Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG

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CHNG I : CC VN CHUNG CA KIN TRC

1.1/ Khi nim
1.1.1/ nh ngha:
Kin trc l mn hc va mang tnh khoa hc k thut va mang tnh ngh
thut.Nguyn cu thit k cng trnh t n l n qun th tha mn hai yu cu:
cng nng v thm m, v d: nh , trng hc, tr s c quan, cu ...

Cng trnh cng cng Cng trnh nh

1.1.2/ Phn loi v phn cp cng trnh
1.1.2.1/ Phn loi:
- Vt liu c bn : Tho mc, g ...
+ gch
+ B tng
+ St thp: Kin trc 1 cch rm r.
- Chiu cao tng: Theo ti liu nc ngoi
+ 19701972 Hip hi xy dng nh cao tng
+ 4< st <9 tng nh nhiu tng
+ 916 tng nh cao tng loi 1
+ 1724 tng nh cao tng loi 2
+ 2540 tng nh cao tng loi 3
+ > 40 tng nh siu cao tng
- Kt cu ( theo ngi vit ): Cng trnh kt cu nh
B: Bc gian
L: Nhp nh
Cng trnh kt cu va
B
< 5m
< 15m
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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L
Cng trnh kt cu ln
B
L
- Mc ch cu vic phn loi: Tin cho vic thit k, thi cng.
1.1.2.2/ Phn cp:
- Mc ch ca phn cp phc v cho vic u t v qun l u t
- Phn cp cng trnh.
Phn cp cng trnh da vo cc tiu ch
+ Cht lng s dng: Din tch s dng,vt liu, tin nghi s dng bn
trong nh v trang thit b v sinh
+ bn lu: Tui th, nin hn s dng
Cp 1 > 100 nm, vt liu BTCT hoc cc vt liu tng ng c dng
thit k cc b phn kt cu chnh : mng, ct, dm, sn...
Cp 2 > 80 nm
Cp 3 > 50 nm
Cp 4 > 20 nm
+ phong ho: Khong thi gian khi cu kin cng trnh kin trc tip
xc vi ngn la cho n khi n mt kh nng lm vic bnh thng. Tu theo khong
thi gian trung bnh cc cu kin chu c la c th tm chia lm 4 cp. ( Xem thm
trong TCVN 2622 1995 )
2,5h cp 1
2h cp 2
1h cp 3
30pht cp 4
1.1.3/ Yu cu ca kin trc
- t c s thch dng
+ Phc v ai?
+ Vo mc ch g?
Cng trnh a nng: i hi thit k c bit
- m bo bn vng
+ Cng , kh nng chu lc ca tng cu kin phi m bo
+ n nh cc cu kin khi cu thnh vi nhau phi m bo n nh
ring r v tng th khi tham gia chu lc
+ bn lu: Khng ch mi vt liu, theo thi gian vt liu b lo
ho nn khi thit k phi tnh n kh nng lm vic lu di ca cc cu kin cng
trnh.
> 15m
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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- Kinh t
+ u t nh th no ?
+ Khai thc, s dng trc mt v lu di tha mn yu cu v hiu qu
kinh t.
1.1.4/ Cc yu t to thnh kin trc
1.1.4.1/ Yu t v mt cng nng
Theo nh ngha th cc cng trnh kin trc tha mn 2 yu cu c bn cng
nng v thm m, xut pht t cng nng phc v cho mc ch ngi s dng th
mi xut hin kin trc, cng nng c th hin mc ch s dng ca con ngi
v dy chuyn s dng
V d 1: Cng nng nh
- Mc ch s dng : ngh ngi, sinh hot gia nh, ti to sc lao
ng
- Dy chuyn s dng
* Dy chuyn s dng l cc trnh t cc thao tc hot ng, cc sinh hot, cc
cng vic c b tr mt cch khoa hc, hp l v ph hp vi tm sinh l ca ngi
s dung.
V d 1 : Nh gia nh
Tin phng (Hin)




V d 2: Ca hng bch ha
- Mc ch s dng : L ni giao dch bun bn, trao i hng ha...
- Dy chuyn s dng: C 2 lung ngi s dng ch yu l khch mua
v nhn vin bn
V d 1 : Dy chuyn ca hng
+ Khch gi t trang chn la tnh tin giao dch
+ Nhn vin thay qun o giao dch

P.Ng B. n
P.Khch WC
Kho
WC
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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V d 2 : Dy chuyn s dng cc phng tp trung ng ngi


1.1.4.1/ Yu t v khoa hc k thut:
Cc cng trnh kin trc mun xy dng c yu cu c s ng gp quan
trng v khoa hc k thut
- khu Thit k cn c kin thc v vt liu, kt cu, kinh t
- khu Thi cng cn c kin thc k thut thi cng, t chc thi cng
1.1.4.3/ Yu t v hnh tng ngh thut:
- Cng trnh kin trc ngoi mc ch s dng cn mc ch p ng nhu cu
v mt thm m, th hng (thng ngon) v thm m.
- Cng trnh kin trc c xem nh mt tc phm to hnh c kin trc ca
quy lut, ngh thut to hnh. Cc qui lut t hp thng hay c s dng nh :
+ Quy lut thng nht - bin ha
+ Quy lut nhp iu vn lut
+ Quy lut bin d.
Minh ho cc qui lut t hp

1.1.5/ Cc c im ca kin trc:
- Kin trc mang tnh tng hp gia khoa hc v ngh thut
- Kin trc chu nh hng v iu kin kh hu t nhin
- Kin trc phn nh x hi, mang tnh t tng
- Kin trc mang tnh dan tc v thi i
1.2/ Cc nguyn tc thit lp n kin trc
1.2.1/ Nguyn tc thit lp Tng mt bng
- Dng cc tia chiu thng gc vi mt bng nm ngang ca khu t xy dng
m t cc khi cng trnh d kin s xy dng bao gm khi chnh v ph
- M t h thng ng giao thng ni b bn trong khu t (ch ra cc mi lin
h i li gia khi cng trnh c trn khu t).
- M t cc khu vc sn bi,cy xanh
- M t mi quan h gia khu t vi cc khu vc xung quanh
* Yu cu:
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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Khi thit lp tng mt bng phi tha mn yu cu v hng gi, chng i cc
bc x c hi ca mt tri.Phi ch tit kim din tch t xy dng. Cc khi cng
trnh phi b tr r rng, mch lc, tit kim nguyn vt liu xy dng.
Sp xp cc khi cng trnh tin li cho vic s dng m bo c nhu cu
m rng sau ny, ph hp vi cnh quan mi trng xung quanh,
- Tng mt bng thng c v theo t l 1:25 - 1:200
Minh ho thit k mt bng tng th

1.2.2/ Nguyn tc thit lp mt bng tng:
- Dng cc tia chiu thng gc mt phng nm ngang cch mt nn hoc sn 1m
m t hnh dng, kch thc, khng gian bn trong ca cc phng.
- y la khu quan trong trong t chc khng gian bn trong nha nhm thoa
man dy chuyn cng nng. Nhn vao mt bng kin truc ta co th thy c giai phap
t chc khng gian bn trong cua cng trnh hp l hay khng. Khi thit k mt bng
cn chu y:
- T chc dy chuyn chc nng sao cho khoa hoc, cht che co c s gn bo
hu c. Th hin ro phn chnh, phn phu (trong im - th yu). Thng dung cac h
truc t hp dung lam c s t chc va phat trin mt bng. Th hin c im tnh
cht cua cng trnh la trang trong nghim tuc hay tnh linh hoat thoai mai.
- lam giam cam giac nng n s cua nhng hnh khi ln ngi ta dung
bin phap phn phi hay chia mt nha thanh nhng khi co hnh hoc n gian. Ban
thn hnh khi cn co t l 3 chiu tt, nht la i vi cac hnh khi n gian. Cac khi
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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cua cng trnh phai gn bo thanh mt th thng nht, phai phu hp vi a hnh thin
nhin, tranh s phi hp cu k, ln xn gia tao.
- Mt bng phai gn vi thin nhin a hnh, vn dung ngh thut mn canh
va tao canh.
* Yu cu khi thit lp mt bng:
- m bo v din tch cho ngi s dng. Yu cu phi b tr c, thit b
s dng bn trong ca phng
- Yu cu ch ra cao cc phng
- Yu cu c y cc h thng ng ging ca trc, kch thc trn mt
bng (3 ng)
-Mt bng thng c v theo t l 1:25 - 1:200
1.2.3/ Nguyn tc thit lp mt ct
Dng cc tia chiu thng gc vi mt phng thng ng ct qua cng trnh
m t hnh dng kch thc cc khng gian s dng bn trong nh theo phng ng.
Yu cu khi thit k mt ct phi ch r hnh dng cc khng gian, m bo
khi tch s dng. Trong mt ct cng nh trong mt bng phi m t cc thit b v
cc c s dng bn trong. Ngoi ra cn th hin cu to cc vt liu, mi lin kt
gia cc b phn c trong mt ct. Trn mt ct ngoi cc h thng ng ging kch
thc trn mt bng cn phi th hin y h thng cao tng b phn.
Cao nn nh tng 1 sau khi hon thin c xem l cao 00. Cc b
phn nm bn trn 00 l cao dng, Cc b phn nm bn di 00 l cao .
m.
-Mt bng thng c v theo t l 1:25 - 1:200

Minh ho thit k mt bng tng

1.2.4/ Nguyn tc thit lp mt ng
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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Dng cc tia chiu thng gc vi mt phng thng ng i qua v b ngoi ca
cng trnh, m t ton b v bc bao gm: cc hnh thc kin trc; vt liu, mu sc
v cht cm.
Nguyn tc chnh cua vic tao hnh khi kin truc la phai bao am s phan anh trung
thc gia ni dung bn trong va hnh thc bn ngoai, gia khng gian bn trong, bn
ngoai cua cng trnh lam cho hnh dang cua cng trnh ep, hp l. Khi tao khi cn
chu y:
- Hnh khi kin truc cang cu tao bng nhng khi hnh hoc n gian bao
nhiu cang mang lai hiu qua ngh thut ro rang by nhiu va co sc biu hin ngh
thut cua cng trnh cang cao. Trong thin nhin t khi gp nhng khi hnh hoc n
gian, v th vn dung hnh khi cng trnh mang mang hnh thc hnh hoc n gian se
gy c n tng tng phan ngh thut ro rang, manh me i vi mi trng xung
quanh.
- Mun cho hnh khi kin truc co sc truyn cam manh me, tr thanh mt tac
phm tao hnh cn ap dung linh hoat cac quy lut t hp cua ngh thut tao hnh.
- Yu cu khi thit lp mt ng cng trnh nhng b phn pha trc v trc,
b phn pha sau th v sau, nhng b phn b che khut th khng v. u tin cn th
hin cc b phn ln c khi tch ln sau mi v cc mng, ng nt (chi tit).
Hnh thc kin trc phi biu t c ni dung s dng ca cng trnh.
- Mt ng thng c v theo t l 1:50 - 1:200

Minh ho thit k m tng

1.2.5/ Nguyn tc thit lp mt bng thot nc ma (mt bng mi)
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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Dng cc tia chiu thng gc vi mt phng nm ngang qua nh ca mi nh
m t cc ng phn thy, sui mi, h thng thu v thot nc ma. Yu cu khi
thit lp phi th hin c dc ca ci mi nh, cch thc u mi, vt liu ch to
tm lp, kiu lp mi, a ra cc gii php chi tit v chng thm, nng v cch m
th hin y hng nc chy trn mng xi ( s n ), v tr, s lng, kch thc l
thu nc.
-Mt bng mi thng c v theo t l 1:100 - 1:250

Minh ho thit k mt bng mi

1.2.6/ Thit lp chi tit cu to:
L bn v m t chi tit cc b phn, cc cu to v cc lin kt v cch tc ch
to chng m trong cc hnh v khc khng din t c
-Chi tit thng c v theo t l 1:10 - 1:25

Minh ho thit k chi tit

Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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1.3/ Mng li mun v h trc phn
1.3.1/ Mng li modun
1.3.1.1/ Moun:L n v o quy c dng iu hp kch thc thit k t chi tit
n tng th
- 1791 Ngi Php xy dng h o lng mt, 1m =
tr
40
1
chiu di kinh tuyn
qua Pari ( th ca Cng ho Php )
- u th k 19 quc t ha h mt h mt tr thnh n v o lng quc t
- Mun gc : V gia th k 19 ngi ta chn
10
1
mt =100 mm = M lm
mun gc trong ngnh xy dng

Mng li mun



Ngoi Mun gc M cn c

1.3.1.2/ Mng li mun
L mt mng li hnh vung, hnh ch nht, hnh tam gic sao cho khong
cch gia cc mt li (im giao) ng bng bi s M
* Cng dng ca mng li mun
- Dng phc tho t suy ngh ra bn v
- t chc dy chuyn s dng mt cch nhanh chng v hp l
- Kim sot c phn din tch thit k
V d minh ho
Mun c : 1/2M, 1/4M.
Mun bi : 2M, 3M.
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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p dng mng li mun trong thit k nh

Ba tp: Thit k mt bng 1 ca hng gm 3 gian bn hng, mi gian 16m
2
, 1 quy
thu tin 8m
2
, 1 ch gi t trang 8m
2
, 1 ch WC 8m
2
, 1 ch lm snh 8m
2

Hnh v
1.3.2/ H trc phn (h trc nh v), h trc mun
H trc phn l h trc xc nh v tr ca cc kt cu chu lc theo phng
thng ng nh tng, ct.Ty theo s tnh ca kt cu v iu kin lm vic ca
gi ta h trc mun s c nh c th nh sau :
- Tng chu lc
+ Tng trong : trc i qua tm hnh hc ca tng, tng ca tng trn
cng.
+ Tng ngoi
Khi khng b tr: h trc mun c xc nh nh tng trong
Khi c b tr: h trc mun c xc nh trng mp trong hoc trng mp
ngoi hoc cch mp ngoi hoc cch mp ngoi mt on 100 mm
b > 100 th c th chn cc cch trn
b < 100 trc modul ly cch mp ngoi 1 on 100 mm

Minh ho xc nh trc nh v
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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- Ct chu lc
+ Ct trong : h trc mun xc nh nh tng trong
+ Ct ngoi : h trc mun cch mp ngoi 1 on a = 100mm
Yu cu cc trc mun c phng ng trong bn v c nh s theo th t
tng dn tri sang phi trong vng trn, cc trc mun c phng ngang nh bng
k t A, B, C ... t di ln trong vng trn .

Nguyn tc nh du cc trc nh v

V d : Ct A-2
on tng (B-D) trc 1
Cc k hiu bng ch s v k t phi c t trong khuyn trn
Bi tp: p dng mng li mun thit k 1 phng hp 48m
2
, WC 6m
2
, phng
chun b ti liu 12m
2
, ch chun b nc 6m
2
1 rnh 12 m
2
, mng modul 64, 34
1.4/ Cc thng s c bn ca nh:
1.4.1/ Bc gian, nhp nh, chiu cao tng
Gi B l gian (bc ct) l khong cch gia 2 trc mun lin k m 2 trc
mun ny c phng ngang nh

Minh ho kch thc thit k
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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L: Nhp nh (khu ) l khong cch gia 2 trc mun lin k c phng dc
ca nh thng thng nhp nh L>B
H: L chiu cao mt tng, khong cch tnh t mt sng n ln mt kia lin k.
Hnh v
1.4.2/ Kch thc thit k
- Kch thc danh ngha : kch thc c o ng trng kch thc ca cc B,
L
- Kch thc cu to : kch thc danh ngha c cng hoc tr b dy ca cu
kin
- Kch thc thc t bng kch thc cu to sai s
1.5/ Trnh t thit k trong thc t:
C ba giai on

+ Giai on 1: Thit k minh ha cho d n, trong giai on ny ngi thit k ch th hin
phn kin trc minh ho cho cc lun im v lun c c nu trong d n ( bo co kinh t k thut )
+Giai on 2: Thit k bn v k thut thi cng
Ngoi ton b bn v kin trc cn trin khai chi tit cc vn k thut khc :
kt cu, in, cp thot nc ..., lp d ton (chi ph)
+Giai on 3 : Giai on ny ch yu n v thi cng phi v li h s thit k
theo thc t lm c s thanh quyt ton cng trnh sau ny
















cng trnh a vo s dng
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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CHNG II: NGUYN L THIT K NH CNG CNG

2.1/Khi nim:
2.1.1/ nh ngha:
Cng trnh cng cng l cng trnh phc v cc sinh hot v vn ha tinh thn,
v vt cht cho con ngi ngoi tr chc nng .
2.1.2/ V d:
Trng hc, y t, bnh vin cc tuyn ch, siu th ...
2.1.3/ Phn loi:
Da vo tnh cht s dng ca cng trnh, c th chia thnh 14 nhm
- Cng trnh giao thng vn ti: bn xe, ga, sn bay.
- Vn ha: Cc nh bo tng, vn ha thiu nhi, th vin ...
- Y t, bnh vin, trung tm y t ...
- Thng mi: ch, siu th, shop ...
2.2/ Tnh cht ca cng trnh cng cng
- Mang tnh cht ph bin v hng lot
- Mi cng trnh mang tnh c th ring
- C chc nng s dng thay i theo s thay i ca khoa hc k thut
2.3/ Cc b phn ca nh dn dng cng trnh cng cng
2.3.1/ B phn chnh ( nhm cc phng chnh )
L nhng b phn quyt nh tnh cht (c th) ca cng trnh v chim phn
ln v din tch s dng ca cng trnh.
V d: Trng hc: cc phng hc
Ch: quy, sp
Bnh vin: phng khm, phng iu tr
2.3.2/ B phn ph ( nhm cc phng ph )
L nhng b phn h tr cho hot ng ca cc b phn chnh. C hai b phn
ph, b phn ph gin tip v b phn ph trc tip
V d trong cng trnh trng hc
- B phn ph gin tip: Phng hiu b, trm in, nc. B phn ph gin tip
c th t xa b phn chnh.
- B phn ph trc tip: WC, phng ngh, phng dng c trc quan. B phn
ph trc tip thng b tr gn b phn chnh,
2.3.3/ B phn giao thng
Ni lin cc khng gian chc nng ca cng trnh, theo phng ngang v
phng ng
giao thng ngang: hnh lang, li i l thin, nh cu, bng chuyn ngang
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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giao thng ng: Thang b, thang cun ( thang t hnh ), thang my, ng dc <
8%.

B phn Giao thng thng ng- Ngun Ng.l T.k, tc gi GS. Nguyn c Thim

* Ch giao thng ng v giao thng ngang gi l nt giao thng
Yu cu cc nt giao thng m bo din tch phc v trnh n ngi, nt giao
thng phi m bo v khong cch phc v hoc c bn knh phc 30m. Cc nt
thng phi lin lin h c vi nhau
2.4/ Thot ngi, t chc thot ngi trong cng trnh cng cng
2.4.1/ t vn
- V sao phi thot ngi?
- Cng trnh cng cng thng c s lng ngi rt ln s dng, khi c s c
(chy, n, khng b ...) hoc cc cng trnh biu din khi ht xut din ngi ta phi
a ton b s ngi s dng ra khi ra cng trnh mt cch nhanh nht.
2.4.2/ Cc quy inh khi thit k
Phm vi ng dng (dng cho cc cng trnh nh thp tng v nhiu tng)
- Giai on 1: T chc thot ngi ra khi phng
+ C 100 ngi phi t chc 2 ca, b rng 1 ca 1,2m, ca phi m
ra
+ Ngi xa nht n ca < 25m
+ B rng lung chy 0,6m
+Yu cu trn lung chy khng c b tr chng ngi vt, vt cn kin
trc, khng b tr bc cp
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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- Giai an 2: T chc thot ngi ra khi hnh lang v cu thang
+ C 100 ngi phi t chc b rng hnh lang 0,6m, b rng hng lang
ti thiu l 1,5m cho hnh lang bn, ti thiu l 1,8m cho hnh lang gia i vi
cc hnh lang dng i li chnh. i vi hnh lang ph b rng ti thiu
1,2m.
+ Ngi xa nht n cu thang
Ty theo cp phng ha
Cp 1 40m
Cp 2 30m
Cp 3 25m
Cp 4 20m
+ Khng c b tr cc chng ngi vt, vt cn kin trc trong trng
hp c b tr bc cp yu cu phi c tn hiu bo trc nh s dng vt liu
khc, hoc m thanh nh ng v.v...
+ Quy nh v cu thang: Mi cng trnh cng cng phi c ti thiu hai cu
thang
N: Tng s ngi trn mt tng.
Khi N>250.
Bvtn Bvt Bvt Bvt + + + =

... 2 1
Bvt =
125
200
100
250
+
N

Khi N 250
Bvt =
100
N

V b rng ti thiu ca 1 v thang ( dng i li chnh ),Bvt > 1,4m, b rng
ti thiu ca 1 v thang ( dng thot him ),Bvt > 1,2m
V d: Tnh ton s lng cu thang v b rng ca cc v thang cho 1 khi lp
hc gm tng 1 c 350 ngi, tng 2 c 400 ngi, tng 3 c 300 ngi
- Giai on 3: Thot ra khi cng trnh, mi cng trnh c t nht 2 li ra vo
thot ngi mi li c b rng > 2,4m
Nu c b tr ca th phi m ca hng ra
Cc hng thot ra khi cng trnh phi v pha cng trnh c chu la cao
hn, hoc thot v khong khng gian trng. Khi thot ra khi cng trnh ngay trc
li thot phi b tr 1 din tch trnh n vi din tch 0,1 m
2
/ngi
Ton b thi gian ca 3 gian on l 6'9', 2'3' (pht)/ 1 giai on v trong 3
giai on th giai on 2 c th khng cn cho trng hp nh mt tng.
2.5/ Thit k nn dc tho mn yu cu nhn r
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
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2.5.1 t vn :
Khi c cc phng Tp trung ng ngi (> 100 ngi) v mi ngi c nhu cu
cn nhn r ng thi nghin cu hoc thng thc ngh thut, gii tr..V d: ging
ng, rp chiu bng, b bi, sn vn ng.Yu cu t ra l tt c mi ngi ng
thi nhn thy vt cn c quan st phi thit k th no tt c mi ngi u nhn
thy c vt cn quan st.
2.5.2 Gii php:
- K gh, to ra nhiu loi gh c chiu cao khc
- Nng vt cn quan st ln
- Gh khng thay i chiu cao, vt quan st khng nng ln th ch cn li gii
php l thit k nn dc.
2.5.3 Thit k nn dc bng phng php v dn.
C rt nhiu phng php thit k nn dc. y ch nghin cu thit k
nn dc bng phng php v dn
2.5.3.1 Cc khi nim
- im quan st thit k
"" l im bt li nht ( kh nhn thy nht ) m khi ngi quan st nhn thy
c th tt c im cn li ca vng i tng cn quan st s c nhn thy.
Vd: Trong ging ng, bng en l vng i tng cn quan st
thuc mp di ca bng
Trong phng khn gi ca nhc nh: Phng ti ca ming ca sn khu
thuc mp di ca Phng

- Ngun Ng.l T.k, tc gi GS. Nguyn c Thim, GS Trn Bt

Trong b bi, cc ng bi l vng i tng cn quan st. im thuc
ng bi trong cng gn khn gi.
- Tia nhn ng thng ni mt ngi quan st n im gi l tia nhn (T)
T
1
T
2
M
2
khng nhn c
- nng cao tia nhn C l khong cch gia hai tia nhn lin k t mt ca
ngi quan st hng gh pha trc dng thng ng ln 1 on ct tia nhn ca
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
17
ngi ngi sau lin k. Tu theo th loi cng trnh m C c th ly theo qui nh t
(C) = 60 180 mm
C sn vn ng = 180
C ging ng 60 80
C phng ca nhc 80 110
2.5.3.2/ Thit k nn dc bng phng php v dn
- Cc thng s hnh hc.
+ Khong cch t hng gh u tin G
1
n vng i tng cn quan st L =
2,7 3,6m
+ l l khong cch gia cc hng gh G
1
G
2
vvv..

:l = 0,8m 1,2m
+ H
Sk
chiu cao ca bc ( sn khu ) = 0,9m 1,05 m
+ H
qs1
= 1,15m 1,2 m, v tr ca mt ngi quan st thuc hng gh u tin
so vi nn.
- Cch dng
+ Dng ng mt M1..Mn
Trong M
1
c M
1
= 1,2m so vi nn v xc nh tu theo th loi cng
trnh. Ni M1 vi ta c T1
- Ngun Ng.l T.k, tc gi GS. Nguyn c Thim, GS. Trn Bt

Tm M
2
: t M
1
dng ng thng ng 1 on C theo qui nh, xc nh c
M

1
.Ni M

1
vi ( c T2 ) ct G2 ti im M2. Ln lt xc nh M3, M4, M5. Ni
M1 n Mn ta s c ng mt.
+ T v tr G
1
ca nn, k mt ng song song vi ng mt s c nn dc
cn tm.
+ hn ch dc ca nn ngi ta cho php t 57dy gh u c th h
thp C so vi quy nh t 15 20 %. Cc dy gh sau ly C theo quy nh
2.6/ Cc kiu t chc mt bng nh dn dng:
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
18
2.6.1 Kiu t chc hnh lang: Khi cc phng chc nng b tr song song v mt pha
( hnh lang bn ) hoc hai pha ca hnh lang ( hnh lang gia ). i khi kt hp c
hai . S dng cho cc cng trnh c cc phng ging nhau nh : trng hc, tr s c
quan, khch sn
2.6.2 Kiu t chc xuyn phng: Cc phng lin h vi nhau khng cn hnh lang m
trc tip lin h ni tip nhau.p dng cho cc nh trin lm, bo tng, ca hng bch
ho, th vin
2.6.3 Kiu t chc tp trung xung quanh trung tm ( Phng rt ln, sn trong nh,
snh ca cu thang) : Cc khng gian s dng nh b tr quanh cc khng gian ln,
cc khng gian ny mang tnh ct li b tr cc khng gian cn li. Kiu t chc
nay thng dng cho : Nh ht, rp chiu bng, kch vin, cng trnh th thao, Nh
chung c
2.6.4 Kiu t chc tp trung phng ln: Tt c cc qu trnh chc nng ca nh u
b tr xp t vo trong mt phng ln duy nht. p dng cho ch c mi, trng by
trin lm, salon t vv.
2.6.5 Kiu t chc phn on c lp:
Cc nhm chc nng c tch bch thnh tng khi ring phc v cho mt
mc ch c th. Cc nhm c cch ly vi nhau, song k bn nhau to nn mt cng
trnh kin trc hon chnh. Cc phng chc nng quan h chc nng theo nhm v lin
h ni b theo bin php xuyn phng. Cc th loi cng trnh thng dng: nh tr,
trng chuyn bit,...
2.7/Thit k mt s phng chc nng trong nh cng cng
- Thit k vn phng
- Thit k lp hc v phng th nghim
- Thit k phng tp trung ng ngi












Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
19
CHNG III: NH
3.1 Khi nim
3.1.1 nh ngha: nh l cng trnh chuyn dng dng , l ni sinh hot gia
nh, ti to sc lao ng gin n.
Khc vi nh cng cng, nh : ngi dng trong cc khng gian chc nng
thng c quan h hn nhn hoc huyt thng, v mang tnh cht lu di.
V d: Nh dng nhiu cn, nh tng (chung c), nh dng bit th, nh
lin k (nh chia l, c sn vn hoc khng c sn vn)
3.1.2 Phn loi
+ Vt liu
- BTCT(b tng ct thp)
- , gch.
- Tho mc
+ Tnh cht s dng
- Nh chia l.
- Nh nhiu cn nh tng
- Nh cao cp bit th.
3.2 Cc b phn chc nng ca nh
3.2.1 B phn :
- Phng ng
- Phng khch
- Phng n ,bp
- Phng sinh hot chung
- Phng th .
3.2.2 B phn phc v: Bp, khu v sinh, kho, sn nc (gia cng), sn phi, ban
cng, l gia ngh ngi ( l gia l khng gian ngh ngi ch c mt mt nhn ra ngoi )
3.2.3 Giao thng:
- Giao thng ng: ging Cng trnh cng cng, cu thang (b, cun)
- Giao thng ngang: hnh lang, nh cu, bng chuyn, li i l thin.
3.3 Cc loi phng c bn trong nh :
3.3.1 Tin phng l khng gian u mi ni tip cc khng gian khc
l ni giy dp, m nn v o khoc chnh trang y phc
S 6 8m (phng dm khng kh)
3.3.2 Phng ng: khng gian ngh ngi, hc tp yu cu thng thong v chiu sng,
tuyt i khng c b tr li i xuyn qua phng ng phng khc
Thng b tr cho hai ngi s dng
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
20
S = 12 16m. Xu hng lm phng ng ln do nhu cu: phi trang tr mu sc
nh nhng, lch s, d lm v sinh
B tr v hng nam v ng nam
C v tr kn o.
3.3.3 Phng khch: s dng giao tip, l tic, nui dy con ci
Yu cu: - Kn o, t nh. L cc khng gian th hin phong cch ca ch nh.
Thng thit k vi S: 16 20m
2
(4 5 ngi)
- T chc thng thong tt.
3.3.4 Phng n v bp : l khng gian n ung, bi dng ca gia nh
Yu cu : phi thng thong, vt liu s dng c chu la cao, d lau chi lm v
sinh. Bp nn t hng ty v cui gi.

- Ngun Kin trc Nh , tc gi GS. ng Thi Hong

3.3.5 Khu v sinh (WC)
Nh 1 tng nn chia thnh 2 khu : Tm, git, x
Ra, tiu tin
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
21
Din tch mi khu (S) = 1,8 2m
2

Nh nhiu tng th nn gp chung hai khu nu trn
Yu cu : khu w.c phi thng thong chiu sng tt, b tr hng ty v cui gi.

- Ngun Ng.l T.k, tc gi GS. Nguyn c Thim

3.3.6 Kho : l ni lu tr cc vt dng khng thng xuyn s dng.
V tr: Pha trn WC, di gm cu thang gn bp S = 4 6m
2

Nguyn tc thit k nh
S dng c nh sng, gi, cc nng lng c ch ca t nhin th hin
c ci hn hoc sinh kh ca ngi nh.
3.3.7 Ban cng, l gia: l ni ngh ngi hng mt, c th lm sn gia cng hoc phi
phng. Thng c b tr gn phng ng v phng khch
3.4 Kch thc 1 s thit b c trong nh v nguyn tc b tr chung
3.4.1/ Kch thc 1 s thit b c trong nh
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
22
+Phng ng v phng khch
D R C
Ging 1900 2000 800 1600 400 450
T o qun 900 1200 450 550 2250 2500
Bn m 400 450 450 400 450
Bn lm vic 750 1200 600 800 750 780
Bn Salon 500 500 400
Gh ta 350 400 550 400 420 450
Gh salon 600 600 300
+ Khu WC
X bt 650 400 450 400 420
Bidet 650 350 450 400 420
Tiu nam 300 400 300 450 600
Bn tm nm 1700 1900 750 400 420
Bn tm ngi 1200 1400 750 400 420
Bn tm nhng 900 1200 900 1200 1200
Lavabo 450 600 400 550 780 800
Chu tm ng 900 900 0
3.4.2/ Nguyn tc b tr thit b :Ph hp vi tm sinh l ngi d dng. Hp l vi
nhn trc hc (s o kch thc v cc b phn c th con ngi)
3.5/ Nhng loi nh thng dng
3.5.1 Nh nhiu cn, nh tng
Khi nim :Nh c xy dng 3 tng (tit kim t xy dng) dng trong
cc khu c, khu th mi trong vic phi kt cc th loi cng trnh trong cng tc
qui hoch.
Trn mi mt bng b tr 2 6 cn h (gia nh) xoay xung quanh cm cu
thang. Cc cn h ny khng c sn vn. Ch ly khng gian tng 1 3
Sn bi cy xanh v trong ni b xung quanh lm khng gian cng cng
3.5.1.1/ Cch chia t l cn h trong nh nhiu cn, nhiu tng
p ng c nhu cu ca c dn th cn phi iu tra x hi hc (t
l nam n, ngh nghip, lao ng)
H gia nh 2 3 40% b
4 5 40% c
c thn 1 20% a
+ Chia trn m bng tng: trn mt tng cho y d cho cc loi cn h
+ Mi tng c 1 loi
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
23
+ Chia theo bc gian

Mt bng minh ho nh x hi ( mt bng nh nhiu cn nhiu tng )

3.5.1.2/ B tr khu phc v (bp, WC, sn phi trong nh nhiu nh cn, nhi
tng)
- Khu phc v b tr trc cn h
- Khu phc v b tr gia cn h
- Khu phc v b tr sau cn h
- Khu phc v b tr song song b phn
Mt s u nhc im khi b tr cc khu phc v ( khu ph ) trong nh
+ Khu ph b tr trc : u im l thng thong v chiu sng tt, lm
phng m cho cc phng bn trong (cch ly ting n) . Tin cho vic s dng.
Nhc im l lin h gia ch phi v khu ph xa, lin h gia cc phng ng v khu
ph xa. C mt s phng b thiu sng.
+ Khu ph b tr song song b phn : u im l m bo thng thong chiu
sng, tch bch cc chc nng trong nh v tit kim ng ng ng dy khi b
tr cp i hai khu ph vi nhau . Nhc im l h s kt cu ca nh ln
+ Khu ph b tr gia nh : u im l lin h gia sn phi v khu ph, cc
phng ng v khu ph gn. Nhc im l khu ph khng c thng thong v chiu
sng, khng hn ch c ting n bn ngoi
3.5.2 Nh dng bit th.
- Nh cao cp phc v cho mi nhu cu sinh hot v m khng xt n iu
kin kinh t.
Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
24
- Dy chuyn cng nng bng dy chuyn nh + cc dy chuyn dng cc
chc nng ph khc.
- V tr ca t gn sng h, i ni phi cnh p, din tch 1000m
2

-S tng cao, cc loi bit th : 1 4 3 tng , bit th n , song lp...
S cng nng
Cng Tin snh Tin phng Cu thang Tng 2 P.ng chnh WC ring
Cc P.ng con ban cng
Phng th (truyn thng)
Th phng ( phng c).
P.th gin(phim,Karaoke...)
Phng khch
Phng n
Phng bp + n
Phng ng ( cho ngi gi ), c WC ring
WC chung cho tng 1
Kho

Tin snh

Sn TDTT Nh ngi gip vic
H bi
Sn vn cnh
Gara t , bn tu, bi p my bay nh.














Bi ging KIN TRC DN DNG- PHN NGUYN L THIT K NH DN DNG
25
Ti liu tham kho
1. Cu to kin trc nh dn dng, Tc gi : GS. TS. KTS Nguyn c Thim,
GS. TS. KTS Nguyn Mnh Thu,..., Nh xut bn KHKT- 1997
2. Gio trnh Cu to Kin trc, B Xy Dng, Nh xut bn Xy dng 2005
3. Nguyn ly thit k nh dn dng, Tc gi : GS. TS. KTS Nguyn c Thim,
PGS. TS. KTS Trn Bt,.......
4.Mt s gio trnh, gio n ca cc tc gi khc
Ghi ch : Ti liu bin son trn s c cp nht thng xuyn trong thi gian sm
nht