Chuong 6-Bai Toan Van Tai

1
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Chng 6: Bi ton vn ti
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Ging vin: PGS. TS. NGUYN THNG
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Web: http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~nguyenthong/
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TRNG CAO NG KINH T K THUT SI GN
Khoa Kinh t & Qun tr Kinh doanh
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NI DUNG MN HC
Chng 1: Gi tr tin t theo thi gian
Chng 2: Chui dng tin & Ch tiu nh
gi
Chng 3: Cc kin thc m u v phng
php ti u
Chng 4: Quy hoch tuyn tnh (QHTT)
Chng 5: Cc dng c bit pp. QHTT
Chng 6: Bi ton vn ti.
Chng 7: S mng (CPM & PERT).
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GII THIU
Bai toan van tai ( 1939) ladang ac biet cua
Bai toan Qui Hoach Tuyen Tnh do oco
thegiai bai toan theo cac phng phap a
tr nh bay tr ong Qui Hoach Tuyen Tnh.
Tuy nhien cau tr uc bai toan conhng tnh chat
ac biet nen cophng phap giai r ieng hu
hieu hn.
PHNG PHAP NH LNG TRONG QUAN LY
Chng 4: Bai toan van tai
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Bai t oan nay au t ien c tr nh bay
t r ong cong t ac van chuyen hang hoa.
V vay cot en labai t oan van t ai.
Nhng mohnh cua bai t oan van t ai,
sau khi c cong bo, ac r at
nhieu nganh kinh t ekhac nhau ng
dung nh lanh vc quan s, quan ly, y
t e,...
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M OH NH TONG QUAT
Co n t r am phat hang. M oi t r am ky
hieu laA
i
( i= 1,n ). K hanang cung cap
hang hoa cua t r am phat t hi laa
i
.
Com t r am t hu hang. M oi t r am kyhieu
laB
j
( j = 1,m ). Nhu cau hang hoa cua
t r am t hu t hj lab
j
.
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M OH NH TONG QUAT
Chi ph van chuyen mot n vhang hoa
t A
i
en B
j
laC
ij
.
HM MC TIU CA BI TON
Xac nh phng an van chuyen sao
cho t ong chi ph van chuyen lanhonhat .
2
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SOLI EU DANG BANG
B
j
A
i
b
1
b
2
. b
m
a
1
x
11
(c
11
) x
12
(c
12
) . x
1m
a
2
x
21
x
22
. x
2m
. . . . .
a
n
x
n1
x
n2
. x
nm
Chi ph n v
(Vd. $/Tan)
Bien quyet nh
(lng hng ha)
Pht hng
Nhn hng
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Bien quyet nh: Goi x
ij
lasolng n v
hang hoa van chuyen ttr am phat thi en
tr am thu thj.
Ham muc tieu:
Rang buoc:
M i n Z C x
x a
x b
i j i j
i j i
j
m
i j j
i
n
1
1
i=1,n
j=1,m
(Cong suat tr am phat)
(Cong suat tr am thu)
x
ij
>=0
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Ghi chu: Neu gia mot t r am A
i
nao o
en mot t r am B
j
nao okhong cong
van chuyen ngha lagia 2 t r am o
khong t het ochc van chuyen c
khi ota lay n ga van chuyen C
ij
=
M vi M lamot sodng ln t uy y.
T r ong t r ng hp oli giai cho x
ij
se
la0.
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T r ng hp: Cung = Cau
V du 1: Bai toan van chuyen chat ot
cac tr am phat A vaB co150 tan va90 tan
chat ot. Phai cung cap cho cac vtr 1, 2, 3
tng ng 60, 70 va110 tan chat ot o. Chi
ph ch1 tan chat ot tA en cac vtr 1, 2,
3 tng ng la6, 10 va4$ con tB en 1, 2, 3
la12, 2 va8$. Hay lap kehoach van chuyen
toi u sao cho tong chi ph van chuyen labe
nhat .
a b
i
i
n
j
j
m

1 1
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a
b
i
i
n
j
j
m

1
2
1
3
150 90 240
60 70 110 240
Cung = Cau
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T x
11
=?(6$) x
12
=?(10$) x
13
=?(4$)
B 90T x
21
=?(12$) x
22
=?(2$) x
23
=?(8$)
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Tr ong tr ng hp khong cos can bang gia
Cung vaCau, ta cotheluon luon tr vebai
toan can bang Cung vaCau bang cach them
vao nguon Cung giahoac Cau giavagan cac
chi ph van chuyen LN tng ng tuyen van
chuyen.
Li giai van tm c sau khi loai cac nguon
giatket quatm r a cuoi cung.
3
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Bai tap 1: Co3 tr am phat A, B vaC
vi 150 tan, 120T va90T chat ot.
Cac vtr 1, 2 nhan tng ng 250 va
150T. Chi ph ch1 tan chat ot tA
en cac vtr 1, 2 tng ng la6 va
4$, tB en 1, 2 la12 va8$, tC
en 1, 2 la10 va9$.
Hay thiet lap s obai t oan (dung
cung hoac cau gianeu can) vaviet
HM T vacac r ang buoc.
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PHNG PHP GII BI TON VN TI
V bai toan van tai cung lamot bai toan
QHTT nen hoan toan cothegiai bang
phng phap n hnh. Nhng do tnh chat
ac thucua bai toan van tai nen ta co
nhng phng phap GI AI n gian hn.
Co 3 phng phap LI GI AI GAN
UNG:
Phng phap goc Tay Bac P/an au
(The Nor th West Cor ner M ethod).
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PHNG PHP GII
BI TON VN TI
Phng phap chi ph benhat C
min
(T he
L east Cost M et hod).
Phng phap xap xcua Vogel (Vogel s
Appr oximat ion M et hod - VAM ).
PHNG PHAP T ONG QUAT (t m li
giai chnh xac) PHNG PHAP T HE
V
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PHNG PHP GC TY BC
(Dantzig)
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Xuat phat tonam goc Tay Bac, tc o
(1,1) ta tien dan xuong ogoc ong Nam,
tc o(n,m).
Tr en ng i gap onao ta phan phoi cho
oomot lng hang ln nhat cothec
da tr en nguyen tac am bao ieu kien
can bang gia soCung vasoCau.
K hi phan phoi het th dng lai.
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Sau okiem t r a xem t ong ochon cobang
(m + n - 1) hay khong. Ochon laocox
ij
> 0.
Neu ieu kien nay t hoa man t h phng
an nhan c goi laphng an au.
Nhan xet : Li giai cua phng an au
t r ong phng phap goc T ay Bac t khi
t oi u bi v khi giai K HONG quan t am
en chi ph van chuyen.
4
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L ay lai solieu t r en:
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T x
11
=?(6$) x
12
=?(10$) x
13
=?(4$)
B 90T x
21
=?(12$) x
22
=?(2$) x
23
=?(8$)
T m li giai s bobang phng phap
goc T ay Bac.
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L ay v du1 noi t r en:
V duphng phap giai Tay Bac:
Z = 60* 6 + 70* 10 + 20* 4 + 90* 8 = 1860 $
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 60 70 20
B 90T 90
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Bai t ap: Lay lai v du 1 noi t r en, dung
phng phap goc T ay Bac et m li
giai s bovi cac t r ng hp sau:
1. K hanang cung cap cua t r am A bay gi
la100T .
2. K hanang t r am t hu 3 la80T .
(Chuy: T r ong t r ng hp Cung < Cau
Bosung t r am Cung GI A)
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V du: Bai toan quan lysan xuat (p/p goc Tay Bac)
M ot Cong ty co3 nhamay 1, 2, 3. M oi nhamay co
thesan xuat 5 loai san pham 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vi kha
nang xuat vatieu thutong 5 loai nh sau.
Nhamay 1 2 3
K hanang san
xuat 5 loai
40 n v 60 90
San pham 1 2 3 4 5
K hanang
ban
30 40 70 40 60
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Chi ph san xuat
Biet r ang nhamay 3 khong thesan xuat san pham 5.
Giathiet moi n vsan pham eu coli nhuan
bang nhau. Vay moi nhamay nen san xuat bao
nhieu n vcho moi loai san pham ?
San pham
Nhamay 1 2 3 4 5
1 20 19 14 21 16
2 15 20 13 19 16
3 18 15 18 20 ?
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V khong cos can bang gia san xuat vanhu cau
them mot nhamay giaso4 cokhanang san xuat
240 - 190 = 50 n vsan pham vi chi ph san xuat
bang 0.
San pham
Nhamay 1 2 3 4 5
30 40 70 40 60
1
40
30 10
2
60
30 30
3
90
40 40 10
4
50 50
5
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PHNG PHP CHI PH
B NHT C
MIN
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K hi dung phng phap goc Tay Bac
ta khong e y en chi ph van
chuyen C
ij
. Do oket quacoc
phng an au con cach xa phng
an toi u.
Phng phap C
min
khac phuc c
mot phan nhc iem nay.
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T r ong phng phap C
min
, t r c t ien ta
t m ocot r soC
ij
nhonhat. Phan phoi
lng hang ln nhat cot hecoc vao
oo.
Sau ot a phan phoi hang hoa cho oco
t r soC
ij
nhonhat t r ong cac ocon lai.
Ct iep t uc nh t hecho en het .
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Tr ong quatr nh phan phoi can am
bao ieu kien can bang gia socung
vasocau.
K iem tr a ieu kien : Tong soochon
= m + n - 1
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Phng phap C
min
. L ay v du1 noi t r en:
V duphng phap giai Cmin
Z = 40*6 + 110*4 + 70*2 + 20*12 = 1060 $ (1860$)
chtr nh tphan bokhoi lng van chuyen
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 40(6)
3
110(4)
2
B 90T 20(12)
4
70 (2)
1
Tr nh
tchon
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Bai tap: Tm li giai bang phng phap C
min
:
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 90T x
11
=?(6$) x
12
=?(10$) x
13
=?(4$)
B 150T x
21
=?(12$) x
22
=?(2$) x
23
=?(8$)
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 80T x
11
=?(6$) x
12
=?(10$) x
13
=?(4$)
B 120T x
21
=?(12$) x
22
=?(2$) x
23
=?(8$)
6
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Bai tap: Tm li giai bang phng phap C
min
:
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 90T x
11
=?(6$) x
12
=?(10$) x
13
=?(4$)
B 150T x
21
=?(12$) x
22
=?(2$) x
23
=?(4$)
(Xt trng hp c mt s
phng n c chi ph nh nhau)
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PHNG PHP
XP X VOGEL
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PHNG PHAP XAP XCUA VOGEL
Tr ong phng phap C
min
ta axem xet en
chi ph van chuyen C
ij
nhng cha chuyen
hieu socua chung (s chenh lech vechi ph
van chuyen).
V vay cothexay r a tr ng hp bc tr c
th tot nhng bc sau lai xau (bc tr c r i
vao ocochi ph thap nhng bc sau r i vao
ocochi ph r at cao).
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PHNG PHAP XAP XCUA
VOGEL
Phng phap Vogel khac phuc c
nhc iem nay
Cho ket quatot hn, gan bang
hoac bang ket quali giai toi u.
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CAC BC CUA PHNG PHAP VOGEL:
Bc 1: Tr en moi hang vamoi cot chon chi ph C
ij
benhat vaC
ij
bethhai. Lay hieu socua chung r oi
ghi vao oben phai vaben di bang. Tm soln
nhat tr ong cac hieu soo.
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 6$ 10$ 4$
B 90T 12$ 2$ 8$
2(6-4)
6(8-2)
4 8 6 (12-6)
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Bc 2: Phan phoi t r c lng hang cho
hang (hoac cot ) cot r sohieu soln nhat
(cot t r am t hu so2).
L uc phan phoi, t h phan phoi lng hang
ln nhat cot hec vao ocoC
ij
nho
nhat cua hang vacot ng vi hieu soln
nhat noi t r en (hang t r am phat B).
T r ong quat r nh phan phoi can am bao
scan bang gia socung vasocau.
7
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Bc 2: Phng phap Vogel :
Chon cot so[ 2] phan phoi v giatr (8) laln
nhat vala chon otr en cot nay cochi ph be
nhat oB-2
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 6$ 10$ 4$
B 90T 12$ (70)2$ 8$
2
6
6 8 4
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Bc 3: Sau khi thoa man mot hang hay mot
nao th anh dau ( -) vacac obloai cua hang
hay cot o. Oloai laocox
ij
= 0.
Tiep tuc lap lai quatr nh tr en cho cac ocon
lai cho en khi thoa man het cac hang vacot
th thoi.
Dong hoac cot nao thoa man r oi th anh
chk (ket thuc) evesau khoi xet na.
K iem tr a veieu kien:
Tong soochon = m + n -1.
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Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 6$ 10$ 4$
B 90T 12$ (-) 8$
2
4
6 8 4
Loi bc 3
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Giatr (6) cot 1 laln nhat, ket hp gianho
nhat phan phoi oA-1.
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 3
60T 110T
A 150T 6$ 4$
B 90T 12$ 8$
2
4
6
4
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Giatr (6) cot 1 laln nhat, ket hp gianho
nhat phan phoi oA-1. Vasau oloai cot so
1 v tr am thi 1 athoa man.
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 3
60T 110T
A 150T 60 4$
B 90T 12$ (70) 8$
2
4
6
4
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Vasau oloai cot so1 v tr am thi 1 athoa
man.
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 3
60T 110T
A 150T (60) 4$
B 90T (70) 8$
4
Loi
8
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Cot 3 con lai cocooA-3 chi ph be ta se
phan phoi giatr vao o(chuyen ieu kien
can bang theo hang tr ng hp nay).
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 3
60T 110T
A 150T (60) 90 (4$)
B 90T (70) 8$
4
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K et quacuoi cung laphan bovao B-3.
Li giai chi ph cho phng phap Vogel nh sau:
F=60* 6+90* 4+70* 2+20* 8=1020$ (tot HN so
vi p/p goc Tay Bac vaC
min
1060$)
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 3
60T 110T
A 150T (60) (90)
B 90T (70) 20
4
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Bai tap 1: Dung cac phng phap goc Tay Bac,
C
min
vaVogel etm li giai ban au cho bai
toan sau:
en
T X Y Z K hanang
A 5($/T) 4 3 100(T)
B 8 4 3 300
C 9 7 5 300
Yeu cau 300(T) 200 200 =700(T)
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ap so: Phng phap Vogel
en
T X Y Z
K ha
nang
A 100 100
B 200 100 300
C 200 100 300
Yeu cau 300 200 200
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Bai tap 2: Dung cac phng phap goc Tay
Bac, C
min
vaVogel etm li giai ban au
cho bai toan sau (ch Cung & Cu):
en
T X Y Z K hanang
A 5($/T) 6 3 300(T)
B 2 6 5 200
C 6 8 2 200
Yeu cau 300(T) 400 200
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Bai tap 3: Dung cac phng phap goc Tay
Bac, C
min
vaVogel etm li giai ban au
cho bai toan sau (ch Cung & Cu):
en
T X Y Z K hanang
A 9($/T) 6 3 400(T)
B 5 7 5 300
C 8 7 4 200
Yeu cau 200(T) 500 400
9
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L I GI AI T OI U BAI T OAN VAN T AI
PHNG PHAP THEV
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L ay v du 1 noi t r en vali giai ban au
C
min
coZ =1060$.
Dung phng phap t hevet m li giai
t oi u.
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 40 (6) (10) 110 (4)
B 90T 20 (12) 70 (2) (8)
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Xet shoan vkien nghneu tr en ta co:
B(1) A(1): tiet kiem 12-6=6 V
A(3) B(3): mat 4-8 =-4V
Tiet kiem: 6-4V =2V Nen thc hien
F=60* 6+90* 4+ 20* 8+70* 2= 1020$ <1060$
Tr am thu
Tr am phat 1 2 3
60T 70T 110T
A 150T 60 (6) (10) 90 (4)
B 90T 00 (12) 70 (2) 20 (8)
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Bai tap: Cho bai toan van tai c tr nh bay bang
sau:
a/ Lap phng an au bang phng phap goc Tay
Bac, phng phap C
min
.
b/ Da tr en ket quacua phng phap goc Tay Bac
hay tm phng an toi u.
Thu
Phat 75 60 65
100 5 4 1
50 2 6 3
50 10 7 2
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BAI TOAN PHAN CONG
(The assigment pr oblem)
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V du: M ot Cong ty mua 3 may mi A, B, C vaco4 v
tr cotheat may. c tnh chi ph at moi may
vao moi v tr c cho nh sau, tr ong omay B
khong theat vtr 2.
Tm cac vtr hp lycho A, B, C sao cho chi ph nho
nhat.
Vtr
M ay 1 2 3 4
A 13 10 12 11
B 15 - 13 20
C 5 7 10 6
10
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PHNG PHAP HUNGARY
Bc 1: T m bang chi ph c hoi
T r chi ph nhonhat t r ong moi hang
vao moi phan t t r ong hang ay.
T r chi ph nhonhat t r ong moi cot
vao moi chi ph t r ong cot ay (coc t
a).
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PHNG PHAP HUNGARY
Bc 2: T hieu kien t oi u
Vemot sot oi t hieu cac ng t hang t r en
hang hay t r en cot mai qua moi so0
t r ong bang.
Neu song t hang bang sohang hay so
cot (bang n) t h coli giai t oi u nh
sau:
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a. Phan phoi vao ocoso0. u tien phan vao
ocoso0 duy nhat nam tr en giao iem cua
mot hang vamot cot.
b. Loai bohang vacot cha so0 aphan
phoi. Quay vebc a vatiep tuc cho en khi
phan phoi xong.
Neu song thang toi thieu nhohn n, chung
ta chuyen qua bc 3.
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Bc 3: T ao r a bang chi ph c hoi mi
T r so nho nhat cha nam t r en
ng t hang nao vao moi socha nam
t r en ng t hang nao.
Cong sonhonhat ay vao moi sonam
t r en giao iem cua hai ng t hang.
T r lai bc 2.
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Vtr
M ay 1 2 3 4
A 13
10
12 11
B 15 M
13
20
C
5
7 10 6
D 0 0 0 0
M in hang 1
M oi hang xac nh chi ph M in
Vtr
M ay 1 2 3 4
A 13
10
12 11
B 15 M
13
20
C
5
7 10 6
D 0 0 0 0
Vtr
M ay 1 2 3 4
A 13
10
12 11
B 15 M
13
20
C
5
7 10 6
D 0 0 0 0
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Bc 1a
Bc 1b (khong can tr ong t/h nay)
M ay \Vtr
1 2 3 4
A 3 0 2 1
B 2 M 0 7
C 0 2 5 1
D 0 0 0 0
11
TON KINH T
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61
Bc 2
Song ngang = Song thang tm li giai.
M ay A vtr 2, may B vtr 3 vamay C vtr 1.
M ay \Vtr
1 2 3 4
A 3 0 2 1
B 2 M 0 7
C 0 2 5 1
D 0 0 0 0
TON KINH T
PGS. TS. Nguyn Thng
62
V du: Co3 ngi X, Y, Z. M oi ngi cothelam 1
tr ong 3 viec 1, 2, 3 vi chi ph cho bang sau. Hay
phan cong sao cho tong chi ph lanhonhat.
1 2 3
X 11 14 6
Y 8 10 11
Z 9 12 7
Chi ph
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1 2 3
X 11 14 6
Y 8 10 11
Z 9 12 7
1 2 3
X 5 8 0
Y 0 2 3
Z 2 5 0
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64
Bc 2: Song thang bang 2 nhohn sohang
bang socot vabang 3
===> li giai cha toi u
Bc 3a: Tr sonhonhat cha nam tr en ng
thang nao vao moi socha nam tr en ng thang
nao.
Bang 0 1 2 3
X 5(
3) 8(
6) 0
Y 0 2 (0) 3
Z 2(
0) 5(
3) 0
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65
Bc 3b: Cong sonhonhat ay vao moi sonam tr en
giao iem cua hai ng thang.
Song ngang = Song ng Coli giai toi
u (X=3, Y=2, Z=1).
Bang 0 1 2 3
X 3 6 0
Y 0 0 5
Z 0 3 0
TON KINH T
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66
Bai tap: Dung Solver tr ong Excel e
giai cac bai tap neu tr en.
12
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67
HT CHNG

Chuong 6-Bai Toan Van Tai

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