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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC VINH
NG VN CNG
MT S TNH CHT A PHNG
V TON CC
CA MT I CHIU HAI
TRONG KHNG GIAN LORENTZ-MINKOWSKI
LUN N TIN S TON HC
Ngh An - 2013
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC VINH
NG VN CNG
MT S TNH CHT A PHNG
V TON CC
CA MT I CHIU HAI
TRONG KHNG GIAN LORENTZ-MINKOWSKI
LUN N TIN S TON HC
Chuyn ngnh: Hnh hc v Tp
M s: 62 46 10 01
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC
PGS. TS. ON TH HIU
TS. NGUYN DUY BNH
Ngh An - 2013
i
MC LC
Mc lc i
Li cam oan iii
Li cm n iv
M u 1
1 L do chn ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Mc ch nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 i tng nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Phm vi nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Phng php nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 ngha khoa hc v thc tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Tng quan v cu trc lun n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.1 Tng quan lun n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.2 Cu trc lun n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chng 1 Kin thc c s 11
1.1 Khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Cc cong ca mt trong R
n+1
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
a) cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php . . . . . . . . . . 16
b) Elip cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Kt lun chng 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chng 2 Xy dng nh x -Gauss nhn gi tr trn HS
r
, trn LS
r
v
tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -rn 23
2.1 nh x Gauss nhn gi tr trn HS
r
v mt n

r
-rn . . . . . . . . . 25
a) nh x n

r
-Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
b) Mt n

r
-dt i chiu hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ii
c) Mt n

r
-rn i chiu hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
d) Mt s v d mt -rn trong R
4
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 nh x Gauss nhn gi tr trn LS
r
v mt l

r
-rn . . . . . . . . . . 40
a) nh x l

r
-Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
b) Mt l

r
-rn i chiu hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Mt rn i chiu hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Kt lun chng 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chng 3 Tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -phng trong R
4
1
49
3.1 Mi lin h gia mt -rn v mt -phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Tnh phng ca mt trong khng gian 4-chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
a) Tnh phng ca mt trong R
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
b) Tnh phng ca mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. . . . . . . . 58
3.3 Mt s v d v mt -phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Kt lun chng 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chng 4 Mt k v mt trn xoay kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
68
4.1 Mt k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2 Mt trn xoay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
a) Mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
b) Mt trn xoay kiu eliptic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
c) Mt trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Kt lun chng 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Kt lun v kin ngh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Danh mc cc cng trnh ca nghin cu sinh lin quan n lun n . . 90
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
iii
Li cam oan
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti, cc kt qu trnh
by trong lun n l hon ton trung thc, c cc ng tc gi cho php s dng
v lun n khng trng lp vi bt k ti liu no khc.
Tc gi
iv
LI CM N
Lun n c hon thnh ti trng i hc Vinh di s hng dn ca thy
gio PGS. TS. on Th Hiu v thy gio TS. Nguyn Duy Bnh. S nh hng
ca qu Thy trong nghin cu, s nghim khc ca cc Thy trong hc tp v
s hng dn tn tnh ca qu Thy trong lm vic l nhng yu t c bn nht
tc ng nn vic hon thnh lun n. Thm vo l tnh yu thng ca hai
Thy dnh cho tc gi trong cuc sng cho tc gi c sc mnh vt qua
rt nhiu kh khn trong hc tp v nghin cu. Tc gi xin by t lng bit n
chn thnh v su sc nht n vi hai Thy.
Lun n nh l mn qu tc gi tng n gia nh mnh, nhng ngi dnh
cho tc gi nhng g tt nht trong qu trnh hc tp. Cm n ngi v thn yu
n lc ht sc mt mnh chm sc gia nh trong sut thi gian tc gi i hc.
Tc gi gi li cm n n Khoa Ton v Khoa Sau i hc - Trng i hc
Vinh, ni tc gi hc tp v nghin cu trong thi gian lm nghin cu sinh.
Tc gi gi li cm n n Trng i hc Duy Tn v Khoa Khoa hc t
nhin - Trng i hc Duy Tn, ni tc gi cng tc ging dy v cng l ni c
tc gi i lm nghin cu sinh.
Tc gi gi li cm n n Khoa Ton - Trng i hc S phm Hu, ni tc
gi dnh nhiu thi gian lm nghin cu.
Tc gi gi li cm n su sc n PGS. TS. Nguyn Hunh Phn, PGS. TS.
Nguyn Hu Quang, GS. TSKH. Ngc Dip, TS. Kiu Phng Chi v PGS.
TS. Trn Vn n dnh thi gian c lun n v cho tc gi nhng nhn xt
qu bu.
Tc gi gi li cm n n tt c cc nh khoa hc, thy c, ngi thn, bn
b v nhng gp , ng h v ng vin v tinh thn cng nh vt cht dnh cho
tc gi.
Ngh An, thng 01 nm 2013
ng Vn Cng
M u
1. L do chn ti
1.1 Vic nghin cu cc tnh cht a phng v ton cc ca mt l mt trong nhng
vn c bn ca hnh hc vi phn. Tnh cht a phng ca mt l nhng tnh cht
lin quan n tham s ha a phng ca mt, cn tnh cht ton cc l nhng tnh
cht th hin trn ton b mt m khng chu s chi phi ca tham s ha a phng.
Chng ta bit, trong hnh hc vi phn c in, mt trong nhng cng c c bn
nghin cu cc tnh cht a phng ca mt l nh x Gauss. nh x Gauss a n
cc khi nim cong bao gm: cong Gauss; cong trung bnh; cong chnh,. . . .
Vi cc mt i chiu mt, mt trong R
3
v siu mt trong R
n
, nh x Gauss chng
t l mt cng c hu hiu nghin cu tnh cht a phng ca chng. Chng hn,
da vo tnh cht ca cong chng ta nhn c kt qu: mt mt chnh quy trong R
3
l mt rn khi v ch khi n l (mt phn ca) mt mt cu hoc (mt phn ca) mt
mt phng.
i vi cc tnh cht ton cc ca mt, mt trong nhng cng c tm c mi
lin h gia tnh cht a phng vi tnh cht ton cc l trng Jacobi dc theo mt
ng trc a. Thng qua cng c ny mt s tnh cht ton cc ca mt trong R
3

c a ra trong l thuyt hnh hc vi phn c in. Chng hn, mt mt chnh quy


trong R
3
c cong Gauss ng nht bng khng khi v ch khi n l mt k kh trin.
Vic tm hiu cc kt qu th hin cc tnh cht hnh hc ca lp mt kiu khng
gian i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski, tng t nh trng hp ca
mt trong R
3
, l mt trong nhng vn c chng ti quan tm.
1.2 Hnh hc ca mt trong R
4
c quan tm nghin cu trong mt s cng trnh
nh: [10], [31], [32], [38], [34], [26], [30], [39]. . . . Chng ta c th im li mt s kt qu
1
2
chnh t c trong lnh vc ny nh sau. Vo nm 1969, Little [26] xy dng
cc bt bin hnh hc, chng hn nh elip cong, nghin cu tnh k d ca a tp
con i chiu hai trong khng gian -clt. Cng trong [26] tc gi ch ra c rng
mt trong R
4
tho mn iu kin mi trng vect php l trng trng php khi v ch
khi n l mt mt k kh trin. n nm 1995, Mochida v mt s tc gi khc trong
[31] a ra mt s iu kin cn v v s tn ti trng trng php ca mt trong
R
4
. Trong bi bo ny cc tc gi khng nh iu kin cn v mt trong R
4
chp nhn ng hai trng trng php l li ngt a phng. Cc kt qu ny c m
rng ln mt i chiu hai trong R
n+2
bi Mochida v mt s tc gi khc trong [32] vo
nm 1999. Hng nghin cu ny c tip tc bi Romero-Fuster v Snchez-Brigas [38]
vo nm 2002, nghin cu khi nim rn trn mt. Trong [38] cc tc gi ch ra
mi quan h tng ng gia cc lp mt: -rn, tn ti hai phng tim cn trc giao
vi nhau ti mi im, na rn v cong php ng nht bng khng. n nm 2010,
Nuno-Ballesteros v Romero-Fuster [34] xy dng khi nim qu tch cong (curvature
locus), n l mt m rng ca khi nim elip cong cho mt i chiu hai trong R
n+2
,
nghin cu tnh cht ca cc a tp con i chiu hai. Trong bi bo ny cc tc gi
cng chuyn mt s kt qu trong [38] ln a tp con i chiu hai trong R
n+2
.
Vic pht trin cc kt qu nghin cu v mt trong R
4
ln mt kiu khng gian i
chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski l mt trong nhng vn chng ti quan
tm nghin cu.
1.3 Nhng nm gn y mt s kt qu nghin cu mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai
trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski c cng b, chng hn nh [17], [20], [21], [22],
[24], [23],. . . . Chng ta im qua mt s kt qu chnh cho lnh vc ny nh sau. Bng
cch s dng tnh cht ca cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php nghin cu
mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai, vo nm 2004 Izumiya v mt s tc gi khc trong
[20] ch ra rng nu mt cha trong mt gi cu th n l mt -rn, trong l
trng vect v tr ca mt. Vi chiu ngc li ca mnh ny, cc tc gi trong [20]
b sung thm gi thit song song ca mt -rn cha trong mt gi cu. Trong bi
bo ny cc tc gi cng trnh by li cch xy dng khi nim elip cong cho mt
kiu khng gian hai chiu trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski s chiu ln hn 3 v ch
ra mi lin h gia mt -rn v mt na rn, n l mt m elip cong suy bin thnh
mt on thng. Xut pht t tnh cht mt phng php ca mt mt kiu khng gian
3
i chiu hai l mt 2-phng kiu thi gian, d dng ch ra c rng n c mt c s gi
trc chun vi mt vect kiu khng gian v mt vect kiu thi gian. Bng cch s dng
tng v hiu ca hai vect trong c s ny ca mt phng php, vo nm 2007 Izumiya
v mt s tc gi trong [21], xy dng khi nim nh x Gauss nn nh sng v nghin
cu khi nim dt trn cc mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai.
Tm cch xc nh mt trng vect php trn mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai,
xem nh nh x Gauss, thun tin cho vic nghin cu cc tnh cht hnh hc ca mt,
cng l mt trong nhng vn chng ti quan tm.
1.4 Nghin cu tnh phng, iu kin cha trong mt phng, ca mt ng cong trong
R
3
l mt bi ton c in ca hnh hc vi phn. Tnh phng ca ng cong ph thuc
vo xon ca ng cong, ng cong l phng khi v ch khi xon ca n bng
khng. iu ny tng ng vi trng vect trng php ca ng cong l trng vect
hng. Ngoi ra mt s tnh cht ca mt phng mt tip ca ng cong cng cho chng
ta mt s iu kin ng cong phng.
Tm kim cc iu kin mt mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
cha trong mt siu
phng cng l mt trong nhng vn chng ti quan tm.
1.5 Vic nghin cu cc lp mt c bit trong khng gian, chng hn mt k, mt trn
xoay, . . . , cng l mt trong nhng vn c cc nh hnh hc quan tm. Khi xy
dng mt cng c no nghin cu cc lp mt, cng c thc s c gi tr nu
n c th a ra mt phn loi cho cc lp mt c bit ny. Chng ti cng mong mun
a ra cc nh l phn loi cho cc lp mt c bit, chng hn nh mt k cc i, mt
trn xoay cc i hay kho st khi nim rn trn cc lp mt ny.
Bi cc l do nu trn, ti chn ti Mt s tnh cht a phng v ton
cc ca mt i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski lm ti lun
n tin s.
2. Mc ch nghin cu
Trong lun n ny chng ti nghin cu mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt i chiu
hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski vi cc mc ch sau.
(1) Xy dng mt s cng c hu hiu c th nghin cu cc tnh cht hnh hc ca
mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai.
4
(2) Nghin cu cc khi nim rn trn mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai, a ra mt
s kt qu phn loi mt kiu khng gian -rn i chiu hai v mt kiu khng
gian rn i chiu hai.
(3) Nghin cu mi quan h gia mt -rn v mt -phng.
(4) Nghin cu cc iu kin cha trong siu phng ca mt trong khng gian R
4
sau
m rng ln mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
.
(5) S dng cc kt qu t c theo hng nghin cu ng dng vo vic kho
st tnh cht hnh hc ca mt s lp mt kiu khng gian c bit trong khng
gian Lorentz-Minkowski R
4
1
, l mt k v mt trn xoay.
3. i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu ca lun n bao gm: mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai; cc
cng c nghin cu mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai; cc tnh cht hnh hc ca mt
kiu khng gian i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski. Vy nn, nu khng
c nhc li, i tng mt trong lun n c hiu l mt kiu khng gian i chiu
hai.
4. Phm vi nghin cu
Trong lun n ny chng ti nghin cu mt s tnh cht a phng v ton cc
trn mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai, nghin cu mt s lp mt kiu khng gian i
chiu hai c bit trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski.
5. Phng php nghin cu
Chng ti s dng phng php l thuyt trong qu trnh thc hin ti. Bng
cch s dng cc cng c l cc cong trn mt, chng hn cong lin kt vi mt
trng vect php; elip cong; cong Gauss, chng ti tm kim cc tnh cht hnh
hc ca mt i chiu hai tho mn tng ng cc iu kin ca cc cong ny cng
nh mi lin h gia cc lp mt .
5
6. ngha khoa hc v thc tin
6.1 Lun n gp phn gii quyt cc bi ton ca mt i chiu hai trong khng gian
Lorentz-Minkowski sau:
(1) a ra hai phng php xc nh mt trng vect php kh vi trn phn th
php ca mt i chiu hai, l mt cp trng vect php kiu khng gian v
mt cp trng vect php kiu nh sng.
(2) S dng trng vect php (c xc nh trn) vo vic nghin cu khi nim
dt trn mt v a ra mt s nh l th hin c tnh cht hnh hc ca mt
-dt.
(3) a ra mt s nh l c tnh phn loi i vi cc mt cha trong mt gi cu tho
mn iu kin -rn hoc mt tho mn iu kin rn.
(4) a ra mt tiu chun kim tra mt trng vect php l trng trng php.
Xc nh quan h gia mt -rn v mt -phng.
(5) a ra cc iu kin mt trong R
4
v R
4
1
thuc mt siu phng.
(6) a ra cc nh l th hin tnh cht hnh hc ca mt s mt kiu khng gian
c bit trong R
4
1
bao gm: mt k cc i; mt trn xoay (kiu hypebolic v kiu
eliptic) cc i; mt trn xoay (kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic) rn. Ch ra s lng
trng trng php trn mt k, mt trn xoay (kiu hypebolic hoc eliptic). a
ra cc iu kin tng ng vi s lng trng trng php trn mt trn xoay vi
kinh tuyn phng. Xc nh cc trng vect php trn mt k v mt trn xoay
chng l mt -rn.
6.2 Lun n c th lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin, cho hc vin cao hc v nghin
cu sinh theo hng nghin cu ny.
6
7. Tng quan v cu trc lun n
7.1. Tng quan lun n
Phn kin thc c s ca lun n c gii thiu trong chng 1. y l khi kin
thc rt cn bn nhng n c s dng nhiu trong lun n nn khng th b qua. ng
gp ca lun n c trnh by trong cc chng 2, 3 v 4. Trong chng 2, chng ti
a ra hai phng php xc nh mt cp trng vect php kh vi trn mt, mt cp
kiu khng gian v mt cp kiu nh sng, ng thi ng dng cc trng vect php
ny nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -rn, mt rn. Chng 3 a ra mt tiu
chun kim tra mt trng vect php trn mt l trng trng php, nghin cu mi
quan h gia mt -rn v mt -phng ng thi xc nh s lng trng trng php
trn mt -rn. Cng trong Chng 3, chng ti nghin cu cc iu kin mt mt
trong khng gian 4-chiu, R
4
v R
4
1
, cha trong mt siu phng. Trong chng 4, chng
ti kho st mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca hai lp mt c bit trong R
4
1
, l mt k
kiu khng gian v mt trn xoay kiu khng gian.
7.1.1 Vic nghin cu lp mt -rn i chiu hai, trc ht cn k n cc tc gi
Izumiya, Pei, Romero-Fuster,. . . trong cc bi bo [18], [17], [20], [21], [22], [23],. . . . Cc
tc gi gi s trn mt tn ti mt trng vect php (kiu khng gian, kiu thi
gian hoc kiu nh sng), xy dng cc cong lin kt vi trng vect php , sau
a ra mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -rn. Tuy nhin, s tn ti cc trng vect
php nh th no th cha c nhc n. iu ny c ngha v mt l thuyt nhng
li kh khn khi thc hnh tnh ton trn cc mt c th. Cho n thi im ny, khi
cho mt mt di dng tham s ho, vic xc nh mt trng vect php trn mt ng
thi kim sot c thuc tnh (kiu khng gian, kiu thi gian hoc kiu nh sng) ca
n vn ang l vn cha c nghin cu c th. Trong Chng 2 ca lun n ny
chng ti a ra hai phng php xc nh hai cp trng vect php trn mt mt
c cho di dng tham s, l mt cp trng vect php kiu khng gian v mt
cp trng vect php kiu nh sng. iu ny c ngha v mt thc hnh, khi cho
mt mt tham s chng ta s xc nh c trng vect php c th trn mt (kiu
khng gian hoc kiu nh sng) t ta tnh c cc cong lin kt vi n nghin
cu cc tnh cht hnh hc ca mt. Qu trnh ny c tng quan li nh sau: Vi mi
im p M, mt phng php N
p
M ca M ti p l mt 2-phng kiu thi gian, n s
7
ct n-khng gian hypebolic tm v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1) bn knh R = 1 (t.. nn nh sng)
theo mt hypebol (t.. hai tia). Vi mt s thc r > 0, siu phng x
n+1
= r ct hypebol
(t.. hai tia) theo ng hai vect, k hiu l n

r
(t.. l

r
). Chng ta chng minh c cc
trng vect n

r
(t.. l

r
) l cc trng vect kiu khng gian (t.. kiu nh sng) kh
vi (nh l 2.1.3) v v vy c th tnh ton cc cong lin kt vi chng tin hnh
nghin cu mt n

r
-rn v mt l

r
-rn. Khng cn gi thit n

r
l trng vect php song
song (nh trong [20]), M l mt n

r
-dt khi v ch khi n

r
l trng vect hng, iu ny
tng ng vi M cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian khng cha trc x
n+1
(nh
l 2.1.5). Chng ti cng a ra mt s iu kin tng ng cc mt cha trong mt
gi cu hypebolic l mt n

r
-rn (nh l 2.1.12). V n

r
khng l trng vect php song
song nn nu M l mt n

r
-rn th ni chung (ngay c khi M cha trong mt gi cu)
hm cong n

r
-chnh khng l hm hng. nh l 2.1.14 cho chng ta cc tnh cht hnh
hc ca mt cha trong gi cu hypebolic tho mn iu kin n

r
-rn v cong n

r
-chnh
l hm hng. Vi mt khng gi thit cha trong gi cu, iu kin n

r
-rn v n

r
song
song tng ng vi iu kin M cha trong giao ca mt gi cu hypebolic vi mt
siu phng x
n+1
= c (nh l 2.1.15). Chng ti cng a ra mt iu kin tng ng
vi iu kin song song ca n

r
(nh l 2.1.16). c mt phn lp gia mt: -rn; mt
rn; mt cha trong gi cu v mt -rn vi hm cong hng, chng ti a ra cc v
d trong mc d). Cc kt qu nhn c l tng t khi s dng trng vect php l

r
nghin cu mt l

r
-rn. iu ny c th hin trong cc nh l 2.2.7, 2.2.8 v 2.2.9.
iu ng lu y l nh x l

r
-Gauss thc s hu dng vi lp mt cha trong gi
cu de Sitter, ni m s dng nh x n

r
-Gauss c phn khng thun li trong vic kho
st khi nim rn ca mt. Tng hp cc kt qu v mt -rn v kt hp vi s tn ti
trng mc tiu gm cc trng vect song song trn mt lin thng dt, chng ti nhn
c c trng hnh hc ca mt rn i chiu hai trong nh l 2.3.2.
7.1.2. Trong Chng 3 ca lun n chng ti a ra mt iu kin kim tra mt
trng vect php l trng trng php, nghin cu mi quan h gia mt -rn v mt
-phng v pht trin mt s kt qu trong [29], [31], [32], [38], [34] v mt trong R
4
ln
mt trong R
4
1
, nghin cu cc iu kin mt trong R
4
cha trong mt siu phng
v pht trin ln mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
.
Trc ht, s dng tch ngoi ca 3 vect, chng ti a ra mt iu kin kim
tra mt trng vect php c phi l trng trng php hay khng (Mnh 3.1.2). V
8
quan h bao hm gia mt -rn v mt -phng, nh l 3.1.3 ch ra rng trn mt -rn
(khng -dt) lun tn ti t nht 1 v nhiu nht 2 trng trng php, tc n l mt
mt -phng. Hn th, chng ti cng cho cc v d ch ra s tn ti cc mt -phng
nhng trn n khng tn ti bt k trng vect php no n l mt -rn. iu
ny c ngha lp mt -rn cha trong lp mt -phng, nhng chiu ngc li th khng
ng. Ngoi ra, Mnh 3.1.10 cn cho chng ta mt iu kin cn v mt hon
ton phng.
Tip theo chng ti nghin cu mt s iu kin mt mt trong khng gian
bn chiu cha trong mt siu phng. Trc ht, chng ti c cc v d ch ra rng
vic m rng cc iu kin ng cong trong R
3
cha trong mt siu phng ln
mt trong trong khng gian 4-chiu cha trong mt siu phng ni chung l khng ng
(V d 3.2.1, 3.2.2). T tnh cht ca cc mt phng tip xc, Mnh 3.2.5 cho chng
ta hai iu kin mt mt l mt -dt. M rng ln tnh cht ca cc siu phng
-php trn mt, Mnh 3.2.6 cho cc iu kin mt l mt -phng. Tuy vy, cc
iu kin ny cha suy ra mt cha trong siu phng. Bng cch b sung cc iu
kin mnh hn, chng ti nhn c bn iu kin mt mt trong R
4
cha trong
mt siu phng (Mnh 3.2.7). tng ca vic a ra cc iu kin ny xut pht t
vic m rng cc kt qu v iu kin phng ca ng cong trong R
3
. Mc d cc kt
qu ca cc Mnh 3.2.5, 3.2.6 v 3.2.7 c pht biu cho mt trong R
4
nhng n vn
ng i vi mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. Khi trng vect php l trng vect kiu
khng gian hoc kiu thi gian th cc kt qu tnh cht ca mt trong trong R
4
v mt
kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
ni chung l trng nhau. S khc bit v tnh cht ca mt
kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
vi mt trong R
4
th hin khi trng vect php ca mt l
trng kiu nh sng. Cc Mnh 3.2.13 v 3.2.15 a ra cc iu kin cha trong siu
phng ca mt kiu khng gian nhng n ch ng khi trng vect php l trng vect
kiu nh sng. Chng ti cng a ra cc v d ch ra cc kt qu ny khng ng i
vi mt trong R
4
cng nh i vi mt kiu khng gian m trng vect php khng l
trng kiu nh sng.
Phn cui ca Chng 3 chng ti a ra cc v d minh ho cho cc kt qu t
c, cc phn v d cho cc kt qu cng nh khng nh tnh ti u ca cc gi thit
c a ra trong cc mnh v cc nh l.
7.1.3. Vic kho st cc tnh cht hnh hc cng nh tm kim cc kt qu c tnh phn
9
loi cc lp mt c th, chng hn mt k hay mt trn xoay, l mt trong cc vn
c cc nh hnh hc thc s quan tm. Nh mt ng dng ca Chng 2 v Chng
3, trong Chng 4 chng ti tp trung kho st mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt k v
mt trn xoay kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. Tng ng vi cc iu kin c th, Mnh
4.1.3 xc nh s lng phng trng php ti mi im trn mt k. Mnh 4.1.5 ch
ra rng iu kin cn v mt mt k cc i l n cc i trong mt siu phng
kiu khng gian, lp mt k kiu khng gian -rn v rn l trng nhau. Vi mt trn
xoay trong R
4
1
, chng ti xt hai loi mt, l xoay mt ng cong trong khng gian
ba chiu quanh mt mt phng (mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic) v xoay
mt ng cong phng ng thi quanh hai mt phng vi tc quay khc nhau (mt
trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng). nh l 4.2.4 v nh l 4.2.10, bng cch ng dng nh
x l

r
-Gauss, cho chng ta xc nh c phng trnh tham s ca mt trn xoay (kiu
hypebolic v kiu eliptic) tho mn iu kin rn. Tip tc ng dng nh x l

r
-Gauss,
chng ta xc nh c phng trnh tham s ha ca mt trn xoay (kiu hypebolic
v kiu eliptic) l mt cc i (nh l 4.2.6, nh l 4.2.12). Mnh 4.2.8 v Mnh
4.2.14 khng nh trn mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic (khng cha trong
siu phng) tn ti ng hai trng trng php v tn ti duy nht mt trng vect
php mt -rn. nh l 4.2.16 ch ra rng tnh cht hng ca cong Gauss i mt
trn xoay kiu hypebolic v eliptic trong R
4
1
l trng nhau v ch ph thuc vo hm bn
knh quay. Khi , cng thc xc nh bn knh quay ch ph thuc vo du ca cong
Gauss. Vi mt trn xoay c kinh tuyn phng, chng ti a ra c cc iu kin ca
tham s ho ng kinh tuyn tng ng vi vic xc nh s lng trng trng php
trn mt. Chng ti cng cho cc v d ch ra s tn ti ca cc lp mt tng ng vi
cc iu kin c a ra.
7.2. Cu trc lun n
Ni dung ca lun n c chia lm 4 chng. Ngoi ra lun n cn c Li cam oan,
Li cm n, Mc lc, phn M u, phn Kt lun v Kin ngh, Danh mc cng trnh
khoa hc ca nghin cu sinh lin quan n lun n, Ti liu tham kho v Ch mc.
Chng 1 l chng kin thc c s bao gm 2 mc. Mc 1.1 trnh by khi cc kin
thc c bn v khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski. Mc 1.2 gii thiu mt s cng c nghin
cu mt i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski m lun n s dng, n c
10
chia thnh 2 mc nh bao gm: Mc a) trnh by cc kin thc v cc cong lin kt
vi mt trng vect php cng nh cc khi nim mt tng ng vi mt s trng hp
c bit ca cc cong ny; Mc b) gii thiu khi nim elip cong ca mt trong
khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski.
Chng 2 trnh by cc ni dung nghin cu cc khi nim rn (-rn) trn mt i
chiu hai, bao gm 3 mc. Mc 2.1 trnh by cch xy dng nh x n

r
-Gauss v ng
dng ca n a ra mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -rn; Mc 2.2 trnh by cch
xy dng nh x l

r
-Gauss v ng dng ca n vo vic nghin cu mt -rn; Mc 2.3
trnh by phn loi mt rn. Ni dung trong chng ch yu nghin cu tnh cht a
phng trn mt, ring cc tnh cht n

r
-dt v l

r
-dt th hin tnh cht ton cc trn
mt.
Chng 3 nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -phng v iu kin cha trong
siu phng ca mt trong khng gian 4-chiu, bao gm 3 mc. Mc 3.1. a ra mt tiu
chun kim tra mt trng vect php l trng trng trng php v xc nh mi
quan h gia mt -rn, mt -phng v mt rn. Mc 3.2 trnh by nghin cu cc iu
kin mt trong khng gian 4-chiu cha trong siu phng, bao gm hai mc nh.
Mc a) nghin cu cc iu kin mt trong R
4
cha trong siu phng v Mc b)
m rng cc kt qu va t c trong R
4
ln mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. Mc 3.3
trnh by mt s v d v mt -phng v mt s phn v d cho cc pht biu trong
chng ny. Cc kt qu trong mc 3.1 th hin cc tnh cht a phng trn mt, ring
cc kt qu trong mc 3.2 th hin c tnh cht ton cc trn mt.
Chng 4 trnh by mt s tnh cht ca mt k v mt trn xoay trong R
4
1
, bao gm
2 mc. Mc 4.1 trnh by mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt k kiu khng gian trong
R
4
1
. Mc 4.2 trnh by mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt trn xoay trong R
4
1
, bao gm:
Mc a) trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu v mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic, Mc b) trnh
by cc kt qu nghin cu v mt trn xoay kiu eliptic v Mc c) trnh by mt s tnh
cht ca mt trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng trong R
4
1
.
Chng 1
Kin thc c s
Trong chng ny, chng ti tng quan khi kin thc v khng gian Lorentz-
Minkowski R
n+1
1
, gii thiu mt s cong trn mt i chiu hai v mt s lp mt
i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
. y l khi kin thc ht sc cn bn ca hnh hc vi phn,
nhng v c s dng nhiu trong lun n nn khng th khng nhc n.
1.1 Khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski
Trong mc ny, chng ti ch gii thiu cc kt qu c s dng trong cc chng
sau ca lun n m khng i vo cc chng minh chi tit.
Cho R
n+1
l khng gian vect thc v
= e
1
, e
2
, . . . , e
n+1

l c s chnh tc ca R
n+1
.
nh ngha 1.1.1. Khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski (n+1)-chiu, k hiu R
n+1
1
, l khng
gian vect R
n+1
c trang b dng song tuyn tnh i xng v khng suy bin, xc nh
bi
g(x, y) := x, y) =
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
x
n+1
y
n+1
,
trong x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n+1
) , y = (y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
n+1
) .
D dng kim tra c rng, , ) l mt tch (gi) v hng trn R
n+1
1
vi ch s (n, 1).
V , ) khng xc nh dng nn x, x) c th bng khng hoc m. T cc vect trn
R
n+1
1
c phn thnh ba loi khc nhau.
11
12
nh ngha 1.1.2. Mt vect x R
n+1
1
c gi l
1. kiu khng gian (spacelike) nu x, x) > 0 hoc x = 0,
2. kiu thi gian (timelike) nu x, x) < 0,
3. kiu nh sng (lightlike) nu x, x) = 0 v x ,= 0.
Vi x, y R
n+1
1
, nu x, y) = 0 th ta ni x v y (gi) trc giao vi nhau. Chun ca
mt vect x R
n+1
1
, k hiu |x|, l
|x| =
_
[x, x)[.
Cho mt vect khc khng n R
n+1
1
v c R ta xc nh siu phng vi vect php
n l
HP
n
(c) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x, n) = c
_
.
Siu phng HP
n
(c) c gi l kiu khng gian, kiu nh sng hoc kiu thi gian
nu vect n tng ng l vect kiu thi gian, kiu nh sng hoc kiu khng gian. D
dng ch ra c rng, HP
n
(c) l siu phng kiu khng gian nu v ch nu mi vect
x HP
n
(c) l vect kiu khng gian; HP
n
(c) l siu phng kiu nh sng nu v ch nu
n cha mt vect kiu nh sng no v khng cha vect kiu thi gian no; HP
n
(c)
l siu phng kiu thi gian nu v ch nu n cha t nht mt vect kiu thi gian.
Trng hp c = 0, siu phng HP
n
(c) c k hiu n gin HP
n
.
Ta c ba loi gi cu trn R
n+1
1
c nh ngha nh sau.
nh ngha 1.1.3. Vi mt vect a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n+1
) R
n+1
1
v mt hng s dng R,
ta c:
1. Gi cu hypebolic tm a v bn knh R, k hiu H
n
(a, R), l
H
n
(a, R) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x a, x a) = R
_
.
Khi a = 0 v R = 1 ta c gi cu hypebolic, k hiu H
n
.
2. Gi cu de Sitter tm a v bn knh R, k hiu S
n
1
(a, R), l
S
n
1
(a, R) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x a, x a) = R
_
.
Khi a = 0 v R = 1 ta c gi cu de Sitter, k hiu S
n
1
.
13
3. Gi cu nn nh sng vi nh a, k hiu LC(a), l
LC(a) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x a, x a) = 0
_
.
Trng hp a = 0 ta c nn nh sng
LC =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x, x) = 0
_
,
v cc k hiu
LC

=
_
x =
_
x
1
, . . . , x
n+1
_
LC [ x
n+1
,= 0
_
,
LC

+
=
_
x =
_
x
1
, . . . , x
n+1
_
LC [ x
n+1
> 0
_
.
T nh ngha trn ta c cc khi nim: n-khng gian hypebolic tm a v bn knh R
c k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
H
n
+
(a, R) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x a, x a) = R, x
n+1
a
n+1
> 0
_
;
n-khng gian nn nh sng vi nh a c k hiu v xc nh
LC
+
(a) =
_
x R
n+1
1
[ x a, x a) = 0, x
n+1
a
n+1
> 0
_
.
n-cu nn nh sng n v, k hiu S
n
+
, l
S
n
+
=
_
x =
_
x
1
, . . . , x
n+1
_
R
n+1
1
[ x, x) = 0, x
n+1
= 1
_
.
Vi x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n+1
) l mt vect kiu nh sng, ta c x
n+1
,= 0, t
x =
_
x
1
x
n+1
, . . . ,
x
n
x
n+1
, 1
_
,
khi x S
n
+
.
nh ngha 1.1.4. Cho W l mt khng gian vect con ca R
n+1
1
, khi :
1. W c gi l kiu khng gian nu g[W xc nh dng, iu ny c ngha W l
mt khng gian vi tch v hng cm sinh l khng gian -clt.
2. W c gi l kiu thi gian nu g[W khng suy bin vi ch s 1.
14
3. W c gi l kiu nh sng nu g[W suy bin.
Tng t nh trong [20] v [22], khi nim mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai M
trong lun n ny c hiu l a tp (n 1)-chiu c nhng chnh quy vo R
n+1
1
tho mn: ti mi im p M khng gian tip xc T
p
M l kiu khng gian. V mt a
phng M c xc nh thng qua php nhng X : U R
n+1
1
, trong U R
n1
l
mt tp m. Chng ta lun gi thit mt cho l lin thng v ng nht M = X(U),
mt cch a phng, vi U thng qua X. Vi (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n1
) U ta k hiu
X(u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n1
) =
_
X
1
(u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n1
), . . . , X
n+1
(u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n1
)
_
= p M
v
X
u
i
=
X
u
i
.
Hon ton tng t, chng ta cng c cc khi nim mt kiu thi gian i chiu hai,
mt kiu nh sng i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski. V ni dung lun
n ch nghin cu cc tnh cht hnh hc ca cc mt kiu khng gian nn t y v sau
thut ng mt i chiu hai lun c hiu l mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai.
Cho x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
R
n+1
1
, ta nh ngha tch ngoi ca n vect ny nh sau
x
1
x
2
x
n
=

e
1
. . . e
n
e
n+1
x
1
1
. . . x
n
1
x
n+1
1
.
.
. . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
1
n
. . . x
n
n
x
n+1
n

,
trong x
i
= (x
1
i
, x
2
i
, . . . , x
n+1
i
), i = 1, . . . n.
Chng hn, vi a, b R
3
1
, a = (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
), b = (b
1
, b
2
, b
3
), tch ngoi a b c xc
nh
a b = (a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
, a
3
b
1
a
1
b
3
, a
2
b
1
a
1
b
2
).
Ta c a b, x) = det(a, b, x), x R
3
1
.
Vi x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
, x R
n+1
1
th
x
1
x
2
x
n
, x) = det(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
, x).
Vy nn vi mi i 1, . . . , n, x
i
, x
1
x
2
x
n
) = 0.
Tch ngoi ca n vect trong R
n+1
1
c cc tnh cht tng t tch ngoi ca n vect
trong R
n+1
.
15
Tch v hng g l mt dng song tuyn tnh i xng v khng suy bin, ma trn
ca g trong c s chnh tc c xc nh
G =
_

_
1 0 . . . 0
0 1 . . . 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . 1
_

_
.
Mt ng cu tuyn tnh f : R
n+1
1
R
n+1
1
c gi l mt php ng c (php bin
i) Lorentz-Minkowski nu
f(a), f(b)) = a, b), a, b R
n+1
1
.
Gi s A l ma trn ca ng cu tuyn tnh f i vi c s chnh tc , khi f l
php bin i Lorentz-Minkowski khi v ch khi A
T
GA = G.
Tp hp tt c cc php bin i Lorentz-Minkowski ca khng gian R
n+1
1
lp thnh
mt nhm, k hiu O(n + 1, 1), c gi l nhm cc php bin i ng c Lorentz-
Minkowski. K hiu SO(n + 1, 1) l tp hp tt c cc php bin i Lorentz-Minkowski
tho mn det A = 1. Ta c SO(n + 1, 1) l nhm con ca nhm O(n + 1, 1) v c gi
l nhm cc php bin i ng c Lorentz-Minkowski c bit.
Vic nghin cu hnh hc trong khng gian R
n+1
1
chnh l vic nghin cu cc bt bin
ca nhm O(n + 1, 1). Cc khi nim cong c a ra trong lun n ny l bt bin
di tc ng ca nhm O(n + 1, 1).
Khi nghin cu mt s lp mt c bit trong R
4
1
, chng ti quan tm n mt trn
xoay, n l qu o ca mt ng cong (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) di tc
ng ca cc nhm con ca O(4, 1) :
(A
S
)
v
=
_

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 cosh v sinh v
0 0 sinh v cosh v
_

_
, v R; (A
T
)
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0 0
sin v cos v 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_

_
, v R;
v
A
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0 0
sin v cos v 0 0
0 0 cosh v sinh v
0 0 sinh v cosh v
_

_
, v R,
trong , R.
16
1.2 Cc cong ca mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
Trong mc ny, chng ti gii thiu mt s khi nim cong ca mt kiu khng
gian i chiu hai trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski. Trc ht l cc khi nim
cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php, cc khi nim ny c xem nh l tng t
cc khi nim cong ca siu mt trong R
n
. Tip theo chng ti gii thiu khi nim
elip cong ca mt hai chiu trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski R
4
1
, c xy dng
tng t nh khi nim elip cong ca mt trong R
4
.
a) cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php
Trong mc ny, chng ta gii thiu cch xy dng nh x Weingarten v cc khi
nim cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php ([5], [9], [18], [20],. . . ). Sau , vi tng
trng hp c bit ca cc cong, chng ta phn ra cc lp mt.
Vi M l mt mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai th khng gian php ca mt ti mi
im l mt 2-phng i qua im . Mt trng vect php kh vi trn M cho php
chng ta xc nh mt nh x t M ln R
n+1
1
, n c gi l mt nh x -Gauss trn
M. Trong lun n ny, chng ta s nghin cu mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt thng
qua cc tnh cht ca nh x vi phn ca mt nh x -Gauss no . Vi phn ca ti
p M c xc nh
d(p) : T
p
M T
(p)
R
n+1
1
= T
p
M N
p
M,
vi T
p
M v N
p
M tng ng l khng gian tip xc v khng gian php ca M ti p.
Ta c phn tch sau
d(p) = d
T
(p) +d
N
(p),
trong d
T
v d
N
tng ng ln lt l thnh phn tip xc v thnh phn php ca
d.
Ch 1.2.1.
1. Vi v

ln lt l lin thng Levi-Civita trn R


n+1
1
v lin thng php trn
M, X l trng vect tip xc trn M v l trng vect php trn M, ta c
d(X) =
X
= A

(X) +

X
, (1.1)
trong X, l cc m rng a phng ca X v ln R
n+1
1
.
17
2. A

l ton t dng lin kt vi trng vect php nn ti mi p M, A

p
l ton
t tuyn tnh t lin hp trn khng gian tip xc.
3. Trng vect php c gi l song song nu thnh phn php, d
N
, ng nht
bng khng trn mt.
nh ngha 1.2.2.
1. nh x -Weingarten ca M ti p c k hiu l A

p
v xc nh nh sau:
A

p
:= d
T
(p);
2. cong -Gauss-Kronecker ca M ti p c k hiu l K

(p) v xc nh nh
sau:
K

(p) := K

p
:= det(A

p
).
K

cn c gi l cong Gauss lin kt vi trng vect php ca M;


3. cong -trung bnh ca M ti p c k hiu l H

(p) v xc nh nh sau:
H

(p) := H

p
:=
1
n 1
trace(A

p
).
H

cn c gi l cong trung bnh lin kt vi trng vect php ca M;


4. cong -chnh ca M ti p c cho bi cc gi tr ring ca A

p
v k hiu
k

i
(p), i = 1, . . . , n 1.
Hin nhin ta c
K

p
=
n1
i=1
k

i
(p),
v
H

p
=
1
n 1
n1

i=1
k

i
(p).
Ch 1.2.3. 1. Gi (a
ij
) l ma trn ca A

p
i vi c s X
u
1
(p), X
u
2
(p), . . . , X
u
n1
(p)
ca T
p
M. Khi
A

p
(X
u
j
(p)) =
n1

i=1
a
ij
X
u
i
(p), j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1. (1.2)
18
T h phng trnh (1.2) ta c
d[
p
(X
u
j
(p)), X
u
m
(p)) = A

p
(X
u
j
(p)), X
u
m
(p))
=
n1

i=1
a
ji
X
u
i
(p), X
u
m
(p))
=
n1

i=1
a
ji
g
im
(p), m = 1, n 1, j = 1, n 1.
Lu
b

jm
(p) = X
u
j
u
m
(p), (p)) = d[
p
(X
u
j
(p)), X
u
m
(p))
vi m = 1, n 1, j = 1, n 1, l cc h s ca dng c bn th hai lin kt vi
trng vect php ca M ti p, v
g
ij
(p) = X
u
i
(p), X
u
j
(p)), i, j = 1, n 1,
l cc h s ca dng c bn th nht. Suy ra
(b

jm
(p)) = (a
ji
)(g
im
(p)) (a
ji
) = (b

jm
(p))(g
im
(p))
1
,
v X
u
1
(p), X
u
2
(p), . . . , X
u
n1
(p) c lp tuyn tnh v l cc vect kiu khng gian
nn det(g
im
(p)) ,= 0 suy ra tn ti (g
im
(p))
1
.
Khi cc cong -chnh ca M ti p l nghim ca phng trnh (theo n k)
det[(a
ij
) kI] = 0 det[b

jm
(p) k(g
ij
(p))] = 0.
Vy, cc cong -chnh ca M ti p l cc gi tr ring ca (a
ij
) hay nghim ca
phng trnh
det(b

ij
(p) kg
ij
(p)) = 0. (1.3)
2. K

p
= det(b

ij
(p)).det(g
ij
(p))
1
.
nh ngha 1.2.4. Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
, v l mt trng
vect php trn M, ta c cc khi nim sau:
1. im p M c gi l im -rn nu k

i
(p) = k

(p), i = 1, 2, . . . n 1. Nu
k

(p) = 0 th ta ni p l im -dt.
2. M c gi l -rn (-dt) nu mi im trn M l im -rn (-dt).
19
3. M c gi l mt rn (dt) nu M l mt -rn (-dt) vi mi trng vect php
.
4. M c gi l mt -cc i nu cong -trung bnh H

ng nht bng khng


trn M.
5. (p) c gi l phng trng php ca M ti p nu K

p
= 0, khi p c gi l
im -phng.
6. Vect tip xc (p) T
p
M c gi l mt phng tim cn ca M ti p nu tn
ti phng trng php (p) ca M ti p sao cho (p) ker A

p
. Khi (p) cng
c gi l phng -tim cn ca M ti p.
7. Trng vect c gi l trng trng php trn M nu n trng php ti mi
im, iu ny c ngha K

p
= 0, p M, khi M c gi l mt -phng.
8. M c gi l hon ton phng nu mi trng vect php trn M l trng trng
php.
9. Siu phng i qua p M vi vect php (p) c gi l siu phng -php ca M
ti p. Khi (p) l phng trng php ta c siu phng -mt tip ca M ti p.
Nhn xt 1.2.5. Tng t [32], khi nim phng trng php v phng tim cn ti
mi im trn mt i chiu hai c th xy dng thng qua ma trn Hessian ca hm
cao trn mt.
Cho l mt vect trong R
n+1
1
, hm cao trn M lin kt vi c xc nh
h

: M R
p = X(u
1
, . . . , u
n1
) p, ) = X(u
1
, . . . , u
n1
), ).
Ma trn Hessian ca h

ti p M c cho bi
H(h

(p)) =
_
X
u
i
u
j
(p), )
_
, i, j = 1, . . . , n 1.
Gi s N
p
M v B l mt trng vect php trn M sao cho B(p) = . Khi ,
H(h

(p)) =
_
b
B
ij
(p)
_
.
Vy nn ta c th nh ngha phng trng php v phng tim cn ti mt im
nh sau.
20
1. Vect N
p
M, ,= 0, c gi l phng trng php ca M ti p nu
det H(h

(p)) = 0.
2. Ta gi T
p
M l mt phng tim cn ca M ti p nu tn ti mt phng trng
php ca M ti p sao cho ker H(h

(p)).
Hin nhin hai khi nim ny trng vi hai khi nim tng ng trong nh ngha
1.2.4.
b) Elip cong
Khi nim elip cong c Little xy dng trong [26] cho mt hai chiu trong R
4
,
sau c Izumiya v mt s tc gi khc, trong [18], pht biu li cho mt kiu khng
gian trong R
4
1
, v m rng ln mt kiu khng gian (2-chiu) trong R
n
1
[20]. Trong mc
ny, chng ti gii thiu mt s cng thc tnh ton trn mt trong R
4
1
, t i n khi
nim elip cong ca mt trong R
4
1
.
Cho M l mt mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. Vi mi p M, gi s
e
1
(u, v), e
2
(u, v); p = (u, v)
l mc tiu trc chun ca phn th tip xc v
e
3
(u, v), e
4
(u, v); p = (u, v)
l mc tiu trc chun ca phn th php. Trong e
3
l trng vect kiu khng gian
v e
4
l trng vect kiu thi gian. Ta c biu din
dX =
4

i=1

i
e
i
, de
i
=
4

j=1

ij
e
j
; i = 1, 2, . . . , 4,
trong
i
v
ij
l cc 1-dng c xc nh bi

i
= (e
i
)dX, e
i
),
ij
= (e
i
)d(e
i
), e
j
)
v
(e
i
) = sign(e
i
) =
_
_
_
1, i = 1, 2, 3,
1, i = 4.
21
Khi ta c phng trnh (kiu) Codazzi
_

_
d
i
=
4

i=1
(e
i
)(e
j
)
ij

j
,
d
ij
=
4

k=1

ik

kj
.
(1.4)
Sau mt s bc bin i v s dng B Cartan, cc tc gi trong [18] ch ra
cc ng thc
_
_
_

41
= a
2
+b
1
,
42
= b
2
+c
1
,

32
= e
2
+f
1
,
31
= f
2
+g
1
.
(1.5)
Mt khc, t cc ng thc
d
2
X, e
4
) = (a
2
2
+ 2b
2

1
+c
2
1
); d
2
X, e
3
) = (e
2
2
+ 2f
2

1
+g
2
1
),
ta suy ra a, b, c v e, f, g l cc h s ca dng c bn th hai ln lt lin kt vi e
4
v
e
3
.
Cho : I R
4
1
l mt ng cong kiu khng gian chnh quy vi tham s ho di
cung, nhn c bng cch giao M vi 3-phng kiu thi gian c xc nh bi vect
n v v T
p
M v mt phng php N
p
M. Ta c, v =

(s) v p (I). cong php


ca nm trong N
p
M v c xc nh bi cng thc
(v) =
d
2

ds
2
(p), e
4
)e
4

d
2

ds
2
(p), e
3
)e
3
= (a cos
2
+ 2b cos sin +c sin
2
)e
4
+
+ (e cos
2
+ 2f cos sin +g sin
2
)e
3
,
trong v = sin e
1
+ cos e
2
T
p
M. t
H
p
=
1
2
(e +g)e
3

1
2
(a +c)e
4
,
ta c biu din ca (v)
( H
p
) =
_
_
1
2
(a c) b

1
2
(e g) f
_
_
_
_
cos 2
sin 2
_
_
. (1.6)
Vy nn, khi cho thay i t 0 n 2, () xc nh mt elip trn N
p
M, n c gi
l elip cong ca M ti p.
Hon ton tng t mt trong R
4
1
, khi nim elip cong ca mt kiu khng gian
2-chiu trong R
n+1
1
c Izumiya v cc tc gi khc xy dng trong [20].
Vi cc k hiu trn ta c:
22
1. H
p
c gi l vect cong trung bnh ca M ti p.
2. M c gi l mt cc i nu vi mi p M, H
p
= 0.
3. im p M c gi l im na rn nu ti p elip cong suy bin thnh mt
on thng. Mt im na rn ln lt c gi l kiu khng gian, kiu thi gian
hoc kiu nh sng nu tng ng on thng m elip suy bin thnh c phng l
kiu khng gian, kiu thi gian hoc kiu nh sng trn N
p
M. Nu ti p M, elip
cong suy bin thnh mt im th p c gi l im rn. M c gi l mt
na rn (rn) nu mi im trn M l im na rn (rn).
4. cong php ca M ti p c xc nh
N
p
= det
_
_
1
2
(a c) b

1
2
(e g) f
_
_
=
1
2
((a c)f (e g)b) .
Nhn xt 1.2.6.
1. Nu biu din di dng cong trung bnh lin kt vi mt trng vect php ta
c
H
p
= H
e
3
p
e
3
H
e
4
p
e
4
.
2. Ti im p, elip cong suy bin thnh mt on thng khi v ch khi N
p
= 0.
K lun chng 1
Trong chng ny, chng ti gii thiu s lc v khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski,
trnh by cc khi nim v tnh cht ca cc cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php
trn mt mt i chiu hai v khi nim elip cong ca mt trong R
4
1
. Chng ny
nhm phc v cho vic trnh by cc kt qu chnh ca lun n trong cc chng sau.
Chng 2
Xy dng nh x -Gauss nhn gi
tr trn HS
r
, trn LS
r
v tnh cht
hnh hc ca mt -rn
Mt s tnh cht ca mt -rn i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
c Izumiya, Pei,
Romero Fuster, Kasedou . . . gii thiu trong cc bi bo [19], [20], [21], [23], . . . . Trc
ht chng ta im qua cc kt qu t c trong cc bi bo ny.
Trong [19], Izumiya v mt s tc gi khc kho st khi nim rn ca mt i chiu
hai cha trong mt n-khng gian hypebolic. Nu M l mt mt cha trong mt n-khng
gian hypebolic th trng vect v tr X ca M l mt trng vect php n v kiu
thi gian trn mt. S dng tch ngoi ca trng vect v tr vi (n2) trng vect c
s ca phn th tip xc, cc tc gi xy dng thm mt trng vect php n v kiu
khng gian e trn M. Ly tng v hiu ca X v e, cc tc gi nhn c hai trng vect
php kiu nh sng trn mt, L

= X e. Ch rng cc trng vect php m cc


tc gi nhn c l cc trng vect php song song. Bng cch phn chia cc khong
gi tr ca cong e-chnh v cong L

-chnh, Mnh 2.1 trong [19] a n kt


qu phn loi cc lp mt rn trn n-khng gian hypebolic. Vi phng php nghin cu
tng t trong [19], Kasedou [23] a ra cc kt qu nghin cu i vi mt cha
trong mt gi cu de Sitter.
Nh chng ta bit, mt mt lin thng trong R
3
l mt rn khi v ch khi n cha
trong mt mt phng hoc trong mt mt cu no ([11, tr. 147]). Kt qu ny c
23
24
m rng cho siu mt trong R
n+1
1
: mt siu mt trong R
n+1
1
l mt rn khi v ch khi n
cha trong mt siu phng hoc mt siu mt bc hai (gi cu hypebolic hoc gi cu
de Sitter) no ([35, tr. 116]). Vi mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
, iu kin n l
mt -rn hon ton ph thuc vo trng vect php . Tng t nh mt i chiu
mt, Izumiya v mt s tc gi khc ch ra rng nu mt mt i chiu hai cha trong
mt gi cu th n l mt -rn, trong l trng vect v tr ca mt ([20, B
4.1]). Chiu ngc li ca B ny khng ng, iu ny c ch ra trong V d 2.1.20.
Nu M l mt mt -rn th ni chung hm cong -chnh khng l hm hng (V d
2.1.19), trong B 4.2 [20] cc tc gi ch ra rng gi thit trng vect php song
song l mt iu kin hm cong -chnh ca mt -rn l mt hm hng. Vi
gi thit l trng vect php song song v thuc tnh ca khng i, cc tc gi
trong [20] a ra cc iu kin cn v mt mt i chiu hai l mt -rn ([20,
nh l 4.3]). thun li cho vic trnh by, chng ti xin c lit k cc kt qu ny
y.
nh l 2.0.7 ([20]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
, n 3.
(a) Gi s M l mt -rn, vi l mt trng vect php song song v kiu thi gian,
khi nu k

i
= ,= 0, i = 1, . . . , n1 th M cha trong mt n-khng gian hypebolic,
nu k

i
= = 0, i = 1, . . . , n 1 th M cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian.
(b) Gi s M l mt -rn, vi l mt trng vect php song song v kiu khng
gian, khi nu k

i
= ,= 0, i = 1, . . . , n 1 th M cha trong mt n-khng gian
de Sitter, nu k

i
= = 0, i = 1, . . . , n 1 th M cha trong mt siu phng kiu
khng gian.
(a) Gi s M l mt -rn, vi l mt trng vect php song song v kiu nh sng,
khi nu k

i
= ,= 0, i = 1, . . . , n 1 th M cha trong mt nn nh sng, nu
k

i
= = 0, i = 1, . . . , n 1 th M cha trong mt siu phng kiu nh sng.
Cng nghin cu mt -rn, nhng ni dung ca lun n tp trung vo cc trng
vect php c th ca mt, c th xc nh tng minh bng mt h phng trnh i
s. chnh l cc trng vect php n

r
v l

r
.
Mi lin h gia mt -rn v mt na rn cng c Izumiya v cc tc gi khc
nghin cu trong [20]. thun li cho vic trch dn chng ti xin nhc li kt qu ny.
25
nh l 2.0.8 ([20]). Mt mt M R
4
1
l mt na rn khi v ch khi n l mt -rn,
vi l trng vect php khc khng, xc nh a phng ti nhng im khng l im
rn ca mt.
Chng minh ca nh l 2.0.8 ch ra rng nu M l mt na rn th n -rn vi
l vect trc giao vi vect ch phng ca on thng m elip cong suy bin thnh.
Ngc li nu n -rn th on thng m elip cong suy bin thnh c vect ch phng
trc giao vi .
Cng nghin cu mt i chiu hai trong R
4
1
c tnh cht -rn, trong [21] Izumiya
v cc tc gi tp trung vo hai trng vect php kiu nh sng trn mt. Nhn thy
nu M l mt mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai th khng gian php N
p
M ca M ti
p l mt 2-phng kiu thi gian. Khi tn ti trng vect php n v kiu thi gian
n
T
trn M. S dng tch ngoi ca n
T
vi trng mc tiu ca phn th tip xc, cc
tc gi ([21]) thu c mt trng vect php n v kiu khng gian n
S
trn M. Khi
n
T
n
S
l hai trng vect php kiu nh sng trn M v phng ca cc vect ny
khng ph thuc vo vic chn n
T
. S dng

L =

n
T
+ n
S
thay cho trong [20]. c bit
hn, khi xc nh iu kin cn v M cha trong mt siu phng kiu nh sng th
khng cn gi thit

L l trng vect php song song. thun li cho vic s dng kt
qu ny trong cc chng minh ca lun n, chng ti xin trnh by li kt qu ny.
Mnh 2.0.9 ([21]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
, khi cc pht biu
sau l tng ng.
(1) M l mt dt kiu nh sng;
(2) nh x Gauss nn nh sng l mt nh x hng;
(3) Tn ti mt vect kiu nh sng v v mt s thc c sao cho M HP(v, c).
Khi nim dt kiu nh sng y c ngha M l mt

L-dt.
2.1 nh x Gauss nhn gi tr trn HS
r
v mt n

r
-
rn
Trc y khi s dng nh x -Gauss, nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt i
chiu hai, cc nh hnh hc lun gi s tn ti mt trng vect php kiu khng gian,
26
kiu thi gian hoc kiu nh sng trn mt. Trong mc ny, trc ht chng ti gii thiu
cch xc nh cp trng vect php kiu khng gian kh vi, c gi l nh x n

r
-Gauss,
ca mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
. nh x ny c ngha v mt thc hnh nh sau,
vi mt mt c cho di dng tham s ho, bng vic gii mt h phng trnh i
s, chng ta xc nh c mt cp trng vect php kiu khng gian trn mt, tnh
ton cc cong lin kt vi cp trng vect php ny v a ra mt s tnh cht hnh
hc ca mt. Nh mt ng dng v cp trng vect php va c xy dng, ni dung
tip theo trong mc ny l da vo tnh cht ca nh x n

r
-Gauss kho st mt s
tnh cht hnh hc ca mt, c bit l tnh n

r
-dt v tnh n

r
-rn. Hin nhin chng ta
tha hng nhng khi nim, cng nh cc kt qu ca nh x -Gauss i vi nh x
n

r
-Gauss, v n

r
chnh l mt trng hp c th ca .
a) nh x n

r
-Gauss
V M l mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai nn vi mi p M, ta c th ng nht
khng gian php N
p
M ca M ti p vi 2-phng kiu thi gian i qua gc ta v song
song vi n. Bng trc gic ta nhn thy rng giao ca N
p
M vi n-khng gian hypebolic
tm v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1) bn knh 1, H
n
+
(v, 1), l mt hypebol. Vi mi r > 0 c nh,
siu phng x
n+1
= r giao vi hypebol ny ti hai im, n c k hiu n

r
(p). Kt qu
ny c chng minh trong B sau.
B 2.1.1 ([5],[9]). Cho l 2-phng kiu thi gian i qua gc ta . Khi , vi mi
r > 0 cho trc, tp hp
x = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n+1
) H
n
+
(v, 1) [ x
n+1
= r
cha ng hai vect.
Chng minh. l 2-phng kiu thi gian nn n cha cp vect ch phng n v a, b
sao cho a kiu thi gian, b kiu khng gian v a, b) = 0. V i qua gc ta nn
phng trnh tham s ca c vit di dng
x = a +b.
Ta tm , sao cho x H
n
+
(v, 1) v x
n+1
= r > 0. Khi d chng minh h phng trnh
_
_
_
x v, x v) = 1,
x
n+1
= r

_
_
_

2
+
2
2(a
n+1
+b
n+1
) = 0,
a
n+1
+b
n+1
= r
(2.1)
27
c hai nghim phn bit. T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
T B 2.1.1 ta c khi nim nh x n

r
-Gauss.
nh ngha 2.1.2 ([5],[9]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
, nh x
n

r
: M HS
r
:= H
n
+
(v, 1) x
n+1
= r
p n

r
(p)
c gi l nh x n

r
-Gauss ca M.
s dng n

r
thay th cho , trong trng hp trng vect php tng qut, ta cn
chng minh n

r
l cc trng vect php kh vi.
nh l 2.1.3 ([5],[9]). nh x n

r
-Gauss l cc nh x kh vi.
Chng minh. D dng nhn thy n

r
(p) l nghim ca h phng trnh sau
_

_
X
u
i
, a) = 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1;
a v, a v) = 1;
trong a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, r).
T gi thit rank(X
u
1
, X
u
2
, . . . , X
u
n1
) = n 1, ta c a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n1
c biu th
tuyn tnh theo a
n
, v do phng trnh cui cng l mt phng trnh bc hai theo
a
n
. Phng trnh ny c ng hai nghim phn bit v hin nhin chng l cc hm kh
vi.
Vi cch xc nh nh trn ta c
n
+
r
v, n
+
r
v) = 1 n
+
r
, n
+
r
) + 2n
+
r
, v) +v, v) = 1.
V v = (0, . . . , 0, 1) v (n
+
r
)
n+1
= r nn n
+
r
, n
+
r
) = 2r. Hon ton tng t ta c
n

r
, n

r
) = 2r. Vy nn n

r
l cp trng vect php kiu khng gian trn M.
T y v sau, k hiu s thay th cho du + hoc du - trong n

r
.
b) Mt n

r
- dt i chiu hai
Da vo thnh phn php ca cc o hm ring, b sau cho chng ta mt iu
kin n

r
tr thnh trng vect hng.
28
B 2.1.4 ([9]). Nu

u
i
n

r
N
p
M, vi i 1, 2, . . . , n 1, th

u
i
n

r
= 0.
Chng minh. V ta cui cng (n

r
)
n+1
= r l mt hng s nn ta cui cng ca

u
i
n

r
bng khng. H n
+
r
, n

r
c lp tuyn tnh v n l mt c s ca mt phng
php N
p
M. Vy nn,

u
i
n

r
= (n
+
r
n

r
). (2.2)
Ta s ch ra = 0. V n

r
, n

r
) = 2r nn


u
i
n

r
, n

r
) = n
+
r
n

r
, n

r
) = 0.
Nu ,= 0, th
n
+
r
, n
+
r
) = n

r
, n

r
) = n
+
r
, n

r
) = 2r.
Suy ra
n
+
r
n

r
, n
+
r
n

r
) = 0.
iu ny l v l v n
+
r
,= n

r
v ta cui cng ca n
+
r
n

r
ng nht bng khng,
ni cch khc n
+
r
n

r
l mt vect kiu khng gian khc khng. Mu thun suy ra = 0.
B c chng minh.
Trong [20], vi gi thit l trng vect php song song, Izumiya v cc tc gi
nhn c kt qu: Nu M l mt -dt th hm cong -chnh ng nht bng khng
v suy ra l mt trng vect hng. V d 2.1.22 ch ra s tn ti nhng mt -dt
nhng khng l trng vect php hng. B qua gi thit song song ca , vi trng
vect php n

r
, nh l sau ch ra rng mt n

r
-dt l mt cha trong siu phng kiu thi
gian v n

r
l trng vect hng. Hn th, nh l ny cn cho chng ta mt thut ton
kim tra mt mt c cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian khng cha trc x
n+1

hay khng.
29
nh l 2.1.5 ([9]). Cc pht biu sau l tng ng.
1. Tn ti s thc r > 0, sao cho M l mt n

r
-dt;
2. Tn ti mt s thc r > 0, sao cho n

r
l mt trng vect hng;
3. Tn ti mt vect kiu khng gian a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, a
n+1
), a
n+1
,= 0 v mt s
thc c sao cho M HP
a
(c).
Chng minh.
(1. 2.) T gi thit M l mt n

r
-dt, c ngha A
n

r
p
= 0, ta c
X
u
i
u
j
, n

r
) = X
u
j
,

u
i
n

r
) = 0, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1. (2.3)
Nhng (2.3) c ngha

u
i
n

r
N
p
M. S dng B 2.1.4 ta suy ra

u
i
n

r
= 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
(2. 1.) Hin nhin.
(2. 3.) Nu n

r
l mt trng vect hng th

u
i
X, n

r
) = X
u
i
, n

r
) X,

u
i
n

r
) = 0.
iu ny c ngha X HP
n

r
(c), vi c l hng s.
(3. 2.) Nu M cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian th vi vect php, n v,
kiu khng gian a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, a
n+1
), a
n+1
,= 0, khi d dng ch ra n

r
:= 2a
n+1
a
H
n
+
(v, 1) vi r = 2(a
n+1
)
2
v hin nhin n l mt trng vect hng.
Ch 2.1.6.
1. nh l 2.1.5 l mt iu kin cn v mt mt i chiu hai cha trong mt
siu phng kiu thi gian khng i qua trc x
n+1
.
2. Trng hp mt i chiu hai cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian cha trc
x
n+1
, ta c V d 2.1.19.
3. Mc d nh l 2.1.5 c pht biu v chng minh cho trng hp mt c cho
bi tham s ho a phng nhng vi tnh cht lin thng ca mt th nh l ny
cng ng cho mt nhng chnh quy.
30
T nh l 2.1.5 ta c mt s h qu th hin tnh hu dng ca n

r
trong vic nghin
cu mt -dt.
H qu 2.1.7. Nu M l mt i chiu hai ng thi n

r
1
-dt v n

r
2
-dt, trong n

r
1
,=
n

r
2
, th M l mt phn ca mt (n 1)-phng kiu khng gian. Khi , n

r
l trng
vect hng vi mi r > 0.
H qu 2.1.8. Nu M l mt mt cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian khng cha
trc x
n+1
th tn ti duy nht mt s thc dng r sao cho M l mt n

r
-dt ngoi tr M
l (hoc mt phn) ca mt (n 1)-phng.
c) Mt n

r
-rn i chiu hai
B sau khng nh rng, kim tra mt mt rn (-rn vi mi trng vect
php ) chng ta ch cn kim tra n
1
-rn v
2
-rn, vi
1
(p),
2
(p) l mt c s ca
N
p
M, p M.
B 2.1.9 ([9]). Gi s
1
v
2
l hai trng vect php trn trn M v vi mi
p M, h
1
(p),
2
(p) c lp tuyn tnh. Nu M l mt ng thi
1
-rn v
2
-rn th
M l mt rn.
Chng minh. T gi thit, vi mi trng vect php kh vi ta c biu din
=
1

1
+
2

2
,
trong
i
, i = 1, 2 l cc hm trn trn M.
V d(
i

i
)
T
=
i
d(
i
)
T
, i = 1, 2; ta c
A

=
1
A

1
+
2
A

2
.
Mt khc A

i
= k

i
id, i = 1, 2 nn
A

= (
1
k

1
+
2
k

2
)id.
D dng chng minh n
+
r
, n

r
c lp tuyn tnh v nu r
1
,= r
2
th n

r
1
, n

r
2
cng
c lp tuyn tnh. T ta c h qu sau.
31
H qu 2.1.10. Nu M l mt n

r
1
-rn v n

r
2
-rn, trong n

r
1
,= n

r
2
, th M l mt
rn.
H qu ny khng nh ngha v mt thc hnh khi s dng nh x n

r
-Gauss
nghin cu mt rn i chiu hai. Khi cho mt mt vi tham s ho c th, bng vic
gii mt phng trnh i s, tnh cc cong chnh lin kt vi cp trng vect php
va nhn c, chng ta kim tra c n c phi l mt rn hay khng.
Ta c h qu cho mt iu kin mt mt cha trong gi cu l mt rn.
H qu 2.1.11. Nu M cha trong giao ca mt gi cu vi mt siu phng th M l
mt rn.
Tip theo chng ta nghin cu mt s tnh cht ca mt cha trong mt gi cu
hypebolic. Cc tnh cht ny th hin ngha v mt thc hnh trong tnh ton ca
nh x n

r
-Gauss. n gin trong tnh ton, cc kt qu c pht biu cho H
n
(0, R)
nhng n vn ng cho cc gi cu hypebolic c tm bt k.
nh l 2.1.12 ([9]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong H
n
+
(0, R). Cc pht biu sau
l tng ng.
1. Tn ti r > 0, sao cho M l mt n

r
-rn;
2. M l mt rn;
3. M cha trong mt siu phng.
Chng minh. (1. 2.) V M cha trong H
n
+
(0, R), nn M l mt X-rn vi trng vect
v tr X. Ngoi ra v X l vect kiu thi gian trong khi n

r
l vect kiu khng gian nn,
theo B 2.1.9, M l mt rn.
(2. 3.) t
=
X X
u
1
X
u
2
X
u
n1

X X
u
1
X
u
2
X
u
n1

.
V
, X) = 0, , ) = 1, , X
u
i
) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n 1; (2.4)
nn ta c
d, X) = , dX) = 0; , d) = 0.
32
Mt khc , X l mt c s ca N
p
M nn d T
p
M, iu ny c ngha l trng
vect php song song.
S dng B 4.2 trong [20] ta c d = dX, vi l mt hng s v hin nhin
= X+a, vi a l mt vect hng. Ta c
, X) = 0, X, a) = X, X) = R = c.
Vy nn M HP
a
(c).
(3. 1.) iu ny c suy ra t H qu 2.1.11.
Khi nghin cu mi lin h v tnh cht song song ca cc trng vect php trn mt
ta c kt qu sau.
B 2.1.13 ([9]). Cho
1
,
2
l hai trng vect php song song trn M v =

1
+
2
. Gi s vi mi p M,
1
(p),
2
(p) l hai vect c lp tuyn tnh. Khi ,
l trng vect php song song nu v ch nu v l cc hng s.
Chng minh. T gi thit ,
1
,
2
l cc trng vect php song song ta c
d
1
+d
2
= 0.
Nhng
1
,
2
c lp tuyn tnh nn d = d = 0.
Ngc li, nu and l cc hng s th hin nhin l trng vet php song
song.
Vi cc siu cu HP
n
(c) H
n
+
(0, R) (n khng l trng vect kiu thi gian) trong
khng gian hypebolic H
n
+
(0, R), siu cu x
n+1
= c H
n
+
(0, R) l mt trng hp c
bit. nh l sau cho cc iu kin cn v mt mt i chiu hai cha trong mt
n-khng gian hypebolic nm trong mt siu phng x
n+1
= c .
nh l 2.1.14 ([9]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai cha trong H
n
+
(0, R). Cc mnh
sau l tng ng.
1. M cha trong mt siu phng x
n+1
= c;
2. n

r
l trng vect php song song, vi mi r > 0;
3. Tn ti hai trng vect php song song n

r
1
, n

r
2
, (c ngha r
1
,= r
2
hoc n

r
1
=
n
+
r
, n

r
2
= n

r
vi mt s c nh r > 0);
33
4. Tn ti r > 0, sao cho A
n

r
p
= id[
T
p
M
, vi l mt hng s v mi p M.
Chng minh.
(1. 2.) V M x
n+1
= c H
n
+
(0, R), nn vi mi r > 0 ta c
n

r
= X+v, (2.5)
trong , l cc hng s v v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1). T gi thit X l trng vect song
song v v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1) l vect hng, suy ra n

r
l trng vect php song song.
(2. 3.) Chng minh l hin nhin.
(3. 1.) V X l trng vect php song song v n

r
1
, n

r
2
l c s ca N
p
M, ta c biu
th tuyn tnh
X = n
+
r
+n

r
, (2.6)
trong , l cc hm hng, theo B 2.1.13. ta cui cng ca n

r
1
v n

r
2
l cc
hng s, nn ta cui cng ca X l hng s.
(1. 4.) Phng trnh (2.5) suy ra
A
n

r
= id.
(4. 1.) T gi thit ta c M l mt n

r
-rn. nh l 2.1.12 suy ra M HP
a
(c). Loi
tr nhiu nht mt im, khi X song song vi a, ta c biu th tuyn tnh
n

r
= X+a,
trong l mt hm kh vi trn M.
Mt khc n

r
, n

r
) = 2r, X, X) = R
2
, X, a) = c nn ta nhn c phng trnh
2r = R
2
+ 2c +a
2

2
.
Do , l mt hm hng. T suy ra ta cui cng ca X l mt hng s.
nh l sau cho mt iu kin cn v khc mt mt i chiu hai cha trong
gian ca siu phng x
n+1
= c vi mt gi cu hypebolic m khng cn gi thit mt
ny cha trong mt gi cu hypebolic.
nh l 2.1.15 ([9]). Cc mnh sau tng ng.
1. Tn ti r > 0 sao cho n

r
l mt trng vect php song song khc hng v M l
mt n

r
-rn.
34
2. M cha trong giao ca mt gi cu hypebolic vi mt siu phng x
n+1
= c .
Chng minh.
(1. 2.) V M l mt n

r
-rn, n

r
l trng vect php song song v n

r
, n

r
) = 2r nn s
dng B 4.2 trong [20] ta c dn

r
= dX, trong ,= 0 l mt hng s. Do ta c
biu din
n

r
= X+a, (2.7)
trong a l mt vect hng. t v = (0, . . . , 0, 1) . T (2.7) ta c
X
1

(v a) =
1

(n

r
v) .
Suy ra
X
1

(v a) , X
1

(v a)) =
1

2
,
iu ny tng ng vi M cha trong gi cu hypebolic tm
1

(v a) vi bn knh
R =
1

. nh l 2.1.14 suy ra M cha trong mt siu phng x


n+1
= c.
(2. 1.) c suy ra trc tip t nh l 2.1.14.
Trong [20], Izumiya v cc tc gi ch ra rng mt -rn v l trng php song
song th hm cong -chnh l hm hng. nh l sau cho mt iu kin khc mt
-rn c cong -chnh l hm hng.
nh l 2.1.16 ([9]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
. Nu tn ti r > 0 sao
cho M l mt n

r
-rn v vi mi i, j 1, 2, . . . , n 1

u
j
_
_

u
i
n

r
_
T
_
=

u
i
_
_

u
j
n

r
_
T
_
(2.8)
th A
n

r
p
= id[
T
p
M
, trong l mt hng s.
Chng minh. T gi thit ta c
_

u
i
n

r
_
T
= X
u
i
, i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
Do , vi mi i, j 1, 2, . . . , n 1 ta c

u
j
_
_

u
i
n

r
_
T
_
=
u
j
X
u
i
+X
u
i
u
j
35
v

u
i
_
_

u
j
n

r
_
T
_
=
u
i
X
u
j
+X
u
j
u
i
.
Theo gi thit

u
j
_
_

u
i
n

r
_
T
_
=

u
i
_
_

u
j
n

r
_
T
_
v X
u
i
u
j
= X
u
j
u
i
ta nhn c

u
i
X
u
i

u
j
X
u
j
= 0.
V X
u
i
, X
u
j
c lp tuyn tnh nn
u
i
=
u
j
= 0, kt hp vi gi thit M lin thng ta
suy ra l mt hng s.
Ch 2.1.17. Nu l trng vect php song song th n tho mn iu kin (2.8).
d) Mt s v d mt -rn trong R
4
1
Trong mc ny, chng ti gii thiu mt s v d mt -rn trong R
4
1
nhm lm
sng t cc kt qu v mt n

r
-rn v khng nh ngha v mt thc hnh ca nh x
n

r
-Gauss.
V d 2.1.18 (S tn ti nhng mt n

r
-rn nhng khng l mt rn). Cho M l mt
mt trong R
4
1
, c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
1
2
u
2
, au
1
2
u
2
, u
2
+v
2
, u
_
, v > 0, u > 1, a =

3 1.
Vi tnh ton trc tip ta suy ra M l mt mt kiu khng gian v cp nh x n

a
-Gauss
c xc nh
n

a
= (1, 1, 0, a) ,
n
+
a
=
_
a
2
+ 4ua 2u
2
a
2
2ua + 2u
2
,
a
2
2u
2
a
2
2ua + 2u
2
, 0, a
_
.
V n

a
l trng vect hng nn M l mt n

a
-dt. Khi X HP
n

a
.
Ma trn cc h s ca dng c bn th nht v dng c bn n
+
a
-th hai ca M ln
lt c xc nh
(g
ij
) =
_
_
6u
2
2au +a
2
1 4uv
4uv 4v
2
_
_
,
36
v
(b
n
+
a
ij
) =
_
_
2a
2
+4au
a
2
2au+2u
2
0
0 0
_
_
.
Ta c phng trnh xc nh cc cong n
+
a
-chnh k
n

a
1
v k
n

a
2
4v
2
_
2u
2
2au +a
2
1
_
k
2
4v
2
_
2a
2
+ 4au
a
2
2au + 2u
2
_
k = 0. (2.9)
D dng ch ra k
n
+
a
1
= 0 v k
n
+
a
2
,= 0. Vy nn, M khng l mt n
+
r
-rn.
V d 2.1.19 (S tn ti nhng mt rn nhng hm cong chnh khng l hm hng).
Xt mt siu mt trong H
3
c cho bi
M = H
3
+
x
1
= 0 = X(R
2
)
vi
X(u, v) = (0, u, v,

u
2
+v
2
+ 1), (u, v) R
2
.
Ta c
X
u
=
_
0, 1, 0,
u

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
_
, X
v
=
_
0, 0, 1,
v

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
_
;
g
11
=
v
2
+ 1
u
2
+v
2
+ 1
, g
12
= g
21
=
uv
u
2
+v
2
+ 1
, g
22
=
u
2
+ 1
u
2
+v
2
+ 1
;
n

r
=
_

_
r
2
u
2
+v
2
+ 1
+ 2r,
ru

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
,
rv

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
, r
_
;
X
uu
=
_
0, 0, 0,
v
2
+ 1
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3/2
_
, X
vv
=
_
0, 0, 0,
u
2
+ 1
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3/2
_
,
X
uv
=
_
0, 0, 0,
uv
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3/2
_
;
g(
ij
) =
1
u
2
+v
2
+ 1
_
_
v
2
+ 1 uv
uv u
2
+ 1
_
_
; g(
ij
)
1
=
_
_
u
2
+ 1 uv
uv v
2
+ 1
_
_
;
(b
n

r
ij
) =
r
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3/2
_
_
v
2
+ 1 uv
uv u
2
+ 1
_
_
;
(a
n

r
ij
) = (b
n

r
ij
)(g
ij
)
1
=
r

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
;
37

v
_
_

u
n

r
_
T
_
=
_
0,
rv
_
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3
, 0,
2ruv
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
2
_
;

u
_
_

v
n

r
_
T
_
=
_
0, 0,
ru
_
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
3
,
2ruv
(u
2
+v
2
+ 1)
2
_
.
D dng nhn thy M l mt rn. Ngoi ra,
k
n

r
p
=
r

u
2
+v
2
+ 1
khng l mt hm hng v

v
_
_

u
n

r
_
T
_
,=

u
_
_

v
n

r
_
T
_
(xem nh l 2.1.16).
V d 2.1.20 (S tn ti nhng mt -rn nhng vi mi r > 0 mt khng l n
+
r
-rn v
cng khng l n

r
-rn). Cho M vi phng trnh tham s
X : (0,

2
) (

2
, 0) R
4
1
, (u, v) (u, sin v, v, cos u).
Tnh ton trc tip ta nhn c
X
u
= (1, 0, 0, sin u), X
v
= (0, cos v, 1, 0);
X
uu
= (0, 0, 0, cos u), X
uv
= X
vu
= (0, 0, 0, 0), X
vv
= (0, sin v, 0, 0);
g
11
= X
u
, X
u
) = cos
2
u > 0, g
12
= X
u
, X
v
) = 0,
g
22
= X
v
, X
v
) = 1 + cos
2
v > 0;
n
+
r
=
_
r sin u,
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, cos v
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, r
_
;
n

r
=
_
r sin u,
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, cos v
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, r
_
;
(b
ij
(n

r
)) =
_
_
r cos u 0
0 sin v
_
r
2
cos
2
u+2r
1+cos
2
v
_
_
;
(g
ij
) =
_
_
cos
2
u 0
0 1 + cos
2
v
_
_
;
38
(a
n

r
ij
) = (b
n

r
ij
).(g
ij
)
1
=
_
_
r
cos u
0
0 sin v
_
r
2
cos
2
u+2r
(1+cos
2
v)
3
_
_
; (2.10)
k
n

r
1
(p) =
r
cos u
, k
n

r
2
(p) = sin v

r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
(1 + cos
2
v)
3
. (2.11)
Ti mi p = X(u, v) M, t
(p) =
_
r
p
sin u,
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, cos v
_
r
2
cos
2
u + 2r
1 + cos
2
v
, r
p
_
vi
r
p
=
2 sin
2
v cos
2
u
(1 + cos
2
v)
3
cos
4
usin
2
v
.
Kim tra trc tip ta nhn c l mt trng vect php trn trn M v M l
mt -rn nhng M khng l mt n
+
r
-rn v cng khng l mt n

r
-rn vi mi r R
+
.
V d 2.1.21 (Tn ti nhng mt cha trong mt gi cu hypebolic, hin nhin n l
mt X-rn vi X l trng vect v tr, nhng vi mi trng vect php ,= X n khng
l mt -rn). Cho M l mt trong R
4
1
c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
u, sin v, cos v,

2 +u
2
_
, u R, v (/2, /2).
V X, X) = 1, nn M H
+
(1). Bng tnh ton trc tip, ta nhn c
X
u
=
_
1, 0, 0,
u

u
2
+ 2
_
, X
v
= (0, cos v, sin v, 0) ;
g
11
=
2
2 +u
2
, g
12
= g
21
= 0, g
22
= 1;
n

r
=
_
(n

r
)
1
, (n

r
)
2
, (n

r
)
3
, r
_
,
vi
(n

r
)
1
=
ru

u
2
+ 2
, (n

r
)
2
= sin v
_

u
2
r
2
u
2
+ 2
+r
2
+ 2r,
(n

r
)
3
= cos v
_

u
2
r
2
u
2
+ 2
+r
2
+ 2r;
X
uu
=
_
0, 0, 0,
2
(u
2
+ 2)
3/2
_
, X
uv
= X
vu
= (0, 0, 0, 0) ,
X
vv
= (0, sin v, cos v, 0) ;
b
n

r
11
=
2r
(u
2
+ 2)
3/2
, b
n

r
12
= 0, b
n

r
22
=
_
2r(u
2
+r + 2)
u
2
+ 2
;
39
k
n

r
1
=
r

u
2
+ 2
, k
n

r
2
=
_
2r(u
2
+r + 2)
u
2
+ 2
.
D dng thy rng k
1
(n
+
r
) > k
2
(n
+
r
) trong khi k
1
(n

r
) < k
2
(n

r
) vi mi r > 0. Vy
nn, M khng l mt -rn, vi mi trng vect php ,= X.
V d 2.1.22 (Tn ti nhng mt -dt nhng n khng cha trong bt k siu phng
no). Cho M l mt c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) = (ucos 3v, usin 3v, 2ucosh v, 2usinh v) , u (0, 1), v R.
Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca M c xc nh
g
11
= 5, g
12
= 0, g
22
= 5u
2
> 0.
Suy ra M l mt mt kiu khng gian, trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng. Xt
n
1
=
1

5
(2 cos 3v, 2 sin 3v, cosh v, sinh v) ,
n
2
=
1

5
(2 sin 3v, 2 cos 3v, 3 sinh v, 3 cosh v) .
Khi n
1
, n
2
l mt trng mc tiu trc chun trn phn th php ca M. Cc h
s ca dng c bn th hai ln lt lin kt vi n
1
v n
2
c xc nh nh sau:
b
n
1
11
= 0, b
n
1
12
= 0, b
n
1
22
= 4u;
b
n
2
11
= 0, b
n
2
12
= 0, b
n
2
22
= 0.
Suy ra M l mt n
2
-dt v n
2
khng l trng vect hng. Ta s ch ra M khng cha
trong bt k siu phng no. Gi s M cha trong mt siu phng vi vect php a. Khi
(b
a
ij
) = 0. Xt biu th tuyn tnh
a = n
1
+n
2
,
ta c
(b
a
ij
) = (b
n
1
ij
) = (b
n
2
ij
) =
_
_
0 0
0 4u
_
_
.
Vy nn (b
a
ij
) = 0 khi v ch khi = 0 iu ny c ngha a cng phng vi n
2
. Mu
thun ny ch ra rng iu gi s l khng xy ra, vy nn M khng cha trong bt k
siu phng no.
Ch rng, trong v d ny thuc tnh ca n
2
khng i, n l mt trng vect php
kiu thi gian.
40
2.2 nh x Gauss nhn gi tr trn LS
r
v mt l

r
-rn
V phng din l thuyt, trong [21], Izumiya v cc tc gi a ra mt phng
php xc nh mt cp trng vect php kiu nh sng cho mt mt kiu khng gian
i chiu hai v ng dng ca n vo vic nghin cu mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt.
Trong mc ny, chng ti gii thiu mt phng php xc nh mt cp trng vect
php kiu nh sng cho mt mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai, vi tham s ho c th,
v ng dng n vo vic nghin cu khi nim rn ca mt, chng ta c th d dng nhn
thy rng cp trng vect php kiu nh sng c xc nh trong [21] v cp trng
vect php kiu nh sng c xc nh y l cng phng.
a) nh x l

r
-Gauss
Phng php xc nh cp trng vect php kiu nh sng trn mt c gii thiu
trong mc ny l hon ton tng t phng php xc nh nh x n

r
-Gauss c trnh
by trong mc a).
t LS
r
= LC

HP
v
vi v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, r). xy dng nh x l

r
-Gauss ta cn
chng minh b sau.
B 2.2.1. Cho l 2-phng kiu thi gian i qua gc ta . Khi tp hp
LS
r
cha ng hai vect.
Chng minh. V l 2-phng kiu thi gian i qua gc ta nn n c mt c s trc
giao a, b sao cho a, a) = 1, a = (a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
n+1
), a
n+1
> 0 v b = (b
0
, b
1
, . . . , b
n+1
) , b, b) =
1. Vi mi x ta c biu din
x = a +b.
V x LC

+
v x
n+1
= r nn ta c h phng trnh
_
_
_
x, x) = 0,
x
n+1
= r,

_
_
_

2
= 0,
a
n+1
+b
n+1
= r
. (2.12)
Kim tra trc tip ta ch ra c h phng trnh ny c ng hai nghim.
41
V M l mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai nn vi mi p M, chng ta ng nht
khng gian php N
p
M ca M ti p vi 2-phng kiu thi gian i qua gc ta v song
song vi n. S dng kt qu ca B 2.2.1 ta c LS
r
N
p
M = l

r
.
nh ngha 2.2.2 ([6]). Cc nh x
l

r
: M LS
r
p l

r
(p)
c gi l nh x l

r
-Gauss ca M.
Ch :
(1) nh x l

r
-Gauss ca mt mt i chiu hai M = X(U) l cc nghim ca h phng
trnh
_

_
l, X
u
i
) = 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1,
l, l) = 0,
l
n+1
= r.
(2.13)
(2) D dng ch ra c rng, cp trng vect php ny cng phng vi cp trng
vect php ca nh x Gauss nn nh sng m Izumiya v mt s nh ton hc
khc xy dng trong [20]. Nhng y chng ta a ra mt phng php c th
xc nh cp trng vect php ny khi c tham s ho ca mt v to cui
cng (thi gian) ca l

r
l hng s.
b) Mt l

r
-rn i chiu hai
Tng t nh x n

r
-Gauss, nh x l

r
-Gauss cng l cc nh x kh vi. iu ny cho
php chng ta s dng nh x l

r
-Gauss tin hnh kho st mt s tnh cht hnh hc
ca mt i chiu hai. K hiu s thay th cho du + hoc du - trong l

r
.
V l

r
l trng vect php kiu nh sng trn mt nn tng t Mnh 4.5 trong
[21], ta c cc pht biu sau tng ng.
(1) M l mt l

r
-dt.
(2) l

r
l mt trng vect hng trn M.
42
(3) Tn ti mt vect kiu nh sng v = (v
1
, v
2
, . . . , v
n+1
) , v
n+1
> 0, sao cho M
HP
v
(c), vi c l hng s.
iu ng lu y l v mt thc hnh, vi tham s ho c th, chng ta lun
xc nh c trng vect php l

r
.
H qu 2.2.3. Nu tn ti r > 0 sao cho M l mt ng thi l
+
r
-dt v l

r
-dt hoc tn
ti r
1
, r
2
(r
1
,= r
2
) sao cho M ng thi l mt l

r
1
-dt v l

r
2
-dt th M l mt phn ca
mt (n 1)-phng. Khi , l

r
hng vi mi r > 0.
Chng minh. V l
+
r
v l

r
l cc trng vect hng trn M nn mt phng php ca M
khng i. iu ny c ngha, khng gian tip xc ca M c nh. Vy nn, M cha trong
(n 1)-phng.
Tn ti mt l
+
r
-dt m khng l

r
-dt. V d sau s lm r khng nh ny.
V d 2.2.4. Xt mt M vi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
1
2
u
2
,

2u
1
2
u
2
, u
2
+v
2
, u
_
, u > 1, v > 0.
Ta c
X
u
=
_
u,

2 u, 2u, 1
_
; X
v
= (0, 0, 2v, 0) ,
nn X
u
, v) = X
v
, v) = 0 vi v = (1, 0, 0, u). Mt khc v, v) = 1 u
2
< 0, nn v l
vect kiu thi gian, t suy ra cc khng gian tip xc ca M ti mi im l cc
2-phng kiu khng gian. Vy M l mt mt kiu khng gian. Bng cch gii h phng
trnh (2.13) vi r =

2 ta nhn c
l
+

2
=
_
1, 1, 0,

2
_
; l

2
=
_
u
2
+ 2

2u 1
u
2

2u + 1
,
u
2
1
u
2

2u + 1
, 0,

2
_
.
Suy ra, M l mt l
+

2
-dt m khng l mt l

2
-dt.
Tr ngi khi s dng n

r
-nh x Gauss nghin cu khi nim rn trn siu mt
trong n-khng gian de Sitter S
n
1
(a, R) l vect n

r
v vect v tr ca mt c th cng
phng. Vic s dng nh x l

r
-Gauss gip chng ti gii quyt vn ny.
B 2.2.5. Nu M = S
n
1
(a, R) HP
q
(c) l mt mt kiu khng gian th, ngoi tr
nhiu nht mt im, h Xa, q c lp tuyn tnh.
43
Chng minh. t Y(p) = X(p) a. Gi s tn ti p M sao cho Y(p) = (p)q, khi
0 < R = Y(p), Y(p)) =
2
(p)q, q) q, q) , = 0.
T gi thit ta c
X(p), q) = c X(p) a, q) = c a, q) (p)q, q) = c a, q)
(p) =
c a, q)
q, q)
= const.
Vy Y, q ph thuc tuyn tnh ti duy nht mt im xc nh bi
X(p) =
c a, q)
q, q)
q +q.
Mnh 2.2.6 ([6]). Nu M = S
n
1
(a, R) HP
q
(c) th M l mt rn.
Chng minh. M l mt cha trong S
n
1
(a, R) nn n l mt -rn, vi = X a. q l
trng vect php hng nn M l mt q-rn (q-dt). T B 2.1.9 v tnh lin tc ca
cc hm cong chnh ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
nh l 2.2.7 ([6]). Cho M l mt i chiu hai cha trong S
n
1
(a, R). Khi ta c cc
pht biu sau tng ng.
(1) M l mt l

r
rn;
(2) M l mt rn;
(3) M cha trong mt siu phng.
Chng minh.
((1) (2)) Gi s M l mt l

r
-rn v M cha trong mt n-khng gian de Sitter
x [ x a, x a) = R,
khi M l mt -rn vi = Xa. V , ) = R > 0 v l

r
, l

r
) = 0 nn v l

r
khng
cng phng. T B 2.1.9 suy ra khng nh (2).
((2) (3)) t
=
(Xa) X
u
1
X
u
2
X
u
n1

(Xa) X
u
1
X
u
2
X
u
n1

44
khi l mt trng vect php kh vi trn M v M l mt -rn. Vi cch xc nh
trn th
, Xa) = 0; , ) = 1; , X
u
i
) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n 1 (2.14)
Vy nn, p M, T
p
M, ta c
d[
p
(), X(p) a) = (p), dX[
p
()) = 0; (p), d[
p
()) = 0
ni cch khc d ng thi trc giao vi v X a. Mt khc h , X a c lp
tuyn tnh v to thnh mt c s trong N
p
M. Vy nn d[
p
T
p
M, hay l mt trng
vect php song song.
Trng vect php kh vi tho mn ng thi cc iu kin -rn, song song v c
di hng. Theo B 4.2 ca [20] ta suy ra hm cong chnh ca nh x -Gauss
l mt hm hng, v khi
d = dX = (Xa) + X
0
+a,
Vi X
0
l mt vect hng. Mt khc, ta c , Xa) = 0, v Xa khng cng phng
nn = X
0
+a, ni cch khc l mt vect hng. Khi ta c
Xa, ) = 0 X, ) = a, ) = a, X
0
+a) = m = const.
Hay M HP
X
0
+a
(m). Thc ra lc ny M cha trong mt siu phng kiu khng gian.
((3) (1)) Kt qu c suy ra t Mnh 2.2.6.
nh l sau cho mt s iu kin cn v mt mt i chiu hai trong gi cu de
Sitter cha trong mt siu phng x
n+1
= c .
nh l 2.2.8 ([6]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai cha trong S
n
1
(a, R). Khi cc
pht biu sau l tng ng.
1. M cha trong mt siu phng x
n+1
= c ;
2. l

r
l trng vect php song song, vi mi r > 0;
3. Tn ti hai trng vect php song song l

r
1
, l

r
2
;
4. Tn ti r > 0 sao cho A
l

r
= id, vi l hng s.
45
Chng minh. (1. 2.) V M x
n+1
= c S
n
1
(a, R), d dng ch ra c rng vi
r > 0,
l

r
= X+a, (2.15)
trong , l cc hng s. T gi thit X song song v a l vect hng, ta c l

r
song
song.
(2. 3.) Hin nhin.
(3. 1.) V X l trng vect php song song v l

r
1
, l

r
2
l mt c s ca N
p
M, ta
c biu th tuyn tnh
X = l

r
1
+l

r
2
, (2.16)
vi , l cc hng s (s dng kt qu B 2.1.13). V ta cui cng ca l

r
and l

r
2
l hng s, ta cui cng ca X l hng s.
(1. 4.) Phng trnh (2.15) suy ra
A
l

r
= id.
(4. 1.) T gi thit ta c M l mt l

r
-rn. nh l 2.2.7 suy ra M HP
a
(c). Loi
tr nhiu nht mt im, ti X song song vi a,
l

r
= X+a,
trong l mt hm kh vi trn M.
T gi thit l

r
, l

r
) = 0, Xa, Xa) = R
2
, X, a) = c ta nhn c phng trnh

2
(R
2
+ 2c a
2
) + 2 +
2
a
2
= 0.
V l hng s nn cng l hng s. T suy ra ta cui cng ca X l hng
s.
nh l sau cho mt iu kin cn v mt mt i chiu hai cha trong phn
giao ca S
n
1
(a, R) vi mt siu phng x
n+1
= c m khng cn gi thit mt cha trong
gi cu de Sitter .
nh l 2.2.9 ([6]). Cho M l mt mt i chiu hai trong R
n+1
1
. Cc pht biu sau l
tng ng.
46
1. Tn ti r > 0 sao cho l

r
l mt trng vect php song song khc vect hng, v M
l mt l

r
-rn;
2. M cha trong giao ca S
n
1
(a, R) v siu phng x
n+1
= c .
Chng minh. (1 2) T gi thit M l l

r
-rn, l

r
song song v l

r
, l

r
) = 0, kt hp vi
kt qu ca B 4.2 trong [18], tn ti hng s sao cho
dl

r
= dX.
Vy nn,
l

r
= X+b, (2.17)
vi b l vect hng.
Chn v = (0, 0, . . . , 0, r). T cng thc (2.17), ta c
X
1

(v b) =
1

(l

r
v).
t a =
1

(v b). Bng cc tnh ton n gin ta c


Xa, Xa) =
r
2

2
.
iu ny c ngha M cha trong S
n
1
(a, R), vi R =
r
2

2
. nh l 2.2.8 suy ra M cha trong
mt siu phng x
n+1
= c .
(2 1) L h qu trc tip ca nh l 2.2.8.
2.3 Mt rn i chiu hai
Trong mc ny, chng ti nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt rn, l mt -rn
vi mi trng vect php .
Nh mt h qu ca phng trnh Rici ([35, tr.125]), nu p l mt im -rn th
tenx cong php ti p bng khng. Vy nn, nu M l mt rn th tenx cong php
ng nht bng khng trn M.
nh ngha 1.1.4 ([36, tr.6]) pht biu rng, mt lin thng c gi l dt nu tenx
cong tng ng vi n trit tiu. p dng cc kt qu ny ln lin thng php trn
M, Mnh 1.1.5 [36, tr.6] cho h qu sau.
47
H qu 2.3.1. Nu M rn th vi mi p M tn ti mt ln cn U
p
M ca p v hai
trng vect php song song u, v trn U
p
.
S dng cc k hiu trong H qu 2.3.1, ta c kt qu sau.
nh l 2.3.2 ([6]). Cho M l mt mt rn i chiu hai. Khi :
1. Nu u l trng vect kiu khng gian hoc ng thi u v v l trng vect kiu
nh sng trn U
p
, th U
p
cha trong giao ca mt gi cu hypebolic vi mt siu
phng.
2. Nu u l mt trng vect kiu thi gian trn U
p
th U
p
cha trong giao ca mt
gi cu de Sitter vi mt siu phng.
Chng minh.
1. Gi s rng u l trng vect kiu khng gian. t
Z =
u X
u
1
X
u
n1

u X
u
1
X
u
n1

.
Khi Z l mt trng vect php kh vi trn U
p
, v
Z, Z) = 1, Z, u) = 0.
Vy nn,
dZ, Z) = 0, dZ, u) = Z, du) = 0.
iu ny c ngha Z l trng vect php song song trn U
p
. Kt lun ca nh l 2.0.7
v nh l 2.1.12 suy ra U
p
cha trong giao ca mt gi cu hypebolic vi mt siu phng
Trong trng hp c hai trng vect u v v l cc vect kiu nh sng, v u, v lp
thnh mt c s ca khng gian php trn U
p
, ta c u, v) , = 0 trn U
p
. t
Y =
u
u, v)
v.
Khi Y l mt trng vect php trn U
p
v
Y, Y) = 2, Y, v) = 1.
Vy nn,
dY, Y) = 0, dY, v) = Y, dv) = 0.
48
iu ny c ngha Y l trng vect php song song trn U
p
. Tng t nh trng hp
th nht, ta c kt lun (1).
2. Bng cch s dng phng php chng minh tng t chng minh pht biu 1. ca
nh l, chng ta nhn c mt trng vect php kiu khng gian song song vi di
hng. Kt lun ca nh l 2.0.7 v nh l 2.2.7 suy ra U
p
cha trong giao ca mt de
Sitter vi mt siu phng.
H qu 2.3.3. Nu M l mt rn th M l mt -dt a phng, vi mt trng vect
php no .
Chng minh. Nu M l mt rn th M cha trong mt siu phng no (a phng).
Vy nn M l mt -dt a phng, vi l vect php ca siu phng.
Kt lun Chng 2
Trong Chng 2 chng ti gii quyt c cc vn sau.
(1) a ra mt phng php xc nh c cp trng vect php kiu khng gian
kh vi, n

r
, trn mt i chiu hai, ng thi s dng trng vect php ny
nghin cu v a ra c mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt n

r
-rn i chiu hai,
c bit vi mt cha trong gi cu hypebolic.
(2) a ra mt phng php xc nh c cp trng vect php kiu nh sng
kh vi, l

r
, trn mt i chiu hai, ng thi s dng trng vect php ny
nghin cu v a ra c mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt l

r
-rn i chiu hai,
c bit vi mt cha trong gi cu de Sitter.
(3) a ra tnh cht hnh hc ca mt rn.
Kt qu ca Chng 2 c trnh by trong cc bi bo [5],[6] v [9].
Chng 3
Tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -phng
trong R
4
1
Trong chng ny, trc ht chng ti xc nh mt tiu chun kim tra mt
trng vect php l mt trng trng php, nghin cu mi quan h gia mt -rn
v mt -phng, xc nh s lng trng trng php trn mt -rn. Tip n, chng
ti xc nh mt s iu kin mt mt trong khng gian R
4
v R
4
1
thuc mt siu
phng. Cui cng, chng ti a ra cc v d v mt -phng minh ho v lm sng
t ni dung nghin cu trong chng.
3.1 Mi lin h gia mt -rn v mt -phng
Nhn xt 3.1.1. Cho l mt trng trng php trn M, khi cc khng nh sau l
tng ng: M l mt -dt; M l mt -rn; M l mt -cc i.
Kt qu sau cho chng ta mt tiu chun kim tra mt trng vect php l trng
trng php.
Mnh 3.1.2 ([2]). Cho l mt trng vect php trn M, khi l mt trng
trng php khi v ch khi hoc
u

v
= 0 hoc 0 ,=
u

v
song song vi T
p
M.
Chng minh.
() Gi s l mt trng trng php trn M v
u

v
,= 0, chng ta s chng
minh
u

v
song vi T
p
M. Chn tham s ho trn M sao cho (b

ij
) l mt ma trn
49
50
cho, iu ny c ngha b

12
= 0. V K

= 0 nn hoc b

11
= 0 hoc b

22
= 0. Gi s b

11
= 0,
khi
u
, X
u
) =
u
, X
v
) = 0. iu ny c ngha
u
N
p
M v ,
u
l c s ca
N
p
M. D dng suy ra X
u
, X
v
, ,
u
l mt c s ca R
4
1
. V
v
, X
u
) = 0 nn ta c biu
din
v
= X
v
+ +
u
v khi
u

v
=
u
X
v
vi ,= 0. Cng thc

u

v
, X
u
) = det(,
u
, X
u
, X
v
) ,= 0 suy ra =
u

v
khng cng phng
vi . Mt khc , ) = ,
u
) = 0 nn song song vi T
p
M. Khi chnh l phng
-tim cn.
() Nu =
u

v
,= 0 song song vi T
p
M th
u
, ) =
v
, ) = 0, suy ra l mt
trng trng php v l trng tim cn lin kt vi .
Trng hp
u

v
= 0. Nu
u
= 0 hoc
v
= 0 th b

11
= b

12
= 0 hoc b

22
= b

12
= 0,
suy ra l mt trng trng php. Nu
u
,= 0 v
v
,= 0 th h ,
u
,
v
ph thuc
tuyn tnh. Gi s
u
= +
v
. Khi b

11
= b

12
. Chn tham s ho sao cho b

12
= 0,
khi ta c K

= 0. Suy ra l mt trng trng php ca M.


V mi quan h bao hm gia mt -rn v mt -phng, V d 3.3.4 ch ra mt mt
-phng m khng l mt -rn. Ngay c khi trn mt c hai trng trng php
1
v
2
,
tc l mt ng thi
1
-phng v
2
-phng, cng khng th khng nh n l mt -rn.
iu ny c ch ra trong V d 3.3.5. Kt qu sau ch ra rng lp cc mt -rn cha
trong lp cc mt -phng.
nh l 3.1.3 ([8]). Nu M l mt mt -rn (khng -dt) th trn M tn ti t nht
mt trng trng php v nhiu nht hai trng trng php. Khi , M c duy nht mt
trng trng php khi v ch khi M l mt rn.
Chng minh. Gi s n l trng vect php trn M sao cho X
u
, X
v
, , n l mt c s
ca R
4
1
, k l cong -chnh. Khi , vi mi trng vect php B ta c biu din
B = +n,
trong , l cc hm trn trn M. Xt tham s ho trc giao,
g
11
= g
22
= , g
12
= 0,
ca M v s dng X
u
, X
v
lm c s cho T
p
M ta c
A
B
= A

+A
n
= k
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
+

_
_
b
n
11
b
n
12
b
n
12
b
n
22
_
_
=
_
_

b
n
11
+k

b
n
12

b
n
12

b
n
22
+k
_
_
.
51
Khi ,
K
B
=
2
_
b
n
11
b
n
22
(b
n
12
)
2
_
+k (b
n
11
+b
n
22
) +
2
k
2
,
K
B
= 0
2
_
b
n
11
b
n
22
(b
n
12
)
2
_
+k (b
n
11
+b
n
22
) +
2
k
2
= 0, (3.1)
vi =

. V khng l trng trng php nn ch xt B khng song song vi , iu


ny c ngha ,= 0. Khi , cng thc (3.1) c vit li
_
k

_
2
+ (b
n
11
+b
n
22
)
k

+b
n
11
b
n
22
(b
n
12
)
2
= 0. (3.2)
Phng trnh bc hai (3.2) c
= (b
n
11
b
n
22
)
2
+ 4(b
n
12
)
2
0 (3.3)
nn n c mt nghim khi = 0 v hai nghim khi > 0. iu ny c ngha trn M c
t nht mt trng trng php v nhiu nht hai trng trng php.
(1) M c duy nht mt trng trng php khi v ch khi b
n
11
= b
n
22
v b
n
12
= 0, iu
ny c ngha M l mt n-rn vi mi trng vect php n.
(2) D dng ch ra c rng, > 0 nu v ch nu k
n
1
,= k
n
2
. iu ny c ngha M c
hai trng trng php khi v ch khi M khng l mt n-rn. Khi trn M tn ti duy
nht mt trng vect php M l mt -rn.
Ch 3.1.4. Kt qu ny cng ng i vi mt trong R
4
.
T nh l trn ta nhn c mt s h qu v s lng trng trng php trn mt
rn.
H qu 3.1.5. Nu M l mt rn th tn ti trng vect php M l mt -dt.
Chng minh. H qu nhn c bng cch kt hp nh l 3.1.3 v Nhn xt 3.1.1.
Mi lin h gia cc iu kin: rn; tn ti trng trng php; v cha trong siu
phng ca mt cha trong gi cu c th hin trong h qu sau.
H qu 3.1.6 ([8]). Cho M l mt mt cha trong gi cu hypebolic (hoc gi cu de
Sitter). Khi cc pht biu sau l tng ng.
(1) M l mt rn;
(2) M c duy nht mt trng trng php;
52
(3) M cha trong mt siu phng.
Chng minh. V M cha trong mt gi cu nn M l mt -rn, vi l trng vect v
tr.
(1) (2). Nhn c t nh l 3.1.3.
(1) (3). Bng cch kt hp nh l 2.1.12 v nh l 2.2.7.
Vi mt nm ngoi gi cu ta c kt qu sau.
H qu 3.1.7 ([8]). Cc pht biu sau l tng ng.
(1) M l mt rn;
(2) M cha trong (a phng) giao ca mt gi cu hypebolic (hoc mt gi cu de
Sitter) vi mt siu phng;
(3) Trn M tn ti (a phng) duy nht mt trng trng php B v n l mt -rn
(khng -dt).
Chng minh.
(1) (2). Nhn c t nh l 2.3.2.
(1) (3). Nhn c t nh l 3.1.3.
Gi s e
3
, e
4
l mt trng mc tiu trc chun trn phn th php ca M. Vi
= xe
3
+ye
4
l mt trng vect php trn M, ta c
A

=
_
_
ax +ey bx +fy
bx +fy cx +gy
_
_
v
K

= det(A

) = (ac b
2
)x
2
+ (ag +ce 2bf)xy + (eg f
2
)y
2
,
trong a, b, c v e, f, g ln lt l cc h s ca dng c bn th hai lin kt vi e
3
v
e
4
. Nh chng ta bit ([26, nh l 1.2]) K

= 0 vi mi (iu ny c ngha M l
mt hon ton phng) khi v ch khi rankB 1, vi
B =
_

_
a b
b c
e f
f g
_

_
.
53
H qu 3.1.8. Nu M l mt hon ton phng th n l mt -dt.
Chng minh. D dng kim tra c rng rankB 1 suy ra
rank
_

_
a e
b f
c g
_

_
1.
iu ny tng ng vi vic h phng trnh ax + ey = 0; bx + fy = 0; cx + gy = 0
c nghim khng tm thng. Gi s x, y l nghim khng tm thng ca h ny. t
= xe
3
+ye
4
ta c
A

= x
_
_
a b
b c
_
_
+y
_
_
e f
f g
_
_
=
_
_
0 0
0 0
_
_
.
Do M l mt -dt.
H qu 3.1.9. Nu trn M tn ti duy nht mt trng trng php B m khng B-dt
th vi mi trng vect php , M khng l mt -rn.
Tng t mt trong R
4
([38]), vi mt trong R
4
1
, ta c cc pht biu sau l tng
ng.
(1) Ti mi im trn M c hai phng tim cn trc giao vi nhau;
(2) M l mt -rn;
(3) cong php ca M trit tiu ti mi im;
(4) M l mt na rn.
Kt qu sau cho mt iu kin cn v khc mt mt hon ton phng.
Mnh 3.1.10 ([2]). M l mt hon ton phng khi v ch khi trn M tn ti hai trng
vect php c lp tuyn tnh
1
,
2
sao cho M l mt ng thi
1
-dt v
2
-phng.
Chng minh. Nu M l mt hon ton phng th n l mt -phng vi mi trng vect
php . Ngoi ra, theo H qu 3.1.8, M l mt
1
-dt, vi
1
l mt trng vect php
no trn M.
Vi = x
1
+y
2
ta c det A

= det(xA

1
+yA

2
). Vy nn, nu M l mt
1
-dt v

2
-phng th det A

= y det A

2
= 0. Suy ra M l mt hon ton phng.
54
3.2 Tnh phng ca mt trong khng gian 4-chiu
Vic nghin cu cc iu kin mt ng cong trong khng gian R
3
cha trong
mt siu phng l mt trong nhng bi ton rt t nhin ca hnh hc vi phn c in.
Tnh phng ca ng cong c c trng bi xon ca n. Nh chng ta bit,
mt ng cong l cha trong mt siu phng khi v ch khi xon ca n bng khng,
iu ny tng ng vi trng trng php ca n hng. Ngoi ra, t mt s gi thit
ca cc mt phng mt tip, chng ta cng c mt s iu kin (nhng yu hn)
suy ra ng cong phng:
(1) Cc mt phng mt tip song song vi mt phng c nh, phng ny khng song
song vi bt k tip tuyn no;
(2) Cc mt phng mt tip cha mt im c nh, im ny khng thuc bt k tip
tuyn no ca ng cong.
Trong mc ny chng ti m rng mt cch t nhin cc kt qu trn ln mt trong
R
4
sau chuyn sang mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
.
a) Tnh phng ca mt trong R
4
Nh chng ta bit: nu cc mt phng mt tip ca mt ng cong song chnh
quy trong R
3
song song vi mt phng c nh nhng cc tip tuyn khng song song
vi phng ny th ng cong cha trong mt siu phng.
Vic m rng kt qu trn ln mt trong R
4
c trng trng php ni chung l
khng cn ng na. iu kin (P): cc siu phng -mt tip ca mt trong R
4
song
song vi mt mt phng c nh nhng cc mt phng tip xc khng song song vi mt
phng ny khng suy ra c mt cha trong mt siu phng. iu ny c th hin
trong cc v d sau.
V d 3.2.1. Xt xuyn Clifford trong R
4
, c cho bi tham s ho
X(u, v) = (cos u, sin u, cos v, sin v) , 0 < u, v < 2.
Bng mt s bc tnh ton ta ch ra c trng vect php
(u, v) = (cos u, sin u, 0, 0)
55
l trng trng php v X
v
l trng tim cn lin kt vi .
D dng nhn thy cc siu phng -mt tip song song vi e
3
e
4
-phng v cc mt
phng tip xc khng song song vi mt phng ny. R rng xuyn Clifford khng cha
trong bt k siu phng no.
V d 3.2.2. Xt mt M c cho bi tham s ho
_

_
X(u, v) = (1, u, v, 0), u (, 0), v R;
X(u, v) = (cos u, sin v, v, 0), u [0,

2
), v R;
X(u, v) = (u

2
, 1, v, 0), u [

2
, ), v R;
X(u, v) = (

2
+ sin u, 1, v, 1 + cos u), u [,
3
2
)v R
v trng vect
_

_
(u, v) = (0, 0, 0, 1), u (, 0), v R;
(u, v) = (0, 0, 0, 1), u [0,

2
), v R;
(u, v) = (0, cos u, 0, sin u), u [

2
, ), v R;
(u, v) = (0, 1, 0, 0), u [,
3
2
), v R.
D dng kim tra c, l mt trng trng php trn M v cc siu phng -mt
tip cha mt phng x
2
= 0, x
4
= 0. V mt a phng, M cha trong mt siu phng
hoc mt mt phng nhng ton b mt khng cha trong bt k siu phng no.
Trong mc ny chng ta xt M l mt mt trong R
4
v tin hnh nghin cu cc iu
kin cha trong siu phng ca M. Trng vect php trn M lun c gi thit l
trng vect n v. Trc ht ta c b sau.
B 3.2.3 ([2]). Trng vect php l trng trng php khi v ch khi tn ti mt
trng vect tip xc sao cho
,
u
) = ,
v
) = 0.
Chng minh. Ta c
A

() = (g
ij
)
1
[,
u
)X
u
+,
v
)X
v
].
T ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
56
T b trn ta nhn c iu kin cn v mt -dt.
H qu 3.2.4 ([2]). M l mt -dt khi v ch khi
u
v
v
trc giao vi cc mt phng
tip xc.
T mt s iu kin rng buc ca cc mt phng tip xc trn M s dn n mt
s tnh cht c bit trn M. iu ny c th hin trong cc kt qu sau.
Mnh 3.2.5 ([2]). Nu mt trong hai iu kin sau tho mn th M l mt -dt, vi
l mt trng vect php no trn mt:
1. Cc mt phng tip xc ca M song song vi mt phng c nh;
2. Cc mt phng tip xc ca M cha mt im c nh A.
Chng minh. 1. Theo B 3.2.3 phng c nh l phng -tim cn vi mi trng
vect php , iu ny c ngha M l mt hon ton phng. H qu 3.1.8 suy ra M
l mt -dt.
2. V mt a phng ta c , XA) = 0, vi mi trng vect php . Ly o hm
hai v ca ng thc ny tng ng theo u v v ta c

u
, XA) = , X
u
) = 0,
v
, XA) = , X
v
) = 0.
B 3.2.3 suy ra X A l phng -tim cn. Tng t chng minh trn ta c
kt qu ca Mnh .
T mt s iu kin rng buc ca cc siu phng -php trn M s dn n mt s
tnh cht c bit ca . iu ny c th hin trong kt qu sau.
Mnh 3.2.6 ([2]). Nu mt trong hai iu kin sau tho mn th M l mt -phng,
iu ny c ngha l trng trng php trn M :
1. Cc siu phng -php ca M song song vi mt mt phng c nh Q;
2. Cc siu phng -php ca M cha hai im c nh A, B m A, B / M.
57
Chng minh. 1. V l trng vect n v nn vi biu din a phng
u
,
v
thuc
siu phng -php. Mt khc, do Q c nh nn hai vect
u
v
v
trc giao vi Q.
T suy ra
u
song song vi
v
. Vi mi p M, gi Q
p
l mt phng qua p v
song song vi Q. Khi c hai trng hp xy ra.
(a) Nu Q
p
l mt phng tip xc ti p th mi phng trong Q
p
u l phng
-tim cn.
(b) Nu Q
p
khng l mt phng tip xc ti p th, theo B 3.2.3, giao Q
p
T
p
M
l phng -tim cn.
2. Trong mt ln cn ca im p M, bng l lun tng t trn,
u
v
v
ng thi
trc giao vi X A v X B. Nu A, B T
p
M th A B l phng -tim cn
ca M ti p. Nu A / T
p
M hoc B / T
p
M th giao ca mt phng i qua ba im
A, B, p v T
p
M l phng -tim cn.
Trong c hai trng hp ta u suy ra l mt trng trng php trn M.
Cc gi thit trong Mnh 3.2.6 l cha suy ra M cha trong mt siu phng.
iu ny c ch ra trong V d 3.2.1. Chnh v vy m chng ta cn b sung cc gi
thit mnh hn mi mong nhn c cc iu kin mt cha trong mt siu phng.
Mnh 3.2.7 ([2]). Mi pht biu sau l mt iu kin M cha trong mt siu
phng.
1. M l mt -rn v cc siu phng -php song song vi mt mt phng c nh Q
m cc mt phng tip xc khng song song vi Q;
2. M l mt -rn v cc siu phng -php cha hai im c nh A, B m cc mt
phng tip xc khng i qua chng;
3. M l mt -dt v cc siu phng -php song song vi mt ng thng c nh d
m cc mt phng tip xc khng song song vi d;
4. M l mt -dt v cc siu phng -php cha mt im c nh A m cc mt
phng tip xc khng i qua A.
Chng minh. R rng rng, nu hng th M cha trong siu phng -php. Vy nn,
chng minh M cha trong mt siu phng chng ta ch cn chng minh, vi biu din
tham s ho a phng,
u
=
v
= 0.
58
1. Theo Mnh 3.2.5, M l mt -phng v do M l mt -rn nn n l mt -dt.
V
u
,
v
ng thi trc giao vi Q v cc mt phng tip xc (H qu 3.2.4) nn

u
=
v
= 0.
2. L lun tng t trn ta c M l mt -dt. V vi mi p M,
u
,
v
ng thi
trc giao vi mt phng i qua A, B, p v mt phng tip xc T
p
M nn chng ng
nht bng khng.
3. Ta c
u
=
v
= 0, v chng ng thi trc giao vi ng thng d v cc mt
phng tip xc ca mt.
4. Ta c
u
=
v
= 0, v chng ng thi trc giao vi X A v cc mt phng tip
xc ca mt.
Ch 3.2.8. 1. Nhn thy rng cc mt phng tip xc ca mt mt tr lun song
song vi mt ng thng c nh, n hon ton phng nn mt tr l mt mt
-dt. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tng qut mt tr khng cha trong mt siu
phng.
2. Cc mt phng tip xc ca mt mt nn lun cha mt im c nh, n l mt
hon ton phng nn mt nn l mt mt -dt. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tng
qut mt nn khng cha trong mt siu phng.
b) Tnh phng ca mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
Cho M l mt mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
. Cng ging trng hp mt trong R
4
,
iu kin (P) khng l mt iu kin mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
cha trong
mt siu phng. Mt c cho bi tham s ho
X(u, v) = (cos u, sin u, sinh v, cosh v) , 0 < u < 2, v R
l mt v d tng t V d 3.2.1 i vi mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
.
Trong khng gian -clt, khi s dng cc cong lin kt vi mt trng vect php
nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt, nu mt l nh hng th chng ta thng gi
s trng vect php c di bng 1 m khng lm mt tnh tng qut. Trong khng
59
gian Lorentz-Minkowski, iu ny khng phi lc no cng thc hin c v thuc tnh
(kiu khng gian, kiu thi gian hoc kiu nh sng) ca mt trng vect php c th
thay i t im ny sang im khc. Chng hn xt V d 3.3.2.
Khi thuc tnh ca mt trng vect php trn mt l khng i, v mt a phng
chng ta c th gi s n c di bng 1 nu n tng ng l kiu khng gian hoc kiu
thi gian. i vi trng vect php kiu nh sng ta c th gi s rng to cui cng
ca n bng 1. Khi nghin cu tnh cu, cha trong mt gi cu, ca mt kiu khng
gian -rn i chiu hai vic c nh thuc tnh ca c thay th bi gi thit l
trng php song song ([20]), iu ny suy ra c di hng.
Tuy nhin, cc kt qu v tnh phng ca mt trong R
4
, c trnh by mc trn,
vn ng i vi mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
m khng ph thuc vo thuc tnh ca
trng vect php. Vi cc chng minh tng t, chng ta cng nhn c cc kt qu
c pht biu nh trong cc Mnh 3.2.5, 3.2.6 v 3.2.7 i vi mt kiu khng gian
trong R
4
1
. Chng minh ca cc mnh tng t cc Mnh 3.2.5 v 3.2.6 cho mt kiu
khng gian khng lin quan n thuc tnh ca trng vect php . Chng minh mnh
tng t Mnh 3.2.7 cho mt kiu khng gian c lin quan n thuc tnh ca
nhng trong trng hp ny, vi gi thit M lin thng, chng ta ch ra c rng thuc
tnh ca khng i. Tht vy, ngoi tr trng hp l kiu nh sng, nu l kiu
khng gian (t.. thi gian) ti p th tn ti mt ln cn V ca p l trng vect
kiu khng gian (t.. thi gian) trn V. Trn V ta gi s c di hng 1 (t.. 1) v
chng minh c hng trn V. V lin tc v M lin thng nn khng tn ti im
khc trn M ti kiu thi gian (t.. khng gian) hoc kiu nh sng.
Tnh phng ca mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
thc s khc bit so vi mt trong R
4
khi l trng vect php kiu nh sng. Thng thng s xut hin trng vect php
kiu nh sng s dn n nhng khc bit.
Trc ht, ta c cc b lm c s cho vic nghin cu cc iu kin mt mt
trong R
4
1
cha trong mt siu phng kiu nh sng.
B 3.2.9 ([2]). Cho P l mt khng gian vect con ca R
n+1
1
, a
1
, . . . , a
k
l mt c
s ca P v v P sao cho a
i
, v) = 0, i = 1, . . . , k. Khi :
1. Nu P R
n+1
1
th v = 0.
2. Nu P ,= R
n+1
1
th v ,= 0 khi v ch khi v l mt vect kiu nh sng.
60
Chng minh.
1. Nu v = (v
1
, . . . , v
n+1
) R
n+1
1
v v trc giao vi mt c s ca R
n+1
1
th n trc
giao vi vect
v =
_
v
1
, . . . , v
n
, v
n+1
_
.
T suy ra v = 0.
2. Ta c v trc giao vi c s ca P nn v, v) = 0. Vy nn, v ,= 0 khi v ch khi n
l vect kiu nh sng.
Theo Mnh 1.1.5 trong [28] v B 26 trong [35] ta c kt qu sau.
B 3.2.10. Cho a, b R
n+1
1
l hai vect khc khng tho mn a l vect kiu nh
sng v a, b) = 0. Khi hoc
1. b l vect kiu nh sng v b song song vi a, hoc
2. b l vect kiu khng gian.
B 3.2.11 ([2]). Cho a, b, c R
n+1
1
l ba vect kiu nh sng sao cho chng i mt
khng song song vi nhau. Khi
rank a, b, c = 3.
Chng minh. Gi s rng a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, 1), b = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
, 1) v c = (c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
, 1).
t a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
) v c = (c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
). Ta c
rank(a, b, c) = 1 + rank(b a, c a).
V a, b, c l ba vect kiu nh sng i mt khng song song nn a, b v c l ba im
phn bit trn mt cu S
n1
. Vy nn rank(ba, ca) = 2. B c chng minh.
Khi l kiu nh sng th thuc siu phng -php. iu ny dn n cc iu kin
M cha trong mt siu phng kiu nh sng thng rt n gin, nh hn iu
kin (P). Theo H qu 3.2.4, nu M l mt -dt th, vi tham s ho a phng,
u
,
v
trc giao vi mt phng tip xc. Ngoi ra,
u
,
v
trc giao vi nn theo B 3.2.9
ta c
u
=
v
= 0. T ta c kt qu sau, n c chng minh trong [21] theo mt
phng php khc.
61
Mnh 3.2.12 ([2]). Vi l trng vect kiu nh sng th M l mt -dt khi v
ch khi M cha trong mt siu phng.
Kt qu sau l mt iu kin khc M cha trong mt siu phng, trong kt qu
ny ch cn gi thit l trng vect php lin tc.
Mnh 3.2.13 ([2]). Nu l trng vect kiu nh sng v cc siu phng -php
song song vi mt mt phng c nh th M cha trong mt siu phng.
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, mt cch a phng, chng ta gi s to
cui cng ca bng 1. Gi p, q, r l ba im phn bit trn M v P, Q, R tng ng l
(p)-siu phng, (q)-siu phng v (r)-siu phng. T gi thit ta c dimP QR 2.
Vy nn rank (p), (q), (r) 2.
V to cui cng ca bng 1, B 3.2.11 suy ra nhn nhiu nht hai gi tr.
T tnh lin tc ca ta suy ra hng trn M.
Khi l trng vect kiu nh sng th cc gi thit l trng trng php (trong
Mnh 3.2.6) c gim nh ng k.
Mnh 3.2.14 ([2]). Nu l trng vect kiu nh sng v cc siu phng -php
hoc cha mt im c nh A hoc song song vi mt vect cho trc a th M l mt
-phng.
Chng minh. Gi s cc siu phng -php cha mt im c nh A. V
u
,
v
trc giao
vi v p A nn giao ca T
p
M vi mt phng i qua A, p, l mt phng -tim cn.
Gi s cc siu phng -php song song vi mt phng cho trc a. V
u
,
v
trc
giao vi v a nn giao ca T
p
M vi mt phng qua p nhn , a lm cp vect ch
phng l mt phng -tim cn.
V M l mt -dt khi v ch khi n ng thi -phng v -rn nn bng cch kt
hp Mnh 3.2.12 v Mnh 3.2.14, ta c cc iu kin M cha trong mt siu
phng kiu nh sng.
Mnh 3.2.15 ([2]). Gi s l kiu nh sng v M l mt -rn. Nu cc siu phng
-php hoc cha mt im c nh hoc song song vi mt vect cho trc a th M cha
trong mt siu phng.
62
Ch 3.2.16. Kt qu ca Mnh 3.2.15 ch ng cho trng hp l trng vect
php kiu nh sng. Trng hp khng l trng vect php kiu nh sng c ch ra
trong V d 3.3.1.
3.3 Mt s v d v mt -phng
V d 3.3.1 ( l trng trng php kiu nh sng, cc siu phng -php song song vi
1 phng c nh v cha 1 im c nh nhng khng hng). Xt M l mt c cho
bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
u,
1
2
u
2
,
1
2
u
2
sinh v,
1
2
u
2
cosh v
_
, u (, ), v R.
Ta c
X
u
= (1, u, u sinh v, ucosh v), X
v
= (0, 0,
1
2
u
2
cosh v,
1
2
u
2
sinh v),
X
u
, X
u
) = 1, X
u
, X
v
) = 0, X
v
, X
v
) =
1
4
u
4
.
Vy nn mt cho l mt mt kiu khng gian. Xt
= X
uu
= (0, 1, sinh v, cosh v) .
Ta c
, X
u
) = , X
v
) = 0, , ) = 0.
Suy ra l mt trng vect php kiu nh sng. Mt khc

u
, X
u
) =
v
, X
u
) = 0,
nn l mt trng trng php vi trng tim cn tng ng l X
u
. Nhn thy cc siu
phng -php cha vect hng l e
1
= (1, 0, 0, 0) v , a, X
u
ph thuc tuyn tnh, cc
siu phng -php lun i qua gc to . D dng ch ra rng, M khng cha trong bt
k siu phng no.
V d 3.3.2 (Cc siu phng -php song song vi mt mt phng c nh Q nhng M
khng l mt -rn v khng hng). Xt M l mt trn xoay kiu eliptic c cho bi
phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
u
2
cos v, u
2
sin v, u, u
2
_
, 0 < u < 1, v R.
63
Ta c
X
u
= (2ucos v, 2usin v, 1, 2u) , X
v
=
_
u
2
sin v, u
2
cos v, 0, 0
_
,
X
u
, X
u
) = 1, X
u
, X
v
) = 0, X
v
, X
v
) = u
4
.
Vy nn, M l mt mt kiu khng gian.
Xt trng vect = (0, 0, 2u, 1) . Ta c
, X
u
) = , X
v
) =
u
, X
v
) =
v
, X
v
) = 0,

u
, X
u
) = 2 ,= 0.
Suy ra l mt trng trng php trn M v X
v
l trng tim cn lin kt vi , M
khng l mt -rn. V
, e
1
) = , e
2
) = 0
nn cc siu phng nu-mt tip song song vi mt phng e
1
e
2
. D dng nhn thy h
e
1
, e
2
, = X
v
ph thuc tuyn tnh v kiu khng gian vi
1
2
< u < 1, kiu thi
gian nu 0 < u <
1
2
, kiu nh sng nu u = 1/2. Vy thuc tnh ca thay i v
khng l trng vect hng.
V d 3.3.3 (Tn ti nhng mt m trn n khng c bt k trng trng php no).
Xt M l mt c cho bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
u
2
cos v, u
2
sin v, u cosh v, u sinh v
_
, u > 1, v (0, 2).
Ta s ch ra M khng l mt -phng, vi mi trng vect php .
T gi thit
X
u
= (2ucos v, 2usin v, cosh v, sinh v) ,
X
v
=
_
u
2
sin v, u
2
cos v, usinh v, ucosh v
_
,
v
g
11
= X
u
, X
u
) = 2u
2
+ 1 > 0, g
12
= X
u
, X
v
) = 0,
g
22
= X
v
, X
v
) = u
2
(u
2
1) > 0,
ta suy ra M l mt kiu khng gian. Ta c h n
1
, n
2
vi
n
1
=
1

4u
1
+ 1
(cos v, sin v, 2ucosh v, 2usinh v) ,
n
2
=
1

u
4
u
2
_
usin v, u cos v, u
2
sinh v, u
2
cosh v
_
,
64
l mt trng mc tiu trc chun trn phn th php ca M. Khi ,
b
n
1
11
=
2

4u
2
+ 1
, b
n
1
12
= 0, b
n
1
22
=
3u
2

4u
2
+ 1
;
b
n
2
11
= 0, b
n
2
12
=
u
2

u
4
u
2
, b
n
2
22
= 0.
Vi trng vect php = xn
1
+yn
2
, ta c
K

= T(x, y) =
6u
2
4u
2
+ 1
x
2

u
2
u
4
u
2
y
2
< 0, x, y R.
Vy nn mi trng vect php , K

,= 0. Ni cch khc, trn M khng tn ti bt


k trng trng php no.
V d 3.3.4 (Mt c mt trng trng php nhng khng -rn). Xt M l mt c
cho bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) = (cos u(1 + v), sin u(1 + v), sinh u, cosh u) , u, v R.
Ta c
X
u
= (sin u(1 +t), cos u(1 +t), cosh u, sinh u) , X
v
= (cos u, sin u, 0, 0)
v
g
11
= X
u
, X
u
) = v
2
+ 2 > 0, g
12
= X
u
, X
v
) = 0, g
22
= X
v
, X
v
) = 1,
suy ra M l mt kiu khng gian. Xt n = (n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, n
4
) l mt trng vect php trn
M. iu ny c ngha
X
u
, n) = 0 n
1
cos u +n
2
sin u = 0; (3.4)
X
v
, n) = 0 n
1
sin u(1 + v) +n
2
cos u(1 +v) +n
3
cosh u n
4
sinh u = 0. (3.5)
S dng (3.4) ta xc nh cc h s ca n-dng c bn th hai
b
n
11
= n
3
sinh u n
4
cosh u, b
n
12
= n
1
sin u +n
2
cos u, b
n
22
= 0.
Ta c
K
n
= (b
n
12
)
2
.
Vy nn,
K
n
= 0 n
1
sin u +n
2
cos u = 0. (3.6)
65
Cc cng thc (3.4), (3.5) v (3.6) suy ra n l trng trng php ca M khi v ch
khi
n
1
= n
2
= 0, n
3
cosh u n
4
sinh u = 0.
Ni cch khc trn M tn ti duy nht mt trng trng php n v kiu thi gian
B = (0, 0, sinh u, cosh u) .
Ta c
A
B
=
_
_
1 0
0 0
_
_
,
nn M khng l mt B-dt.
Bng cc tnh ton trc tip, cc cong n-chnh l nghim ca phng trnh
det
_
(b
n
ij
) (g
ij
)
_
= 0 (v
2
+ 2)
2
b
n
11
(b
n
12
)
2
= 0.
Vy, M l mt n-rn khi v ch khi b
n
11
= b
n
12
= 0. S dng (3.4), (3.5) v (3.6) suy ra
M l mt n-rn khi v ch khi n = 0. iu ny c ngha, M khng l mt -rn.
V d 3.3.5 (Mt c hai trng trng php nhng khng l mt -rn). Cho M l mt
trong R
4
1
c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
e
2u
cos v, e
2u
sin v, e
u
cosh v, e
u
sinh v
_
, u > 1, v (0, 2).
Ta c
X
u
=
_
2e
2u
cos v, 2e
2u
sin v, e
u
cosh v, e
u
sinh v
_
,
X
v
=
_
e
2u
sin v, e
2u
cos v, e
u
sinh v, e
u
cosh v
_
,
v cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca M c xc nh
g
11
= 4e
4u
+e
2u
> 0, g
12
= 0, g
22
= e
4u
e
2u
> 0.
Suy ra M l mt mt kiu khng gian. D dng ch ra c rng, vi
n
1
=
1

g
11
_
e
u
cos v, e
u
sin v, 2e
2u
cosh v, 2e
2u
sinh v
_
,
n
2
=
1

g
22
_
e
u
sin v, e
u
cos v, e
2u
sinh v, e
2u
cosh v
_
66
th h n
1
, n
2
l mt trng mc tiu trc chun trn phn th php ca M. Bng tnh
ton trc tip, ta nhn c cc h s ca dng c bn th hai lin kt tng ng vi n
1
v n
2
b
n
1
11
=
6e
u

g
11
, b
n
1
12
= 0, b
n
1
22
=
e
u

g
11
;
b
n
2
11
= 0, b
n
2
12
=
3e
u

g
22
, b
n
2
22
= 0.
Suy ra n
1
v n
2
khng l cc trng trng php. Vi
n = n
1
+n
2
(3.7)
ta c
_
b
n
ij
_
=
_
_
b
n
1
11
b
n
2
12
b
n
2
12
b
n
1
22
_
_
,
v
K
n
=
b
n
1
11
b
n
1
22

2
(b
n
2
12
)
2
g
11
g
22
.
V b
n
1
11
b
n
1
22
> 0 v b
n
2
12
,= 0, nn tn ti ng hai gi tr K
n
= 0. iu ny c ngha
trn M tn ti ng hai trng trng php.
Ta s ch ra rng, vi mi trng vect php n, M khng l mt n-rn. V M khng
l mt n
2
-rn nn ta xt biu din (3.7). Cc cong n-chnh ca M c xc nh bi
phng trnh
det
_
(b
n
ij
) (g
ij
)
_
= 0.
y l mt phng trnh bc hai theo bin , bng cch tnh trc tip ta nhn c
phng trnh tng ng
(g
11
g
22
)
2
+
_
e
u

g
11
+
6e
u
g
22

g
11
_
+
6e
2u
g
11

9e
2u

2
g
22
= 0. (3.8)
Phng trnh (3.8) c
=
1
g
11
_
_
2e
4u
7e
2u
_
2
_
+ 36g
11

2
> 0, .
Vy nn, vi mi trng vect php n, cc cong n-chnh lun khc nhau. Ni cch
khc, M khng l mt -rn, vi mi trng vect php .
Mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v mt trn xoay kiu eliptic, c ch ra trong mc
4.2, l mt c hai trng trng php vi hai trng tim cn tng ng trc giao vi
nhau. Khi chng l cc mt -rn.
67
Kt lun Chng 3
Trong chng ny, chng ti gii quyt c cc vn sau.
(1) S dng cng thc tch ngoi ca ba vect, chng ti a ra mt tiu chun kim
tra mt trng vect php c phi l trng trng php hay khng.
(2) Xc nh c s lng trng trng php trn mt mt -rn, xc nh c mi
quan h gia cc lp mt -dt; -rn v -phng.
(3) a ra c mt s iu kin mt mt trong khng gian 4-chiu cha trong
mt siu phng. y l cc kt qu th hin tnh cht ton cc trn mt trong R
4
v trong R
4
1
.
(4) a ra c cc v d minh ho v lm r cc kt qu t c trong chng.
Cc kt qu ca chng ny c vit trong cc bi bo [2] v [8].
Chng 4
Mt k v mt trn xoay kiu khng
gian trong R
4
1
Trong chng ny, chng ti kho st mt s tnh cht hnh hc ca mt k v mt
trn xoay kiu khng gian trong khng gian R
4
1
. Trc ht, chng ti gii thiu cch xy
dng cc lp mt ny Chng c th xem nh l mt s m rng ca khi nim mt k v
mt trn xoay trong R
3
. Sau , chng ti nghin cu cc tnh cht hnh hc ca chng
khi chng l mt cc i, mt -rn, mt rn,. . . . ng thi chng ti cng xc nh
c cc trng trng php trn cc mt ny.
4.1 Mt k
Khi nim mt k trong R
4
1
c nh ngha tng t nh khi nim mt k trong
R
4
ca Lane ([25]).
nh ngha 4.1.1. Cho M l mt mt trong R
4
1
,
1. M c gi l mt k nu ti mi im trn M tn ti t nht mt ng thng
nm trn M v i qua im .
2. M c gi l mt mt k kh trin (developable) nu n l mt mt k v cong
Gauss ca n ng nht bng khng.
Nhn xt 4.1.2. Nu M l mt mt k th n c mt tham s ho a phng c cho
68
69
di dng
X(u, t) = (u) +tW(u), (4.1)
trong t R, (u), u (a, b), l mt ng cong trong R
4
1
v W(u) l mt trng vect
kh vi dc theo . Khi , c gi l ng chun ca M v W c gi l trng
vect sinh (hay trng vect k) ca M.
T gi thit M l mt kiu khng gian v X
t
= W nn W l trng vect kiu khng
gian dc theo . Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s [W[ = 1. Vi nhng im nm trn
ng cong (tng ng t = 0) ta c X
u
(0, u) =

(u). Vy nn M l mt kiu khng


gian th phi l ng cong kiu khng gian. Chng ta s lun gi s tham s ha ca
l tham s ho di cung v

, W) = 0.
Ta c
X
u
=

+tW

, X
t
= W
v
X
uu
=

+tW

, X
ut
= W

, X
tt
= 0.
Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca M c xc nh nh sau:
g
11
= X
u
, X
u
) =

) + 2t

, W

) +t
2
W

, W

) > 0,
g
12
= X
u
, X
t
) = 0, g
22
= X
t
, X
t
) = 1.
V M l mt kiu khng gian nn vi mi t R, g
11
> 0, t suy ra W

, W

) > 0.
iu ny c ngha, W

l mt trng vect kiu khng gian.


Xt n l mt trng vect php trn M. Cc h s ca n-dng c bn th hai ca M
c xc nh nh sau:
b
n
11
= X
uu
, n) =

, n) +tW

, n), b
n
12
= X
ut
, n) = W

, n),
b
n
22
= X
tt
, n) = 0.
Suy ra ma trn ca nh x n-Weingarten l
A
n
= (g
ij
)
1
.(b
n
ij
) =
1
g
11
_
_
b
n
11
b
n
12
b
n
12
g
11
0
_
_
. (4.2)
Ta c
K
n
= det(A) =
(b
n
12
)
2
g
11
. (4.3)
70
Vy nn,
det(A
n
) = 0 b
n
12
= 0 W

, n) = 0.
Mnh sau xc nh s lng phng trng php ti mi im trn mt k.
Mnh 4.1.3 ([8]). Cho M l mt mt k c xc nh bi (4.1).
(1) Ti nhng im h

, W, W

ph thuc tuyn tnh mi vect php u l phng


trng php.
(2) Ti nhng im h

, W, W

c lp tuyn tnh tn ti duy nht mt phng


trng php.
Chng minh.
(1) T gi thit

, W) = 0, W, W) = 1 W

, W) = 0
v

(t
0
), W(t
0
), W

(t
0
) ph thuc tuyn tnh, suy ra W

(t
0
) v

(t
0
) cng phng.
Vy nn, W

(t
0
) thuc khng gian tip xc. Khi , vi mi trng vect php n ta c
K
n
p
0
= 0. iu ny c ngha, mi vect php ca M ti im p
0
u l phng trng php
ca M ti p
0
.
(2) Vi gi thit

(t
0
), W(t
0
), W

(t
0
) c lp tuyn tnh, n l mt trng vect php
trn M ta c
K
n
p
0
= 0
_

_
n(p
0
), X
u
(u
0
, t
0
)) = 0,
n(p
0
), X
v
(u
0
, t
0
)) = 0,
n(p
0
), W

(t
0
)) = 0.

_
n(p
0
),

(t
0
)) = 0,
n(p
0
), W(t
0
)) = 0,
n(p
0
), W

(t
0
)) = 0.
Suy ra n(p
0
) song song vi

(t
0
) W

(t
0
) W(t
0
). Vy ti p
0
, M chp nhn duy nht
mt phng trng php n v, c xc nh bi
B(p
0
) =

(t
0
) W(t
0
) W

(t
0
)
[

(t
0
) W(t
0
) W

(t
0
)[
. (4.4)
V

, W

v W l cc trng vect kiu khng gian nn B l mt trng vect kiu


thi gian.
Nhn xt 4.1.4.
1. Mnh 4.1.3 suy ra rng, mt k c xc nh bi (4.1) l kh trin khi v ch
khi h

, W, W

ph thuc tuyn tnh.


71
2. Kt qu ny cng ng i vi mt k trong R
4
.
Mnh 4.1.5 ([8]). Cho M l mt mt k trong R
4
1
, khi :
(a) M l mt cc i khi v ch khi n l mt k cc i trong mt siu phng kiu
khng gian;
(b) M l mt -rn (khng -dt) khi v ch khi n l mt rn.
Chng minh.
(a) () Nu M l mt kh trin v cc i th n l mt -dt, vi mi trng vect
php . Khi M l mt 2-phng kiu khng gian. Xt trng hp M khng l mt kh
trin, iu ny tng ng vi h

, W, W

c lp tuyn tnh. Gi s M l mt mt
cc i, khi H
B
= 0, ta chng minh B l mt trng vect hng. Ta c
B = f(u)

W W

:= f(u)n.
Khi , cng thc (4.2) suy ra
H
B
= 0 H
n
= 0 b
n
11
= 0

, n) +tW

, n) = 0.
Ch rng n, , W l cc trng vect khng cha bin t, vy nn
H
n
= 0
_
_
_

, n) = 0
W

, n) = 0
.
T cc gi thit

, n) = 0, h

, W, W

c lp tuyn tnh,

) = 0 v

khng l vect kiu nh sng ta suy ra

=
1
W +
2
W

, (4.5)
vi
1
,
2
l cc hm trn trn M.
L lun tng t ta c
W

=
1

+
2
W +
3
W

, (4.6)
vi
1
,
2
,
3
l cc hm trn trn M.
S dng (4.5) v (4.6) ta c
n
u
=

W W

=
3

W W

=
3
n.
72
Vy nn
B
u
= (f

(u) +
3
) n,
suy ra B
u
cng phng vi B. Mt khc B
u
, B) = 0 v B l vect kiu thi gian nn
B
u
= 0. V B ch cha bin u nn, hin nhin, B
t
= 0. Vy B l trng vect hng, v
M cha trong mt siu phng kiu khng gian.
() Nu M l mt k cc i cha trong mt siu phng kiu khng gian th hin nhin
n l mt mt k cc i.
(b) V M c duy nht mt trng trng php B nn, theo nh l 3.1.3, nu M l mt
-rn (khng -dt) th M l mt rn. Ngc li, nu M l mt rn th hin nhin n l
mt -rn (khng -dt) i vi mt trng vect php no .
Nhn xt 4.1.6.
(1) Cc cng thc (4.2) v (4.3) suy ra rng, nu M l mt k kh trin th lun tn
ti t nht mt trng vect php n l mt -dt.
(2) Vi dng ma trn (1.6), khng kh ch ra rng, nu vi mi trng vect php ,
K

= 0 th elip cong suy bin thnh mt on thng. Vy nn trn mt k kh


trin elip cong suy bin thnh mt on thng.
Tng t kt qu ca mt trong R
4
, ([26, nh l 1.3]) ta cng c tnh cht hnh hc
ca mt kiu khng gian -dt v mt kiu khng gian hon ton phng trong R
4
1
.
(1) Nu M l mt -dt v thuc tnh ca khng i th n hoc cha trong siu
phng hoc cha trong mt mt k kh trin.
(2) Nu M l mt hon ton phng v thuc tnh ca elip cong khng i th n
cha trong mt mt k kh trin.
4.2 Mt trn xoay
Nh bit, mt mt trn xoay S trong R
3
l mt nhn c bng cch quay mt
ng cong phng C quanh mt trc nm trong mt phng cha ng cong v khng
ct ng cong . Nu gi s xz l mt phng cha ng cong, Oz l trc quay,
x = f(v), z = g(v), a < v < b, f(v) > 0,
73
l tham s ho ca ng cong C v u l gc quay quanh trc Oz th phng trnh tham
s ho ca mt trn xoay trong R
3
c xc nh
X(u, v) = (f(v) cos u, f(v) sin u, g(v)) , (4.7)
trong (u, v) U = (u, v) [ 0 < u < 2, a < v < b . Nu biu din di tc ng ca
nhm cc php bin i ng c trong R
3
th mt trn xoay S chnh l qu o ca
ng cong C di tc ng ca nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng c gi c
nh trc Oz c cho bi
A
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0
sin v cos v 0
0 0 1
_

_
.
Mt trn xoay trong R
4
v R
4
1
c xy dng hon ton tng t nh mt trn xoay
trong R
3
. Chng ta c hai lp mt trn xoay trong R
4
1
, l qu o ca mt ng cong
trong khng gian ba chiu quay quanh mt mt phng (mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v
kiu eliptic) v qu o ca mt ng cong phng quay ng thi quanh hai mt phng
(mt trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng). thun li trong cch biu din, trong lun n
khi nim mt trn xoay trong R
4
1
lun c xem l l qu o ca mt ng cong di
tc ng ca mt nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng c trong R
4
1
.
a) Mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic
Cho C l mt ng cong (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) trong siu phng
spane
1
, e
2
, e
4
vi tham s ha di cung,
z(u) = (f(u), g(u), 0, (u)) , u I.
Qu o ca C di tc ng ca mt nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng
c trong R
4
1
gi c nh mt phng kiu khng gian Oxy,
(A
S
)
v
=
_

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 cosh v sinh v
0 0 sinh v cosh v
_

_
, v R,
l mt mt [RH] trong R
4
1
, c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) = (f(u), g(u), (u) sinh v, (u) cosh v) , u I, v R. (4.8)
74
Ta c
X
u
= (f

(u), g

(u),

(u) sinh v,

(u) cosh v) ,
X
v
= (0, 0, (u) cosh v, (u) sinh v) ,
v cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca [RH] c xc nh
g
11
= (f

(u))
2
+ (g

(u))
2
(

(u))
2
= 1, g
12
= 0, g
22
= ((u))
2
> 0.
iu ny ch ra rng, thuc tnh (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) ca [RH] trng
vi thuc tnh ca C. Mt [RH] c gi l mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic trong R
4
1
. V
phng din hnh hc, [RH] nhn c bng cch quay ng cong C quanh mt phng
Oxy, mi mt im trn C bin thnh mt hyperbola trn [RH]. Trong lun n ny, vi
mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic [RH], ta lun gi s f

,= 0 v khi nghin cu tnh rn,


tnh cc i, s tn ti trng trng php trn mt chng ta ch xt trng hp n l
mt kiu khng gian.
Cc b sau c s dng cho vic xc nh phng trnh tham s ha ca mt
[RH] trong trng hp n l mt cc i v n l mt rn.
B 4.2.1 ([6]). Nu f

,= 0 v g

= 0, th g = cf + k, trong c, k l cc
hng s.
Chng minh. Ta c
g

(f

)
2
= 0
_
g

= 0 g = cf +k,
trong c, k l cc hng s.
B 4.2.2 ([6]). Nghim ca phng trnh
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
1 = 0
l
(u) =
1

C
cosh(

C(u C
1
)),
trong C > 0, C
2
l cc hng s.
Chng minh. t t =

(u). T phng trnh

(u) =
(

(u))
2
(u)
+
1
(u)
75
ta c
t

() = (t())
1
_
(t())
2
(u)
+
1
(u)
_
.
Suy ra
t

()
1

t() =
1

(t())
1
. (4.9)
Phng trnh (4.9) l mt phng trnh Bernoulli v cng thc nghim l
t =
_
1 +C
2
, C = const.
Suy ra

(u) =
_
1 +C((u))
2
.
B c chng minh.
Nhn xt 4.2.3. Tng t B 4.2.2, ta c cc kt qu sau
1. Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0
l
(u) =
_
C (u C
1
)
2
;
2. Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0
l
(u) =
1

C
sinh(

C(u C
1
));
3. Cng thc nghim ca phng trnh
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
1 = 0
l
(u) =
_
(u C
1
)
2
C
2
;
trong C, C
1
, C
2
l cc hng s sao cho cc cng thc xc nh.
76
Ta tin hnh xc nh nh x l

r
-Gauss, nh x Gauss nhn gi tr trn LS
r
, ca [RH].
T h phng trnh (2.13) ta c l

r
= (l
1
, l
2
, l
3
, r), trong
l
1
=
r

cosh v

g

l
2
, l
2
=
g

rf

cosh v[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
]
, l
3
= r tanh v.
Cc h s ca l

r
-dng c bn th hai ca [RH] c xc nh
b
l

r
11
= l

r
, X
uu
) = f

l
1
+g

l
2

cosh v
,
b
l

r
12
= l

r
, X
uv
) = r

cosh v. tanh v r

sinh v = 0,
b
l

r
22
= l

r
, X
vv
) =
r
cosh v
.
Bng cch gii phng trnh det
_
(b
l

r
ij
) k(g
ij
)
_
= 0, ta nhn c cc cong l

r
-
chnh ca [RH]
k
l
+
r
1
=
rf

cosh v
r

cosh v
+r
g

[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
] cosh v
(g

+f

) , (4.10)
k
l

r
1
=
rf

cosh v

r

cosh v
+r
g

[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
] cosh v
(g

) , (4.11)
k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
=
r
(cosh v)
. (4.12)
nh l 4.2.4 ([6]). Nu [RH] l mt rn th n cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian
v ng cong C c tham s ha
f(u) =
1

C
sinh
_

C(u C
1
)
_
+m,
g(u) =
C
2

C
sinh
_

C(u C
1
)
_
+k,
(u) =
1

C
cosh
_

C(u C
1
)
_
,
trong C > 0, C
1
, C
2
, k l cc hng s.
Chng minh. Cc cng thc (4.10), (4.11) v (4.12) v iu kin rn ca [RH] cho cc
phng trnh sau:
k
l
+
r
1
= k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
= k
l

r
1
.
Cng thc ny tng ng vi h phng trnh
_

_
g

= 0,
f

=
1

,
(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
(

)
2
= 1.
77
Phng trnh th nht ca h ch ra [RH] cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi gian.
Bng cch biu din f v g theo , ta c h phng trnh tng ng
_

_
g = C
2
f +k
f

=
_
1 + (

)
2
1 +C
2
.

)
2
1 = 0.
B 4.2.1 v B 4.2.2 cho kt lun ca nh l.
Nhn xt 4.2.5. Bng php i tham s
t =

C(u C
1
), v = v,
ta nhn c phng trnh tham s ha ca mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic rn
X(t, v) = (Asinh t +m, Bsinh t +k, Acosh t sinh v, Acosh t cosh v) ,
trong A =
1

C
, B =
C
2

C
, k, m l cc hng s.
nh l sau xc nh phng trnh tham s ha ca mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic cc
i.
nh l 4.2.6 ([6]). Nu [RH] l mt cc i th n cha trong mt siu phng kiu thi
gian v ng cong C c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
f(u) =

C
3
1 +C
2
2
arcsin
_
u C
1

C
3
_
+m,
g(u) = C
2
f(u) + k,
(u) =
_
C
3
(u C
1
)
2
,
trong C
1
, C
2
, C
3
> 0, k l cc hng s sao cho cc cng thc xc nh.
Chng minh. T cc cng thc (4.10), (4.11) v (4.12), iu kin cc i ca [RH] c
m t bi phng trnh sau
k
l
+
r
1
= k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
= k
l

r
1
.
Vy nn ta c h phng trnh xc nh lp mt cc i ca [RH]
_

_
g

= 0,
f

=
1

,
(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
(

)
2
= 1.
78
Hon ton tng t chng minh nh l 4.2.4, kt lun ca nh l c suy ra t
Nhn xt 4.2.3.
Nhn xt 4.2.7. Bng php i tham s
t = sin
u C
1

C
3
, v = v,
ta nhn c phng trnh mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic cc i:
X(t, v) = (At +m, Bt +k, C cos t sinh v, C cos t cosh v) ,
trong A =

C
3
1+C
2
2
, B = C
2
, C =
1

C
3
, m, k l cc hng s.
Mnh sau cho chng ta xc nh s lng trng trng php trn [RH] cng nh
s lng trng vect php sao cho [RH] l mt -rn.
Mnh 4.2.8 ([8]). Vi gi thit f

,= 0, ta c:
1. Trn [RH] tn ti ng hai trng trng php B
1
v B
2
m hai trng tim cn
tng ng trc giao vi nhau.
2. Tn ti duy nht mt trng vect php trn [RH] [RH] l mt -rn.
Chng minh. Cho n = (n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, n
4
) l mt trng vect php trn [RH], ta c
X
u
, n) = 0, X
v
, n) = 0,
hay
n
1
f

+n
2
g

+n
3

sinh v n
4

cosh v = 0, (n
3
cosh v n
4
sinh v) = 0. (4.13)
Ta c cc o hm ring cp hai ca X(u, v)
X
uu
= (f

, g

sinh v,

cosh v) , X
uv
= (0, 0,

cosh v,

sinh v) ,
X
vv
= (0, 0, sinh v, cosh v) .
T (4.13) ta c
b
n
12
= X
uv
, n) =

(n
3
cosh v n
4
sinh v) = 0.
Vy nn,
det (A
n
) =
b
n
11
.b
n
22

2
. (4.14)
79
Mt khc ta c
X
u
, X
u
) = 1 X
uu
, X
u
) = 0,
X
u
, X
v
) = 0 X
uu
, X
v
) = X
u
, X
uv
) = 0.
Vy nn, X
u
, X
v
, X
uu
l h c lp tuyn tnh.
(1) Do , b
n
11
= 0 nu v ch nu n song song vi
B
1
= X
u
X
v
X
uu
,
v b
n
22
= 0 nu v ch nu n song song vi vect B
2
= (g

, f

, 0, 0). Khi X
v
l trng
tim cn lin kt vi trng vect B
2
.
Khi f

,= 0 th ta c h B
1
, B
2
c lp tuyn tnh, v chng l hai trng
trng php ca [RH]. S dng c s X
u
, X
v
i vi khng gian tip xc ca [RH], ta
c
A
B
1
=
_
_
0 0
0 f

+f

_
_
, A
B
2
=
_
_
f

0
0 0
_
_
.
(2) t = B
1
B
2
, suy ra [RH] l mt -rn. nh l 3.1.3 ch ra = B
1
B
2
l trng
vect php duy nht trn [RH] [RH] l mt -rn.
T ta suy ra cong php ca [RH] ng nht bng khng, [RH] c hai trng
tim cn trc giao vi nhau, v [RH] l mt na rn.
Ch 4.2.9. Vi trng trng php B
2
, c xc nh trong Mnh 4.2.8 ca mt
trn xoay kiu hypebolic [RH], cc siu phng B
2
-mt tip cha hai phng c nh e
3
, e
4
nhng [RH] khng l mt B
2
-rn. Ta cng ch ra c rng [RH] khng cha trong bt
k siu phng no.
b) Mt trn xoay kiu eliptic
Cho C l mt ng cong (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) trong siu phng
spane
1
, e
3
, e
4
c tham s ha bi di cung
z(u) = ((u), 0, f(u), g(u)) , u I.
80
Qu o ca C di tc ng ca mt nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng
c trong R
4
1
gi c nh mt phng kiu thi gian Ozt,
(A
T
)
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0 0
sin v cos v 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_

_
, v R,
l mt mt [RE] c xc nh bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) = ((u) cos v, (u) sin v, f(u), g(u)) , v R. (4.15)
Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca [RE] c xc nh
g
11
= (

)
2
+ (f

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1, g
12
= 0, g
22
= ((u))
2
.
Vy nn, thuc tnh (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) ca [RE] trng vi thuc
tnh ca ng kinh tuyn C, mt [RE] c gi l mt trn xoay kiu ellptic trong R
4
1
.
V trc gic hnh hc, [RE] nhn c bng cch quay ng cong C quanh mt
phng Ozt, mi mt im trn C bin thnh mt ng trn trn [RE]. Trong lun n
ny vi mt [RE], chng ta gi thit rng f

,= 0 v khi nghin cu tnh rn, tnh cc


i cng nh s tn ti trng trng php trn mt chng ta ch xt trng hp n l
mt kiu khng gian.
Bng cc tnh ton trc tip, nh x l

1
-Gauss ca [RE] c xc nh nh sau:
(l

1
)
1
= cos v
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
, (l

1
)
2
= sin v
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
,
(l

1
)
3
=
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
=
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
.
Khi cc h s ca l

1
-dng c bn th hai ca [RE] c xc nh nh sau:
b
l

1
11
= l

1
, X
uu
) =

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

,
b
l

1
12
= 0, b
l

1
22
= l

1
, X
vv
) =
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
.
Gii phng trnh det
_
(b
l

1
ij
) k(g
ij
)
_
= 0 ta nhn c cc cong l

1
-chnh:
k
l
+
1
1
=

+f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

, (4.16)
81
k
l

1
1
=

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

, (4.17)
k
l
+
1
2
=
1

+f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
; k
l

1
2
=
1

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
. (4.18)
nh l 4.2.10 ([6]). Nu [RE] l mt rn th
(u) =
1

C
2
sinh
_

C
2
(u C
1
)
_
,
g(u) =
C

C
2
cosh
_

C
2
(u C
1
)
_
,
f(u) =

C + 1

C
2
cosh
_
_
C
2
(u C
1
)
_
,
trong C, C
1
, C
2
l cc hng s sao cho cc cng thc xc nh.
Chng minh. iu kin [RE] tr thnh mt rn,
k
l
+
1
1
= k
l
+
1
2
v k
l

1
1
= k
l

1
2
,
tng ng vi h phng trnh
_

_
(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1, (a)
g

, (b)
(

) = f

. (c)
(4.19)
Phng trnh (b) suy ra
g

= C, C = const. (4.20)
Bng cch ly o hm hai v phng trnh (a), ta c phng trnh
f

= g

. (4.21)
Sau khi nhn hai v ca phng trnh (c) bi f

, ta nhn c phng trnh tng


ng
(

(f

)
2
f

) = (f

)
2
. (4.22)
Th ng thi (4.20) v (4.21) vo (4.22) ta nhn c phng trnh vi phn theo hm
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0.
Kt lun ca nh l c suy ra t Ch 4.2.3.
82
Ch 4.2.11. Bng php i tham s
t =
_
C
2
(u C
1
), v = v,
ta nhn c phng trnh tham s ha ca mt trn xoay kiu elip rn
X(t, v) = (Bsinh t cos v, Bsinh t sin v, Acosh t, CBcosh t) ,
trong A =

C+1

C
2
, B =
1

C
2
l cc hng s.
nh l 4.2.12 ([6]). Nu [RE] l mt cc i th
(u) =
_
(u C
1
)
2
C,
g(u) =
C
2

C
arccosh
_
u C
1

C
_
+m,
f(u) =
_
C
2
2
C

C
arccosh
_
u C
1

C
_
+k,
trong C, C
1
, C
2
, m, k l cc hng s sao cho cc cng thc xc nh.
Chng minh. Cc cng thc (4.16), (4.17) v (4.18) ch ra iu kin cc i ca [RE] l
k
l
+
1
1
= k
l
+
1
2
and k
l

1
1
= k
l

1
2
.
Vy nn, ta c h phng trnh vi phn xc nh iu kin cc i ca [RE]
_

_
(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1, (a

)
g

, (b

)
(

) = f

. (c

)
(4.23)
Tng t nh cch gii h phng trnh (4.19) ta nhn c mt phng trnh vi
phn theo hm
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
1 = 0.
Ch 4.2.3 cho chng ta kt lun ca nh l.
Ch 4.2.13. Bng php i tham s
t = arccosh
_
u C
1

C
_
, v = v,
ta nhn c phng trnh tham s ha ca mt trn xoay kiu eliptic cc i
X(t, v) = (Asinh t cos v, Asinh t sin v, Bt +m, Dt +k) ,
trong A =
1

C
, B =
C
2

C
, D =

C
2
2
C

C
l cc hng s.
83
Vi cc chng minh tng t mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic, ta c kt qu v s lng
trng trng php v s lng trng vect php , n l mt -rn, trn mt trn
xoay kiu eliptic.
Mnh 4.2.14 ([8]). Vi gi thit f

,= 0, ta c:
1. Trn [RE] tn ti ng hai trng trng php B
1
v B
2
tho mn hai trng tim
cn tng ng trc giao vi nhau.
2. Tn ti duy nht mt trng vect php = B
1
B
2
trn [RE] [RE] l mt
-rn.
Ch 4.2.15. Thuc tnh (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) ca cc mt [RH] v
[RE] ph thuc vo thuc tnh ca ng kinh tuyn C. Khi khng nhc n thuc tnh
ca C (kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian) th [RH] (t.. [RE]) c gi l mt trn
xoay kiu hypebolic (t.. kiu eliptic).
Tip theo chng ta s nghin cu tnh cht hnh hc ca mt [RH] v [RE] khi n c
cong Gauss hng. Nhc li, vi tham s ho trc giao (u, v), cong Gauss ca mt
mt kiu khng gian hoc kiu thi gian 2-chiu (a tp na Riemann 2-chiu) c xc
nh thng qua cc h s ca dng c bn th nht. S dng cc k hiu
E = g
11
= X
u
, X
u
), F = g
12
= X
u
, X
v
) = 0, G = g
22
= X
v
, X
v
),
cng thc cong Gauss c xc nh ([35, Mnh 4.4, tr. 81]) nh sau
K =
1
eg
_

1
_
g
u
e
_
u
+
2
_
e
v
g
_
v
_
,
trong e = [E[
1/2
, g = [G[
1/2
v
1
,
2
tng ng l du ca E, G.
nh l sau khng nh rng tnh cht hng ca cong Gauss i vi mt [RH] v
[RE] l trng nhau v n ch ph thuc vo hm bn knh quay. nh l cng cho chng
ta xc nh cng thc ca hm bn knh quay tng ng vi cc trng hp m, dng
hay bng khng ca K.
nh l 4.2.16 ([7]). Mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic (eliptic) trong R
4
1
c cong Gauss
hng, K = C, khi v ch khi
1. (u) = C
1
e
u
+C
2
e
u
, nu C = 2
2
< 0,
84
2. (u) = C
1
sin(u) +C
2
cos(u), nu C = 2
2
> 0,
3. (u) = C
1
u +C
2
, nu C = 0,
trong C
1
, C
2
l cc hng s v l du ca E.
Chng minh. Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca [RH] ([RE]) c xc nh
E = (f

(u))
2
+ (g

(u))
2
(

(u))
2
= , F = 0, G = ((u))
2
> 0,
trong = 1. Vy nn ta c cong Gauss ca mt
K =
2

.
Bng cch gii phng trnh vi phn K = C, ta c kt lun ca nh l.
c) Mt trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng
Cho C l mt ng cong kiu khng gian cha trong 2-phng spane
1
, e
3
vi phng
trnh tham s
r(u) = (f(u), 0, g(u), 0) , u I, (4.24)
v
A
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0 0
sin v cos v 0 0
0 0 cosh v sinh v
0 0 sinh v cosh v
_

_
, v R,
tho mn

2
f
2
(u)
2
g
2
(u) > 0,
l mt nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng c trong R
4
1
, trong u J R v
, l cc hng s dng.
Qu o ca C di tc ng ca nhm A
v
l mt mt [GR1] c xc nh bi
phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) = (f(u) cos v, f(u) sin v, g(u) cosh v, g(u) sinh v) . (4.25)
Ta c
X
u
= (f

cos v, f

sin v, g

cosh v, g

sinh v) ,
85
X
v
= (f sin v, f cos v, g sinh v, g cosh v) .
Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca [GR1] c xc nh
g
11
= (f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
> 0, g
12
= 0, g
22
=
2
f
2

2
g
2
> 0.
Vy, [GR1] l mt mt kiu khng gian v n c gi l mt trn xoay kiu I vi
kinh tuyn phng. V phng din hnh hc, mt [GR1] nhn c bng cch quay ng
cong C ng thi quanh hai mt phng Oxy v Ozt vi hai tc quay l v .
D dng kim tra c, h n
1
, n
2
vi
n
1
=
1
_
(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
(g

cos v, g

sin v, f

cosh v, f

sinh v) ,
n
2
=
1
_

2
f
2

2
g
2
(g sin v, g cos v, f sinh v, f cosh v) ,
l mt trng mc tiu trn phn th php ca [GR1]. Khi cc h s ca dng c bn
th hai ln lt lin kt vi n
1
v n
2
c xc nh
b
n
1
11
=
f

_
(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
, b
n
1
12
= 0, b
n
1
22
=

2
f

g +
2
fg

_
(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
,
b
n
2
11
= 0, b
n
2
12
=
(f

g fg

)
_

2
f
2

2
g
2
, b
n
2
22
= 0.
Vi n l mt trng vect php trn [GR1], ta c biu din
n = n
1
+n
2
,
trong , l cc hm trn trn [GR1]. Khi ta c
(b
n
ij
) = (b
n
1
ij
) +(b
n
2
ij
) =
_
_
b
n
1
11
b
n
2
12
b
n
2
12
b
n
1
22
_
_
.
Vy nn,
K
n
=

2
b
n
1
11
.b
n
1
22

2
(b
n
2
12
)
2
((f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
) (
2
f
2

2
g
2
)
.
S lng trng trng php trn [GR1] ph thuc vo mi lin h gia hm f v hm
g. Chng ta xt cc trng hp c th sau:
(a) n
2
l trng trng php khi v ch khi f = cg, trong c l hng s tho mn iu
kin
2
c
2
> 0. Khi b
n
1
22
= 0 nn n
1
cng l mt trng trng php, v d
dng kim tra c rng mi trng vect php trn [GR1] l trng trng php.
iu ny c ngha [GR1] l mt hon ton phng khi v ch khi C l ng thng
i qua gc ta .
86
(b) n
1
l trng trng php khi v ch khi
f = cg +c
1
hoc
2
fg

+
2
f

g = 0,
(4.26)
trong c, c
1
l cc hng s. Trong trng hp ny nu c
1
,= 0 th trn [GR1] c
duy nht mt trng trng php, n l n
1
. Vy nn, [GR1] chp nhn duy nht mt
trng trng php khi v ch khi n
1
l trng trng php v n
2
khng l trng
trng php. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi ta c (4.26) trong c
1
,= 0. Mt v d
v mt [GR1] chp nhn duy nht mt trng trng php l
X(u, v) = ((u + 1) cos v, (u + 1) sin v, ucosh v, usinh v) , u > 1, v [0, 2).
(c) Trn [GR1] khng tn ti trng trng php no khi v ch khi
(f

)(
2
f

g +
2
fg

) < 0 v (f

g g

f) ,= 0.
Mt v d v mt [GR1] khng tn ti trng trng php l
X(u, v) =
_
u
2
cos v, u
2
sin v, u cosh v, usinh v
_
, u > 1, v [0, 2).
Chng minh chi tit c gii thiu trong V d 3.3.3.
(d) iu kin cn v trn [GR1] c ng hai trng trng php l
(f

)(
2
f

g +
2
fg

) > 0 v (f

g g

f) ,= 0.
Mt v d v mt [GR1] c ng hai trng trng php v khng tn ti trng
vect php mt -rn c cho bi phng trnh tham s
X(u, v) =
_
e
2u
cos v, e
2u
sin v, e
u
cosh v, e
u
sinh v
_
,
vi u > 1, v (0, 2). Chng minh chi tit ca khng nh ny c trnh by
trong V d 3.3.5.
Cho C l mt ng cong kiu khng gian trong spane
1
, e
4
vi tham s ha
r(u) = (f(u), 0, 0, g(u)) , u I,
v
B
v
=
_

_
cos v sin v 0 0
sin v cos v 0 0
0 0 cosh v sinh v
0 0 sinh v cosh v
_

_
, v R
87
l nhm con ca nhm cc php bin i ng c trong R
4
1
sao cho

2
f
2
(u) +
2
g
2
(u) > 0
u J R, v R v , l cc hng s dng.
Qu o ca C di tc ng ca nhm B
v
l mt [GR2] c xc nh bi phng
trnh tham s
X(u, v) = (f(u)cosv, f(u) sin v, g(u) sinh v, g(u) cosh v) , (4.27)
Ta c
X
u
= (f

cos v, f

sin v, g

sinh v, g

cosh v) ,
X
v
= (f sin v, f cos v, g cosh v, g sinh v) .
Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht ca [GR2] c xc nh
g
11
= (f

)
2
(g

)
2
> 0, g
12
= 0, g
22
=
2
f
2
+
2
g
2
> 0.
iu ny c ngha [GR2] l mt mt kiu khng gian v n c gi l mt trn xoay
kiu 2 vi kinh tuyn phng.
Hon ton tng t mt [GR1], chng ta cng c th a ra cc iu kin tng
ng vi s lng trng trng php ca mt [GR2].
Kt lun Chng 4
Trong chng ny, chng ti gii quyt c nhng vn sau:
(1) Gii thiu khi nim mt k kiu khng gian v mt k kiu khng gian kh trin,
xc nh c s lng trng trng php cng nh trng vect php trn mt
k n -rn v a ra c c trng ca mt k cc i.
(2) Gii thiu mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic, xc nh c trng trng
php v trng vect cc mt trn xoay ny -rn, xc nh c phng trnh
tham s ha ca mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic cc i cng nh khi
chng l mt rn.
(3) Gii thiu khi nim mt trn xoay vi kinh tuyn phng trong R
4
1
, a ra cc iu
kin tng ng vi s lng trng trng php trn cc lp mt ny.
Kt qu ca Chng 4 c trnh by trong cc bi bo [6], [7] v [8].
88
KT LUN V KIN NGH
1 Kt lun
Trong lun n ny chng ti nghin cu mt kiu khng gian i chiu hai trong
khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski, bao gm: Cu trc ca khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski v
cc i tng c bn ca n; mt s cng c c bn nghin cu mt i chiu cao;
mt -rn i chiu hai; mt -phng i chiu hai; mt k v mt trn xoay kiu khng
gian trong khng gian R
4
1
. Cc kt qu chnh ca lun n l:
1. Bng cch gii mt h phng trnh i s, chng ti xc nh c cp trng
vect php, ng thi kim sot c thuc tnh ca n trn phn th php ca
mt i chiu hai, sau s dng cp trng vect php ny kho st c mt s
tnh cht hnh hc ca mt -rn (nh l 2.1.5, 2.1.12, 2.1.14, 2.1.15, 2.1.16, 2.2.7,
2.2.8, 2.2.9). Kt hp cc kt qu v mt -rn a ra nh l th hin tnh cht
ca mt rn (nh l 2.3.2). Chng ti cng a ra cc v d vi cc tnh ton chi
tit nhm lm r cc kt qu t c. Cc kt qu ny c trnh by trong
cc bi bo [5], [6] v [9].
2. a ra mt tiu chun kim tra mt trng vect php l trng trng php
(Mnh 3.1.2). Xc nh c s lng trng trng php trn mt mt -rn,
ng thi tm ra c mi quan h bao hm gia cc lp mt -rn v -phng
(nh l 3.1.3). Da vo tnh cht ca cc mt phng tip xc chng ti a ra
c cc iu kin mt -dt (Mnh 3.2.5). Da vo iu kin rng buc
ca cc siu phng -php, chng ti a ra c cc iu kin mt -phng
(Mnh 3.2.6). Nghin cu tnh phng ca mt trong khng gian 4-chiu R
4
t
a ra mt s iu kin chng cha trong siu phng (Mnh 3.2.7). Khi
pht trin cc kt t c v mt -phng v iu kin cha trong siu phng ca
mt trong R
4
ln mt kiu khng gian trong R
4
1
, chng ti nhn thy rng cc kt
qu trong R
4
ni chung cng ng trong R
4
1
. S khc bit xut hin khi l trng
vect php kiu nh sng. Vi trng vect php kiu nh sng , mc d gim bt
cc gi thit trong Mnh 3.2.7 chng ta vn nhn c cc iu kin mt
cha trong mt siu phng kiu nh sng (Mnh 3.2.13, 3.2.15). Cc kt qu ny
89
c trnh by trong cc bi bo [2] v [8].
3. a ra mt kho st chi tit v mt k trong R
4
1
bao gm: xc nh s lng phng
trng php ti mi im (Mnh 4.1.3); xc nh iu kin -rn v xc nh tnh
cht hnh hc ca mt k cc i (Mnh 4.1.5). Nghin cu c cc tnh cht
hnh hc c bn ca mt trn xoay kiu hypebolic v kiu eliptic trong R
4
1
bao gm:
xc nh c cc trng trng php trn mt v xc nh c trng vect php
trn mt n l mt -rn (Mnh 4.2.8, 4.2.14); xc nh c phng trnh
tham s ca mt rn v mt cc i (nh l 4.2.4, 4.2.10, 4.2.6, 4.2.12); xc nh
c iu kin mt c cong Gauss hng (nh l 4.2.16). a ra c cc
iu kin tng ng vi s lng trng trng php trn mt trn xoay trong R
4
1
vi kinh tuyn phng v cho cc v d tng ng cho tng trng hp. Cc kt qu
ny c trnh by trong cc bi bo [6], [7] v [8].
2 Kin ngh
Trong thi gian ti, chng ti mong mun tip tc nghin cu nhng vn sau.
1. Tip tc nghin cu mt i chiu hai lm r cu trc hnh hc ca mt -rn
i chiu hai, -phng,. . . .
2. Tm hiu v xy dng cc cng c hu hiu nghin cu mt kiu thi gian v
kiu nh sng i chiu cao trong khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski.
3. Xy dng khi nim mt helicoid trong R
4
1
v nghin cu cc tnh cht hnh hc
ca n.
4. Nghin cu l thuyt mt (density) ln khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski.
90
DANH MC CNG TRNH CA NGHIN CU SINH
LIN QUAN N LUN N
1. Binh Ng. D, Cuong. D. V, Hieu. D. Th (2013), Hyperplanarity of surfaces in
4-dimensional spaces, submitted.
2. Cuong. D. V (2008), The flatness of spacelike surfaces of codimension two in L
n+1
,
Vinh university Journal of science., 37 (2A), 11-20
3. Cuong. D. V (2009), The umbilicity of spacelike surfaces of codimension two in
L
n+1
, Vinh university Journal of science., 39 (3A), 5-14.
4. Cuong. D. V (2010), On general Gauss maps of surfaces, East-West J. of Mathe-
matics., 12 (2), 153-162.
5. Cuong. D. V (2012), LS
r
-valued Gauss maps and spacelike surfaces of revolution
in R
4
1
, App. Math. Sci., 6 (77), 3845 - 3860.
6. Cuong. D. V (2013), Surfaces of Revolution with constant Gaussian curvature in
four-Space, Asian-Eur. J. Math., DOI 10.1142/S1793557113500216.
7. Cuong. D. V (2012) The bi-normal fields on spacelike surfaces in R
4
1
, submitted.
8. Cuong. D. V and Hieu. D. Th (2012), HS
r
-valued Gauss maps and umbilic
spacelike sufaces of codimension two, submitted.
Cc kt qu ca lun n c bo co v tho lun ti
1. Hi ngh i S - Hnh hc - Tp, Vinh 2007.
2. Hi ngh i S - Hnh hc - Tp, Hu 2009.
3. Hi ngh quc t Ton hc v ng dng (ACMA-MU), Thi Lan 2009.
4. Hi ngh Nghin cu sinh trng i hc Vinh, Vinh 2010.
5. Hi ngh i S - Hnh hc - Tp, Thi Nguyn 2011.
6. Hi ngh quc t Ton hc v ng dng (ACMA-MU), Thi Lan 2011.
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1
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Ch mc
A

p
, 17
HP
n
(c), 12
HP
n
, 12
HS
r
, 27
H
n
(a, R), 12
H

p
, 17
H
n
+
(a, R), 13
H
p
, 22
K

p
, 17
LC, 13
LC(a), 13
LC

, 13
LC

+
, 13
LC
+
(a), 13
LS
r
, 40
N
p
, 22
S
n
+
, 13
S
n
1
(a, R), 12
R
n+1
1
, 11
l

r
, 41
l

r
, 41
n

r
, 27
n

r
, 27
x, 13
[GR1], 84
[GR2], 87
[RE], 80
[RH], 73
cong, 17
-Gauss-Kronecker, 17
-chnh, 17
-trung bnh, 17
cong php, 22
nh x, 16, 17, 27, 41
l

r
-Gauss, 41
-Gauss, 16
-Weingarten, 17
n

r
-Gauss, 27
k

i
, 17
Elip cong, 21
Gi cu, 12
de Sitter, 12
hypebolic, 12
nn nh sng, 13
Khng gian Lorentz-Minkowski, 11
Mt, 14, 18, 22, 68, 74, 80, 84, 87
cc i, 19
phng, 19
rn, 18
kiu khng gian (kiu thi gian, kiu
nh sng) i chiu hai, 14
dt, 18
95
96
hon ton phng, 19
cc i, 22
k, 68
k kh trin, 68
na rn, 22
rn, 19
trn xoay, 74, 80, 84, 87
kiu 1 vi kinh tuyn phng, 84
kiu 2 vi kinh tuyn phng, 87
kiu eliptic, 80
kiu hypebolic, 74
Php ng c Lorentz-Minkowski, 15
Phng, 19
-tim cn, 19
tim cn, 19
trng php, 19
Siu phng, 12, 19
-php, 19
-mt tip, 19
Tch ngoi, 14
Trng, 17, 19
vect php song song, 17
tim cn, 19
trng php, 19
Vect, 12, 22
cong trung bnh, 22
kiu nh sng, 12
kiu khng gian, 12
kiu thi gian, 12

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