1
.A
4
A
2
v A
1
A
2
.A
4
A
3
biu th di cc cnh ca
mt tam gic (T ) no . Tam gic T ny c gi l tam gic sinh bi t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
, k
hiu l T (A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
) hoc T (A
2
A
3
.A
1
A
4
, A
3
A
1
.A
2
A
4
, A
1
A
2
.A
3
A
4
).
Tam gic T ny suy bin thnh on thng khi v ch khi t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
ng vin
hoc thng hng (tc l cng thuc ng trn hay mt ng thng).
Gi A
ij
v A
ji
t t i, j khc nhau, tng ng l hnh chiu vung gc ca A
i
v A
j
trn ng
thng A
k
A
l
(i, j, k, l = 1, 2, 3, 4).
Sau y l mt s tnh cht bit v nhiu tnh cht mi ca cc t im phng c tc
gi bi vit ny mi pht hin thm.
Tnh cht 3. Ba t im chiu A
ij,kl
ca t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
ng dng thun vi nhau v
cng ng dng nghch vi t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
. C th l,
A
12
A
21
A
34
A
43
A
13
A
24
A
31
A
42
A
14
A
23
A
32
A
41
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
.
Tnh cht 4. a) Bn tam gic chiu T
i
(A
j
A
k
A
l
), (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) ng dng thun vi nhau.
b) Bn tam gic chiu T
i
, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) bng nhau khi v ch khi chng suy bin thnh on
thng, ng vi trng hp t im ng vin, hoc khng suy bin th trng nhau, ng vi trng
hp A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
l mt t im trc tm.
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Tnh cht 5. Bn tam gic chiu T
i
, i = 1, 4 i mt thu x vi nhau. Tm thu x B
ij
ca
hai tam gic chiu T
i
v T
j
nm trn ng thng cha cnh A
k
A
l
, i din vi cnh ni hai nh
tng ng A
i
, A
j
, ng thi cng l mt trong hai giao im ca cc ng trn (v
i
), (v
j
) ngoi
tip cc tam gic chiu T
i
, T
j
. C th l, T
i
v T
j
l hai tam gic thu x, th (theo nh ngha),
cc ng thng A
ij
A
ji
, A
ik
A
jl
v A
il
A
jk
ni cc cp nh tng ng ng quy mt im (im
thng thng) B
ij
thuc ng thng A
k
A
l
v cng l mt im chung ca (v
i
) v (v
j
), hay c
bit song song vi nhau. Ni cch khc, trong trng hp ny th B
ij
c xem l im xa v tn
chung ca ba ng thng song song A
ij
A
ji
, A
ik
A
jl
v A
il
A
jk
.
Tnh cht 6. Bn ng trn (v
i
) ngoi tip bn tam gic chiu T
i
, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ng quy mt
im; k hiu im ng quy ny l .
1
Tnh cht 7. Bn ng trn Euler C
i
ca bn tam gic
i
(A
j
A
k
A
l
) c cc nh l ba trong
bn nh ca t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
cng ng quy mt im, trng vi im ng quy ca
bn ng trn (v
i
) ni trn.
Tnh cht 8. im ng quy ca tm ng trn (hoc ng thng) (v
i
) v (C
i
), i = 1, 2, 3, 4
l tm ng dng chung ca su php ng dng thun (php v t quay) Z
ij
bin T
i
thnh T
j
. N
cng l tm ng dng chung ca ba php ng dng thun (v t quay) Z
12,34
, Z
12,34
, v Z
14,23
bin t im chiu ny ca A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
thnh t im chiu kia ca A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
.
Q
12,34
Q
13,24
; Q
12,34
Q
14,23
, v Q
13,24
Q
14,23
.
Tnh cht 9. Gi O
i
l tm ng trn (v
i
) ngoi tip tam gic chiu T
i
. Th th t im
O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
ng dng nghch vi t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
v do , O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
ng dng thun
vi ba t im chiu Q
ij,kl
ca t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
. im ng quy ca tm ng trn (v
i
)
v (C
i
), i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ni trn (Tnh cht 5) cng l tm ng dng chung ca ba php ng
dng thun bin t im O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
thnh mt trong ba t im chiu O
12,34
, Q
13,24
, v Q
14,23
ca t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
.
1
Ch thch: Cc ng trn (v
i
) ny tr thnh ng thng (ng thng Simson ng vi nh A
i
i vi tam
gic T
i
) khi v ch khi t im A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
ng vin.
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Mt s dng ton v chia a thc i xng
Nguyn Vn Ngc, Vin Ton hc
Trong ti liu ny gii thiu mt s bi ton v tnh chia ht ca cc a thc i xng v phn
i xng. Mt a thc c gi l i xng, nu gi tr ca n khng thay i khi ta i ch hai
bin bt k v c gi l phn i xng, nu n i du khi ta i ch hai bin bt k. gii
cc bi ton v tnh chia ht gia cc a thc ta thng s dng nh l Bzout, h qu di y
v cc k nng phn tch thnh nhn t.
nh l Bzout. S d trong php chia a thc f(x) cho x a bng f(a).
H qu. a thc f(x) chia ht cho x a khi v ch khi f(a) = 0, tc l, x = a l nghim ca
f(x).
Xt mt s bi ton sau y.
Bi tp
1. Chng minh rng (x + y)
n
x
n
y
n
chia ht cho x
2
+ xy + y
2
khi v ch khi n = 6k 1.
2. Chng minh rng (x + y)
2n+1
+ x
n+2
y
n+2
chia ht cho x
2
+ xy + y
2
vi mi n Z
+
.
3. Chng minh rng, nu a thc i xng f(x, y) chia ht cho x
2
y
2
, th n chia ht cho
x
3
+ y
3
(x + y)xy.
4. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin p, q th a thc
x
p
y
q
+ y
p
z
q
+ z
p
x
q
x
q
y
p
y
q
z
p
z
q
x
p
chia ht cho (x y)(x z)(y z).
5. Chng minh rng, vi mi cc s t nhin k, m, n, th a thc
x
k
y
m
z
n
+ y
k
z
m
x
n
+ z
k
x
m
y
n
x
n
y
m
z
k
y
n
z
m
x
k
z
k
x
m
y
k
chia ht cho (x y)(x z)(y z).
6. Cho a thc
f(x, y, z) = x
m
y
n
+ y
m
z
n
+ z
m
x
n
x
n
y
m
y
n
z
m
z
n
x
m
.
Chng minh rng, nu f(x, y, z) chia ht cho (x + y)(x + z)(y + x), th n chia ht cho (x
2

y
2
)(x
2
z
2
)(y
2
z
2
).
7. Chng minh rng, a thc
a
4
(b
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
3
+ b
4
(c
2
+ a
2
b
2
)
3
+ c
4
(a
2
+ b
2
c
2
)
3
chia ht cho a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2a
2
b
2
2a
2
c
2
2b
2
c
2
.
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S dng s phc gii ton t hp
Trn Vit Anh, trng THPT Nguyn Tt Thnh, H Ni
S phc c rt nhiu ng dng trong nhiu ngnh ton hc khc nhau nh hnh hc, i s,...
Trong bo co ny chng ti s trnh by nhng ng dng ca s phc trong vic gii cc bi ton
t hp. iu th v v l lng y l: S phc, mt sn phm tng tng ca tr tu con ngi,
mt s "ba t ton hc", mt vt "o", li bt ng gip ta gii c nhiu bi ton t hp kh,
rt tht, mang bn cht t hp + s hc: m cc i tng mang mt tnh cht no . Qua ,
cc bn c th thy c nhng v kiu dim v s tinh t ca Ton hc. Chng ti trnh by li
mt s kt qu c bn v s phc. Mt s kt qu chng ti khng chng minh m xem nh l
nhng bi tp, bn c c th t chng minh chng khng kh khn lm.
Bi ton 1. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p1
) gm p 1 s nguyn
dng tho mn iu kin tng x
1
+ 2x
2
+ + (p 1)x
p1
c s d bng 1 khi chia cho p, trong
mi s x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p1
u khng ln hn p 1.
p s:
(p 1)
p1
1
p
.
Bi ton 2. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
(p1)!+1
) gm (p 1)! + 1
s t nhin tho mn iu kin tng x
1
+ x
2
+ + x
(p1)!+1
chia ht cho p, trong mi s
x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
(p1)!+1
u khng ln hn 2
p1
3.
p s:
(2
p1
2)
(p1)!+1
+ 1
p
1.
Bi ton 3. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s tp con X ca tp 1, 2, . . . , 2p +1 bit rng
X cha ng p phn t v tng tt c cc phn t ca X khi chia cho p c s d bng 1.
p s:
_
2p + 1
p
_
2
p
.
Bi ton 4. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l v s nguyn dng n. Tm s cc b (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
)
gm n s t nhin sao cho tng x
1
+ x
2
+ + x
n
chia ht cho p, trong mi s x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
u khng ln hn (p 1)!.
p s:
((p 1)!)
n
(1)
n
p
+ (1)
n
.
Bi ton 5. Cho ba s nguyn dng m, n, p trong n + 2 chia ht cho m. Tm s cc b
(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p
) gm p s t nhin sao cho tng x
1
+x
2
+ +x
p
chia ht cho m, trong mi s
x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p
u khng ln hn n.
p s:
(n + 1)
p
+ (1)
p
(p)
m
, trong (p) =
_
m1 nu p chia ht cho m
1 nu p khng chia ht cho m
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Bi ton 6. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s tp con X ca tp 1, 2, . . . , 10p +2 bit rng
X cha ng 2p phn t v tng tt c cc phn t ca X khi chia cho p c s d bng 1.
p s:
_
10p + 2
2p
_
45
p
.
Bi ton 7. Cho p l mt s nguyn t l. Tm s cc b (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p1
) gm p 1 s nguyn
dng tho mn iu kin tng x
1
+ 2x
2
+ + (p 1)x
p1
c s d bng 1 khi chia cho p, trong
mi s x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
p1
u khng ln hn 2
p
1.
p s:
2
p(p1)
1
p
.
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Chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php tham s
ho
Quch Vn Giang, THPT Amsterdam - H Ni
Cc bt ng thc i s bc hai dng khng i xng i vi cc bin khi du ng thc
trong cc bt ng thc xy ra ng vi cc gi tr khng bng nhau (b s khng u). Trong
chng trnh ph thng th cc bt ng thc c in nh Cauchy, Bunhiacopski li c pht
biu di dng i xng, Du ng thc xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau hoc t l. Vic p dng
cc bt ng thc c in trn gii cc bi ton cc tr khng i xng cn c quan tm mt
cch thch ng. Qua bi vit ny ti mun nu mt phng php gii bi ton cc tr khng i
xng bng cch s dng cc bt ng thc c in thng dng gi l phng php tham s ho.
Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny nh sau t vic phn tch tnh khng i xng ca cc
bin c trong bi ton cc tr, thng c cho di cc dng
Dng 1. H s cc bin trong biu thc cn tm cc tr l kh"ng bng nhau.
Dng 2. Cc bin thuc cc min khc nhau ca tp s thc.
Dang 3. iu kin rng buc ca cc bin trong gi thit bi ton l khng i xng vi cc
bin.
Ta thm vo cc tham s ph cn thit thng l cc h s hoc lu tha ca cc bin c trong
cc nh gi trung gian, sau chn cc tham s ph tt c cc Du ng thc xy ra, t
nhn c 1 h phng trnh m n l cc bin v cc tham s ph. Tham s ph c chn hp
l ch khi h phng trnh tng ng c nghim. Trong bi vit ny ti nu mt s lp bi ton cc
tr khng i xng thng gp , tc gi ngh rng nhng m hnh c th ny tht s c ngha
v vi kt qu ca cc bi ton ny s cho ta mt lp bi ton cc tr khng i xng c th min
l xy dng c b bin tho mn iu kin rng buc tng ng
Bi ton 1. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i tho mn iu kin
xy + yz + zx = 1,
v cho a l s thc dng khng i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = a(x
2
+ y
2
) + z
2
.
Li gii.
Phn tch. iu kin rng buc i xng vi x, y, z.
Biu thc P i xng vi x, y; vai tr ca z trong biu thc P l i xng vi x, y.
Do vy, ta c th ngh rng im cc tr s t c khi x = y, v
z
2
2
= x = y.
T phn tch trn ta c th trnh by li gii ca bi ton nh sau.
Vi > 0 (chn sau), p dng bt ng thc AG cho 2 s dng, ta c
x
2
+
z
2
2
2
_

2
xz, y
2
+
z
2
2
2
_

2
yz,
_

2
(x
2
+ y
2
) 2
_

2
xy.
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Cng v cc bt ng thc trn ta nhn c
_
+
_

2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
) + z
2
2
_

2
(xy + yz + zx) =
_

2
.
Chn sao cho
_
+
_

2
_
=
hay
_

2
=
1 +

1 + 8a
4
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
z
2
2
= x
2
= y
2
xy + yz + zx = 1
hay
_
x = y =
1
4

1+8a
,
z =
4

1+8a1
2
4

1+8a
.
Kt lun:
min P =
1 +

1 + 8a
4
.
Bi ton 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn iu kin
ab + bc + ca = 1;
v u, v l cc s dng c nh. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = ua
2
+ vb
2
+ c
2
.
Li gii.
Mt cch t nhin t li gii ca bi ton 1 th ta phn tch
u = x + y, v = z + t, 1 = m + n,
trong x, y, z, t, m, n l cc s dng s c chn sau.
p dng bt ng thc AG cho 2 s dng, ta c
xa
2
+ tb
2
2

xtab, ya
2
+ nc
2
2

ynac, zb
2
+ mc
2
2

znbc.
Cng v cc bt ng thc trn ta nhn c
P 2

xtab + 2

ynac + 2

znbc.
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Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
xa
2
= tb
2
ya
2
= nc
2
zb
2
= mc
2
hay
_

_
x
t
=
b
2
a
2
n
y
=
a
2
c
2
z
m
=
c
2
b
2
Suy ra
xzn = ytm. (1)
Chkn x, y, x, t, m, n sao cho
xt = yn = xm =
tho mn (1)
Ta c
(1) (x + y)z + t)(m + n) = uv
(xz + xt + yz + yt)(m+ n) = uv
xzm + xtm + yzm + ytm+ xzn + xtn + yzn + ytn = uv
(x + y + m + n + t + z) + 2xzn = uv.
M (xzn)(ytm) =
3
nn xzn =

3
.
t q =

th
q
3
+ (u + v 1)q
2
uv = 0. (2)
+(u+v+1) -uv=0 (2)
R rng (2) c nghim dng duy nht q
0
Vy min P = 2q
0
vi q
0
l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh (2).
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Tnh l n nh ca mt s dng phng trnh hm
dng Cauchy
L Th Anh oan, THPT Chuyn L Qu n -Khnh Ha
Trong ni dung bi vit ny, ta quan tm n khi nim n nh ca phng trnh hm. Chng
hn ta ni phng trnh hm (Cauchy) nhn tnh l n nh nu n tha mn tnh cht sau:
Gi s G l mt nhm, H(d) l mt nhm metric v f : G H, vi mi > 0 th tn ti
> 0 sao cho
d (f(xy), f(x)f(y)) < , x, y G
v do , tn ti mt ng cu M : G H sao cho
d (f(x), M(x)) < , x G.
0.1 Tnh n nh ca phng trnh hm (Cauchy) cng
tnh
Trc ht ta nhc li phng trnh hm (Cauchy) cng tnh (A)
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (A)
Gi s hm f : X Y tha mn (A), vi X v Y l hai khng gian Banach. Khi f c gi
l hm cng tnh.
nh l 1. Gi s , hm f : X Y tha mn, vi mi > 0, ta c
|f(x + y) f(x) f(y)| , x, y X. (1)
Khi tn ti gii hn sau
A(x) = lim
n
2
n
f(2
n
x) (2)
vi mi x X v tn ti duy nht hm cng tnh A : X Y tha mn
|f(x) A(x)| , x X. (3)
V d 1. Nghim ca phng trnh Cauchy hai n hm.
Bi ton 1. Tm cp hm f, g : R R tha mn phng trnh sau
f(x + y) = g(x) + g(y) x, y R (4)
Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (4).
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Mnh 4. Gi s hm f, g : R R tha mn
[f(x + y) g(x) g(y)[ (5)
vi l s dng ty cho trc v vi mi x, y R. Khi tn ti duy nht mt hm cng tnh
A : R R sao cho
_
[f(x) A(x) f(0)[ 4
[g(x) A(x) g(0)[ 3
vi mi x R.
V d 2. Nghim ca phng trnh Pexider.
Bi ton 2. Tm tt c cc hm f, g, h : R R tha mn phng trnh sau
f(x + y) = g(x) + h(y) x, y R (6)
Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (6).
Mnh 5. Gi s hm f, g, h : R R tha mn
[f(x + y) g(x) h(y)[ (7)
vi l s dng ty cho trc v vi mi x, y R. Khi tn ti duy nht mt hm cng tnh
A : R R sao cho
_
[f(x) A(x) f(0)[ 6
[g(x) A(x) g(0)[ 4
[h(x) A(x) h(0)[ 6
vi mi x R.
Tip theo ta xt tnh n nh nghim ca phng trnh (??).
Mnh 6. Gi s hm f : R R
+
tha mn
[f(
x + y
2
)
_
f(x)f(y)[ (8)
vi mi x, y R v
[f(x) f(x)[ (9)
vi , l cc s dng ty cho trc. Gi s tn ti f(a)
1
, khi tn ti mt hm E : R R
+
sao cho
[E(x + y) E(x) E(y)[ , x, y R (10)
v
[f(x)
1
2
(E(x) E(x))[ , x R (11)
vi , l cc hng s no .
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Phng trnh hm, Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997.
[2] Pl. Kannappan, Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications, Springer, 2009, 295-
323.
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Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc lng
gic trong tam gic
Phm Th Nhn, S Gio Dc v o To Qung Ninh
Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia, Olympic Ton quc t v khu vc thng xut hin cc
bi ton v chng minh cc bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic hay cc bi ton tm cc tr
biu thc lng gic trong tam gic. cng l mt trong cc dng bi ton kh i vi hc sinh.
Bo co ny nhm cp n mt vi cch chng minh cc bt ng thc lng gic dng khng
i xng trong tam gic vi v tri l cc biu thc dng
xf(A) + yf(B) + zf(C)
v mt s bi ton lin quan.
Tt c nhng ai quan tm n cc bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic u bit n nhng
dng bt ng thc quen thuc sau v bit cch gii quyt chng:
sin A+ sin B + sin C
3

3
2
, (1)
sin 2A+ sin 2B + sin 2C
3

3
2
, (2)
tan AtanBtanC 3

3, (3)
cos A + cos B + cos C
3
2
, ... (4)
c gi l cc bt ng thc dng i xng trong tam gic ph thuc vo tng v tch cc hm s
lng gic c bn.
Bi ton 1. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
sin A+ sin B cos C
3
2
.
Bi ton 2. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
sin A+ sin B
1

3
cos C
5

3
6
.
Tng qut hn ta c
Bi ton 3. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
sin A + sin B
1
m
cos C
m
2
+ 2
2m
.
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Bi ton 4. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
sin A+ sin B +

3 sin C
4

6
3
.
Ta c bi ton tng qut sau:
Bi ton 5. Cho cc s dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2(1)
n+1
(yz cos nA + zxcos nB + xy cos nC), (1)
Bi ton 6. Cho cc s dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
xcos A+ y cos B + z cos C
1
2
(
xy
z
+
yz
x
+
zx
y
), (7)
Gii.
Bi ton 7. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
3 cos A+ 4 cos B + 5 cos C
769
120
.
Bi ton 8. Tam gic ABC, tho mn iu kin g nu :
a)
cos A
3
+
cos B
4
+
cos C
5
=
5
12
.
b)
cos A
5
+
cos B
12
+
cos C
3
=
119
780
.
c) cos A+ cos B +
cos C

2
=

2.
Bi ton 9. Cho a, b, c l ba cnh tng ng vi 3 gc A, B, C ca tam gicABC. Chng minh
rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
bc cos A+ ca cos B + ab cos C
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
.
Bi ton 10. Cho ABC l tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng vi mi x thucR ta u c :
cos A + (cos B + cos C)x 1 +
x
2
2
. (12)
Bi ton 11. Cho x, y, z u dng. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
xsin
A
2
+ y sin
B
2
+ z sin
C
2

1
2
(
xy
z
+
yz
x
+
zx
y
), (13)
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Bi ton 12. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
=
1
z
2
. (5)
Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic nhn ABC, ta u c
xcos A+ y cos B + z cos C <
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
Bi ton 13. Cho x l s thc khng m v a, b, c l ba cnh tng ng vi 3 gc A, B, C ca
tam gicABC. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c :
a
x
cos A+ b
x
cos B + c
x
cos C
1
2
(a
x
+ b
x
+ c
x
).
Bi ton 14. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin
1
x

1
y

1
z

1
x
+
1
y
.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :P = xcos 2A+ y cos 2B z cos 2C.
Bi ton 15. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin
1
x

1
z

1
y

1
x
+
1
z
.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc :P = xcos A+ y cos B + z cos C
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Phm Th Bch Ngc "Mt s bi ton chn lc v lng gic", NXB Gio
dc 2002.
[2] Cc tp ch Kvant, Ton hc v tui tr, T liu Internet.
[3] Trn Phng "Cc chuyn bt ng thc v cc tr lng gic" , NXB H ni 2006
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Mt s lp phng trnh hm a n sinh bi phi ng
thc
Trn Vit Tng, Trng THPT Trn Ph - Nng
Trong ton hc ph thng cc bi ton v phng trnh hm l cc loi ton thng mi v rt
kh, thng xuyn xut hin trong cc thi hc sinh gii quc gia, Olympic Ton khu vc v
Quc t, Olympic sinh vin gia cc trng i hc v cao ng. Lin quan n cc dng ton
ny l cc bi ton v cc c trng khc nhau ca hm s v cc tnh cht lin quan vi chng.
h thng cc phng trnh hm, cn thit phi h thng cc kin thc c bn v nng cao v
cc dng phng trnh hm cng nh cc ng dng ca chng.
i vi cc bi ton v phng trnh hm vi nhiu n hm trong cc lp hm c th: lin tc,
kh vi, tun hon, li lm,... cn nm c mt s k thut v bin i hm s, kho st cc tnh
cht c bn ca hm thc v cc php bin hnh trn trc thc.
0.1 Phng trnh hm sinh bi phi ng thc a
2
+ b
2
,
g(a + b)h(a b)
Bi ton 1. Tm cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x
2
+ y
2
) = g(x + y).h(x y), x, y R. (1)
Bi ton 2. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x
2
y
2
) = g(x y) + h(x + y), x, y R. (2)
Bi ton 3. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x
2
y
2
) = g
2
(x) h
2
(y), x, y R. (3)
Bi ton 4. Tm cc hm s f, g, h lin tc v xc nh trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x) g(y) = xh(y) yh(x), x, y R. (4)
Bi ton 5. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x) f(y) = (x + y)g(x y), x, y R. (5)
Bi ton 6. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x) + f(y) + 2xy = (x + y)g(x + y), x, y R. (6)
Bi ton 7. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x).g(y) = x
2
y
2
, x, y R. (7)
Bi ton 8. Tm tt c cc hm s f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x + y) + g(x y) = h(xy), x, y R. (8)
Bi ton 9. Tm tt c cc hm s dng f, g, h xc nh v lin tc trn R tha mn iu kin
f(x + y).g(x y) = h(xy), x, y R. (9)
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Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, 1997, Phng trnh hm, NXB Gio Dc
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Cc bi ton ni suy v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2009, Phng trnh hm vi nhm hu hn cc bin i phn tuyn tnh,
K yu HNKH "Cc phng php v chuyn ton s cp" ti Bc Giang, 27-29/11/2009.
[4] Christopher G. Small, 2000, Functinal equations and how to solve them, Springer.
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Mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vct
Trng Ngc c, Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh
Bo co xt tnh cht ca tch v hng ca hai vect, gc gia hai vect v cc mnh c
bn v ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect.
Ta xt ba mnh c bn vn dng tch v hng ca hai vect lm nn tng gii cc bi
ton hnh hc chng sau (y l ba bi ton c bn trong SGK Hnh hc 10 Nng cao, trang
47 - 49).
Tip theo, trnh by mt s ng dng tch v hng ca hai vect nh tnh ton cc yu t
hnh hc, da vo cc ng thc vect trong tam gic, ta cng c cc ng thc v di cc yu
t trong tam gic, cc bi ton cc tr hnh hc.
Bi ton (2007-England). Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC, P l im nm trong mt phng
tam gic ABC khc A, B, C. Cc im L, M, N ln lt l chn ng vung gc h t H n
ng thng PA, PB, PC. Gi X, Y, Z ln lt l giao im ca LH, MH, NH vi BC, CA v AB.
Chng minh rng ba im X, Y, Z thng hng.
Bi ton. Cho ng trn (O, R). Xt tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R). Xc nh
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: S = AB
2
+ BC
2
2 CA
2
.
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Hm s m - vn "Bit ri - kh lm - ni mi" m vn
cha ht
Phm Huy in, Trung tm Tin hc, Vin KH v CN VN
Chc rng hu ht hc sinh lp 12 (thm ch c lp 11 na) u cho rng hm s m l th
bit ri. Rnh rnh trong cc sch gio khoa u a nh ngha hn hoi! Vy n l g?
Mun bit hm s m, trc ht phi bit th no l lu tha bc b ca mt s a (tc a
b
).
Nu b l mt s hu t th nh ngha chng kh khn g, mi sch u a ra nh ngha ging
nhau v ng: khi b l s t nhin th ly tha bc b ca mt s c nh ngha nh php nhn
ca s y vi chnh n ( b ln); khi b l s nguyn m th ly tha bc b c nh ngha nh
nghch o ca lu tha bc b; php khai cn bc nguyn dng ca mt s c nh ngha
nh php tnh ngc ca php nng ln lu tha; khi b l mt s hu t (ngha l b = p/q, vi p
l s nguyn v q l s t nhin) th ly tha bc b mt s c nh ngha nh l hp ca 2 php
ton: nng ln lu tha (vi bc p) v khai cn (vi bc q).
Vn tr nn thc s nan gii khi b l mt s v t.
nh ngha lu tha vi s m v t, sch gio khoa ton ph thng tng phi da vo
mt mnh khng th chng minh c cht ch trong khun kh chng trnh ph thng.
i ca mnh l: vi mi s a > 1 c duy nht mt hm lin tc nhn gi tr thc m ti
cc im hu t q th n nhn gi tr l a
q
. Ngay hc sinh i hc cng phi u hng tnh thn
b ca mnh ny, v n ng n 2 vn rt hc ba: Khi no th mt hm s xc nh trn
tp s hu t c th thc trin c thnh mt hm lin tc trn ton b trc s thc? V nu
c th khi no s thc trin l duy nht? Tt nhin, vi mt nh ngha nh vy th ta khng
th lm g hn ngoi vic tip tc cng nhn cc tnh cht c a ra sau nh ngha (v khng
th chng minh c).
Sch Gio khoa Thc nghim i s v Gii tch 11 (dnh cho h chuyn ban A, NXB Gio
dc - 1995) cng tng a nh ngha Lu tha c s a vi s m v t b (k hiu bi a
x
) l
lim
n
a
xn
, trong x
n
l mt dy s hu t gn ng thiu ca x. Tic rng sch khng cho
bit nhiu v khi nim dy s hu t gn ng thiu ca s v t nn ta khng bit tng ca 2
dy s hu t gn ng thiu (ca 2 s v t) th c l dy s hu t gn ng thiu (ca tng
ca 2 s v t ) hay khng. Cho nn ta cng khng bit cc tnh cht ca lu tha bc hu
t c chuyn sang cho lu tha bc v t nh th no. Tuy nhin, iu y ny ny chng my
chc cng b che ph bi iu y ny ln hn, khi ta thy tnh lin tc ca hm m cng c
a ra mt cch v iu kin.
R rng, nhng cch nh ngha nh vy l cha th tha mn c nguyn vng ca nhng
ngi mun hiu cc khi nim ton hc mt cch n ni n chn. Tm li: Mun bit hm
s m l g th hy i y!!!.
i n bao gi y?
Cha c ai tr li cu hi ny, nhng ngi qua i hc ri th c th cho bn li khuyn
ch thc l: ng hy vng g nhiu chng trnh bc i hc, v ngi ta thng cho rng
hm m c dy t thi ph thng!.
Nu bn khng mun ch i thm th hy cng chng ti lm mt cuc chen ngang, khm
ph bn cht ca hm s m ngay trong lng chng trnh lp 11. Chng ta s thit lp khi nim
hm s m mt cch cht ch v mt ton hc, m khng cn vay mn bt c mt kt qu no
t chng trnh i hc. Trc ht, ta cn thy rng y l mt hm khng n gin hn (nu
khng ni l kh hn hn) cc hm lng gic, cho nn vic xy dng n cn mt s u t v
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thi gian v cng sc khng qu eo hp so vi nhng g ta dnh cho cc hm lng gic (gn
nh c na quyn sch gio khoa lp 11). Bn thn s v t c coi nh gii hn ca dy s
hu t, cho nn vic xy dng lu tha bc v t khng th khng da vo khi nim ny.
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ng thng Simson
Nguyn B ang, S GD v T Hi Dng
Robert Simson l mt nh ton hc ngi Scotland, gio s ton hc ca i hc Glasgow.
ng sinh 14 thng 10 nm 1687ti West Kilbride v mt ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1768 ti Glasgow.
Trong nhiu nm gn y cc k thi trong nc, quc t cng nh khu vc thng s dng
ng thng Simson vo gii ton hnh hc phng. Xin gii thiu bn c tham kho.
1. ng thng Simson
Bi ton 1: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn ( ). M l im ty trn ( ), gi D, E, H
l hnh chiu ca trn BC, CA, AB. Chng minh D, E, H thng hng.
Bi ton 2: Cho tam gic ABC, M l im trong mt phng cha tam gic ABC. Gi D, E, H
l hnh chiu ca M ln lt trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB v D, E, H thng hng. Chng minh M
nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
V d 3. Cho tam gic ABC, M l im trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Gi K, P, Q
ln lt l cc im i xng ca M qua BC, CA, AD. Chng minh P, K, Q nm trn mt ng
thng v lun i qua mt im c nh, khng ph thuc vo im M thay i trn ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic ABC. (Olimpia Japan 1996)
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Php nghch o v ng dng
H Quang Vinh, Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr
Trong sut bi vit chng ta k hiu X * l nh ca X qua php nghch o c xt.
T nh ngha trn ta thy rng, qua php nghch o cc im trn ng trn (k) ng
nguyn ti ch, cc im nm trong (k) bin ra ngoi, cn cc im nm ngoi (k) th bin vo
trong. Nu im A bin thnh A*, th im A* qua php nghch o bin thnh im A, tc
l (A*)* = A.
Cc tnh cht. Qua mt php nghch o tm O vi bn knh r:
1) Mt ng thng qua O bin thnh chnh n.
2) Mt ng thng l khng i qua O bin thnh ng trn i qua O, tm ca ng trn
l im C* (C l im i xng vi O qua ng thng l)
3) Mt ng trn vi tm l im C qua O bin thnh mt ng thng khng i qua O,
vung gc vi OC.
4) Mt ng trn khng i qua O bin thnh mt ng trn khng i qua O ( Hai ng
trn ny khng nht thit bng nhau ).
5) S tip xc ca cc ng trn v cc ng thng c bo ton, nu nh tip im khng
trng vi tm nghch o; cn nu trng th nhn c mt cp ng song song.
6) Gc gia hai ng trn (gc gia ng thng v ng trn, gia hai ng thng) bo
ton qua php nghch o.
Theo truyn thng t thi c Hy Lp, trong hnh hc thng xt php dng hnh bng compa
v thc k. Nhng cng c th tin hnh dng hnh bng compa khng c thc k. Bng compa,
tt nhin khng th dng ngay c tt c cc im ca ng thng, do ta s coi rng ng
thng c dng nu nh dng c tt c cc php dng m c th thc hin c nh
compa v thc k. dng hnh ch bng compa ch yu l nh n c th dng c nh ca
im qua php nghch o i vi mt ng trn cho trc vi tm cho trc.
S dng php nghch o, chng ta c th gii c kh gn nhng bi ton kh trong cc K
thi chn hc sinh gii Ton Quc gia , cc K thi Olympic Ton hc Quc t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] V.V Praxolov. Cc bi ton v hnh hc phng, Tp 2, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TP.
H Ch Minh, nm 2003.
[2] Cc bi d tuyn Olympic Ton hc Quc t, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni 2003.
[3] 1999 National Contests Problems and Solution, Published and distributed by Mathematical
Association of America.
[4] Mathematical Olympiad Problems and Solutions From Around the Wolrd, 1995 - 1996, 1996
- 1997, 1997 - 1998, 1998 - 1999, 1999 - 2000, 2000 - 2001, Edited by Titu Andreescu, Zuming
Feng and George Lee, Jr Walter Mientka. Published and distributed by Mathematical Association
of America.
[5] Mt s Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr cc nm t 2003 - 2007.
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Nhng bi ton thi hc sinh gii lp 9 v s hc
Nguyn Vit Hi, Tp ch THTT
Trong bi ny cc ch u biu th s nguyn, nu khng l s nguyn s ghi ch ring.
Chuyn 1. Mt s bi ton v s chia ht v s chia c d
I. Kin thc c bn
1. Cc du hiu chia ht cho 2, 4, 5, 3, 9, 11, 7.
2. Cc tnh cht ca php chia ht. Lu :
a) Nu a v b u chia ht cho m ( m ,= 0) th a + b v a - b u chia ht cho n.
b) Nu a chia ht cho n v b khng chia ht cho m (m ,= 0) th a + b v a - b u khng chia
ht cho m.
3. Cc tnh cht c bn ca c chung ln nht (UCLN) v bi chung nh nht (BCNN ) ca
hai s trong SGK .
4. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nhng s nguyn t v hp s trong SGK .
5. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nhng s nguyn t cng nhau.
6. Cc hng ng thc ng nh dng (a + b)
2
, (a b)
2
, . . .
7. S chia ht ca a thc
8. iu kin c nghim nguyn ca tam thc bc hai
9. S chia ht ca tch cc s nguyn lin tip
II. Cc bi ton v s chia ht v chia c d
A. Cc bi ton v s chia ht
B. Cc bi ton v s chia c d
Chuyn 2. Mt s bi ton v s chnh phng v s ly tha
I.Tnh cht ca s chnh phng
II. Mt s dng ton v s chnh phng v s ly tha
A. Bi ton chng minh mt s khng l s chnh phng
B. Bi ton chng minh mt s l s chnh phng
C. Bi ton xc nh gi tr ca bin mt biu thc s l s chnh phng
Chuyn 3. Mt s bi ton v dy s
A. Tnh cht ca php chia v ca cc s nguyn t cng nhau
B. Phng php phn chng
C. Nguyn tc Dirichlet trong S hc
D. Phng php cc hn
E.Bi ton chn s trong dy s
Bi ton 3.7. a) Chng minh rng trong 100 s nguyn dng c th chn c mt hay nhiu
s m tng ca chng chia ht cho 100.
b) Chng minh rng trong 100 s nguyn dng c th chn c mt hay nhiu s m tng
cc bnh phng ca chng chia ht cho 100.
Bi ton 3.8. a) Trong 2n s nguyn t 1 n 2n chn n + 1 s no . Chng minh rng trong
cc s c chn c t nht mt s bng tng hai s cng c chn ( hai s ny c th bng nhau
hoc khc nhau).
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b) C th ly nhiu nht bao nhiu s trong 2n s nguyn dng u tin mt s bt k
c chn khng bng tng ca ca hai s cng c chn ( hai s ny c th bng nhau hoc
khc nhau ).
C.Bi ton tm cc tr ca mt biu thc cha cc s thuc mt dy s
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Mt s bi ton c xy dng t cng thc Taylor
o Xun Luyn, THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh
Trong qu trnh ging dy, ta thng gp mt s bi ton v phng trnh, v bt ng thc
m mt v l hm siu vit nh hm lng gic, hm m, hay hm lgarit v v cn li l mt
a thc. Cu hi t ra ti sao li c c cc mi quan h v u ngi ta li c cc bt
ng thc p n vy.
Trong bi vit Mt s bi ton xy dng t cng thc Taylor tc gi s lm r c phn
no cu hi .
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Mt s phng php gii phng trnh hm bc THCS
L Th Thanh Bnh, THCS Bnh Minh, TP Hi Dng
Hm s l mt trong nhng khi nim mi v kh i vi hc sinh THCS nhng thi lng
dnh cho ni dung ny trong chng trnh rt hn ch (28 tit hc chia ra lp 7 v lp 9). V
vy, dy cho hc tr nm chc cc khi nim v kho st c mt s tnh cht ca cc hm n
gin l cng vic khng d. Cng kh hn mi khi phi gii bi ton ngc: xc nh hm s t
mt vi tnh cht cho trc ca n. Chuyn sau y cung cp mt s phng php n gin
tm hm s trong khun kh ca chng trnh Ton bc trung hc c s.
Tm mt hm s tho mn mt s iu kin no gi l gii phng trnh hm. Trong bi
ny trnh by chi tit cc phng php c bn gii phng trnh hm bc THCS:
1. Phng php t n ph
2. Phng php a v gii h phng trnh
3. Phng php s dng tnh cht ca a thc
4. Phng php ng nht h s
5. Phng php xt cc gi tr c bit ca bin s
6. Gii mt s dng bi tp khc thng qua gii phng trnh hm
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu. a thc v p dng, NXBGDVN 2008.
[2] Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr - NXBGDVN.
[3] Tuyn chn cc thi tuyn sinh.
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Chuyn cho i s 9: Phn nguyn v ng dng
Phm Th Bch Ngc, Tp ch TH v TT
Trong bi ny xt cc tnh cht ca phn nguyn v cc bi ton lin quan. Tip theo xt mt
s ng dng v chng minh mt s bi ton s hc, gii phng trnh c cha du phn nguyn
v kho st bt phng trnh cha phn nguyn.
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